diff --git a/-UJgxLaFzfM.txt b/-UJgxLaFzfM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fd1e3138eb1e97cddab67d41c127811a2f7dffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-UJgxLaFzfM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so today we're going to talk
+about the the large civ. So la last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the large civ. So la last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the large civ. So la last week
+we introduced the large civ and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced the large civ and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced the large civ and we
+explained how it's kind of analogous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained how it's kind of analogous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained how it's kind of analogous to
+um the projections theorems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the projections theorems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the projections theorems that we
+proved in finite fields and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in finite fields and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in finite fields and the
+projection theorems that we proved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theorems that we proved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theorems that we proved in
+uklidian space. Um and today I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uklidian space. Um and today I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uklidian space. Um and today I wanted to
+explain to you some of the applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you some of the applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you some of the applications
+of the large civ in in number theory. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the large civ in in number theory. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the large civ in in number theory. Um
+so the original application of the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original application of the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the original application of the large
+civ uh was was by Lynn and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civ uh was was by Lynn and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civ uh was was by Lynn and he was
+interested in how quadratic residues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how quadratic residues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in how quadratic residues are
+distributed and um I wrote that one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and um I wrote that one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed and um I wrote that one up
+on the homework. So the homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the homework. So the homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the homework. So the homework problem
+is to re retrace Linux steps proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to re retrace Linux steps proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to re retrace Linux steps proving
+about how quadratic residues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how quadratic residues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how quadratic residues are
+distributed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed.
+Um and then a second um uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then a second um uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then a second um uh important
+influential application has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential application has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential application has to do with
+how prime numbers are distributed modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how prime numbers are distributed modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how prime numbers are distributed modulo
+q. Um so that so that's what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. Um so that so that's what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. Um so that so that's what I'm going
+to tell you all about today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you all about today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you all about today.
+Um okay so first we'll do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so first we'll do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so first we'll do some
+background of uh I'll talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of uh I'll talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of uh I'll talk about uh
+first we'll talk about um what is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll talk about um what is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we'll talk about um what is known
+about how prime numbers are distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how prime numbers are distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how prime numbers are distributed
+modulo q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So let's say pi of n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's say pi of n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's say pi of n is the
+number of primes up to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then we can look at the modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can look at the modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we can look at the modulo
+Q for some choice Q and see how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q for some choice Q and see how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q for some choice Q and see how many of
+those primes are in each moduli class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those primes are in each moduli class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those primes are in each moduli class.
+So pi n q a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pi n q a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So pi n q a
+is the number of p prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of p prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of p prime
+p less than or equal to n and p= a mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p less than or equal to n and p= a mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p less than or equal to n and p= a mod
+q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now um some of these moduli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now um some of these moduli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now um some of these moduli
+classes will be quite some of these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes will be quite some of these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes will be quite some of these will
+be quite small. um like if a and q have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite small. um like if a and q have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite small. um like if a and q have
+a common factor then there will be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common factor then there will be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common factor then there will be only
+finitely many primes in this moduli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many primes in this moduli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many primes in this moduli
+class. So the the main focus is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So the the main focus is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. So the the main focus is on the
+ones where the gcd of a and q is one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where the gcd of a and q is one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where the gcd of a and q is one. So
+focus on my case. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on my case. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on my case. Um
+uh so I'm going to write it that A is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm going to write it that A is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm going to write it that A is in
+ZQ star. ZQ star is the set of A and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZQ star. ZQ star is the set of A and Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZQ star. ZQ star is the set of A and Z
+mod Q where A is relatively prime to Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so numerically and theoretically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so numerically and theoretically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so numerically and theoretically it
+looks like the primes are pretty evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the primes are pretty evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the primes are pretty evenly
+distributed among all of these residue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed among all of these residue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed among all of these residue
+classes and it um is relevant to say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and it um is relevant to say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes and it um is relevant to say how
+many there are. So that's called fe of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are. So that's called fe of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many there are. So that's called fe of q
+the cardality of zqst star the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardality of zqst star the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cardality of zqst star the number of
+different a that are relatively prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a that are relatively prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a that are relatively prime to
+q. Um okay so if the primes were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. Um okay so if the primes were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. Um okay so if the primes were really
+well evenly distributed among the moduli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well evenly distributed among the moduli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well evenly distributed among the moduli
+classes then you would expect uh so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes then you would expect uh so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes then you would expect uh so I'll
+write this way so we see even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this way so we see even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this way so we see even
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that means that the actual number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that the actual number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that the actual number of
+primes in the moduli class is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes in the moduli class is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes in the moduli class is close to
+the total number of primes divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of primes divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of primes divided by
+the number of moduli classes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So how would we measure this precisely?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how would we measure this precisely?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how would we measure this precisely?
+We define delta Q of N the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We define delta Q of N the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We define delta Q of N the sort of
+defect of equidistribution to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect of equidistribution to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect of equidistribution to be the
+maximum over all the residue classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all the residue classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum over all the residue classes of
+the difference between the actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between the actual number
+of primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of primes
+and this naive estimate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. So when we ask um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So when we ask um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. So when we ask um you
+know how how evenly are primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how evenly are primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how how evenly are primes
+distributed modulo Q quantitatively that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed modulo Q quantitatively that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed modulo Q quantitatively that
+means how big is this thing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this question was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this question was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this question was first
+addressed by Dirishlay who showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed by Dirishlay who showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressed by Dirishlay who showed that
+in a certain sense uh that this is close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense uh that this is close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain sense uh that this is close
+to this. Here's what he proved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um he proved that for any Q if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he proved that for any Q if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he proved that for any Q if you take
+the limit as n goes to infinity of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity of um
+delta q of n it's sort of asmintoically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n it's sort of asmintoically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n it's sort of asmintoically
+smaller than n / q. So this limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than n / q. So this limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than n / q. So this limit is
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. Yeah. So actually let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Yeah. So actually let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Yeah. So actually let me say
+we talk about these being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about these being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about these being
+equidistributed we're going to mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistributed we're going to mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equidistributed we're going to mean that
+this is small relative to what? Um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is small relative to what? Um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is small relative to what? Um well
+um you know this is a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is a good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know this is a good approximation
+of this if this error term is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if this error term is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this if this error term is small
+compared to the main term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the main term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the main term.
+So uh so equidistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+would mean that uh delta q of n is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that uh delta q of n is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mean that uh delta q of n is much
+smaller than the main term which is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the main term which is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the main term which is on
+the order of n / q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or n over maybe n over log n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um so durishlay's arguments you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so durishlay's arguments you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so durishlay's arguments you can make
+them quantitative. um instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them quantitative. um instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them quantitative. um instead of having
+a limit you could say if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit you could say if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a limit you could say if n is
+sufficiently big um and they were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently big um and they were made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently big um and they were made
+quantitative by Zagel and Walfish which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative by Zagel and Walfish which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative by Zagel and Walfish which
+involves some additional ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this line of thinking led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this line of thinking led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this line of thinking led to the
+following theorem. Um so uh so for any q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem. Um so uh so for any q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following theorem. Um so uh so for any q
+delta q of n is bounded by okay so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n is bounded by okay so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n is bounded by okay so let
+me say it this way so so for any a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say it this way so so for any a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say it this way so so for any a
+there's a constant c sub a and delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant c sub a and delta q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a constant c sub a and delta q
+of n is bounded by c sub a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is bounded by c sub a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is bounded by c sub a n
+log of n to the minus a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, when is this useful? When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, when is this useful? When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, when is this useful? When
+does this tell us that delta q of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this tell us that delta q of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this tell us that delta q of n is
+is much smaller than n over q? Well, q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than n over q? Well, q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much smaller than n over q? Well, q
+cannot be too big. So, uh so delta qn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be too big. So, uh so delta qn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be too big. So, uh so delta qn is
+much smaller than n / q if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than n / q if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than n / q if
+q is smaller than a power of log n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I'm not going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'm not going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'm not going to talk about the
+proofs of these theorems in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of these theorems in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of these theorems in in the
+class. Uh dear so Durishlay invented L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Uh dear so Durishlay invented L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Uh dear so Durishlay invented L
+functions. You may have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. You may have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. You may have heard of
+Dirishlay L functions in in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dirishlay L functions in in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dirishlay L functions in in order to
+prove this theorem. And all of this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem. And all of this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this theorem. And all of this work
+is based on L functions. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on L functions. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on L functions. Um
+okay. Okay. Um so that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Okay. Um so that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Okay. Um so that those are
+those are nice theorems but they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are nice theorems but they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are nice theorems but they only
+work when Q is pretty small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when Q is pretty small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work when Q is pretty small compared to
+N. Um what happens if if Q is bigger?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Um what happens if if Q is bigger?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N. Um what happens if if Q is bigger?
+Well um experimentally what seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well um experimentally what seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well um experimentally what seems to
+happen is the following. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the following. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the following. This is
+conjectured by Montgomery.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so for every epsilon bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so for every epsilon bigger than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so for every epsilon bigger than zero
+delta q of n is bounded by cepsilon n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n is bounded by cepsilon n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n is bounded by cepsilon n to
+the epsilon it's like a fudge factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon it's like a fudge factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon it's like a fudge factor and
+then there's n / q to the 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a pseudo random behavior. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a pseudo random behavior. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a pseudo random behavior. So,
+so a good reference point you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good reference point you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good reference point you know
+sometimes people ask like sort of do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people ask like sort of do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people ask like sort of do are
+primes distributed do they does it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes distributed do they does it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes distributed do they does it look
+random the way primes are distributed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random the way primes are distributed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random the way primes are distributed.
+So a good reference point is um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a good reference point is um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a good reference point is um there
+are about n over log n primes up to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about n over log n primes up to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about n over log n primes up to n.
+So instead pick n over log n random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead pick n over log n random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead pick n over log n random
+numbers reduce the mod q and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers reduce the mod q and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers reduce the mod q and see what
+happens. So this is what you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. So this is what you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. So this is what you would see
+if you had random numbers. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had random numbers. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had random numbers. So this is
+sort of a pseudo random conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is much stronger than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is much stronger than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is much stronger than we
+could prove. Um and it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove. Um and it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove. Um and it implies
+incidentally that delta q of n is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that delta q of n is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that delta q of n is much
+smaller than n / q. So we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than n / q. So we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than n / q. So we have some
+pretty good expert distribution as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good expert distribution as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good expert distribution as long
+as q is smaller than n^ the 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q is smaller than n^ the 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as q is smaller than n^ the 1 minus
+epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+So there is a a huge gap between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is a a huge gap between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is a a huge gap between this
+and this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this.
+All right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um
+so this result I think was proven in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this result I think was proven in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this result I think was proven in the
+1930s and it is still today the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s and it is still today the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s and it is still today the best
+result of its kind. So we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of its kind. So we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of its kind. So we cannot
+increase this to say n to the n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this to say n to the n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase this to say n to the n to the
+epsilon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon.
+Um uh if we are willing to assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh if we are willing to assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh if we are willing to assume the
+remon hypothesis or something that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon hypothesis or something that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon hypothesis or something that the
+generalized remon hypothesis then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized remon hypothesis then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized remon hypothesis then we get
+much stronger information although still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger information although still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger information although still
+not this conjecture. So it says for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this conjecture. So it says for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this conjecture. So it says for
+every epsilon bigger than zero delta q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every epsilon bigger than zero delta q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every epsilon bigger than zero delta q
+of n is bounded by cepsilon n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is bounded by cepsilon n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n is bounded by cepsilon n to the
+epsilon*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon*
+n^ the 12 looks sort of like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^ the 12 looks sort of like this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^ the 12 looks sort of like this but
+with no q in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no q in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no q in the denominator
+and that's good enough to imply that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good enough to imply that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's good enough to imply that we
+get some some amount of equistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some some amount of equistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some some amount of equistribution
+if q is smaller than n half minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if q is smaller than n half minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if q is smaller than n half minus
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so it gives some idea of how difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives some idea of how difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives some idea of how difficult
+this conjecture is that even with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conjecture is that even with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conjecture is that even with the
+remon hypothesis, we're sort of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon hypothesis, we're sort of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remon hypothesis, we're sort of only
+halfway there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, so this is everything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so this is everything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so this is everything that is
+known if you want to have a theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known if you want to have a theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known if you want to have a theorem that
+definitely works for a particular Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely works for a particular Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely works for a particular Q and
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+run into a barrier there that's has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a barrier there that's has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into a barrier there that's has been
+difficult to overcome. Uh people started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to overcome. Uh people started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to overcome. Uh people started
+to think about well maybe we won't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about well maybe we won't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about well maybe we won't prove
+a theorem for every single Q but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem for every single Q but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem for every single Q but we
+could prove a theorem for most of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove a theorem for most of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove a theorem for most of them.
+So that's the the main topic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the the main topic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the the main topic of the
+class today. So theorems for most Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today. So theorems for most Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today. So theorems for most Q.
+All right. So this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this theorem
+uh I'm going I want to credit Reni and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going I want to credit Reni and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm going I want to credit Reni and
+Bombi Venogra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I read about the history yesterday. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I read about the history yesterday. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I read about the history yesterday. So
+this is usually called the Bombi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually called the Bombi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually called the Bombi
+Venogradov theorem. Um the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venogradov theorem. Um the first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venogradov theorem. Um the first person
+to prove a theorem of this flavor seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove a theorem of this flavor seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove a theorem of this flavor seems
+to be Reni and then various people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Reni and then various people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be Reni and then various people
+improved the parameters in the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the parameters in the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the parameters in the theorem
+building up to Bombi and Vograov.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up to Bombi and Vograov.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up to Bombi and Vograov.
+All right. So it says the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So it says the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So it says the following
+thing for every epsilon bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for every epsilon bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for every epsilon bigger than
+zero. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay so if I take the sum on Q up to N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I take the sum on Q up to N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I take the sum on Q up to N
+to the 12 minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12 minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12 minus epsilon
+of delta Q of N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta Q of N.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of delta Q of N.
+Check the exact phrasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+A then this is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant depending on epsilon and a n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depending on epsilon and a n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depending on epsilon and a n
+log of n^ the minus a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n^ the minus a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of n^ the minus a.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so let's digest this a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's digest this a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's digest this a little bit.
+So the job of epsilon is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the job of epsilon is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the job of epsilon is that we can
+almost go up to n to the 1/2 but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost go up to n to the 1/2 but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost go up to n to the 1/2 but not
+quite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite.
+And then um the job of a is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then um the job of a is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then um the job of a is that um
+uh so so okay so this so this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so okay so this so this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so okay so this so this tells us
+that for most not all but most uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for most not all but most uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for most not all but most uh of the
+q up to n to the half minus epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q up to n to the half minus epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q up to n to the half minus epsilon
+delta q of n is bounded by well I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n is bounded by well I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta q of n is bounded by well I divide
+both sides by the number of terms um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by the number of terms um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides by the number of terms um and
+so it would be I could put here um n / Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be I could put here um n / Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be I could put here um n / Q
+log of N to the minus A. So which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of N to the minus A. So which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of N to the minus A. So which is
+indeed much smaller than N Q. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed much smaller than N Q. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed much smaller than N Q. So
+informally for most Q we get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally for most Q we get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally for most Q we get good
+equidistribution of the primes modulo Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And um
+and it so happens that the height of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it so happens that the height of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it so happens that the height of the
+the size of the cues we can get up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the cues we can get up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the cues we can get up to
+here matches the size of the cues you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here matches the size of the cues you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here matches the size of the cues you
+can get up to if you knew the remon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get up to if you knew the remon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get up to if you knew the remon
+hypothesis. Um and so this is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Um and so this is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis. Um and so this is sometimes
+summarized as being like it's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized as being like it's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized as being like it's definitely
+not as good as the remon hypothesis, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good as the remon hypothesis, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as good as the remon hypothesis, but
+it's sort of for most for most version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of for most for most version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of for most for most version
+of what you would learn from the Remont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you would learn from the Remont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you would learn from the Remont
+hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, so my goal today is to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so my goal today is to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so my goal today is to tell
+you the ideas of the proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the ideas of the proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the ideas of the proof of this
+theorem. There are certain things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. There are certain things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. There are certain things that
+are a bit messy and I won't do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit messy and I won't do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit messy and I won't do all of
+the messy things, so we won't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messy things, so we won't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the messy things, so we won't do a
+complete proof. Um, but I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete proof. Um, but I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete proof. Um, but I'd like to
+address a couple questions like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a couple questions like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address a couple questions like what
+does this have to do with civs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this have to do with civs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this have to do with civs and
+projection theory? And um, another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory? And um, another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory? And um, another
+question, what does it have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, what does it have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, what does it have to do with
+primes or how will we use that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes or how will we use that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes or how will we use that they're
+they're primes?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're primes?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're primes?
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+right. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So,
+it um, since we're only trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um, since we're only trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um, since we're only trying to prove
+things for most Q, we're sort of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for most Q, we're sort of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for most Q, we're sort of looking
+at all of the different Q's. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of the different Q's. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of the different Q's. So we have
+one set of primes and we're projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of primes and we're projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of primes and we're projecting
+at modulo Q for lots of different Q's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at modulo Q for lots of different Q's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at modulo Q for lots of different Q's.
+So that's the setting of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the setting of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the setting of projection
+theory where we can bring in things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory where we can bring in things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory where we can bring in things like
+the large civ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large civ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large civ.
+Um so I wanted to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the so the large civ um allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so the large civ um allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the so the large civ um allows us
+to prove the following kind of thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the following kind of thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove the following kind of thing. So
+we have the set x contained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the set x contained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the set x contained in the
+integers up to n and I look at pi p of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers up to n and I look at pi p of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers up to n and I look at pi p of 1
+x and I'll take the high part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and I'll take the high part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and I'll take the high part of that
+and then this thing is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this thing is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this thing is small
+for most uh p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most uh p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most uh p
+and pm. So this PM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put it. Okay. Yeah. So PM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it. Okay. Yeah. So PM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it. Okay. Yeah. So PM
+is the set of P prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of P prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the set of P prime
+P around M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this looks on the surface like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this looks on the surface like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this looks on the surface like
+a similar sort of thing. We have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar sort of thing. We have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar sort of thing. We have a set
+X. We project it modulo P for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. We project it modulo P for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. We project it modulo P for many
+different primes P and we throw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different primes P and we throw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different primes P and we throw out the
+constant part and just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant part and just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant part and just look at the
+variation from being constant. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation from being constant. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation from being constant. And this
+is saying that this projection is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that this projection is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that this projection is pretty
+evenly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed
+for most of the primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the primes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of the primes.
+So it sounds similar to this and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it sounds similar to this and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it sounds similar to this and indeed
+this will be crucially relevant. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be crucially relevant. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be crucially relevant. Um
+now this is a statement about every set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a statement about every set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a statement about every set
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+in particular. You could put the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular. You could put the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular. You could put the primes
+here. So you got a theorem about primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So you got a theorem about primes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So you got a theorem about primes.
+Um but it's true for for every set. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but it's true for for every set. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but it's true for for every set. Um
+this theorem is definitely not true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is definitely not true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is definitely not true for
+every set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every set.
+So I make a remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I make a remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I make a remark
+that the the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the theorem
+is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not true
+if you replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you replace
+um the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the primes
+by just some set x of numbers up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just some set x of numbers up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just some set x of numbers up to n
+with maybe roughly the same size as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maybe roughly the same size as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maybe roughly the same size as the
+primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay so there's a simple example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so there's a simple example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so there's a simple example but
+I think it's instructive to see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the example is like this. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the example is like this. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the example is like this. I'm going
+to try to build a set where I can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to build a set where I can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to build a set where I can reduce
+it modulo every prime and whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it modulo every prime and whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it modulo every prime and whichever
+prime I reduce it by I will see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime I reduce it by I will see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime I reduce it by I will see one
+moduli class which is extremely over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli class which is extremely over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moduli class which is extremely over
+represented. So here's how we build such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented. So here's how we build such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented. So here's how we build such
+a set. So for every p in primes of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set. So for every p in primes of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set. So for every p in primes of size
+around m is just a free parameter here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around m is just a free parameter here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around m is just a free parameter here.
+Um I choose some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I choose some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I choose some a
+and z mod p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z mod p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z mod p
+and then I'll make my set x is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll make my set x is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll make my set x is going to
+be the union over all the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the union over all the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the union over all the primes
+and then I take um the set of n up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I take um the set of n up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I take um the set of n up to n
+so that n is equal to a mod p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for each prime I pick a moduli class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for each prime I pick a moduli class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for each prime I pick a moduli class.
+I take all the integers in that moduli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all the integers in that moduli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all the integers in that moduli
+class and I take a union over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I take a union over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I take a union over all the
+primes in my set of primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So if I were to take pi p 1x of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I were to take pi p 1x of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I were to take pi p 1x of a
+well uh x contains all the integers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh x contains all the integers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh x contains all the integers in
+this moduli class up to n. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moduli class up to n. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moduli class up to n. So this is
+basically n over p which is around n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically n over p which is around n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically n over p which is around n /
+m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and that's much bigger than average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and that's much bigger than average.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and that's much bigger than average.
+If I if I if I the average would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I if I if I the average would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I if I if I the average would be the
+size of yes actually let's figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of yes actually let's figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of yes actually let's figure out
+the size of x. So the size of x is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of x. So the size of x is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of x. So the size of x is at
+most um there will be about n over m um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most um there will be about n over m um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most um there will be about n over m um
+numbers in this moduli class. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this moduli class. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this moduli class. Um and
+then there are about m over log m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are about m over log m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are about m over log m
+primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes.
+So something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is you know a smalish fraction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is you know a smalish fraction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is you know a smalish fraction.
+It's much less than all of them. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's much less than all of them. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's much less than all of them. Um so
+this is way smaller than the size of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is way smaller than the size of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is way smaller than the size of x
+over p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over p.
+So this guy is seriously over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy is seriously over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this guy is seriously over
+represented and it happens for every P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay. Great. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Great. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Great. So
+so this theorem is we'll see the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem is we'll see the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this theorem is we'll see the large
+civ is absolutely crucial thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civ is absolutely crucial thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civ is absolutely crucial thing in the
+proof. It's the main idea. But this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. It's the main idea. But this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. It's the main idea. But this is
+not a theorem about arbitrary sets. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theorem about arbitrary sets. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a theorem about arbitrary sets. It's
+a theorem about prime numbers. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem about prime numbers. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem about prime numbers. And so
+the proof needs to use something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof needs to use something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof needs to use something about
+prime numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool. Um, okay. So, um, so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Um, okay. So, um, so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Um, okay. So, um, so the main
+character is a concept called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is a concept called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is a concept called
+multiplicative convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution.
+And I think this is a nice concept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think this is a nice concept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I think this is a nice concept to
+know about. It's a cousin of regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about. It's a cousin of regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about. It's a cousin of regular
+additive convolution. And I'll try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive convolution. And I'll try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive convolution. And I'll try to uh
+we we'll see that it interacts with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll see that it interacts with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we'll see that it interacts with all
+the things in our story. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in our story. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things in our story. So
+multiplicative convolution interacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution interacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution interacts
+really nicely with prime numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely with prime numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nicely with prime numbers
+describing what are prime numbers. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing what are prime numbers. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing what are prime numbers. It
+sort of comes up naturally u and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes up naturally u and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes up naturally u and it also
+interacts nicely with taking projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts nicely with taking projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts nicely with taking projections
+and so it interacts nicely with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it interacts nicely with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it interacts nicely with the
+large civ and fitting all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large civ and fitting all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large civ and fitting all those things
+together is the is how we prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is the is how we prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is the is how we prove this
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what is multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what is multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what is multiplicative
+convolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Um, so suppose f and g are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um, so suppose f and g are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um, so suppose f and g are
+functions on the natural numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the natural numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on the natural numbers.
+If I take the multiplicative convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take the multiplicative convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take the multiplicative convolution
+of them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them,
+it means I add up over all the pairs n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means I add up over all the pairs n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means I add up over all the pairs n1
+and n2 whose product is n and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n2 whose product is n and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n2 whose product is n and then I
+take f of n1 g of n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's compare that with regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's compare that with regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's compare that with regular
+convolution. So regular convolution say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. So regular convolution say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. So regular convolution say
+on the integers would be the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integers would be the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the integers would be the same thing
+but I would have the sum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would have the sum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would have the sum over all the
+pairs n1 n2 who add up to n and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs n1 n2 who add up to n and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs n1 n2 who add up to n and the
+multiplicative version is we replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative version is we replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative version is we replace the
+sum here by a product.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so that's multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so that's multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so that's multiplicative
+convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so we have to see um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so we have to see um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so we have to see um how
+multiplicative convolution connects with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution connects with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution connects with
+primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes
+and we have to see how multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to see how multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to see how multiplicative
+convolution interacts with projections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution interacts with projections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution interacts with projections.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+We'll put that together and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll put that together and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll put that together and that's how
+we prove the the thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove the the thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we prove the the thing.
+Okay, so let's start with primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um you know the the large civ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um you know the the large civ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um you know the the large civ
+inequality um we use this word civ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality um we use this word civ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality um we use this word civ and
+uh I will explain to you now what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will explain to you now what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I will explain to you now what what
+does where does the word civ come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does where does the word civ come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does where does the word civ come from
+and it comes out naturally when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out naturally when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it comes out naturally when you
+think about primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about primes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about primes.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+So, um, so how would how do you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, so how would how do you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, so how would how do you find the
+prime numbers? Suppose I wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime numbers? Suppose I wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime numbers? Suppose I wanted to make
+a list of prime numbers up to n. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of prime numbers up to n. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of prime numbers up to n. What
+what would I do? I would start with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do? I would start with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do? I would start with all
+the natural numbers. Then I cross off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers. Then I cross off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers. Then I cross off
+the multiples of two. Then I cross off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiples of two. Then I cross off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiples of two. Then I cross off
+the multiples of three and so on. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiples of three and so on. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiples of three and so on. And
+then what's left are the prime numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's left are the prime numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's left are the prime numbers.
+Um, so that process is called siving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that process is called siving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that process is called siving.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+I think siving physically is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think siving physically is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think siving physically is where you
+take like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like
+a a thing full of sand and somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a thing full of sand and somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a thing full of sand and somewhere in
+there has a little gold or diamond or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has a little gold or diamond or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has a little gold or diamond or
+something and you shake this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you shake this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you shake this thing and
+the sand falls out until eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand falls out until eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sand falls out until eventually
+you're just left with the diamonds. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just left with the diamonds. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just left with the diamonds. So
+the image is you have a thing full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is you have a thing full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is you have a thing full of
+sand which are all the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand which are all the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sand which are all the natural numbers
+and you shake it and you take out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shake it and you take out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shake it and you take out the
+multiples of two and the multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of two and the multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of two and the multiples of
+three or whatever and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or whatever and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or whatever and then eventually
+you just have the prime numbers left. as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the prime numbers left. as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have the prime numbers left. as
+the image.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to find the primes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the primes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the primes,
+we start with the natural numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with the natural numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with the natural numbers.
+Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we
+cross out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out
+multiples of two. Then we cross out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of two. Then we cross out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of two. Then we cross out
+multiples of three and dot dot. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of three and dot dot. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of three and dot dot. All
+right. Okay. So, we can all imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, we can all imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, we can all imagine
+that. Now, let's try to describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Now, let's try to describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Now, let's try to describe this
+process using formulas. And we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process using formulas. And we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process using formulas. And we'll see
+that the formulas that naturally appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the formulas that naturally appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the formulas that naturally appear
+are formulas involving multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formulas involving multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formulas involving multiplicative
+convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+Okay. So, I'm going to write one of n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I'm going to write one of n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I'm going to write one of n to
+be the characteristic function of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the characteristic function of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the characteristic function of all
+the natural numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural numbers.
+And then the next character I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the next character I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the next character I'm going to
+put is a function called difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put is a function called difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put is a function called difference
+subp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's one if n= 1 and it's -1 if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's one if n= 1 and it's -1 if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's one if n= 1 and it's -1 if n is
+p and it's zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now let's think what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let's think what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let's think what would happen
+if I took all the natural numbers and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took all the natural numbers and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took all the natural numbers and I
+did a multiplicative convolution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a multiplicative convolution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a multiplicative convolution with
+d2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this would give me so d2 has sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would give me so d2 has sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would give me so d2 has sort of
+a delta positive delta function at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive delta function at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delta positive delta function at one
+and a negative delta function at two. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negative delta function at two. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negative delta function at two. So
+when I do this I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this I'm going to get
+characteristic function of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of all the
+natural numbers coming from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers coming from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers coming from this one
+minus the characteristic function of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the characteristic function of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the characteristic function of two
+times the natural numbers coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the natural numbers coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the natural numbers coming from
+that one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pause there. Does that does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pause there. Does that does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pause there. Does that does that make
+sense? Does that fit with the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Does that fit with the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? Does that fit with the you know
+plugging in the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in the definition of
+multiplicative convolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution?
+Let's do it slowly to be sure. So what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do it slowly to be sure. So what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do it slowly to be sure. So what's
+the definition?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition?
+One convolved with d2 of n is the sum n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One convolved with d2 of n is the sum n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One convolved with d2 of n is the sum n1
+n2 = n of 1 of n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 = n of 1 of n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 = n of 1 of n1
+times d2 of n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now d2 is only non- vanishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now d2 is only non- vanishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now d2 is only non- vanishing
+in two cases. So we actually only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two cases. So we actually only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two cases. So we actually only have
+to consider that n2 is 1 or n2 is 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider that n2 is 1 or n2 is 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider that n2 is 1 or n2 is 2.
+So um the one is always there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um the one is always there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um the one is always there.
+So that is 1 of n * d2 of 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is 1 of n * d2 of 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is 1 of n * d2 of 1.
+And then uh if d is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh if d is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh if d is even
+so so this is what happens if if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is what happens if if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is what happens if if n is
+odd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd.
+Um and then if n is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then if n is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then if n is even
+then n2 could be two. So we get one of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then n2 could be two. So we get one of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then n2 could be two. So we get one of n
+one of n / two sorry we get we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of n / two sorry we get we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of n / two sorry we get we get the
+um so this is with cases one of n d2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is with cases one of n d2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is with cases one of n d2 of
+1 minus one of plus one of n / 2 d2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus one of plus one of n / 2 d2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus one of plus one of n / 2 d2 of
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+So this is just one and this is 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just one and this is 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is just one and this is 1 minus
+one which is zero. So we're left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is zero. So we're left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is zero. So we're left with
+the characteristic function of the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of the odd
+numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers.
+Okay, let's go one further. If I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's go one further. If I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's go one further. If I take
+the characteristic function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of the
+naturals, I do a multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturals, I do a multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturals, I do a multiplicative
+convolution with D2. Then I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with D2. Then I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with D2. Then I do a
+multiplicative convolution with D3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution with D3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution with D3.
+What happens? Well, this one gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens? Well, this one gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens? Well, this one gives me
+the characteristic function of the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic function of the odd
+numbers and then I'm convolving with D3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now what happens? I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what happens? I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what happens? I get the
+characteristic function of the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of the odd
+numbers minus the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers minus the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers minus the characteristic
+function of three times the odd numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of three times the odd numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of three times the odd numbers
+when I do this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I have the odd numbers but now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have the odd numbers but now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have the odd numbers but now I'm
+going to cross out the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cross out the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cross out the ones that are
+multiples of three. And so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of three. And so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of three. And so this is the
+characteristic function of um n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of um n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of um n is
+relatively prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime
+to two and three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this shows by example that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this shows by example that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this shows by example that this
+process starting with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process starting with the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process starting with the natural
+numbers crossing out multiples of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers crossing out multiples of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers crossing out multiples of two
+crossing out multiples of three it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing out multiples of three it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing out multiples of three it
+corresponds to convolving by these d's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to convolving by these d's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to convolving by these d's
+over and over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. Okay, so now let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Okay, so now let me make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Okay, so now let me make a
+little notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So, we're going to do civ for primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to do civ for primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we're going to do civ for primes
+general version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So suppose that s is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So suppose that s is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So suppose that s is a set of
+primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes
+and then rp subs of n that stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rp subs of n that stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rp subs of n that stands for
+relatively prime to s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to s.
+This is one if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is one if um
+P and N are relatively prime for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and N are relatively prime for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P and N are relatively prime for all the
+primes in my set. So it's one if if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes in my set. So it's one if if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes in my set. So it's one if if my
+number n doesn't have is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n doesn't have is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n doesn't have is relatively
+prime to everybody else and it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to everybody else and it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to everybody else and it's zero
+otherwise. So it's zero if there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. So it's zero if there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise. So it's zero if there exists
+a prime in my set that divides out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So let's make a remark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's make a remark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's make a remark.
+Um so if s is the primes that go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if s is the primes that go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if s is the primes that go up to
+the square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n
+and little n is um let's say bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little n is um let's say bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little n is um let's say bigger than
+the square root of n but at most n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n but at most n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n but at most n
+then either n has a prime factor from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then either n has a prime factor from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then either n has a prime factor from
+this list or it is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list or it is prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list or it is prime.
+So in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in that case
+our r our r relatively prime s of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our r our r relatively prime s of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our r our r relatively prime s of n is
+just p of n whether n is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just p of n whether n is prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just p of n whether n is prime.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this thing uh if I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing uh if I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this thing uh if I'm interested in
+the primes in a certain range say from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes in a certain range say from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes in a certain range say from n
+/2 to n I can detect them using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 to n I can detect them using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 to n I can detect them using this
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+And this function we've just seen is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this function we've just seen is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this function we've just seen is a
+big convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big convolution.
+So lama um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So lama um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So lama um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if if if my set of primes is p1 up to p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if my set of primes is p1 up to p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if if my set of primes is p1 up to p
+r then um relatively prime subs of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r then um relatively prime subs of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r then um relatively prime subs of n is
+one convolved with dp1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one convolved with dp1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one convolved with dp1
+convolved with dpr. These are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with dpr. These are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with dpr. These are all
+multiplicative convolutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 x of a is n / t like why why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 x of a is n / t like why why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 x of a is n / t like why why we need
+to count like contributions from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count like contributions from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count like contributions from like
+are the kids.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kids.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kids.
+>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is coming
+back to this example. We built a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this example. We built a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this example. We built a set
+whose projections uh projection onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose projections uh projection onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose projections uh projection onto
+every prime has one place that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every prime has one place that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every prime has one place that's really
+big. Um so um in X is made as a union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. Um so um in X is made as a union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. Um so um in X is made as a union of
+arithmetic progressions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions.
+Um now this X is a set. It's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now this X is a set. It's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now this X is a set. It's not a
+function. So you know these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So you know these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So you know these these
+arithmetic progressions might overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions might overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic progressions might overlap
+but if they do the point where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they do the point where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if they do the point where they
+overlap in this formulation only counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in this formulation only counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in this formulation only counts
+once although that is it's not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once although that is it's not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once although that is it's not super
+important but um so if you look at um pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but um so if you look at um pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but um so if you look at um pi
+p of 1x of a that's how many elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of 1x of a that's how many elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of 1x of a that's how many elements of
+x are congruent to a mod p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x are congruent to a mod p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x are congruent to a mod p
+and so so all of them are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so all of them are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so all of them are already
+>> and some of the other p might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and some of the other p might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and some of the other p might also
+contain some of these elements but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain some of these elements but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain some of these elements but it
+doesn't count anymore. Oh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count anymore. Oh, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't count anymore. Oh, okay.
+>> Though, if it did count anymore, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Though, if it did count anymore, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Though, if it did count anymore, it
+would just make this phenomenon even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just make this phenomenon even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just make this phenomenon even
+more extreme than it already is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. Any other questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Any other questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. Any other questions or
+comments?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. All right. So the um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. So the um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. So the um so the
+characteristic function of the primes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of the primes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of the primes is
+a special function probably in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special function probably in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special function probably in lots of
+ways and the way that's relevant for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and the way that's relevant for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and the way that's relevant for us
+today is that the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is that the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is that the characteristic
+function of the primes is basically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the primes is basically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the primes is basically this
+function which is a big convolution a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a big convolution a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is a big convolution a
+big multiplicative convolution and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big multiplicative convolution and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big multiplicative convolution and so
+the bombier venograph theorem is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bombier venograph theorem is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bombier venograph theorem is mostly
+a theorem about functions that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem about functions that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem about functions that have the
+structure that they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that they're they're
+convolutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+Okay, so that is how multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that is how multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that is how multiplicative
+convolution is related to primes. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is related to primes. Next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is related to primes. Next,
+let's think about how multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about how multiplicative
+convolution is related to projections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+so here there are a bunch of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there are a bunch of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there are a bunch of a bunch of
+different fairly simple lemas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And and all these lemas have the flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and all these lemas have the flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and all these lemas have the flavor
+that doing multiplicative convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing multiplicative convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doing multiplicative convolution
+and doing projections fits together as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing projections fits together as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing projections fits together as
+well as you could hope. And I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you could hope. And I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as you could hope. And I I think
+basically the reason for that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the reason for that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the reason for that is that
+the projection operation is a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection operation is a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection operation is a ring
+homorphism from the ring Z to the ring Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism from the ring Z to the ring Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism from the ring Z to the ring Z
+mod Q. And we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q. And we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q. And we'll be talking about
+multiplication. So being a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. So being a ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. So being a ring
+homorphism, it means that the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism, it means that the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism, it means that the projection
+uh respects the product operation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh respects the product operation. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh respects the product operation. And
+so the multiplicative convolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the multiplicative convolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the multiplicative convolution is
+defined in terms of the product con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the product con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in terms of the product con
+operation. So it all fits together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. So it all fits together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation. So it all fits together.
+Okay. So lema one says that if f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So lema one says that if f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So lema one says that if f and g
+natural numbers go to c um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers go to c um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers go to c um then
+if I take the projection of f convolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the projection of f convolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the projection of f convolved
+with g I get the projection of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with g I get the projection of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with g I get the projection of f
+convolved with the projection of g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I guess this one requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I guess this one requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I guess this one requires a
+definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition.
+um if I had been savvy in general I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I had been savvy in general I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I had been savvy in general I
+might have defined multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have defined multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have defined multiplicative
+convolution in the first place for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the first place for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the first place for any
+multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative
+I don't monoate or something um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't monoate or something um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't monoate or something um but
+anyway let's just say what it is for Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's just say what it is for Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway let's just say what it is for Z
+mod Q is it is what we think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q is it is what we think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q is it is what we think um
+okay so um so if I have maybe capital F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so if I have maybe capital F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um so if I have maybe capital F
+and capital G functions on Z mod Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital G functions on Z mod Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital G functions on Z mod Q
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+multiplicative convolution of a class A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution of a class A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution of a class A
+is the sum over all pairs A1 A2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all pairs A1 A2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all pairs A1 A2 that
+multiply to A of capital F of A capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to A of capital F of A capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to A of capital F of A capital
+G capital F of A1 capital G of A2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this is the first lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the first lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the first lema
+and the proof idea is you just start on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof idea is you just start on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof idea is you just start on
+either side and write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side and write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side and write down the
+definition and unwind everything and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and unwind everything and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and unwind everything and you
+use the fact that that um reduction mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that that um reduction mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the fact that that um reduction mod
+q is a ring homorphism and it all fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is a ring homorphism and it all fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q is a ring homorphism and it all fits
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I think that my saying that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think that my saying that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think that my saying that is
+clearer than if I were to write it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer than if I were to write it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer than if I were to write it out.
+Yeah. Do you not get like big issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Do you not get like big issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Do you not get like big issues
+from double counting them like the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from double counting them like the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from double counting them like the left
+side because you're supposed to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because you're supposed to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side because you're supposed to make the
+kernelism?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelism?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernelism?
+>> Yeah. Okay. Okay. So, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. Okay. So, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. Okay. So, this is a
+homorphism but with a kernel. Um, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism but with a kernel. Um, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism but with a kernel. Um, let's
+write it out and make sure that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out and make sure that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out and make sure that this is
+this actually is okay. Um, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is okay. Um, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually is okay. Um, I'm going to
+put the proofs on this board so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the proofs on this board so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the proofs on this board so that
+eventually we'll just have this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll just have this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll just have this list of
+lemas that will be handy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. So, here's how I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, here's how I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, here's how I like to think
+about the proof. I'm going to think of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the proof. I'm going to think of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the proof. I'm going to think of f
+as a sum over n1 of a delta function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum over n1 of a delta function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sum over n1 of a delta function at
+n1 weighted by f of n1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I can do the same with G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can do the same with G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I can do the same with G
+sum over n2 delta function of n2 g of 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over n2 delta function of n2 g of 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over n2 delta function of n2 g of 2.
+What happens when I take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens when I take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens when I take their
+convolution?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution?
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Uh the multiplicative convolution is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the multiplicative convolution is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the multiplicative convolution is the
+sum over n1 and n2. I have a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over n1 and n2. I have a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over n1 and n2. I have a delta
+function at n1 n2 weighted by f of n1 g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at n1 n2 weighted by f of n1 g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at n1 n2 weighted by f of n1 g
+of n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's check that this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's check that this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's check that this is the same
+definition as before. So if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as before. So if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition as before. So if I want to
+evaluate this at a point n, um, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this at a point n, um, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this at a point n, um, well,
+when I evaluate this at n, it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I evaluate this at n, it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I evaluate this at n, it only
+appears if n1 * n2 is n. So I'm summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears if n1 * n2 is n. So I'm summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears if n1 * n2 is n. So I'm summing
+over pairs n1 * n2 that multiply to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over pairs n1 * n2 that multiply to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over pairs n1 * n2 that multiply to n.
+I'm summing up f of n1, g of n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does this look okay to people? Let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does this look okay to people? Let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does this look okay to people? Let me
+let me maybe let me add you know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me maybe let me add you know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me maybe let me add you know when I
+write um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write um
+delta n1 that's a function of n and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta n1 that's a function of n and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta n1 that's a function of n and it
+means it's one if n is equal to n1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's one if n is equal to n1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's one if n is equal to n1 and
+it's zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero otherwise.
+So this this delta function to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this this delta function to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this this delta function to this
+delta is a delta function. So f is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is a delta function. So f is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta is a delta function. So f is this
+and g is this and f g is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um okay so now what is pi qf of a?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um okay so now what is pi qf of a?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um okay so now what is pi qf of a?
+It's the sum over n1 of a delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the sum over n1 of a delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the sum over n1 of a delta function
+at n1 mod q of a f of a1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I actually so I like the image of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I actually so I like the image of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I actually so I like the image of f
+and g as some kind of density. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g as some kind of density. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g as some kind of density. So we
+think of f as like a description of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of f as like a description of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of f as like a description of some
+stuff and there's f of n1 stuff located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and there's f of n1 stuff located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and there's f of n1 stuff located
+at n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n1
+and same for g. So what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same for g. So what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same for g. So what does the
+projection do? It just takes the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection do? It just takes the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection do? It just takes the stuff
+at n1 and it moves it to n1 modulo q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n1 and it moves it to n1 modulo q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n1 and it moves it to n1 modulo q.
+And stuff is coming to n1 modulo q from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And stuff is coming to n1 modulo q from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And stuff is coming to n1 modulo q from
+several different places and it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different places and it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different places and it just
+adds up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up.
+And what does convolution do? It takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what does convolution do? It takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what does convolution do? It takes
+every bit of stuff here and every bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit of stuff here and every bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit of stuff here and every bit of
+stuff here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here.
+It takes a bit that's at n1 here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes a bit that's at n1 here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes a bit that's at n1 here and a
+bit that's n2 there. Takes those uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's n2 there. Takes those uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's n2 there. Takes those uh two
+bits and it makes a new bit at n1* n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and it makes a new bit at n1* n2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits and it makes a new bit at n1* n2.
+And the weight of the new bit is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the weight of the new bit is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the weight of the new bit is the
+product and there may be several new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and there may be several new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and there may be several new
+bits arriving at the same place and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits arriving at the same place and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits arriving at the same place and we
+add them up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them up.
+Okay, so that's what the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's what the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's what the projection
+does. Um okay so now if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Um okay so now if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does. Um okay so now if I take the
+projection of f convolved with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of f convolved with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of f convolved with the
+projection of g at a it's the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of g at a it's the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of g at a it's the sum over
+n1 and n2 the delta function uh uh n1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 and n2 the delta function uh uh n1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1 and n2 the delta function uh uh n1 *
+n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2
+mod q of a f of n1 g of n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's the same
+as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's this that so then that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's this that so then that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's this that so then that's the
+same as pi q of fval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so all it boils down to is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so all it boils down to is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so all it boils down to is I have
+these these this bit of f and this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these this bit of f and this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these this bit of f and this bit
+of g and I could first reduce them each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g and I could first reduce them each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g and I could first reduce them each
+mod q and then multiply them together or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q and then multiply them together or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q and then multiply them together or
+I could first multiply them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could first multiply them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could first multiply them together and
+then reduce mod q and those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reduce mod q and those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reduce mod q and those are the same
+as each other because reduction mod q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as each other because reduction mod q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as each other because reduction mod q is
+a homorph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, second lema says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, second lema says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, second lema says
+so eventually we would like some L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so eventually we would like some L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so eventually we would like some L
+infinity bounds. Um but so far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity bounds. Um but so far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity bounds. Um but so far in
+projection theory we've mostly seen L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory we've mostly seen L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory we've mostly seen L2
+bounds and they're related to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and they're related to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and they're related to each other
+by basically Koshy Schwarz. Um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically Koshy Schwarz. Um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by basically Koshy Schwarz. Um so it
+says that if I have f and g on zq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if I have f and g on zq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if I have f and g on zq
+then a multiplicative convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a multiplicative convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a multiplicative convolution of
+them if I take the l infinity norm on zq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if I take the l infinity norm on zq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if I take the l infinity norm on zq
+star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star
+that is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bounded by
+l2 g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in lema 2 I think it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in lema 2 I think it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in lema 2 I think it's important
+to put this star here that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this star here that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put this star here that um
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know so we leave out zero and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so we leave out zero and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so we leave out zero and and we
+leave out things the common factor with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out things the common factor with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out things the common factor with
+Q if you included zero there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q if you included zero there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q if you included zero there are a lot
+of ways to have a product that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to have a product that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways to have a product that makes
+zero and I felt a little worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I felt a little worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I felt a little worried about
+how that would go um so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that would go um so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that would go um so that's why we
+have this star here let's prove lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this star here let's prove lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this star here let's prove lambda 2
+proof of lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of lambda 2
+um so if a is in zq star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if a is in zq star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if a is in zq star
+Then f convolved g of a is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then f convolved g of a is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then f convolved g of a is going to be
+the sum b in zq star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum b in zq star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum b in zq star.
+f of b g of a b inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? Well, we're adding up over pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Well, we're adding up over pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Well, we're adding up over pairs
+that multiply to a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiply to a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiply to a.
+And since a is in zqst star, a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since a is in zqst star, a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since a is in zqst star, a is
+invertible. Each of these has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible. Each of these has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible. Each of these has to be
+invertible. So b had better also be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible. So b had better also be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible. So b had better also be in
+zqst star. And so we get this sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zqst star. And so we get this sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zqst star. And so we get this sum.
+Okay. And then we use Koshy Schwarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we use Koshy Schwarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we use Koshy Schwarz
+and we found that by FL2GL2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um there's a small technical issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um there's a small technical issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um there's a small technical issue
+uh about ZQ or ZQ star. So we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about ZQ or ZQ star. So we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about ZQ or ZQ star. So we're going
+to like break something up into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like break something up into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like break something up into a
+constant part and the other part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant part and the other part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant part and the other part.
+Constant part and the high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant part and the high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant part and the high frequency
+part. And it's slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. And it's slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. And it's slightly different
+whether you do this on ZQ or ZQ star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do this on ZQ or ZQ star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you do this on ZQ or ZQ star.
+This just a minor technical nuisance. Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This just a minor technical nuisance. Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This just a minor technical nuisance. Q
+is even usually going to be prime. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even usually going to be prime. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even usually going to be prime. So
+I'm just going to be leaving out zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to be leaving out zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to be leaving out zero.
+But let me just write a lema that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let me just write a lema that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let me just write a lema that says
+that this isn't such a big deal. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this isn't such a big deal. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this isn't such a big deal. Um so
+okay, so a little notation. So suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, so a little notation. So suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, so a little notation. So suppose I
+have a function f on ZQ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function f on ZQ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function f on ZQ.
+I might be interested in f just on ZQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be interested in f just on ZQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might be interested in f just on ZQ
+star. So I'm going to call that f star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's just the just the restriction of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just the just the restriction of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just the just the restriction of f
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star.
+Okay. Now I could split either one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I could split either one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I could split either one of
+these up into a constant part plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up into a constant part plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these up into a constant part plus a
+leftover,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover,
+but the constants would be slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the constants would be slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the constants would be slightly
+different. So f is f plus f high and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So f is f plus f high and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. So f is f plus f high and f
+star is f star plus f high star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is f star plus f high star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is f star plus f high star.
+So fnot and f star are constant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fnot and f star are constant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So fnot and f star are constant and the
+other pieces have mean zero but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces have mean zero but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces have mean zero but in
+slightly different sense. So if I add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different sense. So if I add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different sense. So if I add up
+fh of a over z mod q I get zero. But if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fh of a over z mod q I get zero. But if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fh of a over z mod q I get zero. But if
+I add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add up
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+f* h over zqst star. Okay, I guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so I felt like I had to say this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I felt like I had to say this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I felt like I had to say this to be
+kind of honest at some point, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of honest at some point, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of honest at some point, but it's
+not really a big deal. And lema 3 says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a big deal. And lema 3 says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a big deal. And lema 3 says
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+L2 norm of the star part is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 norm of the star part is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 norm of the star part is the uh the
+high star part is at at most the L2 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high star part is at at most the L2 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high star part is at at most the L2 norm
+of the regular high part. So this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular high part. So this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular high part. So this one
+lives on CQ star and this one lives on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on CQ star and this one lives on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives on CQ star and this one lives on
+CQ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then the last lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um says that the high part commutes well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um says that the high part commutes well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um says that the high part commutes well
+with multiplicative convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplicative convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with multiplicative convolution.
+So if fstar and g star are on zqst star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if fstar and g star are on zqst star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if fstar and g star are on zqst star
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there's going to be a lot of stars in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lot of stars in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lot of stars in
+this formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula.
+The high part of the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The high part of the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The high part of the convolution
+is the convolution of the high parts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, we could prove all these things if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we could prove all these things if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we could prove all these things if
+we feel like it. They're they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel like it. They're they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel like it. They're they're not
+difficult. Um I think I want to leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Um I think I want to leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. Um I think I want to leave it
+for now because I've put an excessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now because I've put an excessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now because I've put an excessive
+number of details on the board and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of details on the board and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of details on the board and then
+and try to uh step back and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to uh step back and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to uh step back and have a
+bigger picture and then pause and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger picture and then pause and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger picture and then pause and check
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+Okay, so all of these lemas imply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so all of these lemas imply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so all of these lemas imply the
+following proposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so maybe I have some convolution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so maybe I have some convolution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so maybe I have some convolution,
+some multiplicative convolution f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiplicative convolution f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some multiplicative convolution f
+and I would like to reduce it mod q for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to reduce it mod q for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would like to reduce it mod q for
+different q's. So I look at it projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different q's. So I look at it projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different q's. So I look at it projected
+mod q and then um I'm only going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q and then um I'm only going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q and then um I'm only going to be
+interested in the star part. So I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the star part. So I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the star part. So I'm I'm
+going to look at the I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at the I'm going to
+restrict it to zq star and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict it to zq star and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict it to zq star and I want to
+know whether that's almost constant. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that's almost constant. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether that's almost constant. So
+I'll look at the high part of that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at the high part of that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll look at the high part of that and I
+want to know that that's small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that that's small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that that's small
+everywhere. This is the kind of estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. This is the kind of estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. This is the kind of estimate
+that we are asking about in the bombier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are asking about in the bombier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are asking about in the bombier
+theorem right because our set our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right because our set our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem right because our set our set of
+primes is morally multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes is morally multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes is morally multiplicative
+convolution and I'm taking the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and I'm taking the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and I'm taking the set of
+primes and reducing it mod q and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes and reducing it mod q and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes and reducing it mod q and looking
+at the different classes that I have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the different classes that I have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the different classes that I have in
+zq star and I think that that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zq star and I think that that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zq star and I think that that's going to
+be almost constant. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost constant. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be almost constant. So I'm going to
+subtract off the constant part and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the constant part and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off the constant part and now I
+want to know that what's left is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that what's left is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that what's left is very
+small everywhere. So that's an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small everywhere. So that's an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small everywhere. So that's an L
+infinity norm. So the bombierograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm. So the bombierograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm. So the bombierograph
+theorem is about estimating this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is about estimating this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is about estimating this kind of
+thing and the proposition says that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the proposition says that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the proposition says that that
+is smaller than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than um
+pi q of f high l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of f high l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of f high l2
+piq of g high pi oops piq of g high and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piq of g high pi oops piq of g high and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piq of g high pi oops piq of g high and
+l2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And it's just it's assembling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And it's just it's assembling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And it's just it's assembling a
+bunch of those lemas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of those lemas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of those lemas.
+So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um
+so the projection of the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the projection of the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the projection of the convolution
+high part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high part is the
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof uh of proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the
+projection of the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of the convolution
+restrict it take the high part this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict it take the high part this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict it take the high part this is
+the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star high convolved with the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star high convolved with the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star high convolved with the projection
+of G star high. So that's lambda 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G star high. So that's lambda 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of G star high. So that's lambda 4
+high parts and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high parts and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high parts and that's
+no sorry. So this is sorry this is piq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry. So this is sorry this is piq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry. So this is sorry this is piq
+of f convolved with piq of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f convolved with piq of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f convolved with piq of g
+restricted to star high. So that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to star high. So that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to star high. So that that's
+lema one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema one
+convolution plays well with projections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution plays well with projections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution plays well with projections.
+And then lamma 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lamma 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then lamma 4
+says that that's that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that that's that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that that's that.
+And so now the l infinity norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now the l infinity norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now the l infinity norm is
+bounded by piq of f* high l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by piq of f* high l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by piq of f* high l2
+piq of g star high l2. That's lema 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then that's bounded by or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then that's bounded by or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then that's bounded by or that's
+lamma sorry that's lamma 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamma sorry that's lamma 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamma sorry that's lamma 2
+and then that's bounded by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's bounded by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's bounded by just
+pi q of fi l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of fi l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of fi l2
+pi q of g pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of g pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of g pi
+and that's lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, let let me summarize a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let let me summarize a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let let me summarize a little
+bit and then pause to check in. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then pause to check in. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then pause to check in. Um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so issue that we're dealing with is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so issue that we're dealing with is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so issue that we're dealing with is like
+L2 norms versus L infinity norms. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 norms versus L infinity norms. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 norms versus L infinity norms. So
+we're trying to prove something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove something that's
+true for every uh moduli class. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for every uh moduli class. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for every uh moduli class. So it's
+an L infinity norm. But our techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L infinity norm. But our techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L infinity norm. But our techniques
+that come from for analysis and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from for analysis and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come from for analysis and so on
+usually tells us about L2 norms. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tells us about L2 norms. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually tells us about L2 norms. So if
+you have a bound like this, it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bound like this, it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bound like this, it tells you
+that pi q of f is pretty evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pi q of f is pretty evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pi q of f is pretty evenly
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed
+at most a and you're trying to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most a and you're trying to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most a and you're trying to prove a
+bound like this that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound like this that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound like this that says that the
+projection of this thing is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this thing is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of this thing is pretty
+evenly distributed at every a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed at every a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed at every a.
+Okay. And the point of this proposition,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the point of this proposition,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the point of this proposition,
+it says that if piq of f and piq of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if piq of f and piq of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if piq of f and piq of g
+are pretty evenly distributed just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty evenly distributed just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty evenly distributed just at
+most a, then the projection of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most a, then the projection of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most a, then the projection of their
+convolution is pretty evenly distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is pretty evenly distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is pretty evenly distributed
+at every.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every.
+And so that's why being a convolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's why being a convolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that's why being a convolution is
+helpful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. So, a little pause for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, a little pause for questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, a little pause for questions
+and comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. So, now let's go on. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So, now let's go on. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So, now let's go on. And
+these two things are controlled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things are controlled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things are controlled by the
+large civ. The large div tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large civ. The large div tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large civ. The large div tells us that
+if f is some function, then this L2 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is some function, then this L2 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is some function, then this L2 norm
+is small for most Q. And so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small for most Q. And so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small for most Q. And so we're going
+to write down that bound and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down that bound and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down that bound and see how
+small it is. And then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it is. And then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it is. And then we're going to
+plug it into this proposition. We'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into this proposition. We'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug it into this proposition. We'll get
+a bound for this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So large sip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So large sip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So large sip
+remember that P M is the set of P prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that P M is the set of P prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that P M is the set of P prime
+P around M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P around M.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P around M.
+Okay. And so we proved in class. So and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so we proved in class. So and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so we proved in class. So and
+so we'll always have a function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll always have a function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll always have a function which is
+defined on the integers up to n and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the integers up to n and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the integers up to n and it
+goes to c and we proved in class that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c and we proved in class that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c and we proved in class that if
+you take the sum p and pm of um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the sum p and pm of um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the sum p and pm of um so that
+so in class we thought about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in class we thought about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in class we thought about what
+happens if m is smaller than the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if m is smaller than the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if m is smaller than the square
+root of n then we got the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n then we got the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n then we got the sum
+pi q of f high l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of f high l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of f high l2
+and that is bounded by n / m * just half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is bounded by n / m * just half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is bounded by n / m * just half
+l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um m could be bigger than n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um m could be bigger than n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um m could be bigger than n to the
+half and that will be relevant in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and that will be relevant in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and that will be relevant in in
+this story. It's often relevant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story. It's often relevant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story. It's often relevant and the
+proof idea is the same but the then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof idea is the same but the then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof idea is the same but the then it
+works out a little bit differently. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out a little bit differently. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out a little bit differently. So
+if m is bigger than n to the half then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is bigger than n to the half then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is bigger than n to the half then
+this same sum is bounded by m * f2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same sum is bounded by m * f2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this same sum is bounded by m * f2.
+So this one was in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this one was in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this one was in class
+and this one is on the homework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is on the homework.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is on the homework.
+So I' I've posted the homework for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I' I've posted the homework for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I' I've posted the homework for for
+next week. And the first problem is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. And the first problem is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. And the first problem is to
+do this mostly as a way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this mostly as a way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this mostly as a way of thinking
+through how the large civ worked. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through how the large civ worked. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through how the large civ worked. And
+then the second bit is about the Linux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second bit is about the Linux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second bit is about the Linux
+thing about quadratic residues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now we are going to um plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we are going to um plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we are going to um plug
+these things into here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things into here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things into here.
+Um so we get al together I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we get al together I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we get al together I guess I'll
+call it a theorem. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a theorem. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a theorem. Um
+let's say like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say like this.
+So suppose f is a function on n1 up to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose f is a function on n1 up to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose f is a function on n1 up to c
+and g is a function on numbers up to n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g is a function on numbers up to n2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g is a function on numbers up to n2.
+And so if I take their multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if I take their multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if I take their multiplicative
+convolution that will be a function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that will be a function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that will be a function on
+the integers up to n where n is n1 * n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then um I can take the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then um I can take the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then um I can take the sum
+p and pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and pm
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um f convolved with g. I project it mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f convolved with g. I project it mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f convolved with g. I project it mod
+Q. I maybe take the high take the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. I maybe take the high take the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. I maybe take the high take the star
+part. That doesn't matter if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. That doesn't matter if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. That doesn't matter if you do it
+or not, but in our application, we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not, but in our application, we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not, but in our application, we'll do
+it. And then subtract off the constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then subtract off the constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then subtract off the constant.
+Right? So the idea is that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the idea is that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the idea is that this thing
+should be pretty close to constant much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty close to constant much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty close to constant much
+of the time. So we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time. So we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time. So we look at the
+non-constant part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay? And then that is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then that is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And then that is bounded by
+there's an expression that's slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an expression that's slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an expression that's slightly
+messy. And then we have FL2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy. And then we have FL2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy. And then we have FL2
+and GL2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GL2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and GL2.
+Okay. And the thing that goes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the thing that goes in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And the thing that goes in here
+when you work it out is um I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work it out is um I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you work it out is um I have to
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. When you're defining uh f the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. When you're defining uh f the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. When you're defining uh f the
+convolution of f and g as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of f and g as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of f and g as a function
+like integers up to n like how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like integers up to n like how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like integers up to n like how is that
+defined for the the product pair one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for the the product pair one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined for the the product pair one
+times like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f and g are individually only two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and g are individually only two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and g are individually only two right
+>> yes yes so you should that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yes yes so you should that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yes yes so you should that's right so
+you should imagine f and g being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should imagine f and g being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should imagine f and g being
+extended as zero beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah
+So, so the question was how to define in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the question was how to define in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the question was how to define in
+the definition of this we'll have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of this we'll have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of this we'll have all
+the pairs little n1* little n2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs little n1* little n2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairs little n1* little n2 that
+multiply to n and it could happen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to n and it could happen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply to n and it could happen that
+little n1 or little n2 are too big to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n1 or little n2 are too big to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n1 or little n2 are too big to
+lie in this in this region and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in this in this region and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie in this in this region and and then
+we just set set f to be zero there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, oh, and sorry. And this is L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, oh, and sorry. And this is L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, oh, and sorry. And this is L
+infinity. It's not L2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. It's not L2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity. It's not L2.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um,
+so, so one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so one thing that I
+find a little a little difficult about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a little a little difficult about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a little a little difficult about
+the proof for teaching the proof is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof for teaching the proof is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof for teaching the proof is that
+it is the formulas are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the formulas are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the formulas are a little bit
+complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated.
+Um but the idea of this is to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the idea of this is to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but the idea of this is to just
+combine the large civ and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the large civ and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine the large civ and this
+proposition right. So if you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition right. So if you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition right. So if you start with
+the left hand side and you just apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and you just apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side and you just apply
+this proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then we get yeah I guess we don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get yeah I guess we don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get yeah I guess we don't don't
+need that. Um we get a sum p and pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that. Um we get a sum p and pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that. Um we get a sum p and pm
+of pi q of f high l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi q of f high l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pi q of f high l2
+pi q of g high in l2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the proposition just said that this l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the proposition just said that this l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the proposition just said that this l
+infinity norm is bounded by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm is bounded by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm is bounded by this
+product. I copied down the sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. I copied down the sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. I copied down the sum.
+Um and then this looks a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then this looks a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then this looks a lot like the
+input of the large civ. So if I koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of the large civ. So if I koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input of the large civ. So if I koshy
+schwarz it I get the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz it I get the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz it I get the sum
+pi q of fi l2^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of fi l2^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of fi l2^2
+to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12
+uh and then the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pi q of g pi l2 to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of g pi l2 to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi q of g pi l2 to the 12
+and then I apply the large civ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the largest civ gives a bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the largest civ gives a bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the largest civ gives a bound for
+each of these things and I plug it in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things and I plug it in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these things and I plug it in.
+And then what makes it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what makes it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what makes it a little bit
+messy is that because there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy is that because there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy is that because there are two
+cases the bound for this is a sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the bound for this is a sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the bound for this is a sum of two
+terms and the bound for this is a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the bound for this is a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and the bound for this is a sum of
+two terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms.
+So then I multiply that together I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I multiply that together I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I multiply that together I get
+the sum of two terms times that sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two terms times that sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of two terms times that sum of
+two terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in the setting of of our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the setting of of our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the setting of of our main
+theorem about primes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theorem of Reni and Bombi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem of Reni and Bombi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem of Reni and Bombi and
+Venograov. Um, the size of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venograov. Um, the size of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venograov. Um, the size of f
+and the size of g would be around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of g would be around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of g would be around one
+where they're defined. And so the L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're defined. And so the L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're defined. And so the L2
+norms of f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of f and g
+would be around uh around n1 and n2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around uh around n1 and n2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be around uh around n1 and n2 and
+squared would be around n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared would be around n2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared would be around n2.
+Um so if you plug that all in then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if you plug that all in then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if you plug that all in then we
+get our sum l infinity would be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our sum l infinity would be bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our sum l infinity would be bounded
+by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n / m + the square<unk> of n1 n plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / m + the square<unk> of n1 n plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n / m + the square<unk> of n1 n plus the
+square<unk> of n2n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of n2n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of n2n
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+m root n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m root n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m root n.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then our our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our our goal
+would be that this sum is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that this sum is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be that this sum is much smaller
+than n. So it's it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n. So it's it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n. So it's it's good
+as long as m is less than n^ the 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as m is less than n^ the 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as m is less than n^ the 1/2
+minus epsilon. That's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus epsilon. That's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus epsilon. That's where that
+condition comes from, the range of Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition comes from, the range of Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition comes from, the range of Q.
+And as long as N1 and N2 are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as long as N1 and N2 are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as long as N1 and N2 are much
+smaller than N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, so in this part, you know, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so in this part, you know, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so in this part, you know, I I
+did I I I redid the computation at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I I I redid the computation at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I I I redid the computation at home
+and it's a little bit messy. I did spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit messy. I did spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a little bit messy. I did spend
+some time trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time trying to think
+if there's a way of saying it without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a way of saying it without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a way of saying it without
+computing to see when when it works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing to see when when it works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing to see when when it works well
+and when it doesn't work well. Um I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it doesn't work well. Um I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it doesn't work well. Um I have
+a couple comments about that. I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple comments about that. I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple comments about that. I don't I
+don't feel like I know how to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like I know how to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel like I know how to see
+everything that way yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that way yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that way yet.
+Um so one comment is that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so one comment is that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so one comment is that it doesn't
+work very well if n1 or n2 is almost n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well if n1 or n2 is almost n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well if n1 or n2 is almost n
+and there's a conceptual reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a conceptual reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a conceptual reason for
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+So suppose n_sub_2 was n that means n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose n_sub_2 was n that means n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose n_sub_2 was n that means n1
+would be one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one.
+So my f is supported just on one and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my f is supported just on one and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So my f is supported just on one and my
+g is supported all the way on up to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g is supported all the way on up to n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g is supported all the way on up to n.
+And when I convolve them together f I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I convolve them together f I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when I convolve them together f I I
+I just get g times the value of f at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get g times the value of f at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get g times the value of f at
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+So so in that situation there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so in that situation there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so in that situation there's no
+special structure of this function. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special structure of this function. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special structure of this function. It's
+a it's a totally arbitrary function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a totally arbitrary function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a totally arbitrary function.
+Um and since our this kind of theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and since our this kind of theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and since our this kind of theorem is
+not true for arbitrary functions, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true for arbitrary functions, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true for arbitrary functions, it
+can't work in when n1 and n2 are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work in when n1 and n2 are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work in when n1 and n2 are really
+close to n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um so as long as n1 and n2 are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so as long as n1 and n2 are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so as long as n1 and n2 are kind of
+even, there's there's a meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even, there's there's a meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even, there's there's a meaningful
+convolution going on. As long as neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution going on. As long as neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution going on. As long as neither
+of them is close to one, neither of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is close to one, neither of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is close to one, neither of them
+is close to n, there's a meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to n, there's a meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to n, there's a meaningful
+convolution structure going on. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution structure going on. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution structure going on. And in
+that setting, these terms are okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that setting, these terms are okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that setting, these terms are okay.
+Um, this term here is okay as long as M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this term here is okay as long as M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this term here is okay as long as M
+is big. We need M to be M is reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big. We need M to be M is reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big. We need M to be M is reasonably
+big. We need M to be reasonably big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. We need M to be reasonably big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big. We need M to be reasonably big so
+that we're actually looking at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually looking at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're actually looking at many
+different projections because we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projections because we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projections because we're just
+looking at one projection. We can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one projection. We can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at one projection. We can never
+say anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say anything about it
+just using projection theory. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using projection theory. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using projection theory. Okay. And
+here we need M to be not too much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need M to be not too much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need M to be not too much bigger
+than the square root of N. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the square root of N. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the square root of N. And the
+reason for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is
+um so one important case here is when n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one important case here is when n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one important case here is when n1
+and n2 are equal. So they would both be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n2 are equal. So they would both be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n2 are equal. So they would both be
+the square root of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n.
+And if m is bigger than the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if m is bigger than the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if m is bigger than the square root
+of n m would be bigger than both n1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n m would be bigger than both n1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n m would be bigger than both n1 and
+n2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2.
+And when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when that happens
+um the theorem might still be true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the theorem might still be true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the theorem might still be true but
+the proof doesn't work very well. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof doesn't work very well. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof doesn't work very well. You
+see if m is bigger than n1 and n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if m is bigger than n1 and n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if m is bigger than n1 and n2
+you know I have this function f that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have this function f that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I have this function f that's
+defined on the numbers up to n1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the numbers up to n1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the numbers up to n1 and then
+I tried projecting at mod q where q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried projecting at mod q where q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tried projecting at mod q where q is
+around m. So q is actually bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around m. So q is actually bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around m. So q is actually bigger than
+n1. So this projection operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1. So this projection operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n1. So this projection operation is
+extremely uninteresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely uninteresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely uninteresting
+right I just the the first n1 elements I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just the the first n1 elements I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just the the first n1 elements I
+copy down and the rest I put zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy down and the rest I put zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy down and the rest I put zero.
+So since that projection operation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since that projection operation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So since that projection operation is
+trivial,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial,
+no theorem from projection theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no theorem from projection theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no theorem from projection theory is
+going to say anything useful here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um the um the gain that we're getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the um the gain that we're getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the um the gain that we're getting is
+that if as long as so you know I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if as long as so you know I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if as long as so you know I need
+either n1 or n2 to be bigger than m in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either n1 or n2 to be bigger than m in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either n1 or n2 to be bigger than m in
+order to get off the ground. Once n1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get off the ground. Once n1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get off the ground. Once n1 or
+n2 is bigger than m say let's say n2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 is bigger than m say let's say n2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 is bigger than m say let's say n2 is
+bigger than m then when I look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m then when I look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m then when I look at these
+projections most of them are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections most of them are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections most of them are almost
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+that's where the mileage is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the mileage is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the mileage is coming from
+so these guys are almost constant these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys are almost constant these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these guys are almost constant these
+guys might or might not be almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys might or might not be almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys might or might not be almost
+constant it's okay either way and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's okay either way and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's okay either way and then
+when I convolve it together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I convolve it together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I convolve it together the
+convolution is almost constant and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is almost constant and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is almost constant and in a
+strong sense it's everywhere almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sense it's everywhere almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong sense it's everywhere almost
+constant instead of just most places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant instead of just most places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant instead of just most places
+almost constant Actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another kind of visual thing is so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of visual thing is so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another kind of visual thing is so so
+say this guy is almost constant but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this guy is almost constant but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this guy is almost constant but not
+everywhere. So in most places it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So in most places it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. So in most places it's
+almost constant but a couple of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost constant but a couple of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost constant but a couple of places
+it has a big bump. When I take the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a big bump. When I take the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a big bump. When I take the this
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+then at any gi to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at any gi to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at any gi to evaluate the
+convolution at any given point I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution at any given point I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution at any given point I have to
+look at the contribution of this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the contribution of this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the contribution of this at
+every point and so those couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point and so those couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point and so those couple of
+places only contribute a little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places only contribute a little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places only contribute a little and
+mostly I see the contribution of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I see the contribution of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly I see the contribution of the of
+the of the places where this is small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that's what's going on. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's what's going on. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's what's going on. And
+then you do have to do some algebra uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do have to do some algebra uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do have to do some algebra uh
+to see just how much we learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see just how much we learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see just how much we learned from
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so now let's go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now let's go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now let's go back to our
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. And this last part, I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And this last part, I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And this last part, I'm not
+going to do every detail, which even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do every detail, which even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do every detail, which even
+gets a little bit messier, but I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit messier, but I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit messier, but I'll just
+say the the skeleton, and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the skeleton, and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the the skeleton, and then we'll
+pause.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause.
+Okay. So, let's say that s is the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's say that s is the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's say that s is the primes
+uh up to n to the 1/2. And then remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to n to the 1/2. And then remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to n to the 1/2. And then remember
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if say n / two is less than p is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say n / two is less than p is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if say n / two is less than p is less
+than n or actually just n^ the 1/2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n or actually just n^ the 1/2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n or actually just n^ the 1/2 is
+less than n is less than n then rs r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n is less than n then rs r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n is less than n then rs r
+relatively prime to s of n is prime. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to s of n is prime. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively prime to s of n is prime. So
+we can basically study this function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can basically study this function by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can basically study this function by
+studying that function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying that function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying that function.
+And then we also know that relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also know that relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we also know that relatively
+prime s of n is one convolved with dp1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime s of n is one convolved with dp1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime s of n is one convolved with dp1
+convolved with dpr and these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with dpr and these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with dpr and these are all
+multiplicative convolutions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolutions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolutions.
+So if I want to make this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I want to make this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I want to make this this whole
+thing is is like a ton of multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is like a ton of multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is is like a ton of multiplicative
+convolutions. But if I just want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions. But if I just want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions. But if I just want to see
+two of them then I could say it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them then I could say it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them then I could say it's this
+guy convolved with that guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now this function as written it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now this function as written it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now this function as written it
+goes on forever and this function goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on forever and this function goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on forever and this function goes
+on forever but I only want to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on forever but I only want to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on forever but I only want to evaluate
+this up to capital n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up to capital n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up to capital n. So
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+this guy at n1 and this guy at n2 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy at n1 and this guy at n2 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy at n1 and this guy at n2 will
+only after they they come together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only after they they come together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only after they they come together in
+the convolution they'll only be relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution they'll only be relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution they'll only be relevant
+if n1 * n2 is less than capital n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n1 * n2 is less than capital n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n1 * n2 is less than capital n. So
+what I'll do is I'll write this as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll write this as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll do is I'll write this as a sum
+on i1 of f times the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on i1 of f times the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on i1 of f times the characteristic
+function of i1. So I'll just divide up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of i1. So I'll just divide up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of i1. So I'll just divide up
+the numbers into some intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers into some intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers into some intervals
+and I'm going to convolve that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to convolve that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to convolve that with a
+sum over i2 of g characteristic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over i2 of g characteristic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over i2 of g characteristic function
+of i2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i2
+and I can open up the parenthesis. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can open up the parenthesis. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can open up the parenthesis. It's
+the sum i1 and i2 of f i1 f i1 convolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum i1 and i2 of f i1 f i1 convolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum i1 and i2 of f i1 f i1 convolved
+with g i2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with g i2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with g i2.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now if I only want to capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I only want to capture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I only want to capture this
+up to capital N. So let me say that N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to capital N. So let me say that N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to capital N. So let me say that N1
+is the maximum of I1 and N2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum of I1 and N2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum of I1 and N2 is the
+maximum of I2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of I2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of I2.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so for little n less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for little n less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for little n less than or equal to
+capital n rps of n will be the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n rps of n will be the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n rps of n will be the sum over
+i1 i2 of uh f characteristic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 i2 of uh f characteristic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 i2 of uh f characteristic function of
+i1 convolved with g characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 convolved with g characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 convolved with g characteristic
+function of i2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of i2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of i2
+and here I can assume that n1 * n2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I can assume that n1 * n2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I can assume that n1 * n2 is
+less than around n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than around n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than around n
+uh because otherwise the the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because otherwise the the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because otherwise the the product of
+these two maybe I should make this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two maybe I should make this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two maybe I should make this the
+minimum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, because otherwise the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because otherwise the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because otherwise the product of
+these two intervals will be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two intervals will be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two intervals will be bigger than
+capital n. So it won't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So it won't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n. So it won't have any
+influence here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+and um so then for each of these we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so then for each of these we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um so then for each of these we
+apply the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the theorem
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+theorem a that theorem there and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem a that theorem there and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem a that theorem there and it
+tells me that when I reduce these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that when I reduce these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that when I reduce these things
+mod q for most q's the non-constant part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q for most q's the non-constant part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q for most q's the non-constant part
+is small in l infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this works for most of the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that works as long as n1 and n2 are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works as long as n1 and n2 are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works as long as n1 and n2 are much
+bigger than one and much less than n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But it could happen a part a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it could happen a part a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it could happen a part a piece of
+this would be this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be this guy
+with i2 very close to one or even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with i2 very close to one or even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with i2 very close to one or even just
+the point one convolved with that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one convolved with that guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point one convolved with that guy
+that's in there too. How do you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in there too. How do you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in there too. How do you deal
+with that? Well, this function f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that? Well, this function f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that? Well, this function f is
+itself a big convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a big convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a big convolution.
+So um so then I can take f and I split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so then I can take f and I split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so then I can take f and I split
+it up and I keep going.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So if n1 is almost n and n2 is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if n1 is almost n and n2 is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if n1 is almost n and n2 is almost
+one use f is f_sub_1 convolved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one use f is f_sub_1 convolved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one use f is f_sub_1 convolved with
+f_sub_2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2.
+So this part gets a little bit messy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this part gets a little bit messy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this part gets a little bit messy.
+Um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+uh to be honest, I'm not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be honest, I'm not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to be honest, I'm not positive
+whether this exact thing works. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this exact thing works. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this exact thing works. This is
+a possible project. Um the what what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible project. Um the what what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a possible project. Um the what what you
+what so what I read in analytic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what I read in analytic number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what I read in analytic number
+theory books is a slightly fancier way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory books is a slightly fancier way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory books is a slightly fancier way
+of taking this function characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking this function characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of taking this function characteristic
+function of prime numbers and uh writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of prime numbers and uh writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of prime numbers and uh writing
+it as in terms of some multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as in terms of some multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as in terms of some multiplicative
+convolutions. And for the slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions. And for the slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions. And for the slightly
+fancier way, there end up being less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier way, there end up being less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancier way, there end up being less
+terms here and it it it works out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here and it it it works out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here and it it it works out more
+cleanly, but it also at least I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly, but it also at least I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly, but it also at least I had a
+little bit more trouble motivating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more trouble motivating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more trouble motivating it
+and seeing how people thought of it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing how people thought of it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing how people thought of it. Um
+anyway, so I I'm not positive. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, so I I'm not positive. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, so I I'm not positive. I think
+that this may work in all details or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this may work in all details or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this may work in all details or or
+or maybe not quite. Maybe it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe not quite. Maybe it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe not quite. Maybe it requires
+more fidgeting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fidgeting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fidgeting.
+Um but nevertheless I think it shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but nevertheless I think it shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but nevertheless I think it shows the
+main ideas that go into proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ideas that go into proving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ideas that go into proving the
+bombier vineigra theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Sorry I'm still a little confused. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry I'm still a little confused. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry I'm still a little confused. So
+what are those intervals I1 and I2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those intervals I1 and I2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those intervals I1 and I2?
+>> Yeah what are the intervals I1 and I2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah what are the intervals I1 and I2?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah what are the intervals I1 and I2?
+Um so at f you might first try diatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so at f you might first try diatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so at f you might first try diatic
+intervals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals.
+And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so mod modular technical details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so mod modular technical details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so mod modular technical details
+that's good. Um but actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good. Um but actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good. Um but actually there's a
+little problem with taking diatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little problem with taking diatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little problem with taking diatic
+intervals that wherever you stop you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that wherever you stop you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that wherever you stop you'll
+get um this function will be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um this function will be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um this function will be exactly the
+function that we want up to capital n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we want up to capital n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we want up to capital n.
+And then it'll go a little bit beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then it'll go a little bit beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then it'll go a little bit beyond
+capital n and there'll be some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n and there'll be some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n and there'll be some stuff
+that's uh not exactly this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh not exactly this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh not exactly this function
+anymore. and then it'll die off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. and then it'll die off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. and then it'll die off.
+And we'd like to prove that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'd like to prove that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'd like to prove that you just
+take this function and sharply cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this function and sharply cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this function and sharply cut it
+off at capital n. We'd like that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at capital n. We'd like that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off at capital n. We'd like that to be
+evenly distributed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed.
+But we have this extra sort of junk at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we have this extra sort of junk at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we have this extra sort of junk at
+the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end.
+And um okay, so that's a problem. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um okay, so that's a problem. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um okay, so that's a problem. And
+the solution to that problem is we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that problem is we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution to that problem is we could
+we can greatly reduce the amount of junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can greatly reduce the amount of junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can greatly reduce the amount of junk
+by replacing diatic intervals by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by replacing diatic intervals by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by replacing diatic intervals by
+intervals that are somewhat narrower.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that are somewhat narrower.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals that are somewhat narrower.
+Um, if we make i1 and i2 kind of narrow,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if we make i1 and i2 kind of narrow,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if we make i1 and i2 kind of narrow,
+then whenever i1 times i2 crosses over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whenever i1 times i2 crosses over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then whenever i1 times i2 crosses over
+n, it will only cross over a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n, it will only cross over a little bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n, it will only cross over a little bit.
+So, we'll have only a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll have only a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll have only a little bit of
+junk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk.
+So, that's who I are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Can we recap what properties of RPS we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can we recap what properties of RPS we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can we recap what properties of RPS we
+we used?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used?
+>> Yeah. The question was can we recap what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The question was can we recap what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The question was can we recap what
+what properties of RPS we used. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what properties of RPS we used. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what properties of RPS we used. Okay. So
+the first property is that RPS detects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first property is that RPS detects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first property is that RPS detects
+primes and that property is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes and that property is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes and that property is written
+here. So S is the primes that are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So S is the primes that are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So S is the primes that are less
+than N to the half and on this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than N to the half and on this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than N to the half and on this big
+region RPS of N is the same as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region RPS of N is the same as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region RPS of N is the same as just
+characteristic function of primes tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of primes tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of primes tells
+us whose prime. Okay. Um but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us whose prime. Okay. Um but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us whose prime. Okay. Um but this
+function is nicer than this function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is nicer than this function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is nicer than this function on
+the face of it because it has a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of it because it has a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of it because it has a second
+good property which is that it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good property which is that it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good property which is that it is a
+multiplicative convolution of a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution of a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative convolution of a whole
+bunch of things together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and so we in particular can split it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so we in particular can split it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so we in particular can split it
+up like this and we see it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like this and we see it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up like this and we see it has this
+multiplicative convolution structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess another thing that I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess another thing that I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess another thing that I used
+without saying it as clearly as I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying it as clearly as I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without saying it as clearly as I should
+have is that we use that pointwise f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that we use that pointwise f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that we use that pointwise f and
+g are bounded by around one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g are bounded by around one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g are bounded by around one
+and that comes about for the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes about for the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that comes about for the following
+reason. Pointwise all of these functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Pointwise all of these functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. Pointwise all of these functions
+are bounded by by one uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded by by one uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded by by one uh from the
+definitions. Um and then if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions. Um and then if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions. Um and then if you look at
+f at a point n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f at a point n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f at a point n
+well there are different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are different ways of
+factoring n and so they contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring n and so they contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring n and so they contribute
+different amounts. Um, and there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts. Um, and there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts. Um, and there aren't
+very many ways to factor a number. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many ways to factor a number. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many ways to factor a number. And
+so, and so f of is pretty small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and I think that's it. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I think that's it. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I think that's it. I think
+that's all that we used about RPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that we used about RPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all that we used about RPS and
+about primes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Proving things about primes is a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proving things about primes is a funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proving things about primes is a funny
+business because we don't know that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business because we don't know that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business because we don't know that much
+about primes. And so, you know, you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primes. And so, you know, you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about primes. And so, you know, you you
+theorem, you know, some something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem, you know, some something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem, you know, some something about
+the primes, you could ask, well, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes, you could ask, well, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes, you could ask, well, what
+what input about the primes did we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what input about the primes did we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what input about the primes did we put
+into this theorem? And there's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this theorem? And there's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this theorem? And there's not that
+many different things that we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things that we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different things that we know how
+to use as input. Um, anyway, and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use as input. Um, anyway, and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use as input. Um, anyway, and so for
+today, it was this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. in the coaching shores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. in the coaching shores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. in the coaching shores
+on water. Do you always know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on water. Do you always know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on water. Do you always know something
+or situations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Ah, good. Good. Okay, there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah, good. Good. Okay, there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah, good. Good. Okay, there's a great
+question and I'll there was a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I'll there was a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and I'll there was a specific
+question but the the big picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but the the big picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but the the big picture
+question was at what steps in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was at what steps in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was at what steps in this
+argument did we lose something? Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument did we lose something? Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument did we lose something? Right?
+So, we proved a theorem uh here. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we proved a theorem uh here. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we proved a theorem uh here. It's a
+nice theorem but it's not the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice theorem but it's not the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice theorem but it's not the whole
+truth. We put at the beginning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. We put at the beginning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth. We put at the beginning the
+conjectures of what we believe are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures of what we believe are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjectures of what we believe are true
+which are way stronger than this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are way stronger than this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are way stronger than this in
+several respects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several respects.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several respects.
+Therefore, we must have lost some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, we must have lost some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, we must have lost some things
+in this theorem. Where did we lose them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this theorem. Where did we lose them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this theorem. Where did we lose them?
+Let's think through the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's think through the proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's think through the proof.
+Okay, so this is an equality. The primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is an equality. The primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is an equality. The primes
+really are this thing. And this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are this thing. And this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are this thing. And this thing
+really is a convolution. So we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a convolution. So we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a convolution. So we haven't
+lost anything yet. We can now break the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost anything yet. We can now break the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost anything yet. We can now break the
+convolution up into pieces like this. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution up into pieces like this. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution up into pieces like this. I
+don't think we lost too much here. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we lost too much here. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think we lost too much here. There
+there is this very annoying business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this very annoying business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is this very annoying business
+about the I1 I2 going over the edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I1 I2 going over the edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the I1 I2 going over the edge and
+having to make I1 and I2 small. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to make I1 and I2 small. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to make I1 and I2 small. So there
+there is some loss associated to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some loss associated to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some loss associated to that
+annoying business. So that's one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying business. So that's one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying business. So that's one one one
+piece of loss. Okay. Then let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of loss. Okay. Then let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of loss. Okay. Then let's just
+focus on one of one of these pieces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on one of one of these pieces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on one of one of these pieces.
+Um that piece got fed into theorem A. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that piece got fed into theorem A. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that piece got fed into theorem A. So
+let's switch to ports.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch to ports.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's switch to ports.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Okay. So now we fed our piece into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we fed our piece into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we fed our piece into this
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+this theorem is not usually sharp. So f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is not usually sharp. So f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem is not usually sharp. So f
+and g are two particular functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g are two particular functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and g are two particular functions and
+for those two functions um probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those two functions um probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those two functions um probably
+something much stronger is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much stronger is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something much stronger is true.
+Um let's think about where we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's think about where we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's think about where we lost
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+All right, so we wrote down the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so we wrote down the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so we wrote down the left
+hand side. So far so good. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side. So far so good. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side. So far so good. Then we
+applied the proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the proposition
+at basically we said this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at basically we said this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at basically we said this is a
+convolution and you can bound the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and you can bound the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and you can bound the L
+infinity norm of the convolution by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm of the convolution by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm of the convolution by the
+product of the L2 norms by Koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the L2 norms by Koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the L2 norms by Koshy
+Schwarz. This step here is a big loser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz. This step here is a big loser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz. This step here is a big loser.
+This is I didn't bring my I didn't bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is I didn't bring my I didn't bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is I didn't bring my I didn't bring
+my red chalk but I would put a big red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red chalk but I would put a big red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red chalk but I would put a big red
+star here. Uh this is a big lossy step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+right so so remember that this this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so remember that this this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so remember that this this guy
+is a high part so it has average zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high part so it has average zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a high part so it has average zero
+and this guy has average zero when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy has average zero when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy has average zero when we
+convolve them together there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve them together there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve them together there are a lot
+of positive and negative signs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive and negative signs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of positive and negative signs that
+appear usually there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear usually there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear usually there will be
+cancellation there but our we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation there but our we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation there but our we don't
+didn't take advantage of any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take advantage of any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't take advantage of any of that
+cancellation we just used the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation we just used the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation we just used the triangle
+inequality and so we got this upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and so we got this upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and so we got this upper
+bound that's that's probably very lossy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that's that's probably very lossy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound that's that's probably very lossy.
+So for our particular functions f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for our particular functions f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for our particular functions f and g
+that step was probably very lossy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step was probably very lossy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step was probably very lossy.
+Now this this more general theorem holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this this more general theorem holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now this this more general theorem holds
+for any functions f and g which is nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any functions f and g which is nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any functions f and g which is nice.
+If you could choose any f and g then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you could choose any f and g then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you could choose any f and g then for
+one particular q that may well have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular q that may well have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular q that may well have been
+correct. You could rig f and g so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. You could rig f and g so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct. You could rig f and g so that
+for one particular q this uh koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular q this uh koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular q this uh koshi
+schwarz uh was sharp. But I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz uh was sharp. But I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz uh was sharp. But I don't know
+how to rig f and g so that for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to rig f and g so that for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to rig f and g so that for most of
+these ps or q's um something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ps or q's um something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ps or q's um something like that
+happens. It sounds even unlikely to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. It sounds even unlikely to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. It sounds even unlikely to me
+that that is true. Um so it's plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is true. Um so it's plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is true. Um so it's plausible
+that without any more input about prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without any more input about prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without any more input about prime
+numbers it's plausible that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's plausible that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's plausible that there's a
+much stronger version of this theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger version of this theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger version of this theorem.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+but I have no idea how to prove it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have no idea how to prove it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have no idea how to prove it.
+Okay. So that was our big lossy step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was our big lossy step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that was our big lossy step.
+Then we went on to the next step. We did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we went on to the next step. We did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we went on to the next step. We did
+this koshi schwarz. I don't think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this koshi schwarz. I don't think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this koshi schwarz. I don't think this
+one is so bad. Um for for this Koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is so bad. Um for for this Koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is so bad. Um for for this Koshy
+Schwarz to be sharp, we just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz to be sharp, we just means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz to be sharp, we just means that
+um it would it would be sharp if for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would it would be sharp if for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would it would be sharp if for the
+different PS all these L2 norms were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different PS all these L2 norms were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different PS all these L2 norms were
+about the same as each other. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same as each other. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same as each other. I think
+that usually happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually happens
+and then we applied the large civ um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we applied the large civ um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we applied the large civ um and
+the large civ itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large civ itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large civ itself is
+is usually not lossy in the key in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually not lossy in the key in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually not lossy in the key in the
+key ranges. So this is the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ranges. So this is the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key ranges. So this is the really
+important loss here and require a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important loss here and require a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important loss here and require a big
+new idea to do better. Cool. Nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea to do better. Cool. Nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new idea to do better. Cool. Nice
+questions everybody. Um let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions everybody. Um let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions everybody. Um let's let's
+break there but I'll also hang out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break there but I'll also hang out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break there but I'll also hang out for
+office hours if there are more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours if there are more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office hours if there are more things
+that people want to talk about.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-fD51fZvZH8.txt b/-fD51fZvZH8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f46c2d2cd61b98c012ddf70c673764c90b38d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-fD51fZvZH8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15653 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to exploring black holes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to exploring black holes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to exploring black holes we're
+very pleased this evening to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pleased this evening to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pleased this evening to have
+Professor Alan Guth of MIT to speak to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Alan Guth of MIT to speak to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Alan Guth of MIT to speak to
+us about cosmological models Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about cosmological models Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about cosmological models Professor
+Guth is an alumnist of MIT he did both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guth is an alumnist of MIT he did both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guth is an alumnist of MIT he did both
+his undergraduate and graduate degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his undergraduate and graduate degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his undergraduate and graduate degrees
+here as a student in particle physics he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a student in particle physics he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a student in particle physics he
+re-entered MIT after re-entering after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-entered MIT after re-entering after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-entered MIT after re-entering after
+entering the subject of of cosmology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the subject of of cosmology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the subject of of cosmology
+with his invention and discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his invention and discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his invention and discovery of the
+inflationary Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary Universe
+model having presented one model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model having presented one model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model having presented one model for the
+universe Professor Guth will tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe Professor Guth will tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe Professor Guth will tonight
+present three in it talk universe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present three in it talk universe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present three in it talk universe and
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples uh the reason for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh the reason for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh the reason for three
+examples by the way is that three sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples by the way is that three sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples by the way is that three sounds
+so much better than two that Universe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much better than two that Universe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much better than two that Universe in
+two example sounded so dumb so anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two example sounded so dumb so anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two example sounded so dumb so anyway
+the the main part of talk will in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main part of talk will in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main part of talk will in fact
+be about two examples namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about two examples namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about two examples namely the
+conventional Big Bang model without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Big Bang model without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Big Bang model without
+inflation and the inflationary model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and the inflationary model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation and the inflationary model uh
+but if we have time at the end just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we have time at the end just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we have time at the end just to
+be true to the title uh I will talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true to the title uh I will talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true to the title uh I will talk a
+little bit about the possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about the possibility of
+creating a universe in laboratory so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a universe in laboratory so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a universe in laboratory so a
+man-made universe or a woman-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made universe or a woman-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made universe or a woman-made
+universe uh will be the Third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kind see if this works yeah okay uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind see if this works yeah okay uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind see if this works yeah okay uh so I
+want to begin by describing uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin by describing uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin by describing uh the
+conventional Big Bang Theory uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Big Bang Theory uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Big Bang Theory uh which
+really began with the work of of Albert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really began with the work of of Albert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really began with the work of of Albert
+Einstein uh Einstein invented his theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh Einstein invented his theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein uh Einstein invented his theory
+of general relativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of general relativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of general relativity in
+1916 and then immediately set out to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1916 and then immediately set out to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1916 and then immediately set out to uh
+try to figure out the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out the consequences of
+general relativity for the universe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity for the universe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity for the universe and
+he immediately discovered uh that he ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he immediately discovered uh that he ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he immediately discovered uh that he ran
+into trouble when he tried to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble when he tried to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble when he tried to build the
+kind of model of the universe that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of model of the universe that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of model of the universe that he
+believed was the right one namely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed was the right one namely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed was the right one namely a
+static model uh throughout history I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static model uh throughout history I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static model uh throughout history I
+guess from at least going back to Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess from at least going back to Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess from at least going back to Newton
+I guess maybe the Greeks as well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess maybe the Greeks as well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess maybe the Greeks as well uh
+people had thought the universe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had thought the universe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had thought the universe was
+static there was no evidence yet at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static there was no evidence yet at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static there was no evidence yet at this
+time that the Universe was expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the Universe was expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that the Universe was expanding
+this was before Hubble's work uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was before Hubble's work uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was before Hubble's work uh so
+Einstein made the same assumption as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein made the same assumption as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein made the same assumption as
+everybody else who looked up in the Sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else who looked up in the Sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else who looked up in the Sky
+Stars seemed stationary uh decided we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars seemed stationary uh decided we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars seemed stationary uh decided we
+were living in a static Universe uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were living in a static Universe uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were living in a static Universe uh but
+when he applied his equations of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he applied his equations of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he applied his equations of of
+gravity he discovered something which at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity he discovered something which at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity he discovered something which at
+first surprised him although later he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surprised him although later he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surprised him although later he
+realized it was really true in newtonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it was really true in newtonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it was really true in newtonium
+mechanics as well but uh Newton had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics as well but uh Newton had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics as well but uh Newton had
+actually considered this question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considered this question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considered this question but
+had talked himself out of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked himself out of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had talked himself out of the right
+answer uh the point is simply though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh the point is simply though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh the point is simply though
+that gravity is attractive so if you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gravity is attractive so if you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gravity is attractive so if you try
+to build a model where Point masses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a model where Point masses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a model where Point masses are
+suspended uniformly in space going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended uniformly in space going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspended uniformly in space going all
+the way out to infinity or a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out to infinity or a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way out to infinity or a finite
+model either way uh you have the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model either way uh you have the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model either way uh you have the problem
+that everything attracts everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything attracts everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything attracts everything else
+and it doesn't remain static everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't remain static everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't remain static everything
+collapses uh and Einstein found this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses uh and Einstein found this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapses uh and Einstein found this to
+be an unavoidable consequence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an unavoidable consequence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an unavoidable consequence of the
+original form of his theory of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original form of his theory of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original form of his theory of general
+relativity but he was still convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but he was still convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity but he was still convinced
+the universe was static and he figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe was static and he figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe was static and he figured
+out a way to uh to modify it uh and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to uh to modify it uh and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a way to uh to modify it uh and he
+introduced what he called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what he called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what he called the
+cosmological term uh which was an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological term uh which was an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological term uh which was an extra
+term in the equations that described how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the equations that described how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the equations that described how
+the Einstein field equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein field equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Einstein field equations the
+equation that described how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that described how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that described how
+gravitational fields are created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields are created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields are created by
+matter and by adjusting the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and by adjusting the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and by adjusting the coefficient
+of this term which he called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term which he called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this term which he called the
+cosmological constant to have just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological constant to have just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmological constant to have just the
+right value uh he could create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value uh he could create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right value uh he could create a
+repulsive force that would suspend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive force that would suspend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive force that would suspend the
+universe uh against the collapse that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh against the collapse that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh against the collapse that it
+would otherwise undergo and he was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise undergo and he was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise undergo and he was then
+able to succeed in constructing a static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to succeed in constructing a static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to succeed in constructing a static
+model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the
+universe now all this disappeared really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe now all this disappeared really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe now all this disappeared really
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+1929 uh with the discovery by Hubble uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 uh with the discovery by Hubble uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 uh with the discovery by Hubble uh
+that the Universe was in fact not static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe was in fact not static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe was in fact not static
+but was expanding uh it's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was expanding uh it's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but was expanding uh it's probably a
+little unfair to give credit only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unfair to give credit only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unfair to give credit only to
+Hubble slier for example had measured a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble slier for example had measured a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble slier for example had measured a
+a red shift for a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red shift for a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a red shift for a large number of
+galaxies before Hubble uh got into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies before Hubble uh got into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies before Hubble uh got into it
+but Hub was the one who codified it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Hub was the one who codified it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Hub was the one who codified it uh
+who codified this expansion pattern into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who codified this expansion pattern into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who codified this expansion pattern into
+what we now know as Hubble's Law the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now know as Hubble's Law the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now know as Hubble's Law the
+statement that on average distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that on average distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that on average distant
+galaxies are receding from us uh with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies are receding from us uh with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies are receding from us uh with a
+velocity which is equal to a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is equal to a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is equal to a number
+which we call hubbles constant he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call hubbles constant he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we call hubbles constant he didn't
+um times the distance to the Galaxy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times the distance to the Galaxy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times the distance to the Galaxy now
+this number H is uh not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number H is uh not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number H is uh not really a
+constant uh I've always thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh I've always thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh I've always thought the
+astronomers call it a constant because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers call it a constant because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers call it a constant because
+it's essentially constant over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially constant over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially constant over the
+lifetime of an astronomer um but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of an astronomer um but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of an astronomer um but it
+certainly changes as the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly changes as the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly changes as the universe
+evolves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves
+uh this transparent is actually a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this transparent is actually a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this transparent is actually a little
+bit old I think now we we probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit old I think now we we probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit old I think now we we probably have
+a better idea of of what it is than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better idea of of what it is than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better idea of of what it is than the
+somewhat large R 60 to 80 although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat large R 60 to 80 although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat large R 60 to 80 although I
+guess that's probably a two standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's probably a two standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's probably a two standard
+deviation estimate of there or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation estimate of there or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation estimate of there or something
+like that uh the best astronomical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh the best astronomical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that uh the best astronomical value
+comes from the uh Hubble Space Telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the uh Hubble Space Telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the uh Hubble Space Telescope
+key project which came up with a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key project which came up with a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key project which came up with a number
+of 72 Plus orus 8 kilometers per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 72 Plus orus 8 kilometers per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 72 Plus orus 8 kilometers per second
+per Mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Mega
+parac uh this number is now largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parac uh this number is now largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parac uh this number is now largely
+confirmed by U precise measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed by U precise measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmed by U precise measurements of
+the cosmic background radiation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic background radiation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic background radiation which
+can also be bit to the value of Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be bit to the value of Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be bit to the value of Hubble
+constant come up with numbers there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant come up with numbers there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant come up with numbers there are
+very much in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+range uh once you discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh once you discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range uh once you discover that
+everything seems to be moving away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems to be moving away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything seems to be moving away from
+you uh it it gives you something of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh it it gives you something of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh it it gives you something of the
+feeling of a Tomic Universe where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of a Tomic Universe where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling of a Tomic Universe where we're
+at the center and everything is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center and everything is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center and everything is moving
+radially outward from us uh but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially outward from us uh but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially outward from us uh but as
+you're probably aware that's not the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably aware that's not the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably aware that's not the way
+modern cosmologists look at the world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern cosmologists look at the world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern cosmologists look at the world uh
+instead there's a much simpler and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's a much simpler and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there's a much simpler and more
+uniform explanation for Hubble's Law how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform explanation for Hubble's Law how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform explanation for Hubble's Law how
+did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen um and that is the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um and that is the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um and that is the idea of
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+expansion uh what I've shown here uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh what I've shown here uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh what I've shown here uh is
+an attempt to represent a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to represent a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to represent a part of the
+universe and three successive snapshots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and three successive snapshots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and three successive snapshots
+uh where each snapshot is a photographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where each snapshot is a photographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where each snapshot is a photographic
+blow up of the previous snapshot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up of the previous snapshot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up of the previous snapshot and
+that's essentially How the Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially How the Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially How the Universe
+expands uh now if you think about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands uh now if you think about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands uh now if you think about it in
+a in a photographic blowup uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a photographic blowup uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a photographic blowup uh all
+distances increased by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances increased by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances increased by the same
+percentage so you can imagine yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so you can imagine yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so you can imagine yourself
+living on any one of the dots in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on any one of the dots in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on any one of the dots in this
+picture which are supposed to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which are supposed to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture which are supposed to represent
+galaxies in some crude way uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies in some crude way uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies in some crude way uh and what
+you would see is you would see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see is you would see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see is you would see all the
+other galaxies moving away from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other galaxies moving away from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other galaxies moving away from you
+because all distances are increasing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all distances are increasing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all distances are increasing and
+you consider yourself to be at rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider yourself to be at rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider yourself to be at rest and
+furthermore you directly get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore you directly get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore you directly get out
+Hubble's Law that the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble's Law that the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hubble's Law that the velocity is
+proportional to the distance uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the distance uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the distance uh because
+all distances increase by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distances increase by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all distances increase by the same
+percentage as you go from one picture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage as you go from one picture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage as you go from one picture to
+the next that means the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next that means the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next that means the bigger the
+original distance the bigger the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original distance the bigger the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original distance the bigger the change
+the distance and going from one picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance and going from one picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance and going from one picture
+to the next hence the bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next hence the bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next hence the bigger the
+velocity uh so this hubbles law gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh so this hubbles law gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh so this hubbles law gives
+rise very naturally to this picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise very naturally to this picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise very naturally to this picture of a
+homogeneous expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous expanding
+Universe uh the easiest way to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh the easiest way to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh the easiest way to describe
+such a universe as you may have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a universe as you may have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a universe as you may have already
+discussed in this class I don't know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in this class I don't know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in this class I don't know is
+to introduce a scale factor so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a scale factor so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce a scale factor so you just
+pick one of these pictures and call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of these pictures and call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of these pictures and call that
+the map of the universe uh and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map of the universe uh and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map of the universe uh and you put
+coordinates on it and I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on it and I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on it and I've shown
+coordinates on all of them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on all of them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates on all of them the
+coordinates expand with the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates expand with the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates expand with the picture
+which is what we have in mind uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we have in mind uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we have in mind uh so you
+can just look at one picture forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just look at one picture forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just look at one picture forget the
+others they're all copies of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others they're all copies of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others they're all copies of each
+other's anyway uh and you could describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's anyway uh and you could describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's anyway uh and you could describe
+the expansion uh just by changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion uh just by changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expansion uh just by changing the
+scale factor of the map uh so you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor of the map uh so you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor of the map uh so you say
+that the physical distance is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physical distance is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the physical distance is equal to a
+scale factor which changes with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor which changes with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor which changes with time
+times the number of notches that You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of notches that You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of notches that You'
+measure on on the map uh and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on on the map uh and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure on on the map uh and that way
+you can use one map and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use one map and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use one map and all of the
+expansion is taken care of just by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is taken care of just by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is taken care of just by the
+scale factor and that of course allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor and that of course allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale factor and that of course allows
+you to write simple equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to write simple equations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to write simple equations to
+describe how that scale factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evolves uh if want to extrapolate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves uh if want to extrapolate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves uh if want to extrapolate this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+backwards uh one finds concludes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh one finds concludes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards uh one finds concludes
+immediately that the early Universe must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that the early Universe must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that the early Universe must
+have been extraordinarily dense and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been extraordinarily dense and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been extraordinarily dense and you
+know that when you compress a gas it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that when you compress a gas it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that when you compress a gas it
+gets hotter uh and that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hotter uh and that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hotter uh and that means that the
+early Universe was much much hotter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Universe was much much hotter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early Universe was much much hotter than
+the present universe and one can infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present universe and one can infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present universe and one can infer
+that the gas that filled the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gas that filled the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gas that filled the early
+Universe was extraordinarily hot if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe was extraordinarily hot if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe was extraordinarily hot if you
+went back far enough uh and if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back far enough uh and if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back far enough uh and if that's
+the case you'd expect to see some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case you'd expect to see some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case you'd expect to see some kind
+of a glow of this hot matter from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a glow of this hot matter from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a glow of this hot matter from the
+Earl Universe uh surviving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl Universe uh surviving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earl Universe uh surviving in the
+universe today and and you know back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today and and you know back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today and and you know back in
+the middle part of the 20th century um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle part of the 20th century um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle part of the 20th century um
+people were debating between the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were debating between the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were debating between the steady
+state model and the Big Bang model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state model and the Big Bang model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state model and the Big Bang model uh
+and one of the predictions of the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the predictions of the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the predictions of the Big
+Bang model although not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang model although not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang model although not everybody
+understood it at the time uh was that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it at the time uh was that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood it at the time uh was that if
+the Big Bang was right there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang was right there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Big Bang was right there should be a
+gas of radiation uh filling today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas of radiation uh filling today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas of radiation uh filling today's
+universe and that gas should be uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and that gas should be uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe and that gas should be uh have
+a spectrum representing a black body uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum representing a black body uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spectrum representing a black body uh
+because the early Universe would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the early Universe would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the early Universe would have
+been dense enough uh that the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dense enough uh that the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dense enough uh that the radiation
+and the matter will would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the matter will would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the matter will would have
+equilibrated would have come to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrated would have come to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrated would have come to a
+uniform temperature and radiation at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform temperature and radiation at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform temperature and radiation at a
+uniform temperature is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform temperature is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform temperature is what we call
+black body radiation it has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body radiation it has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black body radiation it has a very
+different distinctive Spectrum what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distinctive Spectrum what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distinctive Spectrum what I've
+shown here is the first really accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is the first really accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is the first really accurate
+measure measurement of the spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure measurement of the spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure measurement of the spectrum of
+the cosmic background radiation uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic background radiation uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic background radiation uh from
+the Kobe satellite uh this data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kobe satellite uh this data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kobe satellite uh this data was
+released in 1990 very shortly after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in 1990 very shortly after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released in 1990 very shortly after the
+satellite was actually launched and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite was actually launched and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite was actually launched and the
+data itself was actually only based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data itself was actually only based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data itself was actually only based on
+nine minutes of running of the satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine minutes of running of the satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine minutes of running of the satellite
+uh and as you see it's extraordinar good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as you see it's extraordinar good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and as you see it's extraordinar good
+the data point points have very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data point points have very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data point points have very very
+small a bars and fit the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small a bars and fit the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small a bars and fit the theoretical
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+amazingly um and this got much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly um and this got much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly um and this got much better
+still um the satellite remained up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still um the satellite remained up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still um the satellite remained up in
+the air uh taking data until I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air uh taking data until I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air uh taking data until I don't
+know 96 97 96 I suppose uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 96 97 96 I suppose uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 96 97 96 I suppose uh and in
+1996 uh they released their was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 uh they released their was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 uh they released their was probably
+I guess their final measurement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess their final measurement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess their final measurement of the
+spectrum and the errors are reduced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the errors are reduced by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and the errors are reduced by a
+factor of 200 relatives to this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 200 relatives to this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 200 relatives to this picture
+uh and it still fit the black Body Curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it still fit the black Body Curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it still fit the black Body Curve
+essentially perfectly so it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially perfectly so it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially perfectly so it really is
+amazing how accurately uh this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how accurately uh this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how accurately uh this can be
+measured and how beautifully it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and how beautifully it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured and how beautifully it fits
+what you expect from it's really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect from it's really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you expect from it's really very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory on right um okay let's say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory on right um okay let's say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory on right um okay let's say a few
+more words now about sort of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more words now about sort of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more words now about sort of how the
+standard Big Bang Theory uh Works um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Big Bang Theory uh Works um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard Big Bang Theory uh Works um the
+theory basically says that the Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory basically says that the Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory basically says that the Universe
+uh as We Know It uh began some 10 to 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as We Know It uh began some 10 to 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as We Know It uh began some 10 to 15
+billion years ago and now actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years ago and now actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years ago and now actually we
+think we know this number even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we know this number even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we know this number even more
+accurately than that it's now said to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately than that it's now said to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately than that it's now said to be
+13.7 plus or minus point2 billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.7 plus or minus point2 billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13.7 plus or minus point2 billion years
+uh the qualification that I put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the qualification that I put in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the qualification that I put in here
+as We Know It uh is uh I think an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as We Know It uh is uh I think an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as We Know It uh is uh I think an
+important one um the cosmologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one um the cosmologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one um the cosmologists have
+to cover their bets um as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover their bets um as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover their bets um as you
+extrapolate the universe backwards uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate the universe backwards uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate the universe backwards uh
+the universe gets hotter and hotter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe gets hotter and hotter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe gets hotter and hotter and
+denser and denser and you get to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser and you get to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser and denser and you get to be
+further further away from the kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further further away from the kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further further away from the kind of uh
+situations in which you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in which you really
+understand the laws of physics uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the laws of physics uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the laws of physics uh so if
+you naively extrapolate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you naively extrapolate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you naively extrapolate this
+conventional Big Bang Theory back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Big Bang Theory back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional Big Bang Theory back to
+Time Zero uh you find a singularity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Zero uh you find a singularity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Zero uh you find a singularity at
+time zero and before that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero and before that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zero and before that you find
+nothing space and time essentially began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing space and time essentially began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing space and time essentially began
+at at Time Zero in the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Time Zero in the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Time Zero in the simplest
+mathematical form of the model uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form of the model uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form of the model uh
+but there's not really any good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's not really any good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's not really any good reason
+to trust the extrapolation of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust the extrapolation of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust the extrapolation of the model
+back to such extraordinary Early Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to such extraordinary Early Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to such extraordinary Early Times
+uh and there are in fact many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there are in fact many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there are in fact many other
+possibilities for what might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for what might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for what might have
+happened at T equals zero uh and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at T equals zero uh and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at T equals zero uh and in fact
+even inflation itself I'll probably talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even inflation itself I'll probably talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even inflation itself I'll probably talk
+about later a little bit uh makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later a little bit uh makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about later a little bit uh makes a
+rather different uh statement about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather different uh statement about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather different uh statement about what
+probably happened at T equals z uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably happened at T equals z uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably happened at T equals z uh in
+inflationary models it it looks like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary models it it looks like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary models it it looks like uh
+what we call the big bang was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the big bang was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the big bang was really
+just our local Big Bang where local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our local Big Bang where local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just our local Big Bang where local
+refers to something that's larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to something that's larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to something that's larger than
+the size of our visible Universe uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our visible Universe uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our visible Universe uh but
+still small in the inflationary context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still small in the inflationary context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still small in the inflationary context
+to what we would think of as the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we would think of as the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we would think of as the size of
+the entire universe which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire universe which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire universe which would be
+vastly larger uh than what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly larger uh than what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly larger uh than what we can
+observe uh the initial state of this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe uh the initial state of this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe uh the initial state of this big
+bang was a hot dense uh uniform soup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang was a hot dense uh uniform soup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang was a hot dense uh uniform soup of
+particles uh that filled space uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh that filled space uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles uh that filled space uniformly
+um you're probably aware already so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're probably aware already so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're probably aware already so but
+I'll say it anyway just in case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it anyway just in case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it anyway just in case uh
+there's a common misconception about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a common misconception about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a common misconception about the
+Big Bang uh which is sort of popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang uh which is sort of popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang uh which is sort of popular in
+cartoons and in some popular science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and in some popular science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and in some popular science
+writing uh namely the idea that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing uh namely the idea that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing uh namely the idea that that the
+Big Bang was uh uh an egg of matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang was uh uh an egg of matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang was uh uh an egg of matter that
+existed in an empty space and the Egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in an empty space and the Egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed in an empty space and the Egg
+exploded spewing matter out to fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded spewing matter out to fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded spewing matter out to fill the
+empty space uh that's not the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space uh that's not the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space uh that's not the way the
+Big Bang Theory works at all uh as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory works at all uh as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory works at all uh as far
+as I can tell it's just as logical as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can tell it's just as logical as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I can tell it's just as logical as as
+the theory that we call the big bang um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that we call the big bang um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory that we call the big bang um
+but observationally it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but observationally it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but observationally it doesn't work
+nearly as well because um if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as well because um if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as well because um if you did
+have an isolated explosion spewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an isolated explosion spewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an isolated explosion spewing
+matter out into empty space then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter out into empty space then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter out into empty space then you
+would think that if you're out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think that if you're out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think that if you're out here
+someplace uh even if it was somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace uh even if it was somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace uh even if it was somewhat
+after the explosion you expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the explosion you expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the explosion you expect to see
+something that looks somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks somewhat different
+if you look toward the source of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look toward the source of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look toward the source of the
+explosion than if you looked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion than if you looked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion than if you looked in the
+opposite direction uh but when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction uh but when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction uh but when we look
+around the universe uh what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the universe uh what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the universe uh what we see is
+that the Universe looks essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe looks essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe looks essentially the
+same no matter what direction we look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same no matter what direction we look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same no matter what direction we look as
+long as you average over a big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you average over a big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you average over a big enough
+region it's identical and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's identical and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's identical and this this
+uniforming that we see is even most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniforming that we see is even most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniforming that we see is even most
+striking in the cosmic background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking in the cosmic background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking in the cosmic background
+radiation which really is the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which really is the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation which really is the earliest
+thing that we could see and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we could see and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we could see and what you
+expect to give as the best uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to give as the best uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to give as the best uh
+description of of the explosion itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of of the explosion itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of of the explosion itself
+and that radiation is actually known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that radiation is actually known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that radiation is actually known to
+be uniform in old directions to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uniform in old directions to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uniform in old directions to an
+accuracy of of one part in 100,000 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of of one part in 100,000 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of of one part in 100,000 uh
+which is really an extraordinary amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really an extraordinary amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really an extraordinary amount
+of uniformity which you would not expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uniformity which you would not expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uniformity which you would not expect
+if you had an isolated pocket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had an isolated pocket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had an isolated pocket of
+explosion here and we were out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion here and we were out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion here and we were out here
+looking at it uh so it's a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it uh so it's a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it uh so it's a uniform
+explosion from the beginning you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion from the beginning you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion from the beginning you have to
+assume that the matter filled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the matter filled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the matter filled the
+space now the basic evidence for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now the basic evidence for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space now the basic evidence for this
+Big Bang Theory is Hubble's Law the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory is Hubble's Law the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory is Hubble's Law the fact
+that when we look at we do see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we look at we do see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we look at we do see the
+universe expanding we see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expanding we see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe expanding we see all the
+galaxies on average moving away from us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies on average moving away from us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies on average moving away from us
+and the further away they are the faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the further away they are the faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the further away they are the faster
+we see the move uh second important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the move uh second important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the move uh second important
+piece of evidence for the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of evidence for the Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of evidence for the Big Bang
+Theory uh is the cosmic background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh is the cosmic background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh is the cosmic background
+radiation the graph that I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation the graph that I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation the graph that I just showed
+you showing this marvelous black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showing this marvelous black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showing this marvelous black body
+Spectrum uh showing that indeed uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh showing that indeed uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum uh showing that indeed uh the
+radiation looks just like what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation looks just like what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation looks just like what you
+expect uh from the glow of hot matter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh from the glow of hot matter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect uh from the glow of hot matter in
+the early Universe I might mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early Universe I might mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early Universe I might mention
+something about the the Precision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the the Precision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the the Precision of
+that measurement and the implications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measurement and the implications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measurement and the implications of
+that you might think that since thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think that since thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might think that since thermal
+radiation is thermal things always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is thermal things always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is thermal things always
+thermalize eventually um that the there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalize eventually um that the there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalize eventually um that the there
+might be a lot of different explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a lot of different explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a lot of different explanations
+for why we could have radiation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why we could have radiation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for why we could have radiation that's
+thermal that's filling the universe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal that's filling the universe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal that's filling the universe uh
+but it isn't really true um in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it isn't really true um in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it isn't really true um in order for
+gas to come to thermal equilibrium it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to come to thermal equilibrium it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to come to thermal equilibrium it
+has to be in in thermal contact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be in in thermal contact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be in in thermal contact with
+things uh and the radiation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and the radiation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and the radiation that's
+filling the universe now is not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the universe now is not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling the universe now is not really
+in thermal contact with anything uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermal contact with anything uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thermal contact with anything uh the
+universe is effectively empty as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is effectively empty as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is effectively empty as far as
+the radiation is concerned the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation is concerned the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation is concerned the density
+of the universe is extremely low uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is extremely low uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is extremely low uh so
+the fact that we're seeing such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're seeing such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're seeing such a
+perfect thermal Spectrum does not merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect thermal Spectrum does not merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect thermal Spectrum does not merely
+mean that the Universe has been around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the Universe has been around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the Universe has been around a
+while and has had reached Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and has had reached Thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and has had reached Thermo
+equilibrium it really is a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it really is a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it really is a strong
+indication that the Universe was at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that the Universe was at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication that the Universe was at one
+time extremely dense nothing like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time extremely dense nothing like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time extremely dense nothing like what
+it is now and I guess the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now and I guess the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now and I guess the sort of
+numbers that people put on that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that people put on that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that people put on that is that
+uh the the degree to which the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the degree to which the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the degree to which the radiation
+resembles a a back body really indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles a a back body really indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles a a back body really indicates
+that there could not have been uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there could not have been uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there could not have been uh that
+the Universe really had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Universe really had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Universe really had to have
+thermalized in the first year of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalized in the first year of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalized in the first year of its
+existence and since then if anybody had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and since then if anybody had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and since then if anybody had
+put any kind of a bump in the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put any kind of a bump in the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put any kind of a bump in the Spectrum
+it would have survived they would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have survived they would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have survived they would not
+have had time to uh to iron itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had time to uh to iron itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had time to uh to iron itself
+out uh the other very important success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh the other very important success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh the other very important success
+of The Big Bang Theory uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Big Bang Theory uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Big Bang Theory uh is the
+synthesis of the light chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of the light chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis of the light chemical
+elements the important Point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the important Point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements the important Point here is
+that the early Universe was so hot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the early Universe was so hot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the early Universe was so hot uh
+that even the nuclei of atoms uh would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even the nuclei of atoms uh would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even the nuclei of atoms uh would
+not have been stable they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been stable they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have been stable they would have
+just been ripped apart by the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been ripped apart by the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been ripped apart by the thermal
+energy uh so the fact that we see nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh so the fact that we see nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh so the fact that we see nuclei
+in the universe today uh implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe today uh implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe today uh implies that
+those nuclei must to formed after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nuclei must to formed after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nuclei must to formed after the
+big bangang uh if if the theory is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bangang uh if if the theory is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bangang uh if if the theory is right
+at all uh now the theory really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all uh now the theory really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all uh now the theory really is
+quantitative uh it's not just a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative uh it's not just a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative uh it's not just a cartoon
+image of an explosion um it's even not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of an explosion um it's even not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of an explosion um it's even not
+even all that difficult to calculate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even all that difficult to calculate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even all that difficult to calculate how
+fast the universe would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the universe would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the universe would have been
+expanding in any given time uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in any given time uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding in any given time uh what the
+temperature would have been in any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature would have been in any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature would have been in any given
+time what the density would have been at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what the density would have been at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what the density would have been at
+any given time and so on uh it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time and so on uh it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time and so on uh it really is
+just a calculation involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a calculation involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a calculation involving the
+expansion of a gas in thermo equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of a gas in thermo equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of a gas in thermo equilibrium
+being by the pole of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being by the pole of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being by the pole of gravity
+and you can even do it by Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can even do it by Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can even do it by Newtonian
+methods and you get essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and you get essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and you get essentially the
+right answer uh so with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer uh so with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer uh so with this
+quantitative picture of how the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative picture of how the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative picture of how the universe
+expanded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded and
+cooled uh one can combine that with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled uh one can combine that with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled uh one can combine that with what
+we know about nuclear physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about nuclear physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about nuclear physics and
+actually calculate the rates of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the rates of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate the rates of nuclear
+reactions that would have happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that would have happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that would have happened in
+the Earl universe and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earl universe and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Earl universe and that means that
+it's possible to calculate the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to calculate the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to calculate the expected
+abundances uh of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances uh of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances uh of the different
+nuclei uh this story has a peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei uh this story has a peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei uh this story has a peculiar
+history uh because the idea of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh because the idea of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh because the idea of doing
+these calculations really began back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations really began back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these calculations really began back in
+the 1940s with George gof and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s with George gof and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1940s with George gof and his
+collaborators and they pursued these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators and they pursued these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators and they pursued these
+calculations for a while and then became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for a while and then became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for a while and then became
+very frustrated because they could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frustrated because they could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frustrated because they could not
+find any way to synthesize uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any way to synthesize uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find any way to synthesize uh any
+significant amount of nuclei heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of nuclei heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant amount of nuclei heavier
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+lithium uh so they gave up and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium uh so they gave up and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium uh so they gave up and and
+discussed uh but in fact we now think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh but in fact we now think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh but in fact we now think
+they were entirely right uh the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were entirely right uh the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were entirely right uh the elements
+heavier than lithium we now believe were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than lithium we now believe were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than lithium we now believe were
+not produced in the big Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not produced in the big Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not produced in the big Bank
+uh but were produced much later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but were produced much later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but were produced much later in the
+history of the universe in the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the universe in the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the universe in the interior
+of stars uh and then when stars explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stars uh and then when stars explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stars uh and then when stars explode
+they spew these heavier elements out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spew these heavier elements out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spew these heavier elements out
+into space are ready to recollect into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into space are ready to recollect into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into space are ready to recollect into
+later generation stars like our sun so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later generation stars like our sun so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later generation stars like our sun so
+essentially all the stuff that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all the stuff that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all the stuff that we're
+made out of which is all almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of which is all almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of which is all almost all
+heavier than lithium um is material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than lithium um is material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier than lithium um is material that
+was synthesized in some other star uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was synthesized in some other star uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was synthesized in some other star uh
+but nonetheless the latest chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless the latest chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless the latest chemical
+elements uh which make up about 98% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh which make up about 98% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh which make up about 98% of
+the bionic matter in the universe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bionic matter in the universe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bionic matter in the universe even
+though there's only a few of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there's only a few of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there's only a few of them uh
+were produced primarily in the Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were produced primarily in the Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were produced primarily in the Big
+Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang
+and the Big Bang Theory allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Big Bang Theory allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Big Bang Theory allows us to
+calculate the expected abundances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected abundances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected abundances of
+those nuclei and it really works very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nuclei and it really works very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nuclei and it really works very
+well uh and provides a rather remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh and provides a rather remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh and provides a rather remarkable
+test of The Big Bang Theory uh the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of The Big Bang Theory uh the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of The Big Bang Theory uh the other
+thing that's remarkable about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's remarkable about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's remarkable about this
+nucleosynthesis calculations uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosynthesis calculations uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleosynthesis calculations uh is that
+the processes that produced these light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that produced these light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes that produced these light
+chemical elements uh began about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements uh began about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements uh began about 1
+second after the a big bang so even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after the a big bang so even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after the a big bang so even in
+the 1960s and70s cosmologists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s and70s cosmologists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s and70s cosmologists were
+exploring the history of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring the history of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring the history of the universe
+all the way back to 1 second after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to 1 second after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way back to 1 second after the
+big bang and they had real observational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang and they had real observational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang and they had real observational
+tests of what they were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of what they were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of what they were talking about
+and now we're trying to go back even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+further uh despite these big successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh despite these big successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh despite these big successes
+let's see hold on I didn't get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see hold on I didn't get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see hold on I didn't get to the
+bottom of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of that
+transparency just push the button by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency just push the button by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency just push the button by
+mistake uh okay uh so the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh okay uh so the Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake uh okay uh so the Big Bang
+Theory can describe how the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory can describe how the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory can describe how the early
+Universe expanded and cooled it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe expanded and cooled it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe expanded and cooled it can
+describe how the light chemical elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how the light chemical elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how the light chemical elements
+formed as we just discussed uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed as we just discussed uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed as we just discussed uh and it
+does also give us a at least a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does also give us a at least a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does also give us a at least a a
+framework for describing how the matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for describing how the matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework for describing how the matter
+conial to form stars and galaxies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conial to form stars and galaxies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conial to form stars and galaxies and
+clusters of galaxies and so on uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of galaxies and so on uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters of galaxies and so on uh this
+of course as you might guess is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as you might guess is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course as you might guess is a very
+complicated story and people are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated story and people are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated story and people are still
+working on it but certainly our general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it but certainly our general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it but certainly our general
+picture uh that matter collected through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh that matter collected through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh that matter collected through
+the force of gravity uh seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force of gravity uh seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force of gravity uh seems to be
+holding up very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh in spite of these big successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh in spite of these big successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh in spite of these big successes
+of the conventional Big Bang Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conventional Big Bang Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conventional Big Bang Theory
+there are certain topics uh which The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain topics uh which The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain topics uh which The
+Big Bang Theory really just says nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory really just says nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory really just says nothing
+about uh in particular in spite of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in particular in spite of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh in particular in spite of the
+fact that for over 50 years now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that for over 50 years now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that for over 50 years now it's
+been called The Big Bang Theory uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called The Big Bang Theory uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been called The Big Bang Theory uh the
+one thing that really says essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that really says essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that really says essentially
+nothing about is is the Big Bang itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about is is the Big Bang itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about is is the Big Bang itself
+uh the what what what cosmologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what what what cosmologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the what what what cosmologists
+called The Big Bang Theory uh really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Big Bang Theory uh really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Big Bang Theory uh really is
+very strictly only a theory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strictly only a theory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strictly only a theory of the
+aftermath of some kind of a bang uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aftermath of some kind of a bang uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aftermath of some kind of a bang uh the
+bang happened before the theory starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang happened before the theory starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang happened before the theory starts
+uh so when the theory starts all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when the theory starts all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when the theory starts all the
+matter is already in place it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is already in place it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is already in place it's already
+expanding uniformly and all the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding uniformly and all the Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding uniformly and all the Big Bang
+Theory describes is how that expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory describes is how that expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory describes is how that expansion
+was slowed by the force of gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slowed by the force of gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was slowed by the force of gravity and
+how it continued through the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it continued through the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it continued through the force of
+inertia uh but the Big Bang Theory says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia uh but the Big Bang Theory says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia uh but the Big Bang Theory says
+nothing about what caused the explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about what caused the explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about what caused the explosion
+uh says nothing about what banged why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh says nothing about what banged why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh says nothing about what banged why it
+banged or what happened before it banged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banged or what happened before it banged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banged or what happened before it banged
+um and there also says nothing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there also says nothing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and there also says nothing about
+where all this matter came from uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all this matter came from uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all this matter came from uh in
+the conventional Big Bang Theory all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional Big Bang Theory all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional Big Bang Theory all of
+the matter that's I mean for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter that's I mean for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter that's I mean for every
+particle that's in the universe today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that's in the universe today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle that's in the universe today
+there was some precursor particle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some precursor particle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some precursor particle that
+was there right at the beginning when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there right at the beginning when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there right at the beginning when
+the theory started to describe nature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory started to describe nature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory started to describe nature uh
+so no explanation whatever of where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no explanation whatever of where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no explanation whatever of where the
+matter may have come from uh inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter may have come from uh inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter may have come from uh inflation
+uh offers a possible explanation uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh offers a possible explanation uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh offers a possible explanation uh to
+each of those two questions where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those two questions where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those two questions where the
+matter came from and what started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expanding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding uh
+the secret behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret behind
+inflation uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation uh is the
+realization that modern particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that modern particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realization that modern particle
+theories uh actually predict that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories uh actually predict that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories uh actually predict that at
+very high energies uh we should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energies uh we should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energies uh we should expect
+to find forms of matter uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find forms of matter uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find forms of matter uh which
+literally turn gravity on its head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally turn gravity on its head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally turn gravity on its head and
+cause gravity to become repulsive uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause gravity to become repulsive uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause gravity to become repulsive uh the
+way this works uh is that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works uh is that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this works uh is that as you
+probably have learned in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have learned in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have learned in general
+relativity it's not just matter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it's not just matter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity it's not just matter or
+energy that can create a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that can create a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that can create a gravitational
+field it's the whole what is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's the whole what is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's the whole what is often
+called the energy momentum tensor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the energy momentum tensor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the energy momentum tensor that
+contributes to the source of gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to the source of gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes to the source of gravity and
+in particular that includes pressures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular that includes pressures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular that includes pressures uh
+so pressures can affect gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pressures can affect gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pressures can affect gravitational
+fields pressures can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields pressures can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields pressures can create
+gravitational fields uh and it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields uh and it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational fields uh and it works
+more or less the way you probably notely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the way you probably notely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the way you probably notely
+guess uh the kinds of pressures we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh the kinds of pressures we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh the kinds of pressures we're
+familiar with are positive pressures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with are positive pressures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with are positive pressures uh
+and the kind of gravity we're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of gravity we're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of gravity we're familiar
+with is attractive gravity so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is attractive gravity so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is attractive gravity so you might
+guess that positive pressures would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that positive pressures would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that positive pressures would
+cause attractive gravity and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause attractive gravity and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause attractive gravity and that's
+right um but pressures don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but pressures don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but pressures don't have to be
+positive uh there are forms of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh there are forms of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh there are forms of matter
+that have negative pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have negative pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have negative pressures
+uh and that's what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's what I'm talking about
+here if the pressure is sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the pressure is sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if the pressure is sufficiently
+negative it can create more repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can create more repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it can create more repulsive
+gravity than the mass density associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity than the mass density associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity than the mass density associated
+with that material uh creates attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that material uh creates attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that material uh creates attractive
+gravity uh so you can have net repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity uh so you can have net repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity uh so you can have net repulsion
+uh and that is the secret behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that is the secret behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that is the secret behind
+inflation um so the inflationary theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation um so the inflationary theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation um so the inflationary theory
+proposes that at least a small patch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes that at least a small patch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes that at least a small patch of
+this I see the thing in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I see the thing in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I see the thing in the bottom
+that's what's do it uh inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's do it uh inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's do it uh inflation
+proposes that there's at least a patch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes that there's at least a patch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposes that there's at least a patch
+uh of the early Universe not necessar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the early Universe not necessar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the early Universe not necessar
+all of it uh that was filled with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it uh that was filled with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it uh that was filled with this
+very peculiar repulsive gravity kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very peculiar repulsive gravity kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very peculiar repulsive gravity kind of
+material uh and that patch does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and that patch does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and that patch does not have
+to be very large at all uh if we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very large at all uh if we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very large at all uh if we assume
+although we don't know for sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't know for sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we don't know for sure that
+inflation happened at the energy scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation happened at the energy scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation happened at the energy scale
+associated with what particle physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what particle physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with what particle physicists
+call Grand unified theories uh then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Grand unified theories uh then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Grand unified theories uh then we
+can make estimates of the numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make estimates of the numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make estimates of the numbers that
+go with some of these Concepts uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with some of these Concepts uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with some of these Concepts uh and
+the patch would only have to be about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patch would only have to be about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patch would only have to be about a
+billion times smaller than the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion times smaller than the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion times smaller than the size of a
+single prot on to be big enough to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single prot on to be big enough to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single prot on to be big enough to start
+inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+happening and once inflation happens uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and once inflation happens uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and once inflation happens uh
+the result is that the region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that the region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that the region that's
+inflating um starts to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflating um starts to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflating um starts to grow
+exponentially uh and it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially uh and it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially uh and it grows
+exponentially with an extremely short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with an extremely short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with an extremely short
+time constant again taking numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant again taking numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant again taking numbers
+typical of grand unified theories uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of grand unified theories uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of grand unified theories uh the
+time constant of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of the exponential
+expansion uh would be a short is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh would be a short is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh would be a short is about
+10 the minus 37 seconds uh which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the minus 37 seconds uh which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the minus 37 seconds uh which of
+course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is
+an unbelievably small number uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbelievably small number uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbelievably small number uh these
+numbers that I'm using which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I'm using which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that I'm using which I'm
+attributing to Grand unified theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing to Grand unified theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributing to Grand unified theories
+maybe I should take out of a minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should take out of a minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should take out of a minute or
+here to say something about where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to say something about where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to say something about where where
+Grand unified theories get these crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand unified theories get these crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand unified theories get these crazy
+numbers from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers from um
+the idea that underlies the grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that underlies the grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that underlies the grand
+unified theories is the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theories is the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theories is the idea that the
+three kinds of interactions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of interactions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three kinds of interactions that we
+observe in nature other than gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in nature other than gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in nature other than gravity
+namely the weak interactions the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the weak interactions the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the weak interactions the strong
+interactions and electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and electromagnetic
+interactions are all really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are all really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are all really different
+manifestations of the same underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations of the same underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations of the same underlying
+Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force
+law uh but at low energies the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh but at low energies the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh but at low energies the energies
+that we exist at well by the standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we exist at well by the standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we exist at well by the standards
+of modern particle physics uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern particle physics uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern particle physics uh these
+three interactions behave very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three interactions behave very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three interactions behave very
+differently um electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um electromagnetic
+interactions are much stronger than weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are much stronger than weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are much stronger than weak
+interactions strong interactions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions strong interactions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions strong interactions are
+much stronger than electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger than electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stronger than electromagnetic
+interactions um so it doesn't look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions um so it doesn't look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions um so it doesn't look at
+all like these can really be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like these can really be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like these can really be just
+different aspects of the same Force but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of the same Force but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different aspects of the same Force but
+within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the
+standard model of particle physics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model of particle physics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model of particle physics you
+can calculate how the strengths of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate how the strengths of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate how the strengths of these
+interactions uh vary with energy and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh vary with energy and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh vary with energy and you
+could extrapolate upward and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could extrapolate upward and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could extrapolate upward and what you
+discover is that if you extrapolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that if you extrapolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that if you extrapolate
+upward to an energy of about 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward to an energy of about 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upward to an energy of about 10 to the
+16th gev million electron volts uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th gev million electron volts uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th gev million electron volts uh in
+other words 10 the 16th times the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words 10 the 16th times the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words 10 the 16th times the mass
+of a proton uh all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proton uh all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a proton uh all three of these
+interactions have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions have the same
+strength uh and that is the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength uh and that is the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength uh and that is the underlying
+uh principle behind Grand unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principle behind Grand unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principle behind Grand unified
+theories the idea is that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories the idea is that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories the idea is that there's a
+fundamental interaction which at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental interaction which at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental interaction which at the
+energy scale of 10 to the 16th gev uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale of 10 to the 16th gev uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy scale of 10 to the 16th gev uh
+would look like was just one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like was just one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like was just one kind of
+interaction with the weak strong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the weak strong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with the weak strong and
+electromagnetic interactions all being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interactions all being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic interactions all being
+the same uh if that were the case by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh if that were the case by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh if that were the case by the
+way uh quarks electrons and neutrinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh quarks electrons and neutrinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh quarks electrons and neutrinos
+would all look the same also uh but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all look the same also uh but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all look the same also uh but at
+that energy scale there's a something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy scale there's a something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy scale there's a something
+that happens that we call spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens that we call spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens that we call spontaneous
+symmetry breaking which causes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry breaking which causes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry breaking which causes the
+different kinds of interactions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of interactions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of interactions to
+appear different at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear different at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear different at lower
+energies uh but that's what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies uh but that's what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies uh but that's what determines
+this extraordinar high energy scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extraordinar high energy scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extraordinar high energy scale of
+grand unified theories question just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand unified theories question just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand unified theories question just
+where the strength of the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the strength of the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the strength of the interactions
+meet when you extrapolate upward uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet when you extrapolate upward uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet when you extrapolate upward uh and
+that's what gives all these crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what gives all these crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what gives all these crazy
+numbers associated with inflation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers associated with inflation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers associated with inflation uh
+inflation by the way though does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation by the way though does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation by the way though does not
+really care much about Grand unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care much about Grand unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care much about Grand unified
+theories inflation could happen at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories inflation could happen at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories inflation could happen at a
+significantly lower scale uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower scale uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly lower scale uh but
+nonetheless it would still have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it would still have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it would still have to be
+higher than anything that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than anything that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than anything that we're
+accustomed to it have to be at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to it have to be at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accustomed to it have to be at least the
+scale of say the what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of say the what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of say the what we call the
+Electro scale a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro scale a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro scale a th000
+gev um the only thing that sets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gev um the only thing that sets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gev um the only thing that sets the
+lower Bound for the energy that scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Bound for the energy that scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Bound for the energy that scale
+that inflation can happen at uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inflation can happen at uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inflation can happen at uh is the
+fact that at the end of inflation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that at the end of inflation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that at the end of inflation one
+has to be able to produce the Barons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be able to produce the Barons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be able to produce the Barons
+that we see in the universe today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the universe today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see in the universe today and
+one doesn't know any way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't know any way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't know any way to do that
+except at pretty high energies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at pretty high energies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at pretty high energies so
+continuing with the story sorry for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with the story sorry for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing with the story sorry for the
+aside I hope I didn't confuse you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside I hope I didn't confuse you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside I hope I didn't confuse you uh
+back to the story we we now we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the story we we now we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the story we we now we now have
+this small region that's undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small region that's undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small region that's undergoing
+exponential expansion uh with a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential expansion uh with a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential expansion uh with a time
+constant of 10 - 37 seconds uh now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of 10 - 37 seconds uh now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of 10 - 37 seconds uh now we
+come to the first very very surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the first very very surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the first very very surprising
+fact I guess repulsive gravity is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I guess repulsive gravity is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I guess repulsive gravity is maybe
+the first surprising fact now surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surprising fact now surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surprising fact now surprising
+fact number two is that this peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact number two is that this peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact number two is that this peculiar
+material has the unusual feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has the unusual feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material has the unusual feature that
+unlike any normal stuff that we know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike any normal stuff that we know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike any normal stuff that we know of
+which would thin out as it expands uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would thin out as it expands uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would thin out as it expands uh
+this repulsive gravity material actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repulsive gravity material actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repulsive gravity material actually
+maintains a completely constant density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a completely constant density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintains a completely constant density
+uh as it expands so it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as it expands so it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as it expands so it really is
+essentially creating new energy as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially creating new energy as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially creating new energy as the
+expansion takes place uh Now new energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion takes place uh Now new energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion takes place uh Now new energy
+doesn't sound very consistent with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound very consistent with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't sound very consistent with all
+that we've learned about conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned about conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've learned about conservation of
+energy all these years uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all these years uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all these years uh it is
+consistent maybe I didn't maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent maybe I didn't maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent maybe I didn't maybe it's a
+bit wrong to call it new energy um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit wrong to call it new energy um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit wrong to call it new energy um
+certain deposits that's going on here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain deposits that's going on here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain deposits that's going on here is
+completely consistent with conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely consistent with conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely consistent with conservation
+of energy uh but it takes advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy uh but it takes advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy uh but it takes advantage of
+of at least what before inflation was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least what before inflation was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at least what before inflation was a
+fairly little known loophole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly little known loophole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly little known loophole in the
+principle of conservation of energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of conservation of energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of conservation of energy uh
+namely we're usually accustomed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely we're usually accustomed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely we're usually accustomed to
+thinking of energies as always being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of energies as always being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of energies as always being
+positive and if energies are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and if energies are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and if energies are always
+positive and you look around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and you look around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and you look around the world
+and see that has lots and lots of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that has lots and lots of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that has lots and lots of energy
+uh the only way that energy could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the only way that energy could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the only way that energy could have
+gotten here if it's conserved is if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten here if it's conserved is if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten here if it's conserved is if it
+was here from the start um but energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here from the start um but energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here from the start um but energies
+are not always positive and in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not always positive and in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not always positive and in fact uh
+the energy density of a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density of a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy density of a gravitational
+field uh is not positive but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh is not positive but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh is not positive but
+negative uh and that means that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh and that means that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh and that means that as the
+expansion of this region is going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this region is going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion of this region is going on and
+more and more energy is appearing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more energy is appearing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more energy is appearing in the
+form of this peculiar material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this peculiar material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of this peculiar material that
+fills the region uh that energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills the region uh that energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills the region uh that energy is
+positive uh at the same time more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh at the same time more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive uh at the same time more and
+more negative energy is appearing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative energy is appearing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative energy is appearing in the
+form of the gravitational field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the gravitational field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the gravitational field that's
+filling this region so total energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling this region so total energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling this region so total energy is
+conserved uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the humongous creation of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humongous creation of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humongous creation of positive
+energy is compensated by the humongous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is compensated by the humongous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is compensated by the humongous
+creation of negative energy in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of negative energy in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of negative energy in the form
+of the gravitational field so the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gravitational field so the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gravitational field so the total
+energy remains constant therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy remains constant therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy remains constant therefore
+remains entire incredibly small because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains entire incredibly small because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains entire incredibly small because
+it all started out a billion times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all started out a billion times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all started out a billion times
+smaller than a proton uh and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a proton uh and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than a proton uh and the energy
+could very well be exactly zero uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could very well be exactly zero uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could very well be exactly zero uh with
+a perfect cancellation of the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect cancellation of the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect cancellation of the energy of
+matter uh on the positive side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh on the positive side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh on the positive side and the
+energy of gravitational fields on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of gravitational fields on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of gravitational fields on the
+negative side uh I think I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side uh I think I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative side uh I think I'll come back
+to the rest of this transparency if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of this transparency if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of this transparency if I
+have them in the right order I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in the right order I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them in the right order I think
+yeah the next transparency has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the next transparency has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the next transparency has a little
+thought experiment uh to try to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment uh to try to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment uh to try to convince
+you that indeed gravitational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that indeed gravitational energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that indeed gravitational energy
+really is negative it's a Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is negative it's a Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is negative it's a Newtonian
+experiment um but the same thing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um but the same thing well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um but the same thing well
+the same thing is true in general ity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing is true in general ity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing is true in general ity
+and I guess maybe one doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess maybe one doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess maybe one doesn't have to
+think of as Newtonian experiment it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as Newtonian experiment it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as Newtonian experiment it's I
+guess the same results would would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the same results would would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the same results would would
+happen in general relativity pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in general relativity pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in general relativity pretty much
+uh what I want you to think about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want you to think about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I want you to think about here
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+top part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top part of the
+slide we show a hollow shell of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we show a hollow shell of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we show a hollow shell of
+matter and these arrows show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and these arrows show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and these arrows show the
+gravitational field of that matter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field of that matter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field of that matter uh
+shown as conventional field lines where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as conventional field lines where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown as conventional field lines where
+the density of the field lines is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the field lines is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of the field lines is
+related to the strength of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the strength of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the strength of the field
+and as you hopefully know uh if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you hopefully know uh if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you hopefully know uh if we have
+a shell of matter uh the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shell of matter uh the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shell of matter uh the gravitational
+ins field inside is exactly zero uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins field inside is exactly zero uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ins field inside is exactly zero uh it's
+canel from Poles in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel from Poles in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel from Poles in different directions
+uh and the gravitational field outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the gravitational field outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the gravitational field outside
+uh is exactly the same as what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is exactly the same as what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is exactly the same as what you'd
+have if you just had a point mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you just had a point mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you just had a point mass of the
+same total mass located at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same total mass located at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same total mass located at the center
+and all this was really discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this was really discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all this was really discovered by
+Isaac Newton way back when okay now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton way back when okay now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isaac Newton way back when okay now for
+the thought part of the thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought part of the thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thought part of the thought
+experiment I want to imagine letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I want to imagine letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I want to imagine letting
+this shell of matter collapse I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shell of matter collapse I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shell of matter collapse I want to
+imagine is made out of something soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is made out of something soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine is made out of something soft
+like soft clay uh so it's not rigid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like soft clay uh so it's not rigid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like soft clay uh so it's not rigid and
+it's every bit of is pulling on the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's every bit of is pulling on the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's every bit of is pulling on the rest
+so there'll be a gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll be a gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there'll be a gravitational force
+pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling
+inward everywhere on the shell and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward everywhere on the shell and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inward everywhere on the shell and I
+want to take advantage of that Force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take advantage of that Force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take advantage of that Force to
+generate power uh so these little things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate power uh so these little things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate power uh so these little things
+attached to it are supposed to be little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it are supposed to be little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it are supposed to be little
+bicycle generators uh like a gra a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle generators uh like a gra a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle generators uh like a gra a
+generator light uh and I I'm imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator light uh and I I'm imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator light uh and I I'm imagining
+tying a string around each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying a string around each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tying a string around each of the
+generators so that as the shell of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators so that as the shell of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators so that as the shell of
+matter pulls inward uh it pulls on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter pulls inward uh it pulls on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter pulls inward uh it pulls on all
+the strings turns all the generators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings turns all the generators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings turns all the generators
+lights a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights a lot of
+lights uh then on the third transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights uh then on the third transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights uh then on the third transparency
+uh the third little image at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the third little image at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the third little image at the bottom
+uh we think about what what the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think about what what the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we think about what what the net
+exchanges of energy were during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges of energy were during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges of energy were during this
+process and the diagram is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the diagram is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the diagram is supposed to
+show space in three different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show space in three different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show space in three different regions
+outside the region where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the region where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the region where the
+gravitational field where the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field where the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field where the shell
+originally was this circle is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was this circle is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was this circle is supposed
+to be the same radius as that Circle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same radius as that Circle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same radius as that Circle uh
+outside that region the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that region the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside that region the gravitational
+field is exactly the same as it was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is exactly the same as it was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is exactly the same as it was at
+the beginning uh it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning uh it's just the
+gravitational field of a point Mass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field of a point Mass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field of a point Mass uh
+located at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at the
+origin uh at the very center the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin uh at the very center the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin uh at the very center the
+gravitational field is zero just like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field is zero just like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field is zero just like it
+was in the original picture so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the original picture so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the original picture so the
+change from the original picture to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from the original picture to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from the original picture to this
+picture is the region in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is the region in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is the region in between the
+region of space that the shell moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space that the shell moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of space that the shell moved
+through as it collapsed and that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as it collapsed and that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through as it collapsed and that region
+is now filled with a gravitational field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now filled with a gravitational field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now filled with a gravitational field
+uh while previously there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while previously there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while previously there was no
+gravitational field there at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field there at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field there at all and
+that's the only change between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only change between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only change between between
+and the gravitational field between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gravitational field between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gravitational field between
+picture one and picture 3 A and C as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture one and picture 3 A and C as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture one and picture 3 A and C as
+they're labeled on the transparency uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're labeled on the transparency uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're labeled on the transparency uh
+so the net effect of this operation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net effect of this operation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the net effect of this operation was
+to extract energy uh and create more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract energy uh and create more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract energy uh and create more
+gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+field so if energy is conserved there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so if energy is conserved there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so if energy is conserved there's
+only one possible conclusion uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one possible conclusion uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one possible conclusion uh the
+gravitational field must contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field must contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field must contain
+negative energy to cancel the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy to cancel the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy to cancel the positive
+energy that was given off so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that was given off so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that was given off so that the
+total energy at the end is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy at the end is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy at the end is the same as
+the total energy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total energy at the
+beginning um so I think there's no doubt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning um so I think there's no doubt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning um so I think there's no doubt
+from thought experiments like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from thought experiments like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from thought experiments like this or
+from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other
+calculations uh that the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh that the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations uh that the energy of
+gravitational field is is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field is is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field is is certainly
+negative uh I might mention that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh I might mention that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh I might mention that if
+you're familiar with how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with how to calculate
+the gravitational field of aulum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational field of aulum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gravitational field of aulum field
+excuse me if you're familiar with how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me if you're familiar with how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me if you're familiar with how to
+calculate the energy density of aulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the energy density of aulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the energy density of aulum
+field um then you could probably pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um then you could probably pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um then you could probably pretty
+immediately realize that it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately realize that it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately realize that it's the same
+for Newton's law of gravity uh as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Newton's law of gravity uh as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Newton's law of gravity uh as it is
+for kulum interactions they're both one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kulum interactions they're both one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kulum interactions they're both one
+over R squ Force laws uh but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squ Force laws uh but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over R squ Force laws uh but there is
+one important difference which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important difference which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important difference which is the
+overall sign uh if I have two positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall sign uh if I have two positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall sign uh if I have two positive
+charges they repel each other if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges they repel each other if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges they repel each other if I have
+two positive masses they attract each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positive masses they attract each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positive masses they attract each
+other uh you calculate the energy in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh you calculate the energy in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh you calculate the energy in a
+field by asking how much work do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by asking how much work do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by asking how much work do you
+have to do to push around the sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to push around the sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do to push around the sources of
+that field to create the field uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field to create the field uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that field to create the field uh if you
+imagine doing that for masses and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing that for masses and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing that for masses and doing
+it for charges uh it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for charges uh it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for charges uh it's exactly the same
+calculation uh but you have to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh but you have to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation uh but you have to push
+charges together to create a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges together to create a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges together to create a strong
+electric field so the electric field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so the electric field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so the electric field has
+a lot of energy in it you have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy in it you have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy in it you have to put
+energy in it to make it uh while at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in it to make it uh while at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in it to make it uh while at the
+same time if you're trying to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time if you're trying to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time if you're trying to make a
+strong gravitational field by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong gravitational field by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong gravitational field by putting
+masses together you actually take energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses together you actually take energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses together you actually take energy
+out as you put the masses together uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as you put the masses together uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as you put the masses together uh so
+the energy of the gravitational field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the gravitational field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the gravitational field
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+negative okay back to where I was um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay back to where I was um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay back to where I was um so
+we have this region of space undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this region of space undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this region of space undergoing
+exponential expansion at essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential expansion at essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential expansion at essentially
+uniform density uh and we have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform density uh and we have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform density uh and we have to get
+out of that somehow we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that somehow we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that somehow we don't want to
+keep doing that forever because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that forever because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing that forever because that's
+not what our universe looks like now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what our universe looks like now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what our universe looks like now uh
+but that turns out to be natural too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that turns out to be natural too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that turns out to be natural too
+because this repulsive gravity material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this repulsive gravity material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this repulsive gravity material
+that I was talking about with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was talking about with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was talking about with the
+negative pressure is unstable uh so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pressure is unstable uh so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative pressure is unstable uh so it
+decays um and it decays very much like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays um and it decays very much like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays um and it decays very much like a
+radioactive substance it has a half life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive substance it has a half life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive substance it has a half life
+essentially um and when it decays it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um and when it decays it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um and when it decays it
+like a radioactive substance it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a radioactive substance it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a radioactive substance it doesn't
+disappear when it decays it means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear when it decays it means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear when it decays it means it
+turns into other kinds of materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into other kinds of materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns into other kinds of materials and
+releases energy in the process uh so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases energy in the process uh so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases energy in the process uh so it
+converts to ordinary matter uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to ordinary matter uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to ordinary matter uh with
+extra energy so the matter heats up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra energy so the matter heats up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra energy so the matter heats up this
+is often called reheating uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often called reheating uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often called reheating uh and what
+you're left with is a hot hot gas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with is a hot hot gas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with is a hot hot gas of
+ordinary particles after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary particles after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary particles after
+inflation uh and that turns that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation uh and that turns that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation uh and that turns that of
+course is just what you want because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is just what you want because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is just what you want because
+it's essentially reproducing the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially reproducing the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially reproducing the uh
+starting point of the conventional Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point of the conventional Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point of the conventional Big
+Bang Theory uh it doesn't have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang Theory uh it doesn't have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang Theory uh it doesn't have to go
+very long to succeed in creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long to succeed in creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long to succeed in creating
+everything that we see uh it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we see uh it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we see uh it turns out
+that it only takes about a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only takes about a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it only takes about a 100
+e-foldings of this exponential expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-foldings of this exponential expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-foldings of this exponential expansion
+uh to go from something more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to go from something more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to go from something more than a
+billion times smaller than the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion times smaller than the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion times smaller than the size of a
+proton to something which the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to something which the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton to something which the end of
+inflation will be about the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation will be about the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation will be about the size of a
+marel which sounds awfully small but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marel which sounds awfully small but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marel which sounds awfully small but at
+these extraordinary densities that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extraordinary densities that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these extraordinary densities that in
+fact is the Nason form of our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is the Nason form of our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is the Nason form of our universe
+continues expanding coasting uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues expanding coasting uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues expanding coasting uh for
+another 14 billion years and becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 14 billion years and becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 14 billion years and becomes
+large enough to accompass everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to accompass everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough to accompass everything
+that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we
+see uh so the bottom line then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh so the bottom line then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh so the bottom line then is that
+uh inflation does nothing to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inflation does nothing to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inflation does nothing to change the
+Big Bang Theory the entire Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory the entire Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory the entire Big Bang
+Theory gets kept intact uh but inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory gets kept intact uh but inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory gets kept intact uh but inflation
+serves the very nice purpose of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves the very nice purpose of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves the very nice purpose of uh
+setting up the initial conditions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the initial conditions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the initial conditions uh
+which previously just had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumed okay well so far I imagine uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed okay well so far I imagine uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed okay well so far I imagine uh
+I've got ACR gotten across the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got ACR gotten across the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got ACR gotten across the point
+that that inflation is sort of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that inflation is sort of a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that inflation is sort of a nice
+story about how the universe might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about how the universe might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story about how the universe might have
+been created uh uh on this transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created uh uh on this transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been created uh uh on this transparency
+in the next I'd like to say a few words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next I'd like to say a few words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next I'd like to say a few words
+about uh why we think it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh why we think it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh why we think it's actually
+pretty likely that our universe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty likely that our universe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty likely that our universe uh
+actually did undergo inflation in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did undergo inflation in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did undergo inflation in its
+early period uh so I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early period uh so I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early period uh so I want to talk about
+some of the signs that our universe has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the signs that our universe has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the signs that our universe has
+some of the traits that it has uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the traits that it has uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the traits that it has uh that
+seem to point towards an inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to point towards an inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to point towards an inflationary
+beginning uh and there are three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning uh and there are three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning uh and there are three of them
+I want to talk about two on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about two on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about two on this
+transparency and one on the next uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and one on the next uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency and one on the next uh so
+the first is the large scale uniformity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the large scale uniformity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the large scale uniformity
+uh I think I mentioned earlier uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I mentioned earlier uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I mentioned earlier uh that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that when we look at the cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that when we look at the cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that when we look at the cosmic
+background radiation uh it appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation uh it appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background radiation uh it appears to be
+uniform in all directions to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in all directions to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform in all directions to this
+extraordinary accuracy of one part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary accuracy of one part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary accuracy of one part in
+100,000 uh now if we ask what that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 uh now if we ask what that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 uh now if we ask what that says
+about the early Universe uh we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the early Universe uh we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the early Universe uh we have to
+ask a little bit about what the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a little bit about what the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a little bit about what the history
+of this cosmic background radiation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cosmic background radiation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this cosmic background radiation was
+uh it has a fairly simple history uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a fairly simple history uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has a fairly simple history uh
+during the first approximately 3 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first approximately 3 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first approximately 3 or
+400,000 years of the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000 years of the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000 years of the history of the
+universe uh according to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh according to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh according to our
+calculations the universe was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the universe was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations the universe was
+sufficiently hot uh that the gas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently hot uh that the gas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently hot uh that the gas in the
+universe would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe would have been
+ionized and it turns out that photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized and it turns out that photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized and it turns out that photons
+have a very short mean-free path when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very short mean-free path when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very short mean-free path when
+they're going through a plasma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going through a plasma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going through a plasma and
+ionized gas uh the free electrons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized gas uh the free electrons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized gas uh the free electrons of the
+plasma have a very large cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma have a very large cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma have a very large cross-section
+for scattering the electrons uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scattering the electrons uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scattering the electrons uh so
+during the first 3 or 400,000 years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first 3 or 400,000 years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first 3 or 400,000 years of
+the history of the universe the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the universe the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of the universe the photons
+were at every given instant moving at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at every given instant moving at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at every given instant moving at
+the speed of light but nonetheless they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light but nonetheless they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light but nonetheless they
+didn't go anywhere because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go anywhere because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go anywhere because they were
+constantly being scattered in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being scattered in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly being scattered in different
+directions so they were doing a a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so they were doing a a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions so they were doing a a random
+walk with a very short step size uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk with a very short step size uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk with a very short step size uh and
+the net result was essentially no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net result was essentially no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net result was essentially no no
+Transportation during that first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation during that first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transportation during that first time
+period but then at about 3 or 400,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but then at about 3 or 400,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period but then at about 3 or 400,000
+years after the big bang the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the big bang the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after the big bang the universe
+cooled enough so that the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled enough so that the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooled enough so that the gas
+neutralized and became a neutral gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralized and became a neutral gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutralized and became a neutral gas
+like the air in this room and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the air in this room and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the air in this room and it's not
+always safe to extrapolate from the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always safe to extrapolate from the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always safe to extrapolate from the room
+to the universe uh but this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the universe uh but this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the universe uh but this particular
+extrapolation actually works that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation actually works that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation actually works that is
+just like the air in the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the air in the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the air in the universe is
+transparent to photons it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to photons it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to photons it turns out that
+since 4,000 years after the big bang the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 4,000 years after the big bang the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 4,000 years after the big bang the
+gas that fills the universe has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that fills the universe has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas that fills the universe has been
+transparent to photons uh and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to photons uh and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to photons uh and that means
+that the photons that we observe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the photons that we observe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the photons that we observe in the
+cosmic background radiation today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background radiation today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background radiation today uh
+have for the most part been traveling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the most part been traveling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for the most part been traveling on
+straight lines uh since 400,000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines uh since 400,000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines uh since 400,000 years
+after the big bang now just like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the big bang now just like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the big bang now just like when
+photons travel from my face to your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons travel from my face to your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons travel from my face to your eyes
+they allow your eyes to form an image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allow your eyes to form an image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allow your eyes to form an image of
+what my face looks like uh we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my face looks like uh we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my face looks like uh we are
+actually seeing when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seeing when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seeing when we look at the
+cosmic background radiation an image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background radiation an image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background radiation an image of
+what the universe look like uh at 3 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the universe look like uh at 3 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the universe look like uh at 3 or
+400,000 years after the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000 years after the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400,000 years after the big
+bang uh so since the radiation is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang uh so since the radiation is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang uh so since the radiation is so
+incredibly uniform uh that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly uniform uh that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly uniform uh that implies that
+the universe itself must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe itself must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe itself must have been
+incredibly uniform one part in 100,00 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly uniform one part in 100,00 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly uniform one part in 100,00 uh
+at this very very early time now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this very very early time now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this very very early time now we know
+that things tend to come to a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things tend to come to a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things tend to come to a uniform
+temperature uh so it's a fair question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh so it's a fair question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh so it's a fair question
+to ask could the universe have come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask could the universe have come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask could the universe have come to
+this uniform temperature uh just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uniform temperature uh just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uniform temperature uh just because
+things always come to the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always come to the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things always come to the uniform
+temperature you take a slice of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you take a slice of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you take a slice of pizza
+out of the oven and cools down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the oven and cools down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the oven and cools down to the
+temperature of the room uh but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the room uh but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the room uh but you can
+ask was there enough time for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask was there enough time for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask was there enough time for that and
+you might at first think you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might at first think you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might at first think you have to
+figure out about thermal coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out about thermal coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out about thermal coefficients
+and things like that uh it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that uh it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that uh it turns out to
+be much easier it's just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much easier it's just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much easier it's just a simple
+kinematics problem uh a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics problem uh a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics problem uh a simple
+calculation shows that for the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation shows that for the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation shows that for the universe
+to even itself out by such an early time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even itself out by such an early time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even itself out by such an early time
+if it did not start out uniform uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it did not start out uniform uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it did not start out uniform uh it
+would require that energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require that energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would require that energy and
+information could be transmitted Across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could be transmitted Across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information could be transmitted Across
+the Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Universe
+uh at a speed that would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at a speed that would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at a speed that would have to be
+about 100 times the speed of light okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 times the speed of light okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100 times the speed of light okay
+if the universe started out non uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the universe started out non uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the universe started out non uniform
+you'd have to be able to get energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be able to get energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to be able to get energy from
+one end of the visible Universe to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the visible Universe to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one end of the visible Universe to the
+other by 300,000 years after the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by 300,000 years after the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by 300,000 years after the big
+bang and you can't you miss by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang and you can't you miss by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang and you can't you miss by a factor
+of about 100 uh so we do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 100 uh so we do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 100 uh so we do think that
+nothing travels faster than light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing travels faster than light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing travels faster than light and
+that means that within this conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that within this conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that within this conventional
+Big Bang Theory uh there simply was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory uh there simply was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bang Theory uh there simply was not
+enough time for the universe to smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for the universe to smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time for the universe to smooth
+itself out and the only way you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out and the only way you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself out and the only way you can make
+the conventional Big Bang Theory work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional Big Bang Theory work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional Big Bang Theory work is
+to just assume that the Universe started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just assume that the Universe started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just assume that the Universe started
+out completely uniform for reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out completely uniform for reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out completely uniform for reasons
+unexplained uh inflation has a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexplained uh inflation has a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexplained uh inflation has a very nice
+way of of getting around this problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of of getting around this problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of of getting around this problem uh
+because with inflation uh what has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with inflation uh what has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with inflation uh what has this
+Spurt of accelerated expansion and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spurt of accelerated expansion and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spurt of accelerated expansion and what
+that spur of accelerated expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spur of accelerated expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spur of accelerated expansion
+allows you to do is to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do is to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to do is to start with a
+model of the universe which was Far Far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the universe which was Far Far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the universe which was Far Far
+smaller uh than you ever could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller uh than you ever could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller uh than you ever could have
+imagined in conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined in conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined in conventional
+cosmology uh and that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology uh and that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology uh and that means that this
+spec that existed before inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec that existed before inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec that existed before inflation
+started uh was small enough so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh was small enough so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh was small enough so it could
+have easily reached a uniform temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have easily reached a uniform temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have easily reached a uniform temp
+tempature and uniform density by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempature and uniform density by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempature and uniform density by the
+same kind of mundane processes by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of mundane processes by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of mundane processes by which
+the air in the room spreads itself out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the room spreads itself out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the room spreads itself out
+uniformly and comes to uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly and comes to uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly and comes to uniform
+temperature uh and then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh and then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh and then after that
+uniformity is established inflation can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity is established inflation can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity is established inflation can
+take over and stretch that tiny region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over and stretch that tiny region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over and stretch that tiny region
+uh to become large enough to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to become large enough to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to become large enough to include
+everything that we see so inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we see so inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we see so inflation
+gives a very natural explanation uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a very natural explanation uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a very natural explanation uh for
+How the Universe got to be so amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How the Universe got to be so amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How the Universe got to be so amazingly
+uniform and it really is an amazingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and it really is an amazingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and it really is an amazingly
+uniform universe that we're living in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform universe that we're living in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform universe that we're living in uh
+by the way it's perfectly okay with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it's perfectly okay with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way it's perfectly okay with me
+if you want to ask ask questions during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to ask ask questions during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to ask ask questions during
+the talk uh I think that that' be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk uh I think that that' be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk uh I think that that' be fine
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions yeah particle creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah particle creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah particle creation
+occurred after inflation was over as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred after inflation was over as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred after inflation was over as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+um well I guess what I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I guess what I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I guess what I should have said
+is that after inflation is over this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after inflation is over this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after inflation is over this uh
+conversion of gravitational energy into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of gravitational energy into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion of gravitational energy into
+matter energy has ended uh but one still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter energy has ended uh but one still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter energy has ended uh but one still
+has the conversion of energy from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the conversion of energy from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the conversion of energy from one
+kind of particle to another uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of particle to another uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of particle to another uh so the
+particles that are associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are associated with the
+this repulsive gravity material that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repulsive gravity material that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repulsive gravity material that I'm
+talking about um Can Decay into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um Can Decay into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about um Can Decay into other
+kinds of particles which then still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of particles which then still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of particles which then still
+Decay into other kinds of particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay into other kinds of particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay into other kinds of particles so
+it has ordinary particle interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has ordinary particle interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has ordinary particle interactions
+going on after inflation and gradually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on after inflation and gradually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on after inflation and gradually
+uh rather actually rather quickly uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather actually rather quickly uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather actually rather quickly uh we
+believe that the matter in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the matter in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the matter in the universe
+uh reached a kind of a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reached a kind of a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reached a kind of a thermal
+equilibrium uh where every particle was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh where every particle was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium uh where every particle was
+uh had an abundance that was pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had an abundance that was pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had an abundance that was pretty much
+determined by the energy necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the energy necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the energy necessary to
+produce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions where did the come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where did the come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions where did the come from
+ah any other easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah any other easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah any other easy
+questions um well of course we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um well of course we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um well of course we don't
+know um there are speculations however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um there are speculations however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um there are speculations however
+uh which you know are worth talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you know are worth talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which you know are worth talking
+about um you know I think you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you know I think you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um you know I think you know some
+years ago the idea of of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the idea of of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago the idea of of actually
+creating a universe by scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a universe by scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a universe by scientific
+processes probably sounded completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes probably sounded completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes probably sounded completely
+absurd uh now sounds at least sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd uh now sounds at least sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd uh now sounds at least sensible
+enough so that uh resp respectable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that uh resp respectable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that uh resp respectable
+journals do publish papers on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals do publish papers on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals do publish papers on the
+subject um the uh the sort of class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject um the uh the sort of class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject um the uh the sort of class of
+ideas that I think are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that I think are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that I think are are
+most prevalent in in physics literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most prevalent in in physics literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most prevalent in in physics literature
+uh and in thinking of most cosmologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in thinking of most cosmologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and in thinking of most cosmologists
+are ideas that combine uh Notions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ideas that combine uh Notions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ideas that combine uh Notions from
+quantum gravity uh Notions from quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity uh Notions from quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity uh Notions from quantum
+theory with Notions of gravity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory with Notions of gravity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory with Notions of gravity or
+quantum gravity uh we don't really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity uh we don't really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum gravity uh we don't really have
+a very successful quantum theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very successful quantum theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very successful quantum theory of
+gravity yet uh string theory is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity yet uh string theory is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity yet uh string theory is supposed
+to be in principle a successful quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in principle a successful quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in principle a successful quantum
+theory of gravity and my guess is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gravity and my guess is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of gravity and my guess is that
+it probably is uh but people still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably is uh but people still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it probably is uh but people still don't
+don't understand String Theory very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand String Theory very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand String Theory very well
+so really for all of the almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really for all of the almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really for all of the almost all of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+questions uh that people had been hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh that people had been hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh that people had been hoping
+would be answered by quantum gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be answered by quantum gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be answered by quantum gravity
+string theorist still don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string theorist still don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string theorist still don't have any
+anything to say about it in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to say about it in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to say about it in particular
+they don't really have anything to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have anything to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really have anything to say
+about the creation of the universe yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the creation of the universe yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the creation of the universe yet
+uh but the vague ideas that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the vague ideas that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the vague ideas that people have
+had have uh centered from the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had have uh centered from the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had have uh centered from the idea that
+um that in the quantum theory everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that in the quantum theory everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that in the quantum theory everything
+is probabilistic you can always undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probabilistic you can always undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probabilistic you can always undergo
+Quantum jumps from any state to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum jumps from any state to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum jumps from any state to any
+other state if they have the same values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state if they have the same values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other state if they have the same values
+of conserved quantities it's essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conserved quantities it's essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conserved quantities it's essential
+for all this by the way that we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this by the way that we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all this by the way that we believe
+that all of the conserved quantities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the conserved quantities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the conserved quantities of
+the universe are zero uh which may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe are zero uh which may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe are zero uh which may seem
+surprising at first but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising at first but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising at first but if you think
+about it it's it's probably true um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's it's probably true um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it it's it's probably true um the
+the the subtle ones are energy uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the subtle ones are energy uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the subtle ones are energy uh and
+you know years ago people thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know years ago people thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know years ago people thought the
+universe had tremendous m of energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe had tremendous m of energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe had tremendous m of energy so
+and that energy is conserved but now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy is conserved but now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy is conserved but now now
+now people realize that gravity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people realize that gravity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now people realize that gravity has
+negative energy and total energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy and total energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative energy and total energy of the
+universe is very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is very likely
+zero uh another conservation law that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh another conservation law that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh another conservation law that's
+uh subtle in its implications is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subtle in its implications is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subtle in its implications is
+conservation of barion number uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of barion number uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of barion number uh the
+number of protons plus neutrons minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons plus neutrons minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protons plus neutrons minus
+the number of antiprotons minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of antiprotons minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of antiprotons minus the
+number of anti- neutrons there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of anti- neutrons there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of anti- neutrons there other
+particles that contribute to that list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that contribute to that list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that contribute to that list
+uh that are more shortlived uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are more shortlived uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are more shortlived uh that that
+number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+conserved and in the 1960s when I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and in the 1960s when I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved and in the 1960s when I was in
+Graduate School uh that was considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate School uh that was considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate School uh that was considered a
+firm conservation law of nature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm conservation law of nature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm conservation law of nature the
+conservation of Baron number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of Baron number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of Baron number and
+certainly as well confirmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly as well confirmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly as well confirmed
+experimentally as any conservation law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally as any conservation law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally as any conservation law
+we know of I think uh but uh nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know of I think uh but uh nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know of I think uh but uh nonetheless
+starting really in the 70s and 80s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting really in the 70s and 80s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting really in the 70s and 80s uh
+physicist realized that uh conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist realized that uh conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist realized that uh conservation
+of Baron number almost certainly is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Baron number almost certainly is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Baron number almost certainly is not
+an exact conservation law of nature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exact conservation law of nature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exact conservation law of nature um
+the first glitch that people discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first glitch that people discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first glitch that people discovered
+uh was that when when tried to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was that when when tried to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was that when when tried to build
+these Grand unified theories that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Grand unified theories that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Grand unified theories that I
+spoke about uh the grand unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about uh the grand unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about uh the grand unified
+theories never conserved bar on number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories never conserved bar on number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories never conserved bar on number
+uh but we're still consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we're still consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we're still consistent with
+observation uh because their most novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh because their most novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh because their most novel
+predictions occur at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions occur at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions occur at these
+extraordinarily high energy scales uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily high energy scales uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily high energy scales uh
+they're still consistent with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still consistent with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still consistent with the idea
+that low energies uh bar on number seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that low energies uh bar on number seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that low energies uh bar on number seems
+to be very accurately conserved even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very accurately conserved even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very accurately conserved even
+though very high energy bar on number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though very high energy bar on number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though very high energy bar on number
+would be very VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very VI
+very badly violated by gr unified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very badly violated by gr unified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very badly violated by gr unified
+theories it was then later discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories it was then later discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories it was then later discovered
+that there are in fact subtleties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are in fact subtleties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are in fact subtleties
+associated with the quantization of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the quantization of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the quantization of what
+we call the standard model of particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the standard model of particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the standard model of particle
+physics which is much better confirmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which is much better confirmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which is much better confirmed
+and much uh much more mundane than Grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much uh much more mundane than Grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much uh much more mundane than Grand
+unified theories uh so now physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theories uh so now physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified theories uh so now physicists
+are are well convinced on theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are well convinced on theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are well convinced on theoretical
+grounds that even the standard model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that even the standard model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that even the standard model of
+particle physics does not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics does not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle physics does not exactly
+consider a bar on number even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a bar on number even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a bar on number even though the
+violations are again extremely small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations are again extremely small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violations are again extremely small
+unless you go to very high Energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you go to very high Energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you go to very high Energies
+uh so the dep picture now is that barion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the dep picture now is that barion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the dep picture now is that barion
+number is not believed to be conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is not believed to be conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is not believed to be conserved
+and it's believed that at high energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's believed that at high energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's believed that at high energies
+it can be violated quite badly and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be violated quite badly and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be violated quite badly and we
+believe that the excess of Barons over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the excess of Barons over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that the excess of Barons over
+anti Barons that we see in our universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti Barons that we see in our universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti Barons that we see in our universe
+uh was the result of barion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was the result of barion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was the result of barion
+non-conserving processes in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conserving processes in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conserving processes in the early
+Universe uh so that the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh so that the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh so that the fact that the
+Universe appears to have a that Baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe appears to have a that Baron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe appears to have a that Baron
+number is again not not a statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is again not not a statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is again not not a statement that
+we have a conserved quantum number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conserved quantum number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conserved quantum number uh
+that the Universe has a non-zero value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe has a non-zero value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Universe has a non-zero value
+for uh other conserved quantities you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh other conserved quantities you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh other conserved quantities you
+can think about charge uh as far as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about charge uh as far as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about charge uh as far as we
+could tell the universe is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell the universe is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell the universe is perfectly
+consistent with having zero electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with having zero electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with having zero electric
+charge uh angular momentum as far as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh angular momentum as far as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh angular momentum as far as we
+can tell the universe is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the universe is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell the universe is perfectly
+consistent with having zero angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with having zero angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with having zero angular
+momentum uh so it really does look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum uh so it really does look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum uh so it really does look like
+we have a zero quantum number universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a zero quantum number universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a zero quantum number universe
+so if that's the case coming back to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the case coming back to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the case coming back to how
+you might create a universe from nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might create a universe from nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might create a universe from nothing
+uh you could then imagine that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could then imagine that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could then imagine that in the
+full quantum theory of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full quantum theory of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full quantum theory of general
+relativity uh there would be a a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity uh there would be a a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity uh there would be a a Quantum
+state that corresponds to nothingness uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that corresponds to nothingness uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that corresponds to nothingness uh
+the absence of space absence of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of space absence of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of space absence of time
+absence of everything uh I if geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of everything uh I if geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of everything uh I if geometry
+is described by this Theory uh then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described by this Theory uh then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described by this Theory uh then you
+know for every possible geometry there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for every possible geometry there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for every possible geometry there's
+a state in the theory and one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state in the theory and one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a state in the theory and one possible
+geometry is the geometry of no points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is the geometry of no points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry is the geometry of no points
+the geometry of nothingness uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of nothingness uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometry of nothingness uh so if
+that's the case then you could imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case then you could imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case then you could imagine a
+Quantum jump from nothingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum jump from nothingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum jump from nothingness to
+somethingness uh and of course you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somethingness uh and of course you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somethingness uh and of course you only
+need to make a very small Universe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a very small Universe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a very small Universe by
+this Quantum jump because that inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum jump because that inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Quantum jump because that inflation
+can take over and turn it into a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take over and turn it into a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take over and turn it into a big
+universe um so I think there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe um so I think there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe um so I think there's a very
+valid line of speculation there uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid line of speculation there uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid line of speculation there uh we
+certainly don't yet have a quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't yet have a quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't yet have a quantitative
+Theory or any general agreement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory or any general agreement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory or any general agreement about
+about how such a quantiative theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how such a quantiative theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how such a quantiative theory
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+work I'm also uncurious to why um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm also uncurious to why um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm also uncurious to why um you
+said when it got to about the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when it got to about the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when it got to about the size of a
+marble why the expansion would have quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble why the expansion would have quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble why the expansion would have quit
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential uh yeah the question was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh yeah the question was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh yeah the question was uh
+that the the questionnaire wasn't clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the questionnaire wasn't clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the questionnaire wasn't clear
+why when the universe reached the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when the universe reached the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why when the universe reached the size
+of ble marble that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ble marble that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ble marble that the uh
+expansion would no longer be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion would no longer be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion would no longer be
+accelerating um the what see first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating um the what see first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating um the what see first of
+all I should maybe specify that uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I should maybe specify that uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I should maybe specify that uh it
+doesn't have to stop when it reach when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to stop when it reach when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to stop when it reach when
+it reaches marble size uh what I meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches marble size uh what I meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reaches marble size uh what I meant
+to say but probably wasn't quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but probably wasn't quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but probably wasn't quite as
+precise as I should have been is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise as I should have been is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise as I should have been is that at
+the end of inflation uh the region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of inflation uh the region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of inflation uh the region that
+will evolve to become the presently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evolve to become the presently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will evolve to become the presently
+observed Universe was about the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed Universe was about the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed Universe was about the size of
+a marble so the actual thing could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marble so the actual thing could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a marble so the actual thing could have
+been much bigger so if it expands well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much bigger so if it expands well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been much bigger so if it expands well
+beyond marble size and then expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond marble size and then expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond marble size and then expansion
+stops the acceleration stops that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the acceleration stops that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops the acceleration stops that's fine
+so there's no need for any fine-tuning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no need for any fine-tuning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no need for any fine-tuning
+here you just need to have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you just need to have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you just need to have enough
+inflation now what causes it to stop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation now what causes it to stop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation now what causes it to stop is
+the fact that this repulsive gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this repulsive gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that this repulsive gravity
+material that I'm talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I'm talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I'm talking about is
+fundamentally unstable uh so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally unstable uh so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally unstable uh so it's a
+metastable state uh and with some finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state uh and with some finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastable state uh and with some finite
+life time uh So eventually it will Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life time uh So eventually it will Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life time uh So eventually it will Decay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the
+detailed particle physics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed particle physics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed particle physics of this
+repulsive gravity material is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive gravity material is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive gravity material is not
+actually something that we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something that we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something that we know about
+um you know a typical Theory gives rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a typical Theory gives rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a typical Theory gives rise
+to such materials but the detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such materials but the detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to such materials but the detailed
+properties of those materials can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of those materials can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of those materials can vary
+from Theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory okay I'll go on but feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay I'll go on but feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay I'll go on but feel free to
+interrupt anytime um so item two on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt anytime um so item two on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupt anytime um so item two on my
+list uh in terms of pieces of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh in terms of pieces of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list uh in terms of pieces of evidence
+that our actual Universe very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our actual Universe very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our actual Universe very likely
+underw inflation uh is What's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underw inflation uh is What's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underw inflation uh is What's called the
+flatness problem uh which is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatness problem uh which is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatness problem uh which is related to
+the mass density of the universe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass density of the universe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass density of the universe and the
+geometry of the universe uh cosmologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the universe uh cosmologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the universe uh cosmologists
+always talk about the mass density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talk about the mass density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talk about the mass density of
+the universe in terms of a ratio called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe in terms of a ratio called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe in terms of a ratio called
+Capital Greek Omega uh which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Greek Omega uh which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Greek Omega uh which is the
+actual mass density divided by a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual mass density divided by a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual mass density divided by a number
+called the critical density and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the critical density and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the critical density and this
+critical density is determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical density is determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical density is determined by the
+geometry of the universe uh the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the universe uh the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of the universe uh the universe
+is expanding as we've already said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expanding as we've already said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expanding as we've already said and
+this critical density will depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this critical density will depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this critical density will depend on
+that expansion rate uh but according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expansion rate uh but according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expansion rate uh but according to
+general relativity space bends and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity space bends and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity space bends and it
+bends in response to the matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends in response to the matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bends in response to the matter that
+fills the space and homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills the space and homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills the space and homogeneous
+universes are actually the most simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes are actually the most simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universes are actually the most simple
+example really of the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example really of the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example really of the consequences of
+general relativity uh if the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity uh if the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity uh if the mass
+density exceeds a certain critical value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density exceeds a certain critical value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density exceeds a certain critical value
+uh the universe will curve back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the universe will curve back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the universe will curve back on
+itself forming what's called a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself forming what's called a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself forming what's called a closed
+Universe uh this closed Universe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh this closed Universe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh this closed Universe uh
+really is a very good analog of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a very good analog of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a very good analog of the
+surface of a sphere surface of a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere surface of a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere surface of a sphere
+is two-dimensional the space of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two-dimensional the space of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two-dimensional the space of our
+universe is three-dimensional but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is three-dimensional but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is three-dimensional but
+otherwise uh the properties of a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh the properties of a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh the properties of a closed
+Universe are essentially ident IAL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe are essentially ident IAL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe are essentially ident IAL to
+the properties of the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the surface of a
+sphere um on the surface of a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere um on the surface of a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere um on the surface of a sphere
+first of all the total area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the total area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the total area of the
+surface of a sphere is finite simly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere is finite simly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere is finite simly the
+total volume of a closed Universe would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total volume of a closed Universe would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total volume of a closed Universe would
+be finite if you travel on the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be finite if you travel on the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be finite if you travel on the surface
+of a sphere you never encounter any Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sphere you never encounter any Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sphere you never encounter any Edge
+you just go around and around and around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go around and around and around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go around and around and around
+same with the closed Universe you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with the closed Universe you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with the closed Universe you never
+encounter any Edge to a closed universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter any Edge to a closed universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter any Edge to a closed universe
+but if you keep traveling in what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you keep traveling in what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you keep traveling in what you
+thought was a straight line you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was a straight line you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was a straight line you come
+back to where you started from go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where you started from go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to where you started from go around
+and around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around and
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+uh in both cases the axioms of ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in both cases the axioms of ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in both cases the axioms of ukian
+geometry are violated uh for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry are violated uh for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry are violated uh for example if
+you follow two parallel lines on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow two parallel lines on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you follow two parallel lines on the
+surface of a sphere imagine starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere imagine starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere imagine starting
+with the equator following two longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equator following two longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the equator following two longitude
+lines upward those longitude lines will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines upward those longitude lines will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines upward those longitude lines will
+meet when you get to the North Pole uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet when you get to the North Pole uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet when you get to the North Pole uh
+so lines that look parallel on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lines that look parallel on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lines that look parallel on the
+surface of a sphere will eventually meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere will eventually meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of a sphere will eventually meet
+uh same thing in a closed Universe lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same thing in a closed Universe lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same thing in a closed Universe lines
+which look parallel if you extend them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look parallel if you extend them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look parallel if you extend them
+far enough will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far enough will
+converge um another feature of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge um another feature of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge um another feature of standard
+feature of ukan geometry is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of ukan geometry is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of ukan geometry is the sum of
+angles of a triangle uh according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of a triangle uh according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of a triangle uh according to
+ukan Geometry it's always 180 de but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukan Geometry it's always 180 de but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukan Geometry it's always 180 de but if
+you draw a triangle on the surface of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw a triangle on the surface of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw a triangle on the surface of a
+sphere you could probably see it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere you could probably see it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere you could probably see it sort of
+bulges outward and the total of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulges outward and the total of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulges outward and the total of the
+angles is always a little more than 180
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles is always a little more than 180
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles is always a little more than 180
+degrees depending on how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees depending on how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees depending on how big the
+triangle is and same thing in a Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is and same thing in a Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is and same thing in a Clos
+Universe uh if you look at a triangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh if you look at a triangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh if you look at a triangle in
+a closed Universe the sum of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed Universe the sum of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a closed Universe the sum of the three
+angles is always a little bit more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles is always a little bit more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles is always a little bit more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees now if the mass density is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees now if the mass density is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees now if the mass density is just
+a little bit less than this critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less than this critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit less than this critical
+density um then you have what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um then you have what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um then you have what's called
+an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open
+Universe uh and an open Universe all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh and an open Universe all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh and an open Universe all the
+properties are exactly the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are exactly the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties are exactly the opposite of
+what we just said so the space is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just said so the space is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just said so the space is not
+finite it's infinite uh if you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite it's infinite uh if you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite it's infinite uh if you follow
+two parallel lines in an open Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel lines in an open Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel lines in an open Universe
+they will start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will start to
+diverge uh if you look at a triangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge uh if you look at a triangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge uh if you look at a triangle in
+an open Universe the sum of the angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open Universe the sum of the angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open Universe the sum of the angles
+will always be a little bit less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be a little bit less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be a little bit less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dees and if the mass density is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dees and if the mass density is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dees and if the mass density is just
+right you get idian geometry and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get idian geometry and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get idian geometry and that's
+called that's the critical density it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that's the critical density it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called that's the critical density it's
+that precise density which you Idan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precise density which you Idan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precise density which you Idan
+geometry instead of an open or a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry instead of an open or a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry instead of an open or a closed
+Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh to uh to appreciate the story I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh to appreciate the story I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh to appreciate the story I'd
+like to go a little bit back in time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go a little bit back in time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go a little bit back in time to
+say five years ago or 10 years ago or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five years ago or 10 years ago or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say five years ago or 10 years ago or 20
+years ago uh at at those times any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh at at those times any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago uh at at those times any one
+of them you can take your pick uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you can take your pick uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them you can take your pick uh the
+best we knew about Omega was that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we knew about Omega was that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we knew about Omega was that it was
+equal to one to within about a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one to within about a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one to within about a factor of
+10 during most of the time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 during most of the time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 during most of the time people
+thought Omega was somewhere between 1/10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Omega was somewhere between 1/10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Omega was somewhere between 1/10
+and 3/10 of of the oh which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3/10 of of the oh which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3/10 of of the oh which means the
+mass was 1/10 or 3/10 of the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass was 1/10 or 3/10 of the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass was 1/10 or 3/10 of the critical
+density now it turned out that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density now it turned out that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density now it turned out that turns out
+that even if that's all you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if that's all you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if that's all you know it's
+already incredibly shocking that it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already incredibly shocking that it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already incredibly shocking that it's so
+close to one even though one1 doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one even though one1 doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to one even though one1 doesn't
+sound all that close to one it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound all that close to one it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound all that close to one it sounds
+like it's off by a factor of 10 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's off by a factor of 10 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's off by a factor of 10 which
+usually isn't that close uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually isn't that close uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually isn't that close uh but the
+reason why a factor of 10 is close in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why a factor of 10 is close in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why a factor of 10 is close in
+this case uh is you see by extrapolating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh is you see by extrapolating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh is you see by extrapolating
+backwards the numbers that I'm quoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards the numbers that I'm quoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards the numbers that I'm quoting
+are numbers or estimates for the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numbers or estimates for the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are numbers or estimates for the present
+Universe uh if you look at the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh if you look at the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe uh if you look at the evolution
+of Omega it turns out that Omega and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega it turns out that Omega and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega it turns out that Omega and the
+number one um evolve in a way that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one um evolve in a way that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one um evolve in a way that's uh
+a close analog of a pencil balanced on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close analog of a pencil balanced on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a close analog of a pencil balanced on
+its tip uh if pencil is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its tip uh if pencil is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its tip uh if pencil is perfectly
+balanced on its sharp tip uh it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced on its sharp tip uh it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced on its sharp tip uh it won't
+know which way to fall and will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which way to fall and will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which way to fall and will stay
+there forever if you don't have any wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forever if you don't have any wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forever if you don't have any wind
+and you're using classical mechanics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're using classical mechanics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're using classical mechanics to
+describe it uh but as soon as the pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it uh but as soon as the pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it uh but as soon as the pencil
+leans just a tiny bit in any direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leans just a tiny bit in any direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leans just a tiny bit in any direction
+it will rapidly start to fall in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will rapidly start to fall in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will rapidly start to fall in that
+direction uh same thing with Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh same thing with Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction uh same thing with Omega and
+one it's an unst Omega equals 1 is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's an unst Omega equals 1 is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's an unst Omega equals 1 is an
+unstable equilibrium point and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium point and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable equilibrium point and what that
+means is that if Omega in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if Omega in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if Omega in the early
+Universe were just a tiny bit less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe were just a tiny bit less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe were just a tiny bit less than
+one it would have rapidly fallen off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it would have rapidly fallen off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it would have rapidly fallen off to
+zero and if Omega in the early Universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if Omega in the early Universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if Omega in the early Universe
+were just a tiny bit more than one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just a tiny bit more than one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just a tiny bit more than one it
+would have rapidly risen up towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have rapidly risen up towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have rapidly risen up towards
+Infinity um so the fact that Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity um so the fact that Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity um so the fact that Omega is
+anywhere near today which is pretty late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near today which is pretty late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere near today which is pretty late
+in the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the history of the
+universe uh indicates that at Early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh indicates that at Early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh indicates that at Early
+Times Omega must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times Omega must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times Omega must have been
+extraordinarily close to one uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily close to one uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily close to one uh so in
+particular plugging in numbers uh at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plugging in numbers uh at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plugging in numbers uh at one
+second after the big bang even if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after the big bang even if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after the big bang even if all
+you knew was that Omega was within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew was that Omega was within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew was that Omega was within a
+factor of 10 of being one today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 of being one today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 of being one today you
+would still know that at 1 second after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still know that at 1 second after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would still know that at 1 second after
+the big bang Omega must have been one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bang Omega must have been one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bang Omega must have been one to
+15 decimal places uh so I always like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 decimal places uh so I always like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 decimal places uh so I always like to
+say that the value of the mass density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the value of the mass density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the value of the mass density
+of the universe at one second after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe at one second after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe at one second after the
+big bang is actually the the best known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang is actually the the best known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang is actually the the best known
+number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in
+physics uh and it gets even worse if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh and it gets even worse if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh and it gets even worse if you
+try to extrapolate back earlier if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to extrapolate back earlier if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to extrapolate back earlier if you
+go back to the plump time 10 Theus 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the plump time 10 Theus 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the plump time 10 Theus 43
+seconds which is the time at which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds which is the time at which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds which is the time at which we
+think the quantum effects of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the quantum effects of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the quantum effects of gravity
+become important uh at that time Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important uh at that time Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important uh at that time Omega
+if you just extrapolate the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just extrapolate the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just extrapolate the conventional
+model Omega must have been equal to 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model Omega must have been equal to 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model Omega must have been equal to 1 to
+58 decimal places which is absolutely of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 decimal places which is absolutely of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+58 decimal places which is absolutely of
+course absurd um inflation gets around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course absurd um inflation gets around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course absurd um inflation gets around
+that and the way that inflation gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the way that inflation gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the way that inflation gets
+around that is it reverses the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that is it reverses the evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that is it reverses the evolution
+of Omega dramatically uh inflation turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega dramatically uh inflation turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega dramatically uh inflation turns
+gravity on its head and causes it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity on its head and causes it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity on its head and causes it to
+become repulsive and that also changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become repulsive and that also changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become repulsive and that also changes
+the way Omega evolves uh so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Omega evolves uh so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Omega evolves uh so instead of
+Omega being driven uh away from one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega being driven uh away from one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega being driven uh away from one uh
+during inflation Omega is driven prop L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during inflation Omega is driven prop L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during inflation Omega is driven prop L
+towards one uh so with inflation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one uh so with inflation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one uh so with inflation you
+could start out with Omega being 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start out with Omega being 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start out with Omega being 10 or
+1/10th or a million or a millionth um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th or a million or a millionth um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th or a million or a millionth um
+and inflation will drive Omega to one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inflation will drive Omega to one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inflation will drive Omega to one uh
+to the extraordinary accuracy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extraordinary accuracy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extraordinary accuracy that you
+need uh it drives Omega to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh it drives Omega to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh it drives Omega to one
+exponentially and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially and in fact the
+exponential has half the time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential has half the time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential has half the time constant
+of the exponential of the expansion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential of the expansion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exponential of the expansion so
+it drives it twice as strongly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drives it twice as strongly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it drives it twice as strongly to
+towards one as as the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one as as the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards one as as the space
+expands uh so inflation gives a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands uh so inflation gives a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expands uh so inflation gives a very
+natural explanation of uh of why You'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural explanation of uh of why You'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural explanation of uh of why You'
+expect omeg to be so close to one and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect omeg to be so close to one and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect omeg to be so close to one and in
+fact this has always been considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this has always been considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this has always been considered a
+prediction of inflation this mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of inflation this mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction of inflation this mechanism
+that drives Omega towards one drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives Omega towards one drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drives Omega towards one drives
+Omega towards one a lot so unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega towards one a lot so unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega towards one a lot so unless
+inflation really just ends it just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation really just ends it just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation really just ends it just as
+Omega finally gets near one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega finally gets near one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega finally gets near one which
+doesn't seem very plausible at all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem very plausible at all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem very plausible at all uh
+you end up with inflation driving Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with inflation driving Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with inflation driving Omega
+exactly to one or essentially exactly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to one or essentially exactly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to one or essentially exactly to
+one uh so the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so the expectation of
+inflationary model is that today Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary model is that today Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflationary model is that today Omega
+really should be absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should be absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should be absolutely
+indistinguishable from one and for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable from one and for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable from one and for most
+of the uh 20 some year 23 year I history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh 20 some year 23 year I history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh 20 some year 23 year I history
+uh of inflation that was a very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of inflation that was a very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of inflation that was a very bad
+prediction and people thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and people thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction and people thought that
+inflation maybe wasn't exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation maybe wasn't exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation maybe wasn't exactly right
+because it was predicting a Omega 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was predicting a Omega 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was predicting a Omega 1 and
+that's not what anybody saw uh but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what anybody saw uh but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what anybody saw uh but with
+just within the past few years uh mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within the past few years uh mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just within the past few years uh mainly
+with the Advent of what we now call Dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Advent of what we now call Dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Advent of what we now call Dark
+Energy it now looks like Omega really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy it now looks like Omega really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy it now looks like Omega really is
+one and in fact according to the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in fact according to the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in fact according to the um
+results of the W map satellite which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the W map satellite which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the W map satellite which
+I'll show you in a few minutes Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a few minutes Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you in a few minutes Omega is
+now supposed to be equal to 1.02 plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now supposed to be equal to 1.02 plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now supposed to be equal to 1.02 plus or
+minus 02 uh So within 2% or so uh we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 02 uh So within 2% or so uh we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 02 uh So within 2% or so uh we now
+think we actually have evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we actually have evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we actually have evidence
+observational evidence that Omega really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational evidence that Omega really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observational evidence that Omega really
+is equal to one just like inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predicts and that actually brings me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts and that actually brings me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts and that actually brings me to
+the next Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next Point
+um while inflation explains why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while inflation explains why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while inflation explains why the
+universe is so uniform when you average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is so uniform when you average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is so uniform when you average
+over very large regions uh inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over very large regions uh inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over very large regions uh inflation
+also provides an understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides an understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provides an understanding of the
+non-uniformities that we see on very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities that we see on very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities that we see on very
+small scales nonuniform is responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small scales nonuniform is responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small scales nonuniform is responsible
+for galaxies and clusters of galaxies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for galaxies and clusters of galaxies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for galaxies and clusters of galaxies
+and also for faint ripples that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for faint ripples that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also for faint ripples that could be
+seen in the cosmic background radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the cosmic background radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the cosmic background radiation
+and those faint ripples are one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those faint ripples are one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those faint ripples are one of the
+easiest ways of making precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest ways of making precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest ways of making precise
+comparisons between Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons between Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons between Theory and
+observation because the ripples are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation because the ripples are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation because the ripples are so
+faint that you can use linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint that you can use linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint that you can use linear
+perturbation Theory to calculate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory to calculate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory to calculate them
+well we talk about galaxies it gets very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talk about galaxies it gets very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talk about galaxies it gets very
+complicated to calculate so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to calculate so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to calculate so it's very
+hard to compare what you see uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to compare what you see uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to compare what you see uh with
+what would be predicted by a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be predicted by a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be predicted by a theory
+about the early Universe um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the early Universe um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the early Universe um so
+astronomers have now made very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers have now made very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers have now made very accurate
+measurements of these non-uniformities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of these non-uniformities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of these non-uniformities
+they arise inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arise inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they arise inflation
+in inflationary models in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inflationary models in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in inflationary models in a very
+peculiar way uh they depend crucially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar way uh they depend crucially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiar way uh they depend crucially on
+quantum theory uh classically inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory uh classically inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum theory uh classically inflation
+would just smooth everything out by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just smooth everything out by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just smooth everything out by this
+enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous
+expansion uh but Quantum mechanically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh but Quantum mechanically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh but Quantum mechanically uh
+everything is probabilistic so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is probabilistic so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is probabilistic so if
+classically it's uniform in a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically it's uniform in a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically it's uniform in a quantum
+mechanical version of that it would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical version of that it would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical version of that it would mean
+that in some places just by quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some places just by quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in some places just by quantum
+mechanical chance the density would end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical chance the density would end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical chance the density would end
+up being a little bit higher than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being a little bit higher than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being a little bit higher than this
+classical average in other places it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical average in other places it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical average in other places it
+would be a little bit lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a little bit lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a little bit lower than the
+classical average uh so inflation leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical average uh so inflation leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical average uh so inflation leads
+very naturally to an almost uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturally to an almost uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturally to an almost uniform
+background with small Ripples and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background with small Ripples and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background with small Ripples and you
+can predict the pattern of those ripples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict the pattern of those ripples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can predict the pattern of those ripples
+using quantum theory and understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using quantum theory and understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using quantum theory and understanding
+it's mainly a question of understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mainly a question of understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mainly a question of understanding
+how inflation ends uh the main effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inflation ends uh the main effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how inflation ends uh the main effect is
+that because of quantum uncertainties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of quantum uncertainties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of quantum uncertainties
+inflation doesn't end at exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation doesn't end at exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation doesn't end at exactly the
+same time everywhere some places inflate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time everywhere some places inflate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time everywhere some places inflate
+a little bit more and some places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more and some places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more and some places
+inflate a little bit less and that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflate a little bit less and that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflate a little bit less and that ends
+up producing non-uniformities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up producing non-uniformities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up producing non-uniformities in the
+mass density now we it turns out that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass density now we it turns out that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass density now we it turns out that we
+don't know enough about the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know enough about the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know enough about the particle
+physics of very high energies to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of very high energies to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of very high energies to be able
+to bring predict the amplitude of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring predict the amplitude of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring predict the amplitude of these
+fluctuations the intensity of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations the intensity of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations the intensity of these
+rieles uh so we have to take that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rieles uh so we have to take that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rieles uh so we have to take that from
+the data inflation right now if we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data inflation right now if we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data inflation right now if we knew
+the full particle physics inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full particle physics inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full particle physics inflation
+would predict what that should be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would predict what that should be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would predict what that should be but
+since we don't know the full particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't know the full particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we don't know the full particle
+physics inflation does not give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics inflation does not give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics inflation does not give us a
+prediction for the intensity of ripples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the intensity of ripples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the intensity of ripples
+uh but inflation does give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but inflation does give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but inflation does give us a
+prediction for the spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for the spectrum of the
+ripples that is how the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples that is how the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples that is how the intensity of the
+ripples should vary with the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples should vary with the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples should vary with the wavelength
+of the different ripples uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different ripples uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the different ripples uh you should
+think wavelength here and not frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think wavelength here and not frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think wavelength here and not frequency
+when I talk about a spectrum uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about a spectrum uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I talk about a spectrum uh but
+otherwise it's the same as the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's the same as the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's the same as the concept
+of spectrum that you're used to how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectrum that you're used to how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spectrum that you're used to how the
+intensity varies with with wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity varies with with wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity varies with with wavelength
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh I have here a graph of that's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have here a graph of that's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I have here a graph of that's now a
+few months old uh of theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months old uh of theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months old uh of theory and
+observation uh I don't know how I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh I don't know how I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation uh I don't know how I can
+see them but they're green data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them but they're green data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them but they're green data points
+here with eror bars and they're also red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with eror bars and they're also red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with eror bars and they're also red
+data points with error bars coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points with error bars coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points with error bars coming from
+two different observations uh Boomerang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different observations uh Boomerang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different observations uh Boomerang
+the green points uh was a balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green points uh was a balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green points uh was a balloon
+experiment that flew at the South Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that flew at the South Pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that flew at the South Pole
+orbited for about two weeks I say or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbited for about two weeks I say or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbited for about two weeks I say or it
+made a big circle around theity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a big circle around theity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a big circle around theity of the
+South Pole and then came back uh and CBI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Pole and then came back uh and CBI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Pole and then came back uh and CBI
+cosmic background imager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background imager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background imager
+whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops
+uh this right uh CBI was a groundbased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this right uh CBI was a groundbased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this right uh CBI was a groundbased
+experiment uh but ground was very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh but ground was very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh but ground was very high
+ground it's on top of a high mountain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground it's on top of a high mountain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground it's on top of a high mountain in
+Chile uh and which shown is the Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chile uh and which shown is the Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chile uh and which shown is the Spectrum
+where long wave lenser to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where long wave lenser to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where long wave lenser to the left and
+short wave lenser to the right uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short wave lenser to the right uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short wave lenser to the right uh it's
+labeled what's called multiple number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled what's called multiple number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled what's called multiple number uh
+that's just a spherical harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a spherical harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a spherical harmonic
+expansion if you know about spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion if you know about spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion if you know about spherical
+harmonics as I imagine most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics as I imagine most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics as I imagine most of you
+probably do if you don't you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do if you don't you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do if you don't you can just
+think of this as a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as a measure of the
+wavelength uh where the wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength uh where the wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength uh where the wavelength is
+equal to 180 degrees divided by L so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 180 degrees divided by L so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 180 degrees divided by L so
+high L corresponds to short wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high L corresponds to short wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high L corresponds to short wavelength
+it's all measuring in the angles this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all measuring in the angles this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all measuring in the angles this
+you're just seeing an image on the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just seeing an image on the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just seeing an image on the sky
+you don't know how far away it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how far away it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know how far away it is so
+it's angular wavelength that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's angular wavelength that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's angular wavelength that we're
+talking about so anyway what's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so anyway what's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so anyway what's shown
+here is the data uh which as you see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the data uh which as you see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the data uh which as you see is
+pretty complicated has a series of bumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated has a series of bumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated has a series of bumps
+and Peaks um and a theoretical curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Peaks um and a theoretical curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Peaks um and a theoretical curve
+based on the inflation model which fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the inflation model which fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the inflation model which fits
+the data pretty well although the a bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data pretty well although the a bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data pretty well although the a bars
+are still quite large here and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still quite large here and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still quite large here and for
+comparison I've shown an open model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I've shown an open model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I've shown an open model a
+model where Omega 0.3 which is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where Omega 0.3 which is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where Omega 0.3 which is very much
+the favorite model five years ago uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the favorite model five years ago uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the favorite model five years ago uh and
+now we can see that it fits this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can see that it fits this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can see that it fits this data
+extraordinarily badly so this open model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily badly so this open model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily badly so this open model
+is now considered to be completely ruled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now considered to be completely ruled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now considered to be completely ruled
+out now the data has gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now the data has gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out now the data has gotten
+significantly better since this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly better since this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly better since this picture
+uh the new ingredient is uh a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new ingredient is uh a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the new ingredient is uh a data set
+that was released just last month uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was released just last month uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was released just last month uh by
+a satellite called W map the Wilkinson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satellite called W map the Wilkinson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satellite called W map the Wilkinson
+microwave anisotropy Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave anisotropy Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave anisotropy Pro
+uh that's David Wilkinson from whom it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's David Wilkinson from whom it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's David Wilkinson from whom it
+was just recently named uh David Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just recently named uh David Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just recently named uh David Wilson
+was a great guy he died about guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great guy he died about guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a great guy he died about guess
+little more than a year ago now um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than a year ago now um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than a year ago now um and
+he was one of the leaders of the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was one of the leaders of the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was one of the leaders of the project
+in fact has been one of the leaders in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact has been one of the leaders in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact has been one of the leaders in
+microwave background research since its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background research since its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave background research since its
+very beginning uh shown here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning uh shown here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beginning uh shown here is an
+artist conception of the satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist conception of the satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist conception of the satellite
+itself uh with the Earth and the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh with the Earth and the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself uh with the Earth and the moon
+and the sun behind it uh this lineup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sun behind it uh this lineup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sun behind it uh this lineup
+shown here is accurate uh this is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is accurate uh this is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is accurate uh this is a more
+detailed picture of the orbit that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed picture of the orbit that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed picture of the orbit that the
+satellite has it's a very peculiar orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite has it's a very peculiar orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite has it's a very peculiar orbit
+it lives in a place called L2 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lives in a place called L2 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lives in a place called L2 which is a
+lrange point uh a lrange point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange point uh a lrange point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lrange point uh a lrange point of the
+Earth Sun system and lrange point means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth Sun system and lrange point means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth Sun system and lrange point means
+it's essentially a stationary point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a stationary point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially a stationary point in
+the rotating frame following the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating frame following the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating frame following the Earth
+around the Sun uh it's a very simple one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Sun uh it's a very simple one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the Sun uh it's a very simple one
+uh L2 just lives on a line uh from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh L2 just lives on a line uh from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh L2 just lives on a line uh from the
+Sun to the Earth and Beyond the Earth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun to the Earth and Beyond the Earth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun to the Earth and Beyond the Earth is
+this point called L2 and the satellite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point called L2 and the satellite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point called L2 and the satellite
+really goes around with the Earth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really goes around with the Earth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really goes around with the Earth uh
+person with the screen is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with the screen is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person with the screen is going to
+camera is going to hate me for this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is going to hate me for this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is going to hate me for this uh
+but the satellite goes around with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the satellite goes around with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the satellite goes around with the
+Earth like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth like this this
+always always lying on the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always lying on the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always always lying on the side of the
+Earth away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth away from the
+Sun and that's perfect for astronomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun and that's perfect for astronomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun and that's perfect for astronomical
+observations because it means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations because it means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations because it means that it
+can look outward and the Sun the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look outward and the Sun the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look outward and the Sun the Earth
+and the moon are at all times always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moon are at all times always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moon are at all times always
+behind it uh and with those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it uh and with those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it uh and with those three
+objects in the sky it's you're not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the sky it's you're not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects in the sky it's you're not in a
+place like that uh you know one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place like that uh you know one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place like that uh you know one of them
+is almost always in the way in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost always in the way in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost always in the way in this case
+none of them are ever in the way so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them are ever in the way so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of them are ever in the way so it's
+the perfect place for astronomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect place for astronomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect place for astronomical
+observations and it will soon become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and it will soon become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations and it will soon become
+very crowded there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crowded there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very crowded there are a number of
+missions planned for L2 uh but this U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions planned for L2 uh but this U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missions planned for L2 uh but this U
+map experiment was the first one to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map experiment was the first one to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map experiment was the first one to get
+there the I've shown here let me skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the I've shown here let me skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the I've shown here let me skip
+this it's it's interesting but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's interesting but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's it's interesting but we're
+running out of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh this is the data uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is the data uh the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this is the data uh the same
+spectrum that I showed you before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that I showed you before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that I showed you before it's
+on different a different scale so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different a different scale so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on different a different scale so it
+doesn't look exactly the same uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look exactly the same uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look exactly the same uh but
+it's basically the same picture that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same picture that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically the same picture that I
+showed you before but this time with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before but this time with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before but this time with the
+data from the W map experiment which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the W map experiment which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from the W map experiment which is
+much much more precise so these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more precise so these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more precise so these little
+dots really do have error bars even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots really do have error bars even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots really do have error bars even
+though you probably can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you probably can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you probably can't see
+um so the air bars are far smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the air bars are far smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the air bars are far smaller than
+what we had before and it still fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before and it still fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had before and it still fits the
+theoretical curve essentially perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical curve essentially perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical curve essentially perfectly
+uh it's rather miraculous that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's rather miraculous that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's rather miraculous that you can
+make predictions for such obscure things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions for such obscure things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make predictions for such obscure things
+and have them turn out to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay I want to say just uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay I want to say just uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay I want to say just uh I'm
+almost finished but guess yeah this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost finished but guess yeah this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost finished but guess yeah this will
+be my last transparency since we're out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my last transparency since we're out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my last transparency since we're out
+of time um I have one other transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time um I have one other transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time um I have one other transparency
+if you I'll skip it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you I'll skip it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you I'll skip it um
+what makes this notion that Omega equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes this notion that Omega equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes this notion that Omega equals
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+suddenly the consensus while five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the consensus while five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly the consensus while five years
+ago nobody believed Omega is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago nobody believed Omega is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago nobody believed Omega is equal to
+one except for True die hards who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one except for True die hards who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one except for True die hards who had
+faith in inflation uh what makes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith in inflation uh what makes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith in inflation uh what makes what
+makes the change is the discovery that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the change is the discovery that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the change is the discovery that
+today our universe is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today our universe is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today our universe is actually
+accelerating uh and this evidence began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating uh and this evidence began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating uh and this evidence began
+in about 1998 uh coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 1998 uh coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about 1998 uh coming from the
+observations of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of two different
+astronomical teams who observed uh type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical teams who observed uh type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomical teams who observed uh type
+1A supern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A supern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A supern
+using them as standard candles uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them as standard candles uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using them as standard candles uh to
+gauge what the expansion rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge what the expansion rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge what the expansion rate of the
+universe has been uh because these type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe has been uh because these type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe has been uh because these type
+1A Supernova could be seen at such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A Supernova could be seen at such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A Supernova could be seen at such
+distances uh they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances uh they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances uh they were able to
+essentially measure how the Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially measure how the Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially measure how the Hubble
+constant has evolved over the past five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has evolved over the past five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant has evolved over the past five
+billion years and the remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years and the remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years and the remarkable
+Discovery was that the Universe was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery was that the Universe was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discovery was that the Universe was not
+slowing down as we expected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down as we expected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down as we expected from
+ordinary gravity uh but in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary gravity uh but in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary gravity uh but in fact the
+universe today seems to be filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today seems to be filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe today seems to be filled with
+this repulsive gravity with some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repulsive gravity with some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this repulsive gravity with some form of
+repulsive gravity material uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive gravity material uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive gravity material uh not
+possibly not so different from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly not so different from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly not so different from what
+drove the inflation although certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove the inflation although certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove the inflation although certainly
+at a much lower energy level uh so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a much lower energy level uh so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a much lower energy level uh so today
+the universe is actually accelerating we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe is actually accelerating we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe is actually accelerating we
+now believe uh and the reason why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now believe uh and the reason why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now believe uh and the reason why that
+fits in so nicely with inflation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in so nicely with inflation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in so nicely with inflation is
+first of all it confirms the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it confirms the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it confirms the idea that
+gravity can act repulsively uh but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity can act repulsively uh but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity can act repulsively uh but that
+was never really doubted by people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never really doubted by people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never really doubted by people who
+understood general relativity uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood general relativity uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood general relativity uh the
+really important thing is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important thing is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important thing is that we can
+calculate how much mass density would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much mass density would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much mass density would be
+needed to cause the acceleration uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to cause the acceleration uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to cause the acceleration uh
+that's being seen and when we add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being seen and when we add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being seen and when we add that
+to the matter that we already was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the matter that we already was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the matter that we already was there
+because we saw either the matter or its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw either the matter or its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw either the matter or its
+gravitational effects uh it adds up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational effects uh it adds up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational effects uh it adds up to
+almost exactly the critical density I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the critical density I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost exactly the critical density I
+say here it's known to about 10% that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here it's known to about 10% that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here it's known to about 10% that it
+adds upright uh this is an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds upright uh this is an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds upright uh this is an old
+transparency now with this W map data uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency now with this W map data uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency now with this W map data uh
+the number is 1.02 plus or minus .02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is 1.02 plus or minus .02
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is 1.02 plus or minus .02
+which I just love um so we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just love um so we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I just love um so we really have
+now a very consistent picture I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a very consistent picture I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a very consistent picture I should
+add that it's a very peculiar picture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that it's a very peculiar picture uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that it's a very peculiar picture uh
+we have three totally different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three totally different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three totally different kinds of
+stuff filling our universe in our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff filling our universe in our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff filling our universe in our model
+now there's the ordinary matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's the ordinary matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's the ordinary matter the
+stuff that we're made of which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're made of which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that we're made of which is about
+4% of the total budget uh there's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% of the total budget uh there's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% of the total budget uh there's what
+we call dark matter which is matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call dark matter which is matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call dark matter which is matter that
+we've never seen we don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've never seen we don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've never seen we don't know what it
+is uh but it's it clusters in clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh but it's it clusters in clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh but it's it clusters in clusters
+of galaxies and in galaxies and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of galaxies and in galaxies and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of galaxies and in galaxies and it's
+because of that clustering that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that clustering that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that clustering that we know
+it's there we see its gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there we see its gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there we see its gravitational
+effects uh and then there's the smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh and then there's the smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects uh and then there's the smooth
+background of matter that's causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of matter that's causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background of matter that's causing the
+universe to accelerate uh and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe to accelerate uh and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe to accelerate uh and we have
+even less idea of what that is although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less idea of what that is although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less idea of what that is although
+it could just be vacuum energy but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just be vacuum energy but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could just be vacuum energy but even
+if it is we don't know why why there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is we don't know why why there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is we don't know why why there's
+is vacuum energy at at anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vacuum energy at at anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is vacuum energy at at anything like
+that energy level um so the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy level um so the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy level um so the universe is
+made up of 96% stuff that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of 96% stuff that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of 96% stuff that we don't
+understand at all uh but nonetheless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at all uh but nonetheless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at all uh but nonetheless we
+have a very consistent model and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very consistent model and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very consistent model and even
+though we don't understand this stuff we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we don't understand this stuff we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we don't understand this stuff we
+have a very detailed picture of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very detailed picture of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very detailed picture of how the
+stuff behaves uh so we have a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff behaves uh so we have a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff behaves uh so we have a a very
+successful model now uh now beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful model now uh now beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful model now uh now beginning to
+be called the standard model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called the standard model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called the standard model of
+cosmology um but it's model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology um but it's model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology um but it's model that
+certainly is built out of ingredients uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is built out of ingredients uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is built out of ingredients uh
+that we know very very little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you want to come back later if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to come back later if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to come back later if you
+ask me questions after the class ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me questions after the class ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me questions after the class ends
+I'll talk about how to create a universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about how to create a universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about how to create a universe
+in the laboratory but meanwhile I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory but meanwhile I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laboratory but meanwhile I'll
+just summarize um what I tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just summarize um what I tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just summarize um what I tried to
+convince you today was that the Big Bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you today was that the Big Bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you today was that the Big Bang
+Theory is is well supported by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory is is well supported by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory is is well supported by the
+evidence there's the Hubble expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there's the Hubble expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence there's the Hubble expansion
+the cosmic backround radiation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic backround radiation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosmic backround radiation the
+abundances of the light chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances of the light chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundances of the light chemical
+elements um but I pointed out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um but I pointed out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements um but I pointed out that the
+classic form of The Big Bang Theory does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic form of The Big Bang Theory does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic form of The Big Bang Theory does
+not even attempt to explain the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even attempt to explain the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even attempt to explain the actual
+Bang uh but inflation does uh inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang uh but inflation does uh inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bang uh but inflation does uh inflation
+offers a possible explanation of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers a possible explanation of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers a possible explanation of what
+started the universe expanding and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the universe expanding and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the universe expanding and it
+can explain the origin I usually say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain the origin I usually say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can explain the origin I usually say of
+essentially all of the matter and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all of the matter and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all of the matter and energy
+in the universe you have to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe you have to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the universe you have to start with
+the spec of this peculiar form of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spec of this peculiar form of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spec of this peculiar form of matter
+uh which by the way would weigh about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which by the way would weigh about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which by the way would weigh about a
+gram or so uh so inflation is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram or so uh so inflation is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram or so uh so inflation is not a
+theory of the ultimate origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the ultimate origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of the ultimate origin of the
+universe uh but it does take you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh but it does take you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe uh but it does take you from
+something very small to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very small to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very small to something that
+would be much much bigger in fact than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much much bigger in fact than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be much much bigger in fact than
+our visible Universe um the inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our visible Universe um the inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our visible Universe um the inflationary
+theory is supported by evidence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is supported by evidence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is supported by evidence in
+number number of ways it can explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number of ways it can explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number number of ways it can explain the
+uniformity that we see on large scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity that we see on large scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity that we see on large scales
+it can expain explain the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can expain explain the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can expain explain the nature of the
+cosmic background radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic background radiation
+non-uniformities and I'll also explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities and I'll also explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniformities and I'll also explain
+why we're so close to the uh critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're so close to the uh critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we're so close to the uh critical
+mass density of the universe and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass density of the universe and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass density of the universe and new
+observations in particular new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in particular new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations in particular new
+observations of the cosmic background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the cosmic background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations of the cosmic background
+radiation observations of the Supernova
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation observations of the Supernova
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation observations of the Supernova
+1A large scale Galaxy surveys also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A large scale Galaxy surveys also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1A large scale Galaxy surveys also
+although I didn't talk about this uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I didn't talk about this uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I didn't talk about this uh are
+making very important new observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making very important new observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making very important new observations
+and so far they're all fitting in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far they're all fitting in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far they're all fitting in very
+nicely uh with this theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh with this theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely uh with this theoretical
+framework that we have to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we have to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that we have to describe the
+universe thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions why does the inflationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions why does the inflationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions why does the inflationary
+model predict um for Omega what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model predict um for Omega what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model predict um for Omega what what
+does it drive Omega towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it drive Omega towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it drive Omega towards
+one okay the question for the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay the question for the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay the question for the microphone
+is is why does why does inflation Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is why does why does inflation Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is why does why does inflation Drive
+Omega towards one uh there is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega towards one uh there is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega towards one uh there is actually a
+very simple explanation in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple explanation in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple explanation in terms of
+geometry uh general relativity ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh general relativity ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry uh general relativity ties
+geometry to the mass density so it ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to the mass density so it ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to the mass density so it ties
+geometry to Omega um and what inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to Omega um and what inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry to Omega um and what inflation
+does is it simply takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it simply takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it simply takes
+a perhaps a piece of the universe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perhaps a piece of the universe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perhaps a piece of the universe it
+doesn't have to be the whole universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be the whole universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be the whole universe
+and stretches it by a fantastic Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stretches it by a fantastic Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stretches it by a fantastic Factor
+uh and just as the surface of the Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just as the surface of the Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and just as the surface of the Earth
+looks flat to us even though we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks flat to us even though we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks flat to us even though we know the
+Earth is really round uh really any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is really round uh really any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is really round uh really any
+curved surface if it's not a fractal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved surface if it's not a fractal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved surface if it's not a fractal
+stretched enough uh will start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched enough uh will start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched enough uh will start to look
+smooth uh so that's what inflation does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth uh so that's what inflation does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth uh so that's what inflation does
+it takes a tiny Speck of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a tiny Speck of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a tiny Speck of the universe
+that's so small that even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so small that even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so small that even if the
+universe is curved that spec would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is curved that spec would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is curved that spec would not
+show that curvature uh and magnifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that curvature uh and magnifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that curvature uh and magnifies
+that spec to become large enough to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spec to become large enough to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spec to become large enough to be
+everything that we see and therefore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we see and therefore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that we see and therefore it
+essentially necessarily looks flat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially necessarily looks flat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially necessarily looks flat and
+according to general relativity if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to general relativity if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to general relativity if it's
+geometrically flat uh it is also at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically flat uh it is also at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically flat uh it is also at the
+critical mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density your original inflation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density your original inflation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density your original inflation was
+changed in various ways is there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in various ways is there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in various ways is there a way
+to talk qualitatively about that or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk qualitatively about that or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk qualitatively about that or is
+it simply beond no I I I think I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply beond no I I I think I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it simply beond no I I I think I can I
+can do that um the Ed is right that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that um the Ed is right that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that um the Ed is right that the
+original version of inflation that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version of inflation that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original version of inflation that I
+first proposed did not work um I was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposed did not work um I was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposed did not work um I was at
+least aware of that the time I published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least aware of that the time I published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least aware of that the time I published
+it so that the paper has all the qual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that the paper has all the qual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that the paper has all the qual
+all the necessary qualifications so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the necessary qualifications so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the necessary qualifications so the
+the paper isn't wrong even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper isn't wrong even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper isn't wrong even though the
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+is uh it was later patched up by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it was later patched up by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh it was later patched up by other
+people the first working version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the first working version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the first working version of
+inflation was proposed uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was proposed uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation was proposed uh in
+independently by Andre Lind in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by Andre Lind in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently by Andre Lind in the
+Soviet Union and alre and steinhart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union and alre and steinhart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet Union and alre and steinhart in
+the US uh the key has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US uh the key has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US uh the key has to do with the
+ending of inflation um from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending of inflation um from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending of inflation um from the
+beginning it was apparent that inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning it was apparent that inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning it was apparent that inflation
+had a wonderful mechanism for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a wonderful mechanism for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a wonderful mechanism for solving
+these cosmological problems uh but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cosmological problems uh but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cosmological problems uh but you
+needed to end inflation in a way that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to end inflation in a way that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to end inflation in a way that uh
+that didn't mess up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't mess up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't mess up those
+Solutions uh inflation Ends by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions uh inflation Ends by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions uh inflation Ends by
+essentially a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a phase
+transition uh by the decay of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh by the decay of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh by the decay of this
+repulsive gravity material and in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive gravity material and in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive gravity material and in my
+original proposal that phase transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proposal that phase transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original proposal that phase transition
+would have been a first order phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a first order phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been a first order phase
+transition uh very much like the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh very much like the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh very much like the way
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+boils and I had in mind uh that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils and I had in mind uh that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils and I had in mind uh that if
+things if I was lucky uh the water would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if I was lucky uh the water would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things if I was lucky uh the water would
+boil forming a lot of little bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil forming a lot of little bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil forming a lot of little bubbles
+that would rapidly coales forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would rapidly coales forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would rapidly coales forming a
+uniform Steam and the uniformity could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform Steam and the uniformity could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform Steam and the uniformity could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+maintained uh but when I and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained uh but when I and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained uh but when I and others
+started doing more detailed calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing more detailed calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing more detailed calculations
+of how this would work uh we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this would work uh we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this would work uh we found that
+the uh the bubbles would not merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the bubbles would not merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the bubbles would not merge
+smoothly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly
+and in fact we were even even able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we were even even able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we were even even able to
+show that the the bubbles would never uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the the bubbles would never uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the the bubbles would never uh
+undergo a process that we that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a process that we that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a process that we that's called
+percolation um percolation is I guess a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolation um percolation is I guess a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolation um percolation is I guess a
+word meant made up by either the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word meant made up by either the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word meant made up by either the people
+who inv meted coffee or condensed matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who inv meted coffee or condensed matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who inv meted coffee or condensed matter
+physicists uh but this in this context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh but this in this context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists uh but this in this context
+percolation means uh forming an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolation means uh forming an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolation means uh forming an infinite
+cluster so if you when the when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so if you when the when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster so if you when the when the
+first order phase transition happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order phase transition happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order phase transition happens you
+have bubbles of the new phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bubbles of the new phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bubbles of the new phase
+forming uh and roughly speaking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming uh and roughly speaking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming uh and roughly speaking what
+happen happens is the bubbles just form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen happens is the bubbles just form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen happens is the bubbles just form
+a complicated horrible bubbly mess like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated horrible bubbly mess like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complicated horrible bubbly mess like
+like violently boiling water uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like violently boiling water uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like violently boiling water uh and the
+homogeneity never gets regained uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity never gets regained uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity never gets regained uh in
+detail what we're able to show is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail what we're able to show is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail what we're able to show is that
+when the bubbles form uh as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bubbles form uh as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bubbles form uh as they're
+forming the space is expanding around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the space is expanding around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the space is expanding around
+them uh we show that the bubbles would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh we show that the bubbles would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh we show that the bubbles would
+form finite clusters only would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form finite clusters only would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form finite clusters only would never
+emerge to fill the whole space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge to fill the whole space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge to fill the whole space that's
+the absence of percolation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of percolation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of percolation and
+furthermore if you looked at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore if you looked at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore if you looked at any given
+cluster of bubbles uh it would really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of bubbles uh it would really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of bubbles uh it would really be
+dominated by whatever bubble formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by whatever bubble formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by whatever bubble formed
+first because that bubble has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because that bubble has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because that bubble has been
+expanding so rapidly by the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so rapidly by the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding so rapidly by the time the
+other bubbles form they'll be very teeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bubbles form they'll be very teeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bubbles form they'll be very teeny
+compared to the first one so each bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the first one so each bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the first one so each bubble
+Universe would really look like a bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe would really look like a bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe would really look like a bubble
+sheet and these bubbles by the way do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and these bubbles by the way do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and these bubbles by the way do
+have the characteristic of soap bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the characteristic of soap bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the characteristic of soap bubbles
+that all the energy ends up in the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the energy ends up in the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the energy ends up in the on
+the walls really uh so each bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls really uh so each bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls really uh so each bubble
+Universe would really look like a sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe would really look like a sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe would really look like a sheet
+of matter uh with with uh complications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter uh with with uh complications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matter uh with with uh complications
+on the surface of that sheet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of that sheet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of that sheet but
+nonetheless it would never uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it would never uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it would never uniformly
+fill a volume uh so it ended up looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a volume uh so it ended up looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a volume uh so it ended up looking
+nothing like like our Universe uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like like our Universe uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like like our Universe uh the
+problem was solved by uh what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was solved by uh what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was solved by uh what's called
+the new inflationary Universe uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new inflationary Universe uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new inflationary Universe uh and the
+secret behind the new inflation our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret behind the new inflation our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret behind the new inflation our
+universe was to modify the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was to modify the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe was to modify the Dynamics of
+the proposed phase transition uh making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposed phase transition uh making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposed phase transition uh making
+it a a very mild second order phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a a very mild second order phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a a very mild second order phase
+transition uh so one often says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh so one often says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh so one often says that
+the the decay of this material is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the decay of this material is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the decay of this material is much
+more like the congealing of jello than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the congealing of jello than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like the congealing of jello than
+the boiling of water and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling of water and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boiling of water and that's what's
+needed to keep things smooth enough uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to keep things smooth enough uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to keep things smooth enough uh
+so that the end of inflation you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the end of inflation you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the end of inflation you still
+have a uniform Universe like inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uniform Universe like inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a uniform Universe like inflation
+was able to achieve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay well no no further questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well no no further questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay well no no further questions
+let's thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alen anyone wants to stick around find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alen anyone wants to stick around find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alen anyone wants to stick around find
+out how the universe made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how the universe made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how the universe made
+labat or anything else you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labat or anything else you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labat or anything else you want to know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+inflation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0_w-R_g5lRA.txt b/0_w-R_g5lRA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d2f8316e9aa3899dc18c4901c02403897d0cf21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0_w-R_g5lRA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's continue our study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue our study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue our study of
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real numbers
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've seen special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've seen special
+types of sequences monotone sequences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of sequences monotone sequences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of sequences monotone sequences uh
+before and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then in the
+previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at
+sequences obtained from sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences obtained from sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences obtained from sequences
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+namely the sequences that give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the sequences that give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the sequences that give you the
+limb soup and limb imph and we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup and limb imph and we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb soup and limb imph and we showed
+that these are actually limits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are actually limits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are actually limits of
+subsequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i'm going to define what looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a new class of sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new class of sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new class of sequences
+but we'll see it's actually not these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll see it's actually not these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll see it's actually not these
+are called koshi sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+koshi not kauchi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi not kauchi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi not kauchi
+not kachi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+koshi french guy so it's pronounced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi french guy so it's pronounced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi french guy so it's pronounced
+koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi
+and probably not even pronounced like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably not even pronounced like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably not even pronounced like
+that is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+got a different pronunciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by people who actually speak french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people who actually speak french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by people who actually speak french
+so what is the definition of a koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the definition of a koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the definition of a koshi
+sequence koshi sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence koshi sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence koshi sequence is
+um intuitively it's a sequence so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intuitively it's a sequence so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intuitively it's a sequence so that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if you go far enough out in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go far enough out in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go far enough out in the sequence
+any two entries in that sequence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two entries in that sequence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two entries in that sequence are
+close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+convergent sequences had the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent sequences had the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent sequences had the property
+that if you go far enough out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go far enough out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go far enough out
+the l the entries in the sequence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l the entries in the sequence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l the entries in the sequence are
+getting close to a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting close to a real number
+koshi sequence is that any two entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi sequence is that any two entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi sequence is that any two entries
+are close to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a koshi sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say a sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say a sequence is
+koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists an m natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an m natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an m natural number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if n is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is bigger than or equal to m
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+k is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than or equal to m
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x n minus x k is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe not let me not write if i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe not let me not write if i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe not let me not write if i mean
+it's the same statement but since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same statement but since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same statement but since it
+looks look so it'll look a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks look so it'll look a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks look so it'll look a little more
+like previous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like previous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like previous uh
+uh statements let me put it for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statements let me put it for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh statements let me put it for all
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you have
+a definition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition here
+you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's a definition of a new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definition of a new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definition of a new uh
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+you should now try to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should now try to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should now try to look at
+an example and then possibly negate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and then possibly negate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and then possibly negate the
+definition to see if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to see if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to see if you really
+understand it so an example of a koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it so an example of a koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it so an example of a koshi
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of n equals 1 over n our favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n equals 1 over n our favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n equals 1 over n our favorite
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+so let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's prove this
+we have to so all we have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to so all we have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to so all we have is the
+definition so we have to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so we have to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so we have to verify
+that x of n equals 1 over n verifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x of n equals 1 over n verifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x of n equals 1 over n verifies the
+definition of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of being
+so just like when we try to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like when we try to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just like when we try to prove
+something is convergent it's which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is convergent it's which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is convergent it's which is a
+for all epsilon statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon statement
+uh the first thing you have to do is let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first thing you have to do is let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first thing you have to do is let
+epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon be positive
+and then i have to choose m and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have to choose m and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i have to choose m and show
+that that capital m produces this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that capital m produces this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that capital m produces this
+statement here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+m a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a natural number
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+one over m is less than epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m is less than epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m is less than epsilon over two
+so i could phrase that as capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could phrase that as capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i could phrase that as capital m
+being bigger than two over epsilon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bigger than two over epsilon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bigger than two over epsilon but
+i'm going to phrase it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have to show that it works namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to show that it works namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to show that it works namely
+if i take n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take n bigger than or equal to
+capital m and k bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m and k bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m and k bigger than or equal to
+capital m and this difference is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m and this difference is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m and this difference is less
+than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if n is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if n is bigger than or equal to m
+k is bigger than equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than equal to m
+and i look at one over n minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at one over n minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at one over n minus one over
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+this is less than or equal to by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to by the
+triangle inequality the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle inequality the absolute value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+each of these added together which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these added together which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these added together which is
+just 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 1 over n
+plus 1 over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over k
+and since these are both bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since these are both bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since these are both bigger than or
+equal to m this is big each one is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m this is big each one is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m this is big each one is less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+one over m one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m one over m
+so i get two over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get two over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get two over m
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+by our choice of m is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our choice of m is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our choice of m is less than epsilon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+x sub n equals 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n equals 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n equals 1 over n
+is an example of a cauchy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of a cauchy sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example of a cauchy sequence
+so let's negate the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's negate the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's negate the definition
+and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtain uh look at an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain uh look at an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain uh look at an example of a
+sequence which is not cauchy and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is not cauchy and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which is not cauchy and as
+you'll probably guess if this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably guess if this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll probably guess if this is our
+favorite sequence which converges this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sequence which converges this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite sequence which converges this
+our favorite sequence which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite sequence which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our favorite sequence which doesn't
+converge uh will be an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uh will be an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge uh will be an example of a
+sequence which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence which
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is not koshy and this should shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not koshy and this should shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not koshy and this should shouldn't
+come as a surprise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as a surprise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come as a surprise because
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+a sequence which is koshy if you go far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence which is koshy if you go far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence which is koshy if you go far
+enough out any two entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough out any two entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough out any two entries
+are close to each other okay but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to each other okay but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are close to each other okay but if we
+look at for example the sequence minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for example the sequence minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at for example the sequence minus
+one to the n which is just minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the n which is just minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the n which is just minus one
+plus one minus one any two entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one minus one any two entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one minus one any two entries
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+differ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by
+or you can always choose two entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can always choose two entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can always choose two entries
+that differ uh by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ uh by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that differ uh by two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+distance so let's negate this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to um get what it means for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um get what it means for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um get what it means for something
+not to be koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be koshy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now write all that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write all that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write all that out
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x sub n is not koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+so every time we see it for all it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time we see it for all it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every time we see it for all it
+becomes there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there exists a bad epsilon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a bad epsilon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there exists a bad epsilon not
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+m a natural number you can find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a natural number you can find two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m a natural number you can find two
+entries further out than m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries further out than m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries further out than m
+that are within that are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are within that are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are within that are greater than
+epsilon not distance to each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon not distance to each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon not distance to each other so
+there exists n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists n
+bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to m
+and k bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k bigger than or equal to m
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+x sub n minus x of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus x of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus x of k
+is bigger than or equal to this bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to this bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to this bad
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so again i mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i mean the
+definition of koshi means that as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of koshi means that as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of koshi means that as long
+as i go far enough out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i go far enough out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i go far enough out uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this distance is supposed to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance is supposed to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance is supposed to be less
+than epsilon so for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon so for all epsilon positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than epsilon so for all epsilon positive
+there exists a capital m so that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a capital m so that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a capital m so that i have
+this picture if i choose x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture if i choose x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture if i choose x sub
+uh k plus one then it should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k plus one then it should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k plus one then it should also be
+uh within distance epsilon to x sub n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within distance epsilon to x sub n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh within distance epsilon to x sub n or
+x sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+so they're getting closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're getting closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're getting closer and closer
+together the negation means that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the negation means that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the negation means that they're
+not getting closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting closer and closer together
+to each other so there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other so there exists some
+small distance so that you can always go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small distance so that you can always go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small distance so that you can always go
+as far out as you want and find two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far out as you want and find two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far out as you want and find two
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+that are greater than epsilon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are greater than epsilon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are greater than epsilon not
+distance to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's an example of that
+like i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence minus one to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not koshy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that just doesn't look right there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is not koshy so that means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not koshy so that means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not koshy so that means there
+should exist some bad epsilon not so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should exist some bad epsilon not so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should exist some bad epsilon not so i
+can go far enough out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go far enough out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go far enough out
+so i can go as far out as i want and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can go as far out as i want and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can go as far out as i want and
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+two entries in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two entries in the sequence
+differing from each other by epsilon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing from each other by epsilon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differing from each other by epsilon not
+in distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distance so
+basically any two entries other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any two entries other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically any two entries other than
+you know i can always find two entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can always find two entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can always find two entries
+in the sequence which differ from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sequence which differ from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sequence which differ from each
+other by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by
+uh two so that'll be my bad epsilon not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two so that'll be my bad epsilon not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two so that'll be my bad epsilon not
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+like here's a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose epsilon not equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose epsilon not equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose epsilon not equals
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let m be a natural number so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m be a natural number so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m be a natural number so now we have
+to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find
+uh an element of this uh entries in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an element of this uh entries in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an element of this uh entries in the
+sequence further out than m whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence further out than m whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence further out than m whose
+distance to each other is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to each other is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to each other is bigger than or
+equal to two we can just take m plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two we can just take m plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two we can just take m plus one
+uh and capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose n equals m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n equals m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose n equals m
+and k equals n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k equals n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k equals n plus one
+so these are both bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are both bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are both bigger than or equal
+to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+minus 1 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the n
+minus 1 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the k
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 minus minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus minus 1
+after i factor out a minus 1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i factor out a minus 1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i factor out a minus 1 to the
+capital m which equals 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m which equals 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m which equals 2.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus one to the n is not koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i
+at the beginning said that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning said that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning said that um
+this will look like a definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will look like a definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will look like a definition of a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+um type of sequence but it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um type of sequence but it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um type of sequence but it's not really
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the elements of the sequence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the elements of the sequence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the elements of the sequence are
+getting closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer together
+as you go far enough out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go far enough out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go far enough out
+so they're all kind of clustering near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all kind of clustering near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all kind of clustering near
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+which kind of makes you think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes you think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which kind of makes you think they're
+all clustering near something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all clustering near something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all clustering near something in the
+real number line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number line
+and therefore maybe the sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore maybe the sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore maybe the sequence is
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh this is true and we'll prove this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is true and we'll prove this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is true and we'll prove this is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh every that a sequence is coachy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every that a sequence is coachy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh every that a sequence is coachy if
+and only if it's convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it's convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it's convergent
+now this is true only for the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is true only for the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is true only for the real
+numbers and i'll say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and i'll say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and i'll say a little bit about
+this in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute
+or not only true for the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not only true for the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not only true for the real numbers
+but it's not true for the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not true for the rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not true for the rational
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+and i'll get to that uh in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll get to that uh in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll get to that uh in just a second
+so what we're going to prove is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to prove is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to prove is that a
+sequence is koshy if and only if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is koshy if and only if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is koshy if and only if it is
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+so the first thing i want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that koshi sequences are bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the proof of this statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof of this statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the proof of this statement is
+essentially the same as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as um
+as the proof that convergence sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the proof that convergence sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the proof that convergence sequences
+are bounded so let me draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded so let me draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bounded so let me draw a picture
+that goes along with this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes along with this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes along with this proof
+so as long as i go far enough out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as i go far enough out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as i go far enough out there
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists
+an m so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m so that
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+capital m i can say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m i can say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m i can say this
+let's look at this entry x of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this entry x of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this entry x of m
+then for all n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all n bigger than or equal to
+capital m all of the other entries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m all of the other entries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m all of the other entries have
+to be within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be within
+a certain distance to x sub n based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance to x sub n based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance to x sub n based on
+the definition of of koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of of koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of of koshi
+so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say
+i make that distance one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's say zero's over here just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say zero's over here just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say zero's over here just for
+this picture so then for all n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so then for all n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so then for all n bigger
+than or equal to x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to x sub n
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to
+capital m x sub n lies in this interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m x sub n lies in this interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m x sub n lies in this interval
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+we'll get that x of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+so the way this picture looks i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this picture looks i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this picture looks i'm going
+to write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now that handles all n bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that handles all n bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that handles all n bigger than or
+equal to capital m so we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital m so we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital m so we just need to
+deal with the first capital m minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the first capital m minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the first capital m minus one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+other guys so maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys so maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys so maybe there's
+capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+minus one is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one is over here
+capital x sub 1 is over there capital x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x sub 1 is over there capital x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x sub 1 is over there capital x
+sub 2 is over here so then our bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 is over here so then our bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub 2 is over here so then our bound
+will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be
+this one which handles all of the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which handles all of the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which handles all of the n
+bigger than or equal to m plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to m plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to m plus
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+absolute values of these guys that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values of these guys that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values of these guys that we
+missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xn is koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is koshy
+there exists an m natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an m natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an m natural number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k bigger than or equal to m
+x sub n minus x of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one
+in distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distance
+so this is certainly true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is certainly true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is certainly true for
+k equals capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals capital
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+so this implies for all n bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies for all n bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this implies for all n bigger than or
+equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m
+x sub n minus x of capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus x of capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus x of capital m
+is less than one so now if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one so now if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one so now if i
+use the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the triangle inequality
+i can show i that the previous implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can show i that the previous implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can show i that the previous implies
+that for all n bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all n bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for all n bigger than or equal to m
+if i look at the absolute value of x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the absolute value of x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at the absolute value of x sub
+n this is equal to x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is equal to x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is equal to x sub n
+minus x sub capital m plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x sub capital m plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x sub capital m plus
+capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+and this is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is less than or equal to the
+absolute value of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the absolute value of
+this guy and this is bounded by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've shown that for all n bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that for all n bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that for all n bigger than or
+equal to this fixed integer capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this fixed integer capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this fixed integer capital m
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+x uh capital m and absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh capital m and absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh capital m and absolute value
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's for all little n bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for all little n bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's for all little n bigger than
+or equal to capital m so now i just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to capital m so now i just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to capital m so now i just need
+to pick a big enough number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a big enough number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a big enough number
+that bounds the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bounds the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bounds the first
+capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+entries that are not covered by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries that are not covered by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries that are not covered by this
+inequality okay capital m is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality okay capital m is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality okay capital m is fixed
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let b be the absolute value of x sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let b be the absolute value of x sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let b be the absolute value of x sub 1
+plus absolute value of x sub 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this fixed number now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+we're all in bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in bigger than or equal to
+capital m i have by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m i have by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m i have by
+this inequality up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a sum of non-negative numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sum of non-negative numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sum of non-negative numbers so
+this number is certainly bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is certainly bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is certainly bigger than or
+equal to just this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i have n bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have n bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have n bigger
+than equal to 1 and less than m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to 1 and less than m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to 1 and less than m
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n
+is going to be the absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the absolute value of
+this guy is going to be one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going to be one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going to be one of these
+that appears here which is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears here which is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears here which is certainly
+less than or equal to if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to if i
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+add on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on uh
+this number and the others which is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number and the others which is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number and the others which is less
+than or equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to b
+okay so now i've found a b which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i've found a b which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i've found a b which is
+non-negative which bounds all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative which bounds all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative which bounds all the
+absolute values and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute values and therefore
+this proves that the sequence is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we've shown that a koshi sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that a koshi sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that a koshi sequence is
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what uh what i'm now going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so
+again all of the entries are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of the entries are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of the entries are getting
+close to each other they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other they're kind of
+clustering near each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it kind of feels like they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of feels like they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of feels like they want to
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+and this next theorem says that well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this next theorem says that well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this next theorem says that well if
+you've identified a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've identified a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've identified a limit
+along a subsequence then in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a subsequence then in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a subsequence then in fact the
+entire sequence converges okay so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sequence converges okay so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire sequence converges okay so of
+course this is not true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is not true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is not true for
+an arbitrary sequence if a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary sequence if a subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrary sequence if a subsequence
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+i should say for an arbitrary sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say for an arbitrary sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say for an arbitrary sequence
+it does not it's not true that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not it's not true that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not it's not true that a
+subsequence converging implies the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence converging implies the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence converging implies the full
+sequence converging right we have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converging right we have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converging right we have minus
+one to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the n
+for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which
+a uh subsequence converges but the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh subsequence converges but the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh subsequence converges but the whole
+sequence does not converge but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does not converge but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence does not converge but if we
+make the additional hypothesis that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the additional hypothesis that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the additional hypothesis that the
+sequence is cauchy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is cauchy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is cauchy then
+the sequence converges if and only if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence converges if and only if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence converges if and only if uh
+sub that subsequence converges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub that subsequence converges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub that subsequence converges so
+um statement of the theorem is following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if x sub n is koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is converging to
+some number call it x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+full sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to x
+okay so if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i have
+so if i what i was saying right before i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i what i was saying right before i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i what i was saying right before i
+stated this theorem is that if i hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this theorem is that if i hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated this theorem is that if i hide
+this part and just say there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and just say there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part and just say there exists a
+subsequence which is converging to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence which is converging to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence which is converging to x
+uh this does not imply that the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this does not imply that the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this does not imply that the full
+sequence converges to x because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges to x because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges to x because we have
+this example of -1 to the n but if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of -1 to the n but if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example of -1 to the n but if i
+also assume the sequence is koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also assume the sequence is koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also assume the sequence is koshi
+then it does follow that koshi plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it does follow that koshi plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it does follow that koshi plus
+subsequence converging implies the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence converging implies the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence converging implies the full
+sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to show
+that xn converges to x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xn converges to x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xn converges to x so
+to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're going to do this just by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do this just by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do this just by using
+the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by verifying this through the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by verifying this through the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by verifying this through the definition
+not using the squeeze theorem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using the squeeze theorem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using the squeeze theorem or
+anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x n is koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m naught natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all n bigger than or equal
+to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and
+k bigger than or equal to m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n
+minus x of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x of k
+is less than epsilon over two why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over two why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over two why this
+epsilon over two well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two well we have
+or why should you not be surprised well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why should you not be surprised well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or why should you not be surprised well
+we have two assumptions here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two assumptions here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two assumptions here so
+you know like we did when we did uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like we did when we did uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like we did when we did uh
+convergence of products of sequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of products of sequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of products of sequences and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+which include which had two assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which include which had two assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which include which had two assumptions
+namely two sequences converge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely two sequences converge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely two sequences converge or
+something typically that means we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something typically that means we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something typically that means we'll
+have two integers coming we'll choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two integers coming we'll choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two integers coming we'll choose a
+bigger integer uh and then some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger integer uh and then some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger integer uh and then some of
+inequalities to get an epsilon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities to get an epsilon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities to get an epsilon so
+uh that's a little bit of a rambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a little bit of a rambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's a little bit of a rambling
+answer to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to why
+we get an epsilon over two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an epsilon over two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an epsilon over two here
+or why we put one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+the subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequence
+so i didn't this subsequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't this subsequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't this subsequence converges
+to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists another integer m sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists another integer m sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists another integer m sub 1
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+k is bigger than or equal to m sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than or equal to m sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is bigger than or equal to m sub 1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n sub k
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+is less than epsilon over 2. so maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over 2. so maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over 2. so maybe i
+should have used a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have used a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have used a different
+letter here let's use a little m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter here let's use a little m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter here let's use a little m
+so i don't want you to think these have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't want you to think these have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i don't want you to think these have
+to be the same k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same k
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we'll choose an integer bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll choose an integer bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we'll choose an integer bigger
+than both m1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than both m1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than both m1 and
+m2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and show that it works choose m to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m naught plus m one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we need to show this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to show this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to show this works
+and if n is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make a first observation before i go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a first observation before i go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a first observation before i go to
+the n bigger than or equal to capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n bigger than or equal to capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n bigger than or equal to capital m
+then simply because we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since n sub k
+is bigger than or equal to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to k
+for all k a natural number just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all k a natural number just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all k a natural number just because
+the n sub k is there an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n sub k is there an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n sub k is there an increasing
+sequence of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of integers
+uh which starts at least at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and since uh n sub k is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since uh n sub k is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since uh n sub k is bigger than or
+equal to k for all k this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to k for all k this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to k for all k this implies that
+the integer n sub capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integer n sub capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integer n sub capital m
+is bigger than or equal to m which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to m which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to m which
+remember is m0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is m0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is m0 plus
+m1 which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 which implies that
+n sub m is bigger than or equal to m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub m is bigger than or equal to m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub m is bigger than or equal to m0
+and n sub m is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n sub m is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n sub m is bigger than or equal to
+m1 okay so i just wanted to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 okay so i just wanted to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m1 okay so i just wanted to make that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+preliminary observation and now we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary observation and now we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preliminary observation and now we'll go
+to showing that this capital m works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if n is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if n is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if n is bigger than or equal to
+capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m
+and look at x sub n minus x an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at x sub n minus x an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at x sub n minus x an absolute
+value and add and subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and add and subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and add and subtract
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sub m capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m capital m minus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m capital m minus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m capital m minus x
+and use the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+okay so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so since
+n is bigger than or equal to capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is bigger than or equal to capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is bigger than or equal to capital m
+which is bigger than or equal to m0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger than or equal to m0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger than or equal to m0 that
+means n is bigger than or equal to m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means n is bigger than or equal to m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means n is bigger than or equal to m0
+and then n sub m we just showed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then n sub m we just showed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then n sub m we just showed is
+bigger than or equal to m0 so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this inequality i get that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality i get that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality i get that the first
+term is less than epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is less than epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is less than epsilon over two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now n sub m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now n sub m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now n sub m
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+m is certainly bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is certainly bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is certainly bigger than or equal to m
+sub one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub one
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i will get that this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will get that this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will get that this part
+is less than epsilon over two because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over two because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over two because of
+this inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that capital choice of capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that capital choice of capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that capital choice of capital m
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll prove the following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove the following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll prove the following that
+a sequence is convergent if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence is convergent if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence is convergent if and only if
+it's koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is a two-way street so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a two-way street so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a two-way street so
+we need to show the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show the left
+implies the right and then the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the right and then the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the right and then the right
+implies the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the left
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction is
+in fact easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact easy
+uh based on what we've done i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on what we've done i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on what we've done i shouldn't
+say it's easy but but what we've done so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's easy but but what we've done so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's easy but but what we've done so
+far it quickly follows um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're assuming x of n is koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're assuming x of n is koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're assuming x of n is koshi
+i'm trying to show its convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then so if x of n is koshi this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so if x of n is koshi this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so if x of n is koshi this implies
+that x of n is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x of n is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that x of n is bounded
+the sequence is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies by the bolzano virustras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies by the bolzano virustras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies by the bolzano virustras
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+that x of n has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+and by the theorem we just proved if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the theorem we just proved if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the theorem we just proved if a
+cauchy sequence has a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauchy sequence has a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauchy sequence has a convergent
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence
+it must be convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for the converse direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the converse direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the converse direction
+that xn is convergent implies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xn is convergent implies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xn is convergent implies um
+xn is koshi well i mean so this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is koshi well i mean so this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn is koshi well i mean so this should
+not come as a surprise let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come as a surprise let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come as a surprise let me draw a
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose
+x sub n is converging to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n is converging to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n is converging to x
+and epsilon is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then since the x ends are converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since the x ends are converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since the x ends are converging to
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+if i go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i draw a little
+interval around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval around
+x of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of
+length total length epsilon so x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length total length epsilon so x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length total length epsilon so x minus
+epsilon over two and x plus epsilon over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two and x plus epsilon over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two and x plus epsilon over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+then i will find as long as so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will find as long as so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i will find as long as so then
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+so that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for all
+n bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n bigger than or equal to
+capital m all of the x of n's lie in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m all of the x of n's lie in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m all of the x of n's lie in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they all lie in this interval because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all lie in this interval because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all lie in this interval because
+they have to be within distance epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be within distance epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to be within distance epsilon
+over 2 to x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 to x okay
+if the x ends are converging to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the x ends are converging to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the x ends are converging to x
+and since they line this interval the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since they line this interval the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since they line this interval the
+distance between any two of them can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between any two of them can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between any two of them can
+only be as big as the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be as big as the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be as big as the length of the
+interval which is epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval which is epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval which is epsilon
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh this is essentially the picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is essentially the picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is essentially the picture of
+why a convergence sequence has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a convergence sequence has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why a convergence sequence has to be
+cochise so now let's turn this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochise so now let's turn this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochise so now let's turn this picture
+into math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into math
+we have to verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to verify that
+we have to verify x and this cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to verify x and this cauchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to verify x and this cauchy
+through the definition that's all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the definition that's all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the definition that's all we
+have so let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let epsilon be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so let epsilon be positive
+since the x ends converge to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the x ends converge to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the x ends converge to x
+there exists an integer m sub zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an integer m sub zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an integer m sub zero
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all n bigger than or equal to m sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n bigger than or equal to m sub
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+x sub n minus x is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus x is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n minus x is less than epsilon
+over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and so we'll choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll choose
+the m for our definition of koshi to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m for our definition of koshi to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m for our definition of koshi to be
+this m sub zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if n is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if n is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if n is bigger than or equal to m
+and k is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and k is bigger than or equal to m
+and i look at the absolute value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the absolute value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at the absolute value of x
+sub n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n minus
+x sub k and add and subtract x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k and add and subtract x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k and add and subtract x
+and use the triangle inequality this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the triangle inequality this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use the triangle inequality this is
+less than or equal to x of n minus x an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to x of n minus x an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to x of n minus x an
+absolute value plus x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value plus x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value plus x minus
+x sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub k
+each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these
+is less than epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon over two
+since n is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since n is bigger than or equal to
+capital m and k is bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m and k is bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m and k is bigger than or equal
+to capital m so this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital m so this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital m so this is less than
+epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two
+plus epsilon over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon over two
+equals epsilon and therefore x n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon and therefore x n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals epsilon and therefore x n is
+coshi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make a brief remark about the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a brief remark about the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a brief remark about the previous
+theorem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember how this whole story started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember how this whole story started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember how this whole story started
+off we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was something wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was something wrong with the
+rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers
+namely they didn't contain the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely they didn't contain the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely they didn't contain the square
+root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of two
+so we couldn't solve you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we couldn't solve you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we couldn't solve you know the
+algebraic equation x squared minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation x squared minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic equation x squared minus 2
+equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0.
+but this also then turned into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this also then turned into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this also then turned into
+the rationals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rationals
+not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being
+complete in the sense of order not every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in the sense of order not every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in the sense of order not every
+bounded set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded set
+non-empty bounded set has had a supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty bounded set has had a supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-empty bounded set has had a supremum
+it didn't have the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't have the least upper bound
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you can also interpret this lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also interpret this lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also interpret this lack of
+having square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having square root of two
+as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh
+somehow saying that the rationals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow saying that the rationals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow saying that the rationals are
+incomplete in this sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete in this sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete in this sense so
+uh hopefully by hopefully at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hopefully by hopefully at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hopefully by hopefully at the end of
+this class we'll be able to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we'll be able to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we'll be able to get to
+metric spaces but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric spaces but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric spaces but
+so what do i mean by that let's say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that let's say i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that let's say i
+look at this statement now within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this statement now within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this statement now within the
+universe of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe of uh
+rational numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+if this sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rational numbers meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers meaning
+sequences are only sequences of rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are only sequences of rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences are only sequences of rational
+numbers limits are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers limits are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers limits are only
+elements of the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the rational numbers
+epsilon is only a rational number and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is only a rational number and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon is only a rational number and so
+on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on then
+you know we still have many of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we still have many of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we still have many of the same
+theorems that we proved not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we proved not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that we proved not all of them
+and i'll indicate which ones don't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll indicate which ones don't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll indicate which ones don't hold
+but if we only work in rationals then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we only work in rationals then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we only work in rationals then we
+always do have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+koshi meaning convergent sequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi meaning convergent sequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi meaning convergent sequences are
+koshi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+koshi sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are not necessarily convergent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily convergent okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily convergent okay
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+what's what's the example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the intuitive example take x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the intuitive example take x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the intuitive example take x sub
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that x of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that x of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that x of n is
+in q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now viewed
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+the universe of real numbers x of n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe of real numbers x of n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe of real numbers x of n's
+converge to root two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then such a sequence would be a cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then such a sequence would be a cauchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then such a sequence would be a cauchy
+sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay
+i mean we just proved that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we just proved that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean we just proved that basically
+um so such a sequence would be a cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so such a sequence would be a cauchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so such a sequence would be a cauchy
+sequence of rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of rational numbers
+however it would not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it would not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it would not converge
+in the set of rational numbers it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of rational numbers it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the set of rational numbers it would
+converge to the square root of two which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the square root of two which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the square root of two which
+is not a rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a rational number
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+because the square root of 2 is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the square root of 2 is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the square root of 2 is not a
+rational number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational number
+this shows that the rational numbers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows that the rational numbers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows that the rational numbers do
+not have this completeness property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have this completeness property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have this completeness property that
+cauchy sequences converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauchy sequences converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauchy sequences converge
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+still to this day kind of industry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to this day kind of industry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still to this day kind of industry of
+deal of studying spaces for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of studying spaces for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of studying spaces for which
+uh koshi is equivalent to convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh koshi is equivalent to convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh koshi is equivalent to convergent
+these are called complete metric spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called complete metric spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called complete metric spaces
+and then if you add a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you add a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you add a little more
+structure they're called bonus spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they're called bonus spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure they're called bonus spaces
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which are very important not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very important not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very important not just in
+math but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math but
+also for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for um
+formulating rigorously a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating rigorously a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulating rigorously a lot of uh
+the underlying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underlying um
+uh assumptions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assumptions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh assumptions in
+uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for
+mathematical physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical physics
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so for if we're just looking inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for if we're just looking inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for if we're just looking inside the
+rationals it does not follow that cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals it does not follow that cauchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals it does not follow that cauchy
+sequences always converge okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences always converge okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences always converge okay and now
+let's just stop for a minute and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just stop for a minute and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just stop for a minute and take
+stock of why this was true for the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of why this was true for the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock of why this was true for the real
+numbers okay what did we use going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay what did we use going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay what did we use going back
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you think if you really go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proof of the bolzano virustras so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the bolzano virustras so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the bolzano virustras so
+that's what we used here right to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we used here right to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we used here right to show
+that koshi sequences converge um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we use the fact that the lymph soup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the fact that the lymph soup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use the fact that the lymph soup and
+the limb myth always exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb myth always exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limb myth always exists
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and limb soup and lemon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limb soup and lemon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and limb soup and lemon
+you know first off they're defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first off they're defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first off they're defined to be
+soups and imps which may not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soups and imps which may not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soups and imps which may not always
+exist as rational numbers as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist as rational numbers as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist as rational numbers as we've
+already shown so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's definitely a problem already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's definitely a problem already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's definitely a problem already
+there but even more so you know when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but even more so you know when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but even more so you know when we
+proved that every bounded monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that every bounded monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that every bounded monotone
+sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges
+what we showed was that this limit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we showed was that this limit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we showed was that this limit is
+actually a soup of a certain set or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a soup of a certain set or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a soup of a certain set or an
+if of a certain set which again may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if of a certain set which again may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if of a certain set which again may or
+may not exist if we're just looking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not exist if we're just looking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not exist if we're just looking in
+the rational numbers because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rational numbers because the
+rational numbers do not have the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers do not have the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers do not have the least
+upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound property
+so it really is the least upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really is the least upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it really is the least upper bound
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+that gives us convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us convergence
+uh equivalent to koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equivalent to koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equivalent to koshi
+for the real numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the real numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the real numbers so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the least upper bound property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is i mean it has to be because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i mean it has to be because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i mean it has to be because that's
+the main thing that separates the two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that separates the two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main thing that separates the two uh
+fields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+but i'm just reiterating this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just reiterating this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just reiterating this here
+is the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence
+is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+koshi okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that i've proved that koshi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i've proved that koshi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that i've proved that koshi is
+equivalent to to convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe you'll ask then why did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll ask then why did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll ask then why did we
+introduce it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce it at all
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+if these two notions are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these two notions are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these two notions are the same
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove
+you know why even introduce them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why even introduce them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why even introduce them if
+they're just convergent sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just convergent sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just convergent sequences
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+and the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to show
+that a sequence converges you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sequence converges you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sequence converges you have to
+somehow have your hands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow have your hands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow have your hands on
+a candidate for the limit right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate for the limit right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a candidate for the limit right if you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prove that x n converges you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that x n converges you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that x n converges you have to
+somehow come up with an x that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow come up with an x that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow come up with an x that it
+converges to and it's not always clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to and it's not always clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to and it's not always clear
+how to find that x okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find that x okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find that x okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but koshi although it's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but koshi although it's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but koshi although it's equivalent to
+convergent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent in the
+set of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of real numbers
+doesn't require you to find a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require you to find a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require you to find a candidate
+for convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convergence
+okay all it requires you to do is show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all it requires you to do is show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all it requires you to do is show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know as long as you go far enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as long as you go far enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as long as you go far enough
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+any two entries in the sequence are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two entries in the sequence are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two entries in the sequence are
+close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together
+okay without requiring you to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without requiring you to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without requiring you to come up
+with a limit see computing limits is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a limit see computing limits is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a limit see computing limits is
+quite difficult we're about to do series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult we're about to do series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult we're about to do series
+right and there's maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and there's maybe like
+i don't know five series people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know five series people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know five series people can
+compute explicitly but you do know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute explicitly but you do know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute explicitly but you do know that
+there's a ton of other series that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ton of other series that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a ton of other series that are
+actually convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convergent
+even though you don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you don't know what the
+limit is and why why do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is and why why do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is and why why do you know that
+it's simply this is exactly because and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply this is exactly because and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply this is exactly because and
+exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+people thought of koshi sequences to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought of koshi sequences to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought of koshi sequences to
+begin with much of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with much of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with much of analysis
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again just to summarize this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to summarize this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just to summarize this um
+you know convergent sequences are nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know convergent sequences are nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know convergent sequences are nice
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+in practice it's difficult to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it's difficult to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in practice it's difficult to get your
+hands on what could be a limit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on what could be a limit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on what could be a limit of a
+sequence especially if that sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence especially if that sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence especially if that sequence is
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+complicated so if you're trying to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so if you're trying to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so if you're trying to show
+a certain sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain sequence converges
+it suffices by what we've done here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suffices by what we've done here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it suffices by what we've done here to
+show that it's koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's koshi
+and that's a little bit easier to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a little bit easier to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a little bit easier to do
+because that just requires you to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that just requires you to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that just requires you to work
+with the original sequence you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the original sequence you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the original sequence you don't
+have to come up with a limit you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with a limit you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to come up with a limit you can
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+take your sequence and start um playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your sequence and start um playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your sequence and start um playing
+directly with the entries rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the entries rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with the entries rather than
+try to come up with a limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with a limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with a limit
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay so that's what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what we're gonna
+move on to is series now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to is series now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to is series now
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+as i said a minute ago is the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said a minute ago is the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said a minute ago is the original
+reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started developing the foundations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started developing the foundations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started developing the foundations of
+analysis you know what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you know what we're talking
+about right now to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because they were just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were just um
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+doing very very formal things that ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very very formal things that ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very very formal things that ended
+up not making sense like trying to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up not making sense like trying to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up not making sense like trying to add
+up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh
+they were adding infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were adding infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were adding infinitely many
+positive numbers and coming up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers and coming up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers and coming up with a
+negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can't be right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be right so
+all of this was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created
+discovered however you want to phrase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered however you want to phrase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered however you want to phrase it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+put on on rigorous foundations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on on rigorous foundations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on on rigorous foundations
+um this next topic which is series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this next topic which is series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this next topic which is series
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i mean you dealt with series you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean you dealt with series you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean you dealt with series you
+know as a in calculus so you know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as a in calculus so you know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as a in calculus so you know what a
+series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is
+uh maybe you don't remember all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe you don't remember all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe you don't remember all the
+proofs of the properties of series but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of the properties of series but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of the properties of series but
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+suffice to say this is you know series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice to say this is you know series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice to say this is you know series
+is a pretty good motivation since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty good motivation since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a pretty good motivation since it's
+one of the most useful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most useful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most useful things
+that comes out of math i mean series are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of math i mean series are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of math i mean series are
+how you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you solve
+series expansions or how you solve odes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansions or how you solve odes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansions or how you solve odes
+pd's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know taylor expansions all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know taylor expansions all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know taylor expansions all these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+in some sense a form of series so being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense a form of series so being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense a form of series so being
+able to justify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to justify them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to justify them
+as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as
+being real things is um is a necessity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being real things is um is a necessity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being real things is um is a necessity
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the definition of a series for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a series for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a series for now
+is really is just the symbol i'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really is just the symbol i'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really is just the symbol i'm about
+to write down so given a sequence x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maybe i'll just sometimes write just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe i'll just sometimes write just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe i'll just sometimes write just
+sum x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's called the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to
+the sequence x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right now that's just a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to interpret this as a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to interpret this as a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to interpret this as a real
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+in the following situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that
+the series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+series converges if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so s of m this is the element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s of m this is the element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so s of m this is the element of the
+sequence and what is it it is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and what is it it is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and what is it it is the actual
+sum so this is not a formal thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so this is not a formal thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum so this is not a formal thing this
+is just a finite sum from n equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a finite sum from n equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a finite sum from n equals 1 to
+m so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this sequence now m equals one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sequence now m equals one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sequence now m equals one to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these guys we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys we called
+we call partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+right now if we just have a sequence if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if we just have a sequence if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if we just have a sequence if
+we just have a sequence x of n this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have a sequence x of n this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have a sequence x of n this the
+series associated to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series associated to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series associated to that
+sequence is just a symbol okay we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is just a symbol okay we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is just a symbol okay we say
+that the series converges if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the series converges if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the series converges if the
+sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is
+this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we write s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and treat the series now as a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in general if i have a sequence i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general if i have a sequence i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general if i have a sequence i
+just have this formal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this formal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this formal uh
+symbol which i'm writing down which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which i'm writing down which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol which i'm writing down which i
+call a series associated to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a series associated to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a series associated to it
+in the case that the sequence of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case that the sequence of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case that the sequence of partial
+sums converges then i actually identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converges then i actually identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums converges then i actually identify
+this series with a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series with a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series with a real number
+and treat it as a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treat it as a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treat it as a real number
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the way i've written this the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i've written this the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i've written this the series is
+starting at 1 but it doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at 1 but it doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at 1 but it doesn't necessarily
+have to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to so
+just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+you know shifting the index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just say here
+that we don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series at n equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series at n equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series at n equals one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this could be sum from n equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be sum from n equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this could be sum from n equals zero
+to infinity in which case we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity in which case we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity in which case we have a
+sequence starting now at x sub zero all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence starting now at x sub zero all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence starting now at x sub zero all
+right or this could be starting at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or this could be starting at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or this could be starting at two
+in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which
+place the the sequence of x of n starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the the sequence of x of n starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the the sequence of x of n starts
+at n equals two and then the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equals two and then the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equals two and then the sequence of
+partial sums would start at not m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums would start at not m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums would start at not m equals
+one but m equals zero or m equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but m equals zero or m equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but m equals zero or m equals two
+okay depending on where the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay depending on where the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay depending on where the series
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+okay so some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series
+sum from n equals 1 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to infinity
+1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n plus 1 times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+convergent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent series
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is this so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is this so let's look at the
+proof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so
+we look at the nth partial sum this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the nth partial sum this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the nth partial sum this is
+the sum from n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n equals
+1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to m
+of 1 over n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 over n plus 1
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+now if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+write 1 over n plus 1 times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n
+minus one over n plus one this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over n plus one this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over n plus one this is now
+the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+of one over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one over n
+plus these are finite sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these are finite sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus these are finite sums
+so i can always split them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now this is equal to one plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this is equal to one plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now this is equal to one plus a
+half plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plus
+plus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one over
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+one half plus a third plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half plus a third plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half plus a third plus
+one over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over m
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+one over m plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you see all of these cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see all of these cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see all of these cancel
+and all that's left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that's left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that's left is
+one minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus one over
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+so the nth partial sum is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nth partial sum is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nth partial sum is equal to one
+minus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over
+n plus one and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of partial sums is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums is the
+limit as m goes to infinity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity of this
+which is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just one
+and therefore the sequence conv this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the sequence conv this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the sequence conv this uh
+series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh our favorite sequence which does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our favorite sequence which does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our favorite sequence which does not
+converge will give us a series which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge will give us a series which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge will give us a series which
+does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge
+so let's look at some from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at some from
+n equals 1 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to infinity
+minus 1 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the n
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the nth partial sum this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth partial sum this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth partial sum this is equal to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1
+plus minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus 1
+up until i get minus 1 to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore this is always equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is always equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is always equal to
+one of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of two things
+if m is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is odd
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i have an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have an odd
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the minuses and pluses cancel just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minuses and pluses cancel just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minuses and pluses cancel just
+leaving a minus one in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a minus one in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving a minus one in the end
+this last one the odd one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and m is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m is odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m is odd
+and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if m is even if i've add up an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is even if i've add up an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m is even if i've add up an even
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these terms then all of the minus ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms then all of the minus ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms then all of the minus ones
+and ones cancel out so i just get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones cancel out so i just get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones cancel out so i just get zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this sequence
+which is just minus one for m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just minus one for m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just minus one for m
+odd uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero for m even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge
+and therefore the series does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the series does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the series does not
+converge so when i write some when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so when i write some when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so when i write some when i
+write this this is just a symbol this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this this is just a symbol this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this this is just a symbol this is
+just chalk on a chalkboard it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chalk on a chalkboard it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chalk on a chalkboard it doesn't
+mean anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all right so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's go
+to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+series which does converge and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which does converge and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which does converge and this is
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the one to which we compare all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to which we compare all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to which we compare all other
+series essentially as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series essentially as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series essentially as you'll see
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know you have all these series tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have all these series tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have all these series tests
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you remember hopefully from calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember hopefully from calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember hopefully from calculus
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+tells you when a series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you when a series converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you when a series converges
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+maybe if you remember the proof or don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you remember the proof or don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you remember the proof or don't
+how you do that is you converge it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do that is you converge it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do that is you converge it to
+one series which you do know how to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one series which you do know how to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one series which you do know how to sum
+so it was just by pure luck we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was just by pure luck we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was just by pure luck we were able
+to conver you know compute the the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conver you know compute the the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conver you know compute the the sum
+or compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or compute the
+explicit series for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit series for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit series for this guy
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another one which we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one which we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one which we can do
+that for his geometric series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for his geometric series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for his geometric series so
+theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is
+if i have a real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a real number
+with absolute value less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series starting now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series starting now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series starting now at
+r to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges and i can actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum of this series and this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of this series and this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of this series and this is 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+1 minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the proof
+let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the
+partial sums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums and
+we can actually compute these as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually compute these as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually compute these as well
+just as we were able to do for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we were able to do for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as we were able to do for for the
+first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we compute that the sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that the sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute that the sum from
+n equals 0 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 to m
+of r to the m now you can prove this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r to the m now you can prove this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r to the m now you can prove this by
+induction i think i cannot exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction i think i cannot exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction i think i cannot exactly
+remember if i did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i believe i did in the second lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe i did in the second lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe i did in the second lecture on
+induction first or second lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction first or second lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction first or second lecture on
+induction but if i add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction but if i add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction but if i add up
+some number raised to the nth so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number raised to the nth so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number raised to the nth so this
+should be to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to the n
+nth power from 0 to m this is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power from 0 to m this is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth power from 0 to m this is equal to 1
+minus r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r to the
+n plus one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one over
+one minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i guess two lectures ago we proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess two lectures ago we proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess two lectures ago we proved that
+if the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the absolute value
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let me state this now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from two lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two lectures ago
+we proved that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the absolute value of r is less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of r is less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of r is less than one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as
+let's make it m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make it m
+of r to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r to the m
+equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+so this was the nth partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the nth partial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the nth partial sum
+which implies that the limit as m goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that the limit as m goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that the limit as m goes
+to infinity of s sub m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of s sub m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of s sub m
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+the limit as m goes to infinity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as m goes to infinity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as m goes to infinity of this
+thing which is if you like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that plus 1 there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that plus 1 there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that plus 1 there just
+multiplies r to the m by r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies r to the m by r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies r to the m by r
+and using the algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+facts we proved about limits is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts we proved about limits is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts we proved about limits is one
+minus r times zero over one minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r times zero over one minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r times zero over one minus r
+which equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals one
+over one minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now you ask about the other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you ask about the other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you ask about the other um
+what about r bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about r bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about r bigger than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well when r equals minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when r equals minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when r equals minus one
+then we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get the
+second example we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second example we looked at
+if we get r equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get r equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we get r equals one
+um then that's just summing up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then that's just summing up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then that's just summing up one
+and you leave it to you to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you leave it to you to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you leave it to you to check that
+that does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not converge
+um that the sequence of partial sums if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the sequence of partial sums if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that the sequence of partial sums if
+i just sum up one from n equals 0 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just sum up one from n equals 0 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just sum up one from n equals 0 to m
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+equal to n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n plus 1
+which does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me make just a kind of silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me make just a kind of silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me make just a kind of silly
+comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+and maybe i didn't explicitly make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i didn't explicitly make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i didn't explicitly make this
+comment about uh sequences maybe i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about uh sequences maybe i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about uh sequences maybe i
+forgot to do that as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to do that as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to do that as well so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sequence
+a sequence so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence so you could
+start your sequence not necessarily at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your sequence not necessarily at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start your sequence not necessarily at
+the first entry maybe you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry maybe you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first entry maybe you look at
+a if you like new sequence where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you like new sequence where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if you like new sequence where
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay so we know from sequences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know from sequences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we know from sequences that
+subsequences of convergent sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences of convergent sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequences of convergent sequences
+converge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge so
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+instead of looking at the whole sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at the whole sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of looking at the whole sequence
+start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at
+let's say x 100 and then go x 101 x 102
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x 100 and then go x 101 x 102
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x 100 and then go x 101 x 102
+and that's the sequence i look at well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the sequence i look at well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the sequence i look at well
+that's a subsequence of the original one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a subsequence of the original one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a subsequence of the original one
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+if it converges implies that subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it converges implies that subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it converges implies that subsequence
+converges so all that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for this simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this simple way
+of obtaining this new sequence all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining this new sequence all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining this new sequence all
+all of that is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that is to say that
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+understand if a sequence converges i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if a sequence converges i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand if a sequence converges i
+don't have to consider what happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider what happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to consider what happens for
+the first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh
+finitely many uh terms in the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many uh terms in the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many uh terms in the sequence
+meaning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning um
+you know a sequence x sub n converges if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a sequence x sub n converges if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a sequence x sub n converges if
+and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a sequence starting now at say n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence starting now at say n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sequence starting now at say n equals
+100 100 100 200 so 103 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 100 100 200 so 103 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 100 100 200 so 103 and so on
+converges okay and the same is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges okay and the same is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges okay and the same is true
+for um series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um series that
+uh a series converges if and only if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a series converges if and only if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a series converges if and only if um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a series converges now starting at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series converges now starting at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series converges now starting at a
+different uh point along the sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh point along the sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh point along the sequence so
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let x in be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let
+capital m be a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m be a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m be a natural number
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n equals 1 to infinity of x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this converges
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if
+the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+now starting at capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges meaning when i have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges meaning when i have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges meaning when i have to decide
+whether a series converges or not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a series converges or not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a series converges or not it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+uh what's going on for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's going on for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's going on for the first
+finitely many terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many terms
+okay what matters is what's going on as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what matters is what's going on as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what matters is what's going on as
+i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i keep
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know adding terms from further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know adding terms from further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know adding terms from further and
+further out of this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out of this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out of this sequence
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and what's the proof the proof is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the proof the proof is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the proof the proof is just
+expressing the partial sums for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the partial sums for this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the partial sums for this guy
+in terms of the partial sums for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the partial sums for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the partial sums for this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial sum satisfy for all m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum satisfy for all m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum satisfy for all m
+sum from n equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to
+m and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+n equals capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals capital m
+to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+plus sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus sum from
+n equals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals um
+1 to capital m minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to capital m minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to capital m minus 1
+x of n okay so this is now just a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n okay so this is now just a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n okay so this is now just a fixed
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sequence of partial sums
+corresponding to this this series this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this this series this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this this series this
+is the sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sequence of partial sums
+corresponding to this series and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this series and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this series and this is
+just a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a fixed number
+therefore if this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if this converges
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this side converges to this plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side converges to this plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side converges to this plus this
+fixed num this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed num this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed num this
+so maybe i'm going a little quick but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i'm going a little quick but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe i'm going a little quick but
+so if this converges then this converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this converges then this converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this converges then this converges
+to this minus this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this minus this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this minus this number
+and if uh this converges then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if uh this converges then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if uh this converges then this
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+partial sums converges to this limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums converges to this limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums converges to this limit
+plus uh this fixed number okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh this fixed number okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh this fixed number okay
+and that's all i'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the usefulness of koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usefulness of koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usefulness of koshi
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+i mean this is kind of where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really become useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really become useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really become useful
+it's in the study of series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because again it's difficult to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it's difficult to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again it's difficult to sum
+so when i keep talking about saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i keep talking about saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i keep talking about saying the
+word sum a series i'm talking about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sum a series i'm talking about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sum a series i'm talking about um
+you know find the limit of partial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know find the limit of partial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know find the limit of partial uh
+partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but because we have this equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we have this equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because we have this equivalence
+between cauchy sequences and convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cauchy sequences and convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between cauchy sequences and convergent
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to decide if a series is convergent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide if a series is convergent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide if a series is convergent or
+not um we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um we can just
+decide if in some sense it's it's koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if in some sense it's it's koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide if in some sense it's it's koshi
+or not so let me make this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so let me make this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so let me make this um
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say that a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a series
+x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is koshy
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of partial sums again these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums again these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums again these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm just going to put a m up top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to put a m up top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to put a m up top
+because this may start at 0 or n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this may start at 0 or n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this may start at 0 or n equals
+1 or something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or something so
+the sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so let me just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let me just uh
+restate what we proved for sequences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restate what we proved for sequences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restate what we proved for sequences in
+terms of series so we proved that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of series so we proved that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of series so we proved that every
+koshi sequence is convergent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a series is koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi
+if and only means that the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only means that the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only means that the sequence of
+partial sums is koshi but we've proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums is koshi but we've proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums is koshi but we've proven
+that koshi sequences are convergent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that koshi sequences are convergent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that koshi sequences are convergent so
+if this is koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is koshi
+then it's convergent and vice versa so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's convergent and vice versa so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's convergent and vice versa so
+based on what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what we've
+proven already for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it follows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it follows that
+and this just follows immediately from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just follows immediately from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this just follows immediately from
+what we've proven already so i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've proven already so i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've proven already so i'm not
+even going to write a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to write a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to write a proof
+a series is koshi if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi if and only if
+series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series is
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again because both are defined in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because both are defined in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because both are defined in terms
+of the sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence of partial sums
+associated to the series and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to the series and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to the series and we've
+already proven the equivalence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proven the equivalence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proven the equivalence between
+koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi
+and convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convergence
+for sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let me write what it means to be koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write what it means to be koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write what it means to be koshy
+in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's the following so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um before we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before we had
+that a sequence is koshy intuitively if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sequence is koshy intuitively if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a sequence is koshy intuitively if
+the elements of the sequence are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the sequence are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the sequence are getting
+close to each other now for a series to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other now for a series to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other now for a series to
+be koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be koshy
+uh the intuitive way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the intuitive way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the intuitive way to think about it
+is that the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the tail
+of the sum is getting small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum is getting small okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum is getting small okay
+it's uh arbitrarily small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh arbitrarily small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh arbitrarily small
+tale of the sum being if i add up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale of the sum being if i add up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tale of the sum being if i add up um
+finitely many numbers uh far enough out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many numbers uh far enough out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many numbers uh far enough out
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a series is koshy if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshy if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshy if and only if
+for all epsilon positive there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive there exists a
+m natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for all integers l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all integers l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all integers l
+bigger than m which is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m which is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than m which is bigger than or
+equal to capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum from n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals
+n plus 1 to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to l
+of x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+sum involving terms that are pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum involving terms that are pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum involving terms that are pretty far
+out they're at least all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they're at least all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out they're at least all
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+indexed by something bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by something bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexed by something bigger than or
+equal to capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital m
+is less than epsilon okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than epsilon okay so
+a series is koshi if you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi if you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series is koshi if you're kind of
+adding up smaller and smaller pieces not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up smaller and smaller pieces not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding up smaller and smaller pieces not
+individual pieces but actual like adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pieces but actual like adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual pieces but actual like adding
+those up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i'll leave it to you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave it to you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll leave it to you to do
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+i mean they're both pretty easy but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they're both pretty easy but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean they're both pretty easy but this
+direction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction um
+i'll leave it to you as an exercise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it'll follow immediately from what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll follow immediately from what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll follow immediately from what i'm
+going to write for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write for
+essentially this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+let's make things concrete starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make things concrete starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make things concrete starting
+somewhere let's suppose this sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere let's suppose this sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere let's suppose this sum is
+koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we want to prove now that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to prove now that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to prove now that it has
+this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be positive we now want to produce some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive we now want to produce some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive we now want to produce some
+capital number m so that this holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital number m so that this holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital number m so that this holds
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of partial sums s sub m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums s sub m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums s sub m
+is koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is koshi
+that's what uh it means for the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what uh it means for the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what uh it means for the series
+to be koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be koshi
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a natural number capital m such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural number capital m such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural number capital m such that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+m bigger than or equal to m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to m naught
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+naught s sub m minus s sub l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught s sub m minus s sub l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught s sub m minus s sub l
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh
+we're actually going to take capital m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to take capital m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to take capital m
+to be this m naught choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be
+m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught
+then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l is bigger than or is bigger than m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is bigger than or is bigger than m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l is bigger than or is bigger than m
+which is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bigger than or equal to m
+naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught
+uh bigger than or equal to m which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bigger than or equal to m which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bigger than or equal to m which is
+equal to m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m naught
+if i look at this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at this sum
+from n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equals
+n plus 1 to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to l
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+i can write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this
+so this is absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in fact let me remove the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact let me remove the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact let me remove the absolute
+value so that this becomes pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can write this sum as the elf partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this sum as the elf partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write this sum as the elf partial
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+minus the nth partial sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the nth partial sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the nth partial sum
+right because the elf partial sum sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the elf partial sum sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the elf partial sum sums
+from n equals 1 up to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equals 1 up to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from n equals 1 up to l
+the nth partial sums from n equals 1 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth partial sums from n equals 1 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth partial sums from n equals 1 up
+to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m
+so the sum containing only the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum containing only the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum containing only the terms
+between n plus 1 and l is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between n plus 1 and l is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between n plus 1 and l is the difference
+of these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now i'll put on absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'll put on absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i'll put on absolute values
+and this thing because l and m are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing because l and m are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing because l and m are
+bigger than or equal to capital m which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to capital m which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to capital m which
+is equal to m naught and because i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to m naught and because i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to m naught and because i have
+this inequality this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality this is less than
+epsilon okay and the converse direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon okay and the converse direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon okay and the converse direction
+again it follows immediately essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it follows immediately essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it follows immediately essentially
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equality here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so to check whether a series converges i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to check whether a series converges i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to check whether a series converges i
+don't have to somehow come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit for this series a sum for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for this series a sum for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit for this series a sum for this
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+i can just show i can just prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just show i can just prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just show i can just prove that
+kind of the tail can be made arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the tail can be made arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the tail can be made arbitrarily
+small as long as i go far enough out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as long as i go far enough out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as long as i go far enough out
+in the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from this we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple
+elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary
+property so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a series converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this implies that
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as n goes to infinity
+of x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x of n
+of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence
+you use to obtain the series equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to obtain the series equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use to obtain the series equals
+zero okay so this should you know fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this should you know fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this should you know fall
+in line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line with
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know a series being convergent if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a series being convergent if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a series being convergent if
+and only if it satisfies this property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it satisfies this property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if it satisfies this property
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right which is somehow saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is somehow saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is somehow saying
+uh the tail of the sum is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tail of the sum is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tail of the sum is getting
+smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+which means you can't be adding up big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you can't be adding up big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you can't be adding up big
+things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as you go on out in the in the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we'll show this by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+simple epsilon delta or epsilon m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple epsilon delta or epsilon m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple epsilon delta or epsilon m
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+suppose x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+series is cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now i'm going to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to verify
+this using the epsilon m definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since xn is cauchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this implies that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there
+exists a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a natural number
+m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m naught
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+l bigger than or equal to m bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l bigger than or equal to m bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l bigger than or equal to m bigger than
+or equal to m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to m naught
+i have that condition there sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that condition there sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that condition there sum from
+n equals m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals m
+plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l
+x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub n
+is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+m to be m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to be m naught
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this so y m not plus 1 but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this so y m not plus 1 but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this so y m not plus 1 but not
+exactly and not just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and not just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and not just because
+um basically what i'm going to do is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically what i'm going to do is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically what i'm going to do is i'm
+going to take l to be equal to m plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take l to be equal to m plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take l to be equal to m plus 1
+and the index gets shifted by 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if
+m is bigger than or equal to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is bigger than or equal to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is bigger than or equal to m
+i get that the absolute value of x sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that the absolute value of x sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that the absolute value of x sub
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm
+maybe i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'll
+instead of saying limit as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying limit as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying limit as n goes to
+infinity i'll write limit as m goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity i'll write limit as m goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity i'll write limit as m goes to
+infinity it's just the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity it's just the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity it's just the change in the
+dummy variable this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy variable this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy variable this is equal to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals
+m to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m to
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n
+and now so i've shifted this so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so i've shifted this so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now so i've shifted this so now
+little m is bigger than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m is bigger than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little m is bigger than or equal to
+capital m naught plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m naught plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital m naught plus one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so you could write this as if you like m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could write this as if you like m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could write this as if you like m
+minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one
+plus one so little m minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one so little m minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one so little m minus one
+is bigger than or equal to m naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to m naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than or equal to m naught
+so by this inequality this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by this inequality this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by this inequality this is less than
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we see that if a series converges the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that if a series converges the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that if a series converges the
+terms the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the individual
+terms x sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms x sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms x sub n
+must converge to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must converge to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must converge to zero
+so there's another reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's another reason why
+this series minus 1 to the n does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series minus 1 to the n does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series minus 1 to the n does not
+converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge
+because those terms do not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those terms do not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those terms do not converge
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this also tells us that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also tells us that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also tells us that for this
+geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric
+series when r is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series when r is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series when r is greater than
+or equal to one an absolute value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to one an absolute value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to one an absolute value the
+series does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not converge okay and the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and we proved this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we proved this uh
+in fact um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact um
+i think a few lectures to go a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think a few lectures to go a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think a few lectures to go a few
+lectures ago as well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago as well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago as well that
+um if the absolute value of r is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the absolute value of r is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the absolute value of r is bigger
+than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+limit as n goes to infinity of r to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of r to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as n goes to infinity of r to the
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+limit does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed
+it's in fact unbounded right this is r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in fact unbounded right this is r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in fact unbounded right this is r
+to the n is an unbounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not converge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge so
+i'm using that theorem over there in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using that theorem over there in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using that theorem over there in a
+little bit roundabout way let me uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit roundabout way let me uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit roundabout way let me uh let
+me state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me restate this theorem over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me restate this theorem over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me restate this theorem over here
+this theorem says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+the series converges then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges then
+the series uh the lim this limit equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh the lim this limit equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series uh the lim this limit equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+now this statement is logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this statement is logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this statement is logically
+equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the negation of the converse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of the converse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negation of the converse
+or or the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or the um
+there's an actual word for that but i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual word for that but i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an actual word for that but i i
+can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't remember
+namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh the negation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the negation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the negation of this
+implies the negation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the negation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies the negation of this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a logically equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logically equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logically equivalent
+way to rewrite that statement over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to rewrite that statement over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to rewrite that statement over there
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if this limit does not equal to zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this limit does not equal to zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this limit does not equal to zero so
+if it doesn't exist at all that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't exist at all that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't exist at all that's also
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+this implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not converge
+okay so you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+restatement of the theorem over there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatement of the theorem over there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatement of the theorem over there is
+really what i used to to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what i used to to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what i used to to prove
+uh is really what i used here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is really what i used here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is really what i used here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and i think i'll stop there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i think i'll stop there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i think i'll stop there um
+next time we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time we'll see
+that this theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this theorem here
+is a one-way street and i think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one-way street and i think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one-way street and i think you
+covered this this example and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered this this example and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered this this example and probably
+calculus namely that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus namely that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus namely that um
+one-way street in the sense that if xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way street in the sense that if xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-way street in the sense that if xn
+converges then this limit is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges then this limit is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges then this limit is zero
+but the converse does not hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the converse does not hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the converse does not hold
+namely it is not true that if the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely it is not true that if the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely it is not true that if the limit
+at this limit is zero then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this limit is zero then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this limit is zero then this
+converges okay and we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+famed harmonic series next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0hx59wYpFyY.txt b/0hx59wYpFyY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..523bfb0a759a1de024ca7a227383cc587b795b98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0hx59wYpFyY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'm concentrating now on the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm concentrating now on the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm concentrating now on the key
+question of stability do the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of stability do the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of stability do the solutions
+approach zero in case of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach zero in case of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach zero in case of linear
+equations do they approach some constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do they approach some constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations do they approach some constant
+some steady state in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steady state in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steady state in the case of
+nonlinear equations so today is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations so today is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations so today is the
+beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of
+nonlinear I'll start with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear I'll start with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear I'll start with one
+equation dydt is some fun fun of Y not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dydt is some fun fun of Y not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation dydt is some fun fun of Y not a
+linear function probably and first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function probably and first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function probably and first
+question what is a steady state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is a steady state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is a steady state or
+critical point easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point easy
+question I'm looking at special points y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm looking at special points y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm looking at special points y
+capital Y where the right hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y where the right hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y where the right hand side is
+zero special points where the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero special points where the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero special points where the function
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero and uh I I'll call those critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh I I'll call those critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and uh I I'll call those critical
+points or steady States what's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or steady States what's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or steady States what's the point
+at a critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a critical
+point here's the solution it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here's the solution it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here's the solution it's a
+constant it's steady the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's steady the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's steady the
+because I I'm just checking here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I'm just checking here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I'm just checking here that
+the equation is satisfied the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is satisfied the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is satisfied the derivative
+is zero because it's constant and F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because it's constant and F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero because it's constant and F is
+zero because it's a critical point so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it's a critical point so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it's a critical point so I
+have 0 equals z the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 equals z the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 0 equals z the differential
+equation is is perfectly good so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is is perfectly good so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is is perfectly good so if I
+start at a critical point I stay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a critical point I stay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at a critical point I stay there
+that's not our central question our key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not our central question our key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not our central question our key
+question is if I start at other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if I start at other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if I start at other points
+do I approach a critical point or do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I approach a critical point or do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I approach a critical point or do I
+go away from it is is the critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away from it is is the critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away from it is is the critical point
+stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and
+attractive or is it unstable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive or is it unstable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive or is it unstable and
+repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive
+so the way to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way to answer that
+question is to look at the equation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is to look at the equation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is to look at the equation when
+you're very near the critical point very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very near the critical point very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very near the critical point very
+near the critical point we could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the critical point we could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the critical point we could make
+the equation linear we can linearize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation linear we can linearize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation linear we can linearize the
+equation and that's the whole trick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's the whole trick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and that's the whole trick and
+I've spoken before and I'll do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spoken before and I'll do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spoken before and I'll do it again
+now for one equation but the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for one equation but the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for one equation but the real
+message the real content comes with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message the real content comes with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message the real content comes with two
+or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three
+equations uh that's what we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh that's what we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh that's what we see in
+nature very often and we want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature very often and we want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature very often and we want to know is
+the uh is the problem stable okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is the problem stable okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is the problem stable okay so
+what does linearize mean I'm every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does linearize mean I'm every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does linearize mean I'm every
+function is linear if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is linear if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is linear if you look at it
+through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a
+microscope if you see it just if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope if you see it just if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope if you see it just if you
+maybe I should say if you blow it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say if you blow it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say if you blow it up
+near yal y every function is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near yal y every function is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near yal y every function is linear
+here's here's F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y here it's coming through it's a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y here it's coming through it's a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y here it's coming through it's a graph
+of f of Y whatever it is here's this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of Y whatever it is here's this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f of Y whatever it is here's this we
+recognize as the point capital Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as the point capital Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize as the point capital Y right
+that's where the function is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the function is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the function is zero and
+near that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near that
+point my function is almost a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my function is almost a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point my function is almost a straight
+line and the slope of that tangent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the slope of that tangent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the slope of that tangent is
+the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient
+and it's everything depends on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's everything depends on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's everything depends on that
+everything depends on whether the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything depends on whether the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything depends on whether the slope
+is going up like that probably that's un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going up like that probably that's un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going up like that probably that's un
+going to be unstable or coming down if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unstable or coming down if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be unstable or coming down if
+it were coming down then the slope would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were coming down then the slope would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it were coming down then the slope would
+be negative at the critical point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative at the critical point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative at the critical point and
+probably that will be stable okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that will be stable okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that will be stable okay so I
+just have to do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to do a little
+calculus the whole idea of linearizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the whole idea of linearizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus the whole idea of linearizing
+is the central idea of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the central idea of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the central idea of calculus
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have
+curves but near a point we can pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves but near a point we can pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves but near a point we can pretend
+we can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can they
+are essentially straight if we focus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially straight if we focus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially straight if we focus in
+if we zoom in so this is a zooming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we zoom in so this is a zooming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we zoom in so this is a zooming in
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+linearization okay so if I zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization okay so if I zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization okay so if I zoom
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+y I'm zooming in around the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I'm zooming in around the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y I'm zooming in around the point
+capital Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y
+so but you remember the tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you remember the tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you remember the tangent line
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+the is the function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the function at
+y so I'm little Y is some point close by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I'm little Y is some point close by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so I'm little Y is some point close by
+capital Y is the crossing point and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y is the crossing point and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y is the crossing point and this
+is the y - y times the slope that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the y - y times the slope that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the y - y times the slope that's the
+slope the slope at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope the slope at the
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+the critical point there is all that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point there is all that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical point there is all that's
+you see the the right hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the the right hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the the right hand side is
+linear and actually F of Y is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and actually F of Y is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and actually F of Y is zero
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+the point so that I have just a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so that I have just a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point so that I have just a linear
+approximation with that slope and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation with that slope and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation with that slope and a
+simple function okay so I'll use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function okay so I'll use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function okay so I'll use this
+approximation I'll put that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I'll put that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I'll put that into the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and then I'll have a linear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll have a linear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll have a linear equation
+which I can easily solve can I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can easily solve can I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can easily solve can I do that
+so my plan is take my differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my plan is take my differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my plan is take my differential
+equation look Focus near the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation look Focus near the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation look Focus near the steady
+state near the critical point capital Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state near the critical point capital Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state near the critical point capital Y
+near that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near that
+point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is my good approximation to F and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my good approximation to F and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my good approximation to F and I'll
+just use it so I plan to use that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it so I plan to use that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use it so I plan to use that right
+away so now here's the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IED so d by DT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+equals F of Y but I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F of Y but I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F of Y but I'm going to do
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+this y - capital y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this y - capital y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this y - capital y
+* the slope so the slope is my co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the slope so the slope is my co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the slope so the slope is my co
+efficient little a in my first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient little a in my first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient little a in my first order
+linear equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation so
+I'm I'm going back to chapter one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going back to chapter one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going back to chapter one for
+this linearization for one equation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linearization for one equation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linearization for one equation but
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the
+next video is the real thing by allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video is the real thing by allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video is the real thing by allowing
+two equations or even three equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations or even three equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations or even three equations so
+we'll make a small start on that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make a small start on that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll make a small start on that but
+it's really the next video okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the next video okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really the next video okay so that
+that's the equation now I notice that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation now I notice that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equation now I notice that I
+could put dydt is the derivative of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put dydt is the derivative of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put dydt is the derivative of that
+constant is zero so I could safely put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is zero so I could safely put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is zero so I could safely put
+it there so what does this tell me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so what does this tell me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so what does this tell me let
+me let me call that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so I can solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so I can solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so I can solve that
+equation and the equ the solution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the equ the solution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the equ the solution will
+be y - capital Y it's just linear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y - capital Y it's just linear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be y - capital Y it's just linear the
+derivative is the thing itself time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is the thing itself time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is the thing itself time a
+it's the pure model of steady growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pure model of steady growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the pure model of steady growth
+steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady
+Decay uh Yus Y is a go is let's say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay uh Yus Y is a go is let's say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay uh Yus Y is a go is let's say some
+e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+a right when I have the coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right when I have the coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right when I have the coefficient in
+the linear equation a y i see the I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear equation a y i see the I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear equation a y i see the I see
+it in the exponential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the exponential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the exponential so
+a less than zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less than zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less than zero is
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because a less than zero that's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a less than zero that's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a less than zero that's negative
+and the exponential goes drops to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponential goes drops to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exponential goes drops to zero
+and that tells me that y approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells me that y approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells me that y approaches
+Capital wide goes to the to the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital wide goes to the to the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital wide goes to the to the critical
+point to the steady state and not away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the steady state and not away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the steady state and not away
+example example let me just take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example example let me just take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example example let me just take an
+example that you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the logistic
+equation where the right side is say 3 y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the right side is say 3 y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the right side is say 3 y
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+y^2 okay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 okay not
+linear so I plan to linearize after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so I plan to linearize after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so I plan to linearize after I
+find the critical points critical points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the critical points critical points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the critical points critical points
+this is zero that equals zero at I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero that equals zero at I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zero that equals zero at I guess
+there will be two critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two critical
+points cuz I have a second deegree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points cuz I have a second deegree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points cuz I have a second deegree
+equation when that is zero it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when that is zero it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation when that is zero it could be
+zero at y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at y =
+0 or at y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or at y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or at y =
+3 so two critical points and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so two critical points and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so two critical points and each
+critical point has its own linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point has its own linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point has its own linearization
+its own it slope at that critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own it slope at that critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own it slope at that critical point
+so you you see I'm here if I graph F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you see I'm here if I graph F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you see I'm here if I graph F of
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y
+here this 3 y -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this 3 y -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this 3 y -
+y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2
+has there's 3 y - y^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there's 3 y - y^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there's 3 y - y^ 2
+there's one critical point zero there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one critical point zero there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one critical point zero there's
+the other critical point at three here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other critical point at three here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other critical point at three here
+the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope is
+positive unstable here the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive unstable here the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive unstable here the slope is
+negative stable so this is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stable so this is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative stable so this is stable
+unstable and let me just push through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and let me just push through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and let me just push through
+the numbers here so the so the DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers here so the so the DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers here so the so the DF
+Dy that's the slope so I have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's the slope so I have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy that's the slope so I have to take
+the derivative of of that notice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of of that notice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of of that notice this is
+not my differential equation there is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my differential equation there is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not my differential equation there is my
+differential equation here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation here is my
+linearization step my computation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization step my computation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization step my computation of the
+derivative the slope so the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the slope so the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the slope so the derivative
+of that is 3 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is 3 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is 3 - 2
+Y and I've got two critical points at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I've got two critical points at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and I've got two critical points at
+Capital y equals z that's 3 and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital y equals z that's 3 and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital y equals z that's 3 and at
+Capital y = 3 it's 3 - 6 it's -3 those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital y = 3 it's 3 - 6 it's -3 those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital y = 3 it's 3 - 6 it's -3 those
+are the slopes we saw in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slopes we saw in the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slopes we saw in the picture
+slope up the parabola is going up slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope up the parabola is going up slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope up the parabola is going up slope
+down so this will correspond to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable so what does it mean for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so what does it mean for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so what does it mean for this
+to be unstable it means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unstable it means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be unstable it means that the
+solution y equals 0 constant Z solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y equals 0 constant Z solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution y equals 0 constant Z solves
+the equation no problem if y stays at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation no problem if y stays at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation no problem if y stays at
+zero it's a perfectly okay so solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's a perfectly okay so solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's a perfectly okay so solution
+the derivative is zero everything's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is zero everything's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is zero everything's zero
+but if I move a little away from zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I move a little away from zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I move a little away from zero if
+I move a little away from zero then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move a little away from zero then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move a little away from zero then the
+3 y - y^2 what does it look like if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y - y^2 what does it look like if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 y - y^2 what does it look like if if
+I'm moving just a little away from y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving just a little away from y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving just a little away from y
+equals 0 away from this unstable point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 away from this unstable point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 away from this unstable point
+y^2 will be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 will be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 will be extremely
+small so it's really 3 y it'll it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so it's really 3 y it'll it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so it's really 3 y it'll it'll
+grow the the y^2 will be small near y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow the the y^2 will be small near y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow the the y^2 will be small near y
+equal 0 forget that we have exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 forget that we have exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 forget that we have exponential
+growth e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth e to the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+3T we leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T we leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T we leave
+the we leave the zero steady state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we leave the zero steady state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we leave the zero steady state and
+we move on now eventually will move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on now eventually will move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move on now eventually will move
+somewhere near the the other steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near the the other steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near the the other steady
+state at y equal at Capital yal 3 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at y equal at Capital yal 3 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at y equal at Capital yal 3 the
+slope this slope of this thing is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope this slope of this thing is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope this slope of this thing is minus
+three and that negative one will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that negative one will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that negative one will be a
+stable point so where y - 3 the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable point so where y - 3 the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable point so where y - 3 the distance
+the distance to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to the to
+the steady state the critical point will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state the critical point will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state the critical point will
+grow like e to the Min well will Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow like e to the Min well will Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow like e to the Min well will Decay
+sorry I said grow I meant Decay will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I said grow I meant Decay will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I said grow I meant Decay will
+Decay like e Theus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay like e Theus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay like e Theus
+3T because the minus 3 and the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T because the minus 3 and the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T because the minus 3 and the slope is
+the minus three in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponent okay that's not rocket science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent okay that's not rocket science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent okay that's not rocket science
+although it's pretty important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's pretty important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's pretty important for
+Rockets uh let me just say what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets uh let me just say what's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockets uh let me just say what's coming
+next and then do it in the follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then do it in the follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and then do it in the follow-up
+video so what's coming next will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dydt and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dcdt of two things Y and Z that depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcdt of two things Y and Z that depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dcdt of two things Y and Z that depend
+on each other so the the growth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other so the the growth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each other so the the growth or
+decay of Y depend is given by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of Y depend is given by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of Y depend is given by some
+function f and this is given by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and this is given by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and this is given by some
+different function z g so so f and g now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function z g so so f and g now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different function z g so so f and g now
+when do I have steady state when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I have steady state when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I have steady state when this is
+zero when they're both zero they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when they're both zero they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when they're both zero they both
+have to be zero and then dydt is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be zero and then dydt is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be zero and then dydt is zero so
+it's Y is steady dzdt is zero so Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Y is steady dzdt is zero so Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Y is steady dzdt is zero so Z is
+steady so I'm looking for I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady so I'm looking for I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady so I'm looking for I've got two
+numbers to look for and I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to look for and I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to look for and I've got two
+equations F of Y oh let me call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations F of Y oh let me call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations F of Y oh let me call it
+capital y capital Z so those are numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y capital Z so those are numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital y capital Z so those are numbers
+now equals z so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equals z so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now equals z so I want to
+solve equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve equals z
+and G of capital y capital Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G of capital y capital Z equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G of capital y capital Z equals
+z yeah yeah so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z yeah yeah so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z yeah yeah so I have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+two both right hand sides should be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two both right hand sides should be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two both right hand sides should be zero
+and then the then I'm in a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the then I'm in a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the then I'm in a steady state
+but this is going to be like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is going to be like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is going to be like more
+interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to
+linearize that's really the next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize that's really the next video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize that's really the next video
+is how do you linearize what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you linearize what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how do you linearize what does the
+linearized thing look like when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized thing look like when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized thing look like when you have
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+functions depending on two variables Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions depending on two variables Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions depending on two variables Y
+and Z you're going to have we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z you're going to have we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z you're going to have we'll see
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+slopes well you'll see it so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes well you'll see it so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes well you'll see it so that this
+is what's coming uh and we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's coming uh and we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's coming uh and we end up with a
+2X two Matrix because we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two Matrix because we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X two Matrix because we have two
+equations two unknowns and uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations two unknowns and uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations two unknowns and uh a little
+more excitement than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more excitement than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more excitement than
+the classical single equation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical single equation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classical single equation like
+logistic equation okay onward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0lS7yWCavKw.txt b/0lS7yWCavKw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1cf2c48981a570efb56806a566e223e158db0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0lS7yWCavKw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello open course Weare Learners my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello open course Weare Learners my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello open course Weare Learners my name
+is Michael cubert and I'm the professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Michael cubert and I'm the professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Michael cubert and I'm the professor
+of a classa MIT 21m 383 computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classa MIT 21m 383 computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a classa MIT 21m 383 computational
+music theory and Analysis I'm so glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music theory and Analysis I'm so glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music theory and Analysis I'm so glad
+that you're going to be joining us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be joining us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be joining us in
+this course and it's just absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and it's just absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and it's just absolutely
+great to have people learning about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to have people learning about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to have people learning about how
+computers can help understand music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can help understand music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can help understand music and
+especially music theory from throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially music theory from throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially music theory from throughout
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world I'm making this recording about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm making this recording about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I'm making this recording about a
+year after the class is done to welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year after the class is done to welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year after the class is done to welcome
+you and to say a few things along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and to say a few things along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and to say a few things along the
+way throughout the class the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way throughout the class the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way throughout the class the first thing
+I wanted to let you know is we had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to let you know is we had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to let you know is we had some
+technical difficulties on the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difficulties on the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical difficulties on the first day
+and so you'll see that the lecture sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll see that the lecture sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you'll see that the lecture sort
+of begins a few minutes in and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of begins a few minutes in and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of begins a few minutes in and and that
+the video quality especially of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video quality especially of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video quality especially of the
+Powerpoints and my live coding isn't up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerpoints and my live coding isn't up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powerpoints and my live coding isn't up
+to the Quality we would like to have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Quality we would like to have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Quality we would like to have so
+I'm going to be re-recording a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be re-recording a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be re-recording a few
+things here and there and when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here and there and when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here and there and when you see
+me looking like this this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looking like this this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looking like this this is something
+that's made just for you on open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made just for you on open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's made just for you on open
+courseware I'll come back and talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware I'll come back and talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware I'll come back and talk to
+you from time to time for now hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from time to time for now hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from time to time for now hope you
+enjoy the class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1Jqmt54hjLc.txt b/1Jqmt54hjLc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..780018c94a1331a82626adf6d8ee9ebf773084a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1Jqmt54hjLc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I'll let you know we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'll let you know we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I'll let you know we'll
+probably have two quizzes next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have two quizzes next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have two quizzes next
+week I want to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I want to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week I want to give you
+a very simple quiz that I used to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple quiz that I used to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple quiz that I used to give
+every year in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year in
+914 in which you simply list the cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+914 in which you simply list the cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+914 in which you simply list the cranial
+nerves uh their names the number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves uh their names the number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves uh their names the number the
+name whether they're sensory motor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name whether they're sensory motor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name whether they're sensory motor or
+both uh there's a table I believe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh there's a table I believe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh there's a table I believe in the
+book and so let me look at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and so let me look at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and so let me look at that and
+we'll we'll send an email around about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll send an email around about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll send an email around about
+that I think it's very useful to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think it's very useful to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think it's very useful to know
+it's just one of those outlines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one of those outlines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just one of those outlines that
+sort of you need to have in your mind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you need to have in your mind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you need to have in your mind so
+when you encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah I learned a little on pneumonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I learned a little on pneumonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah I learned a little on pneumonic
+I think I give it in the book uh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I give it in the book uh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I give it in the book uh I just
+memorized the pneumonic and then I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized the pneumonic and then I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized the pneumonic and then I had
+no trouble because you know you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no trouble because you know you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no trouble because you know you hear
+those names enough it's easy enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those names enough it's easy enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those names enough it's easy enough to
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+all right so auditory system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+had ended by talking a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ended by talking a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had ended by talking a little bit about
+coding of frequency and intensity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding of frequency and intensity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding of frequency and intensity and
+the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory
+nerve and then how it's the spatial map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and then how it's the spatial map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and then how it's the spatial map
+of the bezler membrane is preserved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bezler membrane is preserved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bezler membrane is preserved in
+the organization of the accents coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of the accents coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of the accents coming
+into the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh
+to the coke beer nuclei here and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the coke beer nuclei here and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the coke beer nuclei here and uh I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+uh just review the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just review the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just review the sensory
+channels what happens to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels what happens to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels what happens to that
+information that comes in through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that comes in through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that comes in through the
+eighth nerve the auditory component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth nerve the auditory component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth nerve the auditory component of
+the eighth nerve we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth nerve we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth nerve we're not going to talk
+much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about
+distributor but if you learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor but if you learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor but if you learn the
+auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+vestibular is not that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular is not that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular is not that different
+uh it's less studied but the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's less studied but the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's less studied but the hindbrain
+mechanisms are studied the most because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are studied the most because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are studied the most because
+their importance in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their importance in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their importance in some
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+uh problems so and and of course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems so and and of course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh problems so and and of course to
+neurologist buziness is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist buziness is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurologist buziness is a common
+complaint people have he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint people have he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complaint people have he has to
+understand something about that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand something about that system
+but then we want to get to studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we want to get to studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we want to get to studying the
+two two major ascending Pathways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two major ascending Pathways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two major ascending Pathways you can
+divide in the auditory system you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide in the auditory system you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide in the auditory system you can
+divide ascending pathways pretty early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide ascending pathways pretty early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide ascending pathways pretty early
+on into Pathways more concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into Pathways more concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on into Pathways more concerned with
+identifying patterns generally temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying patterns generally temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying patterns generally temporal
+patterns of the stimulus and they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the stimulus and they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of the stimulus and they keep
+frequency separated all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency separated all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency separated all the way up to
+the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory
+cortex and then Pathways concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and then Pathways concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and then Pathways concerned with
+localization in space and the kind of Cu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization in space and the kind of Cu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization in space and the kind of Cu
+is used for that so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for that so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used for that so so this is the
+system that you gradually come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you gradually come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you gradually come to
+understand more and more as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more and more as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand more and more as we go
+through this so uh these are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so uh these are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this so uh these are the basic
+channels we talk about a reflex Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels we talk about a reflex Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels we talk about a reflex Channel
+just short Pathways that begin in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just short Pathways that begin in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just short Pathways that begin in the
+clear nuclei mostly ventral clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear nuclei mostly ventral clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear nuclei mostly ventral clear
+nucleus and uh but both of the clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and uh but both of the clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and uh but both of the clear
+nuclei that just project to brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that just project to brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that just project to brain stem
+neurons that have pretty short reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that have pretty short reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that have pretty short reflex
+connections and stle is just one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them and then the cerebellar pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then the cerebellar pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then the cerebellar pathways
+which could be considered a type typ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be considered a type typ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be considered a type typ of
+riscal Channel you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riscal Channel you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riscal Channel you see it
+here I show a pathway from the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I show a pathway from the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I show a pathway from the dorsal
+clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear
+nucleus as well as to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflex and uh and then the lisal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex and uh and then the lisal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex and uh and then the lisal
+channels there's two major roots from to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels there's two major roots from to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels there's two major roots from to
+the inferior calculus two separate roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior calculus two separate roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inferior calculus two separate roots
+and the inferior calculus projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inferior calculus projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inferior calculus projects
+heavily to the thalamus the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily to the thalamus the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily to the thalamus the medial
+genicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genicular
+body medial because it's in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body medial because it's in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body medial because it's in the human
+it's it's another bump a geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's another bump a geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's another bump a geniculate
+structure that's medial to the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's medial to the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's medial to the lateral
+one the visual input comes in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the visual input comes in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the visual input comes in from the
+retina there is a smaller root that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina there is a smaller root that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina there is a smaller root that's
+more prominent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prominent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prominent in
+u the uh the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the uh the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the uh the large
+mammals it was actually discovered first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals it was actually discovered first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals it was actually discovered first
+in the chimp but then they looked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chimp but then they looked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chimp but then they looked with
+more sensitive methods and they realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive methods and they realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sensitive methods and they realized
+it's even there in the rat uh a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even there in the rat uh a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even there in the rat uh a pathway
+directly from the dorsal C nucleus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the dorsal C nucleus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from the dorsal C nucleus to
+the medial genal body but then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial genal body but then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial genal body but then there's a
+a route that we think may be older but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a route that we think may be older but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a route that we think may be older but
+it is here in Gray I show it coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is here in Gray I show it coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is here in Gray I show it coming from
+the trapezoid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid body
+primarily which gets its input many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily which gets its input many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily which gets its input many
+neurons in the trapezoid body region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the trapezoid body region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the trapezoid body region
+here which contains a lot of Crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which contains a lot of Crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which contains a lot of Crossing
+fibers related to the aut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers related to the aut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers related to the aut
+system that travels through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that travels through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that travels through the
+reticular formation also to these nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation also to these nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular formation also to these nuclei
+the lateral and mycus but the accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral and mycus but the accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral and mycus but the accents
+continue forward through the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue forward through the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue forward through the midbrain
+some of them go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them go into the
+spiculus they don't terminate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiculus they don't terminate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiculus they don't terminate in the
+main nucleus of the medial geniculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main nucleus of the medial geniculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main nucleus of the medial geniculate
+they terminate in cells around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they terminate in cells around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they terminate in cells around it
+including many cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including many cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including many cells that are
+multimodal but some of them are also are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal but some of them are also are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal but some of them are also are
+there are unimodal regions too it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are unimodal regions too it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are unimodal regions too it's just
+called part of the posterior group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called part of the posterior group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called part of the posterior group of
+nuclei But it includes a nucleus that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei But it includes a nucleus that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei But it includes a nucleus that's
+called the medial nucleus of the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the medial nucleus of the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the medial nucleus of the medial
+genicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I just want to say a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to say a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just want to say a little more
+about the eth nerve these you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eth nerve these you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the eth nerve these you know that
+axons representing different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons representing different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons representing different frequency
+terminate in this organized way in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in this organized way in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate in this organized way in the
+two nuclei that nerve comes in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei that nerve comes in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei that nerve comes in from
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+and then a similar thing happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a similar thing happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a similar thing happens in the
+vental clear nuclei anterior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental clear nuclei anterior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vental clear nuclei anterior and
+posterior divisions and in the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior divisions and in the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior divisions and in the dorsal
+cier nucleus where axom from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cier nucleus where axom from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cier nucleus where axom from different
+parts of the basor membrane different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the basor membrane different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the basor membrane different
+parts of the ca terminate at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the ca terminate at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the ca terminate at different
+levels so if you penetrate this this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so if you penetrate this this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels so if you penetrate this this way
+you you have a nice you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a nice you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a nice you see the
+representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of
+frequency now if you look at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now if you look at one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now if you look at one of
+these accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accents
+okay it goes from Ros it travels roster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it goes from Ros it travels roster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it goes from Ros it travels roster
+uh roster codly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh roster codly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh roster codly through the
+nucleus as it tra this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus as it tra this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus as it tra this
+is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the
+branches one of these this would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches one of these this would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches one of these this would be like
+those rostral codal Ain that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rostral codal Ain that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rostral codal Ain that I just
+showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+you along here but what they're showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you along here but what they're showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you along here but what they're showing
+in this picture this is from originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture this is from originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture this is from originally
+from Nelson Ken here at MIT who still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nelson Ken here at MIT who still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Nelson Ken here at MIT who still
+comes to talks here just the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to talks here just the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to talks here just the other day
+he he did a lot of this work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he did a lot of this work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he did a lot of this work on the
+eighth nerve and what he's showing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth nerve and what he's showing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth nerve and what he's showing in
+this picture is different cell types in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is different cell types in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture is different cell types in
+the ventri clear nucleus and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventri clear nucleus and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventri clear nucleus and he
+investigated uh how these respond uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different to a pulse of sound graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to a pulse of sound graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to a pulse of sound graph
+here okay this is the tone burst uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is the tone burst uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay this is the tone burst uh and
+here's how the eth nerve Aon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how the eth nerve Aon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how the eth nerve Aon
+responds a lot of action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds a lot of action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds a lot of action potentials
+right at the beginning and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the beginning and then it
+levels off at a lower level and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels off at a lower level and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels off at a lower level and you'll
+note here if you look at the responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here if you look at the responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note here if you look at the responses
+of these cells there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these cells there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these cells there's
+a one type that pretty much matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one type that pretty much matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one type that pretty much matches
+this they call it a primary like post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they call it a primary like post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they call it a primary like post
+synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synaptic
+uh uh train of uh Action potentials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh train of uh Action potentials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh train of uh Action potentials so
+my question is you know how do you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is you know how do you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my question is you know how do you how
+can that happen because normally in no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that happen because normally in no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that happen because normally in no
+matter where you are in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you are in the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you are in the central
+nervous system cells don't fire when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system cells don't fire when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system cells don't fire when
+there's only one action potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one action potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one action potential
+there's got to be a lot of summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a lot of summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a lot of summation
+either it's ready to fire because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's ready to fire because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's ready to fire because
+there's a lot of other excitatory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other excitatory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of other excitatory input
+coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh there's also some spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also some spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's also some spontaneous
+activity and if it's near the the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and if it's near the the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and if it's near the the point
+where it's going to fire anyway and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to fire anyway and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to fire anyway and you
+get it might fire a little earlier if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it might fire a little earlier if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it might fire a little earlier if
+there's input but how does this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's input but how does this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's input but how does this happen
+reliably and why is reliability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably and why is reliability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably and why is reliability so
+important for those neurons it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for those neurons it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for those neurons it's
+important because it's used as a cue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's used as a cue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because it's used as a cue to
+position in space because the input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in space because the input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in space because the input from
+the two errs is compared so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two errs is compared so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two errs is compared so we want to
+and I talk about the chick system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I talk about the chick system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I talk about the chick system
+because it's a little simpler than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a little simpler than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a little simpler than the
+man okay and it's been easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay and it's been easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay and it's been easier to
+study so the studies are are better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so the studies are are better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study so the studies are are better for
+the chick than they are for the mammal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chick than they are for the mammal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chick than they are for the mammal
+so you've got to know what the in bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to know what the in bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to know what the in bulb
+of held is these are endings of eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of held is these are endings of eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of held is these are endings of eighth
+nerve axons on some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve axons on some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve axons on some of these
+cells okay cells like this okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay cells like this okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells okay cells like this okay the
+spherical bushy cell but in the chick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical bushy cell but in the chick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical bushy cell but in the chick
+they're just bald cells during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just bald cells during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just bald cells during
+development they had a lot of dendroides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they had a lot of dendroides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they had a lot of dendroides
+they pulled them all in with development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pulled them all in with development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pulled them all in with development
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+terminal distributes over the cell like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal distributes over the cell like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal distributes over the cell like
+a cup okay there's a similar ending in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cup okay there's a similar ending in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cup okay there's a similar ending in
+the trapezoid body that's called the Kix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid body that's called the Kix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid body that's called the Kix
+of hell they were both described by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hell they were both described by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hell they were both described by the
+anatomist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomist
+held I used to call it the cix of held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held I used to call it the cix of held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held I used to call it the cix of held
+in the poar nucleus but then I read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the poar nucleus but then I read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the poar nucleus but then I read the
+history and realized that he actually he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and realized that he actually he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and realized that he actually he
+he described the one in the trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he described the one in the trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he described the one in the trapezoid
+body he also described this one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body he also described this one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body he also described this one by
+didn't call it kic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't call it kic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't call it kic
+so people call it the N bulb of Hill but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people call it the N bulb of Hill but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people call it the N bulb of Hill but
+you can see what's happening here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what's happening here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see what's happening here it
+forms multiple synapses so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms multiple synapses so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms multiple synapses so many
+different synapses in one Bon okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different synapses in one Bon okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different synapses in one Bon okay one
+enlar terminal enlargement that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlar terminal enlargement that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlar terminal enlargement that means
+with the action potential one pulse here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the action potential one pulse here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the action potential one pulse here
+arrives it causes simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives it causes simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives it causes simultaneous
+depolarization at many different points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depolarization at many different points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depolarization at many different points
+in that memory so they all summate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that memory so they all summate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that memory so they all summate here
+at the ax on hilling and you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ax on hilling and you end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ax on hilling and you end up with
+one action potential coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one action potential coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one action potential coming
+out okay not pretty unusual in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay not pretty unusual in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay not pretty unusual in the
+central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay
+so these are those just another summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are those just another summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are those just another summary
+of these connections through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these connections through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these connections through the
+thalamus and we want to uh these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus and we want to uh these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus and we want to uh these are the
+summary of the thalamic projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the thalamic projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary of the thalamic projections
+then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh
+of course the medog genic body projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the medog genic body projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the medog genic body projects
+to auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
+uh you also get projections to nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you also get projections to nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you also get projections to nearby
+areas from those posterior nuclei that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas from those posterior nuclei that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas from those posterior nuclei that
+are getting auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting auditory
+input that's why when I diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that's why when I diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that's why when I diagram
+this this way I show that these neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this way I show that these neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this way I show that these neurons
+outside of principal nucleus IM ular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of principal nucleus IM ular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of principal nucleus IM ular
+body I show them going to Area 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I show them going to Area 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I show them going to Area 41
+whereas these other cells go primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas these other cells go primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas these other cells go primarily
+to the other areas especially the areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other areas especially the areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other areas especially the areas
+ventral to auditory cortex which also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral to auditory cortex which also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral to auditory cortex which also
+get trans connections from auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trans connections from auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trans connections from auditory
+cortex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay
+so let's just remember that cells here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just remember that cells here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just remember that cells here
+let's put it in blue cells here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it in blue cells here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put it in blue cells here in the
+medial genicular body send a sounds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial genicular body send a sounds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial genicular body send a sounds that
+go not only to neocortex but also into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go not only to neocortex but also into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go not only to neocortex but also into
+the EGD the lateral nucleus the EGD and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EGD the lateral nucleus the EGD and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EGD the lateral nucleus the EGD and
+I mentioned there are some visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned there are some visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned there are some visual
+projections like that too to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections like that too to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections like that too to that
+lateral increase the omegal and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral increase the omegal and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral increase the omegal and that's
+proved to be pretty important in learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved to be pretty important in learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved to be pretty important in learned
+here and studies primarily of the Rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we just looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just looked
+at and I think I've just answered this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and I think I've just answered this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and I think I've just answered this
+question why do some of the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why do some of the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why do some of the auditory
+nerve accents that terminate in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve accents that terminate in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve accents that terminate in The
+ventricle nucleus in in a giant terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle nucleus in in a giant terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricle nucleus in in a giant terminal
+enlargement to answer that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement to answer that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlargement to answer that you have to
+describe that that nbb of hell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that that nbb of hell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that that nbb of hell what
+function does it serve okay if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it serve okay if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does it serve okay if you get
+enough spatial summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one act potential results in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one act potential results in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one act potential results in one
+output act potential then you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output act potential then you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output act potential then you need to
+know what the trapezoid body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the trapezoid body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the trapezoid body is
+well you don't in in pictures like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you don't in in pictures like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you don't in in pictures like like
+this I just show it is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I just show it is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I just show it is down
+here but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if
+we if you looked at a cross-section I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if you looked at a cross-section I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if you looked at a cross-section I
+really should have a mamalian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should have a mamalian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really should have a mamalian
+crosssection here but they're easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection here but they're easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosssection here but they're easy to
+find you you find that the cells here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you you find that the cells here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find you you find that the cells here in
+the especially the ventral clear nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the especially the ventral clear nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the especially the ventral clear nucleus
+project to both sides into cell groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to both sides into cell groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project to both sides into cell groups
+in the trapezoid body there's a medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trapezoid body there's a medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trapezoid body there's a medial
+nucleus trapezoid body lateral nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus trapezoid body lateral nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus trapezoid body lateral nucleus
+the trapezoid body okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid body okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trapezoid body okay and
+U and there you have in in mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and there you have in in mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and there you have in in mammals
+there's there are there's another this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are there's another this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are there's another this
+big Kix of held that preserves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Kix of held that preserves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Kix of held that preserves that
+oneon-one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneon-one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneon-one
+uh response to auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh response to auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh response to auditory
+input uh in generating the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh in generating the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh in generating the location
+information but let's look at it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but let's look at it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but let's look at it in the
+chick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with coincidence detectors is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coincidence detectors is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with coincidence detectors is a good
+good term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I created this table because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I created this table because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I created this table because some
+people have a terrible time they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a terrible time they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have a terrible time they only
+see the drawings they've got to he it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the drawings they've got to he it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the drawings they've got to he it
+all spelled out in words so I created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spelled out in words so I created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all spelled out in words so I created
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+um so all I'm doing here is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all I'm doing here is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all I'm doing here is putting
+words to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words to those
+pictures uh that we've already gone over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures uh that we've already gone over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures uh that we've already gone over
+okay so now we'll we'll follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we'll we'll follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we'll we'll follow the
+pathways involved in these two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways involved in these two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways involved in these two functions
+we begin with a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin with a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin with a sound
+localization which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization which
+involves that precise timing we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves that precise timing we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves that precise timing we were
+just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+pathway that generating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that generating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that generating these
+differences depending on where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences depending on where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences depending on where where the
+sound is coming from in the as neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is coming from in the as neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound is coming from in the as neutral
+plane uh one of the major outputs is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh one of the major outputs is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh one of the major outputs is to
+the SPH calculus where you have a map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SPH calculus where you have a map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SPH calculus where you have a map of
+the auditory World okay the spatial map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory World okay the spatial map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory World okay the spatial map
+that is neurons respond best to sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is neurons respond best to sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is neurons respond best to sounds
+coming from a certain position in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a certain position in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a certain position in space
+and that position in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that position in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that position in space
+matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the
+area where the visual input is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where the visual input is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area where the visual input is also
+triggering in a in a more you know up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering in a in a more you know up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering in a in a more you know up
+closer to the surface the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the surface the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the surface the auditory
+inputs coming in to the middle layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming in to the middle layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs coming in to the middle layers of
+the culus met a sensory inputs coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culus met a sensory inputs coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the culus met a sensory inputs coming
+into the deeper layers gen most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the deeper layers gen most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the deeper layers gen most of them
+below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+auditory okay and there you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory okay and there you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory okay and there you get a
+spatial map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial map
+too think of the coverage of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too think of the coverage of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too think of the coverage of the field
+around the animal's head by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the animal's head by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the animal's head by those
+enormous whiskers the mistal vicy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous whiskers the mistal vicy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous whiskers the mistal vicy of
+rodents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents
+they protrude out into the visual field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they protrude out into the visual field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they protrude out into the visual field
+so yeah you're only dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you're only dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you're only dealing with the
+space right next to the head but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right next to the head but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right next to the head but that
+still matches The Things They See Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still matches The Things They See Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still matches The Things They See Beyond
+those so they can anticipate something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so they can anticipate something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so they can anticipate something
+coming at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at
+them they can anticipate a stimulus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they can anticipate a stimulus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they can anticipate a stimulus and
+the whisker that's located in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whisker that's located in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whisker that's located in the same
+area Okay and then when we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay and then when we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay and then when we deal with
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+identification that pathway from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification that pathway from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification that pathway from the
+dorsal clear nucleus goes directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal clear nucleus goes directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal clear nucleus goes directly to
+the phalus uh also by way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phalus uh also by way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phalus uh also by way of the
+inferior culus but some of them go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior culus but some of them go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior culus but some of them go
+directly and then to the inbr and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then to the inbr and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then to the inbr and most
+of the analysis of Temple patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis of Temple patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the analysis of Temple patterns
+happens in the cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the cortex
+okay so for location I have here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for location I have here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for location I have here the
+eighth nerve you go to the vental clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth nerve you go to the vental clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth nerve you go to the vental clear
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh these are the structures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are the structures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are the structures of the
+trapezoid body sorry spere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid body sorry spere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid body sorry spere
+Olive and that's where you get morons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olive and that's where you get morons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olive and that's where you get morons
+projecting to a number of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting to a number of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting to a number of places
+including the cerebellum even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the cerebellum even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the cerebellum even though the
+cerebellum does get some direct input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum does get some direct input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum does get some direct input
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+okay and then from there you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then from there you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then from there you go to the
+nuclei the lateral nisus and inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei the lateral nisus and inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei the lateral nisus and inferior
+calculus as you see and the SPH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus as you see and the SPH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus as you see and the SPH
+cus which itself as we know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus which itself as we know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cus which itself as we know has
+projection into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection into the
+lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+B okay so in mammals it's the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so in mammals it's the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay so in mammals it's the medial
+Superior Olive which is sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior Olive which is sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior Olive which is sensitive to
+precise time of arrival that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise time of arrival that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise time of arrival that's just
+representing ASM mutal position I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing ASM mutal position I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing ASM mutal position I mean
+the timing doesn't actually help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing doesn't actually help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing doesn't actually help the
+animal discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal discriminate
+sounds above the horizontal plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds above the horizontal plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds above the horizontal plane or
+below they need other ways to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below they need other ways to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below they need other ways to do that
+it's not as accurate but by Simple Head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as accurate but by Simple Head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as accurate but by Simple Head
+movements they can generate cues and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements they can generate cues and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements they can generate cues and uh
+because of the shape of the penny um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the shape of the penny um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the shape of the penny um the
+penny attenuate different sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny attenuate different sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny attenuate different sound
+frequencies differently according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies differently according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies differently according to
+Elevation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elevation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elevation so the
+sounds actually has a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds actually has a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds actually has a slightly different
+effect on different neurons and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on different neurons and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on different neurons and that is
+used in localization in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in localization in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in localization in the vertical
+plane that's been studied in owls where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's been studied in owls where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's been studied in owls where
+just the configuration of the feathers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the configuration of the feathers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the configuration of the feathers
+around the ears create those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the ears create those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the ears create those
+differences I don't know as much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I don't know as much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I don't know as much about
+that it's not been as well studied but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not been as well studied but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not been as well studied but
+we do know that they there is a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that they there is a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know that they there is a map
+of in the vertical Dimension as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the vertical Dimension as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in the vertical Dimension as well as
+in the AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction so let me go through those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so let me go through those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so let me go through those
+studies in chicken okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we' talked about this end bulb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we' talked about this end bulb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we' talked about this end bulb that
+is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here
+in this diagram of one neuron type on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram of one neuron type on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram of one neuron type on
+both sides in the uh clear nucleus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides in the uh clear nucleus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides in the uh clear nucleus of
+the chicken so here's the accent coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken so here's the accent coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken so here's the accent coming
+in from the organ of quy in the ca on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the organ of quy in the ca on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in from the organ of quy in the ca on
+the left side and then on the right side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side and then on the right side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side and then on the right side
+here's the ulb of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the ulb of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the ulb of
+held so we know any every potential any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held so we know any every potential any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held so we know any every potential any
+action potential coming in here leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potential coming in here leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potential coming in here leads to
+worm here and note that these neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm here and note that these neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worm here and note that these neurons
+have two projections they Branch one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two projections they Branch one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two projections they Branch one
+goes to this nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to this nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to this nucleus
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+laminaris obvious why it gets that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laminaris obvious why it gets that name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laminaris obvious why it gets that name
+because of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its
+appearance and then the other Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance and then the other Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance and then the other Branch
+goes to the goes this way goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the goes this way goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the goes this way goes to the
+ventral dendrites of L laminaris on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral dendrites of L laminaris on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral dendrites of L laminaris on the
+other side so this side IT projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so this side IT projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so this side IT projects to
+the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal
+dendroides the one going to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendroides the one going to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendroides the one going to the other
+side projects the ventral d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side projects the ventral d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side projects the ventral d
+these cells will fire only if they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells will fire only if they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells will fire only if they get
+nearly simultaneous arrival of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly simultaneous arrival of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly simultaneous arrival of
+potentials from the two ears from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials from the two ears from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials from the two ears from the
+two sides from that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+type nucle of nucleus Magnus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type nucle of nucleus Magnus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type nucle of nucleus Magnus
+cellulars on both left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulars on both left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulars on both left and right
+sides and I've noticed when I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and I've noticed when I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and I've noticed when I I've
+looked at the pictures in gold in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the pictures in gold in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the pictures in gold in a
+study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the
+chick um by this was jaar and morest at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick um by this was jaar and morest at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chick um by this was jaar and morest at
+at Harvard they studied the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard they studied the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard they studied the development
+of this system including the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system including the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system including the development
+of these big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these big
+endbulbs but they also pictured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endbulbs but they also pictured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endbulbs but they also pictured the
+Magnus RS cells and I've noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnus RS cells and I've noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnus RS cells and I've noticed that
+always the cells didn't go directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the cells didn't go directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the cells didn't go directly
+towards laminars they they made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards laminars they they made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards laminars they they made this
+Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop
+obviously designed to keep the timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously designed to keep the timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously designed to keep the timing
+nearly the same as the crossing accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the same as the crossing accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the same as the crossing accent
+now you of course would' have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you of course would' have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you of course would' have to get
+slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight
+differences in the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the length of the
+axon uh that would be the simplest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon uh that would be the simplest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon uh that would be the simplest way
+anyway to get different positions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway to get different positions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway to get different positions in
+space so the studies that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the studies that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so the studies that have been
+published indicate that this one is kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published indicate that this one is kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published indicate that this one is kept
+more constant and the crossing one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more constant and the crossing one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more constant and the crossing one is
+the one that varies a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that varies a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that varies a little bit but
+system schematically so the result is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system schematically so the result is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system schematically so the result is a
+map of the of the asmal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the of the asmal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the of the asmal
+plane okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay from
+directly to the left to right in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the left to right in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to the left to right in front
+and then in the other side uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the other side uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the other side uh to the
+other side so you get the whole field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so you get the whole field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side so you get the whole field
+represented only if you take both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented only if you take both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented only if you take both
+nuclei can account so nucleus Lam there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei can account so nucleus Lam there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei can account so nucleus Lam there
+is no laminaris in the mamalian brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no laminaris in the mamalian brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no laminaris in the mamalian brain
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+the superior the lateral Superior Olive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superior the lateral Superior Olive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superior the lateral Superior Olive
+contains cells just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains cells just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains cells just like
+this the it was all more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the it was all more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the it was all more
+theoretical uh it was it was theory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical uh it was it was theory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical uh it was it was theory for
+a long time until these and the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time until these and the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time until these and the reason I
+I use the chick studies is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the chick studies is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use the chick studies is because
+that's where they finally were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they finally were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where they finally were able to
+pin it down and make measures it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin it down and make measures it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin it down and make measures it was
+done by that an iCal study I was telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that an iCal study I was telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by that an iCal study I was telling
+you about by jaran morest and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about by jaran morest and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about by jaran morest and at the
+same time Tom Parks out the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time Tom Parks out the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time Tom Parks out the University
+of Utah was studying elect physiology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Utah was studying elect physiology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Utah was studying elect physiology of
+that system in the chicks and together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system in the chicks and together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system in the chicks and together
+they made a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made a very powerful
+story all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story all
+right and axons one of the places these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and axons one of the places these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and axons one of the places these
+axons project is to be the tectum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons project is to be the tectum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons project is to be the tectum of the
+midb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain okay this is just speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay this is just speculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain okay this is just speculation
+about how it evolved you can read it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it evolved you can read it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it evolved you can read it if
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+curious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious about
+that there is a second mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a second mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a second mechanism for
+sound localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound localization
+involving uh in in mamals the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving uh in in mamals the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving uh in in mamals the lateral
+Superior Olive that I say I think I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior Olive that I say I think I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior Olive that I say I think I was
+supposed to say medial before okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say medial before okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to say medial before okay this
+one's the lateral and that's responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the lateral and that's responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's the lateral and that's responsive
+to differences in amplitude of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differences in amplitude of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differences in amplitude of the two
+ears because of course that's an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears because of course that's an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears because of course that's an even
+simpler way obviously sound's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way obviously sound's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way obviously sound's going to
+be louder if it's because the heads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be louder if it's because the heads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be louder if it's because the heads in
+the way of the other ear so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of the other ear so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of the other ear so there is a
+slight difference in intensity too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference in intensity too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference in intensity too so
+that is also used but it's decoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also used but it's decoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also used but it's decoded in
+the lateral sphere out and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral sphere out and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral sphere out and I don't know
+how that's handled in chicks because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's handled in chicks because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's handled in chicks because the
+study in chicks was focused on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in chicks was focused on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study in chicks was focused on that
+nucleus that they could get to with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that they could get to with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that they could get to with
+their electrodes and find it in animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electrodes and find it in animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electrodes and find it in animal
+after animal because it was located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after animal because it was located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after animal because it was located
+right dorsally this is all dors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dorsally this is all dors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right dorsally this is all dors in the
+dorsal hindbrain of the kid this is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal hindbrain of the kid this is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal hindbrain of the kid this is hard
+get add in the mammal because it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get add in the mammal because it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get add in the mammal because it's way
+down ventrally in the hindra and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ventrally in the hindra and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ventrally in the hindra and they're
+very small nuclei so it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small nuclei so it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small nuclei so it's difficult to
+do the study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+okay and then I mentioned that the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I mentioned that the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I mentioned that the how
+the owl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the owl
+uses different attenuation of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses different attenuation of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses different attenuation of different
+frequencies and how head movements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and how head movements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and how head movements are
+also we use head movements a lot when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we use head movements a lot when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also we use head movements a lot when we
+hear sounds we we may not even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear sounds we we may not even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear sounds we we may not even think
+about it sometimes but we make slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it sometimes but we make slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it sometimes but we make slight
+movement of the head and we notice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the head and we notice right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of the head and we notice right
+it improves our localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it improves our localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it improves our localization
+ability okay let's answer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability okay let's answer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability okay let's answer these
+questions distinguish between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions distinguish between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions distinguish between two
+prominent Pathways to the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent Pathways to the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent Pathways to the auditory
+system the lateral Inus and the breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the lateral Inus and the breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the lateral Inus and the breaking
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+inferior so I brought this I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior so I brought this I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior so I brought this I brought
+this picture from the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture from the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture from the visual system
+chapter you can see those here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you can see those here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you can see those here is the
+lateral liscus you see the white there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral liscus you see the white there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral liscus you see the white there
+it's a a Suns coming they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a Suns coming they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a a Suns coming they're actually
+mostly coming from down here this bump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly coming from down here this bump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly coming from down here this bump
+here is the superior Olive down the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the superior Olive down the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the superior Olive down the B
+bump F the Cal is the inferior Olive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump F the Cal is the inferior Olive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump F the Cal is the inferior Olive
+okay the superior Olive is the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the superior Olive is the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the superior Olive is the auditory
+pathway okay and uh it it includes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway okay and uh it it includes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway okay and uh it it includes the
+trapezoid body cells here okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid body cells here okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid body cells here okay and so
+axons and and I should start here do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and and I should start here do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and and I should start here do you
+see the clear nucleus there and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the clear nucleus there and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the clear nucleus there and you see
+that little that's a nerve there here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little that's a nerve there here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little that's a nerve there here
+come the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come the
+aons I'll draw an arrow to the cocar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons I'll draw an arrow to the cocar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aons I'll draw an arrow to the cocar
+nucleus and there you go down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there you go down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there you go down to the
+trapezoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoid
+body and the the super in the spirior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the the super in the spirior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the the super in the spirior
+olive and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olive and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olive and then
+here you have Pathways going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have Pathways going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have Pathways going to the
+inferior calculus some of them end a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior calculus some of them end a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior calculus some of them end a
+little before they get there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little before they get there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little before they get there in the
+nuclei of the trapezoid body okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei of the trapezoid body okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei of the trapezoid body okay but
+they follow that lateral meniscus up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow that lateral meniscus up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow that lateral meniscus up and
+then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from
+there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they
+follow I drew a little too far I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow I drew a little too far I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow I drew a little too far I
+guess they they go into that bump that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they they go into that bump that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they they go into that bump that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is the breaking of the inferior ccals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the breaking of the inferior ccals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the breaking of the inferior ccals
+okay you you look carefully you do see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you you look carefully you do see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you you look carefully you do see
+deeper Shadows on either side it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper Shadows on either side it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper Shadows on either side it is a
+White Band there so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White Band there so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White Band there so we're talking about
+then lateral oniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lateral oniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then lateral oniscus
+here breaking the iner calculus here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here breaking the iner calculus here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here breaking the iner calculus here in
+blue okay I've labeled those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue okay I've labeled those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue okay I've labeled those different
+components with different colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components with different colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components with different colors and
+that pictures in color in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pictures in color in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pictures in color in your
+book but I wanted you to see that once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but I wanted you to see that once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but I wanted you to see that once
+you learn that Anatomy you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn that Anatomy you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn that Anatomy you can make
+these things out just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things out just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things out just looking at the
+surface of the brain and that it varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the brain and that it varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the brain and that it varies
+a lot depending on how you adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot depending on how you adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot depending on how you adjust the
+light so if you're working with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so if you're working with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so if you're working with another
+species you want to get a picture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species you want to get a picture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species you want to get a picture like
+this just get a really well fixed brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just get a really well fixed brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just get a really well fixed brain
+you know clear the surface of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know clear the surface of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know clear the surface of all the
+blood vessels and adjust play with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessels and adjust play with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessels and adjust play with the
+light and you end up seeing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you end up seeing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you end up seeing all these
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+things okay so here where we can see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so here where we can see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so here where we can see all
+the auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory system
+things I'll put that online with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'll put that online with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'll put that online with one
+without the arrows and one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the arrows and one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the arrows and one with the
+arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows
+okay and then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+where does information about loc local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does information about loc local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does information about loc local
+location of sounds and sights converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of sounds and sights converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of sounds and sights converge
+in the subcortical structures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subcortical structures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subcortical structures of the
+CNS where would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS where would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS where would that
+be I was talking about visual auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I was talking about visual auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I was talking about visual auditory
+cry all in optic techum or spirit ccul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry all in optic techum or spirit ccul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry all in optic techum or spirit ccul
+and then I say what happens if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I say what happens if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I say what happens if the
+auditory and visual Maps get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory and visual Maps get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory and visual Maps get out of
+register how could that happen well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register how could that happen well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register how could that happen well it
+happens with development just the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with development just the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with development just the head
+changes size okay that happens naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes size okay that happens naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes size okay that happens naturally
+if you put prisms on an animal you cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put prisms on an animal you cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put prisms on an animal you cause
+the visual field to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shift the map of the retina in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the map of the retina in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the map of the retina in the
+tectum doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum doesn't
+change what changes is the auditory map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what changes is the auditory map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what changes is the auditory map
+the auditory map is the more plastic one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory map is the more plastic one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the auditory map is the more plastic one
+it shifts so it matches the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifts so it matches the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shifts so it matches the visual
+one okay a fascinating finding initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay a fascinating finding initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay a fascinating finding initially
+by Mark Kishi in in in owls okay he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Mark Kishi in in in owls okay he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Mark Kishi in in in owls okay he had
+prisms on the owls you know he showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms on the owls you know he showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms on the owls you know he showed
+these effects but it we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effects but it we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these effects but it we should have
+realized something like that had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized something like that had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized something like that had to be
+happening in development I you just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in development I you just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in development I you just it
+would be very difficult it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very difficult it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very difficult it's it's
+similar to what the cerebellum does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what the cerebellum does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to what the cerebellum does for
+timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing
+controlling the motor system but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the motor system but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the motor system but here
+it's in the sensory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then in question nine here I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then in question nine here I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then in question nine here I say
+characterize two separate functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize two separate functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize two separate functions of
+auditory system Pathways ascending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system Pathways ascending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory system Pathways ascending
+through the brain step how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the brain step how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the brain step how is the
+separation of these two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of these two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of these two functions
+expressed in the INB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the INB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the INB
+brain even in transcortical pathes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain even in transcortical pathes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain even in transcortical pathes now
+that requires you to read a lot more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires you to read a lot more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires you to read a lot more the
+chapter to get all those parts but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter to get all those parts but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter to get all those parts but what
+am I talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so the location information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so the location information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so the location information is
+what we were just talking about that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were just talking about that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were just talking about that's
+one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the
+functions but what's the other major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but what's the other major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but what's the other major
+function and the pathways are largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different identifying
+auditory stimuli which is done mainly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory stimuli which is done mainly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory stimuli which is done mainly by
+patterns because it can't be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns because it can't be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns because it can't be just
+frequency right I mean if your child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right I mean if your child's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency right I mean if your child's
+voice changes you want to still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice changes you want to still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice changes you want to still
+understand and even though he's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and even though he's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and even though he's talking
+at a full register below where he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a full register below where he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a full register below where he used
+to talk you know so we we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk you know so we we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk you know so we we always
+adjust we we are responding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust we we are responding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust we we are responding to
+patterns uh not to Absolute frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh not to Absolute frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns uh not to Absolute frequencies
+not to we respond to amplitude changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to we respond to amplitude changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to we respond to amplitude changes
+and that might be important but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might be important but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might be important but not
+merely as important Temple patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely as important Temple patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely as important Temple patterns and
+frequency okay various kinds of complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay various kinds of complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency okay various kinds of complex
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modulation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I I mentioned the experiments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I mentioned the experiments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I mentioned the experiments on
+location information getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location information getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location information getting to the
+piculus and here let me just add to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piculus and here let me just add to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piculus and here let me just add to that
+the studies of ablation of superior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies of ablation of superior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the studies of ablation of superior
+calculas uh these were done by me in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculas uh these were done by me in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculas uh these were done by me in the
+hamster but they've been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster but they've been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamster but they've been done
+extensively in the cat as well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively in the cat as well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively in the cat as well the
+lesions don't just affect visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions don't just affect visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesions don't just affect visual
+orienting they affect auditory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting they affect auditory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting they affect auditory or
+orienting and they affect more transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting and they affect more transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting and they affect more transient
+and sensory orienting too the smens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensory orienting too the smens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensory orienting too the smens
+recovers the best even without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculas why do you think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculas why do you think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculas why do you think it's just
+trans affected transiently affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans affected transiently affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans affected transiently affected
+these are dases effects tectum is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dases effects tectum is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are dases effects tectum is big
+and it's affecting brainstem mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's affecting brainstem mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's affecting brainstem mechanisms
+for orienting as well so initially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orienting as well so initially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orienting as well so initially you
+get the loss of the input from that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the loss of the input from that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the loss of the input from that big
+tectum they lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything they're amazing animals when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they're amazing animals when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they're amazing animals when
+they first wake up from the surgery they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first wake up from the surgery they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first wake up from the surgery they
+can't Orient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything then they recover they pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything then they recover they pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything then they recover they pretty
+soon are responding to their whiskers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon are responding to their whiskers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon are responding to their whiskers
+again but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry they're hunched up in a corner but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry they're hunched up in a corner but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry they're hunched up in a corner but
+they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are
+hungry so the first thing they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry so the first thing they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry so the first thing they start
+responding to is stimulation around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to is stimulation around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to is stimulation around the
+lips and then they start orienting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips and then they start orienting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lips and then they start orienting to
+touches around the lips around the mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches around the lips around the mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches around the lips around the mouth
+okay they will start turning a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they will start turning a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they will start turning a little
+bit so they can get a seed you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so they can get a seed you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so they can get a seed you're trying
+to feed them now these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed them now these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feed them now these are the
+hamsters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamsters
+big advantages to using hamsters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big advantages to using hamsters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big advantages to using hamsters is
+they're so motivated to get those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so motivated to get those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so motivated to get those little
+seeds you know uh and they're also a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds you know uh and they're also a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds you know uh and they're also a lot
+cuter than rats and mice okay so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuter than rats and mice okay so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuter than rats and mice okay so they're
+they're fun they're fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+study okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study okay
+but the deficits in orienting towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the deficits in orienting towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the deficits in orienting towards
+sounds recovers a little bit to lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds recovers a little bit to lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds recovers a little bit to lateral
+replac sounds there are hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replac sounds there are hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replac sounds there are hindbrain
+mechanisms that can turn the head in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that can turn the head in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that can turn the head in
+response to sounds even without the teec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to sounds even without the teec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to sounds even without the teec
+them that it's wiped out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that it's wiped out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that it's wiped out at the
+beginning that then has a slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that then has a slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that then has a slower
+recovery than Thea sensory orienting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery than Thea sensory orienting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery than Thea sensory orienting but
+it recovers but this orienting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it recovers but this orienting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it recovers but this orienting to
+overhead stimulite is very dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead stimulite is very dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead stimulite is very dependent on
+the tectan and they just don't Orient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectan and they just don't Orient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tectan and they just don't Orient to
+things above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things above
+them they can show freezing responses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they can show freezing responses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they can show freezing responses to
+novel Sons because they're detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Sons because they're detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel Sons because they're detecting
+with the cortex it's just making those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cortex it's just making those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cortex it's just making those
+movements that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that has
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we have a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we have a lot of information
+that that on the pathways to Cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that on the pathways to Cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that on the pathways to Cortex
+location information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location information
+auditory uh localization of sounds does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory uh localization of sounds does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory uh localization of sounds does
+reach the cortex as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the cortex as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the cortex as
+well in fact they've shown distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact they've shown distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in fact they've shown distinct
+cortical region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical region
+reached by location information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached by location information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached by location information and
+identification information they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification information they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification information they are
+separate in the cortex so I I I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate in the cortex so I I I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate in the cortex so I I I found
+there's a lot of pictures of this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of pictures of this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of pictures of this just
+in recent years but this is a very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years but this is a very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years but this is a very clear
+one here you have the primary auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here you have the primary auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here you have the primary auditory
+cortex and then around the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and then around the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and then around the auditory
+cortex we talk about the the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex we talk about the the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex we talk about the the auditory
+belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt
+cortex okay and the the areas here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay and the the areas here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay and the the areas here in
+the rostral belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostral belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rostral belt
+cortex are the ones sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex are the ones sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex are the ones sensitive to
+position and the projections from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the projections from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the projections from there
+go in the posterior parietal cortex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the posterior parietal cortex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the posterior parietal cortex the
+same regions that are getting visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same regions that are getting visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same regions that are getting visual
+it's not identical Regions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not identical Regions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not identical Regions they're
+adjacent regions but then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent regions but then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent regions but then there are
+regions of convergence too okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of convergence too okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of convergence too okay they
+don't the the picture here doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the the picture here doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't the the picture here doesn't
+show the convergence but and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the convergence but and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the convergence but and then from
+these regions you have the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions you have the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions you have the pathways
+going through prefrontal cortex we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through prefrontal cortex we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through prefrontal cortex we
+talked about those in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those in the
+uh or the visual System earlier same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the visual System earlier same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the visual System earlier same
+thing happens for addition goes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens for addition goes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing happens for addition goes right
+into those areas of the frontal ey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those areas of the frontal ey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into those areas of the frontal ey
+Fields okay so it's getting not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields okay so it's getting not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fields okay so it's getting not just
+visual but auditory as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual but auditory as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual but auditory as
+well and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and some of the
+pathways don't even go through posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways don't even go through posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways don't even go through posterior
+Pride they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pride they go
+directly and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly and then in the
+rostral Belt part atory belt cortex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral Belt part atory belt cortex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral Belt part atory belt cortex you
+have Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Pathways
+leading through the superior Temple gyus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading through the superior Temple gyus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading through the superior Temple gyus
+to the amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amydala
+and from the temple pole directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the temple pole directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the temple pole directly to the
+ventral prefrontal areas okay those same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral prefrontal areas okay those same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral prefrontal areas okay those same
+areas that themselves project to amydala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that themselves project to amydala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that themselves project to amydala
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+okay so they show here how the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they show here how the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they show here how the visual
+Pathways do a similar thing as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways do a similar thing as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways do a similar thing as we talked
+about in the VIS the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the VIS the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the VIS the
+chapter 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it was years after the discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was years after the discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was years after the discovery of
+the visual system Pathways like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual system Pathways like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visual system Pathways like that
+where people started paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people started paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people started paying attention to
+this in the auditory system and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the auditory system and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the auditory system and this was
+worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out let's talk about auditory pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's talk about auditory pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's talk about auditory pattern
+detection we still have a little time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection we still have a little time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection we still have a little time
+uh now we're talking more about dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're talking more about dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we're talking more about dorsal
+clear nucleus those are that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear nucleus those are that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear nucleus those are that's where you
+have the origins of the most direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the origins of the most direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the origins of the most direct
+Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways
+preserve templed information in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve templed information in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve templed information in
+the in the auditory input and goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the auditory input and goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the auditory input and goes to
+the main nucleus of the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main nucleus of the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main nucleus of the medial
+geniculate body and from there to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body and from there to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geniculate body and from there to the
+first auditory area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first auditory area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first auditory area
+primarily okay so when they map auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily okay so when they map auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily okay so when they map auditory
+cortex by physiology there are beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex by physiology there are beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex by physiology there are beautiful
+anatomical Maps too that even the Gogi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical Maps too that even the Gogi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical Maps too that even the Gogi
+Studies have seen this the way neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have seen this the way neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Studies have seen this the way neurons
+are arranged and the both inferior culus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged and the both inferior culus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are arranged and the both inferior culus
+and medial genicular body is very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medial genicular body is very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medial genicular body is very well
+organized system but when you get up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized system but when you get up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized system but when you get up to
+Cortex it's been the physiologists that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex it's been the physiologists that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cortex it's been the physiologists that
+have dominated the field and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dominated the field and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dominated the field and now we have
+a physiologist studying the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physiologist studying the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a physiologist studying the auditory
+system Josh MC dermit here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Josh MC dermit here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Josh MC dermit here in the
+department okay and theyve mapped these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department okay and theyve mapped these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department okay and theyve mapped these
+initially they look for the tonotopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially they look for the tonotopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially they look for the tonotopic
+maps just like in the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps just like in the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps just like in the C
+nuclei we already know that animals can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we already know that animals can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei we already know that animals can
+discriminate different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate different
+frequencies without the cortex okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies without the cortex okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies without the cortex okay but
+it's still a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a good
+way so I I'm asking here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I I'm asking here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so I I'm asking here in this
+question describe several properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question describe several properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question describe several properties
+that have enabled investigators to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have enabled investigators to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have enabled investigators to
+distinguish multiple neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish multiple neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish multiple neocortical
+auditory areas so the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory areas so the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory areas so the first one is
+a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frequency
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+uh A1 is a good illustration but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 is a good illustration but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh A1 is a good illustration but if you
+these are different positions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different positions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different positions from
+rostal to car different distances from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal to car different distances from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal to car different distances from
+the posterior Su silvian silicus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior Su silvian silicus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior Su silvian silicus so
+here's the posterior superian sulcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the posterior superian sulcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the posterior superian sulcus
+okay here's the middle superian here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the middle superian here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the middle superian here's
+the anterior okay so they measure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anterior okay so they measure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anterior okay so they measure from
+here and they go across this cortex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they go across this cortex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and they go across this cortex in
+A1 okay and when they do that at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 okay and when they do that at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 okay and when they do that at each
+position they do have they find multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position they do have they find multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position they do have they find multiple
+best frequencies that is the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best frequencies that is the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best frequencies that is the frequency
+where you get the best responses in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get the best responses in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get the best responses in that
+neuron the neuron does respond though to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron the neuron does respond though to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron the neuron does respond though to
+other frequencies too it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frequencies too it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other frequencies too it's just that
+it's most sensitive at one frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most sensitive at one frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's most sensitive at one frequency so
+they use that for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maps but you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps but you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps but you can see that the
+envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope
+of of the points in this kind of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the points in this kind of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the points in this kind of graph
+do show a a tonotopic map okay it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do show a a tonotopic map okay it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do show a a tonotopic map okay it does
+respond to higher frequencies uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to higher frequencies uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to higher frequencies uh when
+you're further from the postures suus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're further from the postures suus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're further from the postures suus so
+that's what a tonotopic map is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a tonotopic map is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a tonotopic map is in the
+autrais it doesn't mean it's a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autrais it doesn't mean it's a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autrais it doesn't mean it's a precise
+map at anyone positions you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map at anyone positions you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map at anyone positions you can get a
+lot of different frequencies and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different frequencies and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different frequencies and there
+is a reason for that it wants it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reason for that it wants it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reason for that it wants it's going
+to it uses that information from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uses that information from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it uses that information from other
+frequencies Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies Okay so
+here in the cat which is by far the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the cat which is by far the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the cat which is by far the best
+studied animal for auditory system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied animal for auditory system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied animal for auditory system and
+Jeff Wier who I know and was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Wier who I know and was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff Wier who I know and was working
+with Kent morest the guy that did a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kent morest the guy that did a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Kent morest the guy that did a lot
+of that work on the the auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that work on the the auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that work on the the auditory system
+at Harvard and jaar was his student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard and jaar was his student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard and jaar was his student
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh Wier worked with morest in anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Wier worked with morest in anatomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Wier worked with morest in anatomy
+and then also did a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also did a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then also did a lot of
+physiology and this is from one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and this is from one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology and this is from one of his
+view papers he describes five tonotopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view papers he describes five tonotopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view papers he describes five tonotopic
+Maps okay and you see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps okay and you see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps okay and you see them
+here 1 2 3 four five this light gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 2 3 four five this light gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 2 3 four five this light gray
+area in the picture they all have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the picture they all have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area in the picture they all have this
+frequency differences when you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency differences when you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency differences when you go from
+one position to the other then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position to the other then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position to the other then there's
+three non tonotopic areas they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three non tonotopic areas they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three non tonotopic areas they're the
+darker gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darker gray
+here one in the an this is anterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one in the an this is anterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one in the an this is anterior
+ectosylvian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ectosylvian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ectosylvian
+and what we call auditory area two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we call auditory area two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we call auditory area two so
+what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+responds well just like auditory cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds well just like auditory cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds well just like auditory cortex
+it responds to frequency modulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds to frequency modulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it responds to frequency modulation of
+PES okay and then there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PES okay and then there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PES okay and then there's three
+multisensory areas so they're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multisensory areas so they're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multisensory areas so they're not just
+auditory they're really association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory they're really association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory they're really association
+areas okay and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas okay and they're
+these but the auditory system people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but the auditory system people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but the auditory system people
+but they're really multisensory areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're really multisensory areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're really multisensory areas
+okay the visual areas are here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the visual areas are here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the visual areas are here and
+unimodal visual areas association areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal visual areas association areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimodal visual areas association areas
+are in here the stride area is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in here the stride area is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in here the stride area is in this
+lad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lad
+gyus is very peculiar in the C they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus is very peculiar in the C they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus is very peculiar in the C they call
+it lateral gyus when it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lateral gyus when it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lateral gyus when it's the most
+medial gyus in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial gyus in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial gyus in the
+hemistry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemistry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemistry this
+gyus okay and these are the unimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus okay and these are the unimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyus okay and these are the unimodal
+dissociation areas and then multimodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation areas and then multimodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation areas and then multimodal
+areas and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and then
+there's two limbic arees we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two limbic arees we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two limbic arees we call it
+the the uh insul cortex corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh insul cortex corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh insul cortex corresponds to
+insula and the monkey and humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insula and the monkey and humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insula and the monkey and humans and
+this Temple area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Temple area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Temple area
+here it's areas covering that area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's areas covering that area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's areas covering that area where
+the igoa is located but it's neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igoa is located but it's neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igoa is located but it's neocortical
+area it's not part of the amig okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's not part of the amig okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area it's not part of the amig okay
+they're neocortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're neocortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're neocortical
+areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then I mention here there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I mention here there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I mention here there is
+separation of input from the two ears uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of input from the two ears uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of input from the two ears uh
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and then I ask about ablation effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then I ask about ablation effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then I ask about ablation effects
+I say how are ablation effects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say how are ablation effects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say how are ablation effects in
+auditory cortex of the cat related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex of the cat related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory cortex of the cat related to
+word depthness after certain cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word depthness after certain cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word depthness after certain cortical
+lesions in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I like to start with the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I like to start with the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I like to start with the early
+electrophysiological studies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological studies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophysiological studies because
+there they're still the best examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're still the best examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're still the best examples of
+what we mean by pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by pattern
+selectivity let's look at this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity let's look at this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity let's look at this one I
+won't go over all the others but they I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go over all the others but they I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go over all the others but they I
+published some of them in the book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published some of them in the book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published some of them in the book uh
+here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they
+have to One Tone and here's the map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to One Tone and here's the map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to One Tone and here's the map of
+how it responds to single tones here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it responds to single tones here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it responds to single tones here's
+the sound pressure levels and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound pressure levels and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound pressure levels and notice
+that the minimal amplitude sound it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimal amplitude sound it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the minimal amplitude sound it's
+responding best at one frequency here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding best at one frequency here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding best at one frequency here
+that's how they map they get the tar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they map they get the tar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they map they get the tar
+maps by mapping single neurons like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps by mapping single neurons like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps by mapping single neurons like this
+okay you can do it with larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do it with larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do it with larger
+electrodes too and and still get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes too and and still get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes too and and still get some
+degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+mapping and notice how it responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping and notice how it responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping and notice how it responds to
+tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone
+on not to tone off and it'll do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not to tone off and it'll do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on not to tone off and it'll do that for
+a number of different frequencies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different frequencies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different frequencies but
+obviously most sensitive here but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously most sensitive here but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously most sensitive here but now
+look what happens if you give a tone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens if you give a tone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what happens if you give a tone of
+changing frequency frequency modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing frequency frequency modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing frequency frequency modulation
+so it's you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's you know it's
+going and it's responding always to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and it's responding always to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and it's responding always to
+Upward ramp and frequencies okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upward ramp and frequencies okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upward ramp and frequencies okay and
+that's what we mean by Temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by Temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we mean by Temple
+sensitivity okay and there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity okay and there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity okay and there's many
+examples of that some of the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that some of the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that some of the examples
+are more complex like here's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more complex like here's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more complex like here's one that
+always responds to the offset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always responds to the offset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always responds to the offset of the
+tone uh here's one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone uh here's one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone uh here's one that
+responds best to short tone offset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds best to short tone offset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds best to short tone offset of
+short tones but to longer tones it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short tones but to longer tones it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short tones but to longer tones it
+responds much more vigorously it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds much more vigorously it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds much more vigorously it when
+the sound goes off this one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound goes off this one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sound goes off this one doesn't
+respond to the long bursts but will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to the long bursts but will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to the long bursts but will
+respond to the short bursts but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to the short bursts but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to the short bursts but only
+after repeated presentations so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after repeated presentations so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after repeated presentations so you get
+a lot of variability always sensitive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variability always sensitive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of variability always sensitive to
+Temple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temple
+patterns and Whitfield and Evans who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and Whitfield and Evans who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns and Whitfield and Evans who
+were the first to really comprehensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first to really comprehensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the first to really comprehensively
+study this have a simple model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this have a simple model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this have a simple model which
+I've redrawn here uh to make it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've redrawn here uh to make it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've redrawn here uh to make it a little
+clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer
+showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing
+that once you have this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you have this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you have this frequency
+specificity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity in the
+cortex by having inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex by having inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex by having inhibitory
+interneurons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons that are
+asymmetric in between these neurons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric in between these neurons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric in between these neurons you
+can get because of the inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get because of the inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get because of the inhibitory
+Pathways this neuron won't respond well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways this neuron won't respond well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways this neuron won't respond well
+if when you're going high to low but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when you're going high to low but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if when you're going high to low but
+when you're going low to high the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going low to high the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're going low to high the
+inhibition won't timing will will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition won't timing will will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibition won't timing will will not
+inhibit those adjacent neurons in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit those adjacent neurons in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit those adjacent neurons in time
+so you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will get
+responses and again of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and again of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses and again of course you have
+to assume certain convergence effect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume certain convergence effect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume certain convergence effect in
+the the neuron further on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the neuron further on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the neuron further on in the
+pathway but because they don't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but because they don't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but because they don't find
+neurons like this output neurons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons like this output neurons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons like this output neurons of the
+fonus you do find them in the cortex we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonus you do find them in the cortex we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fonus you do find them in the cortex we
+we know that it's got to have circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it's got to have circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that it's got to have circuits
+somewhat like this in in the cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like this in in the cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat like this in in the cortical
+areas and it involves these inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and it involves these inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas and it involves these inhibitory
+interneurons which remember arise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons which remember arise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interneurons which remember arise in
+mammals from non-cortical areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals from non-cortical areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals from non-cortical areas in
+development but they migrate end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but they migrate end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but they migrate end and
+there's a lot of inhibitory inurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of inhibitory inurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of inhibitory inurance
+there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the
+cortex okay now if you oblate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay now if you oblate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex okay now if you oblate the
+cortex you don't get rid of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you don't get rid of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex you don't get rid of frequency
+discrimination but you get profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination but you get profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrimination but you get profound
+defects in responses to patterns you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in responses to patterns you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects in responses to patterns you can
+train them to respond to very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them to respond to very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train them to respond to very simple
+temporally modulated tones they fail to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally modulated tones they fail to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporally modulated tones they fail to
+to learn it after you oblate even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn it after you oblate even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn it after you oblate even just
+A1 or even just the more ventral areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 or even just the more ventral areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 or even just the more ventral areas
+they have a terrible ton these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a terrible ton these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a terrible ton these are
+highly interconnected areas so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly interconnected areas so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly interconnected areas so of course
+you're getting large dasis effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting large dasis effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting large dasis effects
+too but a lot of these patterns appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but a lot of these patterns appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but a lot of these patterns appear
+to depend on this these interconnections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on this these interconnections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend on this these interconnections
+between these auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+areas you can use pattern discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you can use pattern discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas you can use pattern discrimination
+you can use responses to novelty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use responses to novelty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use responses to novelty and
+study habituation to novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study habituation to novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study habituation to novel
+sounds you always get the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result they need the cortex to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they need the cortex to respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result they need the cortex to respond
+to temporal pattern so it's like humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temporal pattern so it's like humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to temporal pattern so it's like humans
+with word Defence words are of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with word Defence words are of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with word Defence words are of course
+really complex Temple patterns and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex Temple patterns and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex Temple patterns and uh
+humans can become we deaf with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans can become we deaf with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans can become we deaf with the
+cortical lesions and that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical lesions and that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical lesions and that affect
+orbitary regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I point out here another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I point out here another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I point out here another
+species uh many years ago were people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh many years ago were people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species uh many years ago were people
+this was kronica I believe at Cornell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kronica I believe at Cornell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was kronica I believe at Cornell
+studying auditory system of bullfrogs he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying auditory system of bullfrogs he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying auditory system of bullfrogs he
+found neurons that responded to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found neurons that responded to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found neurons that responded to the
+splash of another bullfrog entering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splash of another bullfrog entering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splash of another bullfrog entering the
+water talk about a complex pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water talk about a complex pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water talk about a complex pattern that
+was a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um I tried to find his publication on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I tried to find his publication on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I tried to find his publication on
+that and couldn't but because he talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and couldn't but because he talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and couldn't but because he talked
+about it a lot and we talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a lot and we talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it a lot and we talked about it
+here at MIT when he was doing them I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT when he was doing them I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT when he was doing them I'm
+sure it was a real finding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it was a real finding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it was a real finding but
+uh there's been studies of squirrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's been studies of squirrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's been studies of squirrel
+monkeys and Mack monkeys squirrel monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and Mack monkeys squirrel monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys and Mack monkeys squirrel monkey
+work was earlier we heard a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was earlier we heard a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was earlier we heard a little bit
+about that yesterday speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yesterday speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yesterday speaker
+here but then in 2008 people found using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then in 2008 people found using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then in 2008 people found using
+Imaging methods they found regions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging methods they found regions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging methods they found regions in
+the monkey temple lobe that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey temple lobe that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monkey temple lobe that became
+active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active
+when other monkey voices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when other monkey voices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when other monkey voices were
+heard uh but didn't respond to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard uh but didn't respond to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard uh but didn't respond to other
+songs temporal patterns made by monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs temporal patterns made by monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs temporal patterns made by monkeys
+and their sounds was what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their sounds was what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their sounds was what these
+responded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responded
+to and they found that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and they found that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and they found that it can
+distinguish that area responded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish that area responded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish that area responded
+differently to voices of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to voices of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently to voices of different
+monkeys they often would uh re they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys they often would uh re they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys they often would uh re they get
+them to habituate over time it responds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to habituate over time it responds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to habituate over time it responds
+less but then a new monkey voice appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but then a new monkey voice appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but then a new monkey voice appears
+it doesn't have to be louder it can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be louder it can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be louder it can even
+be softer and suddenly that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be softer and suddenly that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be softer and suddenly that region
+responds again so they can detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds again so they can detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds again so they can detect
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+differences I took these quotes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I took these quotes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I took these quotes from a
+news report but the uh you can find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news report but the uh you can find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news report but the uh you can find the
+article in Nature Neuroscience from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in Nature Neuroscience from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in Nature Neuroscience from
+Nikos lus laboratory Nikos was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikos lus laboratory Nikos was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nikos lus laboratory Nikos was here
+working with Peter Scher for a well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Peter Scher for a well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with Peter Scher for a well the
+visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so of course we postulate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so of course we postulate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so of course we postulate that
+there are units like that in humans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are units like that in humans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are units like that in humans that
+respond selectively with Co names we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond selectively with Co names we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond selectively with Co names we're
+probably born with them although we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably born with them although we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably born with them although we lose
+perhaps some of them with development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps some of them with development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps some of them with development
+they're not in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+language and we know about hemispheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and we know about hemispheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and we know about hemispheric
+differences in humans too because of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in humans too because of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in humans too because of we
+specialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialize
+for dealing with speech in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with speech in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dealing with speech in the left
+hemisphere uh this is also very plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere uh this is also very plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere uh this is also very plastic
+so very early in life A child loses his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very early in life A child loses his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very early in life A child loses his
+left hemisphere the lesion is early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere the lesion is early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hemisphere the lesion is early
+enough he will develop speech in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he will develop speech in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough he will develop speech in the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+hemisphere it's very strange though if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere it's very strange though if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere it's very strange though if
+he just has a damage left hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just has a damage left hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he just has a damage left hemisphere
+this is not in my not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not in my not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not in my not
+just interesting to mention if a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interesting to mention if a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just interesting to mention if a child
+has damage that affects the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has damage that affects the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has damage that affects the left
+hemisphere but it's not it it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere but it's not it it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere but it's not it it has to be
+totally Wipe Out the hemisphere to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally Wipe Out the hemisphere to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally Wipe Out the hemisphere to get
+speech to shift to the right hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech to shift to the right hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech to shift to the right hemisphere
+so he'll end up with just bad speech you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll end up with just bad speech you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll end up with just bad speech you
+know so one of the treatments for severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so one of the treatments for severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so one of the treatments for severe
+problems in children is to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in children is to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in children is to actually
+inate the entire hemisphere it sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inate the entire hemisphere it sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inate the entire hemisphere it sounds
+horrible but in fact the behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible but in fact the behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible but in fact the behavioral
+result is better if they have really bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is better if they have really bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is better if they have really bad
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pathology I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the lights oh there you go okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know okay we'll skip over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay we'll skip over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay we'll skip over the
+specializations now we'll mention them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations now we'll mention them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations now we'll mention them a
+little bit next time is I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit next time is I talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit next time is I talk about
+echolocation a little bit we saw that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echolocation a little bit we saw that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+echolocation a little bit we saw that in
+chapter 6 the structures that became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 6 the structures that became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 6 the structures that became
+enlarged in bats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged in bats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarged in bats and
+dolphins uh compared with the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolphins uh compared with the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dolphins uh compared with the more
+visual animals and then you should learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual animals and then you should learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual animals and then you should learn
+a little bit about bird song Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about bird song Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about bird song Pathways
+especially with Michael fee here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with Michael fee here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with Michael fee here in the
+building studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building studying
+Birdsong uh and little little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birdsong uh and little little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birdsong uh and little little bit about
+speech and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and and
+the pathways are very parallel though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways are very parallel though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways are very parallel though
+the names are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the names are
+different in in reptiles and birds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in in reptiles and birds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in in reptiles and birds and
+they are mammals but they have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are mammals but they have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are mammals but they have very
+clear regions of the embran that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear regions of the embran that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear regions of the embran that are
+auditory just like the auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory just like the auditory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory just like the auditory
+cortex of the mamal okay so we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex of the mamal okay so we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex of the mamal okay so we'll look
+at that briefly next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1_BTHGt6lwc.txt b/1_BTHGt6lwc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69f29a94bc2430cda453daf64677f4739343c763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1_BTHGt6lwc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right can you tell me the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can you tell me the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can you tell me the name of
+your team and uh introduce the members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team and uh introduce the members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team and uh introduce the members
+please okay we're uh Team 15 I guess and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please okay we're uh Team 15 I guess and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please okay we're uh Team 15 I guess and
+this is Jordan geston Alex and Cynthia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jordan geston Alex and Cynthia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Jordan geston Alex and Cynthia
+okay well well you made it this far how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well well you made it this far how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well well you made it this far how
+are you feeling uh I'm pretty nervous I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you feeling uh I'm pretty nervous I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you feeling uh I'm pretty nervous I
+don't know about the rest of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about the rest of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about the rest of all the
+pressure is on him the rest of us yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is on him the rest of us yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is on him the rest of us yeah
+because he's a we're confident on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's a we're confident on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's a we're confident on the
+plane what's your strategy for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what's your strategy for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane what's your strategy for uh
+winning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition we have a great great design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we have a great great design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we have a great great design
+I think like it's a really good Wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like it's a really good Wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think like it's a really good Wing
+good tail and the rest does the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good tail and the rest does the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good tail and the rest does the job
+so have a good pilot too strategy is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have a good pilot too strategy is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have a good pilot too strategy is to
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+crash so uh what advantage do your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash so uh what advantage do your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash so uh what advantage do your uh
+specific design choices give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you well like for example on the wing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well like for example on the wing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you well like for example on the wing we
+have a follow the share wing tip concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a follow the share wing tip concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a follow the share wing tip concept
+we which reduces a lot to indu track on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we which reduces a lot to indu track on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we which reduces a lot to indu track on
+the plane so that will help us achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane so that will help us achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane so that will help us achieve a
+much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better
+endurance and then the tail is a detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endurance and then the tail is a detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endurance and then the tail is a detail
+which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it's
+uh um it's better for the stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um it's better for the stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um it's better for the stability of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+planes makes it easier on a pilot yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes makes it easier on a pilot yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes makes it easier on a pilot yeah
+yeah that's true so you've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's true so you've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's true so you've been working
+on this project as a team for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this project as a team for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this project as a team for most of
+the semester what's been the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester what's been the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester what's been the most
+enjoyable part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoyable part of that
+process past week probably yeah building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process past week probably yeah building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process past week probably yeah building
+and testing yeah it's been uh a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing yeah it's been uh a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and testing yeah it's been uh a lot of
+fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh what was the toughest part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what was the toughest part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what was the toughest part about
+engineering this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering this
+system dealing with the foam cutter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dealing with the foam cutter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system dealing with the foam cutter that
+uh messes up quite frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh messes up quite frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh messes up quite frequently
+yeah uh we had a crash too uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh we had a crash too uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh we had a crash too uh which
+destroyed our first Wing but less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed our first Wing but less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed our first Wing but less than a
+week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week
+ago yeah it got us down for a bit but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago yeah it got us down for a bit but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago yeah it got us down for a bit but it
+actually led to a redesign of the wing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually led to a redesign of the wing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually led to a redesign of the wing
+and made us much more competitive so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made us much more competitive so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made us much more competitive so I
+think it was a good thing all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a good thing all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was a good thing all right well
+very best good luck and uh thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very best good luck and uh thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very best good luck and uh thanks for
+talking to us thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1kel8U86EVE.txt b/1kel8U86EVE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cac2cb87cdfd44d5f67d50b470587d8e62624ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1kel8U86EVE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ok thanks thanks for opportunity to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok thanks thanks for opportunity to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok thanks thanks for opportunity to talk
+so hi everyone it's a it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hi everyone it's a it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hi everyone it's a it's a great
+pleasure to talk here at MBL I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to talk here at MBL I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to talk here at MBL I've been
+coming to the Woods Hole Oceanographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the Woods Hole Oceanographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to the Woods Hole Oceanographic
+Institution for many years as my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution for many years as my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution for many years as my first
+thing over here at MBL and so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here at MBL and so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing over here at MBL and so I'm gonna
+try to cover three different topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cover three different topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to cover three different topics
+which is probably a little ambitious on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably a little ambitious on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably a little ambitious on
+time but there's so much I'd love to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but there's so much I'd love to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but there's so much I'd love to say
+to you I want to talk about self-driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I want to talk about self-driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I want to talk about self-driving
+cars and use it as a context to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and use it as a context to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and use it as a context to think
+about questions of representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about questions of representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about questions of representation for
+localization and mapping and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization and mapping and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization and mapping and maybe
+connected into some of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected into some of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected into some of the brain
+questions that you folks are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you folks are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you folks are interested
+in and time permitting at the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and time permitting at the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and time permitting at the ends
+mentioned a little bit of work we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a little bit of work we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a little bit of work we've
+done on object based mapping in my lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on object based mapping in my lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on object based mapping in my lab
+so my background I grew up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my background I grew up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my background I grew up in
+Philadelphia I went to UPenn for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia I went to UPenn for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia I went to UPenn for
+engineering but then I went to Oxford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but then I went to Oxford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but then I went to Oxford to
+do my PhD at a very exciting time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my PhD at a very exciting time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do my PhD at a very exciting time when
+the computer vision and robotics group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer vision and robotics group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer vision and robotics group
+was just being formed at Oxford under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just being formed at Oxford under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just being formed at Oxford under a
+Michael Brady and then I came back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Brady and then I came back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Brady and then I came back to
+MIT and started working with underwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and started working with underwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and started working with underwater
+vehicles and that's when I got involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and that's when I got involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicles and that's when I got involved
+with Woods Hole Oceanographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Woods Hole Oceanographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Woods Hole Oceanographic
+Institution and I was very fortunate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution and I was very fortunate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institution and I was very fortunate to
+join the AI lab back around 2002 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the AI lab back around 2002 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join the AI lab back around 2002 and
+then which which became part of csail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which which became part of csail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then which which became part of csail
+and and really I've been able to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really I've been able to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really I've been able to work
+with really amazing colleagues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with really amazing colleagues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with really amazing colleagues and
+amazing amazing robots and a challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing amazing robots and a challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing amazing robots and a challenging
+set of environments so autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of environments so autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of environments so autonomous
+underwater vehicles provide a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater vehicles provide a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwater vehicles provide a very
+unique challenge because we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique challenge because we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique challenge because we have very
+poor communications to them typically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor communications to them typically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor communications to them typically we
+use acoustic modems that might give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use acoustic modems that might give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use acoustic modems that might give you
+96 bytes if you're lucky every 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 bytes if you're lucky every 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 bytes if you're lucky every 10
+seconds to a few kilometers range and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to a few kilometers range and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to a few kilometers range and so
+we and we also need to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and we also need to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and we also need to think about the
+sort of constraints of running in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constraints of running in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constraints of running in real
+time on board a vehicle and so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on board a vehicle and so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on board a vehicle and so and the
+the sort of work that my labs done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of work that my labs done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of work that my labs done on
+the more we investigate more fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we investigate more fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we investigate more fundamental
+questions about robot perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about robot perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about robot perception
+navigation and mapping we also are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation and mapping we also are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation and mapping we also are
+involved in building systems so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in building systems so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in building systems so this is
+a project I did for the also Naval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project I did for the also Naval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project I did for the also Naval
+Research some years ago you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research some years ago you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Research some years ago you
+small vehicles that would reacquire mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vehicles that would reacquire mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small vehicles that would reacquire mind
+like targets on the bottom for the Navy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like targets on the bottom for the Navy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like targets on the bottom for the Navy
+and so this is an example of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is an example of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is an example of a more
+applied system where we had a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied system where we had a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied system where we had a very small
+resource constraint platform and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraint platform and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource constraint platform and the
+sort of work we did as a robot built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work we did as a robot built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work we did as a robot built a
+map as it can perform its mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map as it can perform its mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map as it can perform its mission and
+then match the map against a prior map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then match the map against a prior map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then match the map against a prior map
+to do terminal guidance to a target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do terminal guidance to a target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do terminal guidance to a target
+another big system I was involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big system I was involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big system I was involved with
+is Russ mentioned as the urban challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Russ mentioned as the urban challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Russ mentioned as the urban challenge
+and I'll say a bit about that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say a bit about that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll say a bit about that in the
+context of of self-driving cars so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of of self-driving cars so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of of self-driving cars so let's
+see so who's heard any of the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so who's heard any of the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so who's heard any of the recent
+statements from Elon Musk from text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements from Elon Musk from text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements from Elon Musk from text
+Tesla so you know he said self-driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla so you know he said self-driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tesla so you know he said self-driving
+cars are solved he said and a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars are solved he said and a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars are solved he said and a particular
+thing that he said that just made my I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he said that just made my I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that he said that just made my I
+don't know maybe steam came out of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe steam came out of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know maybe steam came out of my
+head was that he compared autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head was that he compared autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head was that he compared autonomous
+cars with elevators that used to require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars with elevators that used to require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars with elevators that used to require
+operators but are now self-service so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but are now self-service so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators but are now self-service so
+imagine you know getting in a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know getting in a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you know getting in a car
+pressing a button and arriving at MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing a button and arriving at MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing a button and arriving at MIT in
+Cambridge you know 80 miles away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge you know 80 miles away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge you know 80 miles away
+navigating through you know the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating through you know the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigating through you know the Boston
+downtown highways and intersections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown highways and intersections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown highways and intersections and
+maybe that will happen but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that will happen but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that will happen but I think it's
+going to take a lot longer than folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a lot longer than folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a lot longer than folks
+are saying and some of that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying and some of that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are saying and some of that comes from
+just fundamental questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fundamental questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fundamental questions and
+intelligence and robotics so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and robotics so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence and robotics so in a
+nutshell when musk says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell when musk says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell when musk says that
+self-driving is solved i I think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-driving is solved i I think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-driving is solved i I think he's
+wrong and as much as I admire what Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and as much as I admire what Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and as much as I admire what Tesla
+and SpaceX have done and so so to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SpaceX have done and so so to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and SpaceX have done and so so to talk
+about that instead of I think we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that instead of I think we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that instead of I think we need to
+be very honest as a field about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very honest as a field about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very honest as a field about our
+failures as well as our successes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures as well as our successes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures as well as our successes and
+try to balance what you hear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to balance what you hear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to balance what you hear in the
+media with with the reality of where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media with with the reality of where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media with with the reality of where I
+think we are and so I wanted to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are and so I wanted to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we are and so I wanted to quote
+verbatim what Russ said about the DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbatim what Russ said about the DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbatim what Russ said about the DARPA
+Robotics Challenge about a project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robotics Challenge about a project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robotics Challenge about a project that
+was so exhausting and it's just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so exhausting and it's just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so exhausting and it's just just
+all-consuming and so stressful yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-consuming and so stressful yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-consuming and so stressful yet so
+rewarding so we did this in 2006 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding so we did this in 2006 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding so we did this in 2006 and
+2007 my wonderful colleague Steph teller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 my wonderful colleague Steph teller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 my wonderful colleague Steph teller
+John Howe Amelio for Thole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Howe Amelio for Thole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Howe Amelio for Thole
+amazing students and postdocs we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing students and postdocs we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing students and postdocs we had a
+very large team and we tried to push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large team and we tried to push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large team and we tried to push the
+limit on what was possible with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on what was possible with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on what was possible with
+perception and real-time motion planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and real-time motion planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and real-time motion planning
+so our vehicle built a local map as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our vehicle built a local map as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our vehicle built a local map as it
+traveled from its perceptual data using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled from its perceptual data using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled from its perceptual data using
+data from laser scanners and and cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from laser scanners and and cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from laser scanners and and cameras
+and we didn't want to blindly follow GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't want to blindly follow GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we didn't want to blindly follow GPS
+we wanted the car to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted the car to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted the car to make
+zone decisions because GPS navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone decisions because GPS navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone decisions because GPS navigation
+was part of the original quest with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the original quest with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the original quest with the
+challenge and so we my teller and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and so we my teller and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and so we my teller and a
+student Albert laning developed a vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Albert laning developed a vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student Albert laning developed a vision
+based perceptual system where the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based perceptual system where the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based perceptual system where the car
+tried to detect from curbs and lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to detect from curbs and lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to detect from curbs and lane
+markings and very challenging vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and very challenging vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and very challenging vision
+conditions for example looking into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for example looking into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for example looking into the
+Sun which you'll see in a second in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun which you'll see in a second in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun which you'll see in a second in a
+really challenging situation for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging situation for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging situation for trying
+to perceive the world and so our vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perceive the world and so our vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perceive the world and so our vehicle
+at the time we we went a little crazy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time we we went a little crazy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time we we went a little crazy on
+computation we had 10 blades each with 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we had 10 blades each with 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we had 10 blades each with 4
+cores for 40 cores which may not seem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores for 40 cores which may not seem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores for 40 cores which may not seem a
+lot now but we needed 3.5 kilowatts just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot now but we needed 3.5 kilowatts just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot now but we needed 3.5 kilowatts just
+to power the computer at full tilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to power the computer at full tilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to power the computer at full tilt
+we fully loaded the computer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fully loaded the computer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fully loaded the computer with a
+randomized motion plan and with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized motion plan and with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized motion plan and with all
+these perception algorithms we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perception algorithms we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perception algorithms we had a
+valid ein laser scanner on the roof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid ein laser scanner on the roof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid ein laser scanner on the roof and
+about 12 other laser scanners 5 cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 other laser scanners 5 cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 12 other laser scanners 5 cameras
+15 radars and we really pushed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 radars and we really pushed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 radars and we really pushed the
+envelope on algorithms and and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope on algorithms and and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope on algorithms and and so when
+faced with a choice in a DARPA challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a choice in a DARPA challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced with a choice in a DARPA challenge
+if you want to win it all costs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to win it all costs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to win it all costs you
+might simplify or try to read the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might simplify or try to read the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might simplify or try to read the rules
+carefully or guess the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully or guess the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully or guess the rule
+simplifications but that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications but that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications but that would have
+meant just sort of turning off the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant just sort of turning off the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant just sort of turning off the work
+of our PhD students and we didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our PhD students and we didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our PhD students and we didn't want
+to do that so at the end of the day all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so at the end of the day all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that so at the end of the day all
+credit to the teams that did well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit to the teams that did well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit to the teams that did well
+Carnegie Mellon first $2,000,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie Mellon first $2,000,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carnegie Mellon first $2,000,000
+Stanford second $1,000,000 Virginia Tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford second $1,000,000 Virginia Tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford second $1,000,000 Virginia Tech
+third half-a-million dollars MIT 4th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third half-a-million dollars MIT 4th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third half-a-million dollars MIT 4th and
+nothing for fourth place but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing for fourth place but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing for fourth place but it was
+quite an amazing experience and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an amazing experience and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite an amazing experience and in this
+period of advertising our our failures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of advertising our our failures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of advertising our our failures I
+think I've time to show this this used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've time to show this this used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I've time to show this this used
+to be painful for me to watch but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be painful for me to watch but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be painful for me to watch but now
+I've gotten over it this is our we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten over it this is our we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gotten over it this is our we had
+even though we finished the race we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we finished the race we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we finished the race we had
+a few incidents of DARPA stop things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few incidents of DARPA stop things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few incidents of DARPA stop things to
+let us continue that's Carnegie Mellon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us continue that's Carnegie Mellon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us continue that's Carnegie Mellon
+who won the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two behind Virginia Tech Virginia Tech a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two behind Virginia Tech Virginia Tech a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two behind Virginia Tech Virginia Tech a
+little issue we were trying to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little issue we were trying to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little issue we were trying to pass
+Cornell for a few minutes 79 is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell for a few minutes 79 is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell for a few minutes 79 is trying
+to pass and has passed the chase vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass and has passed the chase vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass and has passed the chase vehicle
+for Skynet the 26 vehicle Wow and Talon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Skynet the 26 vehicle Wow and Talon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Skynet the 26 vehicle Wow and Talon
+he's gonna and talus is going to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna and talus is going to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's gonna and talus is going to pass
+very that's a maneuver so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's a maneuver so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that's a maneuver so so what
+actually happened so so it turned out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened so so it turned out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happened so so it turned out we
+Cornell we're having problems with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell we're having problems with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell we're having problems with their
+actuators they were sort of stopping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators they were sort of stopping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuators they were sort of stopping and
+starting and stopping and starting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and stopping and starting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting and stopping and starting and
+and we we had some problems it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we had some problems it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we had some problems it turned
+out we had about five bugs they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we had about five bugs they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we had about five bugs they had
+about five bugs that interacted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five bugs that interacted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five bugs that interacted and
+here's how computers I sort of brain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how computers I sort of brain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how computers I sort of brain of
+the robots view now back you know seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robots view now back you know seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robots view now back you know seven
+we weren't using a lot of vision for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't using a lot of vision for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't using a lot of vision for
+object detection and classification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object detection and classification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object detection and classification so
+with the laser scanner the the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laser scanner the the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laser scanner the the vehicle
+the Cornell vehicles they are it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cornell vehicles they are it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cornell vehicles they are it has a
+license plate it has taillights it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license plate it has taillights it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license plate it has taillights it has a
+big number 26 it's on the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number 26 it's on the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number 26 it's on the middle of a
+road we should know that's a car stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we should know that's a car stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road we should know that's a car stay
+away from it but to the laser scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it but to the laser scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it but to the laser scanner
+it's just a blob of laser scanner data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a blob of laser scanner data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a blob of laser scanner data
+and and even when we pulled around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and even when we pulled around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and even when we pulled around the
+side of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the car
+we weren't clever enough with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't clever enough with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't clever enough with our
+algorithms to sort of fill in the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to sort of fill in the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to sort of fill in the fact
+that it's a card you have the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a card you have the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a card you have the problem
+when it starts moving at the aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it starts moving at the aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it starts moving at the aperture
+problem that as you're moving and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that as you're moving and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that as you're moving and it's
+moving it's very hard to tell and deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's very hard to tell and deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving it's very hard to tell and deduce
+the true motion now another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true motion now another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true motion now another thing that
+happened was so we had a threshold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was so we had a threshold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened was so we had a threshold and
+so in our 150 thousand lines of code are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our 150 thousand lines of code are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our 150 thousand lines of code are
+wonderfully gifted student who's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully gifted student who's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully gifted student who's now a
+tenured professor at Michigan at Olson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenured professor at Michigan at Olson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenured professor at Michigan at Olson
+had a threshold of 3 meters per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a threshold of 3 meters per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a threshold of 3 meters per second
+so anything moving faster than 3 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything moving faster than 3 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything moving faster than 3 meters
+per second could be a car anything less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second could be a car anything less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second could be a car anything less
+than 3 meters per second couldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 3 meters per second couldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 3 meters per second couldn't be a
+car now that might seem kind of silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car now that might seem kind of silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car now that might seem kind of silly
+but it turns out that slowly moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that slowly moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that slowly moving
+obstacles are much harder to detect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles are much harder to detect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles are much harder to detect and
+classify than fast moving obstacles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify than fast moving obstacles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify than fast moving obstacles
+that's one reason that city driving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason that city driving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one reason that city driving or
+driving say in a shopping mall parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving say in a shopping mall parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving say in a shopping mall parking
+lot is actually in many ways more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is actually in many ways more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot is actually in many ways more
+challenging than driving on the highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging than driving on the highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging than driving on the highway
+and so despite our best efforts to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so despite our best efforts to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so despite our best efforts to stop
+at the last minute you know we steered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last minute you know we steered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last minute you know we steered
+into the car and have this little minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the car and have this little minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the car and have this little minor
+fender-bender but one thing that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fender-bender but one thing that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fender-bender but one thing that we did
+is we we made all our data available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we we made all our data available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we we made all our data available
+open source and we actually wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source and we actually wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source and we actually wrote a
+journal article on this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal article on this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal article on this and this
+incident and a few others and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and a few others and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and a few others and so if
+you'd ask me then in 2007 I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd ask me then in 2007 I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd ask me then in 2007 I would have
+said we're a long way from turning a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're a long way from turning a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we're a long way from turning a car
+loose on the streets of Boston you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose on the streets of Boston you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose on the streets of Boston you know
+with absolutely no user input and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolutely no user input and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolutely no user input and the
+real challenges are uncertainty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real challenges are uncertainty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real challenges are uncertainty and
+robustness and developing robust systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness and developing robust systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness and developing robust systems
+that really work and but for our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really work and but for our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really work and but for our system
+some of the some of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the some of the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the some of the algorithm
+progress we made I mentioned the lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress we made I mentioned the lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress we made I mentioned the lane
+tracking Albert Wang who's now I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking Albert Wang who's now I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking Albert Wang who's now I think
+working at Google developed was given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at Google developed was given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at Google developed was given
+very sparse I'd say about ten percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse I'd say about ten percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sparse I'd say about ten percent of
+the recent graduates are more working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent graduates are more working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent graduates are more working at
+Google these days oh okay and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google these days oh okay and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google these days oh okay and then and
+here is a video for from our qualifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a video for from our qualifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a video for from our qualifying
+for the national for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the national for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the national for the for the
+qualifying event to get into the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifying event to get into the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifying event to get into the final
+race we had to navigate whoops I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race we had to navigate whoops I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race we had to navigate whoops I can't
+press the mouse it's going to stop so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the mouse it's going to stop so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the mouse it's going to stop so we
+I had to so we had to navigate along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to so we had to navigate along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to so we had to navigate along a
+curved road with very sparse waypoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved road with very sparse waypoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved road with very sparse waypoints
+and so in real-time the computer has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in real-time the computer has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in real-time the computer has to
+make decisions about what it sees where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions about what it sees where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions about what it sees where
+is the road where am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the road where am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the road where am I
+are there obstacles and there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there obstacles and there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there obstacles and there are no
+parked cars in this situation but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parked cars in this situation but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parked cars in this situation but other
+stretches had parked cars in our car and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches had parked cars in our car and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretches had parked cars in our car and
+in a nutshell our if our robot became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nutshell our if our robot became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nutshell our if our robot became
+confused about where the road was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about where the road was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about where the road was it
+would stop it would sort of have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stop it would sort of have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stop it would sort of have to wait
+and get its courage up but like lowering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get its courage up but like lowering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get its courage up but like lowering
+its thresholds as it was stuck but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thresholds as it was stuck but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its thresholds as it was stuck but we
+were the only team to our knowledge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the only team to our knowledge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the only team to our knowledge to
+qualify without actually adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify without actually adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualify without actually adding
+waypoints so it turns out the other top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waypoints so it turns out the other top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waypoints so it turns out the other top
+teams they just went in with a Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams they just went in with a Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams they just went in with a Google
+satellite image and just added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite image and just added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite image and just added a
+breadcrumb trail for the robot to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadcrumb trail for the robot to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadcrumb trail for the robot to follow
+simplifying the perception so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the perception so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the perception so this was
+back in O 7 now let's fast forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in O 7 now let's fast forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in O 7 now let's fast forward to
+2015 and right now so of course we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 and right now so of course we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 and right now so of course we have
+the Google self-driving car which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google self-driving car which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google self-driving car which has
+just been an amazing project and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been an amazing project and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been an amazing project and you've
+all probably seen these videos each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably seen these videos each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably seen these videos each with
+millions of hits on YouTube you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of hits on YouTube you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of hits on YouTube you know the
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+the earlier one of taking a blind person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier one of taking a blind person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier one of taking a blind person
+for a ride to Taco Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a ride to Taco Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a ride to Taco Bell
+this was driving that was 2012 city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was driving that was 2012 city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was driving that was 2012 city
+streets in 2014 spring 2015 and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets in 2014 spring 2015 and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets in 2014 spring 2015 and then the
+new Google car which won't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Google car which won't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Google car which won't have a
+steering wheel in its final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering wheel in its final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steering wheel in its final
+instantiation won't have pedals it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation won't have pedals it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantiation won't have pedals it'll
+just have a stop button and that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a stop button and that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a stop button and that's your
+analogy to the elevator and and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to the elevator and and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy to the elevator and and so I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+that the Google project is in whoo cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Google project is in whoo cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Google project is in whoo cars
+an amazing research project that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing research project that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing research project that might
+one day transform mobility and it but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day transform mobility and it but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day transform mobility and it but I
+do think and with all sincerity sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think and with all sincerity sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think and with all sincerity sorry I
+wrote in the Google car last summer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the Google car last summer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote in the Google car last summer I
+was blown away I felt like I was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was blown away I felt like I was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was blown away I felt like I was on the
+beach at Kitty Hawk you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach at Kitty Hawk you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach at Kitty Hawk you know it's like
+this just really profound technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just really profound technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just really profound technology
+that could in the long term have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could in the long term have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could in the long term have a very
+big impact and I have amazing respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big impact and I have amazing respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big impact and I have amazing respect
+for that team Chris Urmson Mike Monson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that team Chris Urmson Mike Monson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that team Chris Urmson Mike Monson
+Merlot etc but I think in the media and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merlot etc but I think in the media and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merlot etc but I think in the media and
+in others the technology has been a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in others the technology has been a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in others the technology has been a bit
+overhyped and it's poorly misunderstood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhyped and it's poorly misunderstood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhyped and it's poorly misunderstood
+and a lot of it goes down to how the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it goes down to how the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it goes down to how the car
+localizes itself how it uses prior maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizes itself how it uses prior maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localizes itself how it uses prior maps
+and how they simplify the task of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they simplify the task of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they simplify the task of
+driving and so even though people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and so even though people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving and so even though people like
+musk have said driving is a solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musk have said driving is a solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musk have said driving is a solved
+problem I think we have to be aware that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think we have to be aware that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think we have to be aware that
+just because it works for Google doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it works for Google doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because it works for Google doesn't
+mean it will work for everybody else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it will work for everybody else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it will work for everybody else so
+critical differences between Google and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical differences between Google and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical differences between Google and
+say everyone else and this is with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say everyone else and this is with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say everyone else and this is with all
+respect to all players you know I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all players you know I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to all players you know I'm not
+trying to criticize it's more just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to criticize it's more just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to criticize it's more just
+trying to balance the debate is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to balance the debate is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to balance the debate is if you
+the Google car localizes on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google car localizes on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google car localizes on the left
+with a prior map where they map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a prior map where they map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a prior map where they map the
+lighter intensity off of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter intensity off of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter intensity off of the ground
+surface and they will annotate the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and they will annotate the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and they will annotate the map
+by hand adding pedestrian crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand adding pedestrian crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hand adding pedestrian crossings
+adding adding stoplights they'll drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding adding stoplights they'll drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding adding stoplights they'll drive a
+car around many many times and then do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car around many many times and then do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car around many many times and then do a
+slam process to optimize the map but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slam process to optimize the map but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slam process to optimize the map but if
+the world changes they're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world changes they're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world changes they're going to have
+to adapt to that now they've shown the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adapt to that now they've shown the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adapt to that now they've shown the
+ability to do response to construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do response to construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to do response to construction
+by cyclists with hand signals when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cyclists with hand signals when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cyclists with hand signals when I was
+in the car we crossed a railroad tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the car we crossed a railroad tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the car we crossed a railroad tracks
+that just blew me away I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just blew me away I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just blew me away I mean it's
+pretty impressive capability but more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive capability but more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty impressive capability but more a
+vision based approach that just follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision based approach that just follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision based approach that just follows
+the lane markings if the lane markings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lane markings if the lane markings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lane markings if the lane markings
+are good everything's fine in fact Tesla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good everything's fine in fact Tesla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good everything's fine in fact Tesla
+either just have released are about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either just have released are about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either just have released are about to
+release their autopilot software which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release their autopilot software which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release their autopilot software which
+is an advanced lane-keeping system an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an advanced lane-keeping system an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an advanced lane-keeping system an
+Elon Musk you know a few weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elon Musk you know a few weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elon Musk you know a few weeks ago
+posted on Twitter that you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on Twitter that you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on Twitter that you know there's
+one last corner case for us to fix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last corner case for us to fix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last corner case for us to fix and
+apparently he on part of his commute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently he on part of his commute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently he on part of his commute in
+the Los Angeles area there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Los Angeles area there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Los Angeles area there's
+well-defined lane markings and part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined lane markings and part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined lane markings and part of
+it is sort of a concrete road with weeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sort of a concrete road with weeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is sort of a concrete road with weeds
+and skid marks and so forth and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skid marks and so forth and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skid marks and so forth and he said
+that he said publicly that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he said publicly that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he said publicly that the system
+works well if the lane markings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well if the lane markings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well if the lane markings are
+well-defined but for more challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined but for more challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined but for more challenging
+vision conditions like looking into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision conditions like looking into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision conditions like looking into the
+Sun it doesn't work as well and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun it doesn't work as well and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun it doesn't work as well and so the
+critical distant difference is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical distant difference is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical distant difference is if you're
+going to use the lidar with prior maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the lidar with prior maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the lidar with prior maps
+you can do very precise localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do very precise localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do very precise localization
+down to sort of less than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to sort of less than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to sort of less than 10
+centimetres accuracy and the way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimetres accuracy and the way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimetres accuracy and the way I think
+about it is robot navigations about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is robot navigations about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is robot navigations about
+three things where is the where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things where is the where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things where is the where do you
+want the robot to be where does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the robot to be where does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the robot to be where does the
+robot think it is and where really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot think it is and where really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot think it is and where really is
+the robot and when the robot thinks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot and when the robot thinks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robot and when the robot thinks it's
+in the wrong if it thinks it's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong if it thinks it's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong if it thinks it's somewhere
+but it's really somewhere different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really somewhere different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really somewhere different
+that's really bad that happens we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really bad that happens we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really bad that happens we've
+lost underwater vehicles and had very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost underwater vehicles and had very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost underwater vehicles and had very
+nervous searches to find them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous searches to find them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous searches to find them you know
+luckily when the robots that have made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily when the robots that have made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily when the robots that have made a
+mistake and and so with the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and and so with the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and and so with the Google
+approach they really nail this where am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach they really nail this where am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach they really nail this where am
+i problem the localization problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i problem the localization problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i problem the localization problem but
+it means having an expensive lighter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means having an expensive lighter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means having an expensive lighter it
+means having accurate maps it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means having accurate maps it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means having accurate maps it means
+maintaining them one critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining them one critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining them one critical
+distinction is between level 4 and level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is between level 4 and level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction is between level 4 and level
+3 these are definitions of autonomy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 these are definitions of autonomy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 these are definitions of autonomy from
+the from the US government from nitsa a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the US government from nitsa a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the US government from nitsa a
+level 4 car is what Google are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 4 car is what Google are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level 4 car is what Google are trying to
+do now which is really you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now which is really you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now which is really you just you
+could go to sleep the car has a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to sleep the car has a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to sleep the car has a hundred
+percent control you couldn't intervene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent control you couldn't intervene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent control you couldn't intervene
+if you wanted to you just press a button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to you just press a button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to you just press a button
+and go to sleep wake up at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to sleep wake up at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to sleep wake up at your
+destination musk has said that he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination musk has said that he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination musk has said that he thinks
+within five years you can go to sleep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within five years you can go to sleep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within five years you can go to sleep in
+your car which to me I just five decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car which to me I just five decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car which to me I just five decades
+would impress me to be honest and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would impress me to be honest and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would impress me to be honest and the
+but level three is when the car is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but level three is when the car is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but level three is when the car is going
+to do most of the job but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do most of the job but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do most of the job but you have to
+take over if something goes wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over if something goes wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over if something goes wrong and
+for example Delfy drove 99% of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Delfy drove 99% of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Delfy drove 99% of the way
+across the u.s. in spring of this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the u.s. in spring of this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the u.s. in spring of this year
+which is pretty impressive but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty impressive but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty impressive but they
+fifty miles had to be driven by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty miles had to be driven by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifty miles had to be driven by people
+getting on and off of highways and city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on and off of highways and city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting on and off of highways and city
+streets and so there's something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and so there's something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets and so there's something about
+human nature and the way humans interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature and the way humans interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature and the way humans interact
+with autonomous systems that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with autonomous systems that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with autonomous systems that it's
+actually kind of hard for a person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of hard for a person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of hard for a person to
+pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention
+imagine if ninety nine percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if ninety nine percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if ninety nine percent of the
+card then ninety percent ninety nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card then ninety percent ninety nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card then ninety percent ninety nine
+percent of the time the car does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time the car does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time the car does it
+perfectly but one percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but one percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly but one percent of the time
+it's about to make a mistake and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about to make a mistake and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about to make a mistake and you
+have to be alert to take over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be alert to take over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be alert to take over and
+research experience from aviation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research experience from aviation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research experience from aviation has
+shown that humans are actually bad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that humans are actually bad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that humans are actually bad at
+that and so and another issue is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so and another issue is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so and another issue is and
+this is the I mean Mountain View is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the I mean Mountain View is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the I mean Mountain View is
+pretty complicated lots of cyclists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated lots of cyclists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated lots of cyclists
+pedestrians I mentioned the railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians I mentioned the railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrians I mentioned the railroad
+crossings construction but in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings construction but in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossings construction but in California
+they've had this historic drought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had this historic drought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had this historic drought and
+most of the testing has been done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the testing has been done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the testing has been done with
+no rain for example and no snow and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rain for example and no snow and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rain for example and no snow and if
+you think about Boston and Boston roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about Boston and Boston roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about Boston and Boston roads
+there are some pretty challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some pretty challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some pretty challenging
+situations and so for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and so for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and so for myself
+when I first a couple years ago I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first a couple years ago I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first a couple years ago I said I
+didn't expect a taxi in Manhattan in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect a taxi in Manhattan in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect a taxi in Manhattan in my
+lifetime a fully autonomous taxi to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime a fully autonomous taxi to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime a fully autonomous taxi to go
+anywhere in Manhattan and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in Manhattan and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in Manhattan and I got
+criticized online for saying that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized online for saying that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized online for saying that so so
+I've been um so I got to put a dash cam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been um so I got to put a dash cam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been um so I got to put a dash cam
+on my car and actually had my son record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my car and actually had my son record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my car and actually had my son record
+cell phone footage this is the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone footage this is the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone footage this is the upper
+left is making a left turn near my house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is making a left turn near my house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is making a left turn near my house
+and in in Newton Mass and if you look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in Newton Mass and if you look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in Newton Mass and if you look to
+the right there's cars as far as the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there's cars as far as the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right there's cars as far as the eye
+can see and if you look to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see and if you look to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see and if you look to the left
+there's cars coming at pretty high rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cars coming at pretty high rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cars coming at pretty high rate
+of speed with a mailbox and a tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speed with a mailbox and a tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speed with a mailbox and a tree and
+if you this is a really challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you this is a really challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you this is a really challenging
+behavior for a human because it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for a human because it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for a human because it requires
+making a decision in real time we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision in real time we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a decision in real time we want
+very high reliability in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high reliability in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high reliability in terms of
+detecting the cars coming from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting the cars coming from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detecting the cars coming from the left
+but the way that I pulled out is to wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way that I pulled out is to wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way that I pulled out is to wave
+at a person in another car and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a person in another car and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a person in another car and those
+sort of nods and nods and waves there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nods and nods and waves there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nods and nods and waves there's
+some of the most challenging forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most challenging forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the most challenging forms of
+human human-computer interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human human-computer interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human human-computer interaction so
+imagine vision algorithms that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine vision algorithms that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine vision algorithms that could
+detect you know a person nodding at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect you know a person nodding at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect you know a person nodding at you
+from the other direction or here here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other direction or here here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other direction or here here's
+another situation this is going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another situation this is going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another situation this is going through
+Coolidge corner in Brookline and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coolidge corner in Brookline and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coolidge corner in Brookline and I'll
+show a longer version of this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a longer version of this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a longer version of this in a
+second but the lights green and see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but the lights green and see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but the lights green and see here
+this police officer so despite the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this police officer so despite the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this police officer so despite the green
+light the police officer just raises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the police officer just raises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the police officer just raises
+their hand and that means a signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand and that means a signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand and that means a signal to
+stop and so interacting with crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and so interacting with crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop and so interacting with crossing
+guards and people very challenging as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards and people very challenging as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guards and people very challenging as
+well as changes to the road surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as changes to the road surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as changes to the road surface and
+of course adverse weather and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course adverse weather and so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course adverse weather and so here's
+the longer sequence for that police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer sequence for that police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer sequence for that police
+officer and here first of all you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer and here first of all you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer and here first of all you'll see
+flashing lights on the left which may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing lights on the left which may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing lights on the left which may be
+flashing lights you should pull over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing lights you should pull over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing lights you should pull over
+here you should just drive past them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you should just drive past them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you should just drive past them
+it's just the cop left his lights on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the cop left his lights on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the cop left his lights on
+when he parked his car but the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he parked his car but the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he parked his car but the lights
+red and this police officer is waving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and this police officer is waving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and this police officer is waving me
+through a red light which i think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a red light which i think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a red light which i think is a
+really advanced behavior so imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really advanced behavior so imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really advanced behavior so imagine a
+car that's you know you imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's you know you imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's you know you imagine the
+logic for okay stop at red lights unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic for okay stop at red lights unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic for okay stop at red lights unless
+there's a police officer waving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a police officer waving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a police officer waving you
+through it you know and then how you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it you know and then how you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it you know and then how you get
+that reliable and now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reliable and now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reliable and now we're going to
+pull up to the next intersection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up to the next intersection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull up to the next intersection and
+this police officer is going to stop at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this police officer is going to stop at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this police officer is going to stop at
+a green light and and so despite all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green light and and so despite all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green light and and so despite all the
+recent progress and vision things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent progress and vision things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent progress and vision things like
+image labeling imagenet most of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image labeling imagenet most of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image labeling imagenet most of those
+systems are trained with vast archives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are trained with vast archives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are trained with vast archives
+of images from the internet where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images from the internet where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of images from the internet where
+there's no context and they're so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no context and they're so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no context and they're so
+challenging for even humans to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for even humans to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging for even humans to classify
+so that if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that if you had
+you know some some data sets like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some data sets like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some some data sets like the
+Cal Tech pedestrian data said if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal Tech pedestrian data said if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cal Tech pedestrian data said if you got
+78% performance that's really good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78% performance that's really good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78% performance that's really good but
+we need 99.9999% or better performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need 99.9999% or better performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need 99.9999% or better performance
+before we're going to turn cars loose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're going to turn cars loose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're going to turn cars loose in
+the wild in these challenging situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild in these challenging situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wild in these challenging situations
+now going back more to localization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back more to localization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going back more to localization and
+mapping here I collected data for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping here I collected data for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping here I collected data for about
+three or four weeks my commuting this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four weeks my commuting this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four weeks my commuting this is
+crossing the massive bridge going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the massive bridge going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the massive bridge going from
+Boston into into Cambridge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston into into Cambridge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston into into Cambridge and the
+lighting is a little tricky but show me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting is a little tricky but show me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting is a little tricky but show me
+will tell me what's different between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me what's different between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me what's different between
+the top and the bottom video anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the bottom video anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the bottom video anyone
+notice by the way how close we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way how close we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice by the way how close we come to
+this truck you know if the slightest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truck you know if the slightest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truck you know if the slightest
+angular error in your position estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular error in your position estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular error in your position estimate
+you know really bad things could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really bad things could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really bad things could happen
+but the top between the this is a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the top between the this is a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the top between the this is a long
+weekend this is a Veterans Day weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend this is a Veterans Day weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend this is a Veterans Day weekend
+they repaved the massive bridge so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they repaved the massive bridge so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they repaved the massive bridge so on
+the bottom the lane lines are gone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom the lane lines are gone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom the lane lines are gone and
+so if you had an appearance based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had an appearance based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had an appearance based
+localization algorithm like Google's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization algorithm like Google's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization algorithm like Google's you
+would need to remap the bridge before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to remap the bridge before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to remap the bridge before
+you drove on it but the lines aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drove on it but the lines aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you drove on it but the lines aren't
+there yet and how well is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet and how well is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet and how well is it going to
+work and so this is just a really tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so this is just a really tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and so this is just a really tricky
+situation and of course there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and of course there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and of course there's there's
+weather now snow is difficult for things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather now snow is difficult for things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather now snow is difficult for things
+like traction and control but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traction and control but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like traction and control but for
+perception if you look at how the Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception if you look at how the Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception if you look at how the Google
+car actually works if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car actually works if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car actually works if you're going to
+localize yourself based on how precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize yourself based on how precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localize yourself based on how precisely
+you precisely know in the cars position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you precisely know in the cars position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you precisely know in the cars position
+down to centimeters so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to centimeters so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to centimeters so that you can
+predict what you should see then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what you should see then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what you should see then if you
+if you can't see the road surface you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't see the road surface you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't see the road surface you're
+not going to be able to localize and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to localize and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to localize and so
+this is you know just a reminder of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know just a reminder of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know just a reminder of the
+sorts of maps that Google uses so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of maps that Google uses so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of maps that Google uses so I
+think to make it to really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to make it to really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to make it to really like
+challenging weather and very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging weather and very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging weather and very complex
+environments we need a higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments we need a higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments we need a higher level
+understanding of the world I think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world I think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world I think more
+as semantics or object based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as semantics or object based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as semantics or object based
+understanding of the world and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world and then of
+course there's difficulties in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's difficulties in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's difficulties in
+perception and so what do you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and so what do you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and so what do you see in
+this picture the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture the Sun
+there's a green light there I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a green light there I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a green light there I realized
+the lighting is really harsh and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting is really harsh and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lighting is really harsh and maybe
+you could do polarization or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do polarization or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do polarization or something
+better but does anyone see the traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but does anyone see the traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but does anyone see the traffic
+cop standing there you can just make out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop standing there you can just make out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop standing there you can just make out
+his legs there's a policeman there who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his legs there's a policeman there who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his legs there's a policeman there who
+who gave me this little wave even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gave me this little wave even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who gave me this little wave even though
+I was sort of blinded by the Sun and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sort of blinded by the Sun and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sort of blinded by the Sun and he
+walked out and put his back to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked out and put his back to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked out and put his back to me and
+was waving pedestrians across even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was waving pedestrians across even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was waving pedestrians across even
+though the light was green so a purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the light was green so a purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the light was green so a purely
+vision based system is going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision based system is going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision based system is going to just
+need dramatic leaps in visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need dramatic leaps in visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need dramatic leaps in visual
+performance so so to wrap up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so so to wrap up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so so to wrap up the
+self-driving car part I think the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-driving car part I think the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-driving car part I think the big
+questions going forward technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions going forward technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions going forward technical
+challenges maintaining the maps dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges maintaining the maps dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges maintaining the maps dealing
+with adverse weather interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with adverse weather interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with adverse weather interacting with
+people both inside and outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people both inside and outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people both inside and outside of the
+car and then getting truly robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and then getting truly robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and then getting truly robust
+computer vision algorithms just we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision algorithms just we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer vision algorithms just we want
+to get in a totally different place on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in a totally different place on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in a totally different place on
+the Opera ROC curves or the precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Opera ROC curves or the precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Opera ROC curves or the precision
+recall curves we're approaching perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall curves we're approaching perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall curves we're approaching perfect
+detection with no false alarms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection with no false alarms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection with no false alarms and
+that's a really hard thing to do so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really hard thing to do so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really hard thing to do so I've
+worked my whole life on the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked my whole life on the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked my whole life on the robot
+mapping and localization problem and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping and localization problem and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping and localization problem and for
+this audience I wanted to just ask you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this audience I wanted to just ask you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this audience I wanted to just ask you a
+little question said even know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question said even know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question said even know what the
+2014 Nobel Prize in medicine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 Nobel Prize in medicine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2014 Nobel Prize in medicine or
+physiology was for anybody grid cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology was for anybody grid cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiology was for anybody grid cells
+grid cells and play cells and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid cells and play cells and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid cells and play cells and so this is
+sort of has been called slam in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has been called slam in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has been called slam in the
+brain now you might argue and we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain now you might argue and we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain now you might argue and we might
+be very far from from knowing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very far from from knowing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very far from from knowing but I
+think it's just really exciting to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just really exciting to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just really exciting to so
+for myself I'll explain I've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for myself I'll explain I've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for myself I'll explain I've had a
+what's called a no one-armed URI grant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a no one-armed URI grant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a no one-armed URI grant a
+multidisciplinary university research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisciplinary university research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multidisciplinary university research
+initiative grant with my casa mo and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative grant with my casa mo and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative grant with my casa mo and his
+colleagues at Boston University and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at Boston University and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at Boston University and
+these are a couple of Mike's videos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a couple of Mike's videos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are a couple of Mike's videos and
+so I think I think Matt Wilson spoke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I think Matt Wilson spoke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think I think Matt Wilson spoke to
+your group and the notion that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group and the notion that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group and the notion that in the
+internal cortex that there there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal cortex that there there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal cortex that there there is this
+sort of position information that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of position information that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of position information that's very
+metrical and it seems to be at the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrical and it seems to be at the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrical and it seems to be at the heart
+of memory formation to me is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory formation to me is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory formation to me is very
+powerful and very important and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and very important and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and very important and so we
+have this underlying question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this underlying question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this underlying question of
+representation how do we represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation how do we represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation how do we represent the
+world and how do we and I I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how do we and I I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how do we and I I believe
+location is just absolutely vital to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is just absolutely vital to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location is just absolutely vital to
+building memories into developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building memories into developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building memories into developing
+advanced reasoning of the world and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced reasoning of the world and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced reasoning of the world and the
+fact that that grid cells exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that grid cells exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that grid cells exist
+to me and they have this role in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and they have this role in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and they have this role in memory
+formation is just this really exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is just this really exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is just this really exciting
+concept and so in in in robotics we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and so in in in robotics we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and so in in in robotics we've
+we call the problem of how a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the problem of how a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the problem of how a robot
+builds a map and use that map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a map and use that map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds a map and use that map to
+navigate slam simultaneous localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate slam simultaneous localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate slam simultaneous localization
+and mapping this is for a PRT robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mapping this is for a PRT robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mapping this is for a PRT robot
+being driven around the second floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being driven around the second floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being driven around the second floor of
+our building not far from Patrick's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our building not far from Patrick's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our building not far from Patrick's
+office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office
+if you've recognized any of that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've recognized any of that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've recognized any of that and we
+this is using stereo vision this my PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is using stereo vision this my PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is using stereo vision this my PhD
+student hardly Johansson who graduated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student hardly Johansson who graduated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student hardly Johansson who graduated a
+couple years ago created a system to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago created a system to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years ago created a system to do
+real-time slam and try to address how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time slam and try to address how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time slam and try to address how to
+get temporally scalable representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get temporally scalable representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get temporally scalable representations
+and one thing you'll see was the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing you'll see was the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing you'll see was the robot
+goes around occasionally is loop closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around occasionally is loop closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes around occasionally is loop closing
+where the robot might come back and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the robot might come back and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the robot might come back and have
+like an error and then correct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an error and then correct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an error and then correct that
+error so this is the part of the slam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so this is the part of the slam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so this is the part of the slam
+problem that in some ways is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that in some ways is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that in some ways is well
+understood in robotics which is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood in robotics which is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood in robotics which is how you
+detect features from images track them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect features from images track them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect features from images track them
+over time and try to sort of bootstrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and try to sort of bootstrap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and try to sort of bootstrap
+up building a representation and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up building a representation and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up building a representation and using
+that to locate your estimation and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to locate your estimation and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to locate your estimation and I've
+worked on this my whole career and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this my whole career and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on this my whole career and as a
+grad student at Oxford I had very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student at Oxford I had very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad student at Oxford I had very
+primitive sensors so I for historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive sensors so I for historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive sensors so I for historical
+slam talk I recently digitized an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slam talk I recently digitized an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slam talk I recently digitized an old
+video and some old pictures this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and some old pictures this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and some old pictures this was in
+the basement of the engineering building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basement of the engineering building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basement of the engineering building
+at Oxford I had a this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oxford I had a this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Oxford I had a this is just the
+localization part of how you have a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization part of how you have a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization part of how you have a map
+and you generate predictions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you generate predictions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you generate predictions in this
+case for sonar measurements and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for sonar measurements and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for sonar measurements and at the
+time there we had the I'm sitting at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there we had the I'm sitting at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there we had the I'm sitting at a
+Sun workstation to my left is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun workstation to my left is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun workstation to my left is something
+called a data cube which for about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a data cube which for about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a data cube which for about a
+hundred thousand dollars could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars could just
+barely do like real-time camera frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely do like real-time camera frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely do like real-time camera frame
+grabbing and then edge detection Wow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing and then edge detection Wow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabbing and then edge detection Wow and
+so vision just wasn't ready and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vision just wasn't ready and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so vision just wasn't ready and and the
+exciting thing now in our field as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting thing now in our field as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting thing now in our field as
+vision is ready that we're really using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is ready that we're really using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision is ready that we're really using
+vision in a substantial way but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision in a substantial way but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision in a substantial way but I think
+a lot about prediction if you know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about prediction if you know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about prediction if you know your
+position you can predict what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can predict what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can predict what you should
+see and create a feedback loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and create a feedback loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and create a feedback loop and
+that's sort of what we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of what we're trying to do
+and so slam is a wonderful problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so slam is a wonderful problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so slam is a wonderful problem for
+thinking for I believe for addressing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for I believe for addressing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking for I believe for addressing a
+whole great set of questions because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole great set of questions because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole great set of questions because
+there are these different axes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these different axes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these different axes of
+difficulty that interact with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty that interact with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty that interact with one
+another and one is representation how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and one is representation how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and one is representation how do
+we represent the world and I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent the world and I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent the world and I think that
+question we still have a ton of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we still have a ton of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we still have a ton of things
+to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about
+another is inference we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is inference we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another is inference we want to do
+real-time inference about what's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time inference about what's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time inference about what's where
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+world and how we combine it all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how we combine it all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and how we combine it all together
+and finally there's a systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally there's a systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally there's a systems in
+autonomy axis where we want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomy axis where we want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomy axis where we want to build
+systems and deploy them and I have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and deploy them and I have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and deploy them and I have them
+operate robustly and reliability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate robustly and reliability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate robustly and reliability and
+reliably in the world so so in slam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably in the world so so in slam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably in the world so so in slam
+here's an example of how we said opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of how we said opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of how we said opposed
+this as an inference problem this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an inference problem this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an inference problem this is a
+this is from the classic Victoria Park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the classic Victoria Park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the classic Victoria Park
+data set from from Sydney University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set from from Sydney University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set from from Sydney University of
+robot drives around in this case a park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot drives around in this case a park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot drives around in this case a park
+with some trees there are landmarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some trees there are landmarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some trees there are landmarks
+shown in green the robots position error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in green the robots position error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in green the robots position error
+drifts over time we have dead reckoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts over time we have dead reckoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drifts over time we have dead reckoning
+error that's been shown in blue and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that's been shown in blue and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error that's been shown in blue and we
+estimate the trajectory of the robot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the trajectory of the robot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the trajectory of the robot in
+red and the position of the landmarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the position of the landmarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and the position of the landmarks
+from relative measurements so as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from relative measurements so as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from relative measurements so as you
+take relative measurements and you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take relative measurements and you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take relative measurements and you move
+through the world how do you put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the world how do you put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the world how do you put that
+all together and so we cast this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and so we cast this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together and so we cast this as an
+inference problem where we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference problem where we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference problem where we have the
+robot poses the ODA metric inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot poses the ODA metric inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot poses the ODA metric inputs
+landmarks you can do it with or without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks you can do it with or without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks you can do it with or without
+landmarks and measurements and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks and measurements and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landmarks and measurements and an
+interesting thing so we have this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing so we have this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing so we have this sort
+of inference problem on a belief Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inference problem on a belief Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inference problem on a belief Network
+the key thing about slam is its building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing about slam is its building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing about slam is its building
+up over time so you start with nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over time so you start with nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over time so you start with nothing
+in the problems growing ever larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problems growing ever larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problems growing ever larger and
+let's see the the if I had to say 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the the if I had to say 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the the if I had to say 25
+years of thinking about this up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of thinking about this up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of thinking about this up through
+2012 the most important thing I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 the most important thing I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2012 the most important thing I learned
+is that maintaining sparsity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maintaining sparsity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maintaining sparsity and the
+underlying representation is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying representation is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying representation is critical
+and in fact for biological systems I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact for biological systems I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact for biological systems I
+wonder if there is evidence of sparsity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if there is evidence of sparsity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder if there is evidence of sparsity
+is there because Varsity is the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there because Varsity is the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there because Varsity is the key to
+doing efficient inference when you pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing efficient inference when you pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing efficient inference when you pose
+this problem and so many algorithms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and so many algorithms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem and so many algorithms that
+basically boiled down to maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically boiled down to maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically boiled down to maintaining
+sparsity and the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity and the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparsity and the underlying
+representations so just briefly the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so just briefly the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so just briefly the most
+important thing i learned since then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing i learned since then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing i learned since then
+since in the last few years i'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since in the last few years i'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since in the last few years i'm really
+excited by building dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited by building dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited by building dense
+representations so this is work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so this is work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so this is work in
+collaboration with some folks in Ireland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with some folks in Ireland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with some folks in Ireland
+Tom Weil and John McDonald building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom Weil and John McDonald building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom Weil and John McDonald building on
+connect fusion from Richard Newcombe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect fusion from Richard Newcombe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect fusion from Richard Newcombe and
+Andrew Davison how you can use a GPU to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Davison how you can use a GPU to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Davison how you can use a GPU to
+build a volumetric representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a volumetric representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a volumetric representation and
+build rich dense models and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build rich dense models and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build rich dense models and estimate
+your motion as you go through the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your motion as you go through the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your motion as you go through the world
+so this is something we call continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something we call continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something we call continuous
+or spatially extended to connect fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spatially extended to connect fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spatially extended to connect fusion
+this little video here from three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little video here from three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little video here from three years
+ago is going around an apartment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago is going around an apartment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago is going around an apartment in
+Ireland and I'll show you the end result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland and I'll show you the end result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland and I'll show you the end result
+just hand carrying a sensor through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hand carrying a sensor through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hand carrying a sensor through the
+world and you can see the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you can see the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and you can see the quality of the
+reconstructions you can build say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructions you can build say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructions you can build say in the
+bathroom you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom you know this
+the tub the stairs to have really rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tub the stairs to have really rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tub the stairs to have really rich
+3d models that we can build and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d models that we can build and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d models that we can build and then
+enable the more advanced set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable the more advanced set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable the more advanced set of
+interactions that Russ showed that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that Russ showed that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that Russ showed that's
+fantastic and I mentioned Luke closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and I mentioned Luke closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic and I mentioned Luke closing
+something we did a couple years ago was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we did a couple years ago was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we did a couple years ago was
+adding loop closed into these dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding loop closed into these dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding loop closed into these dense
+representations so this is again incy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so this is again incy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so this is again incy
+sale this is walking around the Stata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale this is walking around the Stata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sale this is walking around the Stata
+Center with about eight minutes of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center with about eight minutes of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center with about eight minutes of data
+going up and down stairs have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down stairs have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down stairs have you
+watched the two blue chairs near Randy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the two blue chairs near Randy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the two blue chairs near Randy
+Davis's office you can see how they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis's office you can see how they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis's office you can see how they get
+sort of locked into place as you correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of locked into place as you correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of locked into place as you correct
+the error so this is taking mesh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error so this is taking mesh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error so this is taking mesh
+deformation techniques from graphics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation techniques from graphics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation techniques from graphics and
+combining it so the underlying pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining it so the underlying pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining it so the underlying pose
+graph representation is like a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph representation is like a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph representation is like a sort of
+foundation or skeleton on which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation or skeleton on which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation or skeleton on which you
+build the rich rich representation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the rich rich representation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build the rich rich representation okay
+so the so this is a sort of end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so this is a sort of end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so this is a sort of end
+resulting map and there's been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting map and there's been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting map and there's been some
+really exciting work just this year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting work just this year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting work just this year from
+Whelan and from Newcomb in this space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whelan and from Newcomb in this space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whelan and from Newcomb in this space of
+doing deformable objects and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing deformable objects and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing deformable objects and then and
+then really scalable algorithms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really scalable algorithms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then really scalable algorithms where
+you can sort of paint the world so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of paint the world so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of paint the world so the
+final thing I want to talk about my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I want to talk about my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I want to talk about my last
+few minutes is how their latest work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes is how their latest work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes is how their latest work of
+using object based representations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using object based representations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using object based representations and
+for this audience of think if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this audience of think if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this audience of think if you go
+back to David Marr who I feel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to David Marr who I feel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to David Marr who I feel is
+unappreciated in the historical sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unappreciated in the historical sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unappreciated in the historical sense of
+how I feel that you know vision is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I feel that you know vision is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I feel that you know vision is the
+process of discovering from images what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of discovering from images what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of discovering from images what
+is present in the world and where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present in the world and where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is present in the world and where it is
+and to me then what and where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me then what and where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me then what and where are
+coupled and maybe that's been lost a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled and maybe that's been lost a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled and maybe that's been lost a bit
+and I think that's one reason one way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's one reason one way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's one reason one way in
+which robotics can help I think with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which robotics can help I think with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which robotics can help I think with
+with vision and brain sciences I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vision and brain sciences I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vision and brain sciences I think
+we need to develop object based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to develop object based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to develop object based
+understanding of the world so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the world so instead of
+just having representations that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having representations that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just having representations that are a
+massive amount of points or purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amount of points or purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive amount of points or purely
+appearance where we can start to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance where we can start to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance where we can start to build
+higher-level and symbolic understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-level and symbolic understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-level and symbolic understanding
+of the world and so I want to build rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and so I want to build rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world and so I want to build rich
+representations that Neve leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that Neve leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that Neve leverage
+knowledge of your location to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of your location to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of your location to better
+understand where objects are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where objects are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand where objects are and
+knowledge about objects to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about objects to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge about objects to better
+understand your location and just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your location and just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your location and just as a
+step in that direction my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in that direction my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in that direction my students
+Sudeep pillai who was one of Seth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudeep pillai who was one of Seth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sudeep pillai who was one of Seth's
+students has an RSS paper where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students has an RSS paper where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students has an RSS paper where we
+looked at coupling using slam to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at coupling using slam to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at coupling using slam to get
+better object recognition by effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better object recognition by effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better object recognition by effectively
+so here's an example of an input data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of an input data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of an input data
+stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream
+from dieter Fox's group there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dieter Fox's group there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from dieter Fox's group there's just
+some objects on a table I realize it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objects on a table I realize it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objects on a table I realize it's a
+relatively uncluttered scene but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uncluttered scene but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uncluttered scene but this
+has been a benchmark for our GBD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been a benchmark for our GBD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been a benchmark for our GBD
+perception and so if you combine data as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and so if you combine data as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and so if you combine data as
+you move from the world using a slam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move from the world using a slam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move from the world using a slam
+system to do 3d reconstruction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to do 3d reconstruction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to do 3d reconstruction on the
+scene and then using the reconstructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and then using the reconstructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene and then using the reconstructed
+points to help improve the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to help improve the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to help improve the prediction
+process for object recognition it leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for object recognition it leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for object recognition it leads
+to a more scalable system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a more scalable system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a more scalable system for
+recognizing objects so and it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing objects so and it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing objects so and it comes back
+to this notion to me that a big part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this notion to me that a big part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this notion to me that a big part of
+perception is prediction the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is prediction the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception is prediction the ability to
+predict what you see from a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what you see from a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what you see from a given
+location and so what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and so what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and so what we're doing is
+we're leveraging off techniques in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're leveraging off techniques in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're leveraging off techniques in
+object detection feature encoding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object detection feature encoding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object detection feature encoding and
+the newer slam algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer slam algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newer slam algorithms and
+particularly the semi dense orb slam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the semi dense orb slam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the semi dense orb slam
+technique from Zaragoza Spain and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from Zaragoza Spain and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique from Zaragoza Spain and so I'm
+just going to jump to the end here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to jump to the end here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to jump to the end here to
+sort of the key concept is that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the key concept is that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the key concept is that by
+combining slam with object detection we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining slam with object detection we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining slam with object detection we
+get much better performance and object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much better performance and object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much better performance and object
+recognition so on the Left shows our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so on the Left shows our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so on the Left shows our
+system on the right is a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the right is a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the right is a classical
+approach just looking at individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach just looking at individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach just looking at individual
+individual frames and you can see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frames and you can see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual frames and you can see for
+example here the red cup that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the red cup that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here the red cup that's been
+misclassified we get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misclassified we get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misclassified we get better
+substantially better performance by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially better performance by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantially better performance by
+using location to cue the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using location to cue the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using location to cue the object
+detection techniques all right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection techniques all right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection techniques all right so I'm
+going to wrap up and just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wrap up and just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to wrap up and just a little bit
+of biological inspiration from our bu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biological inspiration from our bu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biological inspiration from our bu
+collaborators I can Bauman's looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators I can Bauman's looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators I can Bauman's looked at
+this sort of what's in the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of what's in the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of what's in the where
+pathways in the on Toronto cortex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways in the on Toronto cortex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways in the on Toronto cortex and
+there's this sort of duality between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of duality between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this sort of duality between
+location based and object based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location based and object based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location based and object based
+representations in the brain and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in the brain and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in the brain and I think
+that's very important okay so my dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important okay so my dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important okay so my dream
+is persistent autonomy and lifelong map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is persistent autonomy and lifelong map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is persistent autonomy and lifelong map
+learning and making things robust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and making things robust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and making things robust and
+just for this group I made a I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this group I made a I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for this group I made a I just want
+to pose some questions on the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pose some questions on the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pose some questions on the biological
+side and I'll stop here so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I'll stop here so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and I'll stop here so some
+questions do biological representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do biological representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions do biological representations
+support multiple location hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support multiple location hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support multiple location hypotheses
+even though we sort of think we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we sort of think we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we sort of think we know
+where we are when robots are faced with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are when robots are faced with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are when robots are faced with
+multi modal situations all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi modal situations all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi modal situations all the time and
+I wonder if there's any evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if there's any evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wonder if there's any evidence for
+sort of multiply hypotheses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiply hypotheses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multiply hypotheses in the
+underlying representations in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying representations in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying representations in the brain
+even if they don't rise to the conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they don't rise to the conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they don't rise to the conscious
+level and how sort of experiences build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and how sort of experiences build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and how sort of experiences build
+over time and the sort of question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and the sort of question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and the sort of question what
+are the grid cells really doing are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the grid cells really doing are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the grid cells really doing are they
+sort of a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a form of
+path integration or there obviously to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path integration or there obviously to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path integration or there obviously to
+me seems to be some correction and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me seems to be some correction and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me seems to be some correction and my
+just sort of crazy hypothesis as a non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of crazy hypothesis as a non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of crazy hypothesis as a non
+brain scientist is do grid cells serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain scientist is do grid cells serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain scientist is do grid cells serve
+as an indexing mechanism it effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an indexing mechanism it effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an indexing mechanism it effectively
+facilitates search so a location indexed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates search so a location indexed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitates search so a location indexed
+search so that you can sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so that you can sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search so that you can sort of have
+these pointers to what and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pointers to what and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pointers to what and where
+information get coupled together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2n36bvsyGxo.txt b/2n36bvsyGxo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9148c41849baf2a821333ba651fee39b8643adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2n36bvsyGxo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the non-uniqueness of voltage in an mqs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-uniqueness of voltage in an mqs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-uniqueness of voltage in an mqs
+system can seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can seem
+paradoxical yet it is essential to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical yet it is essential to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxical yet it is essential to the
+behavior of a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer this experiment emphasizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer this experiment emphasizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer this experiment emphasizes
+this by showing how the voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by showing how the voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by showing how the voltages
+measured by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured by these
+leads and the osilloscope are path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads and the osilloscope are path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads and the osilloscope are path
+dependent here's the ground lead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent here's the ground lead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent here's the ground lead of the
+osilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the top Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the top Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the top Trace
+lead and connected to the same point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and connected to the same point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and connected to the same point is
+this bottom Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bottom Trace
+lead a magnetic flux is created in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead a magnetic flux is created in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead a magnetic flux is created in a
+tural magnetizable core by driving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tural magnetizable core by driving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tural magnetizable core by driving this
+winding with a sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current here's the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lead and we'll use a dual Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and we'll use a dual Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead and we'll use a dual Trace
+oscilloscope to display the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope to display the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope to display the
+voltages here's the lead connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages here's the lead connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages here's the lead connected to
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+trace and then this lead is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace and then this lead is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace and then this lead is connected to
+the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trace the voltages observed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the voltages observed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the voltages observed with the
+leads connected to the same node not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads connected to the same node not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads connected to the same node not
+only differ in magnitude but are 180°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only differ in magnitude but are 180°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only differ in magnitude but are 180°
+out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of
+phase the ratio of the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the ratio of the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase the ratio of the voltage
+magnitudes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes is
+three this is the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistances the probes are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances the probes are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances the probes are connected to
+the same node and yet the voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same node and yet the voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same node and yet the voltages
+differ by a factor of three and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a factor of three and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a factor of three and are
+180° out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase we check to see that we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we check to see that we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase we check to see that we don't have
+the traces on different scales by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traces on different scales by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traces on different scales by
+reversing the trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connections reversal of the leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections reversal of the leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections reversal of the leads
+results in a reversal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traces Faraday's integral law accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces Faraday's integral law accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces Faraday's integral law accounts
+for this seeming failure of covs voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this seeming failure of covs voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this seeming failure of covs voltage
+law for how it is that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for how it is that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for how it is that different
+voltages are measured by probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are measured by probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are measured by probes
+connected between the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nodes if the probe leads follow the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes if the probe leads follow the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes if the probe leads follow the same
+paths the signals should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same if we remove one of the leads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if we remove one of the leads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if we remove one of the leads and
+then connect the other one to its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then connect the other one to its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then connect the other one to its own
+ground after having looped the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground after having looped the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground after having looped the lead
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+core what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just as the series resistors formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just as the series resistors formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just as the series resistors formed
+the secondary of a transformer so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary of a transformer so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secondary of a transformer so now
+the lead itself is a one- turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead itself is a one- turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead itself is a one- turn
+secondary the measured voltage is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary the measured voltage is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary the measured voltage is simply
+the time rate of change of the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time rate of change of the flux
+through through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+core
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3LQUrpSADx8.txt b/3LQUrpSADx8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa0591cc93d7d8ae3461096b98c955e734d18ece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3LQUrpSADx8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in six double-o four we have a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six double-o four we have a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in six double-o four we have a specific
+plan on how we'll use registers in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on how we'll use registers in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on how we'll use registers in our
+designs which we call the single clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs which we call the single clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs which we call the single clock
+synchronous discipline looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous discipline looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous discipline looking at the
+sketch of a circuit on the Left we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of a circuit on the Left we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch of a circuit on the Left we see
+that it consists of registers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it consists of registers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it consists of registers the
+rectangular icons with the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular icons with the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular icons with the edge
+triggered symbol and combinational logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered symbol and combinational logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered symbol and combinational logic
+circuits shown here as little clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits shown here as little clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits shown here as little clouds
+with inputs and outputs remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with inputs and outputs remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with inputs and outputs remembering that
+there is no combinational path between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no combinational path between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no combinational path between a
+registers input and output the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers input and output the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers input and output the overall
+circuit has no combinational cycles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit has no combinational cycles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit has no combinational cycles in
+other words paths from system inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words paths from system inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words paths from system inputs and
+register outputs to the inputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register outputs to the inputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register outputs to the inputs of
+registers never visit the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers never visit the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers never visit the same
+combinational block twice a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational block twice a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational block twice a single
+periodic clock signal is shared among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic clock signal is shared among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic clock signal is shared among
+all the clock devices using multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the clock devices using multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the clock devices using multiple
+clock signals as possible but analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signals as possible but analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signals as possible but analyzing
+the timing for signals that cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing for signals that cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing for signals that cross
+between clock domains is quite tricky so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between clock domains is quite tricky so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between clock domains is quite tricky so
+life is much simpler when all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is much simpler when all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is much simpler when all the
+registers use the same clock the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers use the same clock the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers use the same clock the details
+of which data signals change when are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which data signals change when are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which data signals change when are
+largely unimportant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely unimportant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely unimportant
+oh that matters is that signals hooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that matters is that signals hooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that matters is that signals hooked
+to the register inputs are stable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the register inputs are stable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the register inputs are stable and
+valid for long enough to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for long enough to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid for long enough to meet the
+registers set-up time and of course stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers set-up time and of course stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers set-up time and of course stay
+stable long enough to meet the registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable long enough to meet the registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable long enough to meet the registers
+hold time we can guarantee that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold time we can guarantee that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold time we can guarantee that the
+dynamic discipline is obeyed by choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic discipline is obeyed by choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic discipline is obeyed by choosing
+the clock period to be greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock period to be greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock period to be greater than the
+tpd of every path from register outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpd of every path from register outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpd of every path from register outputs
+to register inputs plus of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register inputs plus of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to register inputs plus of course the
+register set-up time a happy consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register set-up time a happy consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register set-up time a happy consequence
+of choosing the clock period in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing the clock period in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of choosing the clock period in this way
+is that at the moment of the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at the moment of the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at the moment of the rising
+clock edge there are no other noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge there are no other noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge there are no other noise
+inducing logic transitions happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing logic transitions happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducing logic transitions happening
+anywhere in the circuit which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the circuit which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in the circuit which means
+there should be no noise problems when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be no noise problems when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be no noise problems when
+we update the storage state of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we update the storage state of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we update the storage state of each
+register our next task is to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register our next task is to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register our next task is to learn how
+to analyze the timing of a single clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the timing of a single clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze the timing of a single clock
+synchronous system here's a model of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous system here's a model of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous system here's a model of a
+particular path in our synchronous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular path in our synchronous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular path in our synchronous
+system a large digital system will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a large digital system will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a large digital system will have
+many such paths and we have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many such paths and we have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many such paths and we have to do the
+analysis below for each one in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis below for each one in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis below for each one in order to
+find the path that will determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the path that will determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the path that will determine the
+smallest workable clock period as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest workable clock period as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest workable clock period as you
+might expect there are computer aided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect there are computer aided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might expect there are computer aided
+design programs that will do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design programs that will do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design programs that will do these
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+for us there's an upstream register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us there's an upstream register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us there's an upstream register
+whose output is connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose output is connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose output is connected to a
+combinational logic circuit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational logic circuit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational logic circuit which
+generates the input signal labeled star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the input signal labeled star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the input signal labeled star
+to the downstream register let's build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the downstream register let's build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the downstream register let's build a
+carefully drawn timing diagram showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully drawn timing diagram showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully drawn timing diagram showing
+when each signal in the system changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when each signal in the system changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when each signal in the system changes
+and when it is stable the rising edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it is stable the rising edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it is stable the rising edge of
+the clock triggers the upstream register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock triggers the upstream register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock triggers the upstream register
+whose output labeled qr1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose output labeled qr1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose output labeled qr1
+changes to specified by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to specified by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to specified by the
+contamination and propagation delays of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and propagation delays of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination and propagation delays of
+the register qr1 maintains its old value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register qr1 maintains its old value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the register qr1 maintains its old value
+for at least the contamination delay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least the contamination delay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least the contamination delay of
+reg 1 and then reaches its final stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg 1 and then reaches its final stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reg 1 and then reaches its final stable
+value by the propagation delay of rank 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by the propagation delay of rank 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by the propagation delay of rank 1
+at this point Q r1 will remain stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point Q r1 will remain stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point Q r1 will remain stable
+until the next rising clock edge now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the next rising clock edge now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the next rising clock edge now
+let's figure out the waveforms for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out the waveforms for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's figure out the waveforms for the
+output of the combinational logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the combinational logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the combinational logic
+circuit marked with a red star in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit marked with a red star in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit marked with a red star in the
+diagram the contamination delay of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the contamination delay of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram the contamination delay of the
+logic determines the earliest time star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic determines the earliest time star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic determines the earliest time star
+will go invalid measured from when QR 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go invalid measured from when QR 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go invalid measured from when QR 1
+went invalid the propagation delay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went invalid the propagation delay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went invalid the propagation delay of
+the logic determines the latest time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic determines the latest time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic determines the latest time
+star will be stable measured from when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star will be stable measured from when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star will be stable measured from when
+QR 1 became stable now that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR 1 became stable now that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR 1 became stable now that we know the
+timing for star we can determine where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing for star we can determine where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing for star we can determine where
+the star will meet the set up and hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star will meet the set up and hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star will meet the set up and hold
+times for the downstream register reg 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for the downstream register reg 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times for the downstream register reg 2
+time t1 measures how long star will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t1 measures how long star will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t1 measures how long star will stay
+valid after the rising clock edge t1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid after the rising clock edge t1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid after the rising clock edge t1 is
+the sum of reg ones contamination delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of reg ones contamination delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of reg ones contamination delay
+and the logics contamination delay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the logics contamination delay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the logics contamination delay the
+whole time for reg 2 measures how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time for reg 2 measures how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole time for reg 2 measures how long
+star has to stay valid after the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star has to stay valid after the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star has to stay valid after the rising
+clock edge in order to ensure correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge in order to ensure correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge in order to ensure correct
+operation so t1 has to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so t1 has to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so t1 has to be greater than
+or equal to the hold time for reg two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the hold time for reg two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the hold time for reg two
+time t2 is the sum of the propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t2 is the sum of the propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t2 is the sum of the propagation
+delays for reg 1 and the logic plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays for reg 1 and the logic plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays for reg 1 and the logic plus the
+set-up time for reg 2 this tells us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set-up time for reg 2 this tells us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set-up time for reg 2 this tells us the
+earliest time at which the next rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest time at which the next rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest time at which the next rising
+clock edge can happen and still ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge can happen and still ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock edge can happen and still ensure
+that the set-up time for reg 2 is met so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set-up time for reg 2 is met so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set-up time for reg 2 is met so
+T 2 has to be less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 2 has to be less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 2 has to be less than or equal to the
+time between the rising clock edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between the rising clock edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between the rising clock edges
+called the clock period or T clock if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the clock period or T clock if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the clock period or T clock if
+the next rising clock edge happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next rising clock edge happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next rising clock edge happens
+before T 2 will be violating the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before T 2 will be violating the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before T 2 will be violating the dynamic
+discipline for drug 2 so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline for drug 2 so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline for drug 2 so we have two
+inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities
+that must be satisfied for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be satisfied for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be satisfied for every
+register to register path in our digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to register path in our digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register to register path in our digital
+system if either inequality is violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if either inequality is violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if either inequality is violated
+we won't be obeying the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't be obeying the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't be obeying the dynamic
+discipline for reg2 and our circuit will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline for reg2 and our circuit will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline for reg2 and our circuit will
+not be guaranteed to work correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be guaranteed to work correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be guaranteed to work correctly
+looking at the inequality involving T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the inequality involving T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the inequality involving T
+clock we see that the propagation delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock we see that the propagation delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock we see that the propagation delay
+of the upstream register and the set-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the upstream register and the set-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the upstream register and the set-up
+time for the downstream register take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the downstream register take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for the downstream register take
+away from the time available for useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the time available for useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the time available for useful
+work performed by the combinational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work performed by the combinational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work performed by the combinational
+logic not surprisingly designers try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic not surprisingly designers try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic not surprisingly designers try to
+use registers that minimize these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use registers that minimize these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use registers that minimize these two
+times what happens if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what happens if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what happens if there's no
+combinational logic between the upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational logic between the upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational logic between the upstream
+and downstream registers this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstream registers this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstream registers this happens
+when designing shift registers digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when designing shift registers digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when designing shift registers digital
+delay lines etc well then the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay lines etc well then the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay lines etc well then the first
+inequality tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tells us that the
+contamination delay of the upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delay of the upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delay of the upstream
+register had better be greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register had better be greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register had better be greater than or
+equal to the whole time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the whole time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the whole time of the
+downstream register in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream register in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream register in practice
+contamination delays are smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delays are smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contamination delays are smaller than
+whole times so in general this wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole times so in general this wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole times so in general this wouldn't
+be the case so designers are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case so designers are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case so designers are often
+required to insert dummy logic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to insert dummy logic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to insert dummy logic for
+example two inverters in series in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two inverters in series in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two inverters in series in order
+to create the necessary contamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the necessary contamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the necessary contamination
+delay finally we have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay finally we have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay finally we have to worry about the
+phenomenon called clock skew where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called clock skew where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon called clock skew where the
+clock signal arrives at one register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal arrives at one register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal arrives at one register
+before it arrives at the other we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it arrives at the other we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it arrives at the other we won't
+go into the analysis here but the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the analysis here but the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the analysis here but the net
+effect is to increase the apparent set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is to increase the apparent set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is to increase the apparent set
+up in hold times at the downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in hold times at the downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in hold times at the downstream
+register assuming we can't predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register assuming we can't predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register assuming we can't predict the
+sign of the skew the clock period T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the skew the clock period T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign of the skew the clock period T
+clock characterizes the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock characterizes the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock characterizes the performance of
+our system you may have noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system you may have noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system you may have noticed that
+Intel is willing to sell you processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel is willing to sell you processor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intel is willing to sell you processor
+ships that run at different clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that run at different clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that run at different clock
+frequencies for example a 1.7 gigahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies for example a 1.7 gigahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies for example a 1.7 gigahertz
+processor versus a 2 kicker Hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor versus a 2 kicker Hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor versus a 2 kicker Hertz
+processor did you ever wonder how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor did you ever wonder how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor did you ever wonder how those
+chips are different as it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips are different as it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips are different as it turns out
+they're not what's going on is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not what's going on is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not what's going on is that
+variations in the manufacturing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the manufacturing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the manufacturing process
+means that some chips have better TP DS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that some chips have better TP DS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that some chips have better TP DS
+than others on fast chips a smaller TPD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others on fast chips a smaller TPD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others on fast chips a smaller TPD
+for the logic means that they can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the logic means that they can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the logic means that they can have a
+smaller T clock and hence a higher clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller T clock and hence a higher clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller T clock and hence a higher clock
+frequency so Intel manufacture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so Intel manufacture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so Intel manufacture
+many copies of the same ship measures 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many copies of the same ship measures 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many copies of the same ship measures 30
+PDS and selects the fast ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDS and selects the fast ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDS and selects the fast ones
+to sell us higher performance parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell us higher performance parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sell us higher performance parts
+that's what it takes to make money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it takes to make money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it takes to make money in
+the chip biz
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4gPwo38MNss.txt b/4gPwo38MNss.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6afd69b474058c00c4d2440685cda0124561e189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4gPwo38MNss.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I have two functions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I have two functions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I have two functions here
+one is ADD and one is multiply the add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is ADD and one is multiply the add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is ADD and one is multiply the add
+function Returns the sum of x + y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Returns the sum of x + y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Returns the sum of x + y and
+the multiply function just prints the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiply function just prints the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multiply function just prints the
+value of x * y but doesn't return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x * y but doesn't return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x * y but doesn't return the
+value instead it's going to implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value instead it's going to implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value instead it's going to implicitly
+return none right because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return none right because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return none right because we don't have
+any return statement inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any return statement inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any return statement inside
+Mt so there are four lines here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt so there are four lines here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt so there are four lines here and the
+question was how many total lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was how many total lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was how many total lines of
+output will show up if you run the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will show up if you run the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output will show up if you run the code
+okay so how many lines in the con will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how many lines in the con will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how many lines in the con will
+show up okay so when I do first add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up okay so when I do first add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up okay so when I do first add one
+two it's going to go inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's going to go inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's going to go inside this
+function here and it say it says X is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and it say it says X is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here and it say it says X is 1
+Y is 2 and return three so I'm replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is 2 and return three so I'm replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is 2 and return three so I'm replacing
+this line with three but notice I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line with three but notice I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line with three but notice I'm
+never printing it out so this line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never printing it out so this line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never printing it out so this line of
+code will not print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will not print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will not print out
+anything instead if I do uh so in add so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything instead if I do uh so in add so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything instead if I do uh so in add so
+the next line is if I print add 2 + 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next line is if I print add 2 + 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next line is if I print add 2 + 3
+then I'm going to get five and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to get five and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to get five and I'm going
+to print that out so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print that out so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to print that out so that's one
+one thing I'm printing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'm printing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I'm printing
+out next line says multiply three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out next line says multiply three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out next line says multiply three and
+four so I'm going to go inside my malt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so I'm going to go inside my malt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so I'm going to go inside my malt
+function and say x is 3 Y is 4 so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and say x is 3 Y is 4 so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and say x is 3 Y is 4 so I'm
+going to print 12 3 * 4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print 12 3 * 4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print 12 3 * 4 is
+12 so that's another thing that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so that's another thing that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so that's another thing that gets
+printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out and I'm not doing anything with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I'm not doing anything with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I'm not doing anything with the
+output or the sorry I'm not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or the sorry I'm not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or the sorry I'm not doing
+anything with the return from mol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with the return from mol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with the return from mol so
+that line is is is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is is is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line is is is done
+and the last one is is the trickiest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is is the trickiest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last one is is the trickiest and
+it says print Mt four and five so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says print Mt four and five so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says print Mt four and five so first
+I'm going to go in here x is 4 Y is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go in here x is 4 Y is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go in here x is 4 Y is 5
+and I'm printing 20 so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm printing 20 so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm printing 20 so that's another
+print and the return of this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print and the return of this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print and the return of this function is
+going to be none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be none
+right and the main thing here is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the main thing here is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the main thing here is I'm
+going to print the return of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print the return of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to print the return of this
+function so I'm also going to print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I'm also going to print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I'm also going to print out
+none so that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none so that's another
+one so in total I'm going to have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in total I'm going to have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so in total I'm going to have four
+different things print out the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things print out the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things print out the last one
+being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being this
+none
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5BRcFgMJLCs.txt b/5BRcFgMJLCs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb2c34e9bef958676376d8d7c6725cf0810efb7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5BRcFgMJLCs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+In this problem, we will examine how compilers
+translate high level language descriptions
+
+into assembly language.
+We will be given several code fragments and
+
+asked to help the compiler in figuring out
+the dependencies of the program so that it
+
+produces valid code.
+Let's begin with the code fragment: a = b
+
++ 3*c.
+We can assume that our variables: a, b, and
+
+c are stored in memory.
+We can also assume that registers may be used
+
+to store intermediate results.
+Given the following partially completed assembly
+
+code, let's determine the missing values that
+the compiler would have had to determine.
+
+We begin with XXX which is the first instruction.
+The first instruction is trying to put the
+
+value of c into register R1.
+Since c comes from memory, that means that
+
+instruction XXX must be a LD operation where
+c is the address of the variable to be loaded.
+
+Note that LD(c, R1) is actually a macro instruction
+that is equal to LD(R31, c, R1).
+
+The load operation would add the constant
+c to the value of register R31, which is always
+
+0, thus ending up with the address c as the
+source address of the load operation.
+
+R1 is a temporary register that will hold
+the value of variable c.
+
+Next, we need to multiply c by 3.
+Multiply operations are generally very expensive,
+
+so it is the compilers job to figure out that
+this operation could potentially be achieved
+
+by 2 simpler and faster operations.
+The comment tells us that it first tries to
+
+compute 2 * c and store that result into R0.
+Since R1 = c, and the constant in this operation
+
+is a 1, we need to realize that the inexpensive
+operation that the compiler would use for
+
+this is a logical shift to the left by one
+position.
+
+In binary, this produces the same result as
+multiplying a number by 2.
+
+So YYY = SHLC.
+Note that we use the constant version of the
+
+SHL operation since the amount to shift is
+given by a constant in our instruction rather
+
+than being read from another register.
+The next instruction is provided for us and
+
+it adds R0 which equals 2*c to R1 which equals
+c in order to produce 3*c.
+
+This intermediate result is then stored back
+into R0.
+
+Next we want to once again get the value of
+a variable from memory.
+
+As we saw before, XXX = LD in order to load
+the contents of address b into register R1.
+
+We are almost done, we now just need to add
+R1 = b to R0 = 3*c and then store the result
+
+back into memory variable a.
+Since the store instruction is using R0 as
+
+its source, that means that ZZZ must also
+be R0 so that the correct value ends up in
+
+variable a.
+Next, we will take a look at how a conditional
+
+statement would be compiled into assembly
+language.
+
+The statement says that if a is greater than
+b then c should be assigned the value 17.
+
+Once again we are given the semi-complete
+translation of the high level language code
+
+into beta assembly.
+For this example, we first load the values
+
+of our variables a and b into temporary registers
+R0 and R1.
+
+Now we want to check if a is greater than
+b and if so set c = 17.
+
+We know that XXX must be some kind of beta
+comparison operation.
+
+However, the beta does not provide a compare
+greater than operation, so instead we need
+
+to make use of the compare less than (CMPLT)
+or compare less than or equal (CMPLE) operations.
+
+Since we see that the store into label c is
+skipped when the code branches to label _L2,
+
+we want to make sure that the branch is not
+taken when a is greater than b.
+
+This is equivalent to the branch being taken
+when a is less than or equal to b.
+
+So if we make XXX = CMPLE of R0, which equals
+a, and R1, which equals b, then the result
+
+stored into R0 will be 1 if a <= b.
+We then set YYY to R0 to ensure that we take
+
+the branch when a <= b and we make the assignment
+to c when a > b.
+
+Finally, if we set ZZZ = 17, then when the
+branch is not taken, we will move 17 into
+
+R0 and then store that value into the location
+pointed to by address c.
+
+So the complete translation of this conditional
+statement to beta assembly is shown here.
+
+For this next code segment, we are going to
+take a look at how a compiler would convert
+
+array accesses into beta code.
+Once again we are given partially completed
+
+assembly code to help us understand how the
+compiler translates this high level code into
+
+beta assembly.
+We begin with a load of the value stored at
+
+location i into register R0.
+I is the index into our array.
+
+However, since the beta is byte addressed,
+but it deals with 32 bit values, that means
+
+that each array element requires 4 bytes of
+storage.
+
+So in order to point to the correct location
+in memory, we need to multiply i by 4.
+
+As we saw earlier, shifting to the left by
+1 bit is equivalent to multiplying by 2, so
+
+here we shift to the left by 2 bits in order
+to multiply by 4.
+
+So XXX = 2.
+Now that R0 = 4 * i, in order to load a[i],
+
+we would load the location a + 4*i.
+In order to load a[i-1], we need to load the
+
+location that is 4 bytes before that, so location
+a + 4*i – 4.
+
+This means that in this load operation which
+actually wants to load a[i-1], we need to
+
+set YYY = a-4.
+So this load operation places array element
+
+a[i-1] into R1.
+Now we want to store the contents of R1 into
+
+array element a[i] which is located at address
+a + 4*i.
+
+Since R0 already equals 4*i, then adding a
+to R0 will give us the desired destination
+
+address of our store.
+This means that we just need to set ZZZ to
+
+R1 since that is the value that we want to
+store into a[i].
+
+Let's take a look at one last example.
+Here we have a variable sum that is initialized
+
+to 0, followed by a loop that increments the
+value of sum by i for every value of i between
+
+0 and 9.
+Our partial mostly completed compiled code
+
+is shown here.
+The first thing that the compiler does, is
+
+it initializes the two variables sum and i
+to 0.
+
+This is done by storing the value of register
+R31, which is always 0 in the beta, into the
+
+locations pointed to by sum and by i.
+_L7 is a label that indicates the beginning
+
+of our loop.
+The first thing that needs to happen in the
+
+loop is to load the current values of sum
+and i from memory.
+
+Next, sum should be incremented by i.
+Since R0 is stored back into sum, we want
+
+XXX = R0 to be the destination register of
+the ADD.
+
+Now the loop index needs to be incremented.
+Since R1 = i, that means that we want to increment
+
+R1 by 1,so YYY = R1.
+Finally, we need to determine whether the
+
+loop needs to be repeated or we are done.
+This is done by checking whether i is less
+
+than 10.
+The beta provides the CMPLTC operation to
+
+do just that.
+Since R1 holds the latest value of i, comparing
+
+R1 to the constant 10 will produce the result
+we want in R0.
+
+So ZZZ = 10.
+If the comparison was true, then we need to
+
+repeat the loop so we branch back to _L7.
+If not, we proceed to the instruction after
+
+the branch.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5iTUUeKjiEM.txt b/5iTUUeKjiEM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aecb168e958dd4ee4a5a3aca04449daf9a86e283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5iTUUeKjiEM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12722 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+okay we are exactly uh one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are exactly uh one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are exactly uh one two three
+more lectures before the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lectures before the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lectures before the exam
+exam is next wednesday right uh today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam is next wednesday right uh today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam is next wednesday right uh today
+here's what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're gonna do
+remember the derivation and most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the derivation and most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the derivation and most of you
+slept through it did anyone remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept through it did anyone remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slept through it did anyone remember the
+derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember it you know we derived a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it you know we derived a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it you know we derived a lot of
+stuff you know anyway so we'll pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know anyway so we'll pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know anyway so we'll pick up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh it will lead to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will lead to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it will lead to certain
+simplifications we will talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications we will talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications we will talk about that
+okay and then we're going to do problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're going to do problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're going to do problems
+and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+we're going to do a rolling now rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a rolling now rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a rolling now rolling
+um is introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is introduced
+in dynamics usually as a case all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dynamics usually as a case all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dynamics usually as a case all of its
+own and i hate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and i hate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own and i hate that
+right because to me it's just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because to me it's just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because to me it's just another
+example of dynamics okay and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of dynamics okay and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of dynamics okay and um
+think i should take my cell phone off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's another case of dynamics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another case of dynamics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another case of dynamics it's
+another case of a kinematic constraint i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case of a kinematic constraint i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case of a kinematic constraint i
+don't like to treat it as any special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to treat it as any special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to treat it as any special
+behavior rolling is just basic dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior rolling is just basic dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior rolling is just basic dynamics
+everything we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've done
+i want you to see it as a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see it as a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to see it as a powerful
+technique that you can apply to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you can apply to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you can apply to any
+situation and rolling's just a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and rolling's just a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and rolling's just a special
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+i hate this kind of special treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate this kind of special treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hate this kind of special treatment of
+rolling okay all right so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling okay all right so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling okay all right so today we're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ugly pick up with the ugly equation left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly pick up with the ugly equation left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly pick up with the ugly equation left
+off simplified do problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off simplified do problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off simplified do problems
+wednesday unfortunately i'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday unfortunately i'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday unfortunately i'll be in
+brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brazil
+yep sao paulo what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep sao paulo what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep sao paulo what
+birthplace of uh item center any formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthplace of uh item center any formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birthplace of uh item center any formula
+for formula one fanzier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formula one fanzier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formula one fanzier
+ayton cena remember him i'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ayton cena remember him i'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ayton cena remember him i'm going to go
+to his gravesite that's kind of my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his gravesite that's kind of my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his gravesite that's kind of my uh
+that's not why i'm going to brazil i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not why i'm going to brazil i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not why i'm going to brazil i'm
+going to brazil because i'll i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to brazil because i'll i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to brazil because i'll i haven't
+worked there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked there
+but i'm going to go to his memorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to go to his memorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to go to his memorial
+because i'm a big formula 1 fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm a big formula 1 fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm a big formula 1 fan
+anyway so i won't be here but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so i won't be here but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so i won't be here but we're
+actually beautifully set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually beautifully set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually beautifully set up
+to do something that i i'd announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that i i'd announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something that i i'd announced
+that remember i said right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember i said right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember i said right in the
+beginning that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning that i
+the first class i did by video this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first class i did by video this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first class i did by video this is
+the other one that i couldn't get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one that i couldn't get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one that i couldn't get out of
+this trip uh so we've arranged but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip uh so we've arranged but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trip uh so we've arranged but we're
+in perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perfectly
+in in time um if i had to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in time um if i had to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in time um if i had to do a lot of
+content on wednesday i'd have requested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content on wednesday i'd have requested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content on wednesday i'd have requested
+one of my colleagues one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my colleagues one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my colleagues one of my
+faculty colleagues to teach but as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty colleagues to teach but as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty colleagues to teach but as it
+turns out this is just right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is just right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is just right
+for problems so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems so what we're going to do
+on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday
+i'll be doing a bunch of problems today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be doing a bunch of problems today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll be doing a bunch of problems today
+and then rj is going to do a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rj is going to do a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rj is going to do a bunch of
+other problems and he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems and he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other problems and he's going to
+introduce the concept of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the concept of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the concept of energy
+in rigid bodies just like in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rigid bodies just like in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rigid bodies just like in in
+regular point particle masses you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular point particle masses you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular point particle masses you have
+kinetic energy and potential energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and potential energy in
+rigid bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid bodies
+you get kinetic energy and potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get kinetic energy and potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get kinetic energy and potential
+energy potential energy remains the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy potential energy remains the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy potential energy remains the same
+in rigid bodies you just take the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rigid bodies you just take the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rigid bodies you just take the center
+of mass take its height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass take its height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass take its height
+that's the potential energy okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the potential energy okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the potential energy okay the
+only thing that changes kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that changes kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that changes kinetic energy
+and kinetic energy in i'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kinetic energy in i'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kinetic energy in i'm telling you
+right now has two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now has two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now has two terms
+in rigid bodies half mv squared where v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rigid bodies half mv squared where v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rigid bodies half mv squared where v
+is the velocity of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the velocity of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the velocity of the center of mass
+plus what's the other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what's the other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus what's the other term
+omega square only works for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega square only works for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega square only works for certain
+reference points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference points
+about which you take the i that will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which you take the i that will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which you take the i that will get
+you today okay so he's going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today okay so he's going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today okay so he's going to do that
+and then just do a bunch more problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just do a bunch more problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just do a bunch more problems
+and then i will come back on i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i will come back on i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i will come back on i'll be
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+friday and uh on monday i'll do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday and uh on monday i'll do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday and uh on monday i'll do more
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+and your exams on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your exams on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your exams on wednesday
+are you folks interested would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you folks interested would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you folks interested would you like
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+aj and me to do an informal review on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj and me to do an informal review on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aj and me to do an informal review on
+saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturday
+yes let's nail it right now 3 p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let's nail it right now 3 p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes let's nail it right now 3 p.m
+3 p.m 3 p.m here's what aj and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 p.m 3 p.m here's what aj and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 p.m 3 p.m here's what aj and i'm going
+to do this is not formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is not formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is not formal
+all right aj and i will happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right aj and i will happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right aj and i will happen to be
+here at 3 p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 3 p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at 3 p.m
+i'm sure the rules were breaking i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure the rules were breaking i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure the rules were breaking i have
+no idea i don't care we'll be here at 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea i don't care we'll be here at 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea i don't care we'll be here at 3
+p.m just shooting the breeze you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m just shooting the breeze you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p.m just shooting the breeze you know
+just kind of chatting and if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of chatting and if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of chatting and if you guys
+show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up
+we'll chat with you for an hour okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll chat with you for an hour okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll chat with you for an hour okay
+three to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four
+wednesday a saturday this room aj can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday a saturday this room aj can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday a saturday this room aj can
+you talk to rachel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to rachel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to rachel and
+make sure that we can nail the room okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we can nail the room okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we can nail the room okay
+cool so that's the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's the plan
+and the next wednesday is the exam exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next wednesday is the exam exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next wednesday is the exam exam
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+closed book it'll be held here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed book it'll be held here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed book it'll be held here
+it'll be 80 80 minutes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 80 80 minutes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be 80 80 minutes right
+and uh you will be permitted a crib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you will be permitted a crib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you will be permitted a crib
+sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet
+and it is one sheet both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is one sheet both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is one sheet both sides
+and i assure you you don't need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i assure you you don't need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i assure you you don't need that
+much space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you need to huh actually yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you need to huh actually yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you need to huh actually yeah you
+can keep them actually you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep them actually you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep them actually you know what you
+can keep them we used to take them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep them we used to take them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep them we used to take them back
+but keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but keep them
+right it doesn't matter right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't matter right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't matter right you can
+make xerox copy worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make xerox copy worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make xerox copy worst case
+right so okay so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so okay so let's start
+here's where we left off in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we left off in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where we left off in the last
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+we went through a horrible derivation no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through a horrible derivation no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went through a horrible derivation no
+it wasn't horrible it was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't horrible it was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't horrible it was quite
+it was fun i found it fun but many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fun i found it fun but many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fun i found it fun but many of
+you slept through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slept through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slept through it
+it's like a red eye like the type i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a red eye like the type i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a red eye like the type i'll
+be taking tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking tonight
+and what we ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we ended up with
+let's take a step back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a step back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a step back
+remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the
+remember that we had said earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have an ensemble of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a
+and this ensemble of points we call it e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ensemble of points we call it e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this ensemble of points we call it e
+and this is point i oh sorry j and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is point i oh sorry j and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is point i oh sorry j and this
+is point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is point
+i and each point has a certain force on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and each point has a certain force on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i and each point has a certain force on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+f i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember that we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we said
+that if you treat the whole thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you treat the whole thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you treat the whole thing as
+rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid
+you can show that the torque on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that the torque on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that the torque on the
+ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble
+about point q some point q this is point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point q some point q this is point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point q some point q this is point
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o
+point q some other point right a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q some other point right a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q some other point right a truck
+you know driving down the road a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know driving down the road a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know driving down the road a
+satellite whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite whatever
+we said that torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d by dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a h that's the angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a h that's the angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a h that's the angular momentum
+of ensemble e about point q this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ensemble e about point q this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ensemble e about point q this is a
+vector plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector plus
+a v q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a v q
+cross a the total angular total linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a the total angular total linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross a the total angular total linear
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+of the ensemble remember that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ensemble remember that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ensemble remember that formula
+right and we said that's all great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we said that's all great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we said that's all great but
+we said listen this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said listen this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said listen this guy
+we need to figure out what this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to figure out what this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to figure out what this guy is
+in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the
+particles in terms of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in terms of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in terms of you know the
+locations of the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations of the particles
+the you know and stuff like that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know and stuff like that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know and stuff like that right
+in terms of how fast they're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how fast they're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of how fast they're moving
+right that's kind of where we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of where we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's kind of where we started
+that the ugly derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ugly derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ugly derivation
+right and where the ugly derivation left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and where the ugly derivation left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and where the ugly derivation left
+off was here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off was here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off was here
+what we derived was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just confirm this okay was that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just confirm this okay was that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just confirm this okay was that a little
+bit of a big p remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's a big p that means it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a big p that means it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a big p that means it's the
+momentum of the whole ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the whole ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the whole ensemble
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus don't worry there's a pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus don't worry there's a pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus don't worry there's a pattern here
+we'll simplify stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll simplify stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll simplify stuff
+i is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to n m i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r q c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r q c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r q c
+this is actually qc a bigger button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross a omega b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross r c i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross r c i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross r c i
+where c is the center of mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c is the center of mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where c is the center of mass of the
+ensemble so we said one of these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble so we said one of these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble so we said one of these points
+of all these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these points
+one of these points is the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these points is the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these points is the center of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+and we refer to that as the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we refer to that as the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we refer to that as the center of
+mass of ensemble e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of ensemble e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of ensemble e
+right sometimes we just call it c okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what we derived in all its glory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we derived in all its glory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we derived in all its glory
+in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class
+okay so we're going to pick up here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do people remember what this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right it's the moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's the moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's the moment of inertia
+right now i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i'll
+you've done it in the in recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it in the in recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it in the in recitations
+you've done it in previous classes i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it in previous classes i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it in previous classes i'll
+only touch on it briefly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only touch on it briefly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only touch on it briefly here
+but i is essentially for a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i is essentially for a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i is essentially for a circle
+right a full circle it's half if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a full circle it's half if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a full circle it's half if the
+mass of the circle is m and the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the circle is m and the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the circle is m and the radius
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+circle is r what is it half m r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is r what is it half m r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is r what is it half m r squared
+what is it for a hoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it for a hoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it for a hoop
+huh what is the i for a hoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh what is the i for a hoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh what is the i for a hoop
+m r squared right for a rod you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r squared right for a rod you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r squared right for a rod you can do
+it right it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it's 1
+12 m l squared so okay so that's i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 m l squared so okay so that's i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 m l squared so okay so that's i
+we'll come back to that in a minute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a minute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that in a minute but
+this is where we left it off and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we left it off and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we left it off and in the
+recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations
+i asked i requested the registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked i requested the registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i asked i requested the registration
+instructors to make sure you understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors to make sure you understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors to make sure you understood
+what i was for different shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was for different shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was for different shapes
+right here we treated the points as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we treated the points as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here we treated the points as of
+the individual point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual point
+particle masses but if you think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle masses but if you think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle masses but if you think of them
+as a continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a continuum
+right it's just a kind of a smeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just a kind of a smeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just a kind of a smeared
+continuum of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum of mass
+then you get the i that you're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the i that you're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the i that you're more
+familiar with which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with which is
+half mr squared for a circle for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half mr squared for a circle for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half mr squared for a circle for example
+for a disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a disc
+okay anyway this is where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway this is where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway this is where we left off
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is the angular momentum really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the angular momentum really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the angular momentum really what
+we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do
+is we've calculated this so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've calculated this so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we've calculated this so we're going
+to try and reconstruct this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and reconstruct this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and reconstruct this equation
+right we're trying to equate torque to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're trying to equate torque to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're trying to equate torque to
+the angular acceleration so what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular acceleration so what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular acceleration so what we can
+do right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do right now is
+the torque on ensemble e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque on ensemble e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque on ensemble e
+about point q is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point q is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about point q is equal to
+what come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the derivative that's it yeah so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative that's it yeah so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative that's it yeah so i'm
+just going to write you that i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write you that i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to write you that i'm going
+to take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the derivative
+a d by dt of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus d by dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d by dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus d by dt
+a right of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to even bother to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to even bother to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to even bother to write it
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+what is the derivative of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i alpha i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are we missing any more terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surely we're missing some terms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely we're missing some terms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely we're missing some terms which
+which term have you missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so which term the pesky term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this you have to admit is not a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this you have to admit is not a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this you have to admit is not a mess
+right before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before you
+took this class before you started 2003.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this class before you started 2003.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this class before you started 2003.
+did you even know the existence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you even know the existence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you even know the existence of this
+and this and this did you seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and this did you seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and this did you seriously
+you didn't right but we went out and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't right but we went out and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't right but we went out and we
+did the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the math
+right royal honesty with roy with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right royal honesty with roy with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right royal honesty with roy with a lot
+of honesty and clarity and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of honesty and clarity and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of honesty and clarity and that's what
+we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's about
+oh that's right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right it's about the central mass okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we need to do to the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would any self-respecting engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would any self-respecting engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would any self-respecting engineer
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's brainstorm a little bit go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's brainstorm a little bit go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's brainstorm a little bit go ahead
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone
+figure out the ones that are zero yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the ones that are zero yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the ones that are zero yeah
+here's what we're gonna do it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're gonna do it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we're gonna do it turns out
+that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take
+the angle you know the moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle you know the moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle you know the moment of inertia
+and if you if you try and use the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you if you try and use the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you if you try and use the uh
+the uh take the torque about some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh take the torque about some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh take the torque about some random
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+if you're not careful you get into a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not careful you get into a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not careful you get into a lot
+of trouble all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trouble all right
+so what we do now is we find the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do now is we find the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do now is we find the points
+q about which many of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q about which many of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q about which many of these terms
+vanish you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish you understand
+so and it turns out that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it turns out that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it turns out that there are many
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+complex conditions for example if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conditions for example if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conditions for example if the
+point q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point q is
+you know any point q which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any point q which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any point q which is uh
+accelerating towards the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating towards the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating towards the center of mass
+and this happens and that happens yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens and that happens yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens and that happens yeah
+you know some terms cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some terms cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some terms cancel
+but i'll give you the three most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll give you the three most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll give you the three most
+important things to keep in mind if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to keep in mind if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things to keep in mind if you
+walk away from this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away from this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away from this class
+and you remember these three things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember these three things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you remember these three things a
+you'll know that you know these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that you know these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll know that you know these three
+points are important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are important because
+you're ignoring those ugly terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ignoring those ugly terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ignoring those ugly terms and
+they only vanish for these three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only vanish for these three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only vanish for these three points
+and b you will have pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b you will have pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b you will have pretty much the
+three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points
+that are important in formulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important in formulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important in formulating
+dynamic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic equations
+all right those three points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are three cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well there are actually many more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are actually many more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are actually many more the
+only three cases that are important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and those three cases are and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those three cases are and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and those three cases are and i'll
+write the corresponding equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the corresponding equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the corresponding equation
+and then we'll solve some problems using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll solve some problems using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll solve some problems using
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one anybody i'll give you a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anybody i'll give you a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anybody i'll give you a hint
+last time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah q equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you can see when q is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see when q is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can see when q is equal to
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this term goes to zero because our q c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to zero because our q c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term goes to zero because our q c
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+this term will go to zero because our q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term will go to zero because our q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term will go to zero because our q
+c is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is equal to zero
+this term will survive and this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term will survive and this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term will survive and this term
+will go to zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to zero because
+this velocity is parallel to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this velocity is parallel to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this velocity is parallel to this
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+got it so v is equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it so v is equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it so v is equal to c
+sorry q is equal to c and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry q is equal to c and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry q is equal to c and the
+corresponding equation is are beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding equation is are beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding equation is are beautiful
+elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the q of course is ce so might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q of course is ce so might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q of course is ce so might as well
+just write it as ce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the second simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second simplification
+anybody it's actually a tougher one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody it's actually a tougher one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody it's actually a tougher one and
+i hinted at it last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel velocity actually is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel velocity actually is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel velocity actually is good
+enough to cancel this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to cancel this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to cancel this term
+for a single particle but the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single particle but the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single particle but the other two
+terms not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms not necessarily
+okay so you're you're right for us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're you're right for us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're you're right for us we
+have you see this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you see this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you see this equation
+kind of the little t the tau little h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the little t the tau little h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the little t the tau little h
+little v little p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little v little p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little v little p
+version of it applied to particles there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it applied to particles there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it applied to particles there
+if they're parallel you were good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're parallel you were good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're parallel you were good but
+this is a more complicated beast here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more complicated beast here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a more complicated beast here so
+you can't slay this dragon with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't slay this dragon with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't slay this dragon with just
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+arrow in your quiver it's a tough one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow in your quiver it's a tough one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow in your quiver it's a tough one
+it's a it's not tough it's an easy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's not tough it's an easy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's not tough it's an easy one
+i'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you
+if the point q is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the point q is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the point q is the
+instantaneous center of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation
+remember that we'll go through it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we'll go through it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that we'll go through it again
+instantaneous center of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation
+if the point q is the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the point q is the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the point q is the instantaneous
+center of rotation of a rigid body then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of rotation of a rigid body then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of rotation of a rigid body then
+so if q is equal to the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if q is equal to the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if q is equal to the instantaneous
+center of rotation we'll go into this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of rotation we'll go into this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of rotation we'll go into this in
+a little more detail in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more detail in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more detail in a second
+then and i'm going to write this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and i'm going to write this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and i'm going to write this in a
+subtle you need to be very careful when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle you need to be very careful when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle you need to be very careful when
+the way i'm writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm writing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm writing it
+tau that's our torque of the ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau that's our torque of the ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau that's our torque of the ensemble
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+i'll just write icr is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write icr is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write icr is equal to
+i of the ensemble about the icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i of the ensemble about the icr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i of the ensemble about the icr
+get this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this okay
+times a alpha b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the second point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i do this okay let's say i haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this okay let's say i haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do this okay let's say i haven't
+take my arm here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my arm here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my arm here right
+i have the my uh this is the forearm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the my uh this is the forearm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the my uh this is the forearm
+what is this called the hind arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this called the hind arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this called the hind arm
+i don't know anyway this section of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know anyway this section of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know anyway this section of my
+arm on the forearm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm on the forearm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arm on the forearm right
+if my arm is doing this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my arm is doing this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my arm is doing this right
+the forearm the the this part of the arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forearm the the this part of the arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forearm the the this part of the arm
+is swinging back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is swinging back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is swinging back and forth
+and now i rotate my forearm as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i rotate my forearm as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i rotate my forearm as well
+right first of all what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first of all what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first of all what is the
+instantaneous center rotation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center rotation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center rotation of this
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shoulder what is the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder what is the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder what is the instantaneous
+center of my forearm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of my forearm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of my forearm
+trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question
+huh it's not the shoulder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh it's not the shoulder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh it's not the shoulder
+is it the elbow what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the elbow what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the elbow what do you think
+yes right the instantaneous center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right the instantaneous center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right the instantaneous center
+rotation is not the first hinge you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is not the first hinge you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is not the first hinge you can
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+the instantaneous center of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous center of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous center of rotation
+actually is kind of more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is kind of more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is kind of more complicated
+what you really need to do is attach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really need to do is attach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really need to do is attach a
+large transparency to my arm to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large transparency to my arm to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large transparency to my arm to my
+forearm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forearm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forearm
+and find the point in the transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the point in the transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find the point in the transparency
+that it's instantaneously not rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's instantaneously not rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's instantaneously not rotating
+which is not actually this point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not actually this point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not actually this point because
+this guy this point is actually moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy this point is actually moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy this point is actually moving
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+get it for this rigid body this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for this rigid body this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it for this rigid body this point is
+still moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still moving
+right so actually there's no nice cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually there's no nice cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so actually there's no nice cute
+instantaneous center rotation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center rotation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center rotation for this
+piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece
+you understand so if you wanted to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand so if you wanted to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand so if you wanted to use
+instantaneous center rotation it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center rotation it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center rotation it works
+with this guy but not that well for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this guy but not that well for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this guy but not that well for this
+guy for this guy you just want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for this guy you just want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy for this guy you just want to use
+the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+all right the problem with that is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the problem with that is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the problem with that is when
+you use the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the center of mass
+the hinge force you know the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hinge force you know the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hinge force you know the reaction
+force that internal force of the hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that internal force of the hinge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that internal force of the hinge
+you can't make it you know if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make it you know if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make it you know if you if you
+could have taken the for the torques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken the for the torques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken the for the torques
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+point those forces would have vanished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point those forces would have vanished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point those forces would have vanished
+those unknown forces right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unknown forces right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those unknown forces right
+it would be more convenient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more convenient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more convenient you
+understand right so there you can't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so there you can't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so there you can't make
+them you know you can't conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know you can't conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know you can't conveniently
+make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them
+vanish you need to write them out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish you need to write them out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanish you need to write them out as
+unknowns spell them out and figure them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns spell them out and figure them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns spell them out and figure them
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+right that's the only thing it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the only thing it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the only thing it's just
+more inconvenient but this is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inconvenient but this is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more inconvenient but this is not an
+instantaneous center of rotation a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation a lot
+of people think oh i can just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people think oh i can just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people think oh i can just take the
+talk about any hinge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about any hinge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about any hinge
+no cannot do that you can only take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cannot do that you can only take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cannot do that you can only take
+talks about instantaneous central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about instantaneous central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about instantaneous central
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+right what is the instantaneous center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is the instantaneous center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is the instantaneous center
+of rotation of this door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody yeah
+so that's okay so you can take torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's okay so you can take torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's okay so you can take torque
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+force times this distance equal to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times this distance equal to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force times this distance equal to i
+which is the moment of inertia of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the moment of inertia of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the moment of inertia of this
+door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door
+about that axis which is the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that axis which is the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that axis which is the moment of
+inertia about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about
+its center of mass plus using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center of mass plus using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its center of mass plus using the
+parallel axis theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel axis theorem
+what m d squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m d squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what m d squared
+right so i alpha that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i alpha that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i alpha that you can do
+but if it were a double door right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it were a double door right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it were a double door right
+and both were rotating and the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both were rotating and the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both were rotating and the double
+the double door part was rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double door part was rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double door part was rotating
+you couldn't do to t fly alpha about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do to t fly alpha about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't do to t fly alpha about
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+if it just if it's moving because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it just if it's moving because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it just if it's moving because
+instantaneously it's not it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously it's not it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously it's not it is not
+the center of rotation if this part were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of rotation if this part were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of rotation if this part were
+fixed and the double door flapping back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and the double door flapping back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and the double door flapping back
+and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth
+right or this part instantaneously has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or this part instantaneously has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or this part instantaneously has
+zero velocity then that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero velocity then that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero velocity then that would be the
+instantaneous center of rotation or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous center of rotation or the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+wing of the door get it get it so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing of the door get it get it so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing of the door get it get it so very
+important that you think about it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you think about it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you think about it that
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+if i give you a sheet and i say if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i give you a sheet and i say if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i give you a sheet and i say if i
+showed you a transparency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a transparency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you a transparency right
+let's say that there is a transparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that there is a transparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that there is a transparent
+i'm going to erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to erase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to erase this
+let's say that i give you a transfer i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i give you a transfer i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that i give you a transfer i
+give you two points on a transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two points on a transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you two points on a transparency
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and the two points one it's point a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two points one it's point a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two points one it's point a and
+point b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point b
+and that's you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know there's a
+transparency i'm holding up these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency i'm holding up these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency i'm holding up these are
+points on the transparency then i move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the transparency then i move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the transparency then i move
+the transparency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transparency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transparency
+point a moves to here and point b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a moves to here and point b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a moves to here and point b
+moves to here how would you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to here how would you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves to here how would you find the
+instantaneous central rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous central rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous central rotation
+that's right right first of all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right right first of all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right right first of all this is
+a large motion but if it were a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large motion but if it were a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large motion but if it were a small
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+you would that's insanely a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would that's insanely a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would that's insanely a center
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+get it you understand so you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it you understand so you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it you understand so you get the
+velocity at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at every point
+on the transparency and take the normals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the transparency and take the normals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the transparency and take the normals
+and where the meat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the meat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where the meat
+that's ins instantaneous central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ins instantaneous central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ins instantaneous central
+rotation i'm saying this to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation i'm saying this to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation i'm saying this to you because
+this is actually a powerful formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a powerful formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a powerful formula but
+it's also a dangerous one because you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a dangerous one because you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a dangerous one because you'll
+be tempted to think that something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tempted to think that something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tempted to think that something is
+the icr when it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icr when it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icr when it isn't
+are you good with this well don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you good with this well don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you good with this well don't worry
+we'll use as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use as an example
+now the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the center of mass
+you have no control over it's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no control over it's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no control over it's where it
+is the icr you have no control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the icr you have no control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the icr you have no control over
+it's where it is but let us say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where it is but let us say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where it is but let us say
+that you insisted on taking torques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you insisted on taking torques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you insisted on taking torques
+about some other point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some other point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some other point
+right you might you know the joke i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might you know the joke i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might you know the joke i i
+usually crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually crack
+is that let's say you know you're from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that let's say you know you're from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that let's say you know you're from
+ohio and you have to take talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohio and you have to take talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohio and you have to take talks about
+some point in ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point in ohio
+right it may not be the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it may not be the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it may not be the center of mass
+it may not be the instantaneous central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be the instantaneous central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be the instantaneous central
+rotation but grand mom is in ohio and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but grand mom is in ohio and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation but grand mom is in ohio and by
+god you want to take moments about ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god you want to take moments about ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god you want to take moments about ohio
+right there is a formula for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a formula for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a formula for that
+and that formula is a third one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that formula is a third one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that formula is a third one and that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+if q is in ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if q is in ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if q is in ohio
+in other words if it's a general point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if it's a general point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if it's a general point
+then the formula is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the formula is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the formula is this
+the torque on the ensemble about q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque on the ensemble about q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque on the ensemble about q
+is equal to very important i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to very important i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to very important i
+of the ensemble about this in about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ensemble about this in about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ensemble about this in about the
+center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass
+a alpha b and then those two the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha b and then those two the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alpha b and then those two the all the
+three ugly terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ugly terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ugly terms
+reduced to this beautiful r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um q which is grandmom's home in ohio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um q which is grandmom's home in ohio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um q which is grandmom's home in ohio
+to the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross mass of the ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the three these are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the three these are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the three these are the three
+simplifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and there's a kind of an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a kind of an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a kind of an intuitive
+way to do think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do think about this
+if you're not taking it by the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not taking it by the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not taking it by the center of
+mass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right
+then there's kind of an inertia force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's kind of an inertia force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's kind of an inertia force
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+kind of a drag right across this inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a drag right across this inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a drag right across this inertia
+force it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's kind of an
+inertial torque that you need to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial torque that you need to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial torque that you need to put in
+you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand
+okay it's just kind of a correction term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just kind of a correction term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's just kind of a correction term
+so there's a way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a way to think about it
+intuitively but the intuition might let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively but the intuition might let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively but the intuition might let
+you down if you're not careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down if you're not careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you down if you're not careful
+okay keep in mind though here i took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep in mind though here i took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay keep in mind though here i took the
+moment of inertia by the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia by the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia by the center of mass
+here i took it about the icr okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i took it about the icr okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i took it about the icr okay
+these are the three ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three ways you can
+simplify this formula now why you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this formula now why you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this formula now why you might
+ask and go ahead and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask and go ahead and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask and go ahead and ask
+why do you need three ways go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you need three ways go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you need three ways go ahead and
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+thank you the reason you need three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you the reason you need three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you the reason you need three ways
+is because it's all about convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's all about convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because it's all about convenience
+they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all
+in terms of information the same there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of information the same there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of information the same there's
+no difference at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difference at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no difference at all
+you can solve every problem in any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve every problem in any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve every problem in any of
+the three ways in fact we'll take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three ways in fact we'll take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three ways in fact we'll take one
+particular problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular problem
+and skin the cat three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skin the cat three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skin the cat three ways
+it's a terrible expression i know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible expression i know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a terrible expression i know it
+comes from because i own a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from because i own a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from because i own a cat
+who okay anyway i mean it's my wife's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who okay anyway i mean it's my wife's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who okay anyway i mean it's my wife's
+cat but i still won't skin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but i still won't skin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat but i still won't skin it
+the three ways you can do it right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three ways you can do it right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three ways you can do it right the
+reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is
+when you take torques you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take torques you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take torques you're taking
+cross products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross products
+and if you find a convenient point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you find a convenient point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you find a convenient point you
+can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make
+certain unknown forces that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain unknown forces that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain unknown forces that you don't
+care to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care to find out
+go to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero right
+you're going to get the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get the same number of
+equations but if you can eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but if you can eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but if you can eliminate
+certain terms you have to solve for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain terms you have to solve for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain terms you have to solve for your
+simultaneous equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneous equations
+you get it it's just a convenience thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it it's just a convenience thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it it's just a convenience thing
+that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all
+does everyone have an intuitive feel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone have an intuitive feel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone have an intuitive feel of
+what i'm saying please raise your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying please raise your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying please raise your hands
+otherwise i'll say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do people have an intuitive feel of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people have an intuitive feel of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people have an intuitive feel of what
+i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying
+okay let's solve a problem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's solve a problem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's solve a problem and then
+we'll we'll address this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll address this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll address this
+okay so the first problem we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first problem we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first problem we're going to
+solve and we're going to solve it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and we're going to solve it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and we're going to solve it three
+ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways
+in the next r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next r is
+rolling right as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling right as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling right as i said
+in lot of classes that's a subject on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lot of classes that's a subject on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lot of classes that's a subject on
+its own in our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own in our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own in our class
+it is but an example rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the rolling problem consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rolling problem consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rolling problem consists of
+a circular disc in 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular disc in 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circular disc in 2d
+sliding down a ramp actually it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding down a ramp actually it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding down a ramp actually it didn't
+mean sliding down a ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sliding down a ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sliding down a ramp
+it could be sliding under any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be sliding under any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be sliding under any
+circumstances but we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances but we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances but we look at the
+situation where it's sliding down a ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it's sliding down a ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it's sliding down a ramp
+let me make sure i use the same notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make sure i use the same notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me make sure i use the same notation
+that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i
+generally use okay there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use okay there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally use okay there you go
+so let's assume that there is a ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume that there is a ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume that there is a ramp
+the angle of the ramp is fee for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of the ramp is fee for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle of the ramp is fee for what
+it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the ramp is a disc a hockey puck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how's that it's pretty good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that it's pretty good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's that it's pretty good yeah
+did you know there's a contest for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know there's a contest for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know there's a contest for the
+most perfect circle you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most perfect circle you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most perfect circle you can draw
+and there's this one professor dude who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this one professor dude who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's this one professor dude who
+draws incredible circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws incredible circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draws incredible circles
+and if you go to youtube look go do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go to youtube look go do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you go to youtube look go do a
+search for circle drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for circle drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for circle drawing
+and you should see this guy you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see this guy you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see this guy you know he
+kind of loosens his arm arms up and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of loosens his arm arms up and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of loosens his arm arms up and i
+think he's like double jointed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's like double jointed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he's like double jointed or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+and he just draws a circle it's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just draws a circle it's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just draws a circle it's perfect
+each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time
+not a contest i would win or participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a contest i would win or participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a contest i would win or participate
+in but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but anyway
+okay this is the circle now first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the circle now first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the circle now first of all
+we're going to assume perfect rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume perfect rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to assume perfect rolling
+anyone remember what perfect rolling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember what perfect rolling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone remember what perfect rolling is
+no slipping what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right that's right that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right that means
+that whatever distance this moves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever distance this moves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever distance this moves the
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+right it's like you have a string wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like you have a string wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like you have a string wound
+around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this
+right so if it goes down the string is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it goes down the string is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if it goes down the string is
+going to unwind so the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to unwind so the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to unwind so the angle
+is related to the distance traveled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the distance traveled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the distance traveled
+by the radius okay so we'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the radius okay so we'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the radius okay so we'll do that
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+okay so what we'll do is let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we'll do is let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we'll do is let's assume
+i'm going to do it in a funny way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do it in a funny way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do it in a funny way
+i'm just going to assume that theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to assume that theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to assume that theta
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+is this way all right i do it just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this way all right i do it just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this way all right i do it just to
+make a point which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a point which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a point which is
+i'm going to assume it rolls uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume it rolls uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to assume it rolls uphill
+which clearly it doesn't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which clearly it doesn't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which clearly it doesn't right
+it doesn't roll up here but i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't roll up here but i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't roll up here but i'm going to
+assume it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it does
+okay when i solve it it'll come out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when i solve it it'll come out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when i solve it it'll come out that
+actually rolls downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rolls downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rolls downhill
+but the reason is i just want theta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason is i just want theta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the reason is i just want theta to
+point in the normal positive direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the normal positive direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the normal positive direction
+if it comes out negative so be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes out negative so be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it comes out negative so be it
+all right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all if i want to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if i want to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all if i want to solve this
+problem and there's gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there's gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there's gravity
+it's got a mass right i want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a mass right i want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a mass right i want to start
+solving this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this problem
+it's a rigid body in two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rigid body in two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a rigid body in two-dimensional
+space how many degrees of freedom does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how many degrees of freedom does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space how many degrees of freedom does
+it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether without the constraints right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether without the constraints right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether without the constraints right if
+you remove the constraints the rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the constraints the rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the constraints the rigid
+body has three degrees of freedom it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body has three degrees of freedom it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body has three degrees of freedom it can
+translate x translate y and rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate x translate y and rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate x translate y and rotate
+what what are the constraints on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the constraints on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are the constraints on this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very close you're very close i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close you're very close i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close you're very close i think
+what you mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean is
+it can only the tip the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only the tip the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only the tip the bottom
+must always contact this surface is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must always contact this surface is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must always contact this surface is what
+you're saying right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying right
+so one one constraint is it can't move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one one constraint is it can't move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one one constraint is it can't move
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way
+right but it's almost implicit so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's almost implicit so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's almost implicit so we
+want you know you'll see when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know you'll see when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you know you'll see when i
+write it out that will be taken care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out that will be taken care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out that will be taken care of
+the other constraint is the rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other constraint is the rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other constraint is the rolling
+constraint which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint which is that
+how much ever it rotates it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much ever it rotates it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much ever it rotates it must be
+related to the distance it travels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the distance it travels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the distance it travels
+right so really if you take those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really if you take those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really if you take those two
+constraints and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and three
+degrees of freedom the thing has only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom the thing has only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom the thing has only
+one degree of freedom remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree of freedom remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree of freedom remaining
+right okay so what should i do now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what should i do now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so what should i do now to
+solve this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this guy
+what should i do we're going to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should i do we're going to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should i do we're going to because
+i want to start getting into the rhythm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to start getting into the rhythm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to start getting into the rhythm
+of solving problems now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving problems now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving problems now
+what should i do what's the first step i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should i do what's the first step i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should i do what's the first step i
+need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take
+hmm well the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm well the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm well the first step
+kind of the the first step i always say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the first step i always say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the first step i always say
+is draw the free body diagram but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw the free body diagram but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw the free body diagram but
+there's kind of a step zero before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a step zero before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's kind of a step zero before
+everything else which is finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else which is finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else which is finish the
+labeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling
+so let's label this right so the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's label this right so the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's label this right so the label
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+i'm gonna call this distance l and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna call this distance l and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna call this distance l and i'm
+to assume the radius of this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume the radius of this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume the radius of this thing is
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so next step draw the free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the forces on this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gravity
+so that's mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's mg
+what else normal force which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else normal force which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else normal force which direction
+would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where's the normal force being applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the normal force being applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the normal force being applied
+precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+on the object where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object where
+at the bottom right so when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom right so when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom right so when you first
+draw the free body diagram be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the free body diagram be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the free body diagram be very
+careful to label where the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful to label where the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful to label where the force is
+being applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being applied
+because it might affect the torque right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might affect the torque right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might affect the torque right
+let's call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that
+normal force anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friction could it slip without friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction could it slip without friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction could it slip without friction
+oh it would slip could it roll without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it would slip could it roll without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it would slip could it roll without
+friction is what i meant to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is what i meant to say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction is what i meant to say no
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and theta
+is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so your unknowns are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your unknowns are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your unknowns are going to be
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+f and n you'll get three equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and n you'll get three equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and n you'll get three equations of
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+you solve them and you're solved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve them and you're solved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve them and you're solved you
+solve the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the problem
+right all i care about is i want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all i care about is i want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all i care about is i want to know
+what the theta is going to be as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the theta is going to be as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the theta is going to be as a
+function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time
+so really only i don't really care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really only i don't really care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really only i don't really care about
+f and n all i care about is figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and n all i care about is figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and n all i care about is figure out
+for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+theta equation for theta with the f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equation for theta with the f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equation for theta with the f and
+n eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n eliminated
+that's what i care about right but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i care about right but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i care about right but i
+could you know in some cases i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know in some cases i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know in some cases i might
+care about f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about f
+i attended a talk by a guy from michelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i attended a talk by a guy from michelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i attended a talk by a guy from michelin
+the tire company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire company
+and their entire lives is spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their entire lives is spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their entire lives is spent
+analyzing f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing f
+and n and the pressure on the tire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n and the pressure on the tire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n and the pressure on the tire and
+it's very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting
+right um anyway but we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um anyway but we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um anyway but we don't care about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but the problem is that in solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is that in solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem is that in solving this
+and writing out the equations we'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing out the equations we'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing out the equations we'll end
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+having to care about f and n all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to care about f and n all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to care about f and n all right
+so let's talk about it so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about it so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about it so how do we
+solve it how do we solve formulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it how do we solve formulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it how do we solve formulate the
+equations of motion for the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again okay
+so here's what we need to do what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what we need to do what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what we need to do what are
+the three equations of motion for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three equations of motion for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three equations of motion for a
+rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is equal to m a in the x direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to m a in the x direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is equal to m a in the x direction in
+one direction and physically i mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and physically i mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and physically i mean the
+y direction whatever those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction whatever those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction whatever those two
+directions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are
+and what's the third one torque right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the third one torque right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the third one torque right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so which direction do you think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which direction do you think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which direction do you think we
+should be writing a physical m a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody
+what's the convenient direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the convenient direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the convenient direction okay
+parallel to this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel to this all right
+so here's what we're going to do so f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what we're going to do so f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's what we're going to do so f is
+equal to m a so let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m a so let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to m a so let's assume
+that this is the a1 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the a1 direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the a1 direction
+and this is the a2 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the a2 direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the a2 direction
+right so in the a1 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the net force in the x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the net force in the x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the net force in the x direction
+by the way what is this angle anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it fee yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so in the a1 direction that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the a1 direction that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in the a1 direction that is
+in this direction what is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction what is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction what is the total
+force on this rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come on you know just say it help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that
+m what a of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m what a of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m what a of what
+a of this point a of this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of this point a of this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of this point a of this point
+center of mass so this is the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so this is the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so this is the center of
+mass so what we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so what we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so what we care about
+is m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh i'm sorry that should be a figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry that should be a figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i'm sorry that should be a figure
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+right m a of the center of mass and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right m a of the center of mass and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right m a of the center of mass and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+that this is only going to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is only going to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is only going to accelerate
+the center of mass is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass is only going to
+accelerate in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate in this direction
+so i'm just going to call it a i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to call it a i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm just going to call it a i'll
+leave out the frames and all that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the frames and all that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave out the frames and all that for
+the time being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time being
+okay if you want i can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want i can write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you want i can write this as
+a center of mass but it's you know i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center of mass but it's you know i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center of mass but it's you know i'm
+taking the because i'm only taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the because i'm only taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the because i'm only taking
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+right it's a scalar so it's the a center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a scalar so it's the a center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a scalar so it's the a center
+of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+right a center okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a center okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a center okay
+in the a2 direction what do i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look it's very simple stuff you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's very simple stuff you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's very simple stuff you know
+this i just want you to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i just want you to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i just want you to go through it
+with me i know it's a little boring but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me i know it's a little boring but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me i know it's a little boring but
+we need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do it
+so the a2 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to zero because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero because it's not
+accelerating in the a2 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating in the a2 direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating in the a2 direction
+okay now i have three unknowns n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i have three unknowns n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i have three unknowns n
+f and the third unknown is is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta right so i need to somehow get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right so i need to somehow get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta right so i need to somehow get
+theta into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta into this
+right we'll bring it in so the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll bring it in so the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll bring it in so the way we
+can get theta the kinematic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get theta the kinematic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get theta the kinematic constraint
+is this distance that is rolled down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this distance that is rolled down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this distance that is rolled down
+l right so the way i can say it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l right so the way i can say it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l right so the way i can say it is a
+i'm just going to write it and i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to write it and i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to write it and i want
+you to understand it by including it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand it by including it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to understand it by including it
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does that make sense i want everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense i want everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense i want everyone to
+stare at this kinematic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this kinematic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this kinematic constraint
+ac is equal to minus r theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac is equal to minus r theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac is equal to minus r theta double dot
+where do i get that l is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do i get that l is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do i get that l is equal to
+some constants some constant minus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constants some constant minus r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some constants some constant minus r
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+right l dot is equal to minus r theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right l dot is equal to minus r theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right l dot is equal to minus r theta
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+l double dot is equal to minus r theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l double dot is equal to minus r theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l double dot is equal to minus r theta
+double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot
+right is everyone are you good with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is everyone are you good with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is everyone are you good with this
+okay and so the kinematic constraint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the kinematic constraint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the kinematic constraint is
+ac is equal to minus r theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac is equal to minus r theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ac is equal to minus r theta double dot
+okay do i have enough to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do i have enough to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do i have enough to solve the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody because the way i've written the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody because the way i've written the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody because the way i've written the
+equations i actually have four unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations i actually have four unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations i actually have four unknowns
+the unknowns are this guy this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknowns are this guy this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknowns are this guy this guy
+this guy and this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right just the way i wrote the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just the way i wrote the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just the way i wrote the equations
+so i need a fourth equation where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i need a fourth equation where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i need a fourth equation where does
+the fourth equation come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth equation come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth equation come from
+torque okay so what is the total torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay so what is the total torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque okay so what is the total torque
+on this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this guy
+first of all let's pick a point now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's pick a point now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all let's pick a point now
+which point should we take the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point should we take the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point should we take the torque
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+okay now if you take the talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you take the talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you take the talk about the
+center of mass the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass the problem is
+this f guy force which is an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this f guy force which is an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this f guy force which is an unknown
+which you know it's an ugly force we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know it's an ugly force we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know it's an ugly force we
+don't care about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about it
+it's going to show up explicitly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to show up explicitly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to show up explicitly right
+wouldn't it have been more convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it have been more convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it have been more convenient to
+take the point about this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the point about this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the point about this point
+the talk about this point because both f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk about this point because both f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the talk about this point because both f
+and n would vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n would vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n would vanish
+right but can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it the center of mass in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the center of mass in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the center of mass in fact it's
+the icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icr
+all right but let's not do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but let's not do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but let's not do that right
+now we know you can do it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know you can do it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know you can do it with the
+center of mass center mass is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass center mass is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass center mass is always
+kosher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kosher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kosher
+so let's do it about the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do it about the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do it about the center of mass
+ugly as it might be so let's do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly as it might be so let's do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly as it might be so let's do that now
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so what is the torque about the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the torque about the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the torque about the center
+of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass
+anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry say it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry say it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry say it again
+minus rf right right hand rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus rf right right hand rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus rf right right hand rule
+so it is r cross f so this cross this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is r cross f so this cross this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is r cross f so this cross this is
+going to be negative so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative so it's going to be
+minus r f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r f
+is equal to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to what
+i alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why but what is alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but what is alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why but what is alpha
+theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so now we have four equations four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now we have four equations four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now we have four equations four
+unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+we can solve the problem i wrote it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve the problem i wrote it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve the problem i wrote it out
+this way just to kind of look it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way just to kind of look it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way just to kind of look it's
+pretty obvious what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious what we're doing
+right but i wrote it out this way just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i wrote it out this way just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but i wrote it out this way just
+to kind of show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of show you
+that the unknowns might balloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unknowns might balloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unknowns might balloon
+depending on how you wrote the kinematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you wrote the kinematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you wrote the kinematic
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+you might add one or two but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might add one or two but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might add one or two but the
+kinematic constraints will compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints will compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraints will compensate
+for them you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them you get it
+right but you have four equations four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have four equations four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you have four equations four
+unknowns and it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and it's a very
+easy system to solve which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy system to solve which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy system to solve which is the
+objective of the first snap quiz do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of the first snap quiz do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective of the first snap quiz do it
+so although it was more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although it was more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although it was more convenient
+to take moments about this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take moments about this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take moments about this point
+which is perfectly valid because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is perfectly valid because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is perfectly valid because the
+center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass
+we chose to take moments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose to take moments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose to take moments about the
+center of ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of ma
+sorry this is the in icr we chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the in icr we chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is the in icr we chose to
+take moments about c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take moments about c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take moments about c
+it just makes the equations more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just makes the equations more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just makes the equations more
+complicated but the answer is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but the answer is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but the answer is going to
+be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same
+so do it and let's get the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is approach one by the way where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is approach one by the way where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is approach one by the way where we
+take the moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the moments
+about the center of mass where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center of mass where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center of mass where
+the reference point is the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the question the answer what i'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question the answer what i'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question the answer what i'm trying
+i want you to solve for theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to solve for theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to solve for theta double dot
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+give me theory double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if anyone is struggling let's get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone is struggling let's get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone is struggling let's get rid of
+acn f put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acn f put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acn f put this
+replace that ac with this guy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that ac with this guy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that ac with this guy okay
+so all that's left in that term is f and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that's left in that term is f and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that's left in that term is f and
+replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace that
+f with this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f with this guy
+and you're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one more minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many of you are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i'll give you another 30 seconds if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll give you another 30 seconds if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll give you another 30 seconds if
+you're not done you're probably just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not done you're probably just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not done you're probably just
+you know struggling with the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know struggling with the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know struggling with the equations
+in terms of manipulating them nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of manipulating them nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of manipulating them nothing
+profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the solution is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insert from equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert from equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert from equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 1 and
+insert from equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 into 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what you will get is mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will get is mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you will get is mg
+sine phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what did i miss something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh it's a plus here okay if you insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you bring the theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you bring the theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you bring the theta double dot
+to one side and you'll get what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one side and you'll get what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one side and you'll get what's the
+final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer
+what's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's okay i was trying to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's okay i was trying to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's okay i was trying to do it
+fast let me have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay one person speak what do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one person speak what do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one person speak what do you want
+to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here everyone agree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everyone agree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here everyone agree with that
+yeah yeah actually that is correct i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah actually that is correct i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah actually that is correct i had
+that negative in the wrong place i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative in the wrong place i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative in the wrong place i was
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+my head all right so theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head all right so theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my head all right so theta double dot
+will come out to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come out to be what
+final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative mg sine phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay done
+it's as simple as that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that question
+you raise your arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so if you want to absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if you want to absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if you want to absolutely
+i is mr squared right i'm sorry half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is mr squared right i'm sorry half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is mr squared right i'm sorry half of
+r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared
+so then this will become you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this will become you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this will become you can
+simplify i and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify i and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify i and
+it will become half mr square that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will become half mr square that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will become half mr square that will
+become three three by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become three three by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become three three by two
+mr right and you can come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr right and you can come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr right and you can come up with the
+final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final answer
+okay the funny thing is i don't care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the funny thing is i don't care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the funny thing is i don't care to
+care about the eyes exactly this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the eyes exactly this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the eyes exactly this formula
+still holds for example if we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still holds for example if we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still holds for example if we've got a
+hoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoop
+right this would be i would be mr right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would be i would be mr right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this would be i would be mr right
+in fact let me ask you a question based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact let me ask you a question based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact let me ask you a question based
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+if i gave you two circular entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i gave you two circular entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i gave you two circular entities
+of the same mass one is a hoop and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same mass one is a hoop and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same mass one is a hoop and one
+is a solid disc but the total mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solid disc but the total mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a solid disc but the total mass is
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+which will accelerate faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which one the solid mass will accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one the solid mass will accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one the solid mass will accelerate
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+right makes sense because the inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right makes sense because the inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right makes sense because the inertia
+term will be less for a solid mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will be less for a solid mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will be less for a solid mass
+compared to a hoop right to your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a hoop right to your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a hoop right to your point
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+why is that intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you're considering more mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're considering more mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're considering more mass of the
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+right in a hoop so there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a hoop so there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in a hoop so there's more
+resistance to rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to rotation
+get it the mr square there's an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it the mr square there's an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it the mr square there's an extra
+half mr squared there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half mr squared there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half mr squared there
+does everyone understand what i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone understand what i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone understand what i just
+said right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said right
+okay so we just solved this problem soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just solved this problem soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we just solved this problem soup
+to nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nuts
+right using approach one where we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right using approach one where we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right using approach one where we use
+the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass
+and the answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that was the final answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was approach one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was approach one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was approach one now
+it's vaguely satisfying now let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vaguely satisfying now let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's vaguely satisfying now let's do
+approach two quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we said it earlier we hinted at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said it earlier we hinted at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we said it earlier we hinted at it
+what is the icr of the rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the icr of the rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the icr of the rolling
+disc point of contact right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc point of contact right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc point of contact right
+let me ask you a question if that wedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you a question if that wedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you a question if that wedge
+was sitting in a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting in a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting in a truck
+and moving 100 miles an hour north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving 100 miles an hour north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving 100 miles an hour north
+constant velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant velocity
+would the point p be an icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good so here's the deal very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so here's the deal very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so here's the deal very
+important all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right
+there's a lesson in there so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lesson in there so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lesson in there so you're
+exactly right that is the icr but i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right that is the icr but i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right that is the icr but i put
+a twist into it i said if you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twist into it i said if you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a twist into it i said if you're seeing
+a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a truck
+heading north at a constant velocity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading north at a constant velocity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading north at a constant velocity or
+east to west it still works the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east to west it still works the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east to west it still works the same
+the point is an icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is an icr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is an icr
+is the instantaneous center of rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the instantaneous center of rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the instantaneous center of rotation
+of a rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rigid body
+with respect to an inertial frame so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an inertial frame so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an inertial frame so you
+just attach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just attach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just attach the
+inertial frame to the truck it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame to the truck it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame to the truck it would
+still become the icr however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still become the icr however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still become the icr however
+now if you're trying to find the icr of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're trying to find the icr of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you're trying to find the icr of
+some other rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other rigid body
+also in the same system you better use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the same system you better use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the same system you better use
+that same truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same truck
+get it you understand you pick one frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it you understand you pick one frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it you understand you pick one frame
+and you can make that the icr but if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make that the icr but if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make that the icr but if in
+that truck there's another tiny truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that truck there's another tiny truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that truck there's another tiny truck
+heading some other direction of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading some other direction of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading some other direction of the same
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+that rolling it won't be the icr you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rolling it won't be the icr you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rolling it won't be the icr you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+do people understand i'm saying there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people understand i'm saying there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people understand i'm saying there's
+only one you get only one choice to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one you get only one choice to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one you get only one choice to pick
+an inertial frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inertial frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inertial frame
+and it's an icr in that frame everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an icr in that frame everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an icr in that frame everyone
+cool with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool with this
+okay now if it was if it were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if it was if it were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if it was if it were not
+perfect rolling if it was slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect rolling if it was slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect rolling if it was slipping
+would that be the icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes no or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if the disc were not not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if the disc were not not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if the disc were not not like a
+gear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear right
+but we're kind of slipping a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're kind of slipping a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're kind of slipping a little bit
+and rolling you know slipping rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rolling you know slipping rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rolling you know slipping rolling
+slipping rolling skidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping rolling skidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slipping rolling skidding
+right would the point of contact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right would the point of contact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right would the point of contact with
+the icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it would not where would the icr be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it would not where would the icr be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it would not where would the icr be
+kinda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower under the floor or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think it would be lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think it would be lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think it would be lower
+all right now imagine you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now imagine you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now imagine you're in a
+motorbike here let me give you a give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorbike here let me give you a give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorbike here let me give you a give
+give another one i'm on a motorbike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give another one i'm on a motorbike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give another one i'm on a motorbike
+right i flow the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i flow the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i flow the gas
+the throttle right the wheels really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throttle right the wheels really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throttle right the wheels really
+start spinning in the same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start spinning in the same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start spinning in the same place
+where's the icr center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the icr center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the icr center of mass
+get it so in the slippage the icr can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it so in the slippage the icr can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it so in the slippage the icr can
+move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up
+or it can move down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can move down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it can move down right
+if it's slipping in this situation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's slipping in this situation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's slipping in this situation you
+know it's kind of not rolling but kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's kind of not rolling but kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's kind of not rolling but kind
+of slipping and rolling it would move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slipping and rolling it would move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slipping and rolling it would move
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+if i'm revving up an engine right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm revving up an engine right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm revving up an engine right and
+i'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of
+spinning my wheels it's moving up so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning my wheels it's moving up so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning my wheels it's moving up so the
+icr is not always but if it's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icr is not always but if it's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icr is not always but if it's perfect
+rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling
+it is the point of contact everyone cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the point of contact everyone cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the point of contact everyone cool
+on this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this yes
+okay so how do we solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we solve this problem
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+for the icr what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all would the icr be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all would the icr be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all would the icr be more
+convenient in this situation yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient in this situation yes or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient in this situation yes or no
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+and the reason is look when we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is look when we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is look when we took the
+torque equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque equation
+we got this silly term here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this silly term here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this silly term here right
+rf right and f is an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rf right and f is an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rf right and f is an unknown
+if we taken the torque about the icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we taken the torque about the icr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we taken the torque about the icr
+f and n both the unknowns would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and n both the unknowns would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and n both the unknowns would have
+gone away right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone away right
+we would still we could still write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would still we could still write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would still we could still write
+equation one so let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one so let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one so let's do it
+so equation one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equation one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equation one um
+which is f is equal to m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f is equal to m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f is equal to m a
+in a one direction same as about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a one direction same as about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a one direction same as about right
+equation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is f is equal to m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f is equal to m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f is equal to m a
+in a two direction same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what is the torque equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the torque equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what is the torque equation
+about the icr somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the icr somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the icr somebody
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the net torque about on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the net torque about on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the net torque about on this
+rigid body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body
+about the instantaneous center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instantaneous center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the instantaneous center of
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick quick quick quick what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick quick quick quick what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick quick quick quick what
+r cross mg that's right and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cross mg that's right and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cross mg that's right and that would
+come out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay and is that positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay and is that positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay and is that positive or
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so torque equations come on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so torque equations come on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so torque equations come on going
+to come out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come out to be
+minus r m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r m
+g sine phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g sine phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g sine phi
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i theta double dot but where do we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i theta double dot but where do we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i theta double dot but where do we take
+the i about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right i of that rigid body above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right i of that rigid body above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right i of that rigid body above
+the icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the icr
+times a alpha b which is theta double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a alpha b which is theta double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a alpha b which is theta double
+dot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the moment of inertia
+of the that rigid body about point p not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the that rigid body about point p not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the that rigid body about point p not
+about its center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about its center of mass
+quick plus m r squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick plus m r squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick plus m r squared right
+so let's write that down so let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write that down so let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write that down so let's write
+this equation down again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation down again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation down again
+minus i minus r mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i minus r mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i minus r mg
+sine phi is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 by 2 m r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 by 2 m r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 by 2 m r squared
+or the other way to write it is i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way to write it is i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way to write it is i'll
+write in the more general way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in the more general way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in the more general way
+it is i center of mass which was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is i center of mass which was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is i center of mass which was just
+called i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called i
+earlier plus m r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what's the answer for theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's the answer for theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's the answer for theta
+double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick the same right
+is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank god got different answers last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank god got different answers last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank god got different answers last
+year it was very embarrassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know all my derivations my whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all my derivations my whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all my derivations my whole
+life flashed before my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life flashed before my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life flashed before my eyes
+i questioned everything my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now did i use equation 1 in doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did i use equation one in solving i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i use equation one in solving i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i use equation one in solving i
+could write it but i didn't need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it but i didn't need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write it but i didn't need to use
+it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+did i use equation two no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i use equation two no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i use equation two no
+i used equation three did i even use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used equation three did i even use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used equation three did i even use the
+kinematic constraint explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint explicitly
+kinda not right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinda not right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinda not right so
+just using this i got the answer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using this i got the answer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just using this i got the answer it's
+just a matter of convenience it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of convenience it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of convenience it's a
+shortcut that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut that's all
+and the judgment about the point q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the judgment about the point q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the judgment about the point q
+all it'll help you with is in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it'll help you with is in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it'll help you with is in solving
+the simultaneous equations more quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simultaneous equations more quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simultaneous equations more quickly
+so that was what i was saying earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was what i was saying earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was what i was saying earlier
+and i said you get understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said you get understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said you get understand why
+certain points are more effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain points are more effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain points are more effective
+than other points in writing equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other points in writing equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other points in writing equations
+you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand
+this was just a trick it's like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just a trick it's like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was just a trick it's like you know
+if there's a not you pull the string at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a not you pull the string at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a not you pull the string at
+the right place it just unties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place it just unties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right place it just unties
+this was it that's it nothing profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was it that's it nothing profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was it that's it nothing profound
+when in doubt you can always take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt you can always take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when in doubt you can always take the
+center of mass you'll have a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass you'll have a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass you'll have a few more
+terms but you can solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but you can solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms but you can solve it
+get it is everyone copacetic with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right everyone copacetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what happened was that of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happened was that of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what happened was that of all the
+unknowns and all the knowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and all the knowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns and all the knowns
+you got one equation with one unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got one equation with one unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got one equation with one unknown
+you solved it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solved it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solved it
+right now there were three other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there were three other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there were three other
+equations and three other unknowns but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and three other unknowns but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and three other unknowns but
+you didn't care about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't care about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't care about them
+right those were these three equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those were these three equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those were these three equations
+and there were three unknowns embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were three unknowns embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were three unknowns embedded
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+but you didn't care about now if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't care about now if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't care about now if you had
+to calculate the normal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the normal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the normal force
+you would have to have to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to have to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to have to go back and
+solve them anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve them anyway
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of dynamics is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of dynamics is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of dynamics is really
+all about convenience that's it after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about convenience that's it after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about convenience that's it after
+you learn a physical m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a physical m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn a physical m a
+you can always solve the heck out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always solve the heck out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always solve the heck out of
+anything just by brute force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything just by brute force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything just by brute force
+and a lot of dynamics is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of dynamics is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of dynamics is just
+simplifying the map that's it even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the map that's it even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying the map that's it even the
+concept of a moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a moment of inertia
+is just a way to simplify the math for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a way to simplify the math for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a way to simplify the math for a
+lot of particles right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of particles right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of particles right
+right is everyone good with this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is everyone good with this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is everyone good with this okay
+now let's take on a bigger challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take on a bigger challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take on a bigger challenge
+which is your grandmom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the way
+grandma enters the equation here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandma enters the equation here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandma enters the equation here is you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+a same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right ball rolling downhill i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ball rolling downhill i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ball rolling downhill i'm sorry
+not ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ball
+a disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disk
+well not bad i'm having a good day today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not bad i'm having a good day today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not bad i'm having a good day today
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+now this is the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is the center
+check we did that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we did that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check we did that right
+we just did we did the first approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did we did the first approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did we did the first approach
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+solving the equations using q is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the equations using q is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the equations using q is equal
+to the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center of mass
+got an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the icr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the icr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the icr
+point p is the icr we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p is the icr we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p is the icr we did that
+and we got the same answer thankfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's pick some of the point q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's pick some of the point q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's pick some of the point q
+and i could pick it anywhere i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could pick it anywhere i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could pick it anywhere i could
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+this point and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and say
+tau is equal to i center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau is equal to i center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau is equal to i center of mass
+alpha plus the correction term and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus the correction term and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha plus the correction term and it
+would be perfectly kosher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perfectly kosher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perfectly kosher
+right but let's say that for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's say that for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but let's say that for now
+you wouldn't do that why would you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't do that why would you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't do that why would you not
+pick this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why would you do it right it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why would you do it right it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why would you do it right it's just
+going to complicate your equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to complicate your equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to complicate your equations
+there's no convenience to it but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no convenience to it but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no convenience to it but it's
+perfectly reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable
+but let's say there for sentimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say there for sentimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say there for sentimental
+reasons because you do have this aged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons because you do have this aged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons because you do have this aged
+relative who lives at point q here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative who lives at point q here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative who lives at point q here
+you want to take it about point q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take it about point q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to take it about point q and
+we'll just do it let's have a go at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do it let's have a go at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do it let's have a go at it
+okay and let's say grand mom and liv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's say grand mom and liv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's say grand mom and liv
+grandmom lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmom lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmom lives
+in not to perverse a place it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not to perverse a place it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in not to perverse a place it's
+r below the surface a distance r below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r below the surface a distance r below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r below the surface a distance r below
+the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+just to make our math a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and let's see if we get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's see if we get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's see if we get the same
+answer what do you think do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what do you think do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer what do you think do you think
+we'll get the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get the same answer
+yeah of course you know the script okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's write the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write the whole thing
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+does equation one change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same equation two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same so what happens to equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so what happens to equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so what happens to equation
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're taking talks about we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking talks about we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're taking talks about we're going to
+call this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+help me out here folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stadium sorry i can't hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well well okay let's talk about it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well okay let's talk about it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well okay let's talk about it right
+you're just going to take the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to take the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to take the forces
+all these forces you're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these forces you're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these forces you're going to take
+torques about this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques about this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torques about this point
+right is n going to contribute no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is n going to contribute no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is n going to contribute no
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+r cross n and r r and n are parallel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cross n and r r and n are parallel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cross n and r r and n are parallel so
+it won't contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't contribute
+what will the what will the contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the what will the contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the what will the contribution
+f be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f be
+contribution of f is plus rf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of f is plus rf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of f is plus rf
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any other torques on this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and an r right let me write that neatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an r right let me write that neatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an r right let me write that neatly
+up i apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 2r times mg sine phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to that's a net torque on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to that's a net torque on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to that's a net torque on this
+thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right
+what is i for this guy where do you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is i for this guy where do you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is i for this guy where do you take
+i about look at the look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i about look at the look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i about look at the look at our
+uh which i should we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i should we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which i should we consider
+center of mass so what is uh that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so what is uh that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass so what is uh that's just
+the same ic that we usually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we need this correction term right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what's that guy let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's that guy let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's that guy let me put it
+up there so you can stare at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there so you can stare at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there so you can stare at it
+what's our correction term going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our correction term going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our correction term going to be
+think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay but just yeah exactly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay but just yeah exactly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay but just yeah exactly it's
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+right sorry go back yeah say it again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2r
+well look it's very simple yeah we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look it's very simple yeah we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well look it's very simple yeah we have
+r theta double dot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r theta double dot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r theta double dot here
+right so it's going to be that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to be that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's going to be that's right
+it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that vector cross m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which will be minus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i forgot yeah is everyone good with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i just took r cross m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just took r cross m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just took r cross m a
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is minus r theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is minus r theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is minus r theta double dot
+from there we've only calculated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we've only calculated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there we've only calculated it
+right and r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 a 1 r right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a 1 r right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a 1 r right
+across m a is this is the sign right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the fourth equation is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth equation is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth equation is the same as
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we now come to the last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we now come to the last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we now come to the last part of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+snap quiz solve it and for god's sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap quiz solve it and for god's sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snap quiz solve it and for god's sake
+please give me the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know the answer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this should be plus yeah actually thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be plus yeah actually thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be plus yeah actually thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+that should be a plus by the way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a plus by the way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be a plus by the way right
+and make mine make it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if did the crossbar let me step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if did the crossbar let me step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if did the crossbar let me step back and
+see if i can see it from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this approach number three we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how many of you've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you've got it
+okay for those who haven't let me give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for those who haven't let me give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for those who haven't let me give
+you a very simple explanation of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very simple explanation of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very simple explanation of why
+this is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is right
+why you look at the same answer look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you look at the same answer look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you look at the same answer look at
+equation three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three
+right equation one is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right equation one is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right equation one is the same as the
+top right board equation 2 is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right board equation 2 is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top right board equation 2 is the same
+equation 4 is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 4 is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 4 is the same
+liquidity equation 3. is it the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity equation 3. is it the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity equation 3. is it the same as
+the equation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation on the
+equation 3 there it's not right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 3 there it's not right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 3 there it's not right they're
+different but if you stare at it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but if you stare at it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but if you stare at it you
+will realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will realize
+that equation 3 that we have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation 3 that we have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation 3 that we have here is
+actually a restatement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a restatement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a restatement
+of a couple of those equations namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple of those equations namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a couple of those equations namely
+equation three here and equation one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three here and equation one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation three here and equation one up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+you understand if you double one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand if you double one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand if you double one
+multiplied by r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by r
+and subtract it from 3. so this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract it from 3. so this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtract it from 3. so this is in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 2r times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2r times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2r times this
+plus this get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this get
+it so if you sort you know if you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you sort you know if you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so if you sort you know if you kind
+of shuffle equations nothing changes get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shuffle equations nothing changes get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shuffle equations nothing changes get
+the same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answer
+and you can see why therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see why therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see why therefore you can
+kind of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand
+that the moment of inertia you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment of inertia you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the moment of inertia you see this
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+a term this r cross m a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term this r cross m a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term this r cross m a term
+it kind of was like a parallax theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of was like a parallax theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of was like a parallax theorem
+at some level kinda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level kinda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some level kinda
+right it's not really okay because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not really okay because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not really okay because it's
+not really a parallel axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a parallel axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a parallel axis
+but it has the same effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has the same effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has the same effect so
+essentially what this does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what this does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what this does is
+this equation this set of equations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation this set of equations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation this set of equations is
+equivalent to that set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that set of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that set of equations
+and when you solve it as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you solve it as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you solve it as before
+you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is the last term positive okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the last term positive okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is the last term positive okay so
+where did the last term come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the last term come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did the last term come from
+it was this term right so the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this term right so the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was this term right so the way it
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+is it would be let's write it out rqce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it would be let's write it out rqce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it would be let's write it out rqce
+let's write it in full vector form is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it in full vector form is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write it in full vector form is 2
+r a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry a2 a bigger button that's what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a2 a bigger button that's what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a2 a bigger button that's what i
+had wrong a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had wrong a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had wrong a2
+right cross m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cross m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cross m
+e what is ace it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e what is ace it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e what is ace it is
+minus so it's minus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so it's minus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so it's minus here
+ah r theta double dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah r theta double dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah r theta double dot
+times a1 a2 cross a1 is minus a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a1 a2 cross a1 is minus a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a1 a2 cross a1 is minus a3
+and there's a negative here so it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a negative here so it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a negative here so it'll
+become positive got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the origin of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the origin of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the origin of this guy
+i was trying to do it in my head and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was trying to do it in my head and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was trying to do it in my head and i
+put a negative in there but rj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a negative in there but rj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a negative in there but rj
+and sam caught me it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sam caught me it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sam caught me it's actually a
+positive and once you put it all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and once you put it all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and once you put it all in the
+answer comes out to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes out to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer comes out to be the same
+so those are the three ways in which use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three ways in which use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three ways in which use
+torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque
+and acceleration okay now it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceleration okay now it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and acceleration okay now it's very
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was a system with one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a system with one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a system with one degree of
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+really right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really right
+if you wrote the equations in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wrote the equations in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wrote the equations in the most
+if you pick the most elegant approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick the most elegant approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you pick the most elegant approach
+which was this one you got one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was this one you got one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was this one you got one equation
+one unknown you were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unknown you were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one unknown you were done
+brute force the most inelegant approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force the most inelegant approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force the most inelegant approach
+that's not the wrong approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the wrong approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the wrong approach
+right and in fact in many ways that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact in many ways that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact in many ways that is
+the most elegant approach because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most elegant approach because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most elegant approach because the
+same technique for every problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same technique for every problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same technique for every problem
+right you get four equations four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get four equations four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you get four equations four
+unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns
+right and the reason you get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason you get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason you get four
+equations four unknowns is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations four unknowns is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations four unknowns is because it's
+got three degrees of freedom plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three degrees of freedom plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got three degrees of freedom plus a
+kinematic constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematic constraint
+right in fact if you've written it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact if you've written it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact if you've written it even
+more brute force it could be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more brute force it could be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more brute force it could be five
+equations five unknowns because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations five unknowns because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations five unknowns because you
+could even have said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even have said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even have said well
+i will state that the acceleration kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will state that the acceleration kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will state that the acceleration kind
+of perpendicular is an unknown and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perpendicular is an unknown and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perpendicular is an unknown and then
+stated equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated equal to zero
+right so you get one more equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get one more equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you get one more equation one
+more unknown get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unknown get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more unknown get it
+right so in its most general sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in its most general sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in its most general sense
+you might get a lot of equations but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get a lot of equations but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get a lot of equations but
+you'll always get as many equations as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always get as many equations as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll always get as many equations as
+their unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their unknowns
+the smarter you are about picking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smarter you are about picking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smarter you are about picking the
+reference point to take talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point to take talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point to take talks about
+the fewer unknowns you will have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewer unknowns you will have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewer unknowns you will have to deal
+with and for your equations and get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and for your equations and get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and for your equations and get into
+your solution but if you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution but if you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solution but if you want to know
+all the hidden forces all the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hidden forces all the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hidden forces all the reaction
+forces all the internal forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces all the internal forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces all the internal forces
+then you have to write it all out get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to write it all out get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to write it all out get it
+if you solve for f using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve for f using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you solve for f using this
+you'll figure out what the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll figure out what the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll figure out what the the the
+friction force needs to be and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force needs to be and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction force needs to be and if you're
+designing tires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing tires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing tires
+right you need to know how much friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need to know how much friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you need to know how much friction
+force the tread can support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the tread can support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force the tread can support
+okay if you figure out n you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you figure out n you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you figure out n you know what
+the air pressure in the tie needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air pressure in the tie needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air pressure in the tie needs to be
+in order that it doesn't bottom out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order that it doesn't bottom out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order that it doesn't bottom out the
+tie doesn't bottom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie doesn't bottom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie doesn't bottom out
+and the rim doesn't touch the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rim doesn't touch the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rim doesn't touch the ground
+right so this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is you know
+i attend i attend this this great talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i attend i attend this this great talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i attend i attend this this great talk
+by michelin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by michelin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by michelin
+um it's a very interesting thing they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a very interesting thing they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a very interesting thing they've
+invented something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented something called
+the tweel how many of you have heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tweel how many of you have heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tweel how many of you have heard of
+this tweel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tweel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tweel
+you heard about it you heard about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about it you heard about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about it you heard about it
+tell me about the tweel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about the tweel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about the tweel
+stand up stand up this is great but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up stand up this is great but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up stand up this is great but i
+want everyone to hear about it go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone to hear about it go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want everyone to hear about it go ahead
+yeah it's a tire that doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a tire that doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a tire that doesn't have any
+air in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air in it
+that's right so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so it turns out that
+dunlop invented the rubber tire with air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dunlop invented the rubber tire with air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dunlop invented the rubber tire with air
+inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it
+in like 1898 right and that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 1898 right and that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in like 1898 right and that's where the
+company dunlop came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company dunlop came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company dunlop came from
+a couple of years later someone using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years later someone using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years later someone using
+was using a dunlop tire in france
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using a dunlop tire in france
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was using a dunlop tire in france
+and it burst and there were two brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it burst and there were two brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it burst and there were two brothers
+who fixed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who fixed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who fixed it
+their last names were michelin that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their last names were michelin that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their last names were michelin that's
+where the company michelin comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the company michelin comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the company michelin comes from
+they're like cool we can make tires too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like cool we can make tires too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like cool we can make tires too
+right and for the last hundred years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for the last hundred years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and for the last hundred years
+every automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every automobile
+worth its salt has used a air hose tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth its salt has used a air hose tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth its salt has used a air hose tire
+and now michelin has invented a new tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now michelin has invented a new tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now michelin has invented a new tire
+in fact i was showing the i showed ajay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i was showing the i showed ajay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact i was showing the i showed ajay
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the design a few uh about a few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design a few uh about a few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design a few uh about a few months
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+essentially what they do is they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they do is they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what they do is they have
+the tire and then instead of putting air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire and then instead of putting air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tire and then instead of putting air
+you know between the inside and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know between the inside and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know between the inside and the
+outside they put these little kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside they put these little kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside they put these little kind of
+spooky things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spooky things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spooky things
+they look like spokes they're not spokes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like spokes they're not spokes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look like spokes they're not spokes
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and you get this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get this and
+when when you get contact you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you get contact you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when you get contact you get a
+little bit of shear which you you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of shear which you you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of shear which you you will
+see in 201
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in 201
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in 201
+and it it kind of flexes like a tire or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it kind of flexes like a tire or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it kind of flexes like a tire or
+it kind of spreads out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of spreads out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of spreads out
+and the beauty of this is it has no air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beauty of this is it has no air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beauty of this is it has no air
+so it can go flat it's great in military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can go flat it's great in military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can go flat it's great in military
+applications etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications etc
+but number two it actually if you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but number two it actually if you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but number two it actually if you do it
+right it could be more efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could be more efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it could be more efficient and
+cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper
+than a tar and it might actually reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a tar and it might actually reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a tar and it might actually reduce
+power consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power consumption
+like five percent three percent power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five percent three percent power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five percent three percent power
+wastage because stars stretch right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastage because stars stretch right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastage because stars stretch right
+brilliant stuff right and already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant stuff right and already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant stuff right and already you
+know the you know the segway scooter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the you know the segway scooter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the you know the segway scooter
+right segway is only two tires if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right segway is only two tires if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right segway is only two tires if one of
+them blows up you fall over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them blows up you fall over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them blows up you fall over
+right so they're already thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're already thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're already thinking of
+using this many forklift trucks etc they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this many forklift trucks etc they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this many forklift trucks etc they
+go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into this
+so i said they came and gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said they came and gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said they came and gave a
+presentation and you know where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and you know where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and you know where they
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+the stuff and they calculate the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff and they calculate the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff and they calculate the normal
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+they calculate the friction force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they calculate the friction force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they calculate the friction force and
+then try and figure out how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try and figure out how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then try and figure out how much
+pressure you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you need
+or the suppose it all starts here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the suppose it all starts here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the suppose it all starts here right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i hope now you're very clear about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope now you're very clear about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope now you're very clear about the
+three approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three approaches
+and that they're all the same it's all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're all the same it's all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they're all the same it's all a
+matter of convenience next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of convenience next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of convenience next week
+rj is going to cover energy very simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rj is going to cover energy very simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rj is going to cover energy very simply
+very basic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic energy
+and then we'll solve problems saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll solve problems saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll solve problems saturday
+at 3 p.m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 p.m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 p.m
+you'll see me here again and monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see me here again and monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see me here again and monday
+we'll do more problems and i'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do more problems and i'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do more problems and i'll be a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+i'll give you a technique for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a technique for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you a technique for solving
+problems that's i think pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that's i think pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that's i think pretty good
+okay see you guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6Az1gtDRaAU.txt b/6Az1gtDRaAU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a06a67a69a0666e50f586158284957e4761f0794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6Az1gtDRaAU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody
+let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's begin
+um welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um welcome back
+good to see you all here on zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see you all here on zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see you all here on zoom
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so we're going to pick up with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to pick up with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to pick up with what we
+had been discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been discussing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week
+which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction to
+np completeness so we're following on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np completeness so we're following on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np completeness so we're following on
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of
+time complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time complexity
+we we started talking about the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we started talking about the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we started talking about the time
+complexity classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity classes
+the class p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class p
+the non-deterministic classes the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic classes the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-deterministic classes the class
+np p versus np problem and then leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np p versus np problem and then leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np p versus np problem and then leading
+to this discussion of np completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this discussion of np completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this discussion of np completeness
+and today we're going to prove the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to prove the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're going to prove the big
+theorem in the field uh which really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the field uh which really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the field uh which really
+kind of got things going uh back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got things going uh back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got things going uh back in the
+early 1970s by cook and levin that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1970s by cook and levin that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1970s by cook and levin that uh
+there was actually an mp complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually an mp complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was actually an mp complete
+problem called that sat in particular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called that sat in particular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem called that sat in particular is
+an np complete problem and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an np complete problem and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an np complete problem and then we'll
+also talk about threesat which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about threesat which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talk about threesat which is a
+useful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so just to remember just to uh remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to remember just to uh remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to remember just to uh remember
+we had this notion of np completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this notion of np completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this notion of np completeness
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+languages that be complete if it's in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that be complete if it's in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that be complete if it's in np
+and everything else in np is polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else in np is polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else in np is polynomial
+time reducible to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducible to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducible to it
+and if an np complete problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if an np complete problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if an np complete problem
+turns out to have a polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to have a polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to have a polynomial time
+solution then every np problem has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then every np problem has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution then every np problem has a
+polynomial time solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time solution
+and that's part of the importance of np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the importance of np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the importance of np
+completeness uh because since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh because since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness uh because since we
+uh consider it unlikely that p equals np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider it unlikely that p equals np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh consider it unlikely that p equals np
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and that there probably are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there probably are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there probably are some
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+that uh are in np but are not solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are in np but are not solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh are in np but are not solvable
+in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+would me imply that an np-complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would me imply that an np-complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would me imply that an np-complete
+problem would have that property and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would have that property and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem would have that property and so
+proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving
+a problem and being mp complete is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and being mp complete is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem and being mp complete is
+evidence very strong evidence that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence very strong evidence that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence very strong evidence that it
+doesn't have a polynomial time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a polynomial time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a polynomial time uh
+solution and so therefore it's we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and so therefore it's we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and so therefore it's we call
+intractable uh it's a very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable uh it's a very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intractable uh it's a very difficult
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+the way we are going to typically show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we are going to typically show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we are going to typically show
+problems np-complete is by reducing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems np-complete is by reducing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems np-complete is by reducing a
+known a previously known np-complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known a previously known np-complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known a previously known np-complete
+problem to that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to that problem
+often it's three-sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's three-sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's three-sat
+as we've seen several examples already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen several examples already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've seen several examples already
+or it could be some other uh example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be some other uh example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be some other uh example so
+let's just survey briefly uh the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just survey briefly uh the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just survey briefly uh the things
+that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already
+languages that we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that we've already seen
+which are mp complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mp complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are mp complete
+so we have the languages sat which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the languages sat which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the languages sat which is a
+direct reduction from every np problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct reduction from every np problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct reduction from every np problem
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to show that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that every np language is polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every np language is polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every np language is polynomial
+time reducible to sat which is in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducible to sat which is in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time reducible to sat which is in turn
+reducible to three sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we showed previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed previously
+that threesat is reducible to clique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threesat is reducible to clique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that threesat is reducible to clique and
+hampf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in recitation if you went to that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation if you went to that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation if you went to that they
+showed that the subset sub problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the subset sub problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that the subset sub problem and
+the undirected hand path problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undirected hand path problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the undirected hand path problems are
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+reducible from previously uh shown well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible from previously uh shown well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible from previously uh shown well
+from uh from either from 3sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from either from 3sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from either from 3sat
+or in the case of their undirected hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the case of their undirected hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the case of their undirected hand
+path problem it's reducible from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem it's reducible from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem it's reducible from the
+hand path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand path problem
+and the conclusion once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conclusion once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the conclusion once we have
+these two blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reducibilities shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibilities shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducibilities shown
+then we know that all of these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that all of these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know that all of these problems
+are np-complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are np-complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are np-complete
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the class np basically breaks down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the class np basically breaks down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the class np basically breaks down
+into the np complete problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the np complete problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the np complete problems
+p problems problems that are in p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p problems problems that are in p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p problems problems that are in p and
+then there might be problems in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there might be problems in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there might be problems in between
+as well so there are some problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so there are some problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so there are some problems that
+are not known to be in either category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not known to be in either category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not known to be in either category
+and in fact there's a old theorem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there's a old theorem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there's a old theorem which
+shows that if p is different from np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that if p is different from np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that if p is different from np
+then there are actually problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are actually problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are actually problems that
+are in the intermediate state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the intermediate state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the intermediate state
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+it's possible that p equals np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that p equals np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible that p equals np
+and then everything collapses down uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything collapses down uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then everything collapses down uh to
+be the same with the tiny exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same with the tiny exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same with the tiny exception of
+the um sigma star and empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um sigma star and empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um sigma star and empty set
+languages which can never be uh complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which can never be uh complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages which can never be uh complete
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay um so that's our quick review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's our quick review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so that's our quick review
+here's a check in that i'm gonna use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a check in that i'm gonna use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a check in that i'm gonna use to
+get us ready for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us ready for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get us ready for the
+big proof that we're gonna be spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big proof that we're gonna be spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big proof that we're gonna be spending
+most of the lecture on about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lecture on about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the lecture on about um
+uh showing sat as np-complete but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing sat as np-complete but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh showing sat as np-complete but just
+to define a little notation which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a little notation which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a little notation which you
+might have maybe you've seen already um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have maybe you've seen already um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have maybe you've seen already um
+but i'm going to do it in the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to do it in the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to do it in the form of a
+check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check-in
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm sure you've all seen the big sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you've all seen the big sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you've all seen the big sum
+notation uh using a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh using a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation uh using a sigma
+to represent a sum over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a sum over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a sum over um
+over some set of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some set of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some set of possibilities
+just as there is the big sigma notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as there is the big sigma notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as there is the big sigma notation
+we have you can have other operations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you can have other operations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have you can have other operations um
+that apply to a a set of uh elements so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to a a set of uh elements so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to a a set of uh elements so
+in this case we're going to be seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're going to be seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we're going to be seeing
+the big and and the big or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big and and the big or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big and and the big or
+operation uh it's going to a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh it's going to a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation uh it's going to a notation
+which is going to allow us to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to allow us to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to allow us to talk about
+taking the end of many things or the ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the end of many things or the ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the end of many things or the ore
+of many things um because we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many things um because we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many things um because we're we're
+going to be building these boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be building these boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be building these boolean
+formulas and so ands and orders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and so ands and orders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas and so ands and orders are
+going to be the uh operations that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the uh operations that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the uh operations that we're
+going to be focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing on
+and so just as an example just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just as an example just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just as an example just to
+make sure you're we're all understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're we're all understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're we're all understanding
+this notation if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation if you have
+uh two strings x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two strings x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two strings x and y
+uh written out in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh written out in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh written out in terms of their
+individual symbols so they're both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual symbols so they're both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual symbols so they're both of
+length n so x is x1 to xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length n so x is x1 to xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length n so x is x1 to xn
+y is y 1 to y n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is y 1 to y n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is y 1 to y n
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now i write the following expression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i write the following expression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i write the following expression the
+big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and
+for i ranging between 1 and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i ranging between 1 and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i ranging between 1 and n
+of x i equal to y i if that big and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x i equal to y i if that big and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x i equal to y i if that big and is
+true what does it tell us about x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what does it tell us about x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true what does it tell us about x and y
+and i'm just going to offer you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to offer you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to offer you two
+possibilities that either x and y agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that either x and y agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that either x and y agree
+in some symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some symbol
+or they are equal namely that they agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they are equal namely that they agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they are equal namely that they agree
+on every symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every symbol
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+let's just pull that up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just pull that up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just pull that up as a
+quick poll to get us going here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick poll to get us going here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick poll to get us going here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i just want to make sure you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to make sure you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to make sure you understand
+the notation because we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation because we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation because we're going to be
+using that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that a lot
+in describing the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in describing the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in describing the uh
+polynomial time reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reduction
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+languages in np to the sat language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in np to the sat language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in np to the sat language
+okay i think most of you have got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think most of you have got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i think most of you have got the
+idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but
+so let's finish this up quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see another 15 seconds please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another 15 seconds please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another 15 seconds please
+just to give you a chance to participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a chance to participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you a chance to participate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'm gonna close this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna close this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'm gonna close this uh
+close this poll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this poll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close this poll
+last chance let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chance let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last chance let's call
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes
+the big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big and
+as most of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as most of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as most of you
+can see the big and says that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the big and says that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the big and says that you know
+x1 equals y1 and x2 equals y2 and x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 equals y1 and x2 equals y2 and x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 equals y1 and x2 equals y2 and x3
+equals y3 so they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y3 so they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y3 so they're all
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+every symbol in x is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every symbol in x is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every symbol in x is equal to the
+corresponding symbol in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding symbol in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding symbol in y
+if we had a big or instead of a big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a big or instead of a big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a big or instead of a big and
+the uh then a would be the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh then a would be the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh then a would be the correct
+answer because then just there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because then just there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer because then just there would be
+some place where they agree instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some place where they agree instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some place where they agree instead of
+every place where they they agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place where they they agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place where they they agree
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's um
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+to launch in to this big theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the proof itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof itself
+is a massive details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a massive details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a massive details
+um with one underlying idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with one underlying idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with one underlying idea
+and in fact it's an idea we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it's an idea we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it's an idea we've seen
+before um but let's before we get ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um but let's before we get ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before um but let's before we get ahead
+of ourselves let's just understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves let's just understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ourselves let's just understand what
+we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so we want to show that this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to show that this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to show that this language
+sat is np-complete remember what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat is np-complete remember what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat is np-complete remember what's that
+is it's boolean formulas that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's boolean formulas that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's boolean formulas that are
+satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so we already showed that the set pro so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already showed that the set pro so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already showed that the set pro so
+being mp complete means it has these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mp complete means it has these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being mp complete means it has these two
+features it's in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features it's in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features it's in np
+and everything in np is reducible to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything in np is reducible to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything in np is reducible to it
+so first of all sat is np as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all sat is np as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all sat is np as we've
+already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen
+the witness that shows a formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness that shows a formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the witness that shows a formula is
+satisfiable is simply the satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable is simply the satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiable is simply the satisfying
+assignment that evaluates the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that evaluates the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that evaluates the true
+so now we're going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to pick
+some language in np a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some language in np a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some language in np a
+and show that a is polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that a is polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that a is polynomial time
+reducible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducible to
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is going to apply to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to apply to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to apply to any
+language a and np so let a be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a and np so let a be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language a and np so let a be some
+language in np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language in np
+it's decided by some non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decided by some non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decided by some non-deterministic
+turing machine m in time into the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine m in time into the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turing machine m in time into the k
+that's what it means to be an np um i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means to be an np um i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means to be an np um i'm
+going to make ignoring the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make ignoring the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make ignoring the constant
+factors when we could carry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors when we could carry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors when we could carry that
+throughout the proof it just would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the proof it just would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the proof it just would make
+this the the description a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the description a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the the description a little more
+cumbersome and wouldn't change any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome and wouldn't change any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumbersome and wouldn't change any of
+the ideas but so let's just say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas but so let's just say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas but so let's just say it's
+m runs in time into the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m runs in time into the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m runs in time into the k
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+recognizes or decides this language a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes or decides this language a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes or decides this language a in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh so it's an it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's an it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's an it's
+in and it's a non-deterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's a non-deterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and it's a non-deterministic machine
+so we've got to give a polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got to give a polynomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got to give a polynomial time
+reduction from a to sad that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from a to sad that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from a to sad that's that's
+what i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have to
+demonstrate to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate to you
+so what does that reduction look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that reduction look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does that reduction look like
+it's going to map strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to map strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to map strings
+which may or may not be an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may or may not be an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which may or may not be an a
+to formulas which may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulas which may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulas which may or may not be
+satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied
+that's what the reduction's got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the reduction's got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the reduction's got to do
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+saying that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that out
+more formally is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more formally is
+it's going to take some string w and map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take some string w and map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take some string w and map
+it to a formula we'll call f sub m w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a formula we'll call f sub m w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to a formula we'll call f sub m w
+where m is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m is the
+machine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+decides a and w is is is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so f is going to map w to this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is going to map w to this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f is going to map w to this formula
+where the string is in the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the string is in the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the string is in the language
+exactly when the formula is satisfiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when the formula is satisfiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when the formula is satisfiable
+and the formula is going to depend upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formula is going to depend upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the formula is going to depend upon
+m and w that's why it just has it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and w that's why it just has it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and w that's why it just has it's
+written in this way so we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in this way so we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in this way so we've seen that
+kind of thing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing before
+so basically my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically my
+my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my job
+you know you know we have this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know we have this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know we have this language
+a that's an np and now we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's an np and now we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's an np and now we have some
+string w which might be an a or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string w which might be an a or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string w which might be an a or maybe
+not is an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not is an a
+and i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to
+quickly in polynomial time now produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in polynomial time now produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly in polynomial time now produce a
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+which is going to be satisfiable exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be satisfiable exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to be satisfiable exactly
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+the string w is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so how is that formula going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how is that formula going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how is that formula going to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+how can i produce such a formula which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i produce such a formula which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i produce such a formula which i
+mean i of course i don't know whether w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i of course i don't know whether w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean i of course i don't know whether w
+is in a or not um because i i'm just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or not um because i i'm just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a or not um because i i'm just a
+polynomial time reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time reduction
+and um a is an np language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a is an np language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um a is an np language so
+polynomial time probably is not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time probably is not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time probably is not enough
+to solve whether w is in a so i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve whether w is in a so i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve whether w is in a so i've got
+to make matt do that mapping without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make matt do that mapping without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make matt do that mapping without
+knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing
+the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer
+and the idea is that um and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that um and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is that um and this is
+where you know we've seen things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know we've seen things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know we've seen things like
+this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before
+the formula we're going to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we're going to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula we're going to construct
+simulates the machine on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in some way it's going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some way it's going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some way it's going to do that
+simulation the trick is figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the trick is figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation the trick is figuring out how
+to what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what that means
+um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but
+the the interpretation of that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interpretation of that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interpretation of that formula
+is that in a sense describes and it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in a sense describes and it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in a sense describes and it says
+though in my informal language that m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in my informal language that m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though in my informal language that m
+accepts w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+there's a lot of parallel here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of parallel here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of parallel here between
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this construction and for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this construction and for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this construction and for example the
+construction um the pcp construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction um the pcp construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction um the pcp construction
+where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we
+made a an instant you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a an instant you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a an instant you know
+given a machine and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a machine and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a machine and an
+input we made a set of those dominoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we made a set of those dominoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input we made a set of those dominoes
+where finding a match forced you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where finding a match forced you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where finding a match forced you to
+simulate the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the machine
+here finding a satisfying assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here finding a satisfying assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here finding a satisfying assignment
+is going to force you to simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to force you to simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to force you to simulate the
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so this satisfying assignment is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this satisfying assignment is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this satisfying assignment is going
+to be a computation history for mmw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm just going to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to write that
+computation history in a particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history in a particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history in a particular way
+so it's going to have a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to have a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to have a somewhat
+different encoding which is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different encoding which is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different encoding which is going to
+help us to visualize what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us to visualize what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us to visualize what's going on
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's the
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+that's the approach that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the approach that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the approach that's the basic
+idea of what we're trying to what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what we're trying to what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what we're trying to what we're
+gonna do so i'm happy to take a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do so i'm happy to take a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do so i'm happy to take a minute
+if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's
+if you have any questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions about this
+part but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but um
+otherwise i'll just move on to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i'll just move on to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise i'll just move on to start
+doing the actual construction of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the actual construction of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the actual construction of what
+the formula looks like how is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula looks like how is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula looks like how is it going
+to do that how is that formula going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that how is that formula going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that how is that formula going to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+okay so no questions hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no questions hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no questions hopefully
+we are uh all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are uh all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are uh all together
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+let me describe what my computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe what my computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me describe what my computation
+histories are going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories are going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histories are going to look like
+and and the situation is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the situation is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the situation is a little bit
+different than what we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than what we had before
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um when we were talking about the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we were talking about the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we were talking about the post
+correspondence problem we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence problem we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence problem we had a
+deterministic machine and now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine and now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic machine and now our
+machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is
+non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're going to call the object instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call the object instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call the object instead
+of an accepting computation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an accepting computation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an accepting computation or
+computation history we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history we're just going to
+we're going to call it a tableau or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call it a tableau or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call it a tableau or
+sometimes an accepting tableau if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes an accepting tableau if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes an accepting tableau if you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+emphasize the accepting nature of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the accepting nature of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the accepting nature of it but
+generally we're just going to call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we're just going to call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally we're just going to call it a
+tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau
+so a tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a tableau
+is really an accepting computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really an accepting computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really an accepting computation
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+for the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the machine
+on an accepting branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an accepting branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an accepting branch
+of its non-deterministic computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if m accepts w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if m accepts w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if m accepts w
+it's got to have some accepting branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have some accepting branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have some accepting branch
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau
+is going to be the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the sequence of
+configurations that the machine goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that the machine goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that the machine goes
+through on that accepting branch if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on that accepting branch if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on that accepting branch if
+there are several accepting branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several accepting branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several accepting branches
+there may be several tableaus there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be several tableaus there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be several tableaus there will
+there will be several tableaus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be several tableaus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be several tableaus so
+there's going to be one tableau for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be one tableau for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be one tableau for each
+accepting branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting branch of the
+of the machine's computation on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine's computation on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine's computation on w
+if the machine does not accept w there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine does not accept w there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine does not accept w there
+won't be any tableaus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be any tableaus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be any tableaus
+and so the whole point is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the whole point is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the whole point is that we're
+going to make our formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make our formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make our formula
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent
+the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statement
+that there is a tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and satisfying that formula is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfying that formula is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satisfying that formula is going to
+correspond to filling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to filling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to filling out
+the symbols in in the tableau to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbols in in the tableau to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbols in in the tableau to make it
+a tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tableau
+okay so here is a tableau um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a tableau um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is a tableau um so
+tableau is just again an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau is just again an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau is just again an accepting
+computation history on some branch some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history on some branch some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history on some branch some
+accepting branch of the machine's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting branch of the machine's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting branch of the machine's
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+so and and it the rows of the ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and it the rows of the ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and and it the rows of the ins
+instead of writing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing the
+computation history out linearly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history out linearly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history out linearly we're
+going to represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent it
+in a table form where each configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a table form where each configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a table form where each configuration
+is going to be on a separate row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be on a separate row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be on a separate row
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+now the dimensions of that table are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the dimensions of that table are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the dimensions of that table are
+going to be n to the k by n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n to the k by n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n to the k by n to the k
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+runs for n to the k steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs for n to the k steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs for n to the k steps
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's gonna if there's an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna if there's an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna if there's an accepting
+branch it's going to accept within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch it's going to accept within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch it's going to accept within that
+number of steps and we'll have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps and we'll have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of steps and we'll have enough
+rows here to write down all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here to write down all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows here to write down all of the
+configurations that the machine goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that the machine goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations that the machine goes
+through one after the next row by row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one after the next row by row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one after the next row by row
+each one having a configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one having a configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one having a configuration
+uh in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in it
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and then at the bottom there'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the bottom there'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at the bottom there'll be an
+accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept
+you know minor detail if the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minor detail if the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minor detail if the machine
+accepts earlier we'll just say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts earlier we'll just say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepts earlier we'll just say the
+machine stays in the set once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine stays in the set once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine stays in the set once it's
+it enters an accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters an accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enters an accept
+the machine does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine does not change
+from that point on so the rule of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point on so the rule of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point on so the rule of the
+machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is
+nothing changes and it just remains in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes and it just remains in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing changes and it just remains in
+the same configuration from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same configuration from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same configuration from that point
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+important to understand what we're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand what we're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand what we're you
+know if you're if you're not following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're if you're not following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're if you're not following
+what i mean by a tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by a tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by a tableau
+you're doomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doomed
+for this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this lecture
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it it makes sense if you know for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it makes sense if you know for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it makes sense if you know for you to
+ask a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a question
+to understand what we mean by tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what we mean by tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what we mean by tableau
+okay so just a few more elements here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just a few more elements here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just a few more elements here so
+this is going to be the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the start
+configuration for mw this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for mw this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for mw this would be an
+accepting configuration here down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration here down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting configuration here down at the
+very last row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last row
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and you might imagine you know i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might imagine you know i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might imagine you know i i
+think i filled out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i filled out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i filled out some
+hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical
+first step of the machine after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step of the machine after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step of the machine after the
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+maybe the machine was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the machine was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the machine was
+a when it's in remember how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when it's in remember how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a when it's in remember how we can
+encode our configurations so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode our configurations so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode our configurations so this is the
+machine is in state q0 looking at w uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is in state q0 looking at w uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is in state q0 looking at w uh
+the first symbol of the input w1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first symbol of the input w1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first symbol of the input w1 and
+maybe when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe when it's
+in q0 or looking in that first symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in q0 or looking in that first symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in q0 or looking in that first symbol
+it moves to state q 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves to state q 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves to state q 7
+and goes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and goes right
+and then changes that w 1 to an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then changes that w 1 to an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then changes that w 1 to an a
+and so now here is the head shown moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now here is the head shown moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now here is the head shown moved
+1 position to the right in the new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 position to the right in the new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 position to the right in the new state
+q7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q7
+i mean of course that depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean of course that depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean of course that depends on what
+the machine is designed to do what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is designed to do what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine is designed to do what the
+what the transition function is but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the transition function is but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the transition function is but this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know could possibly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could possibly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could possibly is
+what happens so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so does the
+okay so good does a tableau trace all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good does a tableau trace all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so good does a tableau trace all
+steps of all branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of all branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps of all branches
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+the tableau corresponds to one accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tableau corresponds to one accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tableau corresponds to one accepting
+branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each different accepting branch is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each different accepting branch is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each different accepting branch is going
+to have its own tableau so there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have its own tableau so there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have its own tableau so there might
+be several different ways of filling out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be several different ways of filling out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be several different ways of filling out
+that second row even of course the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second row even of course the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second row even of course the first
+row is going to be in any tableau it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is going to be in any tableau it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is going to be in any tableau it's
+got to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be the same
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+once i know w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i know w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i know w
+here i've written down maybe i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've written down maybe i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i've written down maybe i should
+unpack this for you you know it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack this for you you know it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpack this for you you know it's in the
+start state here then here are the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state here then here are the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start state here then here are the first
+you know here are the n symbols of w w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here are the n symbols of w w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here are the n symbols of w w
+is of length n so it's w 1 w 2 up to w n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of length n so it's w 1 w 2 up to w n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of length n so it's w 1 w 2 up to w n
+and then i'm padding out the rest with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm padding out the rest with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm padding out the rest with
+blanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanks
+so i should have said that too but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i should have said that too but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i should have said that too but okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so i want to make my table into the k by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to make my table into the k by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to make my table into the k by
+n to the k because that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the k because that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the k because that's going to be
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+to represent the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the entire
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all of these
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of m
+uh running for most into the k steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh running for most into the k steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh running for most into the k steps
+right because the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the machine
+um even if it sends its head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if it sends its head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if it sends its head
+moving to the right as fast as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right as fast as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right as fast as it
+possibly can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly can
+it's never going to have um it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never going to have um it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never going to have um it's it's
+never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go outside this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside this box
+if it only runs for n to the k steps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it only runs for n to the k steps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it only runs for n to the k steps so
+this is going to be big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be big enough to
+represent the entire computation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the entire computation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the entire computation of
+m assuming it's running for n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m assuming it's running for n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m assuming it's running for n to the k
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+the input w is of like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input w is of like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input w is of like that
+all right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um
+what is k so k is the running time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is k so k is the running time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is k so k is the running time of
+the machine so we assumed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine so we assumed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine so we assumed from the
+previous slide that m runs in time n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide that m runs in time n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide that m runs in time n to
+the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a good question here how can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good question here how can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good question here how can the
+tableau be a square table if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau be a square table if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau be a square table if we have a
+low number of computation histories but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low number of computation histories but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low number of computation histories but
+a lot of tape um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tape um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of tape um
+well i mean the low number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean the low number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean the low number of
+computation history that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history that that's a
+problem you're not saying that well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're not saying that well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you're not saying that well you
+know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there
+each computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each computation history
+is in a different table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a different table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a different table
+so this i'm representing a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this i'm representing a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this i'm representing a single
+computation history here there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history here there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history here there may be
+there are going to be many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are going to be many
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+um so i can't have a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i can't have a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so i can't have a small number of
+configurations using a lot of tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations using a lot of tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations using a lot of tape
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you know i can only use one more cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can only use one more cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can only use one more cell in
+one more one additional tape cell each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more one additional tape cell each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more one additional tape cell each
+time i meant you know if each additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i meant you know if each additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time i meant you know if each additional
+step of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is yes so there's really no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes so there's really no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes so there's really no difference
+between this if you want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this if you want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this if you want to think of
+this as a computation history that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a computation history that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a computation history that's
+fine this is really just the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine this is really just the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine this is really just the standard
+terminology that's used when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that's used when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that's used when you're
+proving um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving um
+this this particular theorem typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular theorem typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this particular theorem typically
+people talk about it as a tableau but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about it as a tableau but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk about it as a tableau but
+it's really just the computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just the computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just the computation history
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cue state i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cue state i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cue state i mean
+the question about the what are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about the what are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question about the what are these
+states queue this is the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states queue this is the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states queue this is the way we
+represent configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent configurations
+so this means the machine is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means the machine is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means the machine is in
+uh state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh state
+they're not all going down the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all going down the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all going down the diagonal
+the the states are going to zigzag here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the states are going to zigzag here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the states are going to zigzag here
+through he through this picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through he through this picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through he through this picture here
+depending upon how the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon how the head of the
+machine moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine moves
+so you have to go back and review how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to go back and review how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to go back and review how we
+represented configurations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented configurations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented configurations of the
+machine remember the configuration is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine remember the configuration is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine remember the configuration is a
+snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot
+of the machine at a given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine at a given point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine at a given point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how do we know that m runs in polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know that m runs in polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we know that m runs in polynomial
+time we're assuming m runs in polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're assuming m runs in polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're assuming m runs in polynomial
+we started off with a language that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with a language that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with a language that's in
+np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np
+so it's it's a non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a non-deterministic
+polynomial time machine and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time machine and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial time machine and we're
+picking one branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking one branch
+that accepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accepts
+and writing down all the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing down all the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writing down all the sequence
+configurations the machine goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations the machine goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations the machine goes through
+let's move on and maybe as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on and maybe as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on and maybe as
+you know ask more questions as they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ask more questions as they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ask more questions as they come
+to you and i'll pick out some to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and i'll pick out some to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and i'll pick out some to answer
+if that's going to be helpful to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's going to be helpful to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's going to be helpful to others
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+we're going to now construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now construct
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+to say that m accepts w again that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that m accepts w again that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that m accepts w again that was
+what we uh that's our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we uh that's our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we uh that's our goal
+and it says that a tableau for m on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says that a tableau for m on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says that a tableau for m on w
+exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and basically what that means is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what that means is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what that means is we want
+to say that it starts right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that it starts right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that it starts right
+it ends right and everything in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends right and everything in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends right and everything in between
+is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right
+and then we're going to need some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to need some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to need some other
+stuff to talk about how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to talk about how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to talk about how we're going to
+be encoding those symbols using boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encoding those symbols using boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encoding those symbols using boolean
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+so those are going to be the four parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are going to be the four parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are going to be the four parts
+here's the start starts right here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the start starts right here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the start starts right here it
+ends right here it moves right and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends right here it moves right and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends right here it moves right and here
+it talks about the encoding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it talks about the encoding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it talks about the encoding of the
+symbols into boolean variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are the four parts of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the four parts of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the four parts of this
+formula that i'm going to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that i'm going to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that i'm going to describe
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i hope you got your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you got your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you got your question
+answered as to why the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered as to why the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered as to why the total number of
+columns is into the k because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns is into the k because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns is into the k because it's just
+big enough to fit the entire all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to fit the entire all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to fit the entire all
+configurations if the is running for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations if the is running for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations if the is running for at
+most end of the case steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most end of the case steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most end of the case steps
+which is what we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we're assuming
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+getting back to that i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to that i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting back to that i'm going to
+describe these different components now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe these different components now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe these different components now
+on separate slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me start off with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start off with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start off with with this
+component fee cell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component fee cell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component fee cell which
+is sort of the most fundamental one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the most fundamental one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of the most fundamental one
+because it talks about how we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it talks about how we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it talks about how we're going
+to be encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encoding
+those symbols of the tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols of the tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symbols of the tableau
+into the boolean variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again here's kind of our the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here's kind of our the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again here's kind of our the picture
+to have in mind uh of this tableau this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in mind uh of this tableau this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have in mind uh of this tableau this
+is this into the k by enter the k table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this into the k by enter the k table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this into the k by enter the k table
+representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing
+um you know the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the some
+accepting branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting branch
+of the machine's computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine's computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the machine's computation
+if there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is one
+and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now
+let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw a
+some one of the cells here i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of the cells here i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of the cells here i'm going to
+magnify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnify it
+so this is the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the i
+j cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j cell
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and le i'm going to there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and le i'm going to there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and le i'm going to there there are
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a collection of boolean variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of boolean variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of boolean variables
+associated with each one of the cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each one of the cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each one of the cells so
+each one of the cells is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the cells is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of the cells is going to have a
+bunch of variables all to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of variables all to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of variables all to itself
+and those are going to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are going to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are going to be basically
+indicator variables they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variables they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variables they're going to
+indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate
+which symbol that cell gets to uh have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which symbol that cell gets to uh have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which symbol that cell gets to uh have
+in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+okay so again picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again picture here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the in this tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this tableau
+you know we don't know how it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't know how it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't know how it's going to
+get filled out but however it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get filled out but however it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get filled out but however it gets
+filled out each one of these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out each one of these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out each one of these cells
+gets some symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets some symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets some symbol
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that symbol could either be a tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that symbol could either be a tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that symbol could either be a tape
+alphabet symbol or it's symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbol or it's symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet symbol or it's symbol
+representing a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a state
+right that's the way we do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the way we do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the way we do our
+configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations
+so it could be a tape alphabet symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be a tape alphabet symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be a tape alphabet symbol
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+showing the magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe it's the tape alphabet symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's the tape alphabet symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's the tape alphabet symbol
+which represents the blank symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents the blank symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which represents the blank symbol
+or maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's a
+represents some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now how am i going to encode that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how am i going to encode that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how am i going to encode that with
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this let me this is the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me this is the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let me this is the collection of
+variables that's going to apply to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that's going to apply to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that's going to apply to the
+entire formula fees of mw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire formula fees of mw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire formula fees of mw
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each cell is so each cell ij is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell is so each cell ij is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell is so each cell ij is going to
+have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um
+a set of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of variables
+one for each possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for each possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for each possible
+symbol sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol sigma
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+um in the configuration alphabet namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the configuration alphabet namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the configuration alphabet namely
+a tape symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tape symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tape symbol
+or a state symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so i'm gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna have
+well maybe this will become clear as i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe this will become clear as i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe this will become clear as i'm
+writing it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it so
+if i turn the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i turn the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i turn the the
+uh the variable x i j sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the variable x i j sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the variable x i j sigma
+equal to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to true
+that's just a way of saying that cell i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a way of saying that cell i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a way of saying that cell i
+j contains a sigma so if i have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j contains a sigma so if i have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j contains a sigma so if i have x
+you know i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i j
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+that means the symbol contains an a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the symbol contains an a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the symbol contains an a so
+i'm going to illustrate that now for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to illustrate that now for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to illustrate that now for you
+so imagine you have lights representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine you have lights representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so imagine you have lights representing
+all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different
+x i js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i js
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i js
+x i js for the different sigmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i js for the different sigmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i js for the different sigmas
+i didn't say that well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say that well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't say that well so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we're in cell i j so these are all x i j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in cell i j so these are all x i j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in cell i j so these are all x i j
+variables they're x all x i j sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they're x all x i j sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables they're x all x i j sigma
+variables for the different sigmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for the different sigmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for the different sigmas
+that can go in that can go in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go in that can go in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can go in that can go in this uh
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+so all different possible sigmas so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all different possible sigmas so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all different possible sigmas so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+gamma union q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if i have an a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that cell
+so then the variable extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the variable extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the variable extra
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true
+and i'm just helping you visualize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just helping you visualize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just helping you visualize that
+i'm going to that's going to correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to that's going to correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to that's going to correspond
+to turning the light on there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turning the light on there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turning the light on there's going to
+be a light associated with each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a light associated with each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a light associated with each one of
+these variables and it's be turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables and it's be turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables and it's be turned on
+when that variable is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that variable is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that variable is true
+similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly
+if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have
+the blank symbol is the thing that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blank symbol is the thing that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blank symbol is the thing that goes
+in in that cell um then that variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that cell um then that variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that cell um then that variable
+gets turned on i hope you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned on i hope you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned on i hope you can see it
+maybe it's a little bit small on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a little bit small on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a little bit small on your
+screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the x i j blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i j blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x i j blank
+a variable is is true and similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable is is true and similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable is is true and similarly if
+it's q seven here the x i j q seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's q seven here the x i j q seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's q seven here the x i j q seven
+variable is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is true
+okay so that that's the way we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's the way we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that that's the way we're going
+to be encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encoding
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+contents of these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of these cells
+using these indicator variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these indicator variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using these indicator variables
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+we have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start
+making some boolean logic to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some boolean logic to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making some boolean logic to make sure
+that those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those variables
+reasonably represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably represent
+the cell con you know contents of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell con you know contents of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell con you know contents of these
+cells so for example what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so for example what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so for example what would be the
+first thing that comes to your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that comes to your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that comes to your mind
+well we better not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we better not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we better not have
+two lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lights
+going on in any one of the cells because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in any one of the cells because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in any one of the cells because
+then we have two symbols on that cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two symbols on that cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have two symbols on that cells
+and that's not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not allowed
+each cell is going we want each cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell is going we want each cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell is going we want each cell to
+have exactly one symbol and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly one symbol and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have exactly one symbol and that
+corresponds to each each each cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to each each each cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to each each each cell
+having exactly one of its lights turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having exactly one of its lights turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having exactly one of its lights turned
+on or equivalently each cell should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or equivalently each cell should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or equivalently each cell should have
+exactly one of the variables be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of the variables be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of the variables be true
+that's the very first part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very first part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the very first part of the
+formula is just going to say that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is just going to say that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is just going to say that so
+let's let me show you how that what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me show you how that what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let me show you how that what that
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here we're talking about this free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're talking about this free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we're talking about this free
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+it says that there's exactly one light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that there's exactly one light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that there's exactly one light
+on purcell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purcell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purcell
+or in other words exactly one of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words exactly one of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words exactly one of the x
+ij sigmas is true for each ij
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so this is how i'm going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how i'm going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how i'm going to actually
+express that using my boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that using my boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express that using my boolean
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i'm sort of color coding the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of color coding the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sort of color coding the different
+parts of the formula which i'm writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the formula which i'm writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the formula which i'm writing
+out to you here in english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to you here in english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to you here in english
+so first i want to say there's a so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i want to say there's a so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first i want to say there's a so in
+every cell there's at least one light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cell there's at least one light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cell there's at least one light
+that's on and there's almost one light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on and there's almost one light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on and there's almost one light
+that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here's the green part this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the green part this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the green part this is
+going to say at least one light is on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say at least one light is on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say at least one light is on so
+i'm going to say that by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say that by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say that by taking
+all of the very all of the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the very all of the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the very all of the symbols
+that can appear in that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can appear in that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can appear in that cell
+and and take taking in an or over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and take taking in an or over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and take taking in an or over all of
+those different associated variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different associated variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different associated variables
+so it's either got the first symbol on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's either got the first symbol on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's either got the first symbol on
+or the second symbol is there or the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the second symbol is there or the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the second symbol is there or the or
+dot or the last symbol is there one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot or the last symbol is there one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot or the last symbol is there one of
+those has got to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those has got to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those has got to be there
+i'm going to write this using my big or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write this using my big or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write this using my big or
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for sigma
+appearing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in this
+set of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of possibilities
+one of those variables has got to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those variables has got to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those variables has got to be on
+at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+that's what this or big word tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this or big word tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this or big word tells you
+now i want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to make sure
+that there's at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's at most one
+that's on so that there are not there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on so that there are not there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on so that there are not there's
+one at least one on but there are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least one on but there are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at least one on but there are not
+two that are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that are on
+so i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna
+have an additional part of the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional part of the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an additional part of the formula
+here which says and i hope you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which says and i hope you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which says and i hope you can read
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+a little small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little small
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if i have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+symbols sigma and tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols sigma and tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols sigma and tau
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+uh possible configuration symbols where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possible configuration symbols where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh possible configuration symbols where
+sigma and tau are not equal so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma and tau are not equal so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma and tau are not equal so that's
+i'm reading it out to you if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm reading it out to you if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm reading it out to you if you can't
+if it's too small for your screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too small for your screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's too small for your screen
+then i'm going to say it's not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to say it's not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'm going to say it's not possible
+so i have the negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the negation
+of x i j sigma and x i j tau so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x i j sigma and x i j tau so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x i j sigma and x i j tau so
+saying in another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying in another way
+it's not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that cell contains both sigma and tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell contains both sigma and tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell contains both sigma and tau
+for any two symbols sigma and tau as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two symbols sigma and tau as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any two symbols sigma and tau as
+long as they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to take these two formulas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take these two formulas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take these two formulas and
+add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together
+and this tells me in the cell ij
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells me in the cell ij
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tells me in the cell ij
+is exactly one of the variables is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly one of the variables is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly one of the variables is true
+exactly one of the lights is on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of the lights is on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of the lights is on and
+that's going to represent which symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to represent which symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to represent which symbol
+goes into that cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into that cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into that cell
+and then i want to take the and over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want to take the and over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want to take the and over all
+possible cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible cells
+to make sure that i'm going to now apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that i'm going to now apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that i'm going to now apply
+that everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so i now i do an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i now i do an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i now i do an and
+for i and j ranging between 1 and n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i and j ranging between 1 and n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i and j ranging between 1 and n to
+the k to apply this logic throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k to apply this logic throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k to apply this logic throughout the
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sigma union asking sigma union q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sigma union asking sigma union q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sigma union asking sigma union q
+contains the input output yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the input output yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the input output yes
+this is not a sigma this is a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a sigma this is a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a sigma this is a gamma
+gamma is the tape alphabet this is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the tape alphabet this is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the tape alphabet this is any
+symbol including an input symbol um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol including an input symbol um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol including an input symbol um
+from sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sigma
+is going to be in in gamma so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in in gamma so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in in gamma so this is
+any any symbol that can appear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any symbol that can appear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any symbol that can appear on the
+tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and that's
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this expression here that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here that is the
+expression feasible cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression feasible cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression feasible cell
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here's a little check-in for you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a little check-in for you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a little check-in for you but
+maybe before we jump into the check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before we jump into the check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe before we jump into the check and
+let's just make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just make sure
+maybe better to take some questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better to take some questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe better to take some questions
+and then we can ask a check-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can ask a check-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can ask a check-in
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you understand i mean if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand i mean if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand i mean if you're not
+getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should you should try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should you should try to uh
+try to figure out how to get it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out how to get it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out how to get it because
+this is really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really just
+the foundation it it only gets more it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation it it only gets more it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation it it only gets more it's
+not it's not a very complicated proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not a very complicated proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not a very complicated proof
+once you sort of get the idea what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you sort of get the idea what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you sort of get the idea what's
+going on but if you're not getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but if you're not getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but if you're not getting this
+part you won't be able to get the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have no idea what
+what that means but i'll read it out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means but i'll read it out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means but i'll read it out to
+you guys this looks like a one-hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys this looks like a one-hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys this looks like a one-hot
+tensor encoding same from common same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor encoding same from common same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor encoding same from common same
+form commonly used in ml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form commonly used in ml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form commonly used in ml
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's just an indicator i would just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an indicator i would just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an indicator i would just call
+them indicator variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them indicator variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them indicator variables
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it sigma union q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it sigma union q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it sigma union q
+for the big and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigma union q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma union q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma union q
+you mean gamma union q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean gamma union q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean gamma union q
+this is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wrong
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now i understand why everybody's upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i understand why everybody's upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i understand why everybody's upset
+this should be a gamma not a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a gamma not a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a gamma not a sigma
+uh there's a booboo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a booboo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a booboo
+sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+i don't know if i can fix that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i can fix that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i can fix that without
+wrecking the whole slide but so i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrecking the whole slide but so i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrecking the whole slide but so i'm not
+going to even try this symbol here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even try this symbol here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even try this symbol here
+should be gamma not sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be gamma not sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be gamma not sigma
+it's a typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a typo
+thanks for catching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for catching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks for catching that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible
+is just trying to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just trying to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just trying to make sure that the
+encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+setting a bunch of symbols into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a bunch of symbols into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting a bunch of symbols into the
+tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau
+not so each cell is going to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so each cell is going to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so each cell is going to have one
+symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol
+exactly not two not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly not two not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly not two not zero
+um so that's what pieces so if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's what pieces so if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's what pieces so if you've
+satisfied if you set the variables to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied if you set the variables to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied if you set the variables to
+satisfy feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy feasible
+then there's going to be one symbol on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's going to be one symbol on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's going to be one symbol on
+in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each
+one in one symbol in each of those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in one symbol in each of those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in one symbol in each of those cells
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now another question this is not a cnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another question this is not a cnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another question this is not a cnf
+no this is not a cnf that's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not a cnf that's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is not a cnf that's the second
+half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the
+that's going to be if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be if we
+hope we don't run out of time but i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we don't run out of time but i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we don't run out of time but i have
+a way of converting general sat formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of converting general sat formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of converting general sat formulas
+to cnfs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cnfs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cnfs um
+and preserving satisfiability so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preserving satisfiability so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and preserving satisfiability so we're
+gonna do that reduction afterward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's
+is it a little check to see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a little check to see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a little check to see if you
+understand uh at some some level what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh at some some level what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh at some some level what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many variables
+does this formula actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it order n order n square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it order n order n square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it order n order n square
+enter the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the k
+remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this
+k is the running time of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is the running time of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k is the running time of the machine
+uh or n to the 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or n to the 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or n to the 2k
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+so i i i mean for how many variables i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i i mean for how many variables i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i i i mean for how many variables i
+mean that in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that in all of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+m sub m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sub m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m sub m
+yeah how many variables do we have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many variables do we have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how many variables do we have all
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+in this formula if that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formula if that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this formula if that's what the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here though here are the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here though here are the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here though here are the variables
+so describing them here x i j sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so describing them here x i j sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so describing them here x i j sigma
+okay i'm going to close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to close this
+so pick something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pick something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pick something
+all right ending polling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ending polling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ending polling
+one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a good question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a good question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a good question um
+so first of all the the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all the the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all the the correct answer
+is in fact d it's order n to the 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact d it's order n to the 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact d it's order n to the 2k
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm getting some questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting some questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting some questions about what
+about the size of gamma and q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of gamma and q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of gamma and q
+well those are going to be fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those are going to be fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well those are going to be fixed
+they depend only on the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend only on the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they depend only on the machine
+but they don't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they don't depend on
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+so thinking about it in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thinking about it in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so thinking about it in term
+functionally in terms of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally in terms of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally in terms of n
+that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be
+a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant
+multiplier um and so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier um and so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier um and so it's going to be
+absorbed within the um the big o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed within the um the big o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed within the um the big o
+uh so that's why we have uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's why we have uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's why we have uh you know
+these are constant relative to n these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are constant relative to n these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are constant relative to n these
+are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fixed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're not into the k possible symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not into the k possible symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not into the k possible symbols
+there's a fixed number of symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fixed number of symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fixed number of symbols
+depends only on the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so looking at a particular machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at a particular machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at a particular machine and
+what happens when you look at large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you look at large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you look at large
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is it d and not c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it d and not c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it d and not c
+well don't forget how big is this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't forget how big is this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well don't forget how big is this table
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is n to the k by n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n to the k by n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is n to the k by n to the k
+so there are n's n to the 2k cell into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are n's n to the 2k cell into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are n's n to the 2k cell into
+the k quantity squared or enter the 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k quantity squared or enter the 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k quantity squared or enter the 2k
+cells here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so there's a collection of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a collection of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a collection of variables
+for each cell some fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each cell some fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each cell some fixed number
+variables for each cell so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for each cell so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for each cell so that's why
+it's order n to the 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so let's uh
+let's move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on
+i think we're actually oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're actually oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're actually oh no
+um okay so we have one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we have one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we have one more
+slide and i think then we have a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and i think then we have a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and i think then we have a break
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+uh so now let's next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now let's next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so now let's next
+uh talk about constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talk about constructing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+two more pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more pieces of the
+fisa bmw formula so we already got fisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisa bmw formula so we already got fisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fisa bmw formula so we already got fisa
+face of cell done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of cell done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of cell done
+let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+fee sub start and fee sub except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee sub start and fee sub except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee sub start and fee sub except
+and fistart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fistart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fistart
+is going to tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to tell us
+that the start configuration has exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the start configuration has exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the start configuration has exactly
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accept
+tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+configuration contains an accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration contains an accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration contains an accepting
+state somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state somewhere
+so how we're going to write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we're going to write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we're going to write that down
+well first of all i'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all i'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all i'm going to write
+these down just cell by cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these down just cell by cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these down just cell by cell
+so first of all fee start is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all fee start is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all fee start is going to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+the cell 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell 1 1
+contains the q 0. i mean i know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the q 0. i mean i know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the q 0. i mean i know what the
+start configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration
+is it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it should be
+because you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know i
+you know thinking of me or think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know thinking of me or think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know thinking of me or think you
+know us as the reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know us as the reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know us as the reduction
+the reduction is given m it's given w so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction is given m it's given w so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction is given m it's given w so
+it knows what the start state is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows what the start state is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows what the start state is it
+knows what the symbols of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+so it can it knows what that start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can it knows what that start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can it knows what that start
+configuration is it's just q zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is it's just q zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration is it's just q zero
+followed by the n symbols of w followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the n symbols of w followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by the n symbols of w followed
+by blanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by blanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by blanks
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it wants it wants the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants it wants the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants it wants the very first
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+cell in the in the left-hand corner here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in the in the left-hand corner here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in the in the left-hand corner here
+to be a q0 the start state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a q0 the start state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a q0 the start state of the
+machine which it knows so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which it knows so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which it knows so it's going to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+x sub 1 1 q 0 that has to be turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub 1 1 q 0 that has to be turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sub 1 1 q 0 that has to be turned on
+so it's going to be and a bunch of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be and a bunch of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be and a bunch of a
+bunch of variables here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of variables here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of variables here
+and in order to satisfy fee sub start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to satisfy fee sub start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to satisfy fee sub start
+all of those variables have to be set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those variables have to be set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those variables have to be set to
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means
+we have to have a q0 in that cell so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to have a q0 in that cell so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to have a q0 in that cell so now
+we're going to do the next the next cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the next the next cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the next the next cell
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the one two the next cell of the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one two the next cell of the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one two the next cell of the uh uh
+start configuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start configuration so
+fee start is going to have x12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee start is going to have x12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee start is going to have x12
+so that's the next place contains w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the next place contains w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the next place contains w1
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+x13 contains w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x13 contains w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x13 contains w2
+all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way
+up to wn and then there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to wn and then there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to wn and then there's going to be a
+bunch of additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of additional
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parts which say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts which say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts which say that the
+that we have blanks in the rest just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have blanks in the rest just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have blanks in the rest just
+spelling out exactly all of the symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling out exactly all of the symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling out exactly all of the symbols
+in that top row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that top row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that top row
+because that's what the fiestart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+formula or sub formula of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or sub formula of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or sub formula of the of the
+overall formula we're making looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall formula we're making looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall formula we're making looks like
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now let's take a look at fee accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at fee accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at fee accept
+if you accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you accept
+because i'm just looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm just looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm just looking for
+cue accept to appear somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue accept to appear somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cue accept to appear somewhere
+in that bottom row i'm going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bottom row i'm going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that bottom row i'm going to do that
+in terms of an or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of an or
+so here is the variables now notice have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the variables now notice have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the variables now notice have
+n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the k
+because it's the last row in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the last row in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the last row in the table
+so rho n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rho n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rho n to the k
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then i'm going to vary j from 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to vary j from 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to vary j from 1 to n
+to the k so j the column number is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k so j the column number is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the k so j the column number is going
+to range from 1 to n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to range from 1 to n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to range from 1 to n to the k
+and i'm looking for that q except so x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm looking for that q except so x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm looking for that q except so x
+enter the kj which is where j is varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the kj which is where j is varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the kj which is where j is varying
+and q accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and q accept
+one of those has to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has to be true
+one of those has to be turned on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has to be turned on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has to be turned on and so
+that's why it's a it's a big war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a it's a big war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a it's a big war
+and that's my um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's my um
+uh fee accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fee accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fee accept
+peace okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace okay
+and now we'll take a little break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll take a little break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we'll take a little break and
+feel free to ask me some more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask me some more questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to ask me some more questions
+um let me just start the our clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and go grab yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go grab yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go grab yourself
+some coffee or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coffee or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some coffee or
+ask me some questions happy to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me some questions happy to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask me some questions happy to answer
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+why don't we check that q accept only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we check that q accept only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we check that q accept only
+appears once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears once
+is it impossible for q except to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it impossible for q except to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it impossible for q except to appear
+twice that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that's a great question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so that would definitely be a broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would definitely be a broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would definitely be a broken
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+if that happened because a configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that happened because a configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that happened because a configuration
+can ha can have must have exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ha can have must have exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ha can have must have exactly one
+state symbol appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state symbol appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state symbol appearing
+the way we're going to enforce that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to enforce that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to enforce that is
+is with the fee move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the fee move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with the fee move
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+part of the formula which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the formula which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the formula which we haven't
+seen yet so p move is going to guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yet so p move is going to guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen yet so p move is going to guarantee
+that the machine is acting correctly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine is acting correctly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine is acting correctly so
+that all of the rows of the tableau are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the rows of the tableau are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the rows of the tableau are
+all legal configurations and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all legal configurations and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all legal configurations and they all
+legally follow from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally follow from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally follow from the previous
+so that really in a sense the hard heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really in a sense the hard heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that really in a sense the hard heavy
+lifting is coming in fee move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting is coming in fee move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifting is coming in fee move
+but it's really not that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really not that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really not that bad
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody says out of curiosity how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says out of curiosity how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says out of curiosity how close
+is this intuition proof to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this intuition proof to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this intuition proof to the actual
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+this is the actual proof there's no i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the actual proof there's no i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the actual proof there's no i'm
+not i'm not hiding anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i'm not hiding anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not i'm not hiding anything
+i mean you know we're being a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know we're being a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know we're being a little uh
+loose here but you can turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose here but you can turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose here but you can turn this
+this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this
+not cutting any corners here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cutting any corners here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cutting any corners here this is
+exactly how the proof goes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the proof goes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the proof goes um
+and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh
+not not uh you're getting you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not uh you're getting you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not uh you're getting you're getting
+the real deal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real deal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real deal here
+somebody wanted to see the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted to see the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody wanted to see the previous
+slide so here we are whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there something you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something you want to ask
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so fee cell says there's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fee cell says there's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fee cell says there's exactly
+one symbol per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbol per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbol per cell
+and the variables are set in a way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variables are set in a way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variables are set in a way in
+terms of thinking of them as indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking of them as indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking of them as indicator
+variables there's exactly one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's exactly one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables there's exactly one variable
+set to true in each cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to true in each cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to true in each cell
+so it's exactly one symbol per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly one symbol per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's exactly one symbol per cell
+that's what p cell the f cell tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what p cell the f cell tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what p cell the f cell tells you
+what you know if you don't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know if you don't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know if you don't have that
+then you have a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a mess
+so you've got to start with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to start with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got to start with that
+and then with the other other things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with the other other things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with the other other things are
+going to be additional conditions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be additional conditions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be additional conditions which
+when satisfied going to enforce the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when satisfied going to enforce the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when satisfied going to enforce the rest
+of the properties that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the properties that we want
+why would the proof fail if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would the proof fail if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would the proof fail if we
+n to the k with 2 to the n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+i i presume you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i presume you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i presume you know
+where does would this use the polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does would this use the polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does would this use the polynomial
+running time of the machine uh of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of the machine uh of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time of the machine uh of the of
+m the nondeterministic machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the nondeterministic machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m the nondeterministic machine
+i mean if you had a an enormous tab we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you had a an enormous tab we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you had a an enormous tab we
+have to show ultimately that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to show ultimately that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to show ultimately that this
+reduction is a polynomial time reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is a polynomial time reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is a polynomial time reduction
+and that's going to depend on how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to depend on how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to depend on how big
+the tableau is because that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tableau is because that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tableau is because that's going to
+tell us how big the formula we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how big the formula we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us how big the formula we're
+producing is fees of mw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing is fees of mw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing is fees of mw
+if e sub mw is exponentially big we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e sub mw is exponentially big we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if e sub mw is exponentially big we
+don't have a prayer of being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a prayer of being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a prayer of being able to
+output that formula in polynomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there were
+less than into the k steps do we repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than into the k steps do we repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than into the k steps do we repeat
+the last configuration yeah that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last configuration yeah that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last configuration yeah that's what
+i said if we have if the machine ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said if we have if the machine ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said if we have if the machine ends
+early the last configuration just stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early the last configuration just stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early the last configuration just stays
+there so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so we're going to
+modify the definition of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the definition of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify the definition of the machine
+slightly so that you know the um so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so that you know the um so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so that you know the um so it
+just stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stays
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let me not take the other there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me not take the other there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me not take the other there's a
+bunch of other questions some of them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other questions some of them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other questions some of them a
+little on the technical side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little on the technical side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little on the technical side
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me uh maybe i'll try to address them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh maybe i'll try to address them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me uh maybe i'll try to address them
+as they come along if it if it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they come along if it if it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they come along if it if it turns out
+to work to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work to do that
+okay so uh the word the break is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the word the break is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh the word the break is over
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why don't we uh con is it possibly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we uh con is it possibly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we uh con is it possibly that
+the encoding configuration will not fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encoding configuration will not fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the encoding configuration will not fit
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+into the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+so the question is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is there a
+possibility that the encoding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the encoding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the encoding of the
+configuration won't fit into the k if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration won't fit into the k if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration won't fit into the k if
+the machine runs for enter the k steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine runs for enter the k steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine runs for enter the k steps
+the the configuration has to fit with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the configuration has to fit with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the configuration has to fit with an
+end to the k because it can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to the k because it can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to the k because it can't use
+anything more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more
+within into the k steps to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within into the k steps to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within into the k steps to think about
+it but no the ques the answer is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but no the ques the answer is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but no the ques the answer is there's
+the configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configurations
+if the machine runs time into the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine runs time into the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine runs time into the k
+that whole um tableau is big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole um tableau is big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole um tableau is big enough to
+write down the entire computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the entire computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the entire computation
+history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history
+all right so let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's continue
+fees of move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees of move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fees of move
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is in a sense the part which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a sense the part which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a sense the part which is
+going to tell us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell us that
+we started right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started right
+we ended right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ended right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+fee cell says every every cell contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee cell says every every cell contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee cell says every every cell contains
+one symbol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one symbol and
+now we have to say that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to say that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to say that the whole
+interior is correct how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior is correct how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior is correct how are we going to
+do that so these these are the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so these these are the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that so these these are the parts
+we've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already done
+and the way i'm going to describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm going to describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i'm going to describe that
+is in terms of these kind of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of these kind of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of these kind of little
+windows i'm calling neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows i'm calling neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows i'm calling neighborhoods
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+imagine here we have a two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine here we have a two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine here we have a two by three
+rectangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle
+which i'm going to call a two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to call a two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to call a two by three
+neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what i'm going to argue but i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to argue but i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm going to argue but i'm not
+going to prove uh here i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove uh here i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove uh here i'm just going to
+really state it but it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really state it but it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really state it but it's it's really
+just a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sort of
+more or less obvious fact uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less obvious fact uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less obvious fact uh but the
+proof the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof the
+book has the formal proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book has the formal proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book has the formal proof
+that if any every one of these here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if any every one of these here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if any every one of these here is
+legitimate is legal according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate is legal according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate is legal according to the
+rules of the machine if every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the machine if every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of the machine if every single
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+you know you have these um oops let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have these um oops let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have these um oops let me
+put myself back on here so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put myself back on here so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put myself back on here so you can see
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+um if you have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have um
+if you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have here
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by three
+window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window
+you can take this as a window and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take this as a window and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take this as a window and you
+slide that over the entire picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that over the entire picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that over the entire picture of
+the tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tableau
+and everything here looks okay as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything here looks okay as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything here looks okay as far as
+the running of the machine so i'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running of the machine so i'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running of the machine so i'll say
+what that means in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means in a second
+but if if everything looks locally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if everything looks locally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if everything looks locally fine
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+then the whole tableau has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole tableau has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole tableau has to be
+a valid tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid tableau
+in terms of the rules of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the rules of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the rules of m
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe it's easier if i if i describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier if i if i describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's easier if i if i describe
+what i mean by these being legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by these being legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by these being legal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+these neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these neighborhoods
+um these two by three neighborhoods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two by three neighborhoods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these two by three neighborhoods are
+legal if they're consistent with m's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal if they're consistent with m's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal if they're consistent with m's
+transition function so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition function so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition function so i'm going to
+describe rather than i mean to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe rather than i mean to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe rather than i mean to do this
+formally i would have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally i would have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally i would have to go through
+kind of a process that we went like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a process that we went like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a process that we went like what
+we did when we went through uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did when we went through uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did when we went through uh the
+construction for the post correspondence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction for the post correspondence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction for the post correspondence
+problem and see if the machine moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and see if the machine moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and see if the machine moves
+left this thing's happens every move is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this thing's happens every move is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this thing's happens every move is
+right that's i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's i think that's
+it's not really necessary you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really necessary you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really necessary you can kind
+of get the idea very clearly by doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the idea very clearly by doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the idea very clearly by doing it
+a little bit at a higher level um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit at a higher level um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit at a higher level um
+so let's look at what i mean by a legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at what i mean by a legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at what i mean by a legal
+neighborhood so this illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so this illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so this illegal
+neighborhood is a setting of the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood is a setting of the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood is a setting of the values
+the six values of this 2x3 neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+doesn't violate m's rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't violate m's rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't violate m's rules
+so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example
+if m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if m
+when it's in state q7 reading a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes into state q3 and moves left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then this would be a legal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be a legal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this would be a legal neighborhood
+because it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it shows
+the head moving left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head moving left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head moving left
+um the b becoming a c so reading a b i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the b becoming a c so reading a b i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the b becoming a c so reading a b i
+should also say that it right converts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also say that it right converts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also say that it right converts
+that b to a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b to a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b to a c
+and and moves his head left into state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and moves his head left into state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and moves his head left into state
+q3 so this would be a legal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q3 so this would be a legal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q3 so this would be a legal neighborhood
+if that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the way
+so being legal depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being legal depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being legal depends upon
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it depends on the transition function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the transition function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the transition function of
+the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+given the transition function that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the transition function that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the transition function that's
+going to tell you which of the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you which of the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you which of the legal
+neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+so another legal neighborhood this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another legal neighborhood this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another legal neighborhood this would
+always be a legal neighborhood is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be a legal neighborhood is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be a legal neighborhood is that
+if nothing changes so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing changes so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nothing changes so that means the
+head of the machine was somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the machine was somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the machine was somewhere else
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+whatever was on the tape in this step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was on the tape in this step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever was on the tape in this step is
+going to be the same stuff in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same stuff in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same stuff in the in
+those places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those places
+one step later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um here's another possible legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another possible legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another possible legal
+neighborhood um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood um
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+if the head suddenly appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the head suddenly appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the head suddenly appears
+you know on one of the on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on one of the on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on one of the on one of the
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+either in the left or the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would correspond to the machine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to the machine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would correspond to the machine to
+the machine moving its head from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine moving its head from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine moving its head from
+somewhere off the nape off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere off the nape off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere off the nape off the
+neighborhood into the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood into the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood into the neighborhood
+you know in that step um so this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in that step um so this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in that step um so this could
+be a legal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a legal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a legal neighborhood
+provided the machine actually does move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the machine actually does move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided the machine actually does move
+its head left into a state q5 at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head left into a state q5 at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head left into a state q5 at some
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+under under some conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under under some conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under under some conditions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and here is another kind of a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is another kind of a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is another kind of a weird
+illegal neighborhood if you have a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhood if you have a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhood if you have a b c
+and then the a changes to a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the a changes to a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the a changes to a d
+that could also be a legal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could also be a legal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could also be a legal neighborhood
+if the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the machine
+transition function allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition function allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition function allows
+an a to get converted to a d when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a to get converted to a d when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a to get converted to a d when there
+is some machine when there is some state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some machine when there is some state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some machine when there is some state
+reading that a and that state also moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that a and that state also moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that a and that state also moves
+its head left so it doesn't move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head left so it doesn't move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its head left so it doesn't move into
+this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture
+so those are examples of legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are examples of legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are examples of legal
+neighborhoods let me show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods let me show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods let me show you some
+illegal neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal neighborhoods
+um just i'm doing this this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just i'm doing this this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just i'm doing this this is kind of a
+proof by example now this is perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by example now this is perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by example now this is perhaps the
+most intuitive part but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intuitive part but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intuitive part but i
+claim that this is easy to turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this is easy to turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that this is easy to turn this
+into something airtight and formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something airtight and formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something airtight and formal
+so this would be clearly illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be clearly illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be clearly illegal
+if you're if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're if you have
+a piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of the
+tape in the pre previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape in the pre previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape in the pre previous
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+where it's a b c and then suddenly the b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a b c and then suddenly the b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's a b c and then suddenly the b
+changes to a d the symbol on the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to a d the symbol on the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to a d the symbol on the tape
+changes out of nowhere without having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes out of nowhere without having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes out of nowhere without having a
+head nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head nearby
+uh to a different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a different uh
+to something else that could never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else that could never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something else that could never
+happen so that would be illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so that would be illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so that would be illegal
+another thing would be illegal is if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing would be illegal is if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing would be illegal is if a
+state appears from nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state appears from nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state appears from nowhere
+that could never happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could never happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could never happen
+um or if it just disappears that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if it just disappears that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or if it just disappears that could
+never happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never happen
+and here's another here's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another here's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another here's an interesting
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+if a state becomes two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um don't forget the machine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't forget the machine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't forget the machine is
+non-deterministic so the machine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic so the machine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic so the machine in
+principle could move its head left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could move its head left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle could move its head left
+on one branch and move its head right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one branch and move its head right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one branch and move its head right on
+a different branch but those would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different branch but those would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different branch but those would have
+to be in different tableaus they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in different tableaus they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in different tableaus they can't
+be in the same tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the same tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the same tableau
+because that doesn't correspond to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't correspond to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't correspond to any
+of the threads of the computation those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the threads of the computation those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the threads of the computation those
+are multiple threads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple threads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are multiple threads
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and i say this because if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say this because if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i say this because if you think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+my claim which is going to put down over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my claim which is going to put down over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my claim which is going to put down over
+here that if every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if every
+2x3 neighborhood is legal then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood is legal then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 neighborhood is legal then the
+tableau overall corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau overall corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau overall corresponds to a
+computation history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation history
+this illustrates why it's not enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this illustrates why it's not enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this illustrates why it's not enough to
+have a two by two two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two by two two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a two by two two by two
+neighborhood where you really need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood where you really need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood where you really need the
+two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two by three
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because if this was a two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if this was a two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if this was a two by two
+neighborhood if you just look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood if you just look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood if you just look at these
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+this left most uh two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left most uh two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this left most uh two by two
+that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a legal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal neighborhood
+if it was a two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a two by two
+if the rules of the machine allowed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the rules of the machine allowed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the rules of the machine allowed for
+that and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the right
+four box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four box
+right four cells could also be a legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four cells could also be a legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four cells could also be a legal
+neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+so you could have something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have something that looks
+okay from the perspective of two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the perspective of two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the perspective of two by two
+neighborhoods but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods but
+globally in terms of the overall tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally in terms of the overall tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally in terms of the overall tableau
+is completely nonsensical because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely nonsensical because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely nonsensical because it has
+multiple heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple heads
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but if you have a three two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a three two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a three two by three
+neighborhood it's big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood it's big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood it's big enough to
+prevent this situation from occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent this situation from occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent this situation from occurring
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then you know you can check the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you can check the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you can check the details
+uh and i think it's very plausible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think it's very plausible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i think it's very plausible that
+it guarantees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it guarantees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it guarantees
+that the overall tableau is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall tableau is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall tableau is is is
+legitimate if all of the two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate if all of the two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate if all of the two by three
+neighborhoods are legal okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are legal okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods are legal okay and so
+that's what we're going to turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to turn into
+a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um
+a boolean expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boolean expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boolean expression
+we're going to say for each cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say for each cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say for each cell
+that the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set
+for each neighborhood so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each neighborhood so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each neighborhood so here's a
+neighborhood at the iga location that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood at the iga location that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood at the iga location that's
+i'm calling this sort of this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm calling this sort of this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm calling this sort of this position
+here sort of the home location for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sort of the home location for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sort of the home location for that
+um neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neighborhood
+for each um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each um
+for each neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each neighborhood
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it has to be set to one of the legal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be set to one of the legal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be set to one of the legal uh
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+and there's again only a fixed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's again only a fixed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's again only a fixed number of
+those because there's a fixed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those because there's a fixed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those because there's a fixed number of
+possible symbols that can appear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible symbols that can appear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible symbols that can appear in
+those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells
+um so this is that fixed number to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is that fixed number to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is that fixed number to the
+sixth power at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth power at most
+and i'm going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to say that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the cell in the upper left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cell in the upper left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cell in the upper left
+which would be this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be this one
+is an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an r
+and this one and this one here is an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and this one here is an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and this one here is an s
+and this one is a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is a t
+and this and this one is a v if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and this one is a v if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this and this one is a v if you just
+trace down what the indices are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace down what the indices are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace down what the indices are telling
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that
+that piece of the tape that piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of the tape that piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of the tape that piece of the
+tableau here is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau here is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tableau here is set
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+one of the possible legal settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the possible legal settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the possible legal settings
+and i'm just going to or over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to or over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm just going to or over all of
+those possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those possible
+fixed number of legal settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of legal settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of legal settings
+and then i take a an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i take a an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i take a an and
+over all possible tape cells over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible tape cells over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible tape cells over all
+possible neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that's going to be my fee move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's see can i explain again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see can i explain again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see can i explain again the
+third example of illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third example of illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third example of illegal
+so this one over here i presume is i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one over here i presume is i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one over here i presume is i'm
+being asked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being asked about
+well you know if the machine is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know if the machine is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know if the machine is in a
+state q7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state q7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state q7
+you know reading a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reading a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know reading a c
+you know the head has to move either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the head has to move either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the head has to move either
+left or right so that at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right so that at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right so that at the next
+you know the next um configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the next um configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the next um configuration
+there's got to be a state symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a state symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's got to be a state symbol
+appearing either in this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing either in this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing either in this cell
+or in this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in this cell
+and here the tape you know the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the tape you know the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the tape you know the the the
+the head has basically just vanished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head has basically just vanished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head has basically just vanished
+with nowhere to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nowhere to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with nowhere to you know
+it's it's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's gone
+that could not happen in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could not happen in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could not happen in the in the
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+according to the rules of the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the rules of the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the rules of the machine
+the way we talk about turing machines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we talk about turing machines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we talk about turing machines so
+that's not possible so this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not possible so this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not possible so this would be an
+illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neighborhood
+you want to prevent any of the ill bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to prevent any of the ill bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to prevent any of the ill bad
+stuff from happening anywhere in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from happening anywhere in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff from happening anywhere in here
+it's only good stuff can be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only good stuff can be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only good stuff can be happening
+locally and that guarantees the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally and that guarantees the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally and that guarantees the overall
+picture is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we have to check that the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have to check that the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have to check that the head
+doesn't leave the tabo from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't leave the tabo from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't leave the tabo from the left
+most or right yeah there are some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most or right yeah there are some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most or right yeah there are some little
+details here like that so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here like that so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details here like that so the question
+is you know have to make sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know have to make sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know have to make sure that that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+yeah you probably need to mark i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you probably need to mark i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you probably need to mark i think
+the book probably does this correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book probably does this correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book probably does this correctly
+you may have to mark the left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have to mark the left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have to mark the left and right
+ends to make sure that i mean the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends to make sure that i mean the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends to make sure that i mean the right
+end can is not a problem because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end can is not a problem because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end can is not a problem because the the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the machine can never go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine can never go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine can never go um
+off the right end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the right end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the right end
+and if you design the machine so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you design the machine so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you design the machine so that it
+never moves its head off the left end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never moves its head off the left end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never moves its head off the left end
+either which you can do then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either which you can do then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either which you can do then you
+wouldn't have to worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have to worry about that
+possibility but yeah otherwise you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but yeah otherwise you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility but yeah otherwise you would
+have to put some sort of delimiter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put some sort of delimiter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put some sort of delimiter here
+to uh to enforce the mach the head not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to enforce the mach the head not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to enforce the mach the head not
+moving off the left end so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving off the left end so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving off the left end so there are
+some details like that too um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details like that too um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some details like that too um
+there will be two heads in the same row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two heads in the same row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two heads in the same row
+no this can i don't know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this can i don't know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this can i don't know what you
+somebody says there will be two heads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says there will be two heads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody says there will be two heads in
+the same row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same row
+please elaborate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please elaborate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please elaborate because
+this is designed not to allow two heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is designed not to allow two heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is designed not to allow two heads
+in the same row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could i go over the or for legal again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i go over the or for legal again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i go over the or for legal again
+okay the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the or
+so the the big or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the big or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the big or here
+what i have in mind is i i take there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have in mind is i i take there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have in mind is i i take there's
+gonna be first of all i look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be first of all i look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be first of all i look at the
+machine and i look at the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and i look at the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and i look at the transition
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on that
+i write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i write down
+the list of all the legal two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of all the legal two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of all the legal two by three
+neighborhoods so all the settings which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods so all the settings which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods so all the settings which
+correspond to legal two way two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to legal two way two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to legal two way two by three
+neighborhoods there's gonna be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods there's gonna be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods there's gonna be some
+fixed number of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed number of those
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred
+there's a hundred possible legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hundred possible legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hundred possible legal
+neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+of which you know i've written down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which you know i've written down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which you know i've written down here
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+but maybe there's some some number say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's some some number say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe there's some some number say a
+hundred so now there's going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred so now there's going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred so now there's going to be an
+ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore
+over those hundred different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those hundred different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over those hundred different
+possibilities it's either going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities it's either going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities it's either going to be
+this legal neighborhood or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this legal neighborhood or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this legal neighborhood or some other
+legal neighborhood or some other legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhood or some other legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhood or some other legal
+neighborhood and for each one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and for each one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood and for each one of those
+legal neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhoods
+i'm going to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say well
+the variables are set according to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are set according to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are set according to that
+legal neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhood
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+the the variables are set according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variables are set according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the variables are set according to
+the next legal neighborhood or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next legal neighborhood or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next legal neighborhood or the
+variables are set according to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are set according to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are set according to the next
+legal neighborhood and do that 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhood and do that 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal neighborhood and do that 100 times
+one of those has got to end up it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has got to end up it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has got to end up it's an
+ore so one of them has to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore so one of them has to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ore so one of them has to work
+otherwise the formula fails and will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the formula fails and will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the formula fails and will be
+false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false
+because you're going to now end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to now end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to now end that
+over all of the neighborhoods in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the neighborhoods in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the neighborhoods in the
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it possible to have a head on the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to have a head on the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to have a head on the far
+left of the configuration and one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the configuration and one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of the configuration and one on the
+far right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mean a head over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean a head over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean a head over here
+and a head over there i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a head over there i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a head over there i mean
+how did the head get there can't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the head get there can't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the head get there can't happen
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the head the head has to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the head the head has to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the head the head has to come
+from a head above it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a head above it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a head above it um
+if you're going to be worrying about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be worrying about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be worrying about the
+you know details of the boundaries here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know details of the boundaries here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know details of the boundaries here
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all that's fixable so let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's fixable so let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's fixable so let's not
+you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um
+lose sight of the main idea i mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sight of the main idea i mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose sight of the main idea i mean if
+you understand the main idea you can fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the main idea you can fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand the main idea you can fix
+little details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details
+so i want to make sure you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to make sure you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to make sure you understand
+the main idea what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main idea what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main idea what's happening
+okay so let's finish up this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's finish up this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's finish up this proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary
+um we gave a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we gave a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we gave a reduction
+from a to sat this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to sat this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to sat this is what we
+needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed
+it was in those four pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in those four pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in those four pieces
+and you really just need to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really just need to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really just need to argue that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+formula we're building is not too big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we're building is not too big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we're building is not too big
+it's and it's going to be basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's going to be basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's going to be basically the
+size of the tableau if you look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the tableau if you look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the tableau if you look at what
+we constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we constructed
+the number of variables is roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables is roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables is roughly the
+size of the tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the tableau
+and the amount of logic that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of logic that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the amount of logic that we're
+putting into the formula is also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting into the formula is also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting into the formula is also going
+to be a fixed amount of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fixed amount of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a fixed amount of logic
+independent of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of n
+for each of the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of the variables
+in that tableau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that tableau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that tableau
+and now somebody asked me about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now somebody asked me about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now somebody asked me about like
+this how big the indices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how big the indices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how big the indices are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the indices
+for the you know the x i value the inj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the you know the x i value the inj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the you know the x i value the inj
+values um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values um
+technically they're going to be numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically they're going to be numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically they're going to be numbers
+between 1 and n to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 and n to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 and n to the k
+so you're going to have to write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have to write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to have to write those
+down and so that's going to be a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so that's going to be a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and so that's going to be a slight
+additional logarithmic cost um to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional logarithmic cost um to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional logarithmic cost um to write
+those things down but it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things down but it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things down but it's not really
+that interesting a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting a point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the overall f is going to be computable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall f is going to be computable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall f is going to be computable
+in polynomial time because the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time because the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polynomial time because the output is
+not very big and it's also not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very big and it's also not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very big and it's also not
+complicated to write the output down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to write the output down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to write the output down
+so that's the end of the that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the end of the that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the end of the that's the end
+of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i can take a couple of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we why can't we just check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we why can't we just check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we why can't we just check that the
+whole this is a good question why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole this is a good question why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole this is a good question why can't
+we just check that the whole row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just check that the whole row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just check that the whole row is
+legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know you can check that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can check that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can check that you can
+check that a row actually is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that a row actually is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that a row actually is a is a
+configuration but you to check that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration but you to check that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration but you to check that the
+row follows from the previous row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row follows from the previous row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row follows from the previous row
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ultimately
+the operation of a turing machine is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of a turing machine is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operation of a turing machine is is
+a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local
+thing i mean hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i mean hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i mean hey
+you know the way the the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way the the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the way the the the way
+it moves from one configuration to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from one configuration to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from one configuration to the
+next depends locally on how the those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next depends locally on how the those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next depends locally on how the those
+you know where the head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where the head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where the head is
+and so really that's just another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so really that's just another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so really that's just another way of
+the way i'm saying it is just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm saying it is just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm saying it is just really
+checking the whole configuration but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the whole configuration but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking the whole configuration but
+just doing it locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing it locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing it locally
+i don't know if that's satisfying to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if that's satisfying to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if that's satisfying to you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+why don't i move on because i just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i move on because i just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't i move on because i just want
+to make sure we have enough time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we have enough time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure we have enough time to get
+to the very last part which is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very last part which is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the very last part which is a little
+bit i'm afraid a little technical um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit i'm afraid a little technical um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit i'm afraid a little technical um so
+we're going to kind of shift gears now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of shift gears now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to kind of shift gears now
+and talk about reducing sat to three set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about reducing sat to three set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about reducing sat to three set
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's see how it goes um i i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see how it goes um i i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see how it goes um i i don't
+always have the most success with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the most success with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the most success with with
+presenting this uh this little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting this uh this little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting this uh this little piece
+because it's slightly a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's slightly a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's slightly a technical
+argument but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument but
+um if you don't get it don't worry just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you don't get it don't worry just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you don't get it don't worry just
+you have to accept that it's true um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to accept that it's true um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to accept that it's true um but
+i'd like to show it to you just to makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to show it to you just to makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to show it to you just to makes
+the whole presentation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole presentation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole presentation uh
+you know complete in that sense okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know complete in that sense okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know complete in that sense okay um
+so i'm going to give a reduction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to give a reduction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to give a reduction that
+maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps
+general formulas to three cnf formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulas to three cnf formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formulas to three cnf formulas
+so that's how i map sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how i map sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how i map sat
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+if you remember threesat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember threesat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember threesat is
+satisfiability but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability but for
+three cnfs so it's conjunctive normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cnfs so it's conjunctive normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cnfs so it's conjunctive normal
+form you're in the form of those clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you're in the form of those clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you're in the form of those clauses
+which are anded together and each clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are anded together and each clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are anded together and each clause
+is an or of a bunch of literals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an or of a bunch of literals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an or of a bunch of literals which
+are variables or negated variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variables or negated variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variables or negated variables
+so i want to convert phi to phi prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to convert phi to phi prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to convert phi to phi prime
+um which is a three cnf formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a three cnf formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is a three cnf formula but
+preserve the satisfiability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the satisfiability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the satisfiability
+feed prime is not going to be logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed prime is not going to be logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed prime is not going to be logically
+equivalent to fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to fee
+because i you know i could do that too i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i you know i could do that too i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i you know i could do that too i
+can convert any formula to a logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert any formula to a logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can convert any formula to a logically
+equivalent cnf formula maybe not even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent cnf formula maybe not even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent cnf formula maybe not even a
+three second of it but yeah you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three second of it but yeah you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three second of it but yeah you won't be
+able to get a 3c enough but you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a 3c enough but you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get a 3c enough but you can get
+a c and f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c and f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c and f
+but um it might be exponentially larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it might be exponentially larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it might be exponentially larger
+and that's not good enough i have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not good enough i have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not good enough i have to do
+the reduction in polynomial time so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction in polynomial time so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction in polynomial time so i
+can't generate a much larger formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't generate a much larger formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't generate a much larger formula
+that's exponentially larger and so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exponentially larger and so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exponentially larger and so i'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+do that by adding additional variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by adding additional variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by adding additional variables
+so it won't be logically equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't be logically equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't be logically equivalent
+because the new formula is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new formula is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the new formula is going to have
+additional variables in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional variables in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional variables in it
+okay i'm going to kind of do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to kind of do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to kind of do it by
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+and let's see how that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see how that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see how that goes
+so his fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his fee
+which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+3c and f it's not even in cnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3c and f it's not even in cnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3c and f it's not even in cnf
+because it's got you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got you know
+uh orrs of ands appearing which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orrs of ands appearing which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh orrs of ands appearing which are not
+allowed to happen in a cnf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to happen in a cnf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to happen in a cnf
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+how we're going to convert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to convert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to convert that
+into a 3cnf formula preserving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 3cnf formula preserving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 3cnf formula preserving the
+satisfiability and just working it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability and just working it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfiability and just working it
+through with this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with this example
+i hope at least give you some idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope at least give you some idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope at least give you some idea of
+how you of how to do the conversion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you of how to do the conversion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you of how to do the conversion in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+so first of all i'm going to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all i'm going to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all i'm going to represent
+this formula as a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula as a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula as a tree
+using its natural tree structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using its natural tree structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using its natural tree structure
+so you understand so a and b becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand so a and b becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you understand so a and b becomes a
+and b written as a tree and then i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b written as a tree and then i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b written as a tree and then i take
+or that with c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that with c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that with c
+so i get the tree structure here in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get the tree structure here in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i get the tree structure here in sort
+of the natural way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the natural way
+and i'm going to label all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to label all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to label all of these
+intermediate nodes which are associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate nodes which are associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate nodes which are associated
+now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um i'm assuming also that the formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm assuming also that the formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm assuming also that the formula is
+fully parenthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully parenthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully parenthesized
+so that each operation i'm only thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each operation i'm only thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each operation i'm only thinking
+about is applying just a two it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is applying just a two it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is applying just a two it's a
+binary operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary operation
+um and let's let's ignore negations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's let's ignore negations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and let's let's ignore negations for
+the minute because negations you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute because negations you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute because negations you can
+always push those through down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always push those through down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always push those through down to the
+leaves but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves but
+it's just going to make it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to make it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to make it too
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+so negations turn out not to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so negations turn out not to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so negations turn out not to be a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so there's only going to be negations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only going to be negations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's only going to be negations at
+the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of the
+inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs
+not at the not negation operations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the not negation operations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the not negation operations in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+okay so we have this tree structure here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this tree structure here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this tree structure here
+and now i'm going to use these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to use these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm going to use these two
+logical facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical facts
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+and i don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know if
+you know you've probably all seen hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've probably all seen hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you've probably all seen hands
+and ors i hope otherwise it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ors i hope otherwise it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ors i hope otherwise it's going to
+be really tough uh but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really tough uh but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really tough uh but there's also
+other logical operators such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logical operators such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other logical operators such as the
+implication operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication operator
+where you have a implies b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thought of as a logical operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a logical operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a logical operator
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+um and so that this is only this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that this is only this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that this is only this
+requires that if a is true then b is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that if a is true then b is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires that if a is true then b is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however if a is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if a is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if a is false
+b can be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b can be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b can be anything
+uh and similarly if b is true a can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and similarly if b is true a can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and similarly if b is true a can be
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the only thing that's prohibited is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's prohibited is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that's prohibited is that
+if a is true and b is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is true and b is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is true and b is false
+that's the only thing that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only thing that's uh
+would be invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be invalid
+and so if you think about it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you think about it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you think about it that's
+going to be equivalent to saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equivalent to saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equivalent to saying that
+either a is false or b is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a is false or b is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a is false or b is true
+one of those has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those has to be
+and that's going to be logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be logically
+equivalent to saying that a implies b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another logical equivalence maybe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another logical equivalence maybe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another logical equivalence maybe is
+more familiar to you is just simply de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar to you is just simply de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar to you is just simply de
+morgan's laws the mortgage law which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morgan's laws the mortgage law which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morgan's laws the mortgage law which
+says that if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if you have the
+a not of a and b that's uh equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not of a and b that's uh equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not of a and b that's uh equivalent to
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+uh the not of a or the knot of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i'm going to make use of both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to make use of both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm going to make use of both of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here i want to i ran out of room on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here i want to i ran out of room on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here i want to i ran out of room on
+the slide so i'm going to take myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide so i'm going to take myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide so i'm going to take myself
+out of the picture here for for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the picture here for for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the picture here for for a minute
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i had no place else to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had no place else to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had no place else to put this
+so here we have if you're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have if you're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have if you're going to think
+of the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the and
+in terms of its truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its truth table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of its truth table
+so here's a and b in terms of a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a and b in terms of a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a and b in terms of a and b
+so if one and one is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one and one is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if one and one is one
+but all other settings of a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all other settings of a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all other settings of a and b
+uh yield zero for the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yield zero for the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yield zero for the and
+i'm going to represent those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to represent those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to represent those um
+if you imagine a and b is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine a and b is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine a and b is going to be
+called c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called c
+i'm going to represent this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to represent this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to represent this information
+with uh four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh four
+um small formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um small formulas
+which taken together you and them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which taken together you and them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which taken together you and them
+together kind of force c to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together kind of force c to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together kind of force c to have the
+correct behavior associated with a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+so if a and b are both one and c is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a and b are both one and c is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if a and b are both one and c is one
+if a is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a is zero
+and b is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b is one
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+that so then it forces c to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then it forces c to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so then it forces c to be zero
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+similarly you know every other setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you know every other setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you know every other setting
+besides a and b being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides a and b being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides a and b being
+being true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being true
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for c to be false which is what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for c to be false which is what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for c to be false which is what you want
+when you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have and
+so i'm gonna write this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna write this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm gonna write this expression here
+down with z1 being in the place of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with z1 being in the place of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down with z1 being in the place of c
+by just taking those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just taking those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just taking those four
+uh expressions and ending them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expressions and ending them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expressions and ending them together
+so this is exactly those same four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly those same four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is exactly those same four
+expressions written out linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions written out linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions written out linearly
+now i want to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to do the same thing
+for z2 but now that's written in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for z2 but now that's written in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for z2 but now that's written in terms
+of an or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an or
+so it's a slightly different truth table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a slightly different truth table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a slightly different truth table
+here up in this corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up in this corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up in this corner
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now if either one is a one we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if either one is a one we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now if either one is a one we get a
+one result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one result
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+you know if a a and b are true you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a a and b are true you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a a and b are true you get
+uh c is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh c is true
+however if a is true and b is false that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if a is true and b is false that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if a is true and b is false that
+still implies c is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still implies c is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still implies c is true
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to write down
+uh those rules for specifying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those rules for specifying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those rules for specifying how
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z2
+must be set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be set
+and each one of these things is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of these things is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of these things is going to
+get converted into clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get converted into clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get converted into clauses
+three clauses with three literals using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three clauses with three literals using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three clauses with three literals using
+these uh using these um using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh using these um using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh using these um using these
+rules over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules over here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i'm going to do that for each zi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do that for each zi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to do that for each zi
+and lastly to make sure the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly to make sure the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly to make sure the whole thing
+is satisfied which means there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfied which means there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is satisfied which means there's an
+output of one here i'm going to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of one here i'm going to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of one here i'm going to have one
+clause associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clause associated
+which says that z4 the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that z4 the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says that z4 the output
+is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one
+now i can convert all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can convert all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can convert all of those
+when i have a and b imply c that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i have a and b imply c that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i have a and b imply c that's
+logically equivalent to not a or not b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically equivalent to not a or not b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically equivalent to not a or not b
+or or c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or c
+and the way you can see that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you can see that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you can see that is really
+by repeated app by application of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeated app by application of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeated app by application of these
+uh rules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rules here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rules here
+running a little low on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little low on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a little low on time
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+maybe you'll just have to check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll just have to check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'll just have to check this
+offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+a and b implies c using the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b implies c using the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b implies c using the first
+equivalence is the not of this part or c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is the not of this part or c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is the not of this part or c
+and then i can use the morgan to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can use the morgan to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can use the morgan to convert
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+knot of an and to an or of the knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot of an and to an or of the knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot of an and to an or of the knots
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+i can remove the parenthesis because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can remove the parenthesis because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can remove the parenthesis because
+uh or is associative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or is associative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or is associative
+and so i get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i get a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a clause which is what i need so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clause which is what i need so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clause which is what i need so each
+one of these guys is really equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys is really equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys is really equivalent
+to a clause and so i just get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a clause and so i just get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a clause and so i just get a bunch of
+clauses and actually technically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses and actually technically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clauses and actually technically this
+needs to be three um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be three um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be three um
+copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of
+three things here should it should be z4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things here should it should be z4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things here should it should be z4
+or z4 or z4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or z4 or z4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or z4 or z4
+which is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so checking numbers so i realize my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so checking numbers so i realize my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so checking numbers so i realize my
+checking is broken because i only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is broken because i only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking is broken because i only
+realized that last point just now as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that last point just now as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that last point just now as i
+was talking so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talking so uh
+the the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the actual
+uh value that you get in terms of oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value that you get in terms of oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh value that you get in terms of oh no
+the number of clauses is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of clauses is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of clauses is correct
+no i i i take it back this is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i i i take it back this is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i i i take it back this is fine
+so if you understood what i was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you understood what i was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you understood what i was saying
+hopefully you can see how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can see how big the
+formula fif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula fif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula fif
+fee prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee prime
+is in terms of the number of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of the number of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in terms of the number of operations
+and fee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fee
+so let's let's see how many people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's see how many people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's see how many people get
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+i i i acknowledge this maybe a little on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i i acknowledge this maybe a little on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i i acknowledge this maybe a little on
+the technical side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i'm gonna close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm gonna close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'm gonna close it
+close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it
+down please enter your value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah the correct answer is 4k plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the correct answer is 4k plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the correct answer is 4k plus one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each one of these
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+is going to end up being a row in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to end up being a row in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to end up being a row in this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+it's going each operation is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going each operation is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going each operation is going to
+have a variable associated to it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable associated to it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a variable associated to it it's
+going to become a row in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become a row in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become a row in this picture
+and so then and each row is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then and each row is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then and each row is going to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+um clauses which define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clauses which define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clauses which define
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+what you need set what you need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need set what you need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need set what you need in order
+to force the that that that variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force the that that that variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force the that that that variable to
+have the right value corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right value corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the right value corresponding to
+that operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so then you need and you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then you need and you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so then you need and you need
+one extra clause here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra clause here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra clause here
+uh for uh saying that the the this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh saying that the the this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for uh saying that the the this whole
+thing evaluates to true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing evaluates to true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing evaluates to true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so that's all i wanted to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all i wanted to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's all i wanted to uh
+do today um we proved those two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today um we proved those two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today um we proved those two main
+theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems
+and now we know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we know that there are
+np-complete problems and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np-complete problems and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+np-complete problems and all of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+problems that we can get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we can get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we can get from
+by reductions from these problems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reductions from these problems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by reductions from these problems um
+are also going to be np-complete as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also going to be np-complete as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also going to be np-complete as long
+as they're an np
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're an np
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're an np
+okay so um that's that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that's that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um that's that's it
+feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to
+put some questions into the chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some questions into the chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some questions into the chat
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+move on to whatever else you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to whatever else you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to whatever else you're going to
+be doing next okay so a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing next okay so a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing next okay so a good question
+here is why is fee prime not logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is why is fee prime not logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is why is fee prime not logically
+equivalent with this construction can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent with this construction can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent with this construction can't
+be logically equivalent has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be logically equivalent has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be logically equivalent has
+logically equivalent means that it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically equivalent means that it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically equivalent means that it gives
+you exactly the same function as you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly the same function as you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly the same function as you if
+you set the variables in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the variables in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the variables in the same way
+you get the same result coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same result coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the same result coming out
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+v prime has more variables than phi does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime has more variables than phi does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime has more variables than phi does
+so it wouldn't even make sense to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wouldn't even make sense to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it wouldn't even make sense to talk
+about logical equivalence because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about logical equivalence because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about logical equivalence because there
+are two functions on different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two functions on different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two functions on different numbers
+of variables so in that sense it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables so in that sense it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables so in that sense it doesn't
+really make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sense
+you know what you could say is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you could say is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you could say is that for
+every setting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every setting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every setting of the
+of the overlapping variables of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overlapping variables of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the overlapping variables of the
+variables that appear in both ph and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that appear in both ph and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that appear in both ph and v
+prime so those are the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so those are the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime so those are the original
+variables of fee um there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of fee um there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables of fee um there's going to
+exist some setting of the new variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist some setting of the new variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist some setting of the new variables
+which is going to make um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to make um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to make um
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's going to be there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's going to be there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's going to be there will
+exist some setting of the new variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist some setting of the new variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist some setting of the new variables
+which will make the the two formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will make the the two formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will make the the two formulas
+agree but that's not the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but that's not the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree but that's not the definition of
+logic logical equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+why going back to the proof of status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why going back to the proof of status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why going back to the proof of status
+the satisfiability proof and the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satisfiability proof and the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the satisfiability proof and the legal
+neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+could i go over why the number of legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i go over why the number of legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i go over why the number of legal
+neighborhoods is polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods is polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods is polynomial
+the number of legal neighborhoods is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of legal neighborhoods is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of legal neighborhoods is not
+only polynomial it's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polynomial it's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polynomial it's constant
+it depends only on the machine it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends only on the machine it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends only on the machine it does
+not depend on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on n
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+because each cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each cell
+can have at most some fixed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have at most some fixed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have at most some fixed number of
+you know can have the number of tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can have the number of tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can have the number of tape
+symbols plus the number of state symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols plus the number of state symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols plus the number of state symbols
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+you know that depends on the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that depends on the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that depends on the machine
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh now we have six six tape cells for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we have six six tape cells for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now we have six six tape cells for
+the six cells in a two by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six cells in a two by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six cells in a two by three
+neighborhood so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so you're going to have
+that number to the sixth power but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number to the sixth power but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number to the sixth power but it's
+still it's a constant to the sixth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's a constant to the sixth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still it's a constant to the sixth power
+still a constant doesn't depend on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a constant doesn't depend on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a constant doesn't depend on n
+so it's not a question of even being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a question of even being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a question of even being
+polynomial um it's it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial um it's it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial um it's it's a it's a
+constant value it's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value it's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value it's a constant
+multiplier uh if you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier uh if you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier uh if you want to think about
+it in terms of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of the um
+the size of the formula that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the formula that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the formula that's going to
+result don't forget you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result don't forget you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result don't forget you know we're
+trying to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make a
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is
+uh well the reduction has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the reduction has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well the reduction has to be
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+um it's a polynomial time reduction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a polynomial time reduction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a polynomial time reduction so
+that means that as n increases the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that as n increases the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that as n increases the time
+to calculate the reduction increases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the reduction increases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the reduction increases as
+a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polynomial
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're fixing m so m does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fixing m so m does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're fixing m so m does not
+change so therefore anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so therefore anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so therefore anything that
+depends on m only is just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on m only is just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on m only is just going to be a
+constant um impact on the formula it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um impact on the formula it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um impact on the formula it's
+not going to be it doesn't depend on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bye-bye see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6SvDRpQeZrA.txt b/6SvDRpQeZrA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cc21809c9dac34cc4e7059e44d34b20c71610b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6SvDRpQeZrA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16408 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+you know pattern recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pattern recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pattern recognition
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+and that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in
+distinction from another pattern we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction from another pattern we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction from another pattern we look
+at later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at later
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is slower but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slower but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is slower but
+gets a more accurate answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a more accurate answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a more accurate answer
+so a number of terms were defined there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a number of terms were defined there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a number of terms were defined there
+one of them was that of a model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was that of a model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was that of a model so
+there's a training training step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that produces a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a model
+and the model consists of probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the model consists of probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the model consists of probes
+and the probes are places where we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probes are places where we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probes are places where we will
+be collecting evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collecting evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be collecting evidence
+for a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a match
+to produce a scoring function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a scoring function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a scoring function
+and we think of that score as a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of that score as a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of that score as a surface
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a multi-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which has as its axes the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has as its axes the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has as its axes the various
+degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+and we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're looking for
+a peak in that score surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak in that score surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a peak in that score surface
+that's above a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's above a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's above a threshold
+as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of
+indicating that there's an instance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that there's an instance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating that there's an instance of
+that pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pattern
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the image and there may be more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and there may be more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image and there may be more than one
+and there may be none so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there may be none so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there may be none so
+and at the highest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the highest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the highest level
+we look at quote all poses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at quote all poses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at quote all poses
+meaning we're going to quantize them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we're going to quantize them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning we're going to quantize them but
+we have to consider the full range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to consider the full range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to consider the full range of
+rotations translations scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations translations scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations translations scaling
+whatever and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and so the
+complexity goes exponentially with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity goes exponentially with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity goes exponentially with a
+number of degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees of freedom
+so you know even if we quantize fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know even if we quantize fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know even if we quantize fairly
+coarsely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarsely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coarsely
+say somewhere between 10 and 100 steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somewhere between 10 and 100 steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say somewhere between 10 and 100 steps
+that means we're multiplying the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we're multiplying the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we're multiplying the amount
+of work by 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work by 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work by 10
+and 100 something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 100 something like that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+normalized correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized correlation
+was expensive and couldn't handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was expensive and couldn't handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was expensive and couldn't handle
+more than two degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two degrees of freedom
+translation well this method is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation well this method is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation well this method is looking
+at very few points in the image and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very few points in the image and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very few points in the image and so
+it can afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can afford to
+deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with
+a large number of degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large number of degrees of freedom
+okay uh that that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that that's a great question
+so at one level we're building up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at one level we're building up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at one level we're building up so
+we're starting off looking at very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting off looking at very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting off looking at very low
+level issues and then we're building on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level issues and then we're building on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level issues and then we're building on
+top of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of them
+then as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as to
+why why did we pick these patents well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why did we pick these patents well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why did we pick these patents well
+one reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason is that
+it's a package of things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a package of things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a package of things that are
+related so we don't have to relearn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so we don't have to relearn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so we don't have to relearn
+terminology and whatever so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and whatever so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and whatever so for example
+the front end for this one as you saw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end for this one as you saw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end for this one as you saw is
+the pattern we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern we talked about before
+and the next one we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one we're going to talk
+about is closely related to this it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is closely related to this it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is closely related to this it uses
+this uses this one to get a first guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uses this one to get a first guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uses this one to get a first guess
+at the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the answer
+and then the one after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the one after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the one after that
+is the fast way of computing a step that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fast way of computing a step that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fast way of computing a step that
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+to do the sub sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the sub sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the sub sampling
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+is it a random sampling well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a random sampling well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a random sampling well
+kind of because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of because
+you know machine vision's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know machine vision's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know machine vision's
+exponentially grown and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially grown and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially grown and
+there was a time where there wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time where there wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a time where there wasn't
+enough material to fill a whole term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough material to fill a whole term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough material to fill a whole term so
+i taught this course which i called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i taught this course which i called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i taught this course which i called
+making machines see and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making machines see and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making machines see and feel
+because half of it was vision half of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because half of it was vision half of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because half of it was vision half of it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+robotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics
+manipulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and
+we can't do that anymore now we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that anymore now we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't do that anymore now we got
+multiple courses on machine vision so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple courses on machine vision so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple courses on machine vision so
+this is a particular approach to machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular approach to machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular approach to machine
+vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision
+which some people refer to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some people refer to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which some people refer to as the
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+physics based approach to machine vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics based approach to machine vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics based approach to machine vision
+by the way they made me change the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way they made me change the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way they made me change the head
+of department contacted me and said i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of department contacted me and said i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of department contacted me and said i
+couldn't have a frivolous title like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have a frivolous title like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't have a frivolous title like
+making machines see and feel and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making machines see and feel and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making machines see and feel and that's
+why now it's called machine vision so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the patents we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the patents we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the patents we're looking at
+hang together which makes it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang together which makes it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang together which makes it easier to
+discuss them their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them their
+patents of the most successful machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents of the most successful machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents of the most successful machine
+vision company so there's some weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision company so there's some weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision company so there's some weight
+there is it what they're doing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is it what they're doing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is it what they're doing today
+well a lot of the machines they sell do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a lot of the machines they sell do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a lot of the machines they sell do
+this others do other things which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this others do other things which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this others do other things which we
+have yet to find out because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet to find out because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet to find out because we don't
+know their trade secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their trade secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know their trade secrets
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the things we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we're talking about
+in the patent discussion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the patent discussion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the patent discussion is
+mostly 2d so it's restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly 2d so it's restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly 2d so it's restricted to
+situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where
+we're dealing with two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with two-dimensional
+surfaces like you know integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces like you know integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces like you know integrated
+circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits
+printed circuit boards conveyor belts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed circuit boards conveyor belts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed circuit boards conveyor belts
+the ground outside an autonomous car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground outside an autonomous car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground outside an autonomous car
+things of that nature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this we'll
+go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to
+higher level still so it's it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level still so it's it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level still so it's it's part of
+a progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a progression
+and yes we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes we're not
+you know covering everything possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know covering everything possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know covering everything possible
+we're sort of taking stabs at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of taking stabs at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of taking stabs at things
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+give you a feeling for what's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a feeling for what's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a feeling for what's there
+rather than try to cover everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um in this uh back to this so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this uh back to this so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this uh back to this so there's a
+training step where we show it an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training step where we show it an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training step where we show it an image
+and it automatically uh computes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it automatically uh computes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it automatically uh computes this
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+and that's was very important for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's was very important for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's was very important for them
+because uh you know we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you know we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you know we can
+send someone to mit and get a degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send someone to mit and get a degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send someone to mit and get a degree and
+handcraft uh some code to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handcraft uh some code to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handcraft uh some code to do something
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+that's only worthwhile if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only worthwhile if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only worthwhile if you have a
+huge application for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge application for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge application for that
+um i forget what the example was pencils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i forget what the example was pencils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i forget what the example was pencils
+or something earphones uh toothbrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something earphones uh toothbrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something earphones uh toothbrush
+sorry uh there's someone who was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh there's someone who was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh there's someone who was asked
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+you know supporting uh startups and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know supporting uh startups and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know supporting uh startups and his
+test was the toothbrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was the toothbrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test was the toothbrush
+so if he can sell a billion of them then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if he can sell a billion of them then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if he can sell a billion of them then
+maybe he'll fund it uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he'll fund it uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe he'll fund it uh but
+if for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for every
+visual task you have to expend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual task you have to expend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual task you have to expend that
+effort to program it that's no good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to program it that's no good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to program it that's no good so
+the training method is very good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training method is very good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training method is very good because
+someone with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with
+you know not a great deal of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not a great deal of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not a great deal of experience
+can show the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show the system
+the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object
+hopefully a good sample of it and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a good sample of it and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully a good sample of it and get a
+training image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image
+there's some refinements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some refinements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some refinements
+you can do as we discussed for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do as we discussed for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do as we discussed for example
+you can have negative weights but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have negative weights but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have negative weights but those
+are things that a person has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that a person has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things that a person has to
+can't think of an automated way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of an automated way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of an automated way of doing
+that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet
+and so that's actually something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's actually something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's actually something that's
+never done because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never done because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never done because you know
+it's much easier to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to just
+go go with that if it's satisfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go with that if it's satisfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go with that if it's satisfactory
+so what do we do with this model well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do with this model well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do with this model well
+then we map the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we map the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we map the model
+onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto
+the real-time image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the process we use the the pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process we use the the pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the process we use the the pose
+which is translation rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is translation rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is translation rotation
+and all these other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all these other things
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+our um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+model now is mapped on top of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now is mapped on top of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now is mapped on top of the image
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+at each of the probe positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of the probe positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of the probe positions
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+look at the brightness gradient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the brightness gradient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the brightness gradient so
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+pre-process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-process
+we don't really go back to the image we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really go back to the image we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really go back to the image we
+go to the brightness gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the brightness gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the brightness gradient
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+perform a test to collect evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a test to collect evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a test to collect evidence
+to collect evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect evidence
+that this object is actually there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this object is actually there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this object is actually there
+and the evidence is uh cumulative so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the evidence is uh cumulative so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the evidence is uh cumulative so we
+just add it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add it up
+and so that's the idea of doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the idea of doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the idea of doing a lot of
+local operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local operations
+where the final result is just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the final result is just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the final result is just the sum
+of those a little bit like the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those a little bit like the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those a little bit like the binary
+imaging processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging processing
+binary image processing methods that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary image processing methods that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary image processing methods that i
+mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned
+okay and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we
+do this for quote all poses meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for quote all poses meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this for quote all poses meaning that
+we need to quantize the pose space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to quantize the pose space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to quantize the pose space
+and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where
+the limitation of this method comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitation of this method comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limitation of this method comes from
+from which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we will be limited in accuracy by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be limited in accuracy by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be limited in accuracy by the
+quantization of pose space that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of pose space that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization of pose space that that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what are all of these components of pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all of these components of pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are all of these components of pose
+well obviously translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know when we were looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know when we were looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know when we were looking at the
+patent there was a whole page but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent there was a whole page but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent there was a whole page but they
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+redundant in that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant in that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant in that we had
+a scaling one that worked in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling one that worked in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scaling one that worked in a
+logarithmic scale and one that worked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale and one that worked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale and one that worked in
+the linear scale and so on but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear scale and so on but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear scale and so on but let's
+just list the ones that aren't redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just list the ones that aren't redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just list the ones that aren't redundant
+so there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's going to be
+translation rotation and again depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rotation and again depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rotation and again depending
+on the application not all of these may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the application not all of these may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the application not all of these may
+be necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be necessary
+then they're scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now scaling may not be necessary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scaling may not be necessary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now scaling may not be necessary because
+maybe your objects are all the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your objects are all the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your objects are all the same size
+and maybe you're not dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you're not dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you're not dealing with
+the change in size due to change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in size due to change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in size due to change in
+distance because you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance because you're using a
+telecentric lens so there won't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecentric lens so there won't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecentric lens so there won't be a
+change in size but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in size but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in size but
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+we allow for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow for that
+uh then there's skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then there's skew
+uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where
+we uh you know if you like instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh you know if you like instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh you know if you like instead of
+rotating both x and y axes by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating both x and y axes by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating both x and y axes by the same
+angle we uh rotate one by a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we uh rotate one by a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle we uh rotate one by a different
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+and again that may or may not apply in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that may or may not apply in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that may or may not apply in a
+particular situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular situation
+and then we have aspect ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in a way this allows a certain degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way this allows a certain degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way this allows a certain degree
+of generalization so you have a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalization so you have a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generalization so you have a pattern
+but if you want to you can also deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to you can also deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to you can also deal
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the same pattern in a different size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pattern in a different size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pattern in a different size
+uh the same pattern that has been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same pattern that has been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same pattern that has been uh
+squashed in one direction and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed in one direction and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squashed in one direction and maybe
+extended in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in the other direction
+so translation two degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so translation two degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so translation two degrees of freedom
+rotation 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation 1
+in 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scaling 1 skew 1 aspect ratio 1 so total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling 1 skew 1 aspect ratio 1 so total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling 1 skew 1 aspect ratio 1 so total
+of 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 6
+independent parameters and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent parameters and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent parameters and so we're
+dealing with a potential six-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a potential six-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with a potential six-dimensional
+space and if you quantized that even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and if you quantized that even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and if you quantized that even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're already up at a million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're already up at a million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're already up at a million and
+if you quantize it to something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you quantize it to something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you quantize it to something more
+reasonable like 100 then you're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable like 100 then you're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable like 100 then you're up to
+10 to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 12
+really yeah 10 to 12 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah 10 to 12 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah 10 to 12 which is
+impractical so in most applications we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical so in most applications we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impractical so in most applications we
+don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+if we put them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put them all together
+we get a general linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm doing this partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing this partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm doing this partly
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+when we get to 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get to 3d
+it'll be handy to be familiar with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be handy to be familiar with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be handy to be familiar with these
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a general linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a general linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a general linear
+transformation we've got six parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we've got six parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we've got six parameters
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a5
+it's an afine transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an afine transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an afine transformation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we could say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could say you know
+forget this categorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget this categorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget this categorization
+we're just going to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to think about the
+transformation term of those six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation term of those six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation term of those six
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+which is fine except that you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fine except that you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is fine except that you know for
+us people it's easier to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us people it's easier to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us people it's easier to think about
+rotation translation than scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation translation than scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation translation than scaling
+because the individual you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the individual you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the individual you know what
+does it mean if i change a 1 1 and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean if i change a 1 1 and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it mean if i change a 1 1 and i
+keep the other coefficients constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the other coefficients constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the other coefficients constant so
+and we'll um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll um
+talk some more about that transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some more about that transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk some more about that transformation
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+i want to talk next about the scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk next about the scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to talk next about the scoring
+functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so
+it's clear what we're doing we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear what we're doing we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear what we're doing we create
+this model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model we
+map the model onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the model onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map the model onto the
+runtime image we collect evidence we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image we collect evidence we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image we collect evidence we get
+a score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a score
+we find the peak in the score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the peak in the score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the peak in the score
+surface in that multi-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in that multi-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in that multi-dimensional space
+and if it's above a threshold then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's above a threshold then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's above a threshold then
+there's a potential candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential candidate
+there could be more than one or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be more than one or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be more than one or there
+could be none um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be none um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be none um
+and so that's the uh overall process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the uh overall process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's the uh overall process
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+at the top level where we explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top level where we explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top level where we explore the
+whole space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space
+and we talked about um the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about um the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about um the way we
+perform the scoring which is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the scoring which is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the scoring which is mostly
+based on the direction of the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the direction of the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the direction of the gradient
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it can take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can take into account the
+magnitude of the gradient as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient as well
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we had this issue that it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this issue that it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this issue that it's possible
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we get a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a match
+even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+we're not on the right part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not on the right part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not on the right part of the
+object just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object just
+because there's a certain range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a certain range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a certain range of
+angles which are going to be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles which are going to be accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles which are going to be accepted
+and so there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's going to be some
+probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that
+a random gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random gradient
+in the back background texture is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back background texture is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back background texture is going
+to match and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match and
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the
+function used for grading the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function used for grading the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function used for grading the quality of
+match in terms of the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match in terms of the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match in terms of the direction of the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+and this was of course just a sample but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was of course just a sample but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was of course just a sample but
+it's the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one that's
+highlighted in the pattern and for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in the pattern and for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted in the pattern and for this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this is 3 over 32.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's roughly a 10 chance that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's roughly a 10 chance that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's roughly a 10 chance that um
+even if we plonk the probe down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we plonk the probe down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we plonk the probe down in the
+some totally wrong place that we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some totally wrong place that we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some totally wrong place that we'll get
+a match and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a match and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a match and so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in the pattern this is referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pattern this is referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pattern this is referred to as
+noise or a little conf i guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise or a little conf i guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise or a little conf i guess it's
+background noise i don't know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise i don't know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background noise i don't know it's a
+little confusing it'd be better if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing it'd be better if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing it'd be better if they
+didn't use that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use that term
+um if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we have the
+version that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that
+ignores polarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores polarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignores polarity
+then of course it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course it'll be
+twice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that
+so that's one disadvantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one disadvantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one disadvantage of
+that version of the matching function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version of the matching function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that version of the matching function
+it allows you to reverse the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to reverse the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to reverse the contrast
+but at the same time the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the same time the noise
+contribution goes up okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution goes up okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution goes up okay so then
+they define a number of scoring function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define a number of scoring function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they define a number of scoring function
+and they're kind of trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're kind of trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're kind of trade-offs
+between accuracy speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between accuracy speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between accuracy speed
+whether it's normalized whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's normalized whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's normalized whether you
+whether the actual value of the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the actual value of the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the actual value of the result
+is meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is meaningful
+uh or whether it's just something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or whether it's just something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or whether it's just something that's
+bigger if you have a better match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger if you have a better match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger if you have a better match
+and so let's look at that so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you remember the
+the probe was something that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe was something that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe was something that had a
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+a direction and a weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direction and a weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direction and a weight and
+possibly some other stuff but those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly some other stuff but those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly some other stuff but those were
+the top things so here here's the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top things so here here's the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top things so here here's the weight
+of the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe
+so we step through the probes i step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we step through the probes i step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we step through the probes i step
+through the probes and uh that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the probes and uh that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the probes and uh that's the
+weight and what does that do well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and what does that do well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and what does that do well it
+discards things that have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discards things that have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discards things that have negative
+weight so just in case you've used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so just in case you've used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so just in case you've used that
+capability for this scoring function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability for this scoring function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability for this scoring function
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you throw those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is our dear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the direction scoring function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction scoring function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction scoring function
+and it's looking at the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's looking at the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's looking at the difference
+between the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the angle
+the direction of the probe so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the probe so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the probe so that's the
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+of the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probe
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+at the position that the probe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the position that the probe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the position that the probe is
+placed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed that
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and big d is just a function that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big d is just a function that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and big d is just a function that gives
+you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the
+arc tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tangent of
+e y over e x it's the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e y over e x it's the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e y over e x it's the direction of the
+gradient in the runtime image so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the runtime image so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the runtime image so let's
+uh look at that so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at that so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at that so um
+what happened to the other components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the other components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened to the other components of
+the pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pose
+well at this point we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at this point we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at this point we're dealing with
+compiled probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here we're just varying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're just varying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're just varying the
+translation we're only varying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation we're only varying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation we're only varying the
+translation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation a
+we've already uh mapped the probes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already uh mapped the probes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already uh mapped the probes uh
+according to the other components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the other components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the other components of the
+translate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate of the
+pose yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose yeah
+oh that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a
+vertical bar meaning absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bar meaning absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bar meaning absolute value
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+and in some sense that's just to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense that's just to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in some sense that's just to take
+kind of the fact that this wraps around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the fact that this wraps around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the fact that this wraps around
+and we could have done that some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have done that some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could have done that some other
+way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like
+mod 360 or something but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 360 or something but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 360 or something but
+okay um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and
+this version is normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in that we divide through by uh the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that we divide through by uh the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that we divide through by uh the sum
+of weights uh such that if we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights uh such that if we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weights uh such that if we get a
+perfect match the result will be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match the result will be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match the result will be one
+and so the absolute value of this score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the absolute value of this score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the absolute value of this score
+this particular score has a meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular score has a meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular score has a meaning
+it's not just that it gets bigger if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that it gets bigger if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that it gets bigger if you
+have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a better
+score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the
+course step of the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what else can we say about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there's a
+second version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second version
+what's the annotation s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the annotation s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the annotation s
+1b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1b
+oh sorry this is s1a this is s1b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this is s1a this is s1b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this is s1a this is s1b
+and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one
+doesn't multiply by the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is a slightly weird notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a slightly weird notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a slightly weird notation
+but it's kind of kind of clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just a predicate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a predicate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a predicate that
+computes whether w whether the weight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes whether w whether the weight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes whether w whether the weight is
+uh greater than zero whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than zero whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh greater than zero whether it's
+positive weight uh and it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive weight uh and it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive weight uh and it's you know
+one if that's the case and zero if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if that's the case and zero if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if that's the case and zero if it's
+not the case so that's just a funny way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case so that's just a funny way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case so that's just a funny way
+of saying we're only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying we're only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying we're only going to
+process uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh
+probes that have a positive weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that have a positive weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes that have a positive weight and
+the advantage of that is we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that is we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that is we don't need
+that multiplication and so it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplication and so it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplication and so it's uh it's
+cheaper than than the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we haven't done anything with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done anything with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done anything with that
+quote noise term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote noise term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote noise term
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+then we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+preferred embodiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+very similar to 1b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to 1b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to 1b
+except that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that now
+we're saying well if we apply this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying well if we apply this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying well if we apply this in a
+random place in the image we'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random place in the image we'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random place in the image we'll get a
+non-zero result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero result
+because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this
+random matching and so by subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random matching and so by subtracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random matching and so by subtracting
+out that component n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that component n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that component n
+which is an estimate of the number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an estimate of the number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an estimate of the number that
+will be matched randomly we can improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be matched randomly we can improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be matched randomly we can improve
+we can improve the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can improve the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can improve the result
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this function okay so d is the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function okay so d is the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function okay so d is the function
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+tells you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gradient direction is in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh gradient sorry gradient direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+a plus pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus pi
+so i didn't un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i didn't un
+underline these but they're vectors you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline these but they're vectors you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underline these but they're vectors you
+know a is a translation and p i is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a is a translation and p i is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a is a translation and p i is a
+vector that's the position of that probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's the position of that probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that's the position of that probe
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so then when i subtract the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then when i subtract the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then when i subtract the the
+little d i i get the error in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little d i i get the error in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little d i i get the error in the
+direction and then i use that to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then i use that to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then i use that to access
+this function to decide you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function to decide you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function to decide you know how
+how much to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to
+penalize the result based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize the result based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalize the result based on
+on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this one now has the feature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now has the feature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now has the feature that
+if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're
+throwing the probe throwing the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing the probe throwing the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing the probe throwing the model
+down at a random place on a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at a random place on a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at a random place on a random
+texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture
+the answer will tend to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer will tend to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer will tend to be zero
+because we've taken out the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've taken out the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've taken out the random
+coincidental matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidental matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidental matches
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+unlike this one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike this one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike this one where
+yes if you have a perfect match you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you have a perfect match you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you have a perfect match you get
+a one but if it's just garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one but if it's just garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one but if it's just garbage
+background you don't get a zero you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background you don't get a zero you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background you don't get a zero you get
+whatever n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever n is
+so this is slightly better in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is slightly better in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is slightly better in that
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+it's a slightly more computation not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly more computation not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly more computation not
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+so that's their code preferred method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's their code preferred method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's their code preferred method
+and if your implementation doesn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if your implementation doesn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if your implementation doesn't use
+that that doesn't help you because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't help you because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that doesn't help you because they
+don't say that you have to use that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that you have to use that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say that you have to use that they
+give you other alternatives and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you other alternatives and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you other alternatives and they
+just say that well this is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that well this is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that well this is the one that
+we think is the best so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is the best so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think is the best so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+then we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to
+s2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this one is not normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one is not normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this one is not normalized
+so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not
+its absolute value will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its absolute value will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its absolute value will not be
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+it's just going to be larger if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be larger if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just going to be larger if you have
+a better match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh what's this so so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh what's this so so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh what's this so so this is um
+similar to this function m of a plus p i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this function m of a plus p i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this function m of a plus p i
+is the gradient magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we haven't used so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't used so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't used so far so
+so this one actually takes into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one actually takes into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one actually takes into account
+the gradient magnitude and it uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient magnitude and it uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient magnitude and it uses the
+magnitude directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it means there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it means there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it means there's another
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+and this version is used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this version is used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this version is used in the
+first of all it's not normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's not normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's not normalized
+and it's used in the fine fine scan step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so a lot of this is in uh used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of this is in uh used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of this is in uh used in
+getting to a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to a potential
+candidate solution and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate solution and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate solution and then there's a
+fine scanning step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine scanning step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine scanning step
+there's a scoring step that gives us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scoring step that gives us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scoring step that gives us an
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one is more work to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this one again is normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it uses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it uses the
+magnitude of the gradient but it uses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient but it uses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient but it uses it
+according to the scoring function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the scoring function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the scoring function that
+we defined which was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it saturates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saturates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saturates
+so that's the direction scoring function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the direction scoring function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the direction scoring function
+and this is the magnitude scoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the magnitude scoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the magnitude scoring
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in s2 of a we would just keep on going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s2 of a we would just keep on going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s2 of a we would just keep on going
+up multiplying by the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up multiplying by the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up multiplying by the magnitude
+in the in that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in that one
+we limit the contribution so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we limit the contribution so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we limit the contribution so you don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+you know one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one single
+uh very good edge dominating everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good edge dominating everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good edge dominating everything
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+okay and you know lots of details on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know lots of details on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you know lots of details on
+how to make this run fast and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make this run fast and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make this run fast and so on
+which we won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we won't go into
+uh do want to talk about a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do want to talk about a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do want to talk about a couple of
+interesting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting points
+another thing we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we're not going to talk
+about is the granularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the granularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the granularity
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we mentioned this that we might work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned this that we might work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned this that we might work at
+a scale where these computations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale where these computations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale where these computations are
+cheaper as long as we can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper as long as we can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper as long as we can get a
+satisfactory result and mind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory result and mind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory result and mind you
+what's the satisfactory result here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the satisfactory result here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the satisfactory result here is
+very different from some machine vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from some machine vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from some machine vision
+uh where you know if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you know if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you know if you can
+improve the recognition accuracy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the recognition accuracy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the recognition accuracy from
+71 percent to 73 you've got a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 percent to 73 you've got a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 percent to 73 you've got a paper
+this is more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is more like
+this has to work 99.9 of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to work 99.9 of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to work 99.9 of the time
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+granularity is determined basically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity is determined basically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity is determined basically by
+decreasing the resolution until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the resolution until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the resolution until it
+doesn't work well enough anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work well enough anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work well enough anymore
+so and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and if you
+if for your task you know what well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for your task you know what well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for your task you know what well
+enough is you can perform that test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough is you can perform that test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough is you can perform that test and
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+granularity you have to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity you have to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity you have to go through the
+whole process you have to build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process you have to build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process you have to build the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the
+probes will be different depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes will be different depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes will be different depending on
+the resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resolution
+and then you run through and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you run through and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you run through and you see
+you know how well it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how well it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how well it works
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+what wouldn't you want to normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what wouldn't you want to normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what wouldn't you want to normalize
+uh mostly when you're in a hurry so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly when you're in a hurry so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mostly when you're in a hurry so it's
+just a computational issue you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a computational issue you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a computational issue you know if
+you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um
+if you're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at the
+part of the computation where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the computation where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the computation where you have
+to do it for every possible pose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for every possible pose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it for every possible pose you
+might want to save that step if you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to save that step if you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to save that step if you at
+the end where you're near the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end where you're near the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end where you're near the correct
+answer and you only have to do it a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and you only have to do it a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and you only have to do it a few
+times then you you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then you you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then you you know you can
+normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so the granularity and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so the granularity and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so the granularity and they have
+a very sophisticated method for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sophisticated method for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very sophisticated method for doing
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+um i i think we've seen enough of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i think we've seen enough of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i i think we've seen enough of that
+part of the pattern so i'm not gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pattern so i'm not gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pattern so i'm not gonna go
+through it but it is obviously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but it is obviously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it but it is obviously in
+practical terms an important component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical terms an important component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical terms an important component
+because you want this to run as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want this to run as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want this to run as fast as
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+you know if you're at amazon and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're at amazon and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you're at amazon and you
+watch the boxes come down the conveyor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the boxes come down the conveyor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the boxes come down the conveyor
+belt and it's reading all kinds of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt and it's reading all kinds of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt and it's reading all kinds of stuff
+off the box and determining its position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the box and determining its position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the box and determining its position
+orientation you realize that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation you realize that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation you realize that you don't
+have a lot of time to do the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time to do the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time to do the computation
+you know these things run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+100 frames a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 frames a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 frames a second
+and all of this computation can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this computation can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this computation can be done
+in that time in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that time in a
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap
+processor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but i do want to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i do want to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but i do want to talk about a
+couple of sort of minor issues that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of sort of minor issues that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of sort of minor issues that may
+not be obvious one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting the directions right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the directions right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the directions right so we're
+really focused on gradient direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on gradient direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focused on gradient direction so
+we need to make sure that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make sure that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make sure that when we
+perform these transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform these transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform these transformations
+that we transform the gradient direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we transform the gradient direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we transform the gradient direction
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+and so so here's the issue so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so here's the issue so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so here's the issue so here's my
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+this is this line is the isophote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this line is the isophote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this line is the isophote
+and here's my gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which of course is perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course is perpendicular to the
+isophobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isophobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isophobe
+and now suppose that i have an operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose that i have an operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose that i have an operation
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+changes the aspect ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the aspect ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the aspect ratio
+so suppose i squash it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm changing the aspect ratio then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm changing the aspect ratio then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm changing the aspect ratio then of
+course this line is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this line is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this line is going to have a
+lower slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower slope
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the top is moving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top is moving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top is moving down
+the bottom is moving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is moving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom is moving up
+so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the gradient also is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient also is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient also is going to have a
+lower slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower slope
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's no longer perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer perpendicular to the
+isophoto so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isophoto so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isophoto so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that it's kind of obvious you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of obvious you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's kind of obvious you know if
+you're transforming x and y it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transforming x and y it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transforming x and y it may be
+that the derivatives with respect to x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivatives with respect to x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivatives with respect to x
+and y transform in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y transform in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y transform in a different way
+and so what do we do about this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do we do about this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do we do about this of
+course this doesn't affect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this doesn't affect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this doesn't affect uh
+translation this doesn't happen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation this doesn't happen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation this doesn't happen for
+translation doesn't happen for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation doesn't happen for rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation doesn't happen for rotation
+you know you rotate and the right angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you rotate and the right angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you rotate and the right angle
+is preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is preserved
+it doesn't happen for scaling but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen for scaling but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't happen for scaling but it
+does happen for the other two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen for the other two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen for the other two so
+how do we deal with this well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we deal with this well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we deal with this well um
+you we have the gradient direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have the gradient direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we have the gradient direction that
+that's our input that's what the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our input that's what the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our input that's what the box
+uh we have in front of all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have in front of all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have in front of all of this
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+okay so that's where we start and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where we start and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's where we start and now
+all we need to do is compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is compute the
+isophote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isophote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isophote
+so from the gradient direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the gradient direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from the gradient direction
+we get the isophoto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the isophoto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the isophoto
+then we transform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we transform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we transform that
+and then we construct something at right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we construct something at right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we construct something at right
+angles to the isoprop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles to the isoprop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles to the isoprop so
+so here's our new gradient direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our new gradient direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's our new gradient direction
+so you know the solutions are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the solutions are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the solutions are kind of
+obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's something that one might easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that one might easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that one might easily
+forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget
+how expensive is it well not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how expensive is it well not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how expensive is it well not terribly
+because 90 degree rotations are simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 90 degree rotations are simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 90 degree rotations are simple
+so cosine of 90 is 0 sine of 90 is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cosine of 90 is 0 sine of 90 is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cosine of 90 is 0 sine of 90 is 1
+minus sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sine of
+so they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're just
+we don't even need to do multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even need to do multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even need to do multiplications
+we we just interchange x and y and flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just interchange x and y and flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just interchange x and y and flip
+the sign of one of them and then after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of one of them and then after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign of one of them and then after
+the transformation we have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation we have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation we have to do the
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+which is the transpose of that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the transpose of that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the transpose of that matrix
+so again we just trans interchange x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we just trans interchange x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we just trans interchange x and
+y and flip the sign of one of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and flip the sign of one of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and flip the sign of one of them but
+it's something that's easy to forget and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's easy to forget and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that's easy to forget and
+until you run into the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you run into the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you run into the last two
+operations it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it doesn't matter
+okay another thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing which
+was almost like an add-on that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost like an add-on that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was almost like an add-on that they
+thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of
+because it's not discussed much in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not discussed much in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not discussed much in the
+specification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification
+but it shows up in the claims and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows up in the claims and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it shows up in the claims and it
+there's some discussion at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some discussion at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some discussion at the end of
+the stream which is inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream which is inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream which is inspection
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the um so first of all the main focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um so first of all the main focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the um so first of all the main focus
+here is figuring out where something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is figuring out where something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is figuring out where something is
+position pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position pose
+uh a second aspect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a second aspect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a second aspect is
+recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition
+and how does that work well you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that work well you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that work well you just
+look at the score if it's close to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the score if it's close to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the score if it's close to one
+you you've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've got it
+and again this may occur in more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this may occur in more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this may occur in more than
+one place in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one place in the image
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+typically recognition means that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically recognition means that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically recognition means that you're
+distinguishing different things like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing different things like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing different things like you
+know cats and dogs and so uh how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cats and dogs and so uh how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know cats and dogs and so uh how does
+that work well you have a library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work well you have a library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work well you have a library of
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+you know suppose that you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suppose that you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know suppose that you have different
+types of screw heads then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of screw heads then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of screw heads then there's a
+model for each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for each of them
+you run this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run this process
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you see where there's a match and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see where there's a match and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see where there's a match and if
+necessary you can compare the match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary you can compare the match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary you can compare the match
+score to figure out what type exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score to figure out what type exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score to figure out what type exactly it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so that's recognition and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's recognition and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's recognition and position
+and they also talk about inspection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also talk about inspection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they also talk about inspection so
+inspection is based here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection is based here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection is based here on the
+fractional match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um the
+model consists of probes we put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model consists of probes we put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model consists of probes we put the
+probes down on the image and for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes down on the image and for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes down on the image and for each
+place we can determine whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can determine whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we can determine whether it's a
+reasonable match or not and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable match or not and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable match or not and in the
+process we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we can
+calculate a percentage and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a percentage and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a percentage and you know if
+the object is partly obscured well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is partly obscured well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is partly obscured well then
+that fraction will will be lower if say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction will will be lower if say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fraction will will be lower if say
+you're looking at a gear and some of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a gear and some of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at a gear and some of its
+teeth are missing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth are missing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teeth are missing then
+you'll get a match but the score won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a match but the score won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a match but the score won't
+be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one
+and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's
+one direction the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+we can look at the runtime image and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the runtime image and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the runtime image and see
+where it has edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it has edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it has edges
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover
+how many of those are actually matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those are actually matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those are actually matching
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+something in in the model now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in in the model now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in in the model now of course
+if there's clutter if there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's clutter if there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's clutter if there's some
+background then there'll be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background then there'll be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background then there'll be a lot of
+edges that will not match the model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that will not match the model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that will not match the model but
+that's also useful information so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also useful information so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also useful information so that's
+a way of measuring clutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of measuring clutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of measuring clutter
+basically that yes and they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that yes and they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that yes and they have some
+more things to say about that but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things to say about that but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more things to say about that but that's
+the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+a couple more things i want to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple more things i want to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple more things i want to do here
+partly in preparation for the the 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly in preparation for the the 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly in preparation for the the 3d
+work we'll we'll be doing and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we'll we'll be doing and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we'll we'll be doing and that's
+to elaborate a little bit more on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate a little bit more on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to elaborate a little bit more on these
+transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and to vaccinate you against some bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to vaccinate you against some bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to vaccinate you against some bad
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go 3d but in a kind of simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go 3d but in a kind of simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go 3d but in a kind of simplified
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+so we we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we know
+already a lot about that we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a lot about that we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a lot about that we know about
+perspective projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective projection
+so let's think about projection of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about projection of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about projection of a
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know this comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this comes up
+a lot i mean we could be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot i mean we could be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot i mean we could be talking about
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+tabletop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabletop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabletop
+conveyor belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belt
+integrated circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated circuit
+printed circuit board and it's all in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed circuit board and it's all in 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed circuit board and it's all in 3d
+now we can carefully line up the optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can carefully line up the optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can carefully line up the optics
+and so on so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so that
+we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a
+orthographic projection in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthographic projection in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthographic projection in effect
+or we can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can deal with
+the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+full 3d world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full 3d world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full 3d world
+could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also be
+you know the road in front of a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the road in front of a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the road in front of a car
+lots of examples of flat surfaces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples of flat surfaces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples of flat surfaces okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+two things one one thing we remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a good old perspective projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good old perspective projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good old perspective projection
+and the other thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing is that
+there's a camera coordinate system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a camera coordinate system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a camera coordinate system where
+this applies and then there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies and then there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applies and then there's other
+coordinate systems let's call them world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems let's call them world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate systems let's call them world
+coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the relationship well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the relationship well there's
+going to be a translation the camera has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a translation the camera has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a translation the camera has
+its coordinate system has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its coordinate system has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its coordinate system has its
+origin at the center of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the center of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the center of projection
+and the world has wherever if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the world has wherever if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the world has wherever if it's a
+robot arm it might be the base of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot arm it might be the base of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot arm it might be the base of the
+robot arm if it's a box it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot arm if it's a box it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot arm if it's a box it might be a
+corner of a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of a box
+and then there's a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in world coordinates and in camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in world coordinates and in camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in world coordinates and in camera
+coordinates and we talked about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we talked about how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and we talked about how that
+simple formula for perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula for perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple formula for perspective
+projection only applies if we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection only applies if we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection only applies if we're dealing
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+camera-centric uh coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera-centric uh coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera-centric uh coordinate system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this matrix here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an orthonormal matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that encodes the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll we'll talk quite a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll we'll talk quite a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll we'll talk quite a bit about
+that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later
+okay now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um
+what i want is the transformation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want is the transformation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want is the transformation from
+world coordinates you know object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world coordinates you know object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world coordinates you know object
+coordinates to uh image coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to uh image coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to uh image coordinates and
+so i'll combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'll combine these two
+so what i'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just multiplying out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just multiplying out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just multiplying out that
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is again the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know as we know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know as we know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know as we know um
+perspective projection has this nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective projection has this nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective projection has this nasty
+property that it involves a division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it involves a division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that it involves a division
+it's non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's non-linear
+and it's kind of uh a bit messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of uh a bit messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of uh a bit messy
+so that's the general case and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general case and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general case and we'll
+find ways of dealing with that but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways of dealing with that but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways of dealing with that but i
+want to look at the particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at the particular case
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the
+thing we're looking at is planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're looking at is planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're looking at is planar
+and that means that we can erect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that we can erect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that we can erect our
+coordinate system in that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our
+planar surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know rather rather than pick some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know rather rather than pick some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know rather rather than pick some
+arbitrary coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary coordinate system
+let's pick one where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pick one where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's pick one where um
+z is zero so we only have two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z is zero so we only have two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z is zero so we only have two of these
+coordinates to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're sort of doing is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're sort of doing is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're sort of doing is you know
+we're kind of halfway between 2d and 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of halfway between 2d and 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of halfway between 2d and 3d
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we started off looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off looking at
+a 2d surface embedded in 3d and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d surface embedded in 3d and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d surface embedded in 3d and where
+we're going is some sort of mapping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going is some sort of mapping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going is some sort of mapping from
+the 2d surface out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2d surface out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2d surface out there
+into the 2d surface in the image yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry with ew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry
+that's my bad writing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my bad writing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my bad writing uh
+c c c double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c c c double
+okay and and that's the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and that's the one that's
+actually zero so that uh when i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero so that uh when i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero so that uh when i do that
+matrix multiplication then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplication then that means
+that i can ignore the third column right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can ignore the third column right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i can ignore the third column right
+because it's going to get multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to get multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to get multiplied by
+z w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z w
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+i can make that anything i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make that anything i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make that anything i want
+right so this column here doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this column here doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this column here doesn't matter
+because it's going to get multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to get multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to get multiplied by
+zw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i can kind of conveniently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can kind of conveniently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can kind of conveniently
+uh fold in the translation so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fold in the translation so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fold in the translation so one of the
+annoying things about euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying things about euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying things about euclidean
+transformations you know real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations you know real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations you know real world
+movement is there's rotation in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is there's rotation in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is there's rotation in this
+translation and it's hard to treat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and it's hard to treat them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and it's hard to treat them
+as one thing it'd be nice to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one thing it'd be nice to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one thing it'd be nice to you know
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+some magic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some magic uh
+thing let's call it a glob so the glob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's call it a glob so the glob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's call it a glob so the glob
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you multiply it by your vector and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by your vector and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by your vector and out
+comes another vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes another vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes another vector
+and that single thing encodes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that single thing encodes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that single thing encodes both
+translation and rotation so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and rotation so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and rotation so the way
+we've written it there we've split those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written it there we've split those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've written it there we've split those
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+well it'd be really nice to have them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'd be really nice to have them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it'd be really nice to have them as
+a single operation multiplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single operation multiplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single operation multiplication of
+something or for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or for example
+well we can do that here because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can do that here because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can do that here because if we
+drop out that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that third
+column we can bring in the x zero y zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column we can bring in the x zero y zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column we can bring in the x zero y zero
+and z zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z zero
+and we end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up with
+let's see so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so we got
+i call it r one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you see what we've done here we've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what we've done here we've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what we've done here we've taken
+advantage of the fact that we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the fact that we don't need
+that third column for cw because zw will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third column for cw because zw will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that third column for cw because zw will
+be zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero and then
+we can fold that addition in by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fold that addition in by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fold that addition in by just
+multiplying that last column by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that last column by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying that last column by one
+so in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular case
+we're dealing with a planar surface out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a planar surface out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a planar surface out
+in 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d
+we can fold rotation and translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fold rotation and translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can fold rotation and translation
+into a single matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a single matrix
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call this matrix t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this matrix t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this matrix t
+let me call that matrix up there r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call that matrix up there r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call that matrix up there r
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so r has some special properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r has some special properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r has some special properties
+that we'll talk about later one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about later one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll talk about later one of them
+is that it's orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's orthonormal
+and that means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means if you
+take its transpose and multiply it by r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its transpose and multiply it by r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its transpose and multiply it by r
+you get the identity matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the identity matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the identity matrix and the
+other one is that its determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is that its determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is that its determinant is
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh t doesn't have those properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t doesn't have those properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t doesn't have those properties
+so so that's uh very important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's uh very important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's uh very important uh
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how many degrees of freedom do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many degrees of freedom do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many degrees of freedom do we have
+well in 2d it was a little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in 2d it was a little easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in 2d it was a little easier to
+figure out we had you know two for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out we had you know two for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out we had you know two for
+translation one for rotation so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation one for rotation so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation one for rotation so those
+already give you three degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already give you three degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already give you three degrees of
+freedom and it's pretty obvious how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and it's pretty obvious how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom and it's pretty obvious how you
+could uh represent them you know some x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh represent them you know some x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could uh represent them you know some x
+offset some y offset and some angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset some y offset and some angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset some y offset and some angle
+in 3d it's a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d it's a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d it's a little bit harder
+we have three degrees of freedom for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three degrees of freedom for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have three degrees of freedom for
+translation you know a change in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation you know a change in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation you know a change in x
+change in y change in z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in y change in z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in y change in z
+and then there's rotation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's rotation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's rotation and the
+various ways of thinking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways of thinking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various ways of thinking about that
+which we'll get to later but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get to later but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll get to later but basically
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+three rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rotations
+there's one that preserves the x y axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that preserves the x y axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that preserves the x y axis
+there's one that preserves the y z axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that preserves the y z axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one that preserves the y z axis
+and there's one that preserves the z x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one that preserves the z x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one that preserves the z x
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+and you know as a mental shortcut you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as a mental shortcut you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know as a mental shortcut you
+can say there's rotation about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say there's rotation about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say there's rotation about the
+x-axis rotation about the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis rotation about the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis rotation about the y-axis
+rotation about the z-axis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the z-axis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation about the z-axis that's
+actually a very bad way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very bad way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very bad way of thinking
+about it but it gives you the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but it gives you the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but it gives you the right
+number which is three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is three so
+okay so that means that if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that if we have
+translation and rotation there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and rotation there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation and rotation there should be
+six things six degrees of freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six things six degrees of freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six things six degrees of freedom and
+then you look at that matrix up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you look at that matrix up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you look at that matrix up there
+and stuff and well there's already nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff and well there's already nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff and well there's already nine
+just in the matrix and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the matrix and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the matrix and then there's
+another three for the translation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three for the translation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another three for the translation so
+there's 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 12.
+so so there's a redundancy there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's a redundancy there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there's a redundancy there's
+something wrong we've got uh many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong we've got uh many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong we've got uh many more
+variables than there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables than there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables than there are
+degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom
+and so uh that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh that's because
+there are these constraints so that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these constraints so that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these constraints so that our
+matrix isn't just any old three by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix isn't just any old three by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix isn't just any old three by three
+matrix it has to satisfy all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it has to satisfy all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it has to satisfy all those
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+and it's the usual thing you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the usual thing you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the usual thing you have a
+number of variables a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables a bunch of
+constraints you subtract them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you subtract them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you subtract them and you
+get the degrees of freedom so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the degrees of freedom so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the degrees of freedom so in this
+case when we subtract out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when we subtract out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case when we subtract out the
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+it turns out we get 9 minus 6 equals 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out we get 9 minus 6 equals 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out we get 9 minus 6 equals 3
+for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation
+the 9 is because it's a 3x3 matrix the 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 9 is because it's a 3x3 matrix the 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 9 is because it's a 3x3 matrix the 9
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+what's the six well the orthonormality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the six well the orthonormality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the six well the orthonormality
+constraint provides six constraints why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint provides six constraints why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint provides six constraints why
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+row has to be unit size vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row has to be unit size vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row has to be unit size vector
+so that's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's three
+the rows have to mutually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows have to mutually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rows have to mutually be
+perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular
+well there are three ways of pairing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are three ways of pairing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are three ways of pairing
+them up so that's 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up so that's 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up so that's 6.
+so 9 minus 6 is 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 9 minus 6 is 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 9 minus 6 is 3.
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+then we get to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get to this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know this is a interesting way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a interesting way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is a interesting way of
+dealing with perspective projection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with perspective projection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with perspective projection in
+the case of a planar surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a planar surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of a planar surface
+we just have to be a little bit careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to be a little bit careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to be a little bit careful
+so suppose for example that we determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose for example that we determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose for example that we determine
+this matrix t experimentally by matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix t experimentally by matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix t experimentally by matching
+up uh image of a calibration object like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh image of a calibration object like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh image of a calibration object like
+i don't know cube or checkerboard or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know cube or checkerboard or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know cube or checkerboard or
+whatever somehow we find this three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever somehow we find this three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever somehow we find this three by
+three matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix
+and then we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're done
+well no because this is a matrix with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no because this is a matrix with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no because this is a matrix with
+nine independent elements which is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine independent elements which is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine independent elements which is way
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+the transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation
+deserves and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserves and so
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+to enforce some constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example
+it's derived from a rotation matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's derived from a rotation matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's derived from a rotation matrix so
+that first column should be a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first column should be a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first column should be a unit
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+the second column should be a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column should be a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column should be a unit
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the third column we lost we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the third column we lost we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the third column we lost we don't
+know what that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is
+although of course we can reconstruct it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course we can reconstruct it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although of course we can reconstruct it
+right because it's perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's perpendicular to the
+first two columns so it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns so it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two columns so it's there
+cross product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's by the way a useful programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by the way a useful programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's by the way a useful programming
+trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+you don't really need to keep a three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really need to keep a three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really need to keep a three by
+three matrix for rotation you just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix for rotation you just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three matrix for rotation you just keep
+two of its rows or two of its columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of its rows or two of its columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of its rows or two of its columns
+because you can always compute the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can always compute the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can always compute the other
+one and in fact in a sense it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in fact in a sense it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in fact in a sense it might be
+more consistent to work that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more consistent to work that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more consistent to work that way
+okay two constraints well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two constraints well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay two constraints well there's
+another one these have to be orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one these have to be orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one these have to be orthogonal
+uh so r11 r 1 2 plus r 21 r 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so r11 r 1 2 plus r 21 r 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so r11 r 1 2 plus r 21 r 22
+plus r 31 r 32 has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r 31 r 32 has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r 31 r 32 has to be zero
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+this matrix t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix t
+n should really satisfy those uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n should really satisfy those uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n should really satisfy those uh three
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+and let's add things up so it has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's add things up so it has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's add things up so it has three
+by three it has nine elements three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three it has nine elements three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by three it has nine elements three
+constraints that leaves us six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that leaves us six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints that leaves us six
+six degrees of freedom that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six degrees of freedom that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six degrees of freedom that that's
+that's correct so so that's that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct so so that's that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct so so that's that's all
+true and wonderful it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and wonderful it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and wonderful it's just that
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+we don't um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't um
+enforce that constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce that constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce that constraint
+why well because the rest of it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because the rest of it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because the rest of it you can
+do linear least squares to fit to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear least squares to fit to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do linear least squares to fit to your
+calibration data but how do you enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration data but how do you enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration data but how do you enforce
+these second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these second order
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+and and so you will see a large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you will see a large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you will see a large number
+of publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of publications
+that expound this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expound this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that expound this approach
+which would be valid if only they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be valid if only they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be valid if only they had
+enforced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced this
+so that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's like a
+kind of attempt at generalization from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attempt at generalization from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attempt at generalization from
+what's covered in this patent namely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's covered in this patent namely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's covered in this patent namely uh
+2d transformations to where we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d transformations to where we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d transformations to where we'll be
+going uh later which will be 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh later which will be 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh later which will be 3d
+transformations and a kind of warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and a kind of warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and a kind of warning
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+about this stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff that
+we have to be careful so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful so um
+by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way
+if i'm going to use this to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm going to use this to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm going to use this to predict
+where i'm in the image i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm in the image i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i'm in the image i'm just going to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+of course the equations i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the equations i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the equations i'm just
+repeating the equations from up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that
+if i take the camera coordinates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the camera coordinates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the camera coordinates and
+multiply them by some arbitrary non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by some arbitrary non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply them by some arbitrary non-zero
+factor nothing changes and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor nothing changes and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor nothing changes and of course
+that's the scale factor ambiguity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the scale factor ambiguity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the scale factor ambiguity we
+already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already talked about
+what does that mean well one thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well one thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean well one thing it
+means is that you can take this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that you can take this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that you can take this matrix
+and multiply it by some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply it by some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiply it by some arbitrary
+constant non-zero constant and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant non-zero constant and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant non-zero constant and nothing
+changes so that's another sort of clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so that's another sort of clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so that's another sort of clue
+that this is a funny kind of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a funny kind of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a funny kind of matrix
+and yes you could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes you could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes you could try to
+adjust its size by trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust its size by trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust its size by trying to
+impose these constraints but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay oh and this is called i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh and this is called i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh and this is called i should say
+this is called a homography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll talk later about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk later about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk later about
+its use in photogrammetry or misuse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its use in photogrammetry or misuse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its use in photogrammetry or misuse in
+photogrammetry okay the other thing i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogrammetry okay the other thing i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photogrammetry okay the other thing i
+wanted to talk about was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about was
+you may remember right when we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember right when we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may remember right when we started
+talking about this pattern i said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this pattern i said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this pattern i said well
+there's prior art and we listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's prior art and we listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's prior art and we listed
+blob analysis or binary image processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob analysis or binary image processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob analysis or binary image processing
+and we listed binary templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we listed binary templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we listed binary templates
+and we listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we listed
+what else anyone remember what else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else anyone remember what else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else anyone remember what else we
+listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh-huh and there was a fourth one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh and there was a fourth one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh-huh and there was a fourth one which
+we didn't discuss the other three we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't discuss the other three we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't discuss the other three we did
+discuss and the fourth one is the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and the fourth one is the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and the fourth one is the half
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+and it's generalization so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's generalization so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's generalization so let's just
+briefly talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly talk about that
+so so that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's because
+we've picked our world coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've picked our world coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've picked our world coordinate system
+so that in in the plane it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in in the plane it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in in the plane it's only
+working for this plane and in that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for this plane and in that plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for this plane and in that plane
+z-w is zero what it means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-w is zero what it means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-w is zero what it means is that
+suppose i want to deal with an image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i want to deal with an image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose i want to deal with an image of
+this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table
+and then i want to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want to refer to
+where my phone is on the table i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my phone is on the table i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where my phone is on the table i'm going
+to pick a coordinate system that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a coordinate system that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick a coordinate system that's you
+know say lined up with the edges but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say lined up with the edges but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say lined up with the edges but the
+important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that
+z is perpendicular to that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z is perpendicular to that surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z is perpendicular to that surface
+so that whatever i'm talking you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that whatever i'm talking you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that whatever i'm talking you know
+where's this paper clip i only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's this paper clip i only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's this paper clip i only need to
+give x and y because if it's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give x and y because if it's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give x and y because if it's in that
+plane z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane z is
+zero and so this will not apply if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so this will not apply if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so this will not apply if i
+have a true three-dimensional object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a true three-dimensional object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a true three-dimensional object
+it's only the case where i'm confining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the case where i'm confining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only the case where i'm confining
+attention to a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to a plane
+and so um it comes up in industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um it comes up in industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um it comes up in industrial
+machine vision because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine vision because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine vision because
+uh in many ways one is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many ways one is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many ways one is you know
+obviously you want to try and get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you want to try and get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you want to try and get your
+optical axis as perpendicular as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis as perpendicular as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis as perpendicular as
+possible to the surface you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to the surface you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to the surface you're
+interested in whether it's a conveyor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in whether it's a conveyor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in whether it's a conveyor
+belt or the surface of the road or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt or the surface of the road or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt or the surface of the road or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+but there inevitably will be some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there inevitably will be some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there inevitably will be some small
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+and inevitably you know someone's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inevitably you know someone's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inevitably you know someone's going
+to bump into it and change it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bump into it and change it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bump into it and change it slightly
+and this takes care of it uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this takes care of it uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this takes care of it uh because
+this slight generalization allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slight generalization allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slight generalization allows you to
+deal with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh
+other camera orientations that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other camera orientations that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other camera orientations that you don't
+have to have a perfect orthographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a perfect orthographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a perfect orthographic
+projection you can have a slightly skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection you can have a slightly skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection you can have a slightly skew
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+thinking of other applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of other applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of other applications
+in some countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some countries
+there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a
+survey surveillance camera at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey surveillance camera at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey surveillance camera at every
+intersection and it's looking down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and it's looking down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and it's looking down at
+the road well uh if you're mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road well uh if you're mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road well uh if you're mapping
+points on the road you don't need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the road you don't need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the road you don't need the
+full 3d transformation you just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full 3d transformation you just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full 3d transformation you just need
+this but you just have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you just have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you just have to remember that
+now your world coordinate system has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your world coordinate system has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now your world coordinate system has the
+constraint that it has to be lined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that it has to be lined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that it has to be lined up
+with the surface of the road so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surface of the road so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surface of the road so that the
+cw is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cw is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cw is zero
+assuming the road is really flat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the road is really flat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the road is really flat but
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+tough transform so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when i was a student which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was a student which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was a student which is you know
+centuries ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries ago
+there was nasa had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nasa had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was nasa had
+a large part of one of the tech square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of one of the tech square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of one of the tech square
+buildings one of the original tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings one of the original tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings one of the original tech
+script they've since been renovated some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script they've since been renovated some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script they've since been renovated some
+i guess it was 5 35 and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it was 5 35 and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess it was 5 35 and there was a
+floor or maybe two floors dedicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or maybe two floors dedicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or maybe two floors dedicated to
+the following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following thing
+at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that time
+you know people were very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people were very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know people were very interested in
+various kinds of processes of elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of processes of elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of processes of elementary
+particles and you studied them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and you studied them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and you studied them
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+shooting them into a cloud chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting them into a cloud chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting them into a cloud chamber
+wilson's design of a cloud chamber you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilson's design of a cloud chamber you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilson's design of a cloud chamber you
+know you shoot them in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you shoot them in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you shoot them in you
+quickly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly uh
+decrease the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the pressure
+and it's saturated with some vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's saturated with some vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's saturated with some vapor
+alcohol or something and the ionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol or something and the ionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol or something and the ionized
+points in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in that space
+then uh form nucleation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh form nucleation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh form nucleation
+points for this liquid and then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for this liquid and then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for this liquid and then you take
+a picture of it and you you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of it and you you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture of it and you you find that
+you know there's a particles zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a particles zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a particles zooming
+through in a certain direction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in a certain direction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in a certain direction and then
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that
+depends on the magnetic field that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the magnetic field that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the magnetic field that's
+applied you know if it's charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied you know if it's charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied you know if it's charged
+particle it'll be curling around and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it'll be curling around and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it'll be curling around and so
+people spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people spent
+many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+man years and women years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man years and women years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man years and women years
+pouring over a table like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring over a table like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pouring over a table like this where
+these images were projected down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images were projected down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these images were projected down and
+then they were fitting lines to them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were fitting lines to them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were fitting lines to them or
+arcs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arcs
+and so there was a huge interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was a huge interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there was a huge interest in
+automating this process because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating this process because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating this process because it was
+clear that it was only going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it was only going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it was only going to get
+worse because the higher energy you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because the higher energy you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse because the higher energy you get
+to the more pictures you have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more pictures you have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the more pictures you have to look at
+before you find the interesting stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you find the interesting stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you find the interesting stuff
+and the more complicated the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more complicated the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more complicated the pictures
+get so it was you know doing it manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so it was you know doing it manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so it was you know doing it manually
+was hopeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hopeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hopeless
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+edge detection you know line detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection you know line detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection you know line detection
+uh was important and then what what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was important and then what what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was important and then what what do
+you do with the lines well uh huff came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with the lines well uh huff came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with the lines well uh huff came
+up with this thing and this one idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this thing and this one idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this thing and this one idea and
+it's he this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's he this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's he this is probably
+as far as i know this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as i know this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as i know this is the first
+machine vision patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i think this was submitted in 1960
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think this was submitted in 1960
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think this was submitted in 1960
+and it issued in 1962 and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it issued in 1962 and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it issued in 1962 and um
+it's pretty short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty short
+i don't remember whether i loaded it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember whether i loaded it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember whether i loaded it up
+on stella it's not particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stella it's not particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stella it's not particularly
+interesting but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting but
+we'll go through it uh and at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through it uh and at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through it uh and at that time
+there was quite a bit of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was quite a bit of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was quite a bit of uh
+negative feeling in the machine vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feeling in the machine vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feeling in the machine vision
+community which was i don't know a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community which was i don't know a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community which was i don't know a dozen
+people at that time um you know why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at that time um you know why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at that time um you know why why
+patent this thing anyway he patented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent this thing anyway he patented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent this thing anyway he patented it
+so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is it
+uh and again the context is we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again the context is we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again the context is we're trying
+to see lines in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see lines in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see lines in uh
+photographs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs of
+wilson bubble chamber pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilson bubble chamber pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilson bubble chamber pictures
+and so he's looking for a possible lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he's looking for a possible lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he's looking for a possible lines
+and you say well you know just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well you know just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you say well you know just use the
+edge detection methods we we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection methods we we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection methods we we've talked
+about already well the trouble is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about already well the trouble is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about already well the trouble is that
+these lines were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines were
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+little dotted lines they were little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dotted lines they were little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dotted lines they were little
+bubbles and the bubbles were not spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles and the bubbles were not spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles and the bubbles were not spaced
+equally and they were not all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally and they were not all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally and they were not all the same
+size so it wasn't uh a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so it wasn't uh a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so it wasn't uh a clean
+and also of course they weren't edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of course they weren't edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of course they weren't edges
+they weren't transitioned from dark to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't transitioned from dark to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't transitioned from dark to
+bright they were transitions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright they were transitions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright they were transitions from
+something to something and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to something and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to something and then back
+again but but that would have been not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but but that would have been not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but but that would have been not
+too hard to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard to deal with
+so he came up with this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he came up with this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he came up with this idea that
+we map from image space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map from image space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map from image space
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here's our image space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our image space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our image space
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now in this image space we can have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this image space we can have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this image space we can have all
+kinds of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of lines
+and we map to a parameter space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we map to a parameter space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we map to a parameter space for
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how many
+numbers do we need to describe a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do we need to describe a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do we need to describe a line
+well we already did that so one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already did that so one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already did that so one way
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not
+too excited about but there it is is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too excited about but there it is is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too excited about but there it is is y
+equals mx plus c so it apparently takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c so it apparently takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c so it apparently takes
+two numbers to describe a line and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers to describe a line and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers to describe a line and then
+we did i use m here and see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did i use m here and see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did i use m here and see here
+okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have a line in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a line in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a line in this space
+that maps into a point in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps into a point in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maps into a point in this space
+and so if i have some local evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i have some local evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if i have some local evidence
+for a piece of one of these bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of one of these bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a piece of one of these bubble
+tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks
+maybe i can map that into this space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can map that into this space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can map that into this space and
+accumulate evidence for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate evidence for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate evidence for different
+possible lines right and so you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible lines right and so you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible lines right and so you know so
+like that fragment might go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that fragment might go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that fragment might go there
+and then this fragment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this fragment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this fragment
+that's i can fit a line to that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's i can fit a line to that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's i can fit a line to that and then
+hopefully that'll come to near the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that'll come to near the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully that'll come to near the same
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and and so on so then the whole idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on so then the whole idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on so then the whole idea is
+that then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then to
+have an accumulator array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an accumulator array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an accumulator array
+and um count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um count
+the evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+each of the possible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the possible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the possible um
+parameter combinations and then look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter combinations and then look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter combinations and then look for
+peaks and those will correspond to lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and those will correspond to lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks and those will correspond to lines
+in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the image
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and this can be generalized to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be generalized to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be generalized to other
+shapes but let's stick with lines so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes but let's stick with lines so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes but let's stick with lines so
+here's another thing so suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another thing so suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another thing so suppose that
+i have a line in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a line in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a line in this space
+what does that correspond to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that correspond to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that correspond to in the
+original image space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out
+you know because this equation is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because this equation is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because this equation is kind
+of symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetric
+if you write it the right way let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write it the right way let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write it the right way let's
+rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like i can write the equation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i can write the equation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i can write the equation of a
+line this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or that way and then it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that way and then it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that way and then it's clear that
+really those two spaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really those two spaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really those two spaces are
+uh symmetric they're complementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symmetric they're complementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh symmetric they're complementary
+mapping from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from one to the other
+and so what does that mean well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does that mean well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does that mean well that
+means that a line in this space on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a line in this space on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that a line in this space on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+corresponds to a point in the space on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a point in the space on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a point in the space on
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that corresponds to let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to let's say that
+um and so what uses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what uses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so what uses that
+well that's pretty exciting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's pretty exciting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's pretty exciting because
+i may not have a good estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not have a good estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i may not have a good estimate of the
+line at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line at all
+maybe all i've got is a bubble i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all i've got is a bubble i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all i've got is a bubble i don't
+really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know
+what it is in the larger scheme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is in the larger scheme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is in the larger scheme of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+well suppose this is my bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose this is my bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suppose this is my bubble
+what does it tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it tell me
+it does tell me it doesn't tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does tell me it doesn't tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does tell me it doesn't tell me what
+the line is but it's one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line is but it's one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line is but it's one of those things
+where it constrains the number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it constrains the number of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it constrains the number of lines
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+all of the lines that this could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the lines that this could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the lines that this could give
+evidence for go through that point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for go through that point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for go through that point and
+those are all of the lines along here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all of the lines along here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all of the lines along here
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+that's the important insight that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important insight that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the important insight that um
+you know if i have a nice clean edge i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i have a nice clean edge i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i have a nice clean edge i
+can fit in a line and i'm done well if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit in a line and i'm done well if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fit in a line and i'm done well if i
+have a bubble chamber picture i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bubble chamber picture i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bubble chamber picture i just
+have these bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these bubbles
+and but each bubble gives me evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but each bubble gives me evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but each bubble gives me evidence
+about a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a possible
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+i don't know exactly what it is i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know exactly what it is i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know exactly what it is i've
+reduced the problem from a 2d unknown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the problem from a 2d unknown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the problem from a 2d unknown to
+1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d
+should sound familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sound familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should sound familiar
+and so what do i do well i just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do i do well i just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what do i do well i just take
+every bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bubble
+and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i
+find its transform in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its transform in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its transform in this space
+and i use that to accumulate some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i use that to accumulate some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i use that to accumulate some sort
+of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total
+right so there's a bubble now i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a bubble now i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a bubble now i'm going
+to get another bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get another bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get another bubble
+and maybe that will give me that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that will give me that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that will give me that line
+and then i'll get i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll get i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll get i don't know
+another bubble and that'll give me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bubble and that'll give me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bubble and that'll give me this
+line and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so on
+and you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see how
+each of these bubbles contributes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these bubbles contributes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these bubbles contributes some
+evidence and then if i keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and then if i keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and then if i keep track of
+that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by
+having accumulators over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having accumulators over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having accumulators over here
+i can look for the peaks in the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can look for the peaks in the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can look for the peaks in the in this
+accumulator array and they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator array and they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator array and they will
+correspond to bubbles that line up along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to bubbles that line up along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to bubbles that line up along
+some line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line so
+so that's uh the basic idea of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh the basic idea of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh the basic idea of half
+transform and you know the key idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and you know the key idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and you know the key idea is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there's this mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this mapping
+and that it's symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it's symmetric
+let me just actually do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just actually do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just actually do an example
+let's see how this is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's here's my image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's here's my image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's here's my image
+and i have a line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was supposed to be
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1
+and this is 1 minus 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 1 minus 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is 1 minus 1 0
+and this point would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point would be
+minus a half a half let's put one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half a half let's put one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half a half let's put one more
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is
+one comma two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comma two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comma two
+okay so let's suppose we have bubbles at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose we have bubbles at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's suppose we have bubbles at
+those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points
+then we go to the transform space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's let's take number one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let's take number one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's let's take number one so
+number one says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one says
+uh x is zero and y is one so um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x is zero and y is one so um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x is zero and y is one so um that's
+there's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this one
+point number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if i write that into the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i write that into the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i write that into the equation
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+equals mx plus c that means that c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c that means that c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c that means that c is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+then i can plug that in here and like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can plug that in here and like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can plug that in here and like do
+i have it reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have it reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have it reverse
+uh m going up you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay c equals one in this in this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay c equals one in this in this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay c equals one in this in this space
+is that line oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that line oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that line oops
+that's the line c equals 1. so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line c equals 1. so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the line c equals 1. so so this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+uh gives me evidence that the line i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives me evidence that the line i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives me evidence that the line i'm
+looking for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is
+one of those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those lines
+well each point here corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each point here corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each point here corresponds to a
+line in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in that space
+okay now suppose i pick another one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now suppose i pick another one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now suppose i pick another one so
+let me take point two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take point two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take point two
+x equals minus one y equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals minus one y equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals minus one y equals zero
+that's uh this one 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh this one 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh this one 0.2
+if i plug that into a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug that into a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug that into a y
+equals mx plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c
+i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get
+m equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals c
+and so that so so this is line number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that so so this is line number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that so so this is line number
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so that line looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that line looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that line looks like this
+this is line number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so i'll go into the accumulate array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll go into the accumulate array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'll go into the accumulate array
+and all of these cells will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these cells will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these cells will be
+incremented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented
+let's just do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just do one more
+let's do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do this one
+point three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three
+so for three we have x is one and y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for three we have x is one and y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for three we have x is one and y is
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and for that the equation is m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that the equation is m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that the equation is m equals
+two minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minus c
+and so that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 minus c so that'll start at 2 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus c so that'll start at 2 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus c so that'll start at 2 and then
+go negative goes like that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go negative goes like that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go negative goes like that so that's
+line 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line 3.
+and you can see what's happening which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what's happening which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what's happening which
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+there's one accumulator that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one accumulator that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one accumulator that will be
+repeatedly update updated now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly update updated now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly update updated now in the
+presence of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of noise
+you know they won't be all perfect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they won't be all perfect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they won't be all perfect and
+instead of just always hitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just always hitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just always hitting that
+accumulator we'll be hitting neighboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator we'll be hitting neighboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulator we'll be hitting neighboring
+cells a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells a little bit
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that
+the cell that has the right parameter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that has the right parameter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell that has the right parameter in
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+will be incremented the most and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be incremented the most and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be incremented the most and you can
+do you know more sophisticated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know more sophisticated things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know more sophisticated things
+but the key idea is that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea is that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key idea is that we have a
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+for the possible parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the possible parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the possible parameters of the
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have each point in here corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each point in here corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each point in here corresponds to a
+particular line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular line
+and then by the way each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by the way each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by the way each
+line in here corresponds to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in here corresponds to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in here corresponds to a point
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+gather up the evidence and even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather up the evidence and even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gather up the evidence and even if the
+line is really ratty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is really ratty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is really ratty
+uh just these bubbles distributed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just these bubbles distributed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just these bubbles distributed in
+unequal intervals uh we can get a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal intervals uh we can get a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unequal intervals uh we can get a large
+count there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count there so
+so we we so here it's used in in line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we so here it's used in in line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we so here it's used in in line
+detection but it could be equally used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection but it could be equally used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection but it could be equally used
+in edge detection and uh it was in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in edge detection and uh it was in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in edge detection and uh it was in some
+cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases
+it's not used much in edge detection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not used much in edge detection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not used much in edge detection in
+line detection now because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line detection now because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line detection now because we have
+if the image is reasonable we have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the image is reasonable we have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the image is reasonable we have much
+better methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better methods
+their problem was that you know at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem was that you know at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem was that you know at high
+magnification they just had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification they just had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification they just had these
+isolated bubbles that weren't quite on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated bubbles that weren't quite on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated bubbles that weren't quite on
+the line and were different and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and were different and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line and were different and so this
+is a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good way of
+trying to deal with that noise if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with that noise if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to deal with that noise if you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+you've just invented the extended gauss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just invented the extended gauss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just invented the extended gauss
+half transform so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transform so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transform so yes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so that's definitely a way to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's definitely a way to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's definitely a way to go and
+they're going to be obviously trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be obviously trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be obviously trade-offs
+like if you have something that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you have something that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you have something that has a
+lot of parameters that space gets large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of parameters that space gets large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of parameters that space gets large
+and then you have to deal with the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to deal with the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to deal with the cost
+of storing the quantized version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storing the quantized version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of storing the quantized version of it
+and they're little tricky things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're little tricky things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're little tricky things like
+you know if you divide up the space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you divide up the space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you divide up the space you
+quantize it into little boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize it into little boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize it into little boxes
+if you make a tiny change in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make a tiny change in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make a tiny change in the data
+you may go from one cell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may go from one cell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may go from one cell to the
+neighboring cell and what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring cell and what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring cell and what do you do
+about that so there are tricks for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so there are tricks for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so there are tricks for for
+dealing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with that
+but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do another simple example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another simple example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do another simple example which is
+circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's suppose we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know the radius of the circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the radius of the circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the radius of the circle so
+we're all we're looking for again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all we're looking for again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all we're looking for again is
+just x and y there's uh just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x and y there's uh just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x and y there's uh just two
+parameters uh center of the circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh center of the circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh center of the circle so
+one way to introduce this story is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+lte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lte
+long-term evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term evolution
+in cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+signal from your cell phone arrives at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from your cell phone arrives at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from your cell phone arrives at a
+tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+at a time after you sent it of course by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time after you sent it of course by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time after you sent it of course by
+an amount which depends on how far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount which depends on how far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amount which depends on how far away
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+lte unlike cdma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lte unlike cdma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lte unlike cdma
+uses uh time division multiplexing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh time division multiplexing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh time division multiplexing so
+you get a slot to send your data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a slot to send your data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a slot to send your data and
+somebody else gets a slot to send their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else gets a slot to send their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else gets a slot to send their
+data and somebody else gets a slot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and somebody else gets a slot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and somebody else gets a slot to
+send their data and if if they don't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their data and if if they don't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their data and if if they don't fit
+in that slot they're going to interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that slot they're going to interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that slot they're going to interfere
+with each other so it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other so it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other so it's very important
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone
+use a timing advance in other words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a timing advance in other words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a timing advance in other words that
+it knows my signal is going to take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows my signal is going to take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it knows my signal is going to take five
+microseconds to get to the tower so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds to get to the tower so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds to get to the tower so i
+have to send it five microseconds before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send it five microseconds before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to send it five microseconds before
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+appointed beginning of the time slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed beginning of the time slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointed beginning of the time slot
+now actually it's even worse than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually it's even worse than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now actually it's even worse than that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it doesn't know the time i mean it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't know the time i mean it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't know the time i mean it's got
+its own internal clock but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own internal clock but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own internal clock but it's not
+accurate to nanosecond accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate to nanosecond accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate to nanosecond accuracy
+there's a different clock in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different clock in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a different clock in the cell
+tower which is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower which is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower which is but
+so how does this work well the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this work well the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this work well the cell
+tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+sends out a signal and that arrives at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends out a signal and that arrives at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends out a signal and that arrives at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+and then the phone sends something back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the phone sends something back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the phone sends something back
+so it is possible to get the the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is possible to get the the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is possible to get the the round
+trip time even if the two clocks are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip time even if the two clocks are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip time even if the two clocks are not
+synchronized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronized
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+details will leave out but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can get the timing advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the timing advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the timing advance
+which is what the cell phone needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what the cell phone needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what the cell phone needs to
+use so it correctly inserts its message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so it correctly inserts its message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so it correctly inserts its message
+into the string of messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the string of messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the string of messages
+and that then obviously tells you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then obviously tells you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then obviously tells you how
+far away you are right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away you are right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away you are right so
+so in in android you can uh write an app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in android you can uh write an app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in android you can uh write an app
+which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um
+well apparently with chalk on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well apparently with chalk on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well apparently with chalk on my
+fingertip the fingertip sensor doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertip the fingertip sensor doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingertip the fingertip sensor doesn't
+work anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work anyway
+we can get the timing advance and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the timing advance and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get the timing advance and then
+you can do various games with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do various games with that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do various games with that one
+of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+know where cell towers are and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where cell towers are and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where cell towers are and you have
+the timing advance from more than one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing advance from more than one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing advance from more than one of
+them you can determine where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can determine where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can determine where you are
+or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if
+you can turn it around and say i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn it around and say i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can turn it around and say i don't
+know where the cell towers are but i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the cell towers are but i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the cell towers are but i'd
+like to know where they are and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know where they are and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know where they are and you you
+wander around and you measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around and you measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander around and you measure the
+distance from various places that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from various places that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from various places that you
+know from say gps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from say gps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from say gps
+where you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are so
+so there are problems of that type which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are problems of that type which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are problems of that type which
+involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve
+circles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles so
+let's see how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we might
+use the extension of the half transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the extension of the half transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the extension of the half transform
+to to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and keep in mind that uh the the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and keep in mind that uh the the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and keep in mind that uh the the we
+know the radius so the timing advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the radius so the timing advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the radius so the timing advance
+gives us the radius so that makes it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the radius so that makes it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the radius so that makes it a
+little simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler
+we'll talk about the more general case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the more general case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the more general case
+in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here
+and my uh cell phone told me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my uh cell phone told me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my uh cell phone told me that the
+timing advance was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing advance was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing advance was
+you know a microsecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a microsecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a microsecond
+uh so the tower is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the tower is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the tower is um
+what 300 meters away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 300 meters away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 300 meters away
+actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the
+quantization isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization isn't
+uh very good it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very good it's um
+like 150 meter increments but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 150 meter increments but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 150 meter increments but anyway
+so that means that i don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that i don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that i don't know where
+the tower is but i know it's on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tower is but i know it's on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tower is but i know it's on this
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+and that's just you know the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just you know the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just you know the same thing
+we've been doing all along that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing all along that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing all along that uh we
+get a measurement it doesn't give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measurement it doesn't give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measurement it doesn't give us the
+answer but it constrains the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but it constrains the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but it constrains the answer and
+then we take another measurement so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take another measurement so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we take another measurement so now
+you can imagine that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that um
+we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could
+move around and say now we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around and say now we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around and say now we're here
+and we get a different radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not a
+move it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it there
+so that's a radius one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a radius one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a radius one
+and you'll say oh well obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll say oh well obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll say oh well obviously the
+answer is here and there well yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is here and there well yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is here and there well yeah okay
+that's assuming that you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assuming that you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's assuming that you know these
+measurements very accurately which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements very accurately which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements very accurately which you
+don't uh and it leaves you with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh and it leaves you with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh and it leaves you with a
+two-way ambiguity so another better way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way ambiguity so another better way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-way ambiguity so another better way
+is to just keep on going so we've got x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to just keep on going so we've got x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to just keep on going so we've got x2
+y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2
+draw a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a circle
+based on that radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that radius
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in this case they don't intersect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they don't intersect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case they don't intersect so
+something's gone wrong which can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's gone wrong which can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's gone wrong which can happen
+and in practice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in practice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in practice uh
+you you know have a situation like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know have a situation like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know have a situation like this
+so that's a half transform-like method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a half transform-like method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a half transform-like method
+all we need to do is have an accumulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is have an accumulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we need to do is have an accumulator
+array that covers the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that covers the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that covers the possible
+geographic positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic positions
+and then we use this method to update it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use this method to update it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we use this method to update it
+so we reset it all to zero the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we reset it all to zero the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we reset it all to zero the first
+measurement we get we go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we get we go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we get we go around the
+circle and we increment all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we increment all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and we increment all of the
+accumulators we hit on that circle next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators we hit on that circle next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators we hit on that circle next
+measurement we go around that circle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we go around that circle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement we go around that circle we
+and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully
+uh the true location of the cell tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the true location of the cell tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the true location of the cell tower
+will then be the one where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be the one where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be the one where there's a
+very large accumulated total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large accumulated total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large accumulated total
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+a simple generalization now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple generalization now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple generalization now more
+interesting generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting generalization
+you know someone mentioned higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone mentioned higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone mentioned higher order
+polynomials and and that's certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and and that's certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and and that's certainly a
+possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in that direction what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction what if we
+don't know the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+circle searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle searching
+this is now a different problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a different problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now a different problem we're
+searching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a circle with a center x node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a circle with a center x node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a circle with a center x node
+y naught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y naught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y naught and
+radius r node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius r node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius r node
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know we we get these measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we get these measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we get these measurements
+now the parameter space is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the parameter space is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the parameter space is larger
+so over here conveniently the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here conveniently the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here conveniently the parameter
+space was two-dimensional just as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space was two-dimensional just as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space was two-dimensional just as the uh
+data space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data space
+well here uh we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three-dimensional parameter space and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional parameter space and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional parameter space and we
+can set up an accumulator right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up an accumulator right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can set up an accumulator right here
+and each point in this space corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each point in this space corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each point in this space corresponds
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+a circle at a particular position in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle at a particular position in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle at a particular position in the
+plane uh and a particular radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh and a particular radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh and a particular radius
+and so we can just collect up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can just collect up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can just collect up the
+evidence for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+every time we find the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we find the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we find the point
+that is on the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is on the circle
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of the accumulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the accumulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the accumulators
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+in a cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cone
+because okay it could be zero radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay it could be zero radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because okay it could be zero radius
+meaning it's right where i am or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's right where i am or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning it's right where i am or it
+could be slightly larger radius and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be slightly larger radius and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be slightly larger radius and it's
+on a small circle or it could be big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a small circle or it could be big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a small circle or it could be big
+radius and on a big circle i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and on a big circle i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and on a big circle i don't know
+but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now
+and again i don't get the answer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i don't get the answer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i don't get the answer from
+that single measurement i do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single measurement i do this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that single measurement i do this again
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+and i get the bunch of cones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get the bunch of cones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get the bunch of cones
+and they all intersect in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all intersect in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all intersect in some
+complicated way and you know i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way and you know i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way and you know i don't
+really care all i care about is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care all i care about is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care all i care about is that
+the answer is going to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is going to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is going to have a lot of
+contributions a lot of these cones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions a lot of these cones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions a lot of these cones
+well ideally all of the cones will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ideally all of the cones will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ideally all of the cones will go
+through the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the answer
+with noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with noise
+most of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of them will
+not all of them and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of them and so
+that's kind of the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the idea of the
+generalized half transform that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized half transform that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized half transform that we can
+pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick
+some other shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other shape
+and just the key idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just the key idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just the key idea is that
+we have the original space and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the original space and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the original space and we have
+the parameter space and we collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter space and we collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter space and we collect
+evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence
+just as in the patent and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in the patent and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as in the patent and we we
+accumulate the evidence and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate the evidence and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate the evidence and we
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+have a score surface and we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a score surface and we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a score surface and we find the
+peak of the score surface and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the score surface and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of the score surface and if it's
+above some threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above some threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above some threshold
+then we we accept that as uh as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we accept that as uh as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we we accept that as uh as the
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+r equals zero plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equals zero plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equals zero plane
+well if r equals zero then then i'm i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if r equals zero then then i'm i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if r equals zero then then i'm i'm
+there as the circle is zero radius so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as the circle is zero radius so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as the circle is zero radius so i
+can just contribute to to this cell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just contribute to to this cell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just contribute to to this cell but
+now suppose that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose that uh
+r has some non-zero value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r has some non-zero value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r has some non-zero value
+well that means that i'm not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means that i'm not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means that i'm not at the
+correct answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer but
+i'm higher up in in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm higher up in in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm higher up in in here and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+possible locations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible locations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible locations for the
+so i'm here and the possible locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here and the possible locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm here and the possible locations
+are on a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on a circle
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+when i change the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i change the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i change the radius
+i'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to get
+larger and larger circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger circles
+right and these are the sections of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the parameter space can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parameter space can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the parameter space can get
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+these are simple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are simple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are simple examples
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if it's a high dimensional problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a high dimensional problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a high dimensional problem the
+parameter space can be expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space can be expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space can be expensive to
+maintain and in the presence of noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and in the presence of noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain and in the presence of noise
+you know so um may not work that well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so um may not work that well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so um may not work that well so
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+half transforms typically not used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transforms typically not used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transforms typically not used in
+its normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its normal
+originally defined uh mode you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally defined uh mode you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally defined uh mode you know to
+find uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find uh
+bubble chamber tracks or or lines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble chamber tracks or or lines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble chamber tracks or or lines or
+edges um but the idea of the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um but the idea of the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges um but the idea of the half
+transform is used uh often as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is used uh often as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform is used uh often as like a
+subroutine of something more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine of something more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine of something more more
+advanced and the key idea again is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and the key idea again is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and the key idea again is just
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we have this parameter space and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this parameter space and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this parameter space and we
+quantize it and we accumulate evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize it and we accumulate evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize it and we accumulate evidence
+in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and
+doesn't need to be about edges or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be about edges or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to be about edges or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we didn't say much about it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't say much about it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't say much about it in this
+patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent
+but it's important part of the patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important part of the patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important part of the patent
+and right in figure one it started off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right in figure one it started off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right in figure one it started off
+by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by saying
+basically low-pass filter sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically low-pass filter sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically low-pass filter sample
+sub-sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-sample
+so let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sampling sub-sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling sub-sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling sub-sampling
+low-pass filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filtering
+and that was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was part of the
+you know working at multiple scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know working at multiple scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know working at multiple scales
+now the sort of different motivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sort of different motivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sort of different motivations
+for working at multiple scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for working at multiple scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for working at multiple scales
+one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can reduce the computation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the computation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reduce the computation by
+working at lower resolution so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at lower resolution so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working at lower resolution so if you
+can get the result you want at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the result you want at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the result you want at lower
+resolution it makes a lot of sense to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution it makes a lot of sense to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution it makes a lot of sense to to
+do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so
+another reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another reason is that
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+features like edges or texture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features like edges or texture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features like edges or texture
+are apparent at one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are apparent at one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are apparent at one particular
+resolution level but they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution level but they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution level but they're not so
+obvious at other resolution levels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at other resolution levels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious at other resolution levels so
+you know we think of an edge as a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we think of an edge as a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we think of an edge as a kind
+of ideal step edge but we saw for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideal step edge but we saw for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ideal step edge but we saw for
+example in defocusing it won't be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in defocusing it won't be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in defocusing it won't be an
+ideal step edge and there'll be a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal step edge and there'll be a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal step edge and there'll be a scale
+at which is the most apparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which is the most apparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which is the most apparent
+and at other scales it might be such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at other scales it might be such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at other scales it might be such a
+slow smooth transition that it it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow smooth transition that it it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow smooth transition that it it's hard
+to detect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect so
+so let's talk about multiple scales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about multiple scales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about multiple scales and
+sub sampling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sampling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sampling so
+we already hinted at this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+often not that costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often not that costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often not that costly
+so let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we reduce the number of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduce the number of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we reduce the number of columns
+and the number of rows by multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of rows by multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of rows by multiplication
+by a factor r where you know r could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor r where you know r could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a factor r where you know r could be
+a half or but we want let's keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half or but we want let's keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half or but we want let's keep it
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+uh so then the amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then the amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so then the amount of work
+is going to go as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also the amount of space if you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the amount of space if you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the amount of space if you keep
+things around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around
+n m plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n m plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n m plus
+r squared and m plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared and m plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r squared and m plus
+r to the fourth nm etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the overall work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the overall work
+is larger than what we have for just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than what we have for just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than what we have for just the
+higher resolution image but uh not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resolution image but uh not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher resolution image but uh not very
+so let's look at r equals a half i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at r equals a half i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at r equals a half i think
+we already looked at that case then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already looked at that case then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already looked at that case then we
+get four over three n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four over three n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get four over three n
+so in that case it's just like thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case it's just like thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that case it's just like thirty
+percent more work it's not not huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about r equals one over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about r equals one over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about r equals one over square root
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two
+uh then we get one minus a half is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we get one minus a half is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then we get one minus a half is a
+half and we flip that we get uh two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and we flip that we get uh two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and we flip that we get uh two and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+so that's uh more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh more work
+but this turns out to be important so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this turns out to be important so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this turns out to be important so
+we're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're um
+you know the the half is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the half is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the half is the sort of
+obvious thing we're just going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing we're just going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing we're just going to take
+uh for example two by two blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example two by two blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example two by two blocks and
+take the average and that's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average and that's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the average and that's the new
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and we find that that's actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that that's actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that that's actually not a
+very good way of doing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good way of doing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good way of doing it but
+conceptually we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually we can
+think of that as a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of that as a very simple
+sub-sampling method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-sampling method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-sampling method
+and so why would we go to something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so why would we go to something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so why would we go to something else
+well it turns out that's very aggressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that's very aggressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out that's very aggressive
+and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+serious aliasing problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious aliasing problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious aliasing problems
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+squish things down that much so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish things down that much so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squish things down that much so it might
+be better not to be as aggressive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better not to be as aggressive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better not to be as aggressive and so
+one over square root of two is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over square root of two is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over square root of two is sort of
+halfway there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that one is is used so how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one is is used so how do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one is is used so how do you do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well here's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we
+what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically
+reduce the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of
+cells by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells by two
+right so over here we reduce the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so over here we reduce the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so over here we reduce the number
+of cells by a factor of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells by a factor of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells by a factor of four
+uh going from the two by two blocks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going from the two by two blocks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh going from the two by two blocks to
+the one so can you think of a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one so can you think of a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one so can you think of a way of
+sub sampling this grid so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sampling this grid so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub sampling this grid so that you
+reduce the number of cells by two rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of cells by two rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of cells by two rather
+than four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone play chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone play chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone play chess
+or drafts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drafts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or drafts
+right so checkerboard will do it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so checkerboard will do it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so checkerboard will do it so we
+can do a red black or red white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a red black or red white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a red black or red white
+red black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um if we
+if we just retain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just retain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just retain um
+one of the colors one of the two colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the colors one of the two colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the colors one of the two colors
+but by the definition then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the definition then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the definition then
+we've halved the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've halved the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've halved the number of
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+and it's probably not the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably not the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's probably not the first thing
+that came to your mind because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came to your mind because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came to your mind because
+it doesn't look like it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look like it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look like it's a nice
+rectangular grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular grid
+but it is because all we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is because all we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is because all we need to do is
+think of it as a grid running in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a grid running in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a grid running in that
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so because these cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so because these cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so because these cells
+follow a regular pattern here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a regular pattern here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a regular pattern here and then
+and then the next row is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next row is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next row is here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+same in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in this direction
+um if we're willing to do deal with a 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're willing to do deal with a 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we're willing to do deal with a 45
+degree rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree rotation
+uh this gives us a square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this gives us a square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this gives us a square root of two
+reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction
+and um the other thing it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the other thing it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um the other thing it does is it
+increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the
+spacing by square root of 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing by square root of 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing by square root of 2.
+so in this case the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case the spacing
+increased by a factor of 2. so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by a factor of 2. so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by a factor of 2. so now
+the spacing between neighboring cells is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between neighboring cells is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing between neighboring cells is
+multiplied by square root of two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by square root of two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by square root of two so
+um and so that's sort of a little odd 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's sort of a little odd 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so that's sort of a little odd 45
+degrees but think of it you do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees but think of it you do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees but think of it you do it the
+next time you're back in sync with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time you're back in sync with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time you're back in sync with your
+original so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original so
+on a related point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a related point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a related point
+there's a method called sift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a method called sift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a method called sift
+which is used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used for
+finding corresponding points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding corresponding points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding corresponding points in
+different images of the same scene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different images of the same scene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different images of the same scene and
+it's you know used widely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know used widely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know used widely to
+patch together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patch together
+multiple images to produce 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple images to produce 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple images to produce 3d
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+you know for example popular sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example popular sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example popular sites
+that tourists go to where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tourists go to where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tourists go to where you have
+thousands of pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of pictures
+and you're trying to take two pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to take two pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're trying to take two pictures
+taken from two different positions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from two different positions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from two different positions with
+different cameras under different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cameras under different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cameras under different
+lighting conditions you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting conditions you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting conditions you're trying to
+match them up there's this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them up there's this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match them up there's this method
+due to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to low
+called sift which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sift which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called sift which
+gets descriptors of points in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets descriptors of points in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets descriptors of points in the image
+that are attempting to be uh you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attempting to be uh you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are attempting to be uh you know as
+unique as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique as possible
+and he uses a much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he uses a much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he uses a much smaller
+uh much less aggressive so he uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much less aggressive so he uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh much less aggressive so he uses
+multiple steps per octave so we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple steps per octave so we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple steps per octave so we've we've
+gone down a whole octave in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down a whole octave in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone down a whole octave in one step
+now factor of two uh here we go down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now factor of two uh here we go down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now factor of two uh here we go down a
+half an octave uh it takes two steps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an octave uh it takes two steps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an octave uh it takes two steps to
+go down a whole octave and i forget what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down a whole octave and i forget what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down a whole octave and i forget what
+he recommends in his patent it's i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he recommends in his patent it's i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he recommends in his patent it's i don't
+know six or something so it's more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know six or something so it's more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know six or something so it's more like
+the musical scale where an octave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical scale where an octave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical scale where an octave is
+divided into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into
+eight notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so uh they're not equally spaced but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh they're not equally spaced but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh they're not equally spaced but
+that's the idea so yes it might seem a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so yes it might seem a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea so yes it might seem a
+little odd that we're not going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd that we're not going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd that we're not going so
+aggressive with a factor of two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive with a factor of two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive with a factor of two but
+actually uh they're good good reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh they're good good reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh they're good good reasons
+not to always do that and you know sift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to always do that and you know sift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to always do that and you know sift
+is a classic example of a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic example of a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a classic example of a situation
+where we do not sub-sample as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do not sub-sample as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do not sub-sample as
+aggressively but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively but we're
+out of time so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of time so sorry
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got
+proposals for those of you in 686 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for those of you in 686 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposals for those of you in 686 of
+almost everyone if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone if you're
+one of those people who hasn't yet sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those people who hasn't yet sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those people who hasn't yet sent
+in a proposal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please send it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please send it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please send it in
+and yesterday i opened a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yesterday i opened a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yesterday i opened a
+a cookie and it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cookie and it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cookie and it said
+slaying the dragon of delay is no sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaying the dragon of delay is no sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slaying the dragon of delay is no sport
+for the long-winded so please take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long-winded so please take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long-winded so please take that
+to heart if you're one of the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heart if you're one of the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heart if you're one of the people who
+has not sent this proposal in yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6UdLp2gpmcE.txt b/6UdLp2gpmcE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00731365ecfdd265610943bd8922297031aea3a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6UdLp2gpmcE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+In this video, we'll look at an
+example in which we compute
+
+the expectation and cumulative
+density function of a mixed
+
+random variable.
+
+The problem is as follows.
+
+Al arrives at some bus stand
+or taxi stand at a given
+
+time-- let's say time
+t equals 0.
+
+He finds a taxi waiting for him
+with probability 2/3 in
+
+which he takes it.
+
+Otherwise, he takes the next
+arriving taxi or bus.
+
+ 
+
+The time that the next taxi
+arrives between 0 and 10
+
+minutes, and it's uniformly
+distributed.
+
+The next bus leaves exactly
+in 5 minutes.
+
+So the question is, if X is Al's
+waiting time, what is the
+
+CDF and expectation of X?
+
+So one way to view this problem
+that's convenient is
+
+the tree structure.
+
+So I've drawn it for you here
+in which the events of
+
+interest are B1, B2, and B3,
+B1 being Al catches the
+
+waiting taxi, B2 being Al
+catches the next taxi, which
+
+arrives between 0 and 5 minutes,
+and B3 being Al
+
+catches the bus at the
+time t plus 5.
+
+Notice that these three
+events are disjoint.
+
+So Al catching the waiting taxi
+means he can't catch the
+
+bus or the next arriving taxi.
+
+And it also covers the entire
+set of outcomes.
+
+So, in fact, B1, B2, and
+B3 are a partition.
+
+So let's look at the relevant
+probabilities.
+
+ 
+
+Whether or not B1 happens
+depends on whether or not the
+
+taxi's waiting for Al.
+
+So if the taxi is waiting for
+him, which happens with 2/3
+
+probability, B1 happens.
+
+Otherwise, with 1/3 probability,
+we see whether or
+
+not a taxi is going to arrive
+between 0 and 5 minutes.
+
+If it arrives, which is going
+to happen with what
+
+probability?
+
+Well, we know that the next
+taxi is going to arrive
+
+between 0 and 10 minutes
+uniform.
+
+It's a uniform distribution.
+
+And so half the mass is going
+to be between 0 and 5.
+
+And the other half is going
+to be between 5 and 10.
+
+And so this is going
+to be 1/2 and 1/2.
+
+And let's look at what
+X looks like.
+
+If B1 happens, Al isn't waiting
+at all, so x is going
+
+to be equal to 0.
+
+If B3 happens, which is the
+other easy case, Al's going to
+
+be waiting for 5 minutes
+exactly.
+
+And if B2 happens, well, it's
+going to be some value
+
+between 0 and 5.
+
+We can actually draw the
+density, so let's see if we
+
+can do that here.
+
+ 
+
+The original next taxi was
+uniformly distributed
+
+between 0 and 10.
+
+ 
+
+But now, we're told two
+pieces of information.
+
+We're told that B2 happens,
+which means that there's no
+
+taxi waiting, and the
+next taxi arrives
+
+between 0 and 5 minutes.
+
+Well, the fact that there was no
+taxi waiting has no bearing
+
+on that density.
+
+But the fact that the next taxi
+arrives between 0 and 5
+
+does make a difference, because
+the density then is
+
+going to be definitely 0 in any
+region outside 0 and 5.
+
+Now, the question is, how
+is it going to look
+
+between 0 and 5?
+
+Well, it's not going
+to look crazy.
+
+It's not going to look like
+something different.
+
+It's simply going to be a scale
+version of the original
+
+density between 0 and 5.
+
+You can verify this by looking
+at the actual formula for when
+
+you condition events on
+a random variable.
+
+Here, it's going to be 1/5
+in order for this to
+
+integrate out to 1.
+
+ 
+
+And now we can jump right into
+figuring out the expectation.
+
+Now, notice that X is actually
+a mixed random variable?
+
+What does that mean?
+
+Well, X either takes on values
+according to either a discrete
+
+probability law or
+a continuous one.
+
+So if B1 happens, for example, X
+is going to be exactly equal
+
+to 0 with probability
+1, which is a
+
+discrete probability problem.
+
+On the other hand, if B2
+happens, then the value of X
+
+depends on the density, which
+is going to be continuous.
+
+So X is going to
+be a continuous
+
+random variable here.
+
+So how do you define an
+expectation in this case?
+
+Well, you can do it so that
+it satisfies the total
+
+expectation theorem, which means
+that the expectation of
+
+X is the probability of B1 times
+the expectation given B1
+
+plus the probability of B2 times
+the expectation given B2
+
+plus the probability
+of B3 times the
+
+expectation given B3.
+
+ 
+
+So this will satisfy the total
+expectation theorem.
+
+ 
+
+So the probability of B1 is
+going to be exactly 2/3.
+
+ 
+
+It's simply the probability
+of a taxi waiting for Al.
+
+The expected value of X-- well,
+when B1 happens, X is
+
+going to be exactly
+equal to 0.
+
+So the expected value is
+also going to be 0.
+
+The probability of B2 happening
+is the probability
+
+of a taxi not being there times
+the probability of a
+
+taxi arriving between 0 and 5.
+
+It's going to be
+1/3 times 1/2.
+
+And the expected value of X
+given B2 is going to be the
+
+expected value of
+this density.
+
+The expected value of this
+density is the midpoint
+
+between 0 and 5.
+
+And so it's going to be 5/2.
+
+ 
+
+And the probability of B3 is
+going to be 1/3 times 1/2.
+
+ 
+
+Finally, the expected
+value of X given B3.
+
+Well, when B3 happens,
+X is going to be
+
+exactly equal to 5.
+
+So the expected value is
+also going to be 5.
+
+Now we're left with 5/12
+plus 5/6, which
+
+is going to be 15/12.
+
+ 
+
+And we can actually fill that
+in here so that we can clear
+
+up the board to do
+the other part.
+
+ 
+
+Now we want to compute the CDF
+of X. Well, what is the CDF?
+
+Well, the CDF of X is going to
+be equal to the probability
+
+that the random variable
+X is less than or equal
+
+to some little x.
+
+It's a constant [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Before we jump right in, let's
+try to understand what's the
+
+form of the CDF.
+
+And let's consider some
+interesting cases.
+
+You know that the random
+variable X, the waiting time,
+
+is going to be somewhere
+between 0 and 5, right?
+
+So let's consider what happens
+if little x is going to be
+
+less than 0.
+
+That's basically saying, what's
+the probability of the
+
+random variable X being
+less than some number
+
+that's less than 0?
+
+Waiting time can't be negative,
+so the probablility
+
+of this is going to be 0.
+
+Now, what if X is between
+equaling 0 and
+
+strictly less than 5?
+
+ 
+
+In that case, either X can fall
+between 0 and 5 according
+
+to this case, in the case
+of B2, or X can be
+
+exactly equal to 0.
+
+It's not clear.
+
+So let's do that later.
+
+Let's fill that in later.
+
+What about if x is greater
+than or equal to 5?
+
+Little x, right?
+
+That's the probability that the
+random variable X is less
+
+than some number that's bigger
+than or equal to 5.
+
+The waiting time X, the random
+variable, is definitely going
+
+to be less than or equal to 5,
+so the probability of this is
+
+going to be 1.
+
+ 
+
+So now this case.
+
+How do we do it?
+
+Well, let's try to use a similar
+kind of approach that
+
+we did for the expected value
+and use the total probability
+
+theorem in this case.
+
+So let's try to review this.
+
+First of all, let's assume that
+this is true, that little
+
+x is between 0 and
+5, including 0.
+
+ 
+
+And let's use the total
+probability theorem, and use
+
+the partitions B1, B2, and B3.
+
+ 
+
+So what's the probability
+of B1?
+
+It's the probability that Al
+catches waiting taxi, which
+
+happens with probability 2/3.
+
+ 
+
+What's the probability that the
+random variable X, which
+
+is less than or equal to little
+x under this condition,
+
+when B1 happens?
+
+Well, if B1 happens, then random
+variable X is going to
+
+be exactly equal to 0, right?
+
+So in that case, it's definitely
+going to be less
+
+than or equal to any value
+of x, including 0.
+
+So the probability will be 1.
+
+What's the probability
+that B2 happens now?
+
+The probability that B2 happens
+is 1/3 times 1/2, as
+
+we did before.
+
+ 
+
+And the probability that the
+random variable X is less than
+
+or equal to little x
+when B2 happens.
+
+Well, if B2 happens, this
+is your density.
+
+And this is our condition.
+
+And so x is going to
+be somewhere in
+
+between these spots.
+
+And we'd like to compute what's
+the probably that
+
+random variable X is less than
+or equal to little x.
+
+So we want this area.
+
+And that area is going to have
+height of 1/5 and width of x.
+
+And so the area's going
+to be 1/5 times x.
+
+And finally, the probability
+that B3 happens is going to be
+
+1/3 times 1/2 again times the
+probability that the random
+
+variable X is less than or equal
+to little x given B3.
+
+Well, when B3 happens, X is
+going to be exactly 5 as a
+
+random variable.
+
+But little x, you know-- we're
+assuming in this condition--
+
+is going to be between 0 and 5,
+but strictly less than 5.
+
+So there's no way that if the
+random variable X is 5 and
+
+this is strictly less than 5,
+this is going to be true.
+
+And so that probability
+will be 0.
+
+So we're now left with
+2/3 plus 1/30.
+
+ 
+
+And now we can fill this in.
+
+2/3 plus 1/30 x.
+
+ 
+
+And this is our CDF.
+
+So now we've finished the
+problem, computed the expected
+
+value here and then the CDF
+here, and this was a great
+
+illustration of how you
+would do so for a
+
+mixed random variable.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6oZL2c3tgps.txt b/6oZL2c3tgps.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1159496ae736b64c31e79bb0f35b2a8ab084c918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6oZL2c3tgps.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when we were talking about radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we were talking about radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when we were talking about radar
+we had a great reminder about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a great reminder about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a great reminder about how the
+origins of that came right here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of that came right here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of that came right here at MIT
+and in fact physically right here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact physically right here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact physically right here where
+the Stata building is located well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stata building is located well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stata building is located well when
+we're talking about instrument flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about instrument flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about instrument flying
+there is a also a very strong connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a also a very strong connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a also a very strong connection
+here to MIT so does anyone know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to MIT so does anyone know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to MIT so does anyone know the
+story of Jimmy Doolittle and his first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Jimmy Doolittle and his first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of Jimmy Doolittle and his first
+blind flight yes do you want to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you're right here's a lot of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're right here's a lot of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you're right here's a lot of good
+stories takeoff and landing just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories takeoff and landing just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories takeoff and landing just on
+flight instruments yes good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight instruments yes good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight instruments yes good that's
+exactly right and he also got his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right and he also got his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right and he also got his
+doctorate here that's right you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctorate here that's right you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctorate here that's right you have a
+good good understanding of him so so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good understanding of him so so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good understanding of him so so so
+Jimmy Doolittle before he came to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Doolittle before he came to MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jimmy Doolittle before he came to MIT
+was flying in the military and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was flying in the military and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was flying in the military and he was
+doing a lot of things he's known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of things he's known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a lot of things he's known for
+flying across the country in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying across the country in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying across the country in a very
+short period of time and encountering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time and encountering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short period of time and encountering a
+lot of storms and weather and being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of storms and weather and being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of storms and weather and being one
+of the first people to really rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first people to really rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first people to really rely on
+the instruments inside your plane so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruments inside your plane so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instruments inside your plane so all
+your flight controls when you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight controls when you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight controls when you're not
+able to look outside the airplane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look outside the airplane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look outside the airplane and
+just as you said he studied here and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you said he studied here and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as you said he studied here and got
+his graduate degree here but even after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his graduate degree here but even after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his graduate degree here but even after
+that he continued to study how a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he continued to study how a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he continued to study how a pilot
+could fly when the visibility outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fly when the visibility outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fly when the visibility outside
+the airplane was very difficult and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane was very difficult and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the airplane was very difficult and
+really pioneered the concept that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pioneered the concept that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pioneered the concept that in a
+very foggy weather condition for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very foggy weather condition for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very foggy weather condition for example
+you can still successfully fly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still successfully fly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still successfully fly an
+airplane by relying on the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane by relying on the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane by relying on the flight
+instruments and in particular one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and in particular one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and in particular one of the
+most significant flight instruments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant flight instruments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant flight instruments is
+what's called an artificial horizon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an artificial horizon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called an artificial horizon so
+Phillip already introduced that flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip already introduced that flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip already introduced that flight
+instrument we'll talk about it and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument we'll talk about it and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument we'll talk about it and when
+we've discussed that the sixpack where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed that the sixpack where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed that the sixpack where
+you have these six circle flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these six circle flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these six circle flight
+instruments it's the one in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's the one in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's the one in the middle
+on the top and we'll look in that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and we'll look in that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the top and we'll look in that in
+particular so that artificial horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so that artificial horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so that artificial horizon
+with a little airplane on it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little airplane on it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little airplane on it it's
+basically supposed to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically supposed to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically supposed to replace
+getting outside your windshield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting outside your windshield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting outside your windshield and
+seeing the real horizon and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the real horizon and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the real horizon and so it's a
+good thing to rely on it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to rely on it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to rely on it's the most
+important one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one of the most important
+instruments when you're flying so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments when you're flying so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments when you're flying so so
+basically instrument flying is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically instrument flying is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically instrument flying is how you
+can rely on the technologies inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rely on the technologies inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rely on the technologies inside your
+airplane to avoid hitting things and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to avoid hitting things and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane to avoid hitting things and to
+land without being able to see outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land without being able to see outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land without being able to see outside
+your airplane and IFR stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane and IFR stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your airplane and IFR stands for
+instrument flight rules and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight rules and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight rules and so that
+means that you have to follow a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have to follow a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have to follow a set of
+rules when there are clouds outside now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules when there are clouds outside now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules when there are clouds outside now
+because pilots really need to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pilots really need to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pilots really need to make sure
+to practice and stay current we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice and stay current we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to practice and stay current we have a
+situation where most of the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where most of the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where most of the time that
+people are practising that instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are practising that instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are practising that instrument
+flights might be a condition where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights might be a condition where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights might be a condition where
+actually it is quite sunny and beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it is quite sunny and beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it is quite sunny and beautiful
+outside but they're just practicing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but they're just practicing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but they're just practicing so
+the way that we distinguish it is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we distinguish it is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we distinguish it is when
+it's actually very foggy very cloudy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very foggy very cloudy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually very foggy very cloudy you
+can't see outside that is described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see outside that is described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see outside that is described by
+IMC or instrument meteorological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMC or instrument meteorological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMC or instrument meteorological
+conditions imc conditions so that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions imc conditions so that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions imc conditions so that's when
+you actually have the condition where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have the condition where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have the condition where
+you can't see outside the airplane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see outside the airplane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see outside the airplane and
+then you follow your IFR your instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you follow your IFR your instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you follow your IFR your instrument
+flight rules and to the goal of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules and to the goal of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rules and to the goal of this
+whole process is to be able to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process is to be able to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole process is to be able to fly
+safely even when you can't see out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely even when you can't see out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely even when you can't see out the
+window so why why would you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so why why would you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window so why why would you want to be
+flying when you can't see outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying when you can't see outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying when you can't see outside the
+window there are a lot of reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window there are a lot of reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window there are a lot of reasons for
+that I've been spending a lot of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been spending a lot of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've been spending a lot of time in
+California and here's a familiar sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and here's a familiar sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California and here's a familiar sight
+in California if you see a you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California if you see a you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California if you see a you know a
+lot of clouds a lot of fog fog is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of clouds a lot of fog fog is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of clouds a lot of fog fog is kind
+of a daily occurrence depending on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a daily occurrence depending on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a daily occurrence depending on where
+you are especially in the San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are especially in the San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are especially in the San Francisco
+Bay Area and so a VFR pilot won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay Area and so a VFR pilot won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bay Area and so a VFR pilot won't be
+able to really fly in those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to really fly in those conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to really fly in those conditions
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then proceed to your destination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then proceed to your destination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then proceed to your destination and
+desert our error is absolutely so filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert our error is absolutely so filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desert our error is absolutely so filled
+was just talking about like a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just talking about like a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just talking about like a condition
+just shown in this picture here where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown in this picture here where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shown in this picture here where it
+might be the case that there's a thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case that there's a thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case that there's a thin
+layer of clouds or fog at a low altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of clouds or fog at a low altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of clouds or fog at a low altitude
+but if you were to go through that above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to go through that above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you were to go through that above
+it it's really beautiful up above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really beautiful up above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really beautiful up above the
+clouds and sometimes this is called VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds and sometimes this is called VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds and sometimes this is called VFR
+on top so you have visual flight rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top so you have visual flight rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top so you have visual flight rules
+up on top of the cloud so it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on top of the cloud so it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on top of the cloud so it's not that
+you're flying in the clouds but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying in the clouds but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying in the clouds but you have
+a cloud cover below you and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cloud cover below you and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cloud cover below you and so if you
+have your instrument flight rating then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your instrument flight rating then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your instrument flight rating then
+you can fly right through that thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly right through that thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fly right through that thin
+layer of clouds or fog and be flying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of clouds or fog and be flying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of clouds or fog and be flying in
+a beautiful day above that I'd also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful day above that I'd also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful day above that I'd also like
+to point out that instrument flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that instrument flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point out that instrument flying
+makes you a better pilot so I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you a better pilot so I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you a better pilot so I know this
+personally if you remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally if you remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally if you remember from
+yesterday I talked about how after my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I talked about how after my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I talked about how after my
+private basically the one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private basically the one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private basically the one of the first
+things I did was start on my instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I did was start on my instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I did was start on my instrument
+flight rating and you actually start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rating and you actually start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight rating and you actually start
+with just learning how to be a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just learning how to be a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just learning how to be a better
+pilot you start sticking to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot you start sticking to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot you start sticking to your
+altitude a little better you see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude a little better you see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude a little better you see when
+you're a VFR pilot a lot of times when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a VFR pilot a lot of times when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a VFR pilot a lot of times when
+we talked about the different airspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the different airspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the different airspace
+there isn't a very strict restriction on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a very strict restriction on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a very strict restriction on
+what altitude you need to be at you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what altitude you need to be at you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what altitude you need to be at you're
+not really filing a flight plan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really filing a flight plan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really filing a flight plan you
+could be changing your heading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be changing your heading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be changing your heading and
+wandering over one way and wandering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering over one way and wandering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wandering over one way and wandering
+over another way but when you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over another way but when you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over another way but when you start
+training for your instrument you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for your instrument you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training for your instrument you start
+learning more precisely what it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more precisely what it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning more precisely what it takes to
+trim your aircraft's configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim your aircraft's configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trim your aircraft's configuration
+correctly how to stay you know at 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly how to stay you know at 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly how to stay you know at 3,000
+feet you know one eight zero heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you know one eight zero heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you know one eight zero heading
+whatever it is and actually maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is and actually maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is and actually maintain
+that while you're doing a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while you're doing a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while you're doing a number of
+other operations and your plane and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other operations and your plane and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other operations and your plane and and
+not getting distracted in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting distracted in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting distracted in such a way
+that causes you to change your heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes you to change your heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes you to change your heading
+or your altitude so that just makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your altitude so that just makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your altitude so that just makes you
+a better pilot altogether even in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better pilot altogether even in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better pilot altogether even in the in
+visual flight conditions the reason of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual flight conditions the reason of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual flight conditions the reason of
+course that you have to learn how to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that you have to learn how to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that you have to learn how to fly
+more precisely is because when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely is because when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely is because when you are
+in an actual IMC condition with clouds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an actual IMC condition with clouds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an actual IMC condition with clouds
+and you can't see outside your airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't see outside your airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't see outside your airplane
+you're relying on the air traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on the air traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on the air traffic
+controllers to sequence the airplanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers to sequence the airplanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers to sequence the airplanes
+and make sure they don't come near each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure they don't come near each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure they don't come near each
+other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and
+the air traffic controller is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air traffic controller is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air traffic controller is going to
+want to know that if they tell you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that if they tell you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that if they tell you to
+stay on a particular vector so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on a particular vector so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on a particular vector so an
+altitude heading you know and they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude heading you know and they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude heading you know and they want
+to make sure you actually stay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you actually stay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you actually stay there
+because if you start drifting off course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you start drifting off course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you start drifting off course
+you could drift into the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could drift into the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could drift into the course of
+another airplane that they have flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another airplane that they have flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another airplane that they have flying
+in a different direction so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different direction so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different direction so you actually
+are required to do some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required to do some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required to do some amount of
+instrument training even for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument training even for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument training even for your
+private pilot about three hours so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot about three hours so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot about three hours so that
+means that you have to go flying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have to go flying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have to go flying and
+rely purely on the instruments in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely purely on the instruments in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely purely on the instruments in order
+to fly so it would be great if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly so it would be great if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly so it would be great if there is
+a day that has you know fog without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day that has you know fog without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day that has you know fog without an
+adverse weather situation so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse weather situation so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse weather situation so you could
+actually fly in and true IMC conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly in and true IMC conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly in and true IMC conditions
+where your instructor is really taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your instructor is really taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your instructor is really taking
+control there but allowing you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control there but allowing you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control there but allowing you to
+experience it but if that doesn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it but if that doesn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it but if that doesn't happen
+you can use a view limiting device such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a view limiting device such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use a view limiting device such
+as foggle so those are basically glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as foggle so those are basically glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as foggle so those are basically glasses
+you put on that kind of fog out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on that kind of fog out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put on that kind of fog out where
+you would see outside the window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see outside the window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see outside the window and
+only are visible looking at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are visible looking at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are visible looking at your
+controls or a hood that basically blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls or a hood that basically blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls or a hood that basically blocks
+your view of everything except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your view of everything except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your view of everything except the
+instruments so we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so we've already talked
+about radar and ATC and working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about radar and ATC and working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about radar and ATC and working with
+those air traffic controllers so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those air traffic controllers so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those air traffic controllers so those
+air traffic controllers are responsible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic controllers are responsible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic controllers are responsible
+for the separation of the air planes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the separation of the air planes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the separation of the air planes and
+they will assign specific altitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will assign specific altitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will assign specific altitudes
+headings and different routes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings and different routes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headings and different routes and
+clearances nav aids is short for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearances nav aids is short for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearances nav aids is short for
+navigational aids like radio and GPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational aids like radio and GPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigational aids like radio and GPS and
+then we've already discussed just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've already discussed just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've already discussed just now
+about a transponder so that XPD are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a transponder so that XPD are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a transponder so that XPD are just
+stands for transponder and that's we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for transponder and that's we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for transponder and that's we're
+just basically saying that if the radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically saying that if the radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically saying that if the radar
+itself is not able to provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not able to provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is not able to provide the
+accurate altitude of the plane you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate altitude of the plane you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate altitude of the plane you can
+add on the transponder to help with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on the transponder to help with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add on the transponder to help with the
+radar return we've also discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar return we've also discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar return we've also discussed
+briefly the ATSB and we will get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the ATSB and we will get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly the ATSB and we will get into
+when we talk about weather data how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about weather data how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about weather data how you
+can build your own device to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build your own device to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build your own device to receive
+that ADSP data so let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ADSP data so let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ADSP data so let's talk about the
+different phases of an IFR flight so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases of an IFR flight so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phases of an IFR flight so
+there's a little bit more you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit more you need to do
+in the pre-flight planning the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-flight planning the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pre-flight planning the flight
+planning stage you also do need to file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning stage you also do need to file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning stage you also do need to file
+a flight plan which we discussed isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flight plan which we discussed isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flight plan which we discussed isn't
+required for your VFR flights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for your VFR flights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for your VFR flights and
+some more things you need to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more things you need to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more things you need to do when
+you're once you depart when you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're once you depart when you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're once you depart when you're on
+route and then your approach to landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and then your approach to landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and then your approach to landing
+so what Philip helped to help me pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Philip helped to help me pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Philip helped to help me pass
+out or what's called approach plates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or what's called approach plates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out or what's called approach plates so
+you'll hear that so it's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear that so it's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear that so it's different
+information that talks about when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that talks about when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that talks about when you're
+landing they're different specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing they're different specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing they're different specific
+procedures because again you can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures because again you can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures because again you can't see
+outside the airplane so they will create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the airplane so they will create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the airplane so they will create
+a path that you fly on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path that you fly on that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path that you fly on that's
+specifically designed to avoid terrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designed to avoid terrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically designed to avoid terrain
+and allow you to come in and land at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow you to come in and land at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow you to come in and land at the
+airport safely so on the although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport safely so on the although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport safely so on the although I
+passed out the physical piece of paper a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed out the physical piece of paper a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed out the physical piece of paper a
+lot of people have physical pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people have physical pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people have physical pieces of
+paper for those approach plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper for those approach plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper for those approach plates
+I've also pulled up some an airport I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've also pulled up some an airport I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've also pulled up some an airport I
+used Bedford my local airport and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Bedford my local airport and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Bedford my local airport and you
+can go down and on for flight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go down and on for flight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go down and on for flight to
+approach and see all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and see all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and see all the different
+approach procedures so I'll pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach procedures so I'll pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach procedures so I'll pass this
+around and basically you can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and basically you can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and basically you can click on
+different approach procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me also add that all these plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also add that all these plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me also add that all these plates
+are available free online if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available free online if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available free online if you go to
+any source like skyvector aeronautical x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any source like skyvector aeronautical x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any source like skyvector aeronautical x
+ER if you just want to have it in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER if you just want to have it in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER if you just want to have it in front
+of you on your phone yeah absolutely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you on your phone yeah absolutely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you on your phone yeah absolutely so
+you know pre-flight planning planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pre-flight planning planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pre-flight planning planning
+it's just really important as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really important as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just really important as much as we
+just talked about meteorology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about meteorology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about meteorology and
+different adverse weather conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adverse weather conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different adverse weather conditions so
+just because you have the ability to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you have the ability to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you have the ability to fly
+in the clouds doesn't mean it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clouds doesn't mean it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clouds doesn't mean it's a good
+idea if there is anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if there is anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if there is anything like
+thunderstorms icing conditions something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms icing conditions something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms icing conditions something
+that could impair your ability to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could impair your ability to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could impair your ability to fly
+safely then it doesn't mean you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely then it doesn't mean you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely then it doesn't mean you should
+go flying and it's really important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go flying and it's really important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go flying and it's really important to
+kind of understand where all the adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand where all the adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand where all the adverse
+conditions are and look at all that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are and look at all that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are and look at all that data
+so when you're when you're doing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're when you're doing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're when you're doing your
+pre-flight planning there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flight planning there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-flight planning there's certain
+information about you know when you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about you know when you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about you know when you need
+to have an alternate so the time an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an alternate so the time an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an alternate so the time an hour
+before an hour after your estimated time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before an hour after your estimated time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before an hour after your estimated time
+of arrival your ceiling so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrival your ceiling so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrival your ceiling so what's a
+ceiling again that's when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling again that's when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling again that's when you have a
+cloud cover so either broken or overcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud cover so either broken or overcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud cover so either broken or overcast
+clouds so they're saying if that ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds so they're saying if that ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds so they're saying if that ceiling
+is less than 2,000 feet and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 2,000 feet and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 2,000 feet and then your
+visibility so how far out you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility so how far out you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility so how far out you can see
+three miles and one of the biggest rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three miles and one of the biggest rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three miles and one of the biggest rules
+of thumb to keep in mind is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb to keep in mind is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thumb to keep in mind is that when
+you're doing this that's planning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this that's planning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this that's planning you
+don't want a situation where you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want a situation where you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want a situation where you take
+off from an airport and you plan it such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from an airport and you plan it such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from an airport and you plan it such
+that the weather is going to get so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weather is going to get so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the weather is going to get so bad
+that you can't return to that Airport so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't return to that Airport so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't return to that Airport so
+a good good safe rule of thumb is make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good good safe rule of thumb is make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good good safe rule of thumb is make
+sure that you can get back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you can get back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you can get back to the
+airport you're taking off from in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport you're taking off from in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport you're taking off from in case
+there's any issue with your airplane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any issue with your airplane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any issue with your airplane or
+travel you want to be able to safely get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel you want to be able to safely get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel you want to be able to safely get
+back from where you took off from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from where you took off from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from where you took off from and
+even though with your VFR sorry with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though with your VFR sorry with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though with your VFR sorry with
+your IFR rating you can fly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your IFR rating you can fly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your IFR rating you can fly through
+clouds there are still specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds there are still specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds there are still specific
+visibility requirements for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility requirements for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility requirements for every single
+approach and Airport that you're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and Airport that you're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and Airport that you're coming
+into it can't be a completely dense fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it can't be a completely dense fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it can't be a completely dense fog
+all the way to the ground there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the ground there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the ground there is a
+altitude where even the the big major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude where even the the big major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude where even the the big major
+commercial jets have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jets have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial jets have to be able to
+identify certain runway indicators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify certain runway indicators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify certain runway indicators
+before they're allowed to lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they're allowed to lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they're allowed to lay
+if they're not able to they have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not able to they have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not able to they have to go
+around or find an alternate airport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or find an alternate airport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or find an alternate airport and
+all that specific information is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that specific information is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that specific information is on
+those approach plates that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those approach plates that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those approach plates that we'll talk
+about in a moment so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a moment so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in a moment so you can actually
+file a flight plan directly with with on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file a flight plan directly with with on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file a flight plan directly with with on
+the computer or with an app such as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer or with an app such as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer or with an app such as for
+flight this is what I was discussing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight this is what I was discussing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight this is what I was discussing a
+moment ago this is your six-pack again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago this is your six-pack again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment ago this is your six-pack again
+your flight controls and the one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight controls and the one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight controls and the one right
+in the center at the top is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center at the top is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center at the top is that
+artificial horizon and just as Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial horizon and just as Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial horizon and just as Jimmy
+Doolittle did found that it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doolittle did found that it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doolittle did found that it's a very
+important reference point that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reference point that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important reference point that's really
+what you want to spend most of your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to spend most of your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want to spend most of your time
+looking at when you're flying instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at when you're flying instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at when you're flying instrument
+just like when you're flying VFR you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like when you're flying VFR you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like when you're flying VFR you
+want to spend most of your time looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend most of your time looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend most of your time looking
+out the window at the actual horizon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window at the actual horizon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window at the actual horizon and
+what's out there you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's out there you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's out there you want to look at
+this to make sure you haven't started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make sure you haven't started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make sure you haven't started
+turning and not realized it so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning and not realized it so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning and not realized it so we're
+gonna get into two human factors this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into two human factors this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get into two human factors this
+afternoon but just like we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon but just like we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon but just like we talked about
+when we were discussing aerodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were discussing aerodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were discussing aerodynamics
+your body can't really feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body can't really feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body can't really feel the
+difference between gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between gravity and
+acceleration and so if you if you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and so if you if you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and so if you if you start
+a turn but then you basically have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turn but then you basically have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turn but then you basically have even
+even doubt and you're flying level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even doubt and you're flying level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even doubt and you're flying level you
+might not notice your body will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not notice your body will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not notice your body will not
+notice that you're tilted and so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you're tilted and so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you're tilted and so so
+that's why it's really important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's really important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's really important to keep
+an eye on this artificial horizon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye on this artificial horizon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an eye on this artificial horizon and
+make sure you're in fact flying straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're in fact flying straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you're in fact flying straight
+and level when you think you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and level when you think you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and level when you think you are so
+we're going to talk about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about a lot of
+different safety considerations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different safety considerations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different safety considerations we
+talked a lot about minimums with regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about minimums with regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked a lot about minimums with regard
+to what are the FAA regulations or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what are the FAA regulations or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what are the FAA regulations or your
+flight school might impose you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight school might impose you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight school might impose you know the
+place you're renting your aircraft might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you're renting your aircraft might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you're renting your aircraft might
+impose certain minimums you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose certain minimums you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose certain minimums you know that
+they don't want you to take the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want you to take the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want you to take the plane
+unless the ceiling is above 2,000 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the ceiling is above 2,000 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the ceiling is above 2,000 feet
+for example but there's also this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but there's also this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example but there's also this
+concept of personal minimums and Phillip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of personal minimums and Phillip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of personal minimums and Phillip
+and I will spend a chunk of time at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will spend a chunk of time at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will spend a chunk of time at the
+end of the course talking about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course talking about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the course talking about our
+personal minimums and sharing them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal minimums and sharing them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal minimums and sharing them with
+you that you might want to set your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you might want to set your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you might want to set your own
+restrictions that you know hey if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that you know hey if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that you know hey if
+certain things are occurring and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things are occurring and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things are occurring and you
+don't feel comfortable you don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel comfortable you don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel comfortable you don't think
+it's safe you set those restrictions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's safe you set those restrictions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's safe you set those restrictions to
+yourself so that way on a particular day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so that way on a particular day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so that way on a particular day
+that you're planning to fly you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're planning to fly you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're planning to fly you don't
+get the get their itis where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the get their itis where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the get their itis where you just
+really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want
+go and you decide you're gonna you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you decide you're gonna you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you decide you're gonna you're
+gonna do whatever it takes you can refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do whatever it takes you can refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do whatever it takes you can refer
+to your personal minimums and say hey I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your personal minimums and say hey I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your personal minimums and say hey I
+have previously decided that this wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have previously decided that this wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have previously decided that this wasn't
+a good idea so let's stick to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea so let's stick to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good idea so let's stick to my
+judgment at that time and not fly we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment at that time and not fly we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment at that time and not fly we're
+also going to discuss how you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to discuss how you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to discuss how you can even
+though the FAA might require only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the FAA might require only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the FAA might require only a
+single pilot in command you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pilot in command you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pilot in command you can actually
+have a different person sitting next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different person sitting next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different person sitting next to
+you whether they're a pilot whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether they're a pilot whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether they're a pilot whether
+they're just a friend you can put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a friend you can put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just a friend you can put that
+person to work to help you out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to work to help you out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to work to help you out and
+managing your cockpit and helping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing your cockpit and helping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing your cockpit and helping with
+some of the navigation for example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the navigation for example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the navigation for example so
+let's talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about the
+approach plate so does everybody have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach plate so does everybody have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach plate so does everybody have an
+approach plate either on their computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach plate either on their computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach plate either on their computer
+or a physical piece of paper is anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a physical piece of paper is anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a physical piece of paper is anyone
+missing one okay so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing one okay so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing one okay so there's a lot of
+information on an approach plate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on an approach plate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on an approach plate and you
+don't need to know any of this for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know any of this for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know any of this for your
+private pilot but just so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot but just so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot but just so you get
+oriented I'm just going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented I'm just going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented I'm just going to give you a
+high level of what kind of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of what kind of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level of what kind of information
+is on this approach plate and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this approach plate and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on this approach plate and what we're
+talking about so again this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so again this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so again this is a
+situation where it could be there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it could be there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where it could be there could
+be cloud cover or you're flying in fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cloud cover or you're flying in fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cloud cover or you're flying in fog
+and so you can't see outside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't see outside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can't see outside your
+airplane or you can't see the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or you can't see the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane or you can't see the airport
+but you have to safely arrive at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to safely arrive at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to safely arrive at the
+airport so the approach plate provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport so the approach plate provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport so the approach plate provides a
+flight path for you to fly on to safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight path for you to fly on to safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight path for you to fly on to safely
+enter the airport's vicinity enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the airport's vicinity enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the airport's vicinity enter the
+final approach and then to a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final approach and then to a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final approach and then to a point where
+you can visually identify certain runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can visually identify certain runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can visually identify certain runway
+markings and land safely so the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and land safely so the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markings and land safely so the very top
+of the approach plate tells you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the approach plate tells you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the approach plate tells you a lot of
+information so the the top right corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so the the top right corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so the the top right corner
+where it says our nav GPS that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says our nav GPS that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it says our nav GPS that's
+identifying the type of approach that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the type of approach that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the type of approach that it
+is so usually it'll tell you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so usually it'll tell you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so usually it'll tell you whether
+it's a precision approach or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a precision approach or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a precision approach or a
+non-precision approach so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-precision approach so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-precision approach so there are
+different types of instruments on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of instruments on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of instruments on your
+plane so you'll see as that iPads being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so you'll see as that iPads being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so you'll see as that iPads being
+passed around with the different ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed around with the different ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed around with the different ones
+you can click on there are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click on there are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click on there are certain
+instruments in your plane and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments in your plane and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments in your plane and at the
+airport that will tell you how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that will tell you how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that will tell you how you can
+land so an ILS for example an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so an ILS for example an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so an ILS for example an instrument
+landing system if that is available it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing system if that is available it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing system if that is available it
+can be a very precise way to land at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very precise way to land at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a very precise way to land at an
+airport whereas if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport whereas if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport whereas if you don't have
+exactly those things available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly those things available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly those things available
+you might use a GPS or a vor which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use a GPS or a vor which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might use a GPS or a vor which are
+different types of approaches you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of approaches you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of approaches you can
+fly it also tell you the runway which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly it also tell you the runway which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly it also tell you the runway which is
+very important runway one-six so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important runway one-six so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important runway one-six so that's
+the runway you're trying to land that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway you're trying to land that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runway you're trying to land that
+and then just below it is the airport so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just below it is the airport so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then just below it is the airport so
+this one in particular is Portsmouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in particular is Portsmouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one in particular is Portsmouth
+which is an airport that's basically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an airport that's basically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an airport that's basically and
+if you drive to the coast from here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drive to the coast from here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you drive to the coast from here so
+it's kind of at the border between Maine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of at the border between Maine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of at the border between Maine
+and New Hampshire right along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New Hampshire right along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and New Hampshire right along the
+coastline and people refer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastline and people refer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coastline and people refer to this
+Airport as Pease you also see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport as Pease you also see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport as Pease you also see a lot of
+very specific information a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific information a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific information a lot of
+numbers and things there so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and things there so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and things there so we've
+discussed a few times this ADIS the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a few times this ADIS the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a few times this ADIS the
+concept of ADIS so you see that 8 it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of ADIS so you see that 8 it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of ADIS so you see that 8 it so
+that's the frequency you can dial into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the frequency you can dial into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the frequency you can dial into
+to get the weather information at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the weather information at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the weather information at that
+Airport and you'll need to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport and you'll need to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport and you'll need to get the
+latest weather information before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest weather information before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest weather information before you
+enter and start doing the procedure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and start doing the procedure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and start doing the procedure you
+also see the air traffic controller here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see the air traffic controller here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also see the air traffic controller here
+is Boston approach he'll you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Boston approach he'll you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Boston approach he'll you'll be
+talking to you on one to five point zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you on one to five point zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to you on one to five point zero
+five you see the Pease tower or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you see the Pease tower or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five you see the Pease tower or
+Portsmouth Tower one twenty eight point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portsmouth Tower one twenty eight point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portsmouth Tower one twenty eight point
+four and then after you land here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then after you land here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and then after you land here's the
+ground controller that you talk to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground controller that you talk to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground controller that you talk to do
+you do we have to worry about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do we have to worry about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do we have to worry about those
+other numbers like two six nine let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers like two six nine let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other numbers like two six nine let's
+make it simple and say no you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it simple and say no you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it simple and say no you don't have
+to worry about this okay those are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about this okay those are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about this okay those are from
+the military that's the UHF and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military that's the UHF and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the military that's the UHF and you
+won't have that in your rental Piper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have that in your rental Piper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have that in your rental Piper
+another really important thing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really important thing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really important thing to pay
+attention to is that the top right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to is that the top right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to is that the top right
+corner is a missed approach so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner is a missed approach so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner is a missed approach so if you
+were not able to complete the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not able to complete the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not able to complete the the
+landing maybe you had to go around or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing maybe you had to go around or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landing maybe you had to go around or
+something didn't feel safe or you lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something didn't feel safe or you lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something didn't feel safe or you lost
+communications when you're coming in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications when you're coming in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communications when you're coming in and
+you are not able to execute the landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not able to execute the landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are not able to execute the landing
+then you fly a missed approach so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fly a missed approach so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you fly a missed approach so it
+tells you what to do if you weren't able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what to do if you weren't able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what to do if you weren't able
+to land so it says climb to 3,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land so it says climb to 3,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land so it says climb to 3,000 so
+3,000 feet direct and it says this TT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 feet direct and it says this TT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 feet direct and it says this TT
+ATT is the name of a particular location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATT is the name of a particular location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATT is the name of a particular location
+so tat and then it says and on track one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tat and then it says and on track one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tat and then it says and on track one
+six five degrees so that's the heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six five degrees so that's the heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six five degrees so that's the heading
+to ID'd and hold so it basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ID'd and hold so it basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ID'd and hold so it basically says
+that if you weren't able to land then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you weren't able to land then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you weren't able to land then
+you're supposed to continue straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to continue straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to continue straight
+climb to 3,000 feet to this tat location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb to 3,000 feet to this tat location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb to 3,000 feet to this tat location
+and then on the track 165 degrees to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the track 165 degrees to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on the track 165 degrees to
+continue on to Aidid and hold so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on to Aidid and hold so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue on to Aidid and hold so now the
+middle of the approach plate really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the approach plate really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the approach plate really
+tells you what to do there a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what to do there a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what to do there a couple
+different points that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points that are really
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+so IAF does anyone know what IAF stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so IAF does anyone know what IAF stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so IAF does anyone know what IAF stands
+for initial approach fixed so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for initial approach fixed so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for initial approach fixed so these are
+places where you can enter this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you can enter this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where you can enter this pattern
+so IAF you can you can enter here it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so IAF you can you can enter here it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so IAF you can you can enter here it I
+taught there are a couple others here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught there are a couple others here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught there are a couple others here as
+well so what it's saying is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what it's saying is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what it's saying is if you
+entered here at I taught your flying at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered here at I taught your flying at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered here at I taught your flying at
+3,000 feet on heading one one eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 feet on heading one one eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3,000 feet on heading one one eight
+degrees to this kind of holding pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees to this kind of holding pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees to this kind of holding pattern
+right here then there's an in every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here then there's an in every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here then there's an in every time
+it has these kind of weird letters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has these kind of weird letters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has these kind of weird letters is
+representing another point and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing another point and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing another point and then you
+continue straight into the towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue straight into the towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue straight into the towards the
+airport to this other spot and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport to this other spot and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport to this other spot and then
+here's the actual airport it says runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the actual airport it says runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the actual airport it says runway
+one-six where you could land right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-six where you could land right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-six where you could land right here
+and if you have a missed approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a missed approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a missed approach
+remember it said to continue straight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it said to continue straight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it said to continue straight to
+I to tat and then to continue on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to tat and then to continue on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to tat and then to continue on to
+Aidid and you can do a hold over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aidid and you can do a hold over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aidid and you can do a hold over here so
+aviators are not without a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviators are not without a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviators are not without a sense of
+humor so let's just go through what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor so let's just go through what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor so let's just go through what that
+would be what are the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what are the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what are the names of the
+points along the way so it is you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points along the way so it is you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points along the way so it is you start
+with I tawt I taw a puddy tat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I tawt I taw a puddy tat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I tawt I taw a puddy tat
+I need so I'm getting a lot of chuckles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need so I'm getting a lot of chuckles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need so I'm getting a lot of chuckles
+in case you missed that it's you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you missed that it's you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case you missed that it's you know I
+thought I saw a hoodie tat Aidid I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I saw a hoodie tat Aidid I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I saw a hoodie tat Aidid I did
+see a putty tat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a putty tat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a putty tat
+anyway good cartoon for you there so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway good cartoon for you there so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway good cartoon for you there so so
+that shows you I have a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you I have a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you I have a little bit of a
+humor in this particular approach plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor in this particular approach plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humor in this particular approach plate
+the bottom of the approach plate shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the approach plate shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the approach plate shows
+that the same thing but kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same thing but kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same thing but kind of a
+profile view so this shows that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile view so this shows that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile view so this shows that the
+altitudes that you're going so you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes that you're going so you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitudes that you're going so you start
+at 3,000 this is your heading you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3,000 this is your heading you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3,000 this is your heading you're
+going along into I taw and then you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along into I taw and then you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along into I taw and then you go
+down you're descending to puddi and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're descending to puddi and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're descending to puddi and then
+all the way here where you land and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way here where you land and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way here where you land and if
+you have to execute a missed approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to execute a missed approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to execute a missed approach
+then it pictorially describes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it pictorially describes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it pictorially describes that
+missed approach which is you continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed approach which is you continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed approach which is you continue
+straight at 3,000 feet climb to 3,000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight at 3,000 feet climb to 3,000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight at 3,000 feet climb to 3,000 to
+tat and then on heading 165 to Aidid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tat and then on heading 165 to Aidid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tat and then on heading 165 to Aidid and
+then here on the left of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here on the left of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then here on the left of course is a
+picture of that runway and it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that runway and it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that runway and it tells you
+you know what that runway looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that runway looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what that runway looks like
+kind of the taxiways around it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the taxiways around it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the taxiways around it the
+length of the runway etc what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the runway etc what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the runway etc what are the
+minimums how low can you go before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimums how low can you go before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimums how low can you go before
+seeing the runway the minimums depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the runway the minimums depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the runway the minimums depend on
+the type of aircrafts that you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of aircrafts that you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of aircrafts that you have so
+that's I was skipping over it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I was skipping over it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I was skipping over it because
+it's fairly complicated but this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly complicated but this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly complicated but this whole
+this whole thing down here basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing down here basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing down here basically
+indicates the minimums in terms of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the minimums in terms of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the minimums in terms of your
+visibility as you're landing so where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility as you're landing so where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility as you're landing so where it
+says category it's the different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says category it's the different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says category it's the different types
+of categories of aircraft circling means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of categories of aircraft circling means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of categories of aircraft circling means
+that if you were planning to land at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you were planning to land at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you were planning to land at one
+runway but you circle to land at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway but you circle to land at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway but you circle to land at another
+runway and then it has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and then it has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway and then it has a lot of
+specifics depending on the the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics depending on the the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics depending on the the actual
+type of aircraft what about Anna Cirrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of aircraft what about Anna Cirrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of aircraft what about Anna Cirrus
+a modern Cirrus you can go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern Cirrus you can go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a modern Cirrus you can go ahead
+Phillips okay so that top one is lpv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips okay so that top one is lpv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips okay so that top one is lpv
+that's essentially a precision approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a precision approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially a precision approach
+using the GPS so if you have a Waze GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the GPS so if you have a Waze GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the GPS so if you have a Waze GPS
+which is the modern kind as of about ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the modern kind as of about ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the modern kind as of about ten
+years ago you can go down to 300 feet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you can go down to 300 feet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago you can go down to 300 feet so
+if you don't see some indication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't see some indication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't see some indication of the
+airport environment the runway leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport environment the runway leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport environment the runway leading
+lights or something and you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights or something and you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights or something and you can't go
+below 300 feet it's time to do a mist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 300 feet it's time to do a mist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 300 feet it's time to do a mist
+and it also tells you you need 2,400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also tells you you need 2,400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also tells you you need 2,400
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+visibility but in this case that 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility but in this case that 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility but in this case that 300
+feet is regardless of the category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet is regardless of the category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet is regardless of the category
+whether it's you know a B C D or E they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's you know a B C D or E they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's you know a B C D or E they
+all show that same amount and when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all show that same amount and when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all show that same amount and when when
+Philip is talking about depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip is talking about depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip is talking about depending on the
+type so it's the whether you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so it's the whether you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so it's the whether you're reading
+here the LP VL nav etc on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the LP VL nav etc on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the LP VL nav etc on the left
+yeah like the L nav approach down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like the L nav approach down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like the L nav approach down there
+towards the bottom that would be for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom that would be for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the bottom that would be for an
+older non waz GPS so there's obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older non waz GPS so there's obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older non waz GPS so there's obviously a
+lot more information on this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information on this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information on this approach
+plate but those are some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but those are some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate but those are some of the key
+highlights so you don't get afraid when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights so you don't get afraid when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights so you don't get afraid when
+you see these any any questions before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these any any questions before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see these any any questions before
+we move past this topic yes somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move past this topic yes somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move past this topic yes somewhere
+you can look up like why their name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up like why their name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look up like why their name
+oh yeah it's a good question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's a good question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah it's a good question so
+basically if you missed if you missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you missed if you missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if you missed if you missed
+the joke the I tawt I taw a puttytat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke the I tawt I taw a puttytat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joke the I tawt I taw a puttytat
+joke is there a place you can look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke is there a place you can look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke is there a place you can look it up
+I'm not sure but I know a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but I know a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure but I know a couple of
+people that write you know different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that write you know different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that write you know different
+articles about aviation it'd be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles about aviation it'd be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles about aviation it'd be good
+good exercise to see if we can google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise to see if we can google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise to see if we can google
+and find a couple of those articles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find a couple of those articles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find a couple of those articles and
+share where they figure out how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share where they figure out how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share where they figure out how they
+name all these different points okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name all these different points okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name all these different points okay so
+if you want to learn yes go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to learn yes go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to learn yes go ahead
+the speeds yeah absolutely so what speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds yeah absolutely so what speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speeds yeah absolutely so what speed
+you have to be as you're flying these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be as you're flying these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be as you're flying these
+different approaches so yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches so yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approaches so yeah this is
+talked about a fact if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a fact if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a fact if you're in a
+really busy Airport they may tell you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really busy Airport they may tell you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really busy Airport they may tell you to
+keep your speed up so that you know clog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your speed up so that you know clog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep your speed up so that you know clog
+off the works or the jet and also auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the works or the jet and also auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the works or the jet and also auto
+pilots don't work that well if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots don't work that well if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots don't work that well if you're
+going really slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going really slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going really slowly
+so it's probably conventional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's probably conventional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's probably conventional and
+something like a series to be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a series to be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a series to be going
+around 120 knots before you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 120 knots before you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 120 knots before you get to the
+final approach fix you're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final approach fix you're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final approach fix you're going to put
+in one lots of flaps just before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one lots of flaps just before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one lots of flaps just before and
+hundred twenty knots is a limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred twenty knots is a limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred twenty knots is a limitation
+or series for flaps so you'll slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or series for flaps so you'll slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or series for flaps so you'll slow down
+to maybe 105 as you're going down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe 105 as you're going down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe 105 as you're going down the
+glide slope and then once you break out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glide slope and then once you break out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glide slope and then once you break out
+of the clouds let's say it's 5 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clouds let's say it's 5 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the clouds let's say it's 5 feet
+above the runway although the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the runway although the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the runway although the minimum
+there was 300 above sea level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was 300 above sea level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was 300 above sea level
+which is 200 feet about the runway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 200 feet about the runway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 200 feet about the runway you
+put in the full flaps and you know slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the full flaps and you know slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the full flaps and you know slow
+down to your final approach speed if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your final approach speed if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your final approach speed if you
+know 75 or 80 knots so those would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 75 or 80 knots so those would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 75 or 80 knots so those would be
+the typical speeds on a precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical speeds on a precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical speeds on a precision
+approach and if you're practicing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and if you're practicing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and if you're practicing your
+new it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's okay
+okay to go a little slower they'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to go a little slower they'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to go a little slower they'll tell
+you kind of if there are other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of if there are other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of if there are other people
+behind you holds or a good time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you holds or a good time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you holds or a good time that you
+know the whole point is to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the whole point is to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the whole point is to basically
+take time and slow down they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take time and slow down they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take time and slow down they're trying
+to get you to wait for some reason so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you to wait for some reason so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you to wait for some reason so
+you might want to go 90 knots the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to go 90 knots the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to go 90 knots the reason
+you don't want to go much below that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to go much below that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to go much below that is
+you know of course you are doing so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course you are doing so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course you are doing so many
+things in the airplane to get prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the airplane to get prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the airplane to get prepared
+for the approach you don't want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the approach you don't want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the approach you don't want to you
+don't want to get down into very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get down into very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get down into very slow
+air speeds where you could stall as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air speeds where you could stall as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air speeds where you could stall as well
+that could be a big issue so so now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a big issue so so now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be a big issue so so now just
+talking about how you go on to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you go on to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how you go on to get your
+instrument flight rating there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight rating there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight rating there's some
+good resources here to point out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good resources here to point out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good resources here to point out and
+just this talks a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this talks a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this talks a little bit about the
+time that X C just stands for cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that X C just stands for cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that X C just stands for cross
+country time then you actually need time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country time then you actually need time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country time then you actually need time
+and actual IMC conditions or and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actual IMC conditions or and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actual IMC conditions or and
+simulate it so that's where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it so that's where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate it so that's where you're
+wearing your goggles or your foggle your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing your goggles or your foggle your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing your goggles or your foggle your
+hood and again you can actually do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood and again you can actually do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood and again you can actually do a
+little bit of simulated flight training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of simulated flight training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of simulated flight training
+as well so some places have a red bird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so some places have a red bird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so some places have a red bird
+simulator other types of simulator we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator other types of simulator we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator other types of simulator we
+can do some simulated flight time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some simulated flight time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some simulated flight time
+sometimes that'll save you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that'll save you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that'll save you a little bit
+of money because you don't have to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money because you don't have to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money because you don't have to spend
+the engine hours to fly out to wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine hours to fly out to wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engine hours to fly out to wherever
+you're doing the approach and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the approach and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the approach and you can
+just restart very quickly so there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just restart very quickly so there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just restart very quickly so there could
+be some advantages of that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some advantages of that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some advantages of that and then
+Phillip you have some advice here on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip you have some advice here on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillip you have some advice here on how
+you get your IFR reading yeah I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your IFR reading yeah I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your IFR reading yeah I think if
+you're gonna do this you know once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do this you know once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna do this you know once you
+finish your private these higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish your private these higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish your private these higher
+performance airplanes aren't great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance airplanes aren't great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance airplanes aren't great for
+training the little fibers and Cessnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training the little fibers and Cessnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training the little fibers and Cessnas
+are probably better just because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably better just because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably better just because they're
+slower but as soon as you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but as soon as you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower but as soon as you're going to
+you know work on the instrument rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know work on the instrument rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know work on the instrument rating
+and undo transportation you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and undo transportation you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and undo transportation you know and
+then it's time to get into the serous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's time to get into the serous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's time to get into the serous or
+get into the bananas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the bananas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the bananas
+that you're intending to use for family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're intending to use for family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're intending to use for family
+transportation time and type and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation time and type and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation time and type and
+realistic going with an instructor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic going with an instructor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic going with an instructor on
+the trips that you're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trips that you're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trips that you're actually going to
+do is invaluable for safety I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is invaluable for safety I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is invaluable for safety I think one
+good way to do it is do a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to do it is do a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to do it is do a big
+cross-country trip with an instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country trip with an instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-country trip with an instructor
+just go to Florida go to California go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to Florida go to California go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to Florida go to California go
+to Alaska and do an approach every hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alaska and do an approach every hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Alaska and do an approach every hour
+so then you go through a lot of weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you go through a lot of weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you go through a lot of weather
+systems and you get very comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you get very comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and you get very comfortable
+with getting the weather information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with getting the weather information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with getting the weather information
+filing the flight plans working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing the flight plans working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filing the flight plans working with
+controllers in different situations now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers in different situations now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers in different situations now
+one other thing I would add it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing I would add it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other thing I would add it's kind of
+a cool cool trick you might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool cool trick you might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cool cool trick you might not have
+heard of so whenever you're getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of so whenever you're getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of so whenever you're getting a
+instruction you have to pay not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction you have to pay not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction you have to pay not only for
+the aircraft rental but for the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft rental but for the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft rental but for the time of
+your instructor well if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor well if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor well if you take a
+instrument flight and you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight and you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flight and you you know
+practice an approach and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice an approach and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice an approach and then you just
+want to practice it a couple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to practice it a couple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to practice it a couple times
+yourself you can actually go up without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can actually go up without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can actually go up without
+your instructor without any view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor without any view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your instructor without any view
+limiting devices of course where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting devices of course where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting devices of course where you can
+fully look outside the airplane and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully look outside the airplane and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully look outside the airplane and you
+can keep flying that same approach so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep flying that same approach so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep flying that same approach so
+you can actually fly practice approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually fly practice approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually fly practice approaches
+without actually being in an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually being in an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually being in an instrument
+condition or with view limiting devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or with view limiting devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition or with view limiting devices
+to just practice the mechanics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just practice the mechanics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just practice the mechanics of the
+whole thing you know how you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing you know how you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing you know how you deal with
+airspeed who's gonna start talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed who's gonna start talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed who's gonna start talking to
+you next what do you need to do next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you next what do you need to do next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you next what do you need to do next and
+I find that to be very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that to be very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find that to be very useful
+you'll also find on that you heard from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also find on that you heard from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also find on that you heard from
+Sebastian yesterday about the MIT flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian yesterday about the MIT flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sebastian yesterday about the MIT flying
+club so there's a there's an email list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club so there's a there's an email list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club so there's a there's an email list
+flying - pilots at MIT that edu so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying - pilots at MIT that edu so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying - pilots at MIT that edu so once
+you become a pilot it's great to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become a pilot it's great to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become a pilot it's great to be on
+that list because instrument-rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list because instrument-rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that list because instrument-rated
+pilots have to keep practicing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots have to keep practicing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots have to keep practicing their
+approaches and so they need somebody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and so they need somebody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and so they need somebody to
+sit next to them to look out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit next to them to look out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit next to them to look out the
+airplane for other aircraft while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for other aircraft while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane for other aircraft while
+they're wearing their view limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wearing their view limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're wearing their view limiting
+devices and that person is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and that person is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and that person is called a
+safety pilot so as long as you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety pilot so as long as you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety pilot so as long as you have your
+private pilot license even if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot license even if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private pilot license even if you don't
+have your instrument rating you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your instrument rating you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your instrument rating you can
+serve as a safety pilot so it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a safety pilot so it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as a safety pilot so it's a great
+way and cheap way to get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and cheap way to get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and cheap way to get a lot of
+practice in and see you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in and see you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice in and see you know an
+instrument pilot at work trying to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument pilot at work trying to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument pilot at work trying to do an
+approach and you can sit there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get to log that time as safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to log that time as safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to log that time as safety
+pilot has if you had been flying so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot has if you had been flying so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot has if you had been flying so it's
+a good way to build that flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way to build that flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way to build that flying
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+there's a question for you guys so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question for you guys so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question for you guys so the
+safety pilot you heard about the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety pilot you heard about the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety pilot you heard about the medical
+certification let's say the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification let's say the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification let's say the person
+practicing the approach has a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing the approach has a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing the approach has a first
+class medical so they're very healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class medical so they're very healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class medical so they're very healthy
+and the FAA thinks the pilot is unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the FAA thinks the pilot is unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the FAA thinks the pilot is unlikely
+to have a heart attack and keel over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a heart attack and keel over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a heart attack and keel over
+while under the hood does the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while under the hood does the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while under the hood does the safety
+pilot need to have a current medical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot need to have a current medical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot need to have a current medical to
+serve a safety pilot what do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve a safety pilot what do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve a safety pilot what do you guys
+think it's kind of ridiculous that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of ridiculous that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's kind of ridiculous that
+person has a heart attack the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has a heart attack the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has a heart attack the regular
+Piatt can just you know take off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piatt can just you know take off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piatt can just you know take off the
+hood and fly so you the safety pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood and fly so you the safety pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood and fly so you the safety pilot
+shouldn't need a medical right as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't need a medical right as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't need a medical right as long
+as they their last words are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they their last words are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they their last words are you know
+you have the controls but in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the controls but in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the controls but in fact the
+safety pilot is a required crewmember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety pilot is a required crewmember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety pilot is a required crewmember
+for that operation so the feds say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that operation so the feds say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that operation so the feds say that
+he or she must have a current medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she must have a current medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she must have a current medical
+and just that that joke that Phillip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just that that joke that Phillip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just that that joke that Phillip
+said about you have the controls I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about you have the controls I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about you have the controls I'll
+just take a moment to explain what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a moment to explain what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a moment to explain what he's
+talking about when you hand over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when you hand over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when you hand over
+controls you take the controls it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls you take the controls it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls you take the controls it's
+important to have what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to have what's called a
+positive exchange of controls so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive exchange of controls so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive exchange of controls so if I'm
+if I'm flying the airplane and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm flying the airplane and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm flying the airplane and I'm
+giving the controls to Phillip I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the controls to Phillip I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the controls to Phillip I'll say
+you have controls I have the controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have controls I have the controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have controls I have the controls
+you have controls so that reconfirming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have controls so that reconfirming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have controls so that reconfirming
+make sure that you know who's flying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you know who's flying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you know who's flying the
+airplane so that you don't result in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so that you don't result in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so that you don't result in a
+situation where no one's flying yes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where no one's flying yes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where no one's flying yes when
+you're handsome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're handsome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're handsome
+I usually keep them on up until I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually keep them on up until I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually keep them on up until I really
+know that he knows what he's doing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that he knows what he's doing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that he knows what he's doing so I
+I actually keep it on a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually keep it on a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually keep it on a little bit
+longer to make sure he knows and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to make sure he knows and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to make sure he knows and he
+doesn't start you know turning in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start you know turning in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start you know turning in some
+other directions yeah I think I'm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions yeah I think I'm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other directions yeah I think I'm that
+third one you have the final important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one you have the final important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one you have the final important
+in the helicopter and airplane the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the helicopter and airplane the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the helicopter and airplane the good
+thing about airplanes is you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about airplanes is you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about airplanes is you can take
+your hands off and the airplane just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands off and the airplane just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands off and the airplane just
+keeps doing whatever it was doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps doing whatever it was doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps doing whatever it was doing but
+the helicopter is unstable so yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helicopter is unstable so yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the helicopter is unstable so yeah it's
+important that the you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the you know you don't
+take your hands off until you hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your hands off until you hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your hands off until you hear that
+third acknowledgment yes so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third acknowledgment yes so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third acknowledgment yes so the question
+was how long does it take to fly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how long does it take to fly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how long does it take to fly from
+here to California answer really depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to California answer really depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to California answer really depends
+on which type of aircraft you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which type of aircraft you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which type of aircraft you're flying
+so a little a little Cessna 172 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little a little Cessna 172 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a little a little Cessna 172 would
+take a long time because even it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time because even it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a long time because even it
+basically is like twice as fast as a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is like twice as fast as a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is like twice as fast as a car
+and it's kind of as a crow flies but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of as a crow flies but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of as a crow flies but if
+you're flying a fancy Cirrus you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying a fancy Cirrus you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying a fancy Cirrus you could
+get much faster where you get you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much faster where you get you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much faster where you get you get a
+headwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headwind
+going west generally so it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going west generally so it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going west generally so it's probably
+going to take about 15 hours to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take about 15 hours to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take about 15 hours to get to
+California you know maybe a little over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California you know maybe a little over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California you know maybe a little over
+20 in a Cessna or Piper and then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 in a Cessna or Piper and then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 in a Cessna or Piper and then they'll
+get a little speed speed boost on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little speed speed boost on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little speed speed boost on the
+way back so it's kind of like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back so it's kind of like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back so it's kind of like a lot of
+people there are various companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are various companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there are various companies that
+offer you know ten-day instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you know ten-day instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer you know ten-day instrument
+ratings and they fly around a lot so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings and they fly around a lot so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings and they fly around a lot so a
+couple weeks to get to California and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks to get to California and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple weeks to get to California and
+back is reasonably comfortable while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is reasonably comfortable while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is reasonably comfortable while
+doing flight training along the way one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing flight training along the way one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing flight training along the way one
+of the biggest things that'll slow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest things that'll slow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest things that'll slow you
+down is not how fast your plane can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is not how fast your plane can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is not how fast your plane can fly
+but also your own fatigue which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also your own fatigue which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also your own fatigue which we'll
+talk about in human factors alright are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in human factors alright are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in human factors alright are
+there any more questions on instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any more questions on instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any more questions on instrument
+flight or instrument meteorological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight or instrument meteorological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight or instrument meteorological
+conditions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question was what's our opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was what's our opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was what's our opinion
+on steam gauge versus a glass cockpit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on steam gauge versus a glass cockpit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on steam gauge versus a glass cockpit I
+think we know Philips opinion here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we know Philips opinion here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we know Philips opinion here I've
+actually flown both I think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flown both I think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flown both I think that you
+know with the g1000 or a glass cockpit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with the g1000 or a glass cockpit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with the g1000 or a glass cockpit
+what's nice is you can load the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice is you can load the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's nice is you can load the approach
+and it actually show you know the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually show you know the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually show you know the full
+flight plan that you're supposed to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan that you're supposed to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan that you're supposed to fly
+for a given approach and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given approach and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given approach and you can
+actually have a whole flight plan where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a whole flight plan where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a whole flight plan where
+you have multiple approaches one after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple approaches one after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple approaches one after
+the other and it puts it up there and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and it puts it up there and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other and it puts it up there and it
+makes it makes it very easy but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it makes it very easy but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it makes it very easy but I will
+say that to learn it I've actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that to learn it I've actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that to learn it I've actually done
+instrument training on both the steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument training on both the steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument training on both the steam
+gauge and the glass cockpit and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge and the glass cockpit and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge and the glass cockpit and I think
+that steam gauge obviously keeps you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that steam gauge obviously keeps you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that steam gauge obviously keeps you on
+your toes a lot more you really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toes a lot more you really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your toes a lot more you really know
+what's happening you're using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening you're using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening you're using your
+you're heading bug to do a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're heading bug to do a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're heading bug to do a lot more
+because you can't and enter some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't and enter some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can't and enter some of
+these things in advance and so I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in advance and so I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in advance and so I think I
+think it's really helpful to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really helpful to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's really helpful to learn how
+to do that just like I think for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that just like I think for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that just like I think for example
+your auto pilot is amazing you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auto pilot is amazing you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auto pilot is amazing you should
+have an auto pilot if you're gonna fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an auto pilot if you're gonna fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an auto pilot if you're gonna fly
+across the country but you shouldn't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country but you shouldn't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country but you shouldn't use
+your auto pilot when you're doing flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auto pilot when you're doing flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your auto pilot when you're doing flight
+training because the first thing mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because the first thing mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training because the first thing mark
+Nathanson the FAA examiner will do will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathanson the FAA examiner will do will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nathanson the FAA examiner will do will
+be oh look your auto pilot died now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh look your auto pilot died now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oh look your auto pilot died now you
+have to learn how to fly without it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn how to fly without it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn how to fly without it so I
+think for flight training I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for flight training I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for flight training I recommend
+both the other the other reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the other the other reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the other the other reason I
+continue to fly both steam gauge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to fly both steam gauge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to fly both steam gauge and
+g1000 is that I fly with a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1000 is that I fly with a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1000 is that I fly with a lot of other
+friends so we talked about the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so we talked about the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends so we talked about the MIT
+flying Club you fly with your peers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying Club you fly with your peers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying Club you fly with your peers
+there's also a group of women pilots we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a group of women pilots we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a group of women pilots we
+call ourselves a women pilots of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call ourselves a women pilots of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call ourselves a women pilots of New
+England we basically bumped into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England we basically bumped into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England we basically bumped into each
+other in the parking lots of airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the parking lots of airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other in the parking lots of airports
+and and now get together we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now get together we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and now get together we're actually
+having a dinner tonight at 6:00 p.m. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a dinner tonight at 6:00 p.m. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a dinner tonight at 6:00 p.m. so
+if any women pilots want to join please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any women pilots want to join please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any women pilots want to join please
+do and and this different or pilots who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and this different or pilots who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and this different or pilots who
+identify as women sure and and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify as women sure and and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify as women sure and and these
+groups that you fly with on these fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that you fly with on these fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that you fly with on these fly
+outs is often the case that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs is often the case that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs is often the case that you want to
+you know have one have two pilots flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have one have two pilots flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have one have two pilots flying
+in a given airplane and you one flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given airplane and you one flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given airplane and you one flies
+there and ones P I see there and ones P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and ones P I see there and ones P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and ones P I see there and ones P
+I see on the way back and so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see on the way back and so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see on the way back and so if you have
+a lot of friends that fly the steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of friends that fly the steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of friends that fly the steam
+gauges which are cheaper to rent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges which are cheaper to rent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauges which are cheaper to rent you
+want to make sure you're current in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're current in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you're current in that
+airplane if you want to fly with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane if you want to fly with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane if you want to fly with them
+and if you fly a g1000 you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you fly a g1000 you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you fly a g1000 you want to make
+sure your friends that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure your friends that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure your friends that you
+would also fly g1000 so I fly both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also fly g1000 so I fly both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also fly g1000 so I fly both
+because I have friends that fly both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have friends that fly both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have friends that fly both and
+we want to make sure that we can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make sure that we can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make sure that we can fly
+together on these fly outs yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on these fly outs yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together on these fly outs yeah so
+despite the fact that I usually fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that I usually fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the fact that I usually fly
+glass cockpit aircraft I do fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass cockpit aircraft I do fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass cockpit aircraft I do fly
+instrument approaches in our 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument approaches in our 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument approaches in our 44
+helicopter instrument trainers and them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter instrument trainers and them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter instrument trainers and them
+and those are more challenging because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are more challenging because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are more challenging because
+there's no there's no autopilot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no autopilot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no autopilot and the
+machine is inherently much less stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is inherently much less stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine is inherently much less stable
+than the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the airplane
+so that's steam gauges so I wouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's steam gauges so I wouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's steam gauges so I wouldn't say
+there's a big difference you know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference you know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big difference you know really
+the world of instrument flying if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of instrument flying if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world of instrument flying if you
+transfer your skills from the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer your skills from the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer your skills from the visual
+flying world to the instrument world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying world to the instrument world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying world to the instrument world and
+they do transfer very well you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do transfer very well you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do transfer very well you know when
+you're flying visually you're spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying visually you're spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flying visually you're spending
+about 80 90 percent of your time looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 90 percent of your time looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80 90 percent of your time looking
+out the window at the natural horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window at the natural horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window at the natural horizon
+when you transfer that to instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transfer that to instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you transfer that to instrument
+you're spending 80 or 90% of your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending 80 or 90% of your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending 80 or 90% of your time
+looking at the artificial horizon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the artificial horizon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the artificial horizon or
+attitude indicator and if you hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator and if you hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator and if you hold a
+constant attitude the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant attitude the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant attitude the rest of the
+instruments take care of themselves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments take care of themselves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments take care of themselves the
+experience in some instructors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in some instructors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience in some instructors will
+often cover up all five of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often cover up all five of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often cover up all five of the other
+instruments it's gets a little harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's gets a little harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments it's gets a little harder
+with a glass cockpit you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a glass cockpit you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a glass cockpit you know a lot of
+post-its and have the student the IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-its and have the student the IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-its and have the student the IFR
+student try to hold the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student try to hold the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student try to hold the constant
+attitude as best they can and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude as best they can and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude as best they can and then
+remove the post-its after say 2 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the post-its after say 2 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the post-its after say 2 minutes
+and you know you'll find that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you'll find that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you'll find that you've
+only gained a couple hundred feet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gained a couple hundred feet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gained a couple hundred feet and
+you've only lost maybe 10 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only lost maybe 10 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've only lost maybe 10 degrees of
+heading so really the game the FAA has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading so really the game the FAA has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading so really the game the FAA has
+terrible advice about how to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible advice about how to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible advice about how to be an
+instrument pilot they say you know scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument pilot they say you know scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument pilot they say you know scan
+the six-pack so spend essentially 1/6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six-pack so spend essentially 1/6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six-pack so spend essentially 1/6
+other time you used to spend 90% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time you used to spend 90% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other time you used to spend 90% of your
+time looking at the attitude indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at the attitude indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at the attitude indicator
+now it's been one sixth of your time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's been one sixth of your time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's been one sixth of your time or
+spend half of your time look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend half of your time look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend half of your time look at the
+attitude indicator look at these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator look at these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator look at these other
+things but if you actually study you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but if you actually study you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but if you actually study you
+know high time instrument pilots or jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know high time instrument pilots or jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know high time instrument pilots or jet
+pilots you'll find that they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots you'll find that they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots you'll find that they're really
+focusing on the attitude indicator 80 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the attitude indicator 80 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on the attitude indicator 80 90
+percent of the time like I said and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time like I said and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time like I said and if
+they don't do that actually once flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do that actually once flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do that actually once flew
+with a guy he was an MIT grad an MIT PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guy he was an MIT grad an MIT PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a guy he was an MIT grad an MIT PhD
+and he just you know the FAA told him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just you know the FAA told him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he just you know the FAA told him to
+scan like this so he does and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan like this so he does and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan like this so he does and that
+airplane was all over the sky but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane was all over the sky but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane was all over the sky but he was
+constantly redirecting it you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly redirecting it you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly redirecting it you know he
+was right within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right within the
+ACS standards of about plus or minus 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACS standards of about plus or minus 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACS standards of about plus or minus 100
+feet and I don't know maybe it's ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet and I don't know maybe it's ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet and I don't know maybe it's ten
+degrees of heading but we were in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of heading but we were in actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of heading but we were in actual
+conditions in a Piper arrow with pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in a Piper arrow with pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in a Piper arrow with pretty
+limited backup facilities so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited backup facilities so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited backup facilities so that was
+truly terrifying to see somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly terrifying to see somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly terrifying to see somebody
+actually doing what the FAA says to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing what the FAA says to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing what the FAA says to do
+the other thing about glass cockpits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about glass cockpits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about glass cockpits
+that I do like is the the it's great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do like is the the it's great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do like is the the it's great for
+night flying because the illumination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night flying because the illumination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night flying because the illumination is
+very uniform so one thing one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uniform so one thing one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uniform so one thing one problem
+with steam gauges is that at night some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with steam gauges is that at night some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with steam gauges is that at night some
+of the instruments can be dimmer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instruments can be dimmer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the instruments can be dimmer or
+brighter than the others I actually had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the others I actually had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brighter than the others I actually had
+a diamond star da40 and the attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diamond star da40 and the attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diamond star da40 and the attitude
+indicator was the dim which is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator was the dim which is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator was the dim which is the thing
+that you want to be using was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to be using was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to be using was the
+dimmest instrument in the panel and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmest instrument in the panel and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimmest instrument in the panel and that
+was very annoying you know they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very annoying you know they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very annoying you know they were
+backlit the instruments themselves had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlit the instruments themselves had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlit the instruments themselves had
+the lights in there so they were showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights in there so they were showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights in there so they were showing
+no no way to adjust it I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no way to adjust it I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no way to adjust it I think you're
+gonna find the glass panel is what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find the glass panel is what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find the glass panel is what's in
+almost every aircraft you know within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every aircraft you know within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every aircraft you know within
+five or ten years because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or ten years because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five or ten years because it's just
+getting too expensive to maintain these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too expensive to maintain these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting too expensive to maintain these
+mechanical gyros if you send out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical gyros if you send out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical gyros if you send out a
+mechanical attitude indicator to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical attitude indicator to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical attitude indicator to be
+overhauled that's two thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhauled that's two thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhauled that's two thousand dollars
+and you know the glass cockpit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the glass cockpit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the glass cockpit
+replacement it might only be three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement it might only be three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement it might only be three or
+four thousand dollars and don't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand dollars and don't ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand dollars and don't ever
+have to touch it again for the when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to touch it again for the when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to touch it again for the when we
+we pulled earlier in terms of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pulled earlier in terms of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we pulled earlier in terms of people
+who've gone flying before did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've gone flying before did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've gone flying before did you
+so I mean ask three things so was it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean ask three things so was it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I mean ask three things so was it did
+you fly in a steam gauge airplane did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fly in a steam gauge airplane did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fly in a steam gauge airplane did
+you find a g1000 or a glass cockpit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a g1000 or a glass cockpit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a g1000 or a glass cockpit or
+did you have you flown in both so steam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have you flown in both so steam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you have you flown in both so steam
+gauge about half of you and then g1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge about half of you and then g1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge about half of you and then g1000
+or glass cockpit only like two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glass cockpit only like two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or glass cockpit only like two or three
+okay and then if you've done both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only only a handful so actually it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only a handful so actually it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only a handful so actually it looks
+like the well and of course they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the well and of course they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the well and of course they're a
+bunch of you that haven't flown at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you that haven't flown at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of you that haven't flown at all
+but the ones that have it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that have it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the ones that have it looks like
+primarily in the steam gauges so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily in the steam gauges so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily in the steam gauges so that's
+good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know
+thirty years ago they hadn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty years ago they hadn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty years ago they hadn't been
+invented all right that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented all right that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented all right that's true
+well this was great and Philip talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was great and Philip talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was great and Philip talked a
+little bit about night flying we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about night flying we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about night flying we're
+going to have a whole section on night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a whole section on night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a whole section on night
+flying tomorrow but now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying tomorrow but now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying tomorrow but now we're going to
+do a break for lunch we'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a break for lunch we'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a break for lunch we'll give you
+about 45 minutes to get get food please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45 minutes to get get food please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 45 minutes to get get food please
+come back a little bit before the hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back a little bit before the hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back a little bit before the hour
+and we'll start we'll get started right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start we'll get started right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll start we'll get started right
+at one o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one o'clock
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/78vN4sO7FVU.txt b/78vN4sO7FVU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b7c6231f1ceac02738c7b27580ada95c5c13fd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/78vN4sO7FVU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+let's continue our discussion of bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue our discussion of bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's continue our discussion of bonus
+spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let v be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let v be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let v be
+a normed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normed
+space meaning a vector space with a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space meaning a vector space with a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space meaning a vector space with a norm
+on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it
+and last time a bonus space was defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time a bonus space was defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last time a bonus space was defined
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a norm space such that the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm space such that the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm space such that the metric
+induced by this norm is complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced by this norm is complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced by this norm is complete
+all cochise sequences converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cochise sequences converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cochise sequences converge
+so if you want to check that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to check that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to check that a
+norm space is a bonux base you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm space is a bonux base you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm space is a bonux base you have to
+take a koshy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a koshy sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a koshy sequence
+and show that it converges in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it converges in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that it converges in the space
+which we did last time for the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did last time for the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we did last time for the space of
+bounded continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded continuous functions
+uh on a metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a metric space
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+there's an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an alternative
+useful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way of
+checking to see if a space is bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking to see if a space is bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking to see if a space is bonus
+space which we'll use in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which we'll use in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which we'll use in a minute
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to stated i need to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stated i need to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stated i need to introduce
+a definition real quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition real quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition real quick
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let v in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh be a sequence in v and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be a sequence in v and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be a sequence in v and i'm going to
+abuse notation and write subset of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse notation and write subset of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse notation and write subset of v
+even even though that's a sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even though that's a sequence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even though that's a sequence okay
+uh i'm using this notation though so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm using this notation though so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i'm using this notation though so
+this means let v n be a sequence in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means let v n be a sequence in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means let v n be a sequence in v
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the series which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series which is just
+right now an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now an expression
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh chalk on a board right now it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chalk on a board right now it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chalk on a board right now it's just
+a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symbol
+we say this series is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial sums
+which are now elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norm space so if this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm space so if this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm space so if this sequence of
+partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say that the series vn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the series vn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that the series vn
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of
+uh involving now these non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involving now these non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh involving now these non-negative
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just like the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just like the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just like the definition
+of the convergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the convergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the convergence of
+a series of real numbers which you dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of real numbers which you dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of real numbers which you dealt
+with in earlier analysis and absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in earlier analysis and absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in earlier analysis and absolute
+convergence only here i'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence only here i'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence only here i'm using the
+terminology absolutely summable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology absolutely summable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology absolutely summable because
+this is the terminology richard melrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the terminology richard melrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the terminology richard melrose
+used so i want to stick to what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so i want to stick to what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so i want to stick to what he's
+uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+he's australian so i think maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's australian so i think maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's australian so i think maybe that's
+has something to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's one of the four unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one of the four unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's one of the four unfortunate
+things about this is i can't tell if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this is i can't tell if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this is i can't tell if
+you're laughing but i'm going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're laughing but i'm going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're laughing but i'm going to assume
+you're laughing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so absolutely summable means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so absolutely summable means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so absolutely summable means the
+sum of the absolute of the norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the absolute of the norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the absolute of the norms
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have this theorem just like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this theorem just like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have this theorem just like from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+real analysis which you saw at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis which you saw at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real analysis which you saw at one point
+that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vn
+so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this
+series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a
+adjective there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i have an absolutely summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have an absolutely summable series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have an absolutely summable series
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence
+of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cauchy sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in the space v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space v
+so again we're working through in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we're working through in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again we're working through in the
+norm uh space v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm uh space v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm uh space v
+all right and the proof is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the proof is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and the proof is the same as
+uh in the real uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the real uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the real uh
+real numbers case so proof i'll leave to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers case so proof i'll leave to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers case so proof i'll leave to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just a simple exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a simple exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a simple exercise
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the same as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same as for
+v equals r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now notice i said something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice i said something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice i said something
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was is strictly weaker than what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is strictly weaker than what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was is strictly weaker than what you
+encounter in the case v equals r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in the case v equals r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter in the case v equals r
+in the case v equals r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case v equals r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case v equals r
+you have the theorem that if i have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the theorem that if i have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the theorem that if i have an
+absolutely summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series
+then it's summable right every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's summable right every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's summable right every
+absolutely convergent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely convergent series
+is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i didn't say that here i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't say that here i just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't say that here i just said
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence of partial sums is koshi not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums is koshi not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums is koshi not
+necessarily convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily convergent
+so when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when is
+the sequence of partial series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence of partial series
+convergent when can i say that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent when can i say that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent when can i say that an
+absolutely summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series
+in this norm space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this norm space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this norm space
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is summable
+and i can say that precisely when it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can say that precisely when it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can say that precisely when it's a
+banach space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banach space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banach space
+so the theorem that we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the theorem that we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the theorem that we're going to prove
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus space
+if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+this characterizes bionic spaces as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characterizes bionic spaces as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characterizes bionic spaces as
+those spaces for which this theorem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spaces for which this theorem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those spaces for which this theorem you
+have from you know real analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from you know real analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have from you know real analysis that
+every absolutely convergent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every absolutely convergent series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every absolutely convergent series
+converges as precisely that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as precisely that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges as precisely that every
+absolutely summable series is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series is summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series is summable
+and sometimes that is an easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property to verify then going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to verify then going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to verify then going through
+the whole uh koshi business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole uh koshi business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole uh koshi business
+and sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's
+exactly the same amount of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same amount of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same amount of work
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we'll use this when later when we deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this when later when we deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this when later when we deal
+with integration and measure theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integration and measure theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integration and measure theory to
+prove that the big l p spaces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the big l p spaces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the big l p spaces are
+bonus spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus spaces
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+we have two directions to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two directions to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two directions to prove
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh if v is a bonding space then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if v is a bonding space then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if v is a bonding space then we get
+every absolutely summable series that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every absolutely summable series that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every absolutely summable series that is
+summable and this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable and this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable and this is pretty
+straightforward so one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a
+phonic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+v in if this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable
+by the previous theorem which i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem which i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem which i didn't
+prove but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but
+is very easy to prove i get that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy to prove i get that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy to prove i get that the
+sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a koshi sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+and because v is a bonnet space every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because v is a bonnet space every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because v is a bonnet space every
+cauchy sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauchy sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cauchy sequence converges
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+in v and therefore the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v and therefore the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v and therefore the series is
+summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+that direction is simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go the opposite direction
+and show that every that the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that every that the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show that every that the condition
+that every absolutely summable series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every absolutely summable series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every absolutely summable series is
+summable implies that v is a bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we want to show that every cochise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show that every cochise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to show that every cochise
+sequence converges in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence converges in v
+so let vn be a koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v
+so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is
+uh we're in fact going to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're in fact going to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're in fact going to show that
+there's a subsequence of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a subsequence of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a subsequence of the sequence
+that converges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that this sequence has a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence has a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this sequence has a convergent
+subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and once we've done that we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once we've done that we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and once we've done that we're done
+because remember back to your real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember back to your real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember back to your real
+analysis days every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis days every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis days every
+uh if a cauchy sequence has a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a cauchy sequence has a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if a cauchy sequence has a convergent
+subsequence then the entire sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence then the entire sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence then the entire sequence
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and vn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metric space theory all right so real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space theory all right so real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric space theory all right so real
+analysis stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis stuff
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's find this subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's find this subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's find this subsequence
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um basically we're going to build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically we're going to build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically we're going to build this
+subsequence up by kind of speeding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence up by kind of speeding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequence up by kind of speeding up
+the convergence of v in or if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of v in or if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convergence of v in or if you like
+speeding up the cauchyness of vn okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the fact that the sequence is koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+k natural number there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k natural number there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k natural number there exists
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+natural number k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number k
+also natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also natural number
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+we're all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all in
+m bigger than or equal to n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m bigger than or equal to n sub k
+we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that
+norm of v sub n minus the norm of v sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v sub n minus the norm of v sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v sub n minus the norm of v sub
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than
+2 to the minus k all right why did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus k all right why did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the minus k all right why did i
+choose 2 to the minus k because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 2 to the minus k because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose 2 to the minus k because that's
+summable all right and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable all right and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable all right and you'll see
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so what we're gonna do is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're gonna do is uh
+build up essentially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up essentially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up essentially in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+telescoping some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescoping some
+from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these
+from well-chosen guys so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub k
+what is this going to be this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this going to be this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this going to be this is going
+to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to
+n sub 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub 1 plus
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+n sub 1 is less than n sub 2 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub 1 is less than n sub 2 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub 1 is less than n sub 2 is less
+than n sub 3 right because at each stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n sub 3 right because at each stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n sub 3 right because at each stage
+i'm adding a natural number so n sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm adding a natural number so n sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm adding a natural number so n sub 1
+is equal to capital n sub 1. n sub 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to capital n sub 1. n sub 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to capital n sub 1. n sub 2 is
+equal to a capital n sub 1 plus n sub 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a capital n sub 1 plus n sub 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a capital n sub 1 plus n sub 2.
+these are natural numbers so i'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are natural numbers so i'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are natural numbers so i'm always
+getting bigger at each stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger at each stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting bigger at each stage
+all alright so this is an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alright so this is an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alright so this is an increasing
+sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of
+integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers
+and for all k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for all k
+n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub k
+capital n sub k right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n sub k right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n sub k right
+little n sub k is equal to some integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n sub k is equal to some integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n sub k is equal to some integers
+plus capital n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus capital n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus capital n sub k
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the v sub n sub k's are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the v sub n sub k's are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the v sub n sub k's are going to
+be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+essentially the guys which converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the guys which converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the guys which converge
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+for all k natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all k natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all k natural number
+i get that v sub n sub k plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that v sub n sub k plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that v sub n sub k plus 1
+minus v sub n sub k if i take the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v sub n sub k if i take the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus v sub n sub k if i take the norm
+of that so n sub k is bigger than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so n sub k is bigger than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that so n sub k is bigger than or
+equal to capital n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital n sub k
+n sub k plus 1 is bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub k plus 1 is bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub k plus 1 is bigger than or equal
+to n sub k which is bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n sub k which is bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n sub k which is bigger than or equal
+to capital n sub k and therefore by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n sub k and therefore by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capital n sub k and therefore by this
+condition how the n sub ks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition how the n sub ks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition how the n sub ks are
+chosen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this and what's in blue tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what's in blue tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and what's in blue tells me
+that this is going to be less than 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be less than 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to be less than 2 to
+the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus
+k right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+b sub n sub k plus 1 minus v sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n sub k plus 1 minus v sub n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b sub n sub k plus 1 minus v sub n sub k
+this is absolutely summable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely summable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absolutely summable right
+because the norm of this is less than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the norm of this is less than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the norm of this is less than 2
+to the minus k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus k
+which uh you can sum right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by our assumption that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by our assumption that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by our assumption that every
+absolutely summable series is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series is summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely summable series is summable
+this implies that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i didn't even say anything after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely summable
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies a
+limit as m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+let me instead just finish with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me instead just finish with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me instead just finish with that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i e
+sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums
+k equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k equals 1 to m
+b sub n sub k plus 1 minus v sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sequence of partial sums converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of partial sums converges
+in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+to recap again we started off with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recap again we started off with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recap again we started off with a
+koshi sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+koshi sequence
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+go out in the koshi sequence uh far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out in the koshi sequence uh far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out in the koshi sequence uh far
+enough and pick certain guys so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and pick certain guys so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and pick certain guys so that
+they're pretty close to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty close to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty close to each other and
+how close so close uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close so close uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close so close uh that the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some of their norms is finite so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their norms is finite so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of their norms is finite so that
+it's absolutely summable and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely summable and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absolutely summable and therefore
+the series is summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series is summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series is summable
+by our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our assumption
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but this is essentially so a telescoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is essentially so a telescoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is essentially so a telescoping
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus
+the series v sub n sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series v sub n sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series v sub n sub
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which equals so the sequence v sub n sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals so the sequence v sub n sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals so the sequence v sub n sub
+m which is sum from n equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which is sum from n equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which is sum from n equals one
+to m of p sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m of p sub n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m of p sub n sub k
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+uh let's see let me put a minus one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see let me put a minus one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see let me put a minus one here
+minus v sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+v sub n sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v sub n sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v sub n sub 1
+n equals 1 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in v
+and i'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm done
+right so v sub n sub m is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so v sub n sub m is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so v sub n sub m is equal to this
+uh telescoping sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh telescoping sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh telescoping sum
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so when i add this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i add this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i add this up
+terms cancel and i just pick up the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cancel and i just pick up the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms cancel and i just pick up the last
+one which is when i stick up in m sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is when i stick up in m sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is when i stick up in m sub 1
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+the first one which is v sub n sub 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one which is v sub n sub 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one which is v sub n sub 1
+here so if i add on v sub n sub 1 i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if i add on v sub n sub 1 i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if i add on v sub n sub 1 i just
+pick up v sub n sub m now as m goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up v sub n sub m now as m goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up v sub n sub m now as m goes to
+infinity this converges to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this converges to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this converges to something
+right because this uh sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this uh sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this uh sequence converges
+and this is just fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just fixed
+in m right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in m right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in m right
+so this sum converges and therefore v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sum converges and therefore v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sum converges and therefore v
+sub n sub n converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n sub n converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n sub n converges
+and thus this subsequence of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus this subsequence of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus this subsequence of our
+original cochise sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original cochise sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original cochise sequence converges
+proving that the koshi sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that the koshi sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving that the koshi sequence
+converges in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges in v
+and we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonax spaces these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonax spaces these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonax spaces these are
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know a nice generalization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nice generalization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a nice generalization of the
+spaces that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that you
+worked with in real analysis and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with in real analysis and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with in real analysis and linear
+algebra are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra are in
+cn and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn and so on
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+okay so what are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are kind of
+um the analogs of matrices right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the analogs of matrices right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the analogs of matrices right which
+you had to use in calculus and linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to use in calculus and linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to use in calculus and linear
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+you know is going to lead to our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is going to lead to our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is going to lead to our next
+topic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is
+operators and functionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so operators being the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so operators being the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so operators being the analog of
+matrices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that
+take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one
+vector into another vector functionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector into another vector functionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector into another vector functionals
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+you know kind of the analog of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of the analog of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of the analog of
+taking a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a vector
+and taking its dot product with a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking its dot product with a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taking its dot product with a fixed
+vector spitting out a real number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spitting out a real number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spitting out a real number so
+functionals will eat vectors and spit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals will eat vectors and spit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals will eat vectors and spit
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+real or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real or complex
+numbers depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers depending on
+the field that you're working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field that you're working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field that you're working in
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me um
+let me write down just kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write down just kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write down just kind of an
+example to keep in mind okay as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to keep in mind okay as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to keep in mind okay as far as
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+operators go all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators go all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators go all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want you to keep this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in mind which kind of was the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind which kind of was the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind which kind of was the whole
+reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for
+really a lot of building all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lot of building all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lot of building all this
+machinery i mean the this example came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery i mean the this example came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery i mean the this example came
+first and then the machinery came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then the machinery came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then the machinery came
+uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know
+was built later to to be able to say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built later to to be able to say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built later to to be able to say all
+we can about these kind of operators so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can about these kind of operators so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can about these kind of operators so
+or these kind of transformations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these kind of transformations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or these kind of transformations so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+depending on if you were in my class or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if you were in my class or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on if you were in my class or
+not maybe you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe you saw
+a question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about such a creature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such a creature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such a creature on
+an assignment or maybe on an exam so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment or maybe on an exam so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assignment or maybe on an exam so let
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be a function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a function on
+0 1 cross 0 1 let's say into the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 cross 0 1 let's say into the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 cross 0 1 let's say into the complex
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's assume it's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+in a continuous function on 0 1. we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous function on 0 1. we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous function on 0 1. we can
+define a new function from f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a new function from f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a new function from f
+t f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t f
+of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x
+to be the integral from 0 to 1 of k of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral from 0 to 1 of k of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral from 0 to 1 of k of x
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+times f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of y
+d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now these are things that i'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are things that i'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are things that i'm about to
+write a few things that you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a few things that you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a few things that you can just
+check by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check by hand
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you can then check then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tf is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous function
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's linear in the argument f okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linear in the argument f okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linear in the argument f okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for all lambda 1 lambda 2 and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all lambda 1 lambda 2 and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all lambda 1 lambda 2 and c
+f 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 1
+f 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+lambda 1 f 1 plus lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 f 1 plus lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 f 1 plus lambda 2
+f 2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f 2 equals
+lambda 1 t f 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 t f 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 t f 1 plus
+lambda 2 t f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 t f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 t f
+too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and it has another property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it has another property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and it has another property
+which i'm going to say in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to say in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'm going to say in a minute
+namely that it's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that it's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that it's continuous
+on the space of continuous functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the space of continuous functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the space of continuous functions so
+we've already proven right that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already proven right that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already proven right that this
+space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of
+continuous functions on zero one this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions on zero one this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions on zero one this is
+a bonus space right this was a a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bonus space right this was a a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bonus space right this was a a special
+example of the space of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the space of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the space of bounded
+continuous functions on the metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions on the metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous functions on the metric space
+we considered before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we considered before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we considered before
+right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because
+on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a
+on the closed and bounded interval zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the closed and bounded interval zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the closed and bounded interval zero
+one every continuous function is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one every continuous function is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one every continuous function is bounded
+so this is just uh equal to c little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just uh equal to c little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just uh equal to c little uh
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+uh subscript infinity of zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subscript infinity of zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subscript infinity of zero one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we know this is a bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is a bonus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this is a bonus space
+and so this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's called a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let v and w be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector spaces so you should have seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces so you should have seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector spaces so you should have seen a
+linear transformation i'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation i'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation i'm going to call
+it a linear operator i'm just recalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a linear operator i'm just recalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a linear operator i'm just recalling
+what it means to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to be linear
+let v and w be vector spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you say a map t from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a map t from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a map t from
+v to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so linear
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+lambda 1 lambda 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 lambda 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 lambda 2 in
+your field of scalars if they're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field of scalars if they're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field of scalars if they're either
+r or c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or c
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for all v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v1
+v2 and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 and v
+t of lambda 1 v1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of lambda 1 v1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of lambda 1 v1 plus
+lambda 2 v 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 v 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 v 2
+equals lambda 1 t v 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lambda 1 t v 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals lambda 1 t v 1
+plus lambda 2 t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda 2 t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda 2 t
+v 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 2.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a map from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a map from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a map from one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+norm space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just kind of a note off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just kind of a note off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just kind of a note off to
+the side just how i'm going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side just how i'm going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side just how i'm going to be using
+well i'm not even going to write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+given two norm spaces a linear map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given two norm spaces a linear map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given two norm spaces a linear map
+between them i will most oft often refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them i will most oft often refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them i will most oft often refer
+to as a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as a linear operator
+rather than rather than you know linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than rather than you know linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than rather than you know linear
+transformation which is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation which is what you
+probably heard in linear algebra i refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard in linear algebra i refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably heard in linear algebra i refer
+to these as operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these as operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these as operators
+something i meant to say as well was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i meant to say as well was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i meant to say as well was you
+know why do we care about such a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why do we care about such a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why do we care about such a guy
+like this other than it looks nice all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this other than it looks nice all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this other than it looks nice all
+right you care about guys like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you care about guys like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you care about guys like these
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know operators of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are essentially the inverse operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the inverse operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are essentially the inverse operators
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+differential operators okay i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators okay i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators okay i mean
+you know that from the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that from the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that from the fundamental
+theorem of calculus the anti-the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus the anti-the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus the anti-the inverse
+operation of taking a derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of taking a derivative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of taking a derivative is
+taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is integrating right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integrating right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integrating right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know it shouldn't be a surprise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it shouldn't be a surprise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it shouldn't be a surprise that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+inverse operator meaning if i take f as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse operator meaning if i take f as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse operator meaning if i take f as
+my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my data
+to some ode can be written as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some ode can be written as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some ode can be written as this
+as uh this kind of linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh this kind of linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as uh this kind of linear operator
+um that shouldn't come as too much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that shouldn't come as too much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that shouldn't come as too much of a
+surprise so you know that's why we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise so you know that's why we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise so you know that's why we care
+about them is that um operators of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them is that um operators of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them is that um operators of this
+form arise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form arise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form arise
+you know as the inverses of taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as the inverses of taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as the inverses of taking
+differential operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential operators
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+in this class at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're not just interested in any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just interested in any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not just interested in any old
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be
+interested in a certain class of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a certain class of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a certain class of linear
+operators those so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators those so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators those so
+those which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those which
+are continuous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me recall for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an equivalent le equivalent way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent le equivalent way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent le equivalent way of
+saying that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that uh
+that a map is continuous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just any map any function not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just any map any function not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just any map any function not
+necessarily a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a linear operator
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous on v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous on v
+if and there's two ways to say this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and there's two ways to say this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and there's two ways to say this um
+you know for every sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v in converging to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+b and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and e
+for all sequences converging to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we obtain that t of b sub n converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain that t of b sub n converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain that t of b sub n converges to
+t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an equivalent way of stating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way of stating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way of stating this
+uh in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+what one would call uh topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one would call uh topological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one would call uh topological
+notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions
+is that the inverse image of open sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the inverse image of open sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the inverse image of open sets
+are open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are open
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for all open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all open
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w
+the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image
+of u which i will recall for you is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u which i will recall for you is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u which i will recall for you is the
+set of v and capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of v and capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of v and capital v
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+v is in u okay i'm not saying that t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is in u okay i'm not saying that t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is in u okay i'm not saying that t is
+invertible that's the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set
+is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open
+in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+remember the notion of an open set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the notion of an open set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the notion of an open set is
+that for every point in that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every point in that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for every point in that set
+there's a small ball that's contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small ball that's contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small ball that's contained
+entirely in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely in the set
+centered at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at that point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now for linear maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for linear maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for linear maps
+there's a very simple way or equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple way or equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple way or equivalent
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+finding when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding when
+it's continuous on a norm space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous on a norm space okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's continuous on a norm space okay
+now on finite dimensional spaces any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on finite dimensional spaces any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on finite dimensional spaces any
+linear transformation every linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation every linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear transformation every linear
+transformation is continuous i should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is continuous i should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is continuous i should
+say that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that okay
+so if you take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you take any
+uh linear operator from our n to r m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear operator from our n to r m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear operator from our n to r m
+or c n to c m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or c n to c m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or c n to c m
+or n to c m anything between two finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n to c m anything between two finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n to c m anything between two finite
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional
+um spaces it will always be continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spaces it will always be continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um spaces it will always be continuous
+if it's linear okay that is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's linear okay that is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's linear okay that is not always
+the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case
+uh between two binox spaces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between two binox spaces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh between two binox spaces okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+again what uh is there a more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what uh is there a more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what uh is there a more efficient
+way of checking when something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of checking when something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of checking when something is
+continuous or what's an equivalent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous or what's an equivalent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous or what's an equivalent way
+of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or more useful way is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more useful way is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more useful way is the following
+characterization that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization that we have
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operator
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+between two norm spaces now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+between two norm spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two norm spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two norm spaces
+is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a c positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c positive
+such that for all v and capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all v and capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for all v and capital v
+if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take
+t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v
+and take its norm and w this is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take its norm and w this is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take its norm and w this is less
+than or equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to a constant
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v
+and capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+in this case we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of saying that
+t is a continuous linear operator we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is a
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we don't really say continuous linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't really say continuous linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't really say continuous linear
+operator operator we say bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operator we say bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator operator we say bounded linear
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+now this doesn't mean the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this doesn't mean the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this doesn't mean the image
+of v is a bounded set in w okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v is a bounded set in w okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v is a bounded set in w okay that's
+not what this means the only linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what this means the only linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what this means the only linear
+operator that takes the bounded set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that takes the bounded set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that takes the bounded set that
+takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a
+vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space
+into a bounded set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bounded set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bounded set
+is the zero operator so we're not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero operator so we're not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero operator so we're not saying
+that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's
+taking all of e to a bounded set but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all of e to a bounded set but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking all of e to a bounded set but
+what this inequality does say is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this inequality does say is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this inequality does say is that it
+takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes
+bounded subsets of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded subsets of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded subsets of v
+to bounded subsets of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bounded subsets of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bounded subsets of w
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's prove uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's prove uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's prove uh let me
+put a star by this condition so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a star by this condition so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a star by this condition so i don't
+have to write it out uh so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's go in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's assume sar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prove that
+that this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this linear
+operator t is continuous okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator t is continuous okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator t is continuous okay and this
+is not too difficult to do we'll use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too difficult to do we'll use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not too difficult to do we'll use uh
+this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll use this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use this first
+characterization of continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v b and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v b and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v b and v
+and suppose v sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a sequence in v converging to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence in v converging to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sequence in v converging to v
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then by star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by star
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i look at
+t sub b sub n minus t sub v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub b sub n minus t sub v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub b sub n minus t sub v
+norm uh and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm uh and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm uh and w
+this is less than or equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to a constant
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the norm of v sub n minus well first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v sub n minus well first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v sub n minus well first off
+i'm kind of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me add one little step i'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me add one little step i'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me add one little step i'm using
+that it's a linear operator meaning i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a linear operator meaning i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a linear operator meaning i
+can write this as t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write this as t
+of v minus v sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore this is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this is less than or equal
+to a constant times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant times v
+sub n minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub n minus v
+and capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital v
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so the norm of t of v sub n minus t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the norm of t of v sub n minus t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the norm of t of v sub n minus t of v
+is less than or equal to some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to some fixed
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+depending only on t times v sub n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending only on t times v sub n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending only on t times v sub n minus
+v this goes to zero as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v this goes to zero as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v this goes to zero as n goes to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore by the squeeze theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the squeeze theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore by the squeeze theorem
+this thing on the left must go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing on the left must go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing on the left must go to zero
+it's always you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always you know
+trivially bigger than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially bigger than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially bigger than or equal to zero
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the squeeze theorem and therefore t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the squeeze theorem and therefore t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the squeeze theorem and therefore t a
+v sub n converges to t sub uh t of v so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v sub n converges to t sub uh t of v so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v sub n converges to t sub uh t of v so
+that's uh takes care of one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh takes care of one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh takes care of one direction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we've shown that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've shown that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've shown that this
+boundedness property of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundedness property of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundedness property of t
+implies that t is continuous that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that t is continuous that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that t is continuous that the
+linear operator t is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator t is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator t is continuous
+now let's show that continuity implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show that continuity implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show that continuity implies
+this boundedness property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so for the continuity guy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so for the continuity guy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so for the continuity guy so
+i'm assuming t is continuous i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming t is continuous i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm assuming t is continuous i'm going
+to use the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the second
+uh characterization of continuity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characterization of continuity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh characterization of continuity here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the inverse image of every open set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of every open set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse image of every open set and
+w is an open set in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is an open set in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w is an open set in v
+so the inverse image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ball centered at the zero vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball centered at the zero vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball centered at the zero vector and
+w of radius one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of radius one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w of radius one
+uh so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me just
+recall this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of v and v such that t v is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of v and v such that t v is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of v and v such that t v is in the
+ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is an open set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an open set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an open set
+in v because the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v because the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v because the ball
+of radius one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius one so
+so this is the ball of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the ball of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the ball of elements
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w
+such that their distance to zero is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that their distance to zero is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that their distance to zero is less
+than one this must this is an open set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one this must this is an open set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one this must this is an open set
+in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w
+and therefore its inverse image must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore its inverse image must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore its inverse image must be
+an open set in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open set in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open set in v
+okay so we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+everything inside don't include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything inside don't include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything inside don't include the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+must be an open set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+v okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and t takes one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t takes one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t takes one to the other
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 is in here and every linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is in here and every linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is in here and every linear
+transformation takes 0 to 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation takes 0 to 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation takes 0 to 0.
+okay so 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so 0
+has to be in the inverse image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be in the inverse image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be in the inverse image
+because any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any linear
+map takes 0 to 0. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map takes 0 to 0. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map takes 0 to 0. so
+0 has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the inverse image and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inverse image and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inverse image and therefore
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open
+so this is zero since the set is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is zero since the set is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is zero since the set is open
+i can find a small ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find a small ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can find a small ball
+of radius r centered at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius r centered at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius r centered at zero
+which remains inside the set v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remains inside the set v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remains inside the set v
+and therefore it gets sent to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which
+is a subset of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of w
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is the picture let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the picture let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the picture let me write down
+the math that goes with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since t of 0 equals 0 that implies 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since t of 0 equals 0 that implies 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since t of 0 equals 0 that implies 0 is
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+t inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies since this is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies since this is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies since this is open
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+there exists an r positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an r positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an r positive
+such that the ball in v centered at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the ball in v centered at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the ball in v centered at zero
+of radius r is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius r is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius r is contained
+in t inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh the inverse image of the ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the inverse image of the ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the inverse image of the ball of
+radius one centered at zero and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one centered at zero and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius one centered at zero and w
+okay just look at the the picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write b b and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write b b and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write b b and v
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's not look at zero because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not look at zero because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not look at zero because you know
+v equals zero will satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals zero will satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals zero will satisfy this
+inequality no matter what c you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality no matter what c you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality no matter what c you have so
+we just need to look at v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to look at v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to look at v
+uh not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not equal to zero
+i claim that i can take the constant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that i can take the constant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that i can take the constant to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+two over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two over r
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if i take v and i rescale it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well let me not write it as dividing v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me not write it as dividing v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me not write it as dividing v
+let me write it this way r over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this way r over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me write it this way r over 2
+length v v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length v v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length v v
+v times v so this is a vector in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times v so this is a vector in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times v so this is a vector in capital
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+what is its length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its length
+its length is r over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i take its length in v this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take its length in v this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take its length in v this is
+equal to r over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to r over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to r over 2
+is less than r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than r
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which implies that
+r over 2 over v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over 2 over v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over 2 over v
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+is in the ball of radius r and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the ball of radius r and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the ball of radius r and v
+centered at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at zero
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+so it has to be in this blue disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be in this blue disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has to be in this blue disc
+and therefore it gets mapped to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it gets mapped to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it gets mapped to
+something in this blue guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is contained inside remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is contained inside remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is contained inside remember this
+big yellow thing was the ball of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big yellow thing was the ball of radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big yellow thing was the ball of radius
+1 centered at 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of radius 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius 1
+and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and w
+and therefore the length of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the length of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the length of t
+r over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r over 2
+b v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b v
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+w must be less than 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w must be less than 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w must be less than 1.
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+scalars pull out of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars pull out of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars pull out of linear
+transformation so this comes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this comes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this comes out and
+then it comes out of the norm by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes out of the norm by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it comes out of the norm by the
+homogeneity of the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity of the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneity of the norm
+and so i can divide through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i can divide through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i can divide through by
+multiply through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by
+2 norm v over r and i get that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 norm v over r and i get that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 norm v over r and i get that t
+of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm w is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm w is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm w is less than
+2 over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+star holds with c given by two over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star holds with c given by two over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star holds with c given by two over r
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous linear operators between norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous linear operators between norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous linear operators between norm
+spaces we call them bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces we call them bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces we call them bounded linear
+operators because they satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators because they satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators because they satisfy this
+boundedness property namely that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundedness property namely that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundedness property namely that they
+take bounded sets to bounded sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to become quite tedious for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to become quite tedious for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to become quite tedious for
+me to keep writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to keep writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to keep writing
+norm sub w norm sub v and so on so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm sub w norm sub v and so on so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm sub w norm sub v and so on so i'm
+going to stop using the subscripts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop using the subscripts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stop using the subscripts okay
+but it should be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it should be um
+you know pretty clear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty clear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pretty clear from
+you know the context where the norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the context where the norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the context where the norm is
+if i'm have a linear operator t from v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm have a linear operator t from v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm have a linear operator t from v
+to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to w
+t of v so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if i have a lin bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a lin bounded linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a lin bounded linear operator
+or linear operator from v to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or linear operator from v to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or linear operator from v to w
+and you see me write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see me write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see me write
+norm of t v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of t v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of t v
+you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+equate this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equate this to
+the norm of t v in w or if you see v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t v in w or if you see v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t v in w or if you see v
+you should equate this and v is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should equate this and v is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should equate this and v is an
+element of capital v then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of capital v then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of capital v then you should
+interpret this as the norm of v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this as the norm of v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this as the norm of v and
+capital v all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital v all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital v all right
+so i'm dropping subscripts just to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm dropping subscripts just to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm dropping subscripts just to save
+having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to
+write too much and then it'll soon get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write too much and then it'll soon get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write too much and then it'll soon get
+tedious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in fact
+before i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i do that
+let's take a look at uh this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at uh this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at uh this linear
+operator i wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator i wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator i wrote
+up there a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there a minute ago
+can we see that that's a bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we see that that's a bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we see that that's a bounded linear
+operator on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on uh
+the space of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of continuous
+functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where k
+is a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator
+okay so um it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um it's clear
+pretty clear to see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear to see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear to see that it's
+um linear in f right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linear in f right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linear in f right
+scalars pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars pull out
+and so on let's check that it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on let's check that it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on let's check that it's bounded
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+recall that the norm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the norm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that the norm on
+c01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c01
+is the infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infinity norm
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let f be a continuous function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recall the norm on this space is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the norm on this space is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall the norm on this space is the
+infinity norm given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm given by
+soup of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup of x
+and 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f x
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which is in fact a maximum it's attained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in fact a maximum it's attained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in fact a maximum it's attained
+at a certain value but i'll just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain value but i'll just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain value but i'll just write
+soup anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup anyways
+and so now we want to estimate the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we want to estimate the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we want to estimate the norm
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+t of f of x in terms of the norm of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of f of x in terms of the norm of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of f of x in terms of the norm of f
+right that's what this boundedness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what this boundedness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what this boundedness
+property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right then for all x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then for all x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then for all x in
+0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to the integral of k x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the integral of k x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to the integral of k x
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of y
+d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+absolute value of the integral is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the integral is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of the integral is less
+than or equal to the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the integral of the
+absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+absolute value of k x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of k x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of k x y
+times f of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times f of y
+d y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d y
+now f of y for all y and 0 1 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f of y for all y and 0 1 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now f of y for all y and 0 1 is less
+than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+infinity norm of f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm of f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity norm of f so
+that only makes the integral bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh the same thing for k right k is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same thing for k right k is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the same thing for k right k is a
+continuous function on zero one cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on zero one cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function on zero one cross
+zero one and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one and therefore
+it's bounded by its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded by its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bounded by its uh
+it attains a max on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this set
+being a continuous function so i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a continuous function so i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a continuous function so i can
+also replace it by its infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also replace it by its infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also replace it by its infinity norm
+and here you should interpret this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you should interpret this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you should interpret this as
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+the infinity norm on continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity norm on continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinity norm on continuous
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+on this set okay so this infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this set okay so this infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this set okay so this infinity norm
+is the sup of k of x y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sup of k of x y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sup of k of x y
+for x and y and 0 1 cross 0 1. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this equals
+these are just two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this held holds for all x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore its supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore its supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore its supremum
+is bounded by this number as well so tf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a bounded linear
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with constant given by the infinity norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant given by the infinity norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with constant given by the infinity norm
+of k this k is usually referred to as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k this k is usually referred to as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of k this k is usually referred to as a
+kernel so if i've said that before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel so if i've said that before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel so if i've said that before and
+haven't explained where that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explained where that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explained where that comes from
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+why i use that word this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i use that word this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i use that word this is usually
+referred to as the kernel of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a
+example for you i've already used up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for you i've already used up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for you i've already used up
+both boards yeah i missed the big room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both boards yeah i missed the big room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both boards yeah i missed the big room
+that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had
+um three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to
+norm spaces v and w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm spaces v and w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm spaces v and w
+we can consider the set of all uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can consider the set of all uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can consider the set of all uh
+bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators
+from v to w which we denote by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to w which we denote by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to w which we denote by
+b v w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b v w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b v w
+scripty looking b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripty looking b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripty looking b
+instead of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is a
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's uh
+not difficult to see again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not difficult to see again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not difficult to see again that
+or to see that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to see that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to see that this is a
+vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me put this in kind of a remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put this in kind of a remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put this in kind of a remark
+that you know it's clear that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's clear that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's clear that this is a
+vector space this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space this
+you know the sum of two linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sum of two linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the sum of two linear
+transformations is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations is a linear
+transformation or linear operator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or linear operator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation or linear operator a
+scalar multiple of a linear operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiple of a linear operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar multiple of a linear operator is
+a linear operator and then those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operator and then those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear operator and then those two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations
+you know preserve continuity so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know preserve continuity so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know preserve continuity so this is
+clearly a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um
+we can put a norm on this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an element
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is defined to be
+the supremum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum
+over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all
+unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length
+vectors v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors v
+of t of v so i want to you know recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t of v so i want to you know recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t of v so i want to you know recall
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this norm is being taken in w because t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm is being taken in w because t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this norm is being taken in w because t
+of v is an element in w this norm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v is an element in w this norm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v is an element in w this norm here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+being taken in v because little v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element in v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe it's not clear at first but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not clear at first but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not clear at first but let's
+go ahead and prove it that in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the operator norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm is
+in fact an actual norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that this becomes a norm space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this becomes a norm space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this becomes a norm space
+all right it's just so the operator norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's just so the operator norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's just so the operator norm
+is an actual norm it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an actual norm it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an actual norm it's not just a
+norm because i said it is um so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm because i said it is um so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm because i said it is um so let's uh
+let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not
+again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's not too difficult to see so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too difficult to see so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not too difficult to see so let's
+prove definiteness namely uh the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove definiteness namely uh the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove definiteness namely uh the norm of
+t is 0 if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is 0 if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is 0 if and only if
+t is 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is 0 so
+if t is a 0 operator then clearly its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if t is a 0 operator then clearly its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if t is a 0 operator then clearly its
+norm is 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose t
+of v equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v equals 0
+so this sup is 0 if and only if t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sup is 0 if and only if t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sup is 0 if and only if t of v
+is 0 for all unit link v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 for all unit link v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 for all unit link v
+so suppose t is an operator so that t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose t is an operator so that t of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose t is an operator so that t of
+v equals 0 for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals 0 for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals 0 for all
+unit length v then that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length v then that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length v then that implies that
+t of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that zero equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero equals
+t of v equals t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all i'm saying is you rescale now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm saying is you rescale now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i'm saying is you rescale now okay
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so implies for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implies for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so implies for all
+b and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take away zero that zero equals t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh t is the zero uh operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t is the zero uh operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t is the zero uh operator
+if its norm is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its norm is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if its norm is zero
+uh two homogeneity follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two homogeneity follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two homogeneity follows
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+from the homogeneity of the norm uh on w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the homogeneity of the norm uh on w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the homogeneity of the norm uh on w
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+lambda t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda t
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+so the norm of lambda times t this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the norm of lambda times t this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the norm of lambda times t this is
+equal to the soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the soup
+of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+equals one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one of
+lambda t v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda t v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda t v
+and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to
+soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals 1 times lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 times lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 times lambda times
+t v and if i take a set and multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v and if i take a set and multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t v and if i take a set and multiply it
+by a non-negative number then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a non-negative number then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a non-negative number then that
+non-negative number comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number comes out of the
+soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hopefully it was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it was one of the first
+exercises you were ever given on soups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises you were ever given on soups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises you were ever given on soups
+and therefore the sequels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now
+so that proves uh homogeneity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves uh homogeneity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that proves uh homogeneity of the
+norm and now the triangle inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm and now the triangle inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm and now the triangle inequality
+follows from the triangle inequality on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the triangle inequality on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from the triangle inequality on
+for the norm on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the norm on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the norm on uh
+a w again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i take two operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+two bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bounded linear operators
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+norm equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm equal to one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+s plus t applied to v norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s plus t applied to v norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s plus t applied to v norm
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+sv plus tv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sv plus tv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sv plus tv
+and by the triangle inequality for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the triangle inequality for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the triangle inequality for the
+norm on w this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm on w this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm on w this is less than or equal to
+s times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times v
+plus t times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus t times v
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+s times v so again visa unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times v so again visa unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times v so again visa unit length
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+is less than or equal to the soup over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the soup over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to the soup over
+all those norms which is again just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those norms which is again just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those norms which is again just the
+operator norm of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator norm of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator norm of s
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+the operator norm of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm of t
+right so i've proven that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i've proven that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i've proven that for all
+unit length v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length v
+s plus t applied to v and norm is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s plus t applied to v and norm is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s plus t applied to v and norm is less
+than or equal to this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to this number here
+and therefore the supremum over all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the supremum over all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the supremum over all such
+numbers as v ranges over all unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as v ranges over all unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as v ranges over all unit length
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+which is the least upper bound of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the least upper bound of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the least upper bound of that
+set must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set must be
+sit below this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and therefore
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the operator norm is a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm is a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm is a norm
+both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+name and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and in
+actuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you like what we did a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like what we did a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like what we did a minute ago
+here is we showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so coming back to over here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming back to over here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so coming back to over here for this
+bounded linear operator from continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator from continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator from continuous
+functions to continuous functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to continuous functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions to continuous functions
+what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you
+so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first off
+uh if if f has unit length then i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if f has unit length then i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if f has unit length then i've
+shown that t f and l infinity norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that t f and l infinity norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that t f and l infinity norm is
+less than or equal to the l infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the l infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the l infinity
+norm of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of k
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+i've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that
+the operator norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm
+of t where t is defined over there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t where t is defined over there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t where t is defined over there is
+less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the operator norm for k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm for k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm for k
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+we're actually a little wasteful there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually a little wasteful there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually a little wasteful there
+this is not equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not equality
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+but i'll let you think about that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll let you think about that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll let you think about that when
+you have free time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we've talked about uh bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about uh bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about uh bounded linear
+operators from one norm space to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators from one norm space to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators from one norm space to another
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what more can we say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what more can we say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what more can we say about this
+uh new space we formed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new space we formed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh new space we formed from
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+two norm spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two norm spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two norm spaces
+when is this space complete for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is this space complete for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when is this space complete for example
+what are sufficient conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are sufficient conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are sufficient conditions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if w is
+a bonding space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again v and w are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again v and w are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again v and w are
+norm spaces if i assume w is a bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm spaces if i assume w is a bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm spaces if i assume w is a bonus
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the space of bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear operators
+from v to w is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to w is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to w is
+a bonding space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+no matter if v is a bonding space or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if v is a bonding space or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter if v is a bonding space or not
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+uh that characterization we had earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that characterization we had earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that characterization we had earlier
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when
+a norm space is a bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm space is a bonus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm space is a bonus space
+okay in terms of some ability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in terms of some ability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in terms of some ability and
+absolute some ability all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+tn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tn
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+sequence of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of elements
+of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bounded
+linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+this constant c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+the sum of these norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these norms
+so exists as a real number all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exists as a real number all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so exists as a real number all right so
+let's suppose that we have an absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that we have an absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose that we have an absolutely
+summable series of linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable series of linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable series of linear operators
+and to show that this is a bonnet space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to show that this is a bonnet space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to show that this is a bonnet space
+we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to show that this series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that this series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to show that this series is
+summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then by that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by that uh
+theorem we have earlier that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we have earlier that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we have earlier that if you have
+a norm space such that every absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm space such that every absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm space such that every absolutely
+summable series is summable then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable series is summable then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable series is summable then it's a
+bonus space we conclude uh the proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus space we conclude uh the proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus space we conclude uh the proof of
+the theorem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem okay
+and how we're going to show this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we're going to show this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we're going to show this is
+summable is again kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable is again kind of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable is again kind of the same
+strategy we used uh to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we used uh to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we used uh to prove that the
+space of bounded continuous functions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of bounded continuous functions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of bounded continuous functions uh
+on a metric space is a bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a metric space is a bonus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a metric space is a bonus space
+we're going to come up with a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come up with a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come up with a candidate
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+show that it's actually a bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's actually a bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's actually a bounded linear
+operator and then that the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then that the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and then that the convergence
+is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uniform
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or not uniform but the the convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uniform but the the convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not uniform but the the convergence
+is in the space in the operator norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the space in the operator norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the space in the operator norm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let me just make a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just make a note of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make a note of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make a note of something
+real quick which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real quick which uh
+i meant to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i meant to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i meant to write
+let's write it up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that's where it belonged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where it belonged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where it belonged
+but i didn't write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't write it down
+so let me just make a remark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the operator norm is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the operator norm is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the operator norm is defined
+for all unit length v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all unit length v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all unit length v
+all right but it automatically gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but it automatically gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but it automatically gives us
+a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bound
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm
+moving a little quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving a little quickly
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe quicker than i should have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm gonna say first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna say first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna say first off
+one thing i should have said is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i should have said is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing i should have said is that
+this is actually an actual finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually an actual finite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually an actual finite number
+okay if i have a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i have a bounded linear operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i have a bounded linear operator
+because remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+t a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+implies there exists a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies there exists a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies there exists a constant
+right such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right such that
+for all v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v
+in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in v
+norm of t v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of t v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of t v
+is less than or equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a constant
+times the norm of v right so when v has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the norm of v right so when v has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the norm of v right so when v has
+unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length
+this constant bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant bounds
+that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that
+satisfies this inequality bounds these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this inequality bounds these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies this inequality bounds these
+numbers for all v with unit length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for all v with unit length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for all v with unit length and
+in fact this supremum is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this supremum is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this supremum is the smallest
+such c that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such c that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such c that i can
+put here okay so that's the one comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here okay so that's the one comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put here okay so that's the one comment
+i wanted to say that this is an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to say that this is an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to say that this is an actual
+uh well-defined thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i wanted to say that and then also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to say that and then also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to say that and then also um
+now from rescaling we get a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from rescaling we get a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from rescaling we get a bound
+for all v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all v
+in terms of the operator norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if i take v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take v
+and over its length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over its length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over its length
+and take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take its
+operator or i take its norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or i take its norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or i take its norm
+so this is a unit length vector in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a unit length vector in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a unit length vector in v
+i apply t to it so that's always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i apply t to it so that's always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i apply t to it so that's always less
+than or equal to the soup overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the soup overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the soup overall
+norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of
+t times something where that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times something where that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t times something where that something
+has unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has unit length
+but this is a linear operator so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a linear operator so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a linear operator so that
+this scalar comes out here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scalar comes out here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scalar comes out here and then
+comes out of the norm again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the norm again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the norm again by
+homogeneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore i get that tv is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so
+in short the the point of this remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short the the point of this remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short the the point of this remark
+was to say that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know this is not really maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not really maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is not really maybe the
+best way to say it but if i think of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to say it but if i think of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way to say it but if i think of t
+acting on v as the product of t and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on v as the product of t and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on v as the product of t and v
+then this says the norm of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this says the norm of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this says the norm of the product
+of t and v is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t and v is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t and v is less than or equal to
+the product of the norms of t and v okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry if i went a little quick there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if i went a little quick there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if i went a little quick there
+maybe you stopped and wondering why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you stopped and wondering why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you stopped and wondering why is
+that even a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even a real
+why is that even a real thing why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that even a real thing why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that even a real thing why is
+that an actual number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an actual number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an actual number
+um you know what am i going on about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what am i going on about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what am i going on about
+maybe i'm just a little over excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'm just a little over excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i'm just a little over excited
+about teaching functional analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching functional analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about teaching functional analysis
+because this is a you know kind of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a you know kind of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a you know kind of your
+your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+adult analysis class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult analysis class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult analysis class
+i will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will say
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so back to the proof at hand we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the proof at hand we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to the proof at hand we have
+this series of absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of absolutely summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of absolutely summable
+uh bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bounded linear operators
+so the sum of the norms is convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the norms is convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the sum of the norms is convergent
+meaning this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning this uh
+series sum is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series sum is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series sum is finite
+and we want to show that uh this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that uh this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that uh this series
+of the t sub n's is summable so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the t sub n's is summable so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the t sub n's is summable so that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+has a limit in the space of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limit in the space of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a limit in the space of bounded
+linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to come up with a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like v b and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum of the norms of t sub n of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the norms of t sub n of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the norms of t sub n of v
+so t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t sub n
+applied to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to v
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by
+i mean i'm writing it like this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me be a little more careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let m be a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m be a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let m be a natural number
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+of t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t sub n
+of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+this is uh less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh less than or equal to
+sum from n equals 1 to m of t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m of t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m of t sub n
+times the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so v that's just a number it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so v that's just a number it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so v that's just a number it comes
+outside the sum and the sum from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the sum and the sum from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the sum and the sum from n
+equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to m
+is bounded by the sum from n equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the sum from n equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by the sum from n equals 1 to
+infinity of these non-negative numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of these non-negative numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity of these non-negative numbers
+so this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is less than or equal to
+norm of v times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n
+equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals c
+v okay so for all m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay so for all m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v okay so for all m
+i've shown that uh this thing is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that uh this thing is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that uh this thing is bounded
+by c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by c times
+uh the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore the partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the partial sums
+corresponding to this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this series of
+non-negative real numbers are bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real numbers are bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative real numbers are bounded
+and therefore that series can converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this partial sequence of partial sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this partial sequence of partial sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this partial sequence of partial sums
+of non-negative real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-negative real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-negative real
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which i'll write t n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll write t n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll write t n
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now think of t sub n of v as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think of t sub n of v as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now think of t sub n of v as
+so t sub n of v this is an element in w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t sub n of v this is an element in w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t sub n of v this is an element in w
+for each n okay so i've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the series
+t sub n of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n of v
+this is absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in w right these are elements of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w right these are elements of w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in w right these are elements of w
+and their norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their norms
+is an absolutely convergent series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an absolutely convergent series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an absolutely convergent series of
+real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now since w is a bonus base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since w is a bonus base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since w is a bonus base
+every absolutely summable series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every absolutely summable series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every absolutely summable series is
+summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summable
+therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+therefore define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a map from v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from v
+to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a
+t sub v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v
+or t of v is defined to be the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t of v is defined to be the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or t of v is defined to be the limit
+as m goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity
+sum from n equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1
+to m of t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m of t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m of t sub n
+applied to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to v
+right which we've shown for every v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which we've shown for every v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which we've shown for every v
+is a convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a convergent
+series in w right that was the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in w right that was the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series in w right that was the point of
+everything that came before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that came before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that came before
+for each v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each v
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a summable series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a summable series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a summable series
+and we define its limit which depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define its limit which depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we define its limit which depends on
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+this map t going from v to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is our candidate which will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our candidate which will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our candidate which will show
+as a bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's show it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so t is linear y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t is linear y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so t is linear y
+for all lambda 1 lambda 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all lambda 1 lambda 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all lambda 1 lambda 2 in
+the space of scalars rc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of scalars rc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of scalars rc
+v1 v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 v2
+and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v
+we have that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that t
+of lambda 1 v1 plus lambda 2 v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda 1 v1 plus lambda 2 v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lambda 1 v1 plus lambda 2 v2
+this is by definition equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by definition equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by definition equal to
+limit as m goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as m goes to infinity of
+this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t sub n lambda 1 v1 plus lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n lambda 1 v1 plus lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n lambda 1 v1 plus lambda 2
+v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+and now each t sub n is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now each t sub n is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now each t sub n is a linear
+operator so i can write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit as m goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t b sub 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t b sub 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t b sub 1 plus
+lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+v sub 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v sub 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v sub 2.
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+converges to t of v as m goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to t of v as m goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to t of v as m goes to
+infinity this thing here converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this thing here converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity this thing here converges to
+t of v2 as m goes to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v2 as m goes to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v2 as m goes to infinity and
+therefore the limit of the sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the limit of the sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the limit of the sum is the
+sum of the limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so technically i did not prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so technically i did not prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so technically i did not prove
+that you know in a norm space if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in a norm space if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in a norm space if i have
+two sequences converging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences converging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequences converging to
+v1 and v2 then the sum of that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 and v2 then the sum of that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 and v2 then the sum of that sequence
+converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v1 plus v2 but it's the exact same proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 plus v2 but it's the exact same proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 plus v2 but it's the exact same proof
+as in r all right just replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in r all right just replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in r all right just replace the
+absolute values with norms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this should be believable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be believable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be believable
+all right and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is a
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's prove that it's a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's prove that it's a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's prove that it's a bounded
+linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now we'll we'll show that t is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we'll we'll show that t is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we'll we'll show that t is a
+bounded linear operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let v be in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm equal to 1
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+this is equal to the norm of the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as m goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity of
+n equals 1 to m t sub n of v norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to m t sub n of v norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to m t sub n of v norm
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+norms of limits equal to limit of norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of limits equal to limit of norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norms of limits equal to limit of norms
+just like in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in the case of
+r so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r so this is equal to
+limit as m goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the triangle inequality the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle inequality the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the triangle inequality the triangle
+inequality for two things is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for two things is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality for two things is this
+you know implies a triangle any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know implies a triangle any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know implies a triangle any
+inequality for m things by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the norm of t sub n times i shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm of t sub n times i shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm of t sub n times i shouldn't
+even say v that's just less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say v that's just less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say v that's just less than or
+equal to the norm of t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the norm of t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the norm of t sub n
+and this is precisely equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of the norms which i called c this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the norms which i called c this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the norms which i called c this
+constant c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant c
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which we know is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we know is finite
+which we assumed is finite right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we assumed is finite right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we assumed is finite right so we
+assumed it was an absolutely summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed it was an absolutely summable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed it was an absolutely summable
+series of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of um
+bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+therefore i've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i've got that
+tv is less than or equal to c for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv is less than or equal to c for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tv is less than or equal to c for all
+unit length v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit length v
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which again by scaling arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was for all
+v equals one which implies by scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals one which implies by scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v equals one which implies by scaling
+arguments t uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um i guess i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i guess i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i guess i didn't
+have to start with norm of v equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start with norm of v equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to start with norm of v equals one
+if i that would have brought a norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i that would have brought a norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i that would have brought a norm of v
+here and then that would just be c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then that would just be c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then that would just be c times
+the norm of v instead of doing uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v instead of doing uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v instead of doing uh this
+separate part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate part so
+change that in your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that in your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that in your notes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but i'm up against the clock here so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm up against the clock here so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm up against the clock here so i'm
+not going to do this on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do this on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do this on the board
+okay so t is an actual bounded linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so t is an actual bounded linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so t is an actual bounded linear
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's show that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's show that uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sum of these operators converges to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these operators converges to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these operators converges to t
+in the operator norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the operator norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the operator norm
+so now we claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we claim
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah that's that's awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tn
+converges to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to t
+as m goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the space of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded
+linear operators meaning in the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators meaning in the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operators meaning in the operator
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i think uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think uh for this
+is the reason why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reason why i
+maybe accidentally wrote the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe accidentally wrote the norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe accidentally wrote the norm of v
+equals one there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one there so
+let v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let v
+b and v with norm of v equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t of v minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v minus t
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to m
+of t sub n of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t sub n of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t sub n of b
+and norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and norm
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+t uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t is equal to the whole sum n equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is equal to the whole sum n equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is equal to the whole sum n equals 1
+to infinity so i'll write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity so i'll write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity so i'll write this as
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+m prime goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime goes to infinity of
+sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from
+n equals 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to
+m prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime
+t n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t n
+v minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals 1 to m
+t in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in v
+and this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit and prime goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and prime goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and prime goes to infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+sum from n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+m prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime
+t sub n v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n v
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is less than or equal to
+the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limit as
+m prime goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime goes to infinity of
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm
+so this is in fact equal to the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in fact equal to the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in fact equal to the limit of
+the norm and then i use the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm and then i use the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm and then i use the triangle
+inequality to bring the norm inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to bring the norm inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality to bring the norm inside
+this is less than or equal to sum equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to sum equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to sum equals
+m plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m plus one
+m prime t sub n of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime t sub n of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime t sub n of v
+and now this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this is less than or equal to
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+m prime goes to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime goes to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m prime goes to infinity of
+n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals
+n plus 1 to m prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to m prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1 to m prime
+t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n
+norm because v has unit length so t sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm because v has unit length so t sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm because v has unit length so t sub
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+t sub n applied to v and norm is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n applied to v and norm is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub n applied to v and norm is bounded
+by the operator norm of t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equals
+sum from n equals n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals n plus 1
+to infinity of t sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of t sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity of t sub n
+now what we know so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we know so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we know so this is just a
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+involving real numbers and we know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving real numbers and we know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving real numbers and we know if
+the series converges then the tails have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges then the tails have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series converges then the tails have
+to go to zero so this goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero so this goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to zero so this goes to zero
+as m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m
+goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity
+right or i should shouldn't do that step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or i should shouldn't do that step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or i should shouldn't do that step
+just yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yet
+sorry i'm making mistakes i'm up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i'm making mistakes i'm up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i'm making mistakes i'm up against
+the clock that i see in the back so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock that i see in the back so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock that i see in the back so i
+had i started off with this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had i started off with this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had i started off with this quantity
+here and ended up bounding it by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and ended up bounding it by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and ended up bounding it by this
+thing uniformly in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uniformly in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uniformly in v
+so that implies that the operator norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that the operator norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that implies that the operator norm
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+minus sum from n equals 1 to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sum from n equals 1 to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sum from n equals 1 to m
+of t sub n is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sum from n equals n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from n equals n plus 1
+operator norm of t sub n and this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator norm of t sub n and this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator norm of t sub n and this last
+thing goes to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes to 0
+as m goes to infinity because it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity because it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as m goes to infinity because it's the
+tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail of
+a convergent series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a convergent series
+of non-negative terms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-negative terms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-negative terms okay
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+the operator norm of t minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm of t minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator norm of t minus this
+partial sum goes to zero as n go m goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum goes to zero as n go m goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum goes to zero as n go m goes
+to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity
+and therefore um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go converges to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so you see i mean it had the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see i mean it had the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see i mean it had the same basic
+format that the last argument uh did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+you found a candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found a candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you found a candidate
+you showed it's in the space and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed it's in the space and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed it's in the space and then
+you showed convergence of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed convergence of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you showed convergence of the space
+so let me finish with a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if v
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm space
+then we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we denote
+v prime as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime as
+the space of bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear operators
+from v to the space of scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to the space of scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to the space of scalars
+all right this is referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the dual space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of v okay and since the space of scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v okay and since the space of scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v okay and since the space of scalars
+is always r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always r
+or c both of which are complete i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or c both of which are complete i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or c both of which are complete i mean
+they're the simplest examples of bonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the simplest examples of bonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the simplest examples of bonus
+spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the theorem we just proved since uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we just proved since uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we just proved since uh
+the field of scalars is always complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of scalars is always complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of scalars is always complete
+the norms the dual space is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ebonic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me just write here a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just write here a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just write here a simple
+example which will be in the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which will be in the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which will be in the exercises
+that in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sense
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+p between one and strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p between one and strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p between one and strictly less than
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+i can identify the dual space of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can identify the dual space of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can identify the dual space of little
+lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lp
+as little l p prime where p prime this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little l p prime where p prime this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as little l p prime where p prime this
+is now just a number bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now just a number bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now just a number bigger than
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+p prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p prime
+and p satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this relation so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the dual of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of
+l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1
+is l infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l infinity
+the dual of l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of l2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of l2
+is l2 this is very special about l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+if i take the dual of l infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the dual of l infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take the dual of l infinity
+uh p equals infinity i would get p prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p equals infinity i would get p prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p equals infinity i would get p prime
+equals one this in fact does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one this in fact does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one this in fact does not equal
+little l one this is something of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l one this is something of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l one this is something of a
+headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headache
+that manifests itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifests itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifests itself
+for the big l p spaces as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+life would be a lot easier if this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life would be a lot easier if this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life would be a lot easier if this were
+the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the dual of l infinity was l one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dual of l infinity was l one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the dual of l infinity was l one
+but unfortunately it's not and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately it's not and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately it's not and that
+causes a headache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a headache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a headache
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and l2 little l2 this is the only lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l2 little l2 this is the only lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l2 little l2 this is the only lp
+that has this property that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this property that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this property that its
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+dual is given by little l2 all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual is given by little l2 all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual is given by little l2 all right and
+in the exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises
+i'll discuss precisely in what way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll discuss precisely in what way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll discuss precisely in what way
+you can identify the dual with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify the dual with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can identify the dual with this
+little lp prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp prime
+um in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this way
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7_IoLAXtQ3k.txt b/7_IoLAXtQ3k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50876bd6f67999bd57ec2bc64722d4aa06248da1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7_IoLAXtQ3k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10155 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today
+we're going on from zero dimensions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going on from zero dimensions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going on from zero dimensions to
+one dimensions and we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensions and we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimensions and we're talking about
+line defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defects
+in order to understand what they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand what they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to understand what they mean
+we're going to contextualize it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to contextualize it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to contextualize it in terms
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+stress strain curve so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress strain curve so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress strain curve so we'll talk about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and and all of this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all of this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all of this is called the
+dislocation so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation so that's our
+goal for today now on monday after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal for today now on monday after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal for today now on monday after
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+actually a student came up to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a student came up to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a student came up to me and
+asked a really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked a really good question
+and it was related to the hume rotary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was related to the hume rotary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was related to the hume rotary
+rule so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so these are
+um remember on monday we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember on monday we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember on monday we talked about
+point defects zero dimensional right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defects zero dimensional right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defects zero dimensional right so
+you you have a disturbance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a disturbance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have a disturbance
+a localized disturbance in the lattice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a localized disturbance in the lattice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a localized disturbance in the lattice a
+vacancy you take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy you take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy you take it out
+uh you can have that occur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can have that occur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can have that occur in
+a material that's ionic right not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material that's ionic right not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a material that's ionic right not a
+metal but maybe an ionic material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal but maybe an ionic material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal but maybe an ionic material and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+then you got to think about charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got to think about charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got to think about charge
+neutrality shocky franco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality shocky franco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrality shocky franco
+and then we talked about substitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about substitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about substitutional
+defects which would be where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects which would be where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects which would be where
+you take an atom out of the lattice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an atom out of the lattice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take an atom out of the lattice and
+you put another one in and and hume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put another one in and and hume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put another one in and and hume
+rothery i mentioned had come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rothery i mentioned had come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rothery i mentioned had come up with
+some empirical observations now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some empirical observations now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some empirical observations now
+and and so i listed these and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so i listed these and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so i listed these and and you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+so he studied a class of medals and came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he studied a class of medals and came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he studied a class of medals and came
+up with these sort of general guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these sort of general guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with these sort of general guidelines
+and as with so many things that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as with so many things that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as with so many things that we've
+learned so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far
+you know these are general rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are general rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these are general rules that
+get broken sometimes so i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get broken sometimes so i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get broken sometimes so i want
+so i went so the the question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went so the the question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went so the the question the
+student asked is very good and said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student asked is very good and said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student asked is very good and said well
+how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you
+if the valence of something you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the valence of something you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the valence of something you're
+trying to substitute into something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to substitute into something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to substitute into something else
+has to be you know the same or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be you know the same or higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be you know the same or higher
+how does p doping work how does it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does p doping work how does it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does p doping work how does it how
+does a p-type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a p-type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a p-type
+semiconductor work that's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor work that's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor work that's a really good
+question right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right because
+the valence is lower by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valence is lower by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valence is lower by definition
+that's how you make it p-type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you make it p-type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you make it p-type
+ah so my response was well because hume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so my response was well because hume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah so my response was well because hume
+rothery was kind of designed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rothery was kind of designed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rothery was kind of designed around
+metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals
+yeah i'm not sure how much of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm not sure how much of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i'm not sure how much of these
+apply to semiconductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to semiconductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to semiconductors
+although for semiconductors you do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although for semiconductors you do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although for semiconductors you do want
+to make sure the sizes are similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the sizes are similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the sizes are similar
+at the very least but that got me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very least but that got me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very least but that got me
+thinking and so i went and i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and so i went and i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and so i went and i read
+uh some papers last night uh here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some papers last night uh here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some papers last night uh here's one
+on the valence effects uh and relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the valence effects uh and relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the valence effects uh and relative
+stabilities valency effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilities valency effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilities valency effects
+and so this is from the 80s and i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is from the 80s and i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is from the 80s and i just
+wanted to cite something here as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to cite something here as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to cite something here as i
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+so here they say um almost a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they say um almost a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they say um almost a half
+century ago so that's hume rothery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century ago so that's hume rothery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century ago so that's hume rothery
+right okay so it's the 80s so the 30s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so it's the 80s so the 30s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so it's the 80s so the 30s uh
+pioneered the study of the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered the study of the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneered the study of the effect of
+valency on metal alloy phase equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valency on metal alloy phase equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valency on metal alloy phase equilibria
+they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found
+that a lower valence metal like silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lower valence metal like silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lower valence metal like silver
+had only a very small solubility and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only a very small solubility and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had only a very small solubility and a
+higher valence element like antimony but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher valence element like antimony but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher valence element like antimony but
+that the solubility of the reverse was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solubility of the reverse was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solubility of the reverse was
+large so that's where that rule came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so that's where that rule came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so that's where that rule came
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+and here's the next part of this paper i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the next part of this paper i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the next part of this paper i
+want to share uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share uh
+although the relative illness works well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the relative illness works well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the relative illness works well
+for that select group of allies it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that select group of allies it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that select group of allies it does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+apply to the periodic table as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the periodic table as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to the periodic table as a whole
+so this other guy looked at 607
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this other guy looked at 607
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this other guy looked at 607
+different systems and found that 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and found that 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and found that 22
+percent of the time the valency rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time the valency rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time the valency rule
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+and 27 percent of the time it violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 27 percent of the time it violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 27 percent of the time it violated
+the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule
+and honestly i'm not sure we can call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honestly i'm not sure we can call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and honestly i'm not sure we can call it
+a rule anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rule anymore
+if more times than not it's violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if more times than not it's violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if more times than not it's violated
+this is like a new thing for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a new thing for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a new thing for me
+so uh so you know that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so you know that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so you know that is
+uh just to say that this rule uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to say that this rule uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just to say that this rule uh
+probably uh is is really conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh is is really conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably uh is is really conditional
+on the specific elements you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the specific elements you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the specific elements you're talking
+about i think the much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about i think the much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about i think the much more
+important ones are these three here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones are these three here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones are these three here okay
+the valency rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valency rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valency rule
+uh certainly depends on the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly depends on the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certainly depends on the system and
+all of the hume rotary observations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the hume rotary observations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the hume rotary observations were
+empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical
+okay this is important to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is important to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is important to keep in mind
+general guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general guidelines
+meant to be broken more than half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be broken more than half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be broken more than half the
+time apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time apparently
+okay so where were we right monday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where were we right monday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so where were we right monday but
+thank you for that question it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for that question it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for that question it's great
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+maybe it gave me some great reading last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it gave me some great reading last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it gave me some great reading last
+night materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night materials
+um uh okay zero dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh okay zero dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh okay zero dimensional
+monday one dimensional today there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday one dimensional today there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday one dimensional today there we
+are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay
+so that's the focus now the story today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the focus now the story today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the focus now the story today
+starts at mit it starts at mit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at mit it starts at mit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at mit it starts at mit in the
+1940s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940s
+because there were these two students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were these two students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were these two students
+there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are
+harold hinman and george burr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harold hinman and george burr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harold hinman and george burr
+and mit students back then were a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit students back then were a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit students back then were a little
+bit older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit older
+i guess okay so those guys so they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess okay so those guys so they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess okay so those guys so they were
+in an mit lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an mit lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an mit lab
+and they were they were trying to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were they were trying to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were they were trying to study
+how parachutes break how does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how parachutes break how does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how parachutes break how does a
+parachute break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute break
+because why is that an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is that an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is that an important
+question because you don't want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because you don't want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because you don't want it to
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+right and and it's one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and it's one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and it's one of these things
+where you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want it to
+never break like you really want like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never break like you really want like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never break like you really want like a
+hun almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hun almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hun almost
+so they were studying why it breaks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were studying why it breaks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they were studying why it breaks so
+they were taking a parachute and pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were taking a parachute and pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were taking a parachute and pulling
+it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart
+there it broke take another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it broke take another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it broke take another kind of
+material pull that apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material pull that apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material pull that apart
+it broke this one didn't but it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it broke this one didn't but it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it broke this one didn't but it's too
+heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy
+right they were studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they were studying the
+relationship of the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship of the mechanical
+breaking to the material of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking to the material of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking to the material of the
+parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute
+so i love that logo there that's the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i love that logo there that's the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i love that logo there that's the two
+of them in the lab at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the lab at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them in the lab at mit
+pulling on a parachute right they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on a parachute right they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on a parachute right they just
+have like a tug of war with a parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a tug of war with a parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a tug of war with a parachute
+but the problem was that there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem was that there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem was that there was no
+instrument at the time that could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument at the time that could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument at the time that could give
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+the sensitivity to the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity to the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity to the force
+that they were pulling there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were pulling there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were pulling there was no
+instrument that could capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that could capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that could capture
+what they needed to make a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they needed to make a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they needed to make a better
+parachute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute
+so being mit students they built their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being mit students they built their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so being mit students they built their
+own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own
+they built their own and they added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built their own and they added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built their own and they added a
+whole bunch of electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of electronics
+into this instrument and that is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this instrument and that is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this instrument and that is where
+the name comes from it's an instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name comes from it's an instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name comes from it's an instrument
+that had a lot of electronics for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a lot of electronics for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had a lot of electronics for the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+instron is the name of their company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instron is the name of their company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instron is the name of their company
+instron is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instron is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instron is now
+synonymous with stress strain curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous with stress strain curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous with stress strain curves
+right so you go into any university any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go into any university any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go into any university any
+company you look at how if they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you look at how if they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company you look at how if they need to
+measure something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure something
+like whether an egg breaks or not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether an egg breaks or not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether an egg breaks or not at
+what force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what force
+uh it's an instron machine right it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's an instron machine right it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's an instron machine right it's an
+instrument machine there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument machine there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument machine there it is
+same logo okay and and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same logo okay and and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same logo okay and and because
+those machines give you the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those machines give you the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those machines give you the most
+accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate
+and and and uh well uh calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and uh well uh calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and uh well uh calibrated
+a description of the force that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a description of the force that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a description of the force that you're
+applying right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying right
+on this material as you and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this material as you and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this material as you and you can
+apply it very very slowly so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it very very slowly so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it very very slowly so these are
+very common machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common machines
+to look at at force versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at at force versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at at force versus
+uh the force you apply to take it how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the force you apply to take it how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the force you apply to take it how
+much distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much distance
+right okay so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're going to talk about
+that today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today
+um now we're not going to talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're not going to talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we're not going to talk about it
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+eggs we're going to talk about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs we're going to talk about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs we're going to talk about it in
+terms of wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of wire
+and so there's a wire it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a wire it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a wire it's kind of a
+little hard to see there there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see there there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to see there there it is
+there's another instrom machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another instrom machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another instrom machine
+this is a red one okay and here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a red one okay and here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a red one okay and here they are
+and they're looking at this wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at this wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at this wire and
+this wire is some material maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire is some material maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire is some material maybe it's
+copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper
+it's aluminum and they're saying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's aluminum and they're saying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's aluminum and they're saying how
+does this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this thing
+what happens to this thing as i as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to this thing as i as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to this thing as i as i
+just pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pull it
+yeah in small increments what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in small increments what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in small increments what is the
+force that i have to put on this to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that i have to put on this to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that i have to put on this to pull
+it a certain amount now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a certain amount now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a certain amount now that
+is an important graph and it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important graph and it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important graph and it's so
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+that i really want you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i really want you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i really want you guys to
+understand this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this graph
+because it is the way that mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the way that mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is the way that mechanical
+properties of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of materials
+are first uh often analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first uh often analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first uh often analyzed
+and it's a plot of the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a plot of the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a plot of the stress
+which is equal to the force per area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the force per area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the force per area
+versus the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is equal to the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the change in the
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+divided by the original length now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the original length now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the original length now what
+do i mean by that well let's take a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i mean by that well let's take a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i mean by that well let's take a wire
+here's the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the wire
+there's that wire in there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that wire in there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that wire in there okay so
+here's a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a wire
+and i'm going to apply a force this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to apply a force this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to apply a force this way
+that's what the instron is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the instron is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the instron is doing
+all right so there's some force being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's some force being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's some force being
+applied to it and oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to it and oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to it and oh
+and there's some area of the wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some area of the wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some area of the wire and
+there was some original length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is called a stress strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called a stress strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is called a stress strain
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+it's the force divided by the area over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the force divided by the area over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the force divided by the area over
+which you're applying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're applying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're applying it
+yeah that you apply to get the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that you apply to get the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that you apply to get the thing to
+stretch a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch a certain amount
+now the those mit students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the those mit students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the those mit students
+were also very smart they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also very smart they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were also very smart they knew
+that many materials as you first start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many materials as you first start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many materials as you first start
+stretching them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching them
+the bonds between the atoms are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds between the atoms are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds between the atoms are kind of
+elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic
+right what does that mean well it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what does that mean well it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what does that mean well it means
+that if i if i stretch a little bit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i if i stretch a little bit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i if i stretch a little bit it
+goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back
+when it starts a little bit more it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it starts a little bit more it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it starts a little bit more it goes
+back they're like springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back they're like springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back they're like springs
+so when you think about the deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you think about the deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you think about the deformation
+of that wire and many other materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that wire and many other materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that wire and many other materials
+you've got in this elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in this elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got in this elastic
+regime and that means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and that means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and that means that it's
+reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible
+as i just said reverse the bull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the displacement so it's reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the displacement so it's reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the displacement so it's reversible
+displacement if i stretch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement if i stretch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement if i stretch it
+it goes back reversible displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back reversible displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back reversible displacement
+only occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only occurring
+under some applied force applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force so if this is an elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so if this is an elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force so if this is an elastic
+you know stretch if i stretch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know stretch if i stretch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know stretch if i stretch this
+material elastically and i'll let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material elastically and i'll let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material elastically and i'll let it go
+and it goes back it's like a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes back it's like a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes back it's like a spring
+hooke's law is going to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooke's law is going to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooke's law is going to apply
+right so so hook's law applies right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so hook's law applies right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so hook's law applies right so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+f equals k x or a minus kx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals k x or a minus kx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals k x or a minus kx
+did you compress it or you know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you compress it or you know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you compress it or you know okay
+hooke's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooke's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooke's law
+okay so so that means that if i start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that means that if i start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that means that if i start
+pulling on this and i start here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on this and i start here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling on this and i start here
+so there's no stress and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no stress and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no stress and there's no
+strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain
+right and if i start pulling on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if i start pulling on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if i start pulling on this
+then i'm going to get a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that okay so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay so that's going to be
+the elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regime how about these mit students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime how about these mit students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime how about these mit students
+the thing is they knew something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is they knew something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is they knew something else
+they knew that for a lot of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew that for a lot of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew that for a lot of materials
+it didn't keep going like this it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't keep going like this it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't keep going like this it didn't
+keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going
+linearly in this sort of a nice elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in this sort of a nice elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in this sort of a nice elastic
+spring way they knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring way they knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring way they knew that
+either the thing broke completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the thing broke completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the thing broke completely
+right or it deformed or it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or it deformed or it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or it deformed or it started
+deforming and that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming and that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming and that is called
+the plastic regime oh we're coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic regime oh we're coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic regime oh we're coming to
+plastics later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics later
+and this is a permanent shape change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permanent shape change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you you can imagine if i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can imagine if i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you can imagine if i'm going to
+permanently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanently
+change the shape of a material it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the shape of a material it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the shape of a material it's got
+to be ductile right okay so so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ductile right okay so so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ductile right okay so so if it's
+something that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to
+break all right remember we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break all right remember we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break all right remember we talked about
+it like with ionic versus metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like with ionic versus metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like with ionic versus metallic
+right those metal those doing it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those metal those doing it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those metal those doing it again
+the sea of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sea of electrons
+allows those metals to be ductile right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows those metals to be ductile right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows those metals to be ductile right
+uh and and that has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that has to do with the
+bonding with the electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding with the electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding with the electronic structure
+if you want a material to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a material to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want a material to be able to
+change shape permanently and not crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change shape permanently and not crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change shape permanently and not crack
+you need that ability to be ductile so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that ability to be ductile so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that ability to be ductile so
+there's a plastic regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plastic regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plastic regime
+and that makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that makes this
+change dramatically so what happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change dramatically so what happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change dramatically so what happens now
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+if i if i keep stretching it beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i keep stretching it beyond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i if i keep stretching it beyond this
+elastic regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic regime
+the stress strain curve is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress strain curve is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress strain curve is no longer
+linear and in fact it might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and in fact it might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and in fact it might look
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until at some point so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until at some point so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until at some point so this would be the
+plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic
+part where it's literally deforming it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where it's literally deforming it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part where it's literally deforming it's
+changing its shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its shape
+and then finally i've stretched it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally i've stretched it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally i've stretched it to
+the point where it fractures so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it fractures so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it fractures so that's
+called the fracture point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fracture point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fracture point
+you just can't pull it anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't pull it anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't pull it anymore
+you just can't pull it anymore and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't pull it anymore and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't pull it anymore and and
+they're studying parachutes but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying parachutes but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studying parachutes but they
+knew that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that these
+there were a lot of surprises out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of surprises out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of surprises out there
+there's a lot of complexity in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of complexity in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of complexity in this
+and they needed to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they needed to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they needed to understand this
+regime and this regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and this regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime and this regime
+in order to really engineer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really engineer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to really engineer the
+parachute to make it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute to make it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parachute to make it better
+they had to get that data and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to get that data and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to get that data and there were
+no instruments that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no instruments that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no instruments that could
+that could move it and measure it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could move it and measure it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could move it and measure it and
+calibrate it carefully enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate it carefully enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate it carefully enough
+and by the way you know this was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way you know this was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way you know this was also
+this plastic deformation that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic deformation that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic deformation that happens
+this plastic this this permanent shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic this this permanent shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plastic this this permanent shape
+change but without breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but without breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but without breaking
+no that it happens very early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that it happens very early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that it happens very early on
+so so there were people working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there were people working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so there were people working for
+example with aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with aluminum
+saying well i predict given the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well i predict given the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well i predict given the bond
+strength of aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of aluminum
+i predict a certain mechanical strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i predict a certain mechanical strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i predict a certain mechanical strength
+that aluminum could go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aluminum could go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aluminum could go to
+and then they find that it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they find that it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they find that it starts
+deforming a hundred times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming a hundred times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming a hundred times
+lower than that a hundred times lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that a hundred times lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that a hundred times lower
+why because it go it enters into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it go it enters into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it go it enters into this
+plastic regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic regime
+it doesn't stay elastic so what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't stay elastic so what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't stay elastic so what i want
+to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about today
+is how it so i hope i've convinced you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it so i hope i've convinced you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how it so i hope i've convinced you
+how important this is and i'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important this is and i'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important this is and i'll have a
+why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this matters
+on that as well but but what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that as well but but what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that as well but but what i want to
+talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today
+is how these one-dimensional defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how these one-dimensional defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how these one-dimensional defects
+fit in with this right how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in with this right how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in with this right how these
+one-dimensional defects fit in and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional defects fit in and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional defects fit in and in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+they explain it all they explain it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they explain it all they explain it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they explain it all they explain it all
+this is what the wire looks like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the wire looks like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what the wire looks like when
+you stretch a wire and you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stretch a wire and you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stretch a wire and you look at it
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+it's not just like a little bit longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just like a little bit longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just like a little bit longer
+it has these very set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has these very set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has these very set
+features that occur it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that occur it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that occur it's not just a
+forming in any random way it's deforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming in any random way it's deforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming in any random way it's deforming
+in a very specific way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very specific way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very specific way
+it's deforming in a very specific way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deforming in a very specific way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deforming in a very specific way
+and so what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i want to
+talk about is that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is that way and
+what deformation okay the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what deformation okay the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what deformation okay the plastic
+deformation mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation mechanism
+is is called slip mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is called slip mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is called slip mechanism
+is called slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called slip
+that leads to plastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to plastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to plastic deformation
+and it leads to that picture and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it leads to that picture and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it leads to that picture and it
+leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads
+to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data
+that they got from the instron machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got from the instron machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they got from the instron machine
+so where does it come from okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does it come from okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where does it come from okay this is
+a 2d picture of a lattice this is a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d picture of a lattice this is a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2d picture of a lattice this is a 2d
+picture of a lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a lattice
+and and so you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so you can imagine
+what i've done oh i'm going to hand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done oh i'm going to hand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i've done oh i'm going to hand this
+out i love this i can just sit and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i love this i can just sit and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i love this i can just sit and look
+at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know this is so cool this is a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is so cool this is a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is so cool this is a cubic
+uh uh sim you know you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sim you know you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sim you know you can think about
+it as like a simple cubic lattice here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as like a simple cubic lattice here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as like a simple cubic lattice here's
+a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane
+right uh here's another plane right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh here's another plane right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh here's another plane right here
+there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one
+look at that yellow one there right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that yellow one there right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that yellow one there right so
+many planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many planes
+right all right so you could i got lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so you could i got lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so you could i got lost
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+just thinking about it and and i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about it and and i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thinking about it and and i'm going
+to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side
+you could you could get lost too um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could get lost too um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could get lost too um
+that's one of the planes okay that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the planes okay that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the planes okay that's one
+of the planes imagine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planes imagine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the planes imagine it
+now you notice here i've got hanging out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you notice here i've got hanging out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you notice here i've got hanging out
+because why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why not
+oh why not it because there's no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why not it because there's no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why not it because there's no other
+possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility
+because vacancies always exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vacancies always exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because vacancies always exist
+as we learn monday they cannot not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we learn monday they cannot not exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we learn monday they cannot not exist
+so there's one right there cool there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one right there cool there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one right there cool there's
+an interstitial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interstitial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interstitial
+point defect there's a substitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect there's a substitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect there's a substitutional
+point defect that's all from monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect that's all from monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point defect that's all from monday
+they're just hanging out but here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just hanging out but here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just hanging out but here's what
+we're talking about now look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about now look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about now look at this
+i want to take this little symbol this t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to take this little symbol this t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to take this little symbol this t
+and i want to look at the lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to look at the lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to look at the lines that
+come down from it so there they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down from it so there they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come down from it so there they are
+so these are now planes okay these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are now planes okay these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are now planes okay these are
+planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes
+these are crystal graphic planes and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are crystal graphic planes and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are crystal graphic planes and and
+now look at the other side of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the other side of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at the other side of it
+and notice those same planes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice those same planes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice those same planes are
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+go go to the seat to the left there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go to the seat to the left there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go go to the seat to the left there you
+see how that's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that's now
+a plane a plane so this this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane a plane so this this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane a plane so this this is actually
+lined up from the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up from the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lined up from the outside
+in it's lined up it's lined up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's lined up it's lined up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it's lined up it's lined up right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+i put an extra one in you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put an extra one in you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put an extra one in you see that
+that's an extra plane that doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an extra plane that doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an extra plane that doesn't go
+all the way through if it went all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through if it went all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through if it went all the
+way through it wouldn't be an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through it wouldn't be an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through it wouldn't be an extra
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+right so it's sandwiched in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's sandwiched in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's sandwiched in here
+and then here it continues over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here it continues over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here it continues over there
+that one kind of goes like that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one kind of goes like that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one kind of goes like that and that
+one kind of goes like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of goes like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind of goes like that
+and then they kind of go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they kind of go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they kind of go back to the
+normal planes i have inserted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal planes i have inserted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal planes i have inserted
+a half if you want to think about it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half if you want to think about it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half if you want to think about it of
+a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right there look at that that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there look at that that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there look at that that is called
+a dislocation that is a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dislocation that is a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dislocation that is a one-dimensional
+defect it's a dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect it's a dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect it's a dislocation
+that is caused by putting an extra plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is caused by putting an extra plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is caused by putting an extra plane
+that stops somewhere and where it stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stops somewhere and where it stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stops somewhere and where it stops
+you draw a little t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw a little t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw a little t
+in the crystal right this stops oh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the crystal right this stops oh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the crystal right this stops oh let's
+go with ximena come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with ximena come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with ximena come on
+there we go we'll go back to this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go we'll go back to this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go we'll go back to this so
+that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called
+a dislocation that is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dislocation that is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dislocation that is called the
+dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation
+that is the 1d defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the 1d defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the 1d defect
+it's called a dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a line defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a line defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a line defect
+formed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed by
+what is essentially a misregistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is essentially a misregistry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is essentially a misregistry of
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms
+that gives you an extra plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can already see that if i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can already see that if i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can already see that if i put a
+line defect in there it's messing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defect in there it's messing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line defect in there it's messing with
+the bonds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds right
+at this at this place here here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at this place here here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this at this place here here the
+bonds just kind of go along they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds just kind of go along they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds just kind of go along they go
+along and then all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and then all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and then all of a sudden
+i've got a kind of misregistry now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a kind of misregistry now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a kind of misregistry now
+because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that
+dislocation because of that dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation because of that dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation because of that dislocation
+so okay one way to look at it is with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay one way to look at it is with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay one way to look at it is with
+the model another way is just get ears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model another way is just get ears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model another way is just get ears
+of corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corn
+and it's really i did this last night i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really i did this last night i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really i did this last night i
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+i i got ears of corn i'm not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i got ears of corn i'm not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i got ears of corn i'm not actually
+that's really true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really true
+and i looked inside this isn't from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i looked inside this isn't from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i looked inside this isn't from
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+this is from the internet but but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the internet but but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the internet but but there
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+right the corn needed to grow another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the corn needed to grow another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the corn needed to grow another
+row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row
+and so it it's not going to grow a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it it's not going to grow a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it it's not going to grow a half
+kernel well actually it could it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel well actually it could it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel well actually it could it does
+sometimes but here it grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but here it grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes but here it grew
+another full row of kernels and there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another full row of kernels and there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another full row of kernels and there it
+is there's an there's a dislocation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an there's a dislocation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an there's a dislocation it's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+it's very similar to what we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to what we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to what we're looking
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+now there are two types of dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are two types of dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are two types of dislocations
+this one where you insert an extra plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where you insert an extra plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one where you insert an extra plane
+in this way is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way is called an
+edge dislocation there's another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge dislocation there's another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge dislocation there's another type of
+dislocation that we won't talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation that we won't talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation that we won't talk about in
+this class called the screw dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class called the screw dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class called the screw dislocation
+you can look it up it's a different type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up it's a different type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look it up it's a different type
+of line defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of line defect
+but the one that we're concerned with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that we're concerned with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that we're concerned with is
+called an edge dislocation and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an edge dislocation and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an edge dislocation and it's
+described exactly in this way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described exactly in this way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described exactly in this way and the
+way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you
+you note it on a on a in a drawing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you note it on a on a in a drawing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you note it on a on a in a drawing an
+atomic scale drawing like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scale drawing like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scale drawing like this
+by putting that upside down t where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting that upside down t where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by putting that upside down t where the
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+is okay an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay an
+edge dislocation edge dislocations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge dislocation edge dislocations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge dislocation edge dislocations in
+corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn
+now you can actually see these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can actually see these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can actually see these things
+and on these models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on these models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on these models
+the dislocations look very nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dislocations look very nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dislocations look very nice and
+uniform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and
+and you can hold it and look at it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hold it and look at it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can hold it and look at it but
+in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality
+here's an actual video of dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an actual video of dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an actual video of dislocations
+notice these are groups of dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice these are groups of dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice these are groups of dislocations
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+these are 1d line defects they're places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 1d line defects they're places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 1d line defects they're places
+where you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got
+this extra plane notice that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra plane notice that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra plane notice that they're
+they're all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the place
+they're not just straight they they bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just straight they they bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just straight they they bend
+around in the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the crystal
+and they move and the movement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they move and the movement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they move and the movement is
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+the movement is critical that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement is critical that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement is critical that's what's
+going to get us back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get us back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get us back to this
+the movement that this is the defect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement that this is the defect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement that this is the defect and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the movement is what gets us this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement is what gets us this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement is what gets us this okay
+so let's take a look so here's an here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look so here's an here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look so here's an here's
+an example this is a piece of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example this is a piece of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example this is a piece of material
+that under the microscope is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under the microscope is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under the microscope is being
+pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled
+watch what happens those things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch what happens those things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch what happens those things are
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+they're forming they're ending they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're forming they're ending they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're forming they're ending they're
+reforming they're interacting with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforming they're interacting with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reforming they're interacting with each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+that one didn't but whatever and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one didn't but whatever and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one didn't but whatever and they're
+spreading out they're growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading out they're growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading out they're growing
+those dislocations those dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations those dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations those dislocations
+and their movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their movement
+is why this doesn't crack it's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this doesn't crack it's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why this doesn't crack it's why this
+can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move
+this can bend it's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can bend it's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can bend it's why
+this point is a hundred times lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is a hundred times lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is a hundred times lower
+than you might have thought okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you might have thought okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you might have thought okay
+and that can be understood by thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be understood by thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that can be understood by thinking
+about the bonds that can be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bonds that can be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the bonds that can be understood
+by thinking about the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking about the bonds
+here's a sequence of pictures okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a sequence of pictures okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a sequence of pictures okay now
+uh so so this this is the dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this this is the dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so so this this is the dislocation
+this is the dislocation you see it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the dislocation you see it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the dislocation you see it there
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now what i'm doing is i'm pushing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm doing is i'm pushing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm doing is i'm pushing um
+or just maybe let's let's not push yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just maybe let's let's not push yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just maybe let's let's not push yet
+we'll do that on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that on the next slide
+for now i'm just i'm just watching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now i'm just i'm just watching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now i'm just i'm just watching it
+move here you see it moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move here you see it moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move here you see it moving
+okay there it is how does it move well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there it is how does it move well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there it is how does it move well
+here's a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a model
+there's a dislocation and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dislocation and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dislocation and you can see
+that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i
+if i take this bonding area around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take this bonding area around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take this bonding area around here
+and i connect this atom to there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i connect this atom to there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i connect this atom to there and
+then you kind of start pushing there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of start pushing there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of start pushing there's a
+strain field around there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain field around there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain field around there
+and then you kind of push it over you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you kind of push it over you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you kind of push it over you
+might be able to move it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to move it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to move it over
+to there right what and maybe you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there right what and maybe you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there right what and maybe you could
+keep on doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on doing that
+and keep on moving it over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep on moving it over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep on moving it over and over
+until it gets all the way to that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets all the way to that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it gets all the way to that end
+all the way to the end of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the end of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to the end of the material
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is a super uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a super uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a super uh uh
+polished high detail animation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished high detail animation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished high detail animation of that
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+okay here it is i'm starting over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here it is i'm starting over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here it is i'm starting over here
+and watch the dislocation there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch the dislocation there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch the dislocation there it is
+there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+and it's moving and it's moving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving and it's moving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving and it's moving and
+those bonds are breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds are breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds are breaking
+let's watch that again okay here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch that again okay here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch that again okay here it is
+there it formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it formed
+but why did it form because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why did it form because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why did it form because
+you see what happened is i took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what happened is i took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what happened is i took this
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+and i applied a force to it yet i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i applied a force to it yet i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i applied a force to it yet i went
+back to the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the wire
+and i did this or maybe i did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did this or maybe i did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i did this or maybe i did this
+and and the material said okay hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the material said okay hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the material said okay hold on
+how can i respond to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i respond to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i respond to this thing
+well either i could respond elastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well either i could respond elastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well either i could respond elastically
+and all my bonds could stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all my bonds could stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all my bonds could stretch
+but i'm getting to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm getting to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm getting to this kind of
+uncomfortable place here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable place here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable place here
+right or a dislocation could come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or a dislocation could come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or a dislocation could come in
+and allow me to translate a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow me to translate a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allow me to translate a whole set of
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+over by one so i'm applying a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one so i'm applying a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one so i'm applying a force
+right to this material you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to this material you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to this material you can think
+about as like a force maybe on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as like a force maybe on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as like a force maybe on the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+going you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know so
+watch what happens look at this i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch what happens look at this i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch what happens look at this i've got
+a little extra room here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little extra room here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little extra room here
+okay now watch what happens there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now watch what happens there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now watch what happens there it is
+there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is
+okay and i have moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i have moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i have moved
+the whole top row of atoms over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole top row of atoms over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole top row of atoms over the
+whole top three rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole top three rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole top three rows
+over by one so i have transformed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one so i have transformed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by one so i have transformed this
+so that the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the force
+if you think about the force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the force on the
+bottom could be applied that way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom could be applied that way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom could be applied that way and the
+force is stopped that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is stopped that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is stopped that way
+the atoms get to a certain point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms get to a certain point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms get to a certain point where
+it's like no my elasticness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like no my elasticness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like no my elasticness
+is i'm not sure i want to go anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm not sure i want to go anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is i'm not sure i want to go anymore
+but a dislocation comes in and saves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a dislocation comes in and saves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a dislocation comes in and saves the
+day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day
+and it allows that to happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows that to happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it allows that to happen because
+here's the alternative here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the alternative here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the alternative here's the
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+if i want that same translation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want that same translation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want that same translation to
+happen that same slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that same slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that same slip
+i would have had to break all the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have had to break all the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would have had to break all the bonds
+at once if i didn't have a dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once if i didn't have a dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once if i didn't have a dislocation
+this is what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what would
+okay there's a dislocation one bond at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a dislocation one bond at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's a dislocation one bond at a
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+one bond at a time or the much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bond at a time or the much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bond at a time or the much much
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ask especially since there's like 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask especially since there's like 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask especially since there's like 10 to
+the 20 something of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 something of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 something of these
+is to break them all at once there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to break them all at once there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to break them all at once there it is
+bam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bam
+that's why that doesn't happen that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that doesn't happen that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why that doesn't happen that it
+just takes too much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes too much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just takes too much energy
+but if i can just call up a dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i can just call up a dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i can just call up a dislocation
+to the rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rescue
+i can translate an entire set of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can translate an entire set of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can translate an entire set of atoms
+with much much much less energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much much much less energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with much much much less energy right
+you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that
+so the dislocation moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dislocation moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dislocation moving
+is what allows plastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what allows plastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what allows plastic deformation
+it's what allows these atoms to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what allows these atoms to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what allows these atoms to slide
+over one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one another
+it is what enables this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what enables this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is what enables this region
+to be there and it's what defines it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there and it's what defines it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be there and it's what defines it
+it's a very important point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important point here
+oh he got a goodie bag that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he got a goodie bag that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he got a goodie bag that's okay
+was he in the class it doesn't matter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he in the class it doesn't matter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was he in the class it doesn't matter we
+share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share
+if you guys have friends that just came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys have friends that just came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys have friends that just came
+in took one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in took one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in took one
+if you guys have friends that need goody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys have friends that need goody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys have friends that need goody
+bags we are here to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags we are here to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags we are here to help
+i will never turn down a goody bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a plane here that's moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plane here that's moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plane here that's moving on
+another plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane
+there is a plane that's moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plane that's moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a plane that's moving on
+another plane and it's doing it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane and it's doing it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plane and it's doing it only
+because of that dislocation that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that dislocation that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that dislocation that one
+dimensional defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional defect
+now that is slipping so it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is slipping so it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is slipping so it's called a
+slip plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's called a slip plane and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a slip plane and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called a slip plane and it's the
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+along which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the dislocation moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we've got phone going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got phone going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we've got phone going on there
+now i want to make a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to make a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i want to make a really important
+point here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here because
+what the dislocation is allowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dislocation is allowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dislocation is allowing what
+this defect is allowing you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defect is allowing you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defect is allowing you to do
+is resolve forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is resolve forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is resolve forces
+that's what you're doing i i'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're doing i i'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're doing i i'm putting
+this force on i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force on i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force on i'm
+see i'm putting the stuck in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i'm putting the stuck in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see i'm putting the stuck in the
+instrument i'm pulling the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument i'm pulling the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument i'm pulling the wire
+and and the material is like hold on i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the material is like hold on i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the material is like hold on i
+gotta respond to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta respond to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta respond to this
+how can i do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and i will come back to that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and i will come back to that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and i will come back to that it's
+this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane
+it's where's the model who's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where's the model who's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's where's the model who's got the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+is that the dislocation model it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the dislocation model it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the dislocation model it's the
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+where the dislocation comes in and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dislocation comes in and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the dislocation comes in and can
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+okay why because that's the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why because that's the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why because that's the plane
+that is by motion of the dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by motion of the dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is by motion of the dislocation
+that's the plane that's slipping along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plane that's slipping along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the plane that's slipping along
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+by exactly this animation and i'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exactly this animation and i'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by exactly this animation and i'll talk
+about the slip plane in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the slip plane in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the slip plane in a minute
+also more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also more about it
+but so what this motion what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what this motion what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what this motion what this
+slip plane what these these movements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip plane what these these movements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip plane what these these movements of
+the planes allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the planes allow
+is is it allows you to resolve an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it allows you to resolve an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it allows you to resolve an
+applied force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied force
+so i come at this material with a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i resolve it it's resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the atomic
+at the atomic level and i'll finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the atomic level and i'll finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the atomic level and i'll finish this
+at the atomic level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the atomic level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the atomic level
+along that slip plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what it does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it does the
+the instron pulls or i pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instron pulls or i pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instron pulls or i pull
+with you know on the parachute like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know on the parachute like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know on the parachute like the
+logo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logo
+and and then either the material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then either the material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then either the material is
+going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break
+or maybe it's just in that elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's just in that elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's just in that elastic
+region and then it will all go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then it will all go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then it will all go all the
+way back or it's going to deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back or it's going to deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back or it's going to deform
+and if it deforms what's it doing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it deforms what's it doing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it deforms what's it doing it's
+it's feeling the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's feeling the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's feeling the force
+and it's trying to resolve it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's trying to resolve it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's trying to resolve it and it
+resolves it by those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolves it by those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolves it by those
+those dislocations moving okay planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations moving okay planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dislocations moving okay planes
+move on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on top of each other
+well okay so let's go back to this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let's go back to this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let's go back to this plane
+what plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plane
+is it if i look at the at the planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it if i look at the at the planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it if i look at the at the planes
+which are somewhere out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are somewhere out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are somewhere out there
+you can imagine that if i'm i've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that if i'm i've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that if i'm i've got all
+those planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those planes
+and they're looking at at the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at at the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're looking at at the instrument
+and the force being applied to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the force being applied to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the force being applied to me
+which one is going to do the slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is going to do the slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is going to do the slipping
+well you can imagine that this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can imagine that this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can imagine that this with a
+very simple analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple analogy
+you know if i push on something if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i push on something if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i push on something if i
+push on a rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on a rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push on a rope
+what does it do well it kind of curls up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do well it kind of curls up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do well it kind of curls up
+it doesn't do too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't do too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't do too much
+it doesn't move right but if i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't move right but if i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't move right but if i really
+want to try to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to resolve
+force i got to move those atoms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force i got to move those atoms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force i got to move those atoms right
+and so so you want but if i push on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you want but if i push on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you want but if i push on a
+stick and not a rope then the stick just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and not a rope then the stick just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and not a rope then the stick just
+all moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all moves
+right so so the plane that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the plane that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the plane that is going to
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+that is going to move across another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to move across another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to move across another
+plane is going to be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is going to be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is going to be the most
+dense the closest pact it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense the closest pact it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense the closest pact it's going to be
+the closest pact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the slip plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slip plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slip plane
+let's write it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slip plane slip plane and i'll i'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip plane slip plane and i'll i'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip plane slip plane and i'll i'll give
+you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example
+in a minute slip plane closest packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+planar density right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar density right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar density right
+because then i'm pushing on the stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then i'm pushing on the stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then i'm pushing on the stick in
+the material i've got sticks and ropes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material i've got sticks and ropes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material i've got sticks and ropes
+defined by the plane you can see it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the plane you can see it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the plane you can see it over
+there some of those planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some of those planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there some of those planes
+they're beautiful the yellow one but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're beautiful the yellow one but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're beautiful the yellow one but it
+doesn't have that many atoms per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that many atoms per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that many atoms per
+area so if i try to move that one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so if i try to move that one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so if i try to move that one it's
+not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a very
+it's not as strong of a plane to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as strong of a plane to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as strong of a plane to move
+and to resolve my forces at the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to resolve my forces at the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to resolve my forces at the atomic
+scale with so i'm always going to go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with so i'm always going to go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with so i'm always going to go for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+strongest plane okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest plane okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest plane okay
+so that's the slip plane now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the slip plane now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the slip plane now
+a great analogy for this is the rug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great analogy for this is the rug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great analogy for this is the rug
+so so if you're helping people move or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you're helping people move or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you're helping people move or
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+setting up your own rug and you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up your own rug and you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up your own rug and you get it
+and you put down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put down the
+the rug base like that and then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rug base like that and then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rug base like that and then you put
+it down you're like ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down you're like ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down you're like ah
+i missed it by a foot i got it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i missed it by a foot i got it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i missed it by a foot i got it wrong
+this rug weighs rugs are really heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rug weighs rugs are really heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rug weighs rugs are really heavy
+you said you pick it up you're like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you pick it up you're like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you pick it up you're like oh
+i'll just move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just move it
+and you call a friend and you both pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you call a friend and you both pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you call a friend and you both pick
+it up and you're like this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and you're like this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and you're like this is like a
+thousand pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand pounds
+who knew it's really a pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knew it's really a pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knew it's really a pain
+and so then you think about dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you think about dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then you think about dislocations
+and you think about how a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about how a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you think about how a material
+would would handle this situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would handle this situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would handle this situation and
+they say well if i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well if i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well if i just
+make a little dislocation like a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little dislocation like a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a little dislocation like a little
+crinkle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crinkle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crinkle there
+and i move that think about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i move that think about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i move that think about how much
+effort it takes to move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it takes to move that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort it takes to move that
+instead not much make a little crinkle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead not much make a little crinkle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead not much make a little crinkle
+and then you move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move it
+and then you move it doesn't take much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move it doesn't take much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move it doesn't take much
+force to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to do that
+it takes a lot less than picking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot less than picking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a lot less than picking up the
+whole rug right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole rug right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole rug right
+that's the motion of a dislocation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the motion of a dislocation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the motion of a dislocation we
+just talked about the plane that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about the plane that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about the plane that it is
+but which direction which way should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which direction which way should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but which direction which way should you
+move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it
+and and so this is the second part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is the second part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is the second part so
+you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the
+you have the slip plane the closest pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the slip plane the closest pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the slip plane the closest pack
+or highest planar density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or highest planar density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or highest planar density
+and you also have the slip direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the slip direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the slip direction
+the slip direction is the other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slip direction is the other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slip direction is the other part
+which way does it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way does it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way does it go
+i've got i've got the closest pack plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got i've got the closest pack plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got i've got the closest pack plane
+which way should it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way should it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way should it go
+well for this you can see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this you can see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well for this you can see from the
+experiments and when you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and when you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and when you look at the
+wire again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire again
+if i take a copper wire and i pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take a copper wire and i pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take a copper wire and i pull it
+and i look at it with my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at it with my eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look at it with my eyes
+it doesn't it just looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it just looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it just looks like the
+uniform wires and stretch but now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform wires and stretch but now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform wires and stretch but now i
+magnify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnify it
+this is what you see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you see okay
+so you can see that there are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that there are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that there are very
+definite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite directions
+these are this is actually all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is actually all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are this is actually all the same
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+so that's a slip plane and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a slip plane and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a slip plane and there's a
+there's a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a direction
+that it slides i like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it slides i like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it slides i like
+i think this can be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this can be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think this can be understood
+i love this picture because i love ping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love this picture because i love ping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i love this picture because i love ping
+this is ping-pong balls and you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ping-pong balls and you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ping-pong balls and you guys can
+do these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these uh these
+experiments yourself you put a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments yourself you put a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments yourself you put a bunch of
+ping-pong balls in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping-pong balls in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping-pong balls in a row
+and then measure the force that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure the force that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then measure the force that it takes
+to slide it depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide it depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide it depending on whether
+they're closely packed or not but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're closely packed or not but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're closely packed or not but this
+is a little counter-intuitive sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little counter-intuitive sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little counter-intuitive sometimes
+when you first see it but it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first see it but it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you first see it but it makes sense
+the more densely packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more densely packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more densely packed
+the plane is the easier it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane is the easier it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane is the easier it is
+for one set of atoms to slide across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one set of atoms to slide across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one set of atoms to slide across the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+the easier it is so you can kind of feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easier it is so you can kind of feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easier it is so you can kind of feel
+it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right
+if i have to let this one uh and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have to let this one uh and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have to let this one uh and they
+showed it just by angle at which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it just by angle at which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it just by angle at which it
+would slide on an old i kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would slide on an old i kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would slide on an old i kind of like the
+idea of two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of two people
+you know kind of going in there and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of going in there and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know kind of going in there and and
+here you'd have to apply more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'd have to apply more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you'd have to apply more
+force to make that one slide than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to make that one slide than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to make that one slide than this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yeah and you can see it again with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you can see it again with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you can see it again with this
+super precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super precise
+because in tight animation there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight animation there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tight animation there it is
+one of them and there's the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and there's the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and there's the other one
+look at how much more work you got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how much more work you got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how much more work you got to do
+to get that thing to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that thing to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that thing to go
+over and over right no if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over right no if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over right no if you've got a
+high density of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density of atoms
+it's actually easier to slide it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to slide it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually easier to slide it's
+easier to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to slide
+because you've got more bonds right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got more bonds right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got more bonds right and
+so so i'm not like having to fully break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm not like having to fully break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so i'm not like having to fully break
+a bond before i get to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond before i get to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond before i get to the next one
+right so that makes so the slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that makes so the slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that makes so the slip
+direction then the slip direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the slip direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the slip direction
+is going to be the uh the closed pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the uh the closed pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the uh the closed pack
+direction the the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the the highest
+density direction so it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density direction so it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density direction so it's also
+the closed pack so i've got an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed pack so i've got an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed pack so i've got an example
+there close pack direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so notice this would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so notice this would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so notice this would be like
+you know a direction a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a direction a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a direction a vector
+and this is a plane well that's jogging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a plane well that's jogging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a plane well that's jogging
+some memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some memories
+of understanding crystals by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding crystals by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding crystals by their
+miller planes and directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller planes and directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miller planes and directions
+right so just you know if we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just you know if we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so just you know if we say well
+what would this be for say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would this be for say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would this be for say
+fcc there's an fcc crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc there's an fcc crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc there's an fcc crystal
+there's an fcc lattice so if i if i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an fcc lattice so if i if i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an fcc lattice so if i if i had
+say fcc as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fcc as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say fcc as an example
+um well okay so let's see if i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well okay so let's see if i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well okay so let's see if i can
+really quickly oh boy here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly oh boy here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly oh boy here we go
+there it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is and
+here are the face atoms there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the face atoms there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the face atoms there we go
+okay that's part of the outer part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's part of the outer part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's part of the outer part of
+scc three of the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scc three of the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scc three of the faces
+and now okay but if i take a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now okay but if i take a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now okay but if i take a 1
+0 plane so so let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plane so so let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plane so so let's take the
+10 plane then i've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plane then i've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 plane then i've got that
+remember i've got these atoms on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i've got these atoms on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i've got these atoms on the
+corner why did i draw that so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner why did i draw that so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner why did i draw that so much
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+let's not do that right that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do that right that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not do that right that would be
+like the 100 plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one you know this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one you know this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one you know this might be the
+usual lattice constant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual lattice constant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual lattice constant a
+well you could also look at the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could also look at the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you could also look at the one
+one o plane here it is the one one o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one o plane here it is the one one o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one o plane here it is the one one o
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+uh that would look like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would look like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would look like this and
+this okay that would be the 1-1-0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that would be the 1-1-0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay that would be the 1-1-0 this
+is just bringing back memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just bringing back memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just bringing back memories
+i know good ones i know good ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know good ones i know good ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know good ones i know good ones
+here is the 1-1-1 plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we now okay so here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we now okay so here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we now okay so here we've got
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this one
+do you see what in an fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what in an fcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see what in an fcc
+metal or crystal which plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or crystal which plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or crystal which plane
+is going to slip and along which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to slip and along which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to slip and along which
+direction but you can you can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but you can you can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but you can you can get that
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+because you could calculate the planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could calculate the planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could calculate the planar
+densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities
+in which case is is the the packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case is is the the packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case is is the the packing
+of atoms in which of these planes is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in which of these planes is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in which of these planes is it
+the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest
+right oh well you got to know the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well you got to know the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh well you got to know the number
+of atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms so
+you know so how many atoms are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so how many atoms are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so how many atoms are in this
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+how many atoms are in this oh why a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many atoms are in this oh why a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many atoms are in this oh why a
+quarter a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter a quarter
+i'm just counting in the in the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just counting in the in the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just counting in the in the unit
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+of the plane okay so quarter a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane okay so quarter a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane okay so quarter a quarter
+quarter quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter quarter
+one it only counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it only counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it only counts
+in the plane if the plane goes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane if the plane goes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane if the plane goes right
+through the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right here in the 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here in the 110
+i've got a quarter a quarter quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a quarter a quarter quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a quarter a quarter quarter
+quarter okay that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter okay that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter okay that's one
+plus a half a half two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've got two atoms in that plane two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got two atoms in that plane two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got two atoms in that plane two you
+know effectively two atoms in that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know effectively two atoms in that plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know effectively two atoms in that plane
+yeah what about here oh boy uh okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about here oh boy uh okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what about here oh boy uh okay a
+sixth a sixth a sixth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth a sixth a sixth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth a sixth a sixth right
+you see it from the geometry it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it from the geometry it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it from the geometry it's a
+triangle and so that's like a half from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and so that's like a half from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and so that's like a half from
+those corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those corners
+plus a half a half a half two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a half a half a half two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a half a half a half two
+i've got the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the same number
+of atoms in those planes of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in those planes of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in those planes of the unit
+cell of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell of those
+of those planes drawn within these unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those planes drawn within these unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those planes drawn within these unit
+cell boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell boxes
+but but they're different planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they're different planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they're different planar
+densities they're different planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities they're different planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities they're different planar
+densities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities
+now because the area here the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the area here the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the area here the area
+is equal to a squared in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's equal to root 2 a squared in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to root 2 a squared in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to root 2 a squared in this
+case so it's larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so it's larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so it's larger
+same atoms larger area that's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same atoms larger area that's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same atoms larger area that's not going
+to have a higher packing than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a higher packing than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a higher packing than that
+and now i get to have really a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i get to have really a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i get to have really a lot of
+fun with triangles and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with triangles and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with triangles and thinking about
+like the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the height
+here and stuff like that and the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and stuff like that and the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and stuff like that and the area of
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+is equal to root three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to root three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to root three
+over two a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two a squared
+less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+that's going to have the highest planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have the highest planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have the highest planar
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+you know it right that's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it right that's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it right that's going to have
+the highest planar density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest planar density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest planar density
+so that's a you know so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a you know so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a you know so that's a
+connection now so you can connect now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection now so you can connect now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection now so you can connect now
+what we've learned about miller planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned about miller planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned about miller planes
+about crystallography to this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about crystallography to this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about crystallography to this simple
+kind of uh uh you know calculations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh you know calculations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh uh you know calculations of
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+to this incredibly important behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this incredibly important behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this incredibly important behavior of
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+plastic deformation because now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic deformation because now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic deformation because now you know
+how that's going to plastically deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's going to plastically deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's going to plastically deform
+it's going to deform along its closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to deform along its closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to deform along its closest
+pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack
+closest packed plane and you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest packed plane and you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest packed plane and you can also
+look at the directions and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the directions and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the directions and it's
+it's shown here that the slip direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shown here that the slip direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shown here that the slip direction
+will be along one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be along one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be along one of those
+that's the highest density direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest density direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest density direction
+the 110 so it's going to slip along one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 110 so it's going to slip along one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 110 so it's going to slip along one
+of those directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those directions
+okay good slip plane it's a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good slip plane it's a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good slip plane it's a plane
+plus this together combined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this together combined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this together combined
+these are called slip systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the slip plane and the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slip plane and the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slip plane and the direction
+that's called the slip system okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the slip system okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the slip system okay now
+um there's there's another thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's another thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's there's another thing that
+happens with dislocations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with dislocations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with dislocations that's
+so cool and so important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool and so important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cool and so important to
+materials and to the things we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and to the things we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and to the things we want to
+do with materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with materials
+um and it has to do with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it has to do with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it has to do with the fact that
+like i said the dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said the dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said the dislocations
+come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and
+and they come in and they can be a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come in and they can be a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come in and they can be a total
+mess and entanglement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess and entanglement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess and entanglement
+so by the way how did it come in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the way how did it come in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the way how did it come in in the
+first place if i started with a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place if i started with a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place if i started with a perfect
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+where did it come from how could there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it come from how could there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did it come from how could there
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+a dislocation it can come in from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dislocation it can come in from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dislocation it can come in from the
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+right you've got an edge there there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got an edge there there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you've got an edge there there can
+be a mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a mismatch
+and i call it up i need a dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i call it up i need a dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i call it up i need a dislocation
+or i'm going to break boom comes in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm going to break boom comes in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm going to break boom comes in from
+the edge comes in from the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge comes in from the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge comes in from the edge
+they come to the rescue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to the rescue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to the rescue this
+is a simulation of exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simulation of exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simulation of exactly that
+done by the chair of the department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the chair of the department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by the chair of the department of
+civil uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil uh in the
+civil engineering department marcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering department marcus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineering department marcus
+buehler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a simulation he did some years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simulation he did some years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simulation he did some years ago but
+he's modeling the dislocations that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's modeling the dislocations that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's modeling the dislocations that's
+what you're going to see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to see here
+as a piece of metal is cracked watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a piece of metal is cracked watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a piece of metal is cracked watch
+this watch them come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this watch them come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this watch them come in
+it's saying i need you help me and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying i need you help me and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying i need you help me and there
+they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go
+okay now look at what hap there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now look at what hap there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now look at what hap there's so
+many of them forming and forming and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them forming and forming and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them forming and forming and now
+tangling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangling
+and tangling and tangling then he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tangling and tangling then he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tangling and tangling then he's
+going to zoom in it's very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zoom in it's very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zoom in it's very cool
+those are dislocations like we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are dislocations like we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are dislocations like we saw in
+the experiments but this is a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments but this is a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments but this is a computer
+simulation of them they're still kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of them they're still kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation of them they're still kind of
+tingling here they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tingling here they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tingling here they go
+they come in they get called in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in they get called in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in they get called in to
+relieve the atomic force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieve the atomic force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieve the atomic force
+to release and let the material slip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to release and let the material slip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to release and let the material slip
+yeah but there's something that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there's something that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there's something that happens
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+there's something that happens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that happens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that happens right
+because now we go back to the rug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we go back to the rug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we go back to the rug
+we go back to the rug and look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to the rug and look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to the rug and look at what's
+happened i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened i'm
+going along and i did the calculation i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along and i did the calculation i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along and i did the calculation i
+don't want to lift it it's too heavy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to lift it it's too heavy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to lift it it's too heavy but
+i'm going to create a little dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to create a little dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to create a little dislocation
+and move it along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move it along
+and i come across someone else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i come across someone else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i come across someone else's
+dislocation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation here
+look at this i'm trying to roll mine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this i'm trying to roll mine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this i'm trying to roll mine and
+there's another one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one there
+what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen
+but i can't go anymore i'm blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can't go anymore i'm blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can't go anymore i'm blocked
+i'm blocked so so when dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm blocked so so when dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm blocked so so when dislocations
+tangle up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangle up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangle up
+you can imagine now it prevents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine now it prevents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine now it prevents
+dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations
+from moving but you said dislocation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from moving but you said dislocation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from moving but you said dislocation is
+moving is what gives me the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving is what gives me the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving is what gives me the plastic
+regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as i introduce dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i introduce dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i introduce dislocations
+i prov i make it so that it's harder for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i prov i make it so that it's harder for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i prov i make it so that it's harder for
+dislocations to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations to move
+right there's actually a name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's actually a name for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's actually a name for that
+there's a name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a name for that
+because it really changes the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really changes the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really changes the mechanical
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+it's called cold hardening or work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cold hardening or work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called cold hardening or work
+hardening or strain hardening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening or strain hardening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardening or strain hardening
+sorry cold work cold working so work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry cold work cold working so work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry cold work cold working so work
+hardening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or sometimes strain hardening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh why is it called hardening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why is it called hardening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why is it called hardening
+because you're literally making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're literally making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're literally making this
+material harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material harder
+you you know what's happened is i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know what's happened is i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know what's happened is i've
+taken away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken away
+ductility so i've made it more brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductility so i've made it more brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ductility so i've made it more brittle
+i've taken away the plastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've taken away the plastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've taken away the plastic deformation
+it can't do as much plastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't do as much plastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't do as much plastic deformation
+because that only happens by motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that only happens by motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that only happens by motion of
+dislocations and i'm locking them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations and i'm locking them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations and i'm locking them in
+but i'm letting it maybe go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm letting it maybe go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm letting it maybe go a little
+farther in how much it can elastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther in how much it can elastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther in how much it can elastically
+deform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform
+right maybe now once it gets to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe now once it gets to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe now once it gets to here
+it says you know what i you know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says you know what i you know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says you know what i you know okay
+i've got all these dislocations in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got all these dislocations in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got all these dislocations in there
+um it's not letting me plastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not letting me plastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's not letting me plastically
+deform so i'll keep elastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform so i'll keep elastically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform so i'll keep elastically
+deforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforming
+i'll just keep a lot but that gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just keep a lot but that gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just keep a lot but that gets you
+up to much higher stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to much higher stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to much higher stresses
+it gets you up to much higher stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets you up to much higher stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets you up to much higher stresses
+with elastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with elastic deformation
+and so this is a plot look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a plot look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a plot look at that
+that's called the oh i should have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the oh i should have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called the oh i should have put
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+down there let me label that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there let me label that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there let me label that because
+that's a pretty important point i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty important point i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty important point i
+labeled the fracture point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the fracture point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled the fracture point
+this is the yield point there it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the yield point there it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the yield point there it is the
+yield strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield strength
+right that's called the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's called the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's called the yield
+because it's where it yields to plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's where it yields to plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's where it yields to plastic
+deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deformation
+okay right now so here you go you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now so here you go you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now so here you go you've got
+some steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steel
+you've got some brass and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some brass and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got some brass and you've got
+some copper and these this is plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some copper and these this is plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some copper and these this is plotting
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+this is the percent cold work cold work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the percent cold work cold work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the percent cold work cold work
+is work hardening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work hardening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is work hardening
+work hardening is adding dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hardening is adding dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work hardening is adding dislocations
+on purpose on purpose so that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose on purpose so that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose on purpose so that what
+so that i increase the yield strength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i increase the yield strength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i increase the yield strength so
+that this material can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this material can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this material can
+go in tight can elastically deform now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in tight can elastically deform now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in tight can elastically deform now
+up to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to higher
+and higher and higher strengths right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher and higher strengths right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher and higher strengths right
+this is it and but but the ductility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it and but but the ductility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it and but but the ductility
+goes down when you bend a paper clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down when you bend a paper clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down when you bend a paper clip
+don't you go and tell anybody it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you go and tell anybody it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you go and tell anybody it's
+because of heat that it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of heat that it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of heat that it breaks
+that's not why a paper clip breaks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not why a paper clip breaks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not why a paper clip breaks it
+gets hot and warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hot and warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hot and warm
+you bend it back and forth it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bend it back and forth it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bend it back and forth it breaks
+because you are putting dislocations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are putting dislocations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are putting dislocations
+into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+and you're making it more brittle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're making it more brittle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're making it more brittle in
+fact if you heated it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you heated it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you heated it up
+you would anneal those out and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would anneal those out and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would anneal those out and make it
+more ductile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ductile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ductile
+again that's how you get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's how you get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's how you get rid of the
+dislocations you got to heat it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations you got to heat it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations you got to heat it back
+up it makes it brittle the ductility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it makes it brittle the ductility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it makes it brittle the ductility
+goes down okay why does this matter well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down okay why does this matter well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down okay why does this matter well
+this is one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one reason
+if you don't plan your cold work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't plan your cold work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't plan your cold work
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+you might make the material too brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might make the material too brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might make the material too brittle
+you wanted it to be so hard because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted it to be so hard because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted it to be so hard because this
+was such an important ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such an important ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was such an important ship
+and it was going to be a big deal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was going to be a big deal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was going to be a big deal and
+the launch was really exciting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch was really exciting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the launch was really exciting and then
+it cracks in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cracks in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cracks in half
+the entire ship why because you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire ship why because you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire ship why because you didn't
+look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up
+what dislocations mean you didn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dislocations mean you didn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what dislocations mean you didn't take
+309.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+309.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+309.1
+that's why that's a pretty big crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the the the main why this matters oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the main why this matters oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the the main why this matters oh
+i couldn't help it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't help it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't help it
+i am a big fan of wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a big fan of wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am a big fan of wind
+wind energy is growing and growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind energy is growing and growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind energy is growing and growing and
+it's it's it's such a great resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's such a great resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's such a great resource
+it's such a great national resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a great national resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a great national resource
+here's the global uh capacity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the global uh capacity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the global uh capacity and
+this is install capacity for wind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is install capacity for wind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is install capacity for wind uh
+turbines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines
+um but see this is a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but see this is a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but see this is a mechanical
+materials problem that you are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials problem that you are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials problem that you are now
+equipped to think about more deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped to think about more deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped to think about more deeply
+right um because you see you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um because you see you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um because you see you can
+you can do a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a lot of different
+experiments on those turbines so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on those turbines so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on those turbines so the
+turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine
+so the blades here are critical you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the blades here are critical you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the blades here are critical you can
+imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+you want them to be light but but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them to be light but but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want them to be light but but if
+they're too light there may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too light there may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're too light there may not be
+strong enough and then how do they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough and then how do they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong enough and then how do they need
+to be strong because you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strong because you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strong because you've got
+huge amounts of wind coming at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amounts of wind coming at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amounts of wind coming at them
+and it turns out you need to hit just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out you need to hit just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out you need to hit just
+the right balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right balance
+of elastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elastic deformation
+before it goes into some plastic regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it goes into some plastic regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it goes into some plastic regime
+you need to hit just the right balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to hit just the right balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to hit just the right balance
+of ductility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ductility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ductility
+so here's for example these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's for example these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's for example these are some
+simulations here are some experiments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations here are some experiments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations here are some experiments on
+a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+material for a wind turbine blade and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for a wind turbine blade and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material for a wind turbine blade and
+then you put it out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put it out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put it out there
+and and look at what happens ice by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at what happens ice by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and look at what happens ice by the
+way this ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this ice
+comes off at hundreds of miles an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off at hundreds of miles an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes off at hundreds of miles an hour
+in chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in chunks
+these farmers are not happy about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these farmers are not happy about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these farmers are not happy about that
+seriously but those are bugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously but those are bugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously but those are bugs
+those are bugs so actually bugs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are bugs so actually bugs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are bugs so actually bugs in
+wind turbine blades is a serious problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind turbine blades is a serious problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind turbine blades is a serious problem
+how do you clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you clean
+bugs off of it because it dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs off of it because it dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs off of it because it dramatically
+changes the aerodynamics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the aerodynamics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the aerodynamics and the
+efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency
+it also can damage the blade itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also can damage the blade itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also can damage the blade itself
+so there's all sorts of work going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of work going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's all sorts of work going on
+how do you make bug proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make bug proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make bug proof
+wind turbine blades okay we'll now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind turbine blades okay we'll now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind turbine blades okay we'll now just
+spray it with something ah but then does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray it with something ah but then does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray it with something ah but then does
+it have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it have the right
+plastic different what does it have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic different what does it have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic different what does it have the
+right yield point or is it just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yield point or is it just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yield point or is it just going to
+crack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack
+right and and by the way it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and by the way it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and by the way it's got to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+five times 10 to the ninth cycles before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times 10 to the ninth cycles before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times 10 to the ninth cycles before
+it can fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can fail
+that's like the metric so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the metric so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the metric so that's a
+pretty big ask of a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big ask of a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big ask of a material
+it all comes down to understanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes down to understanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all comes down to understanding this
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+and and in the broader sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in the broader sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in the broader sense of
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+this to me is a very exciting ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to me is a very exciting ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to me is a very exciting ask
+why because if you look at a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because if you look at a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because if you look at a plot
+of the density of materials okay heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density of materials okay heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density of materials okay heavy
+light good kilograms per meter cubed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light good kilograms per meter cubed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light good kilograms per meter cubed and
+and the young's modulus now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the young's modulus now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the young's modulus now this is a
+measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+of the strength of the material right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strength of the material right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the strength of the material right
+it's a measure of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a measure of how much
+strain you could put on the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain you could put on the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain you could put on the material
+before it breaks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it breaks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it breaks or
+it goes through deformation but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through deformation but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through deformation but look at
+this different materials are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different materials are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this different materials are here
+rubbers foams okay foams have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers foams okay foams have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbers foams okay foams have
+relatively low young's modulus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low young's modulus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low young's modulus but
+they're really light that could be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really light that could be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really light that could be good
+uh up here you've got metals and alloys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up here you've got metals and alloys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up here you've got metals and alloys
+ceramics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramics
+you've got polymers in here but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got polymers in here but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got polymers in here but but
+notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice
+i've got so many different applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got so many different applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got so many different applications
+and needs in the applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and needs in the applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and needs in the applications
+and i've got this plot where i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've got this plot where i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've got this plot where i've got
+nothing here and nothing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing here and nothing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing here and nothing here
+even though if i could fill this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though if i could fill this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though if i could fill this out
+and dial up any stress strain curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dial up any stress strain curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dial up any stress strain curve
+for any density or young's modulus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any density or young's modulus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any density or young's modulus you
+can make a big difference in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a big difference in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a big difference in a lot of
+different applications so i think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications so i think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different applications so i think this
+is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great
+a great challenge have a good night see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great challenge have a good night see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great challenge have a good night see
+you guys on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8Uh0qSp_Vck.txt b/8Uh0qSp_Vck.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0afadec5f9cc155ce7e9defc0c06ec4e23524bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8Uh0qSp_Vck.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are we gonna do we're gonna explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do we're gonna explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we gonna do we're gonna explore
+only the first born approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first born approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first born approximation and
+the first born approximation corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first born approximation corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first born approximation corresponds
+to just taking this part so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just taking this part so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just taking this part so this would
+be the first born approximation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first born approximation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first born approximation it
+corresponds to what we were doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to what we were doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to what we were doing here
+what did we do here we were simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we do here we were simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we do here we were simplifying
+the second term the integral term by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term the integral term by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term the integral term by
+using what the greens function looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what the greens function looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using what the greens function looked
+like we simplified this term so all what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we simplified this term so all what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we simplified this term so all what
+we did here was valuable except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here was valuable except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did here was valuable except that
+there's one little difference we in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little difference we in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one little difference we in that
+boring approximation we replaced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring approximation we replaced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring approximation we replaced the
+side that appears inside the integral by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that appears inside the integral by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that appears inside the integral by
+the incident side which is AB sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident side which is AB sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident side which is AB sign here
+so we will do that now to simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will do that now to simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will do that now to simplify this
+quantity in the so-called first born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in the so-called first born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in the so-called first born
+approximation one can we use it so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation one can we use it so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation one can we use it so very
+good so when is the born approximation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so when is the born approximation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so when is the born approximation a
+good approximation well we are throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation well we are throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation well we are throwing
+away terms in general when weird when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away terms in general when weird when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away terms in general when weird when
+we're putting an expansion of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting an expansion of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're putting an expansion of this form
+we're saying okay we can set the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying okay we can set the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying okay we can set the wave
+function equal to the free part plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equal to the free part plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function equal to the free part plus the
+interacting part so we have the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting part so we have the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting part so we have the free
+part and it gave us this quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and it gave us this quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and it gave us this quantity and
+the interacting part gave us the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interacting part gave us the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interacting part gave us the second
+one so the born approximation is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the born approximation is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the born approximation is good
+when sort of the free Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sort of the free Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when sort of the free Hamiltonian
+dominates over the perturbation so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates over the perturbation so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates over the perturbation so if
+you have a scattering Center has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scattering Center has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scattering Center has a
+finite energy bump and you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy bump and you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy bump and you're sending
+things with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with very
+energy the born approximation should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the born approximation should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the born approximation should be
+very good it's a high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good it's a high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good it's a high energy
+approximation in which you are basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in which you are basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in which you are basically
+saying that inside the integral you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that inside the integral you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that inside the integral you can
+replace the plane incident wave because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the plane incident wave because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the plane incident wave because
+that dominates that's not the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dominates that's not the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dominates that's not the whole
+solution the whole solution then becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the whole solution then becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the whole solution then becomes
+a plane integral wave plus a scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane integral wave plus a scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plane integral wave plus a scattered
+wave but the plane wave dominates over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but the plane wave dominates over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but the plane wave dominates over
+the scattering process so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering process so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering process so it should be
+valid in high energy it's better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid in high energy it's better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid in high energy it's better and
+better in high energy approximation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in high energy approximation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in high energy approximation so
+we have it here and let's of therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have it here and let's of therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have it here and let's of therefore
+clean it up so if we call this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up so if we call this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean it up so if we call this equation
+equation a we say back to a the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a we say back to a the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a we say back to a the first
+born approximation back to a the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born approximation back to a the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born approximation back to a the first
+born approximation gives us Sai of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born approximation gives us Sai of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born approximation gives us Sai of R
+equals e to the I K I R now we put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to the I K I R now we put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to the I K I R now we put all
+the indices all the arrows and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices all the arrows and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indices all the arrows and we have
+here minus 1 over 4 pi integral D cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus 1 over 4 pi integral D cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus 1 over 4 pi integral D cubed
+R prime e to the minus I K and that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R prime e to the minus I K and that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R prime e to the minus I K and that R
+prime u of our prime and E to the I K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime u of our prime and E to the I K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime u of our prime and E to the I K I
+dot R Prime all this multiplied by e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot R Prime all this multiplied by e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot R Prime all this multiplied by e to
+the IKr over R so let's put a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IKr over R so let's put a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IKr over R so let's put a few
+vectors here that's it ok so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here that's it ok so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors here that's it ok so it's
+basically this same thing here but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this same thing here but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this same thing here but now
+replacing the incident wave here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the incident wave here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the incident wave here that's
+the so-called first born approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called first born approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called first born approximation
+but now this is really good we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is really good we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this is really good we can
+compare this with what we usually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this with what we usually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this with what we usually called
+f theta of Phi this pression over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f theta of Phi this pression over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f theta of Phi this pression over
+brackets is the scattering amplitude F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets is the scattering amplitude F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets is the scattering amplitude F
+Theta Phi so here we have an answer f at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Phi so here we have an answer f at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Phi so here we have an answer f at
+wave number K of theta and Phi is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave number K of theta and Phi is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave number K of theta and Phi is equal
+to this integral let's write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral let's write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral let's write it out
+minus 1 over 4 pi integral D cubed R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over 4 pi integral D cubed R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 over 4 pi integral D cubed R
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+and now we will combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we will combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we will combine the
+Exponential's happy needed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's happy needed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's happy needed two
+Exponential's depend on R Prime so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's depend on R Prime so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exponential's depend on R Prime so it's
+a difference of exponents and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference of exponents and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference of exponents and we will
+call it e to the minus I capital K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it e to the minus I capital K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it e to the minus I capital K
+vector dot R prime u of r prime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector dot R prime u of r prime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector dot R prime u of r prime where
+this capital K vector is equal I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital K vector is equal I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capital K vector is equal I kept
+the sine K n minus this term would enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine K n minus this term would enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sine K n minus this term would enter
+with a minus in that K ki or K s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus in that K ki or K s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus in that K ki or K s the
+scattering K mine as the incident I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering K mine as the incident I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering K mine as the incident I
+vector remember we define there on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector remember we define there on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector remember we define there on that
+blackboard the scattered momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard the scattered momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard the scattered momentum
+ask a times the direction of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a times the direction of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask a times the direction of observation
+that unit vector so in combining these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit vector so in combining these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit vector so in combining these
+two Exponential's into a single one we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Exponential's into a single one we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Exponential's into a single one we
+have this capital K vector that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this capital K vector that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this capital K vector that is a
+pretty important vector and now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important vector and now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important vector and now this is
+a nice formula it it kind of tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice formula it it kind of tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice formula it it kind of tells you
+story that there are not many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that there are not many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that there are not many ways to
+generate things that are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it says that FK the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it says that FK the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it says that FK the scattering
+amplitude as a function of theta and Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of theta and Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of theta and Phi
+is nothing else and a Fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else and a Fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing else and a Fourier transform
+of the potential evaluated at what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential evaluated at what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential evaluated at what we
+would call the transfer momentum so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call the transfer momentum so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call the transfer momentum so it's
+the scattering amplitudes are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering amplitudes are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scattering amplitudes are doing
+Fourier transforms of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transforms of the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transforms of the potential
+pretty nice pretty pictorial way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice pretty pictorial way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice pretty pictorial way of
+thinking about it fully transforms our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it fully transforms our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it fully transforms our
+functions I think when people look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I think when people look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions I think when people look at
+this formula there's a little uneasiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula there's a little uneasiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula there's a little uneasiness
+because the angles don't show up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the angles don't show up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the angles don't show up on the
+right side oh he's a fader and Phi on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side oh he's a fader and Phi on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side oh he's a fader and Phi on
+the left but I don't see a Faden or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left but I don't see a Faden or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left but I don't see a Faden or a
+Phi on the right so I think that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi on the right so I think that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi on the right so I think that has to
+be always clarified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for that if you want to use really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that if you want to use really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that if you want to use really
+theta and Phi I think most people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and Phi I think most people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and Phi I think most people will
+assume that K incident is indeed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that K incident is indeed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that K incident is indeed in the
+Z direction Z direction so here is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z direction Z direction so here is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z direction Z direction so here is K
+incident and it has some length K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and it has some length K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and it has some length K
+scattered has the same length is made by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered has the same length is made by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered has the same length is made by
+the same wave number K without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wave number K without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same wave number K without any
+hindrance but multiplied by the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindrance but multiplied by the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindrance but multiplied by the vector
+unit vector n as opposed to K incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector n as opposed to K incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit vector n as opposed to K incident
+is the same k multiplied by the unit z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same k multiplied by the unit z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same k multiplied by the unit z
+vector so the scattered vector is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so the scattered vector is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so the scattered vector is the
+vector in the direction that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the direction that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector in the direction that you're
+looking at so this is K s is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so this is K s is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at so this is K s is over here
+and therefore this vector is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this vector is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore this vector is the one
+that has the Phi and theta directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the Phi and theta directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the Phi and theta directions
+that is that vector and the vector K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that vector and the vector K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that vector and the vector K is
+K scattered minus K in issue so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K scattered minus K in issue so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K scattered minus K in issue so the
+vector K is the transfer vector is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector K is the transfer vector is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector K is the transfer vector is the
+vector that takes you from K initial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that takes you from K initial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that takes you from K initial to
+K s is the vector and must be added to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K s is the vector and must be added to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K s is the vector and must be added to K
+initial to give you the scattered vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial to give you the scattered vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial to give you the scattered vector
+so this vector capital vector K it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this vector capital vector K it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this vector capital vector K it's a
+little cluttered here and we put this Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cluttered here and we put this Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cluttered here and we put this Z
+in here that vector is over there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that vector is over there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that vector is over there and
+that vector is a are complicated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector is a are complicated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector is a are complicated right
+they're not so easy to express in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so easy to express in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so easy to express in terms
+of ki and KS because it has a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ki and KS because it has a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ki and KS because it has a component
+down but it's it has an angle Phi as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's it has an angle Phi as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's it has an angle Phi as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but one thing you can say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing you can say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one thing you can say about this
+vector is its magnitude is easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is its magnitude is easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is its magnitude is easily
+calculable because there is a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable because there is a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculable because there is a triangle
+here that we drew that has K our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we drew that has K our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we drew that has K our
+incident and K s and here is K so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and K s and here is K so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and K s and here is K so this
+has length K this has length K and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length K this has length K and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length K this has length K and this
+has length capital K the triangle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length capital K the triangle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length capital K the triangle with
+angle theta so if you drop a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta so if you drop a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta so if you drop a vertical
+line you see that K is twice this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you see that K is twice this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line you see that K is twice this little
+piece which is little K sine theta over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece which is little K sine theta over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece which is little K sine theta over
+two so that's one way that formula on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's one way that formula on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so that's one way that formula on
+the right-hand side has the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side has the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right-hand side has the information
+of theta it also has the information of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta it also has the information of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta it also has the information of
+Phi because you also need Phi to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi because you also need Phi to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi because you also need Phi to the
+term in the vector K so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the vector K so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the vector K so this is an
+approximation but look how powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but look how powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but look how powerful
+approximations are in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations are in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations are in general and
+physics this approximation is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics this approximation is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics this approximation is an
+approximation for the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for the scattering
+amplitude it first it's a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude it first it's a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude it first it's a very nice
+physical interpretation in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical interpretation in terms of a
+Fourier transform of potential second it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of potential second it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of potential second it
+gives you answers even in the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you answers even in the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you answers even in the case where
+the potential is not spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is not spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is not spherically
+symmetric you remember when potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric you remember when potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric you remember when potentials
+were sterilized a battery the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sterilized a battery the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sterilized a battery the scattering
+amplitude didn't depend on Phi and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude didn't depend on Phi and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude didn't depend on Phi and we
+could use partial waves and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use partial waves and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use partial waves and that's a
+nice way of solving things but here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way of solving things but here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice way of solving things but here at
+the expense of not being exact we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of not being exact we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expense of not being exact we have
+been able to calculate a scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to calculate a scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to calculate a scattering
+amplitude when the potential is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude when the potential is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude when the potential is not
+spherically symmetric so you managed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric so you managed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric so you managed to
+go very far with approximations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very far with approximations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very far with approximations you
+don't get exact things but you can go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get exact things but you can go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get exact things but you can go in
+two results that are a lot more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two results that are a lot more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two results that are a lot more powerful
+so this is an explanation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an explanation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an explanation of this
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+formula and we can use this formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we can use this formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and we can use this formula in
+fact we'll do a little example and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we'll do a little example and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we'll do a little example and these
+are the things that you still have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that you still have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the things that you still have to do
+a bit in the homework as well many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit in the homework as well many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit in the homework as well many of
+them are in Griffiths and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are in Griffiths and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are in Griffiths and indeed
+technically speaking but you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically speaking but you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically speaking but you need to
+finish for tomorrow hinges a bit in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish for tomorrow hinges a bit in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish for tomorrow hinges a bit in what
+I'm saying but the final formulas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying but the final formulas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying but the final formulas are
+well written in Griffiths explicitly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well written in Griffiths explicitly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well written in Griffiths explicitly and
+in fact half of the problems are solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact half of the problems are solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact half of the problems are solved
+there so it shouldn't be so difficult
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9Nlb3rIoCIc.txt b/9Nlb3rIoCIc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dd08552e553210a355f23d43448f09ef283db65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9Nlb3rIoCIc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6866 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu did anybody have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu did anybody have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu did anybody have any
+questions about this PA path analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this PA path analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this PA path analysis
+which is where we ended the class last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we ended the class last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where we ended the class last
+time it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find the probability that for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability that for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the probability that for two
+individuals when you know they're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals when you know they're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals when you know they're too
+related in related in some way but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in related in some way but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in related in some way but if
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+their uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their uh you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+can draw the family tree you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw the family tree you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw the family tree you're able to
+then using path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using path
+analysis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis you
+can find the probability that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the probability that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find the probability that the two
+alal at one Locus are identical or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alal at one Locus are identical or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alal at one Locus are identical or how
+many of them are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identical it's called the inbreeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical it's called the inbreeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical it's called the inbreeding
+coefficient or the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient or the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient or the coefficient of
+kinship uh both terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinship uh both terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinship uh both terms are
+used but you can use the same thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but you can use the same thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but you can use the same thing to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+just how many genes do you get from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how many genes do you get from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how many genes do you get from your
+great-grandparent for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandparent for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandparent for example
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is the only slide from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the only slide from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the only slide from the
+previous uh the first class I didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh the first class I didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh the first class I didn't get
+to we were talking about Wilson's notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we were talking about Wilson's notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we were talking about Wilson's notes
+from EO Wilson's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from EO Wilson's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from EO Wilson's
+book we got these I read The Abridged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book we got these I read The Abridged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book we got these I read The Abridged
+Edition uh for making those notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition uh for making those notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edition uh for making those notes
+but he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he talks about
+the possibility of inbreeding taboos but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of inbreeding taboos but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibility of inbreeding taboos but
+when he introduces it he uses some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he introduces it he uses some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he introduces it he uses some more
+terms that are interesting he he talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are interesting he he talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are interesting he he talks
+introduces by defining the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces by defining the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces by defining the effective
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+number and that I've defined it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that I've defined it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and that I've defined it at the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+there the number of individuals in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the number of individuals in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the number of individuals in an
+ideal randomly breeding population with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal randomly breeding population with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal randomly breeding population with
+one:1 sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one:1 sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one:1 sex
+ratio that would have the same rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that would have the same rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that would have the same rate of
+heterozygosity decrease as the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygosity decrease as the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterozygosity decrease as the total
+population under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population under
+consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration
+so it that's what makes it the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it that's what makes it the effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it that's what makes it the effective
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+uh it's usually the smallest number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's usually the smallest number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's usually the smallest number you
+can have and and not have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inbreeding at least you would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbreeding at least you would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbreeding at least you would not have
+any more inbreeding than you would if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more inbreeding than you would if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more inbreeding than you would if
+they breed randomly in the whole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they breed randomly in the whole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they breed randomly in the whole the
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population and the number aren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and the number aren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and the number aren't really
+big U they get as low as 10 in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big U they get as low as 10 in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big U they get as low as 10 in some
+animal some species but they often are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal some species but they often are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal some species but they often are
+more closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more closer to
+100 um and then he talks about wri's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 um and then he talks about wri's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 um and then he talks about wri's
+Island model now what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island model now what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island model now what that
+is he he has a model of a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he he has a model of a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he he has a model of a population
+that's divided up into smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's divided up into smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's divided up into smaller
+groups and we know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and we know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and we know that it's
+probably at least very roughly many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least very roughly many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least very roughly many
+populations are divided that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are divided that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are divided that way
+certainly humans were throughout much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly humans were throughout much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly humans were throughout much of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+Evolution uh that's why he calls it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh that's why he calls it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution uh that's why he calls it an
+is the island model because he's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the island model because he's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the island model because he's got the
+population divided into these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population divided into these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population divided into these different
+groups that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that are
+form he computed what well how big would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form he computed what well how big would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form he computed what well how big would
+those groups have to be you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups have to be you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those groups have to be you know in
+order to beet this effective population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to beet this effective population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to beet this effective population
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+definition uh and and then what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh and and then what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh and and then what are the
+advantages of a population being divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of a population being divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of a population being divided
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+way and there are very clear advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and there are very clear advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and there are very clear advantages
+because when you have smaller groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have smaller groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have smaller groups
+you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going
+to the genetic differences that appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the genetic differences that appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the genetic differences that appear
+in the different groups will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different groups will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the different groups will
+differ and so you will have small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ and so you will have small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ and so you will have small
+genetic differences appearing in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic differences appearing in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic differences appearing in these
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+groups and they'll be maintained if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and they'll be maintained if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and they'll be maintained if
+they're not interbreeding of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not interbreeding of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not interbreeding of course they
+would share the genes as soon as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share the genes as soon as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would share the genes as soon as they
+exchanged if mates uh mating involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged if mates uh mating involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged if mates uh mating involved
+movement from one group to the other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement from one group to the other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement from one group to the other but
+if they're truly isolated that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're truly isolated that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're truly isolated that wouldn't
+be happening what would be the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening what would be the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening what would be the advantage
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+that what would be the advantage if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would be the advantage if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would be the advantage if a
+population were divided that way well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population were divided that way well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population were divided that way well
+think if there were some big change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if there were some big change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if there were some big change in
+the environment or new Predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment or new Predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment or new Predators
+appeared affecting all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared affecting all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared affecting all the
+groups well if if there's genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups well if if there's genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups well if if there's genetic
+differences in the groups then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the groups then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the groups then you're
+going to get better survival in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get better survival in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get better survival in some
+groups than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups than in
+others and that's what Wright uh was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and that's what Wright uh was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and that's what Wright uh was uh
+what his model was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his model was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what his model was able to
+show and that's one of the and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and that's one of the and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show and that's one of the and one of
+the consequences of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model many a points points out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model many a points points out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model many a points points out these
+what we he calls the post selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we he calls the post selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we he calls the post selection
+tendencies that affect soci social two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendencies that affect soci social two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendencies that affect soci social two
+very different effects uh in small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different effects uh in small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different effects uh in small
+groups that you have a greater chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that you have a greater chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that you have a greater chance of
+inbreeding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbreeding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbreeding and
+inbreeding uh you generally lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbreeding uh you generally lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbreeding uh you generally lowers
+individual Fitness depresses performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Fitness depresses performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual Fitness depresses performance
+lowers genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers genetic
+adaptability so that is more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptability so that is more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptability so that is more likely to
+happen uh especially if you're well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh especially if you're well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen uh especially if you're well
+below that effective population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number but in the small groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but in the small groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but in the small groups of
+related indiv indviduals there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related indiv indviduals there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related indiv indviduals there would be
+very clear advantages because of Greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear advantages because of Greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear advantages because of Greater
+amounts of altruistic behavior and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of altruistic behavior and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of altruistic behavior and close
+cooperation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+groups and then he talks about a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and then he talks about a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and then he talks about a slight
+a somewhat different concept assortative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat different concept assortative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a somewhat different concept assortative
+mating also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating also known as
+homogamy and this is a tendency you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogamy and this is a tendency you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogamy and this is a tendency you find
+in all uh animal groups and certainly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all uh animal groups and certainly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all uh animal groups and certainly in
+humans a tendency to choose a mate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans a tendency to choose a mate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans a tendency to choose a mate that
+looks similar to oneself or one's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks similar to oneself or one's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks similar to oneself or one's close
+relatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and that what does that mean well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that what does that mean well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that what does that mean well it
+probably means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group I was talking to the TA about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I was talking to the TA about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group I was talking to the TA about my
+worries that the second projector will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries that the second projector will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries that the second projector will
+go out too it's a small small chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out too it's a small small chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out too it's a small small chance
+it's in the connection but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the connection but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the connection but I
+don't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so
+far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would be if you're going to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be if you're going to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be if you're going to always
+choose a mate someone that looks similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a mate someone that looks similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a mate someone that looks similar
+to yourself then the chances that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself then the chances that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yourself then the chances that you
+share genes of course are might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share genes of course are might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share genes of course are might be
+greater but that's only you a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater but that's only you a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater but that's only you a relatively
+small number of genes that affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of genes that affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of genes that affect the
+superficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial
+appearance all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that was the end of that class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was the end of that class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that was the end of that class
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I ask you to read the chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I ask you to read the chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I ask you to read the chapter on
+genes genetic influences on social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes genetic influences on social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes genetic influences on social
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+uh we want to know the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to know the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to know the difference
+between genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between genetic
+determinants of Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants of Behavioral
+traits genetic determination and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits genetic determination and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits genetic determination and what
+sociobiologist uh what their view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologist uh what their view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiologist uh what their view of
+concerning genes and behavior is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning genes and behavior is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning genes and behavior is because
+you know that they've been accused a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of basically saying genes are us you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically saying genes are us you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basically saying genes are us you
+know major Trends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know major Trends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know major Trends are
+genetic uh do the genes determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic uh do the genes determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic uh do the genes determine the
+development of specific social behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of specific social behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of specific social behaviors
+and first of all I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first of all I want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first of all I want you to think
+back to our discussion of ethology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our discussion of ethology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our discussion of ethology we
+talked about Conor Lawrence and fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Conor Lawrence and fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about Conor Lawrence and fixed
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+patterns because ethology was founded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns because ethology was founded on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns because ethology was founded on
+the basis of the hereditability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the hereditability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis of the hereditability
+fixed action patterns and many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns and many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed action patterns and many of them
+are of course social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior but we also knew that a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but we also knew that a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but we also knew that a fixed
+action pattern's not you know totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern's not you know totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern's not you know totally
+determined by the genes it it it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the genes it it it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the genes it it it depends
+on motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on motivational
+levels uh and the motivational intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh and the motivational intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels uh and the motivational intensity
+is influenced by many environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is influenced by many environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is influenced by many environmental
+variables but the underlying action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but the underlying action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but the underlying action
+pattern especially on the motorite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern especially on the motorite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern especially on the motorite the
+fixed motor pattern is considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed motor pattern is considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed motor pattern is considered
+genetic and there's plenty of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic and there's plenty of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic and there's plenty of evidence
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that you can even get mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can even get mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can even get mouse
+populations uh that are genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations uh that are genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations uh that are genetically
+different that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that
+show differences in details of grooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show differences in details of grooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show differences in details of grooming
+behavior um and all the members that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um and all the members that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior um and all the members that are
+have one gene will one genetic variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one gene will one genetic variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one gene will one genetic variant
+will show one type and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show one type and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show one type and all of the
+individuals are almost identical and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are almost identical and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals are almost identical and the
+other groups are a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups are a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups are a little bit different
+certainly pretty strong evidence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly pretty strong evidence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly pretty strong evidence for
+genetic influences on that behavior that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic influences on that behavior that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic influences on that behavior that
+is only social behavior of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only social behavior of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only social behavior of course if
+there's grooming of individuals grooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's grooming of individuals grooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's grooming of individuals grooming
+of each other by in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other by in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each other by in in a
+group but I want you next to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but I want you next to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but I want you next to remember
+that the nature nurture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nature nurture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the nature nurture
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+uh the way that controversy is normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way that controversy is normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way that controversy is normally
+dealt with now especially in soci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with now especially in soci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealt with now especially in soci
+biology is to remember that where are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that both nature and nurture are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that both nature and nurture are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that both nature and nurture are
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+involved you never have a purely genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determination and the other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination and the other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination and the other thing that
+elcock points out here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elcock points out here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elcock points out here is that the
+genetic studies most relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic studies most relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic studies most relevant to
+sociobiology are not developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology are not developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology are not developmental
+genetics at all but population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genetics they deal most directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics they deal most directly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics they deal most directly with
+the consequences of population changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of population changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consequences of population changes
+and the frequency of different variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of different variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequency of different variants
+or alals of given genes not with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alals of given genes not with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alals of given genes not with the
+means by which these alal shaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by which these alal shaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by which these alal shaper
+influence the pathways the biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the pathways the biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the pathways the biochemical
+Pathways of developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways of developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways of developing
+individuals and so a lot of times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and so a lot of times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and so a lot of times the
+criticisms that sociobiologists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms that sociobiologists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms that sociobiologists are
+genetic determinists about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic determinists about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic determinists about social
+behavior is because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior is because they don't
+distinguish between ultimate proximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between ultimate proximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between ultimate proximate
+research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biology and uh he considers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and uh he considers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and uh he considers
+that the main problem with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+criticisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms
+uh especially the critics that argue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially the critics that argue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh especially the critics that argue in
+this extreme fashion they talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extreme fashion they talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extreme fashion they talk about
+they say sociobiologists are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say sociobiologists are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say sociobiologists are talking
+about traits that are hereditary fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about traits that are hereditary fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about traits that are hereditary fixed
+inevitable unchangeable except by Future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable unchangeable except by Future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable unchangeable except by Future
+selection for hereditary Alternatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection for hereditary Alternatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection for hereditary Alternatives
+well we know that that's can't be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that that's can't be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that that's can't be true
+because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of
+the of the nature of what we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the nature of what we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the nature of what we know about
+how genes influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behavior but let me ask you about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but let me ask you about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but let me ask you about just
+leaving these slides for a minute what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving these slides for a minute what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving these slides for a minute what
+about these studies of ethology where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these studies of ethology where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these studies of ethology where
+they're dealing with like the cat um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dealing with like the cat um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dealing with like the cat um
+mating behavior for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating behavior for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating behavior for
+example and you can find relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you can find relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and you can find relationships
+across species and the behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across species and the behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across species and the behavior is
+almost identical in different groups is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical in different groups is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost identical in different groups is
+that not social behavior and isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not social behavior and isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not social behavior and isn't it
+genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically
+determined and I would argue that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined and I would argue that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined and I would argue that it
+certainly is you know but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is you know but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is you know but there are many
+learned aspects as well okay so you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned aspects as well okay so you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned aspects as well okay so you will
+find individual differences in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find individual differences in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find individual differences in a
+especially on the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially on the stimulus
+side uh they develop different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh they develop different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh they develop different
+preferences and so forth even when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and so forth even when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences and so forth even when the
+motor motor s side is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed then Alcock talks about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then Alcock talks about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed then Alcock talks about this
+review done in 1998 so that was a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review done in 1998 so that was a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review done in 1998 so that was a long
+time after the books appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after the books appeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after the books appeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh about uh the study he called it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about uh the study he called it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about uh the study he called it the
+study of genetically determined social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of genetically determined social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of genetically determined social
+behavior that was the main theme of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that was the main theme of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that was the main theme of the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+review but Wilson actually devotes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review but Wilson actually devotes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review but Wilson actually devotes an
+entire chapter in his book to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire chapter in his book to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire chapter in his book to explain
+that although genes are essential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although genes are essential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although genes are essential for
+the development of behavior they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of behavior they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of behavior they don't
+determine it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine it by
+themselves of course I think most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves of course I think most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves of course I think most people
+who look at jeans and Behavior now would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who look at jeans and Behavior now would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who look at jeans and Behavior now would
+say that that would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that would have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that would have to be
+true you can go to an extreme Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can go to an extreme Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true you can go to an extreme Like
+Richard Alexander did here he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Alexander did here he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Alexander did here he just
+points out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out
+that genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genetic
+determinism is a ridiculous argument if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism is a ridiculous argument if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinism is a ridiculous argument if
+you exclude environment completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exclude environment completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exclude environment completely
+environment outside the DNA because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment outside the DNA because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment outside the DNA because it's
+always there and there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there and there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there and there's always
+variables which of course makes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which of course makes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which of course makes us
+wonder why the claim has been so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why the claim has been so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why the claim has been so
+persistent so I'll deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent so I'll deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent so I'll deal with that
+next but this is the way Al alock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next but this is the way Al alock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next but this is the way Al alock
+summarizes it and basically about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes it and basically about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes it and basically about at
+least the chemical environment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the chemical environment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the chemical environment of the
+DNA is always involved and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA is always involved and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA is always involved and that is
+very but I want to point out that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very but I want to point out that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very but I want to point out that a lot
+of people who argue against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who argue against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who argue against the
+influence of genes they're much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of genes they're much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of genes they're much more
+concerned they're much more they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned they're much more they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned they're much more they just
+feel that environment and learning are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that environment and learning are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that environment and learning are a
+lot more important okay that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more important okay that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more important okay that you can
+discount a lot of the genetic factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount a lot of the genetic factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount a lot of the genetic factors
+they also get upset by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also get upset by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also get upset by thinking about
+behavior in a totally deterministic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in a totally deterministic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in a totally deterministic way
+they basically object to the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically object to the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically object to the basic
+Assumption of the scientist who trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of the scientist who trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of the scientist who trying
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+explain you know physical causes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you know physical causes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain you know physical causes of the
+effects of whatever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of whatever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of whatever they're
+investigating whether it's Behavior or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating whether it's Behavior or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating whether it's Behavior or
+anything else I mean psychologists can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I mean psychologists can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else I mean psychologists can't
+do their work without assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their work without assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their work without assuming that
+there are specific effects on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are specific effects on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are specific effects on
+Behavior Uh including genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh including genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh including genetic
+effects and so there are people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so there are people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and so there are people like
+that they don't like in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't like in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't like in general the
+deterministic approach that scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic approach that scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic approach that scientists
+take so it's a lot of times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so it's a lot of times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so it's a lot of times the
+criticisms of those people is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms of those people is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticisms of those people is much
+broader than just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader than just talking about
+sociobiology but sociobiology is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology but sociobiology is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociobiology but sociobiology is what
+triggers their High more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything so this is an enduring myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this is an enduring myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this is an enduring myth
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+elcock despite the fact that all bi just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elcock despite the fact that all bi just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elcock despite the fact that all bi just
+know that every trait of every organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that every trait of every organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that every trait of every organism
+develops through through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops through through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops through through this
+interaction of genes and environment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of genes and environment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of genes and environment but
+I think the myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the myth
+persists they don't like this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists they don't like this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persists they don't like this approach
+as I just pointed out for much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I just pointed out for much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I just pointed out for much more
+General reasons that have to do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General reasons that have to do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General reasons that have to do just
+with soci Biology so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with soci Biology so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with soci Biology so this is a
+convenience traum to set it up like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience traum to set it up like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience traum to set it up like that
+I think it's the nature of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the nature of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the nature of human
+psychology we believe in our ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology we believe in our ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology we believe in our ability to
+change our behavior in other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our behavior in other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our behavior in other people's
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+and for many people the flexibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many people the flexibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for many people the flexibility of
+human behavior is taken as mistakenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior is taken as mistakenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior is taken as mistakenly
+taken as evidence that cultural factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as evidence that cultural factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as evidence that cultural factors
+are the only real determinants of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only real determinants of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only real determinants of our
+actions in fact in some of the meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in fact in some of the meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in fact in some of the meetings
+where these arguments have come up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these arguments have come up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these arguments have come up uh
+people usually outside of sociobiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually outside of sociobiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people usually outside of sociobiology
+of course or behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course or behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course or behavioral
+biology will argue that culture is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology will argue that culture is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology will argue that culture is the
+only real determinant of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real determinant of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real determinant of human
+behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior
+and then I also feel that championing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I also feel that championing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I also feel that championing
+Free Will and freedom of action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Will and freedom of action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Will and freedom of action is
+pretty understandably very popular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty understandably very popular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty understandably very popular in
+fact I think humans have an evolved an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think humans have an evolved an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I think humans have an evolved an
+enthusiasm for freedom of action and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for freedom of action and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm for freedom of action and a
+belief in Free Will so I think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief in Free Will so I think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief in Free Will so I think we should
+be thinking like sociobiologists about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking like sociobiologists about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking like sociobiologists about
+that why do does everybody feel that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why do does everybody feel that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why do does everybody feel that I
+mean yes there are some intellectuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yes there are some intellectuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean yes there are some intellectuals
+that take a very deterministic approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take a very deterministic approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take a very deterministic approach
+and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say
+we think we have free will but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we have free will but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think we have free will but we don't
+and they're being philosophical but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're being philosophical but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're being philosophical but in
+their own behavior do they believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own behavior do they believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own behavior do they believe in
+Free Will you bet you know we all do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Will you bet you know we all do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Free Will you bet you know we all do I
+think it's inherited and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's inherited and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's inherited and I think it's
+adaptive to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way all
+right can a difference in one theal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can a difference in one theal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right can a difference in one theal
+change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of
+behavior and he has this interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and he has this interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and he has this interesting
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+31 to explain how a difference in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 to explain how a difference in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 to explain how a difference in one
+ilil and he has some represented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ilil and he has some represented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ilil and he has some represented by the
+capital and small B could result in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and small B could result in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and small B could result in a
+behavioral difference between two adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral difference between two adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral difference between two adults
+and it's a kind of multiplier effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a kind of multiplier effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a kind of multiplier effect
+this is the way I've reproduced it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you start with the fertilized egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you start with the fertilized egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you start with the fertilized egg
+okay and here's one individual notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's one individual notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's one individual notice
+he's got these most of the genes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got these most of the genes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got these most of the genes are the
+same except that this this Gene here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same except that this this Gene here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same except that this this Gene here and
+this could be you know Big B little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be you know Big B little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be you know Big B little
+B but it's different from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but it's different from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but it's different from this
+individual who has the two recessive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual who has the two recessive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual who has the two recessive
+genes the same Locus so his behavior if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes the same Locus so his behavior if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes the same Locus so his behavior if
+it's going to be affected will be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be affected will be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be affected will be any
+effect of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of that one
+alil and this person doesn't even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alil and this person doesn't even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alil and this person doesn't even have
+that alil so he's got to be affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alil so he's got to be affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alil so he's got to be affected by
+the other one okay it's just one gene so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one okay it's just one gene so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one okay it's just one gene so
+one protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one protein
+and that genetic difference of course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that genetic difference of course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that genetic difference of course um
+will interact with the environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interact with the environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interact with the environment and
+the environment can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment can be
+different so the effects if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so the effects if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so the effects if the
+environment's different for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment's different for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment's different for these two
+individuals you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals you're going to get
+differences that affects the adult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that affects the adult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that affects the adult but
+then as they develop of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as they develop of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as they develop of course and
+neurons develop we know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons develop we know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons develop we know that there are
+many effects of environment on that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many effects of environment on that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many effects of environment on that that
+are independent of these but that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of these but that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are independent of these but that in
+fact is C could make a difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is C could make a difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is C could make a difference in the
+way these things happen during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these things happen during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way these things happen during
+development so the the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so the the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development so the the effect
+here could be present throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could be present throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here could be present throughout
+development with de environments as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development with de environments as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development with de environments as long
+as they're slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they're slightly
+different you know could lead to pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know could lead to pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different you know could lead to pretty
+big differences in two adults in spite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big differences in two adults in spite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big differences in two adults in spite
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and yet the differences developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and yet the differences developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and yet the differences developed
+specifically because of that one genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically because of that one genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically because of that one genetic
+differences so that's all that we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so that's all that we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so that's all that we we're
+talking about here so let's talk exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here so let's talk exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here so let's talk exactly
+how and why the relative frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and why the relative frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and why the relative frequency of
+the two Al could change over multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Al could change over multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two Al could change over multiple
+Generations let's raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations let's raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations let's raise the
+possibilities from what we know okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities from what we know okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities from what we know okay and
+these are the things I can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things I can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things I can think
+of why B could increase and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why B could increase and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why B could increase and the
+recessive trait could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive trait could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive trait could
+decrease first of all if B the small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease first of all if B the small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease first of all if B the small the
+recessive trait resulted in dep before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive trait resulted in dep before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recessive trait resulted in dep before
+the age of reproduction more often than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of reproduction more often than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of reproduction more often than
+the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant
+trait I'm just going to refer to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait I'm just going to refer to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trait I'm just going to refer to them
+that way because of this that's a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way because of this that's a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way because of this that's a common
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+expressing for one ilal recessive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing for one ilal recessive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing for one ilal recessive and
+dominant Al affecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant Al affecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant Al affecting that
+Gene a second thing could be be could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene a second thing could be be could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene a second thing could be be could
+result in behavioral a behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in behavioral a behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in behavioral a behavioral
+difference that reduce the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that reduce the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that reduce the probability
+of successful reproduction in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of successful reproduction in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of successful reproduction in a
+particular environment but not in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment but not in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment but not in all
+environments so at least in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so at least in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments so at least in that
+particular environment the genes would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment the genes would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular environment the genes would
+change in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in their
+frequency all we need is probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency all we need is probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency all we need is probability
+differences and if the recessive trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and if the recessive trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and if the recessive trait
+resulted in no change in probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in no change in probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in no change in probability of
+reproduction but it did reduce parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction but it did reduce parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction but it did reduce parental
+care that alone you see would reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that alone you see would reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care that alone you see would reduce
+would result because you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result because you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result because you would have
+statistically anyway less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically anyway less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistically anyway less
+Survival Of The Offspring and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survival Of The Offspring and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Survival Of The Offspring and that would
+be enough then to lead to changes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough then to lead to changes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enough then to lead to changes over
+multiple Generations in the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Generations in the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Generations in the frequency of
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes all right
+so so let's talk about breeding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's talk about breeding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's talk about breeding for
+Behavioral traits we know that animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral traits we know that animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral traits we know that animals
+are bred for physical traits you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bred for physical traits you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bred for physical traits you know
+how dogs have been bred to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dogs have been bred to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how dogs have been bred to look
+different okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay and
+uh it's we see it especially in farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's we see it especially in farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's we see it especially in farm
+animals we've read beef cattle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we've read beef cattle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we've read beef cattle so
+they're meteor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're meteor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're meteor
+uh what about Behavior it's been done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about Behavior it's been done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what about Behavior it's been done in
+the laboratory for a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory for a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory for a number of
+particular behavioral traits where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular behavioral traits where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular behavioral traits where you
+ignore the phys any physical difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the phys any physical difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the phys any physical difference
+you can you only you have a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you only you have a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you only you have a measure of
+behavior for example how louds Cricket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for example how louds Cricket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for example how louds Cricket
+sing and the ones that sing louder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing and the ones that sing louder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing and the ones that sing louder you
+can breed those with each other the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can breed those with each other the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can breed those with each other the ones
+that see uh sing less and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see uh sing less and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that see uh sing less and at the
+beginning they're probably all singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they're probably all singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning they're probably all singing
+but some of them don't sing as loud as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them don't sing as loud as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them don't sing as loud as
+others and if you keep reading you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and if you keep reading you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and if you keep reading you will
+eventually end up with a loud singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually end up with a loud singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually end up with a loud singing
+group and a pretty silent group okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and a pretty silent group okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and a pretty silent group okay
+it's also been done with fruit flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been done with fruit flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been done with fruit flies
+this has been the most common and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been the most common and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has been the most common and
+probably the most famous experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most famous experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most famous experiments
+with fruit flies are the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fruit flies are the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with fruit flies are the production of
+learning mutants first produced by chip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mutants first produced by chip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning mutants first produced by chip
+Quinn of this department he most of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quinn of this department he most of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quinn of this department he most of that
+work he did when he was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he did when he was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work he did when he was at
+Princeton and he produced strains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton and he produced strains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton and he produced strains of
+fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit
+flies that in a particular learning test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies that in a particular learning test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies that in a particular learning test
+that he had set up to screen the fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had set up to screen the fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he had set up to screen the fruit
+flies um that were particularly stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies um that were particularly stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies um that were particularly stupid
+and he named them after vegetabl so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he named them after vegetabl so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he named them after vegetabl so he
+has rudaba he has turnup and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rudaba he has turnup and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rudaba he has turnup and such
+individuals and he became well known for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and he became well known for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and he became well known for
+that work the learning mutants in Fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work the learning mutants in Fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work the learning mutants in Fruit
+CL it's also been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL it's also been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL it's also been done
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+mice and in rats in mice they've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and in rats in mice they've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice and in rats in mice they've had
+produced facial learning differences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced facial learning differences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced facial learning differences and
+different groups and groups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups and groups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups and groups that
+different in nest building activity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in nest building activity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in nest building activity you
+just select the ones that are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just select the ones that are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just select the ones that are most
+vigorous about building big nests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous about building big nests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vigorous about building big nests and
+the ones that don't build such big nests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that don't build such big nests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that don't build such big nests
+and don't nest in such a vigorous way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't nest in such a vigorous way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't nest in such a vigorous way
+and you you event if you breed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you event if you breed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you event if you breed them
+selectively for those behavioral traits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively for those behavioral traits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively for those behavioral traits
+you'll eventually get groups that uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll eventually get groups that uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll eventually get groups that uh are
+very very different in the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different in the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different in the way they
+build nest and you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build nest and you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build nest and you can do the same thing
+for spatial learning problems and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spatial learning problems and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for spatial learning problems and there
+the best known is the rad experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known is the rad experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best known is the rad experiments
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+they had what was called the HEB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had what was called the HEB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had what was called the HEB
+Williams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Williams
+maze a maze a fairly complex maze that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze a maze a fairly complex maze that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maze a maze a fairly complex maze that
+they could change easily easily they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could change easily easily they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could change easily easily they
+could change the problem so the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the problem so the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the problem so the rat
+would be trained on one then they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be trained on one then they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be trained on one then they change
+the barriers around and test them again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers around and test them again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barriers around and test them again
+and do that repeatedly and they'd come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that repeatedly and they'd come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do that repeatedly and they'd come
+up with a measure of how intelligent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a measure of how intelligent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a measure of how intelligent it
+was called a rat intelligence test how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called a rat intelligence test how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called a rat intelligence test how
+learn how smart are they in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how smart are they in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how smart are they in learning
+mazes and of course some of them learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mazes and of course some of them learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mazes and of course some of them learn
+much better than others and so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than others and so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than others and so again we
+can selectively breathe them for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can selectively breathe them for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can selectively breathe them for how
+well they learn the maze we can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they learn the maze we can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they learn the maze we can have the
+ones that learn better we'll interbreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that learn better we'll interbreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that learn better we'll interbreed
+with those ones that learn more poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those ones that learn more poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those ones that learn more poorly
+and you end up with a maze bright maze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with a maze bright maze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with a maze bright maze
+brain and then you can test for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and then you can test for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and then you can test for other
+differences in you know what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in you know what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in you know what else
+happens to us animal what happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brain it was the fruit fly work that led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain it was the fruit fly work that led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain it was the fruit fly work that led
+most directly to study to Neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most directly to study to Neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most directly to study to Neuroscience
+studies in fact chip after he came here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in fact chip after he came here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies in fact chip after he came here
+eventually did zero in on particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually did zero in on particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually did zero in on particular
+gene or particular uh factor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or particular uh factor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or particular uh factor in the
+brain that was found by other groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that was found by other groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain that was found by other groups
+also to be involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be involved in
+learning okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning okay
+so and when we deal with humans you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and when we deal with humans you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and when we deal with humans you the
+best studies probably that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best studies probably that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best studies probably that
+support genetic influences on Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support genetic influences on Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support genetic influences on Behavior
+are the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the twin
+studies do you all know the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies do you all know the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies do you all know the experiments
+using studying concordance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using studying concordance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using studying concordance
+rates first of all you have to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates first of all you have to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates first of all you have to collect
+large numbers of identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers of identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers of identical
+twins uh so that you that you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins uh so that you that you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins uh so that you that you can either
+test them or find out a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them or find out a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test them or find out a lot about
+them for example do they get become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example do they get become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for example do they get become
+schizophrenic and so that's certainly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic and so that's certainly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic and so that's certainly a
+big behavioral difference the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big behavioral difference the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big behavioral difference the ones that
+become schizophrenic and the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become schizophrenic and the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become schizophrenic and the ones that
+don't so you find out well if a a a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so you find out well if a a a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so you find out well if a a a one
+of the twins you find out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the twins you find out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the twins you find out is
+schizophrenic what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schizophrenic what is the probability
+that his twin will have schizophrenia do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his twin will have schizophrenia do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his twin will have schizophrenia do
+you know what the difference what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the difference what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the difference what the
+probability is it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is it's about
+2/3 okay so it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay so it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 okay so it's not totally
+genetic and it's interesting that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic and it's interesting that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic and it's interesting that that
+2/3 for schizophrenia also applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 for schizophrenia also applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 for schizophrenia also applies to
+the kind of diabetes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of diabetes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of diabetes I
+have if I I had a twin brother okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I I had a twin brother okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if I I had a twin brother okay
+would have to be a brother because I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a brother because I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a brother because I'd
+have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be
+monozygotic okay the brother would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monozygotic okay the brother would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monozygotic okay the brother would have
+a 2third chance of having the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2third chance of having the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2third chance of having the same thing
+the concordance rate is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concordance rate is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concordance rate is not
+100% so that that just means there has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so that that just means there has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% so that that just means there has
+to be environmental factors that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be environmental factors that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be environmental factors that also
+have a strong influence and the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong influence and the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong influence and the degree
+to which the genetics and environment um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the genetics and environment um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which the genetics and environment um
+playr can be estimated from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playr can be estimated from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playr can be estimated from this
+studying concordant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying concordant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying concordant
+traits okay and that has been done for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits okay and that has been done for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits okay and that has been done for a
+number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+uh about the selective reading for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the selective reading for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about the selective reading for
+Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral
+traits uh I like many of the examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits uh I like many of the examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits uh I like many of the examples in
+this book by Temple grandon a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book by Temple grandon a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book by Temple grandon a very
+interesting lady she's actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lady she's actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting lady she's actually I
+Believe come here to give a talk once at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believe come here to give a talk once at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believe come here to give a talk once at
+least I've heard her I think when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I've heard her I think when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I've heard her I think when I
+heard heard her she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard heard her she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard heard her she was
+uh promoting one of her books probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh promoting one of her books probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh promoting one of her books probably
+this one at at the bookstore in Porter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one at at the bookstore in Porter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one at at the bookstore in Porter
+Square where they get authors to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square where they get authors to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square where they get authors to come
+every week and sometimes twice a week to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week and sometimes twice a week to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week and sometimes twice a week to
+give talks on their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks on their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give talks on their new
+books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books and
+uh I met her she actually signed I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I met her she actually signed I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I met her she actually signed I had a
+copy of her book she signed it and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of her book she signed it and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of her book she signed it and uh
+talked to me about the teaching I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to me about the teaching I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to me about the teaching I was
+doing at MIT and so forth gave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at MIT and so forth gave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing at MIT and so forth gave me
+permission cart blanch to use anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission cart blanch to use anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission cart blanch to use anything
+in her book in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her book in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her book in the class
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so she points out various things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she points out various things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she points out various things that
+behavioral traits that dogs have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral traits that dogs have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral traits that dogs have been
+bred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bred
+for they've been bred as you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they've been bred as you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for they've been bred as you know for
+herting Ability for example the sheep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herting Ability for example the sheep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herting Ability for example the sheep
+dog you know if you want a herd sheep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog you know if you want a herd sheep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog you know if you want a herd sheep
+and you you really do need dogs to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you really do need dogs to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you really do need dogs to do it
+efficiently you don't want to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently you don't want to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently you don't want to choose
+just any dog no matter how smarter he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any dog no matter how smarter he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any dog no matter how smarter he is
+how loyal they are genetically different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how loyal they are genetically different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how loyal they are genetically different
+and they have been bred specifically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have been bred specifically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have been bred specifically for
+hurting so the sheep dog is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting so the sheep dog is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting so the sheep dog is very very
+good you're enhancing certain fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're enhancing certain fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you're enhancing certain fixed
+action patterns and decreasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns and decreasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action patterns and decreasing the
+influence of other fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of other fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence of other fixed action patterns
+in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way
+you're you're enhancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're enhancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're enhancing
+stalking uh detecting and stalking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalking uh detecting and stalking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalking uh detecting and stalking
+behavior but you're inhibiting the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but you're inhibiting the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but you're inhibiting the later
+parts of the predatory behavior they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the predatory behavior they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the predatory behavior they
+never attack a sheep you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never attack a sheep you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never attack a sheep you've
+reduced I mean this is predatory attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced I mean this is predatory attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced I mean this is predatory attack
+is also determined by multiple genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also determined by multiple genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also determined by multiple genes
+they're M multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're M multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're M multiple
+components it's not a single fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components it's not a single fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components it's not a single fixed
+action pattern really at least on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern really at least on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern really at least on the
+motor side then retrievers same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor side then retrievers same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor side then retrievers same kind of
+thing some dogs are terrible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing some dogs are terrible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing some dogs are terrible at
+retrievers but if you get a golden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrievers but if you get a golden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrievers but if you get a golden
+retriever or laboratory retriever very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retriever or laboratory retriever very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retriever or laboratory retriever very
+easy because it's part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because it's part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy because it's part of their
+genetics and of course they're trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and of course they're trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and of course they're trained
+for hunting uh pointing I remember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hunting uh pointing I remember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hunting uh pointing I remember my
+father who hunted pheasants he had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father who hunted pheasants he had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father who hunted pheasants he had a a
+pointer when I was a little kid you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer when I was a little kid you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer when I was a little kid you know
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I I I still remember that dog you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I still remember that dog you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I still remember that dog you know
+because he was so incredibly not just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was so incredibly not just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he was so incredibly not just so
+incredibly loyal to my father and not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly loyal to my father and not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly loyal to my father and not to
+his kids uh he was so good at what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his kids uh he was so good at what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his kids uh he was so good at what he
+did you know he would stay right at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know he would stay right at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know he would stay right at my
+father's side and he would I mean either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's side and he would I mean either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father's side and he would I mean either
+used for their incredibly good senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for their incredibly good senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for their incredibly good senses
+but also for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also for their
+ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to detect the Pheasant and then stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the Pheasant and then stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to detect the Pheasant and then stop and
+withhold their their their tendency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withhold their their their tendency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withhold their their their tendency to
+try to grab it and attack it themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to grab it and attack it themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to grab it and attack it themselves
+you know pheasants are mostly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pheasants are mostly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know pheasants are mostly on the
+ground they they can fly to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground they they can fly to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground they they can fly to get
+away U so he would become rigid and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away U so he would become rigid and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away U so he would become rigid and go
+into this posture it was very obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this posture it was very obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this posture it was very obvious
+and then little signal from my father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then little signal from my father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then little signal from my father
+then the dog would rush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the dog would rush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the dog would rush
+forward not to try to kill the Pheasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward not to try to kill the Pheasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward not to try to kill the Pheasant
+but to flush him so he would fly up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to flush him so he would fly up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to flush him so he would fly up
+because people that hunt like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people that hunt like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people that hunt like this
+usually wait if they can't shoot them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually wait if they can't shoot them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually wait if they can't shoot them in
+the air if they're not good enough shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air if they're not good enough shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air if they're not good enough shots
+for that then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that then they
+don't succeed in getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't succeed in getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't succeed in getting the
+Pheasant and I remember the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pheasant and I remember the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pheasant and I remember the situation
+where there were two pheasants full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there were two pheasants full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there were two pheasants full
+pulled up and my father had a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled up and my father had a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled up and my father had a double
+barrel shotgun and he got both pheasants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel shotgun and he got both pheasants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel shotgun and he got both pheasants
+and then another little signal up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another little signal up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another little signal up the
+dog went to retrieve them so he could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog went to retrieve them so he could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog went to retrieve them so he could do
+both of these things retrieving pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things retrieving pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these things retrieving pointing
+hunting uh and yet many many breeds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting uh and yet many many breeds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting uh and yet many many breeds of
+animals you know you cannot train them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals you know you cannot train them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals you know you cannot train them
+in fact they weren't very good with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they weren't very good with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they weren't very good with
+children so as his kids started growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so as his kids started growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children so as his kids started growing
+older uh he got R he gave the pointer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older uh he got R he gave the pointer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older uh he got R he gave the pointer to
+a farmer who had a lot of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farmer who had a lot of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a farmer who had a lot of out of
+space we were now living in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we were now living in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space we were now living in in a
+town when he did that hunting we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town when he did that hunting we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town when he did that hunting we were
+still outside of the town but then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still outside of the town but then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still outside of the town but then he
+moved into the town so his kids could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved into the town so his kids could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved into the town so his kids could go
+to school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to school and
+uh got a doxent much better family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got a doxent much better family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got a doxent much better family
+dog okay so that's the dog I became most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog okay so that's the dog I became most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog okay so that's the dog I became most
+familiar with as I was growing up farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with as I was growing up farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with as I was growing up farm
+animals we know have been bred very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we know have been bred very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals we know have been bred very
+specifically uh not just for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh not just for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh not just for their
+physical nature but you can't help but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical nature but you can't help but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical nature but you can't help but
+when you're breeding farm animals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're breeding farm animals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're breeding farm animals you
+don't you'll tend to choose the the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you'll tend to choose the the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you'll tend to choose the the ones
+that aren't as aggressive so aggression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't as aggressive so aggression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't as aggressive so aggression
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+reduced in the cattle for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in the cattle for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced in the cattle for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh and the the amount of meat they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the the amount of meat they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the the amount of meat they
+produce has been increased for chickens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce has been increased for chickens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce has been increased for chickens
+of course it's egg laying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's egg laying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's egg laying
+ability and that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability and that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability and that's been
+enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced
+uh they also breed chickens of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they also breed chickens of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they also breed chickens of course
+for meat um Bulls it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for meat um Bulls it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for meat um Bulls it's a little
+different and you find bulls that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and you find bulls that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and you find bulls that are
+breeders uh at cattle farms in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeders uh at cattle farms in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeders uh at cattle farms in the US
+where they breed cattle again they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they breed cattle again they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they breed cattle again they
+choose bulls that aren they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose bulls that aren they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose bulls that aren they have to
+limit their aggression but you want big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit their aggression but you want big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit their aggression but you want big
+meat Bulls because that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat Bulls because that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat Bulls because that's what you're
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breed
+um my grandfather knew all about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my grandfather knew all about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my grandfather knew all about this
+kind of breeding of the Bulls because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breeding of the Bulls because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breeding of the Bulls because I
+remember he wanted to let us see how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he wanted to let us see how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he wanted to let us see how he
+did it and he went in on Horseback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it and he went in on Horseback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it and he went in on Horseback and
+got a bull and here comes the bull and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bull and here comes the bull and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a bull and here comes the bull and
+we were all right there in the yard Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all right there in the yard Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all right there in the yard Here
+Comes This Charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comes This Charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Comes This Charging
+Bull you can imagine what we felt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bull you can imagine what we felt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bull you can imagine what we felt you
+know here's this Charging Bull but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's this Charging Bull but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here's this Charging Bull but the
+bull well known to my grandfather was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull well known to my grandfather was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull well known to my grandfather was
+not interested in kids at all he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in kids at all he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in kids at all he was
+only interested in one thing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in one thing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only interested in one thing those
+females in the yard so my cousin opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females in the yard so my cousin opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females in the yard so my cousin opened
+the gate the bll ran through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate the bll ran through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate the bll ran through and
+immediately began soliciting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately began soliciting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately began soliciting the
+attentions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attentions of the
+female okay but of course if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female okay but of course if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female okay but of course if you're
+using the Bulls for other things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Bulls for other things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the Bulls for other things like
+bull fighting then you breed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull fighting then you breed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bull fighting then you breed them
+differently and there are Bull breeders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and there are Bull breeders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and there are Bull breeders
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Spain uh that specifically breed bulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain uh that specifically breed bulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain uh that specifically breed bulls
+for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their
+ferocity in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocity in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferocity in in
+bullfighting and we know of course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfighting and we know of course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullfighting and we know of course we're
+more familiar with breeding of horses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar with breeding of horses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more familiar with breeding of horses
+and they've been bread for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been bread for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've been bread for various
+things you know for Speed the thorough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know for Speed the thorough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know for Speed the thorough
+bread uh for hurting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread uh for hurting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bread uh for hurting
+cattle the quarter horse they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle the quarter horse they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cattle the quarter horse they're
+actually faster than thorough bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster than thorough bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually faster than thorough bread and
+for a quarter of a mile but they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a quarter of a mile but they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a quarter of a mile but they can't
+keep up with the thorough bread in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the thorough bread in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep up with the thorough bread in a
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race
+U and uh so there's SE several breeds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and uh so there's SE several breeds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and uh so there's SE several breeds of
+horses we know that work horses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses we know that work horses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horses we know that work horses that
+tend to be bigger metor stronger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be bigger metor stronger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be bigger metor stronger but
+slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower
+but they're used to pull things pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're used to pull things pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're used to pull things pull
+wagons pull plows and so forth a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagons pull plows and so forth a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagons pull plows and so forth a few of
+them now but some some of them are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now but some some of them are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now but some some of them are still
+maintained so very specific breeding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained so very specific breeding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintained so very specific breeding for
+Behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavioral
+traits so this question concerns the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits so this question concerns the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits so this question concerns the
+problems that often happen when animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that often happen when animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that often happen when animals
+are bred for a single physical trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bred for a single physical trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bred for a single physical trait
+what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens to
+them it's common for behavioral problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's common for behavioral problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's common for behavioral problems
+to appear and this is discussed quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear and this is discussed quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear and this is discussed quite a
+bit in the Temple grandin's book or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in the Temple grandin's book or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in the Temple grandin's book or the
+example I lik was colli dogs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I lik was colli dogs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I lik was colli dogs because
+when I was growing up I remember it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was growing up I remember it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was growing up I remember it was
+po the the you remember Lassie who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po the the you remember Lassie who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po the the you remember Lassie who I
+don't know if you even know who Lassie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you even know who Lassie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you even know who Lassie
+is but that was a popular dog in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but that was a popular dog in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but that was a popular dog in
+Hollywood movies and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood movies and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood movies and it was
+Lassie grew up before this intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lassie grew up before this intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lassie grew up before this intense
+breeding in this period started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding in this period started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breeding in this period started to
+change the appearance of Collies to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the appearance of Collies to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the appearance of Collies to make
+them have narrower and narrower skulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have narrower and narrower skulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have narrower and narrower skulls
+and emphasize the needle nose so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emphasize the needle nose so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emphasize the needle nose so she
+said the result was brainless ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the result was brainless ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the result was brainless ice
+pick not like lassia at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick not like lassia at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick not like lassia at
+all and that's the danger if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and that's the danger if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and that's the danger if you just
+ignore behavior when you're breeding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore behavior when you're breeding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore behavior when you're breeding for
+a particular physical trait and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular physical trait and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular physical trait and this is
+not the only example uh breeds of dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only example uh breeds of dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only example uh breeds of dogs
+you know have particular problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have particular problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know have particular problems
+usually it's that they get certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's that they get certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's that they get certain
+diseases or or Co spaniels for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases or or Co spaniels for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases or or Co spaniels for example
+many of them get type of epilepsy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them get type of epilepsy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them get type of epilepsy you
+know that's certainly a major behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's certainly a major behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's certainly a major behavioral
+problem U behavioral disease that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem U behavioral disease that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem U behavioral disease that they
+get because of this breeding for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appearance so is it true that no genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance so is it true that no genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance so is it true that no genes
+for human behavior have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+found the argument was that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the argument was that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the argument was that we can
+dispense with the direct evidence for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispense with the direct evidence for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispense with the direct evidence for a
+genetic basis of human social forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic basis of human social forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic basis of human social forms a
+single word no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word no
+evidence and here's another quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and here's another quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and here's another quote from
+this book called not in our Jeans by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book called not in our Jeans by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book called not in our Jeans by the
+Harvard Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard Professor
+leanon Rose a British professor in cing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leanon Rose a British professor in cing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leanon Rose a British professor in cing
+I don't remember where he's from he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember where he's from he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't remember where he's from he said
+no one has ever been able to relate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one has ever been able to relate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one has ever been able to relate any
+aspect of human social behavior to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of human social behavior to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of human social behavior to any
+particular gene or set of Dreams is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene or set of Dreams is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene or set of Dreams is that
+true still I don't think so uh first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true still I don't think so uh first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true still I don't think so uh first of
+all in your book there alock just points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in your book there alock just points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in your book there alock just points
+out the absence of evidence isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the absence of evidence isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the absence of evidence isn't really
+evidence of absence of non-involvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of absence of non-involvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of absence of non-involvement
+of genes and Social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes and Social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes and Social
+Development uh I guess it seemed to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development uh I guess it seemed to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development uh I guess it seemed to him
+that way and that was the argument he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and that was the argument he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and that was the argument he
+made but I would point out more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but I would point out more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made but I would point out more recent
+evidence for specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for specific
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+uh we say for a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we say for a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we say for a social
+behavior but I want you to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but I want you to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior but I want you to keep in mind
+that even those specific genes are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even those specific genes are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even those specific genes are being
+found are correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found are correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found are correlated with
+various social behaviors and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various social behaviors and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various social behaviors and especially
+behavioral problems they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral problems they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral problems they're
+not genes code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not genes code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not genes code for
+proteins okay and if we look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins okay and if we look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins okay and if we look at these
+behaviors these abnormalities in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors these abnormalities in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors these abnormalities in humans
+autism schizophrenia and other mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism schizophrenia and other mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autism schizophrenia and other mental
+diseases attention deficit hyperactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases attention deficit hyperactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases attention deficit hyperactivity
+disorder yes there's genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder yes there's genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder yes there's genetic
+contribution to all of these there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to all of these there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution to all of these there
+always multiple genes involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always multiple genes involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always multiple genes involved
+environmental effects are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental effects are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental effects are still
+strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so how could a gene that has what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could a gene that has what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how could a gene that has what
+appears to be maladaptive consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be maladaptive consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to be maladaptive consequences
+be present in some animals or people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present in some animals or people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present in some animals or people
+today why wasn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today why wasn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today why wasn't it
+lock but the first thing I have when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock but the first thing I have when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock but the first thing I have when I
+got diabetes at age 24 you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got diabetes at age 24 you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got diabetes at age 24 you know what's
+this Bean doing around it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bean doing around it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bean doing around it have
+disappeared a thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared a thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared a thousand years
+ago first of all it could be a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago first of all it could be a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago first of all it could be a recent
+mutation and well be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and well be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and well be
+lost or maybe it has its bad effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost or maybe it has its bad effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost or maybe it has its bad effects
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+reproduction I said I got it at age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction I said I got it at age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction I said I got it at age
+24 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 you
+know during the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know during the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know during the age of
+reproduction many effects do occur later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction many effects do occur later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction many effects do occur later
+uh it may have effects only in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may have effects only in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may have effects only in certain
+environments if I were in an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments if I were in an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments if I were in an environment
+I wasn't exposed to the same viruses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't exposed to the same viruses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't exposed to the same viruses I
+may never have gotten it it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may never have gotten it it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may never have gotten it it's an
+autoimmune disease triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune disease triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoimmune disease triggered by
+viruses it's also of course because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses it's also of course because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses it's also of course because of
+modern Medical Treatments but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Medical Treatments but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Medical Treatments but it's also
+remember genetic swamping if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember genetic swamping if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember genetic swamping if you've
+forgotten what that is go back and read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what that is go back and read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what that is go back and read
+it it was in my notes and you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was in my notes and you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was in my notes and you can find
+it also on the web and then I'm posting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also on the web and then I'm posting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also on the web and then I'm posting
+these homework questions it's already at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these homework questions it's already at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these homework questions it's already at
+the end of the class here but I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class here but I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the class here but I am
+willing to give you I want you to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to give you I want you to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to give you I want you to spend
+most of the time on this one the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time on this one the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time on this one the other
+should be easier for you if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be easier for you if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be easier for you if you have
+trouble with those I'm happy to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with those I'm happy to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with those I'm happy to give you
+hints I'm asking you to do these or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints I'm asking you to do these or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints I'm asking you to do these or
+similar to homework I gave last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to homework I gave last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to homework I gave last year
+because I want you to think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want you to think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want you to think about these
+things and be clear about the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and be clear about the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and be clear about the type of
+thinking you need to do and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you need to do and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking you need to do and this is the
+one that causes the most controversy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that causes the most controversy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that causes the most controversy so
+think about that and you can ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and you can ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that and you can ask me
+about it on Fry if you wish and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it on Fry if you wish and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it on Fry if you wish and I'm
+happy to give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggestions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/A5j7NosunEQ.txt b/A5j7NosunEQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67ef152c6c5f7b6f4c3c2b995fbb2f05543ffe67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/A5j7NosunEQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+supplies for this lab you will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies for this lab you will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies for this lab you will need
+cleaved pieces of boron doped silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved pieces of boron doped silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaved pieces of boron doped silicon
+spin-on phosphorus dopent a pipetter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on phosphorus dopent a pipetter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on phosphorus dopent a pipetter or
+dropper glass etent cream cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper glass etent cream cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropper glass etent cream cotton
+swabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swabs
+solder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder
+wires Gallum indiia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires Gallum indiia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires Gallum indiia
+mctic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tweezers step step one applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers step step one applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers step step one applying the
+spin-on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on
+dopent this portion of the lab requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent this portion of the lab requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent this portion of the lab requires
+a spin coater and a hot plate and should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin coater and a hot plate and should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin coater and a hot plate and should
+be performed in a fume Hood first open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be performed in a fume Hood first open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be performed in a fume Hood first open
+the lid to the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid to the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lid to the spin
+coater you will see a black o-ring on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coater you will see a black o-ring on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coater you will see a black o-ring on a
+vacuum Chuck that will hold your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum Chuck that will hold your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum Chuck that will hold your sample
+as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it
+spins grab a piece of boron do silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins grab a piece of boron do silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins grab a piece of boron do silicon
+with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tweezers now place the Silicon piece on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers now place the Silicon piece on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers now place the Silicon piece on
+top of the vacuum Chuck the piece should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the vacuum Chuck the piece should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the vacuum Chuck the piece should
+be roughly centered on the Chuck and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be roughly centered on the Chuck and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be roughly centered on the Chuck and and
+must completely cover the black o-ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must completely cover the black o-ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must completely cover the black o-ring
+to ensure a good vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure a good vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure a good vacuum
+seal press the blue vacuum soft key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal press the blue vacuum soft key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seal press the blue vacuum soft key to
+turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on the
+vacuum next open up the bottle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum next open up the bottle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum next open up the bottle of
+spin-on dopent and pipe it out a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on dopent and pipe it out a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin-on dopent and pipe it out a small
+volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution apply several drops of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution apply several drops of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution apply several drops of the
+spinon dopen to the Silicon piece the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinon dopen to the Silicon piece the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinon dopen to the Silicon piece the
+drops should completely cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops should completely cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops should completely cover the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close the spin coater lid and press the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the spin coater lid and press the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the spin coater lid and press the
+start soft key to begin spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start soft key to begin spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start soft key to begin spin
+coding for our application we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding for our application we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding for our application we have
+chosen a spin rate of 4,000 RPM and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a spin rate of 4,000 RPM and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a spin rate of 4,000 RPM and a
+spin time of 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds after the spin coding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after the spin coding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds after the spin coding is
+complete open up the spin coater lid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete open up the spin coater lid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete open up the spin coater lid and
+turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum now remove the sample from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum now remove the sample from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum now remove the sample from the
+chuck with your tweezers and place it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck with your tweezers and place it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chuck with your tweezers and place it on
+a hot plate set to 220°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot plate set to 220°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hot plate set to 220°
+C the sample should remain on the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the sample should remain on the hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C the sample should remain on the hot
+plate for 15 minutes the baking removes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate for 15 minutes the baking removes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate for 15 minutes the baking removes
+excess solvent from the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess solvent from the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess solvent from the applied
+film the spin-on film should be a blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the spin-on film should be a blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the spin-on film should be a blue
+or green tint depending on viewing angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or green tint depending on viewing angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or green tint depending on viewing angle
+this color is due to thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interference step two diffusion doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference step two diffusion doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference step two diffusion doping
+using a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a tube
+furnace the furnace assembly consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace the furnace assembly consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace the furnace assembly consists of
+the tube furnace and the tube furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube furnace and the tube furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tube furnace and the tube furnace
+controller the controller is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller the controller is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller the controller is on the
+right it Powers the tube furnace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it Powers the tube furnace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it Powers the tube furnace and
+monitors temperature using feedback from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors temperature using feedback from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitors temperature using feedback from
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+thermocouple the tube furnace is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouple the tube furnace is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermocouple the tube furnace is on the
+left the furnace is a split tube furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the furnace is a split tube furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the furnace is a split tube furnace
+and can be opened using a latch on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be opened using a latch on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can be opened using a latch on the
+side heat is provided by resistive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side heat is provided by resistive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side heat is provided by resistive
+heaters that are encased in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaters that are encased in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heaters that are encased in
+ceramic a hollow process tube rests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic a hollow process tube rests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic a hollow process tube rests in
+between the heaters here here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the heaters here here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the heaters here here we are
+using a Mite tube quartz tubes may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a Mite tube quartz tubes may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a Mite tube quartz tubes may also
+be used but are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used but are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used but are more
+expensive the sample is loaded into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive the sample is loaded into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive the sample is loaded into the
+front end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end of the
+tube the sample may be loaded directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube the sample may be loaded directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube the sample may be loaded directly
+into the end of the tube using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tweezers use a rod to push the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers use a rod to push the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweezers use a rod to push the sample
+into the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tube the center of the tube is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube the center of the tube is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube the center of the tube is where the
+temperature is probed and is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is probed and is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is probed and is also the
+area of the Furnace that offers the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the Furnace that offers the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the Furnace that offers the best
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniformity after you've loaded your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity after you've loaded your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformity after you've loaded your
+sample close and latch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+furnace now place the cover on the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace now place the cover on the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace now place the cover on the tube
+adapter and turn on the furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controller use the arrow soft keys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller use the arrow soft keys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller use the arrow soft keys to
+change the furnace temperature set point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the furnace temperature set point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the furnace temperature set point
+to 1,000°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1,000°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1,000°
+c press the blue set enter soft key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c press the blue set enter soft key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c press the blue set enter soft key to
+confirm the new temperature set point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm the new temperature set point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm the new temperature set point
+point the temperature should rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the temperature should rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the temperature should rapidly
+start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to
+rise it takes the furnace approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise it takes the furnace approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise it takes the furnace approximately
+15 minutes to rise from room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes to rise from room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 minutes to rise from room temperature
+to 1,000°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1,000°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1,000°
+C at high temperatures the tube will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C at high temperatures the tube will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C at high temperatures the tube will
+glow a bright red diffusion do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow a bright red diffusion do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glow a bright red diffusion do the
+sample at 1,000° for 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hours once 2 hours have elapsed set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours once 2 hours have elapsed set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours once 2 hours have elapsed set the
+controller temperature to 50° and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller temperature to 50° and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller temperature to 50° and and
+allow the furnace to cool cooling will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the furnace to cool cooling will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the furnace to cool cooling will
+take another 2 to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another 2 to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take another 2 to 3
+hours once the furnace has cooled you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours once the furnace has cooled you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours once the furnace has cooled you
+may open it up to remove your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample remove the mulite process tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample remove the mulite process tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample remove the mulite process tube
+from the furnace and use the loading rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the furnace and use the loading rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the furnace and use the loading rod
+to nudge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample the sample should easily slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the sample should easily slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the sample should easily slide
+out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tube step three making electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube step three making electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube step three making electrical
+contact you will see that both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact you will see that both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact you will see that both sides of
+your silicon piece have coloration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your silicon piece have coloration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your silicon piece have coloration the
+color on the top side is the thin film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color on the top side is the thin film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color on the top side is the thin film
+from the spin-on dopent the color on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spin-on dopent the color on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spin-on dopent the color on the
+back side is due to a thermal oxide thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back side is due to a thermal oxide thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back side is due to a thermal oxide thin
+film that grew on the Silicon during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that grew on the Silicon during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film that grew on the Silicon during the
+high temperature diffusion doping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature diffusion doping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature diffusion doping in
+order to make electrical contact to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make electrical contact to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make electrical contact to the
+ptype and N type sides of your cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype and N type sides of your cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype and N type sides of your cell you
+will need to remove these insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to remove these insulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need to remove these insulating
+dialectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialectric
+films since both films are glass we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films since both films are glass we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films since both films are glass we can
+remove them by etching them with a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them by etching them with a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove them by etching them with a glass
+Ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cream use a cotton swab to apply a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream use a cotton swab to apply a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream use a cotton swab to apply a small
+amount of etent cream to the front and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of etent cream to the front and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of etent cream to the front and
+back sides of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample allow the cream to etch for at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample allow the cream to etch for at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample allow the cream to etch for at
+least 30 seconds and then rinse it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 30 seconds and then rinse it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 30 seconds and then rinse it off
+using deionized water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can dry the sample using compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can dry the sample using compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can dry the sample using compressed
+air there should be shiny areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air there should be shiny areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air there should be shiny areas of
+silicon where the glass has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon where the glass has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon where the glass has been
+successfully etched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully etched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully etched
+away set a hot plate at 300° C and place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away set a hot plate at 300° C and place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away set a hot plate at 300° C and place
+the sample on the hot plate backside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample on the hot plate backside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample on the hot plate backside
+facing up the back is the Boron rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing up the back is the Boron rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing up the back is the Boron rich
+ptype side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell next apply solder to the exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell next apply solder to the exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell next apply solder to the exposed
+silicon surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply solder flux to one end of a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply solder flux to one end of a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply solder flux to one end of a piece
+of electrical wire and place it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical wire and place it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical wire and place it in the
+pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solder now gently slide the sample to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder now gently slide the sample to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solder now gently slide the sample to
+the side of the hot plate to remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the hot plate to remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side of the hot plate to remove
+it the solder will solidify as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the solder will solidify as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the solder will solidify as the
+sample cools at the edge of the hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate the wire is now connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the wire is now connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate the wire is now connected to the
+ptype side of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype side of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype side of the solar
+cell in order to make electrical contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in order to make electrical contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in order to make electrical contact
+to the end type side we will use gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end type side we will use gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end type side we will use gallium
+indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indium
+tic since the TIC is a liquid at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic since the TIC is a liquid at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tic since the TIC is a liquid at room
+temperature it will allow good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it will allow good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it will allow good
+electrical contact with minimal damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact with minimal damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact with minimal damage
+to the PN Junction side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the PN Junction side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the PN Junction side of the
+cell use a cotton swab to apply a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell use a cotton swab to apply a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell use a cotton swab to apply a small
+amount of tic to the exposed n type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silicon step four testing your solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon step four testing your solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon step four testing your solar
+cell use alligator clips to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell use alligator clips to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell use alligator clips to make
+electrical contact to the front and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact to the front and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical contact to the front and back
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+cell here the black cable is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here the black cable is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell here the black cable is connected
+from the ptype side of the cell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ptype side of the cell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ptype side of the cell to the
+common Port of the multimeter the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Port of the multimeter the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common Port of the multimeter the yellow
+cable is connected from the end type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable is connected from the end type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable is connected from the end type
+side of the cell to the low current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the cell to the low current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the cell to the low current
+input Port of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Port of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input Port of the
+multimeter the multimeter is set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter the multimeter is set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter the multimeter is set to
+measure DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure DC
+current we can use a visible light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we can use a visible light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we can use a visible light
+source such as an LED lamp to test if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source such as an LED lamp to test if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source such as an LED lamp to test if
+the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is
+working when I remove the direct source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working when I remove the direct source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working when I remove the direct source
+of light from the cell the multimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light from the cell the multimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light from the cell the multimeter
+measures about 60 microamps of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures about 60 microamps of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures about 60 microamps of current
+however when the light is shined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when the light is shined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however when the light is shined
+directly at the cell the multimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at the cell the multimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly at the cell the multimeter
+measures greater than a milliamp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures greater than a milliamp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures greater than a milliamp of
+current we can also measure the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we can also measure the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we can also measure the open
+circuit voltage of the cell by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit voltage of the cell by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit voltage of the cell by changing
+the connections to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the connections to the
+multimeter this cell provides about 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter this cell provides about 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimeter this cell provides about 300
+molts when illuminated compared to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molts when illuminated compared to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molts when illuminated compared to 30
+microvolts when the light source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microvolts when the light source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microvolts when the light source is
+taken away
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AdTvkFsqcDc.txt b/AdTvkFsqcDc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f70770e35d24d0da3931f6f982bddfb854bf0c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AdTvkFsqcDc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so I've got a few things in mind for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I've got a few things in mind for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so I've got a few things in mind for
+today one is to answer those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today one is to answer those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today one is to answer those two
+questions on the second line we answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the second line we answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on the second line we answered
+the two we found those two formulas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two we found those two formulas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two we found those two formulas on
+the first line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first line
+last time the derivative of a inverse so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the derivative of a inverse so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the derivative of a inverse so
+the derivative of a squared ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a squared ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a squared ought to be
+easy but if we can't do that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but if we can't do that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but if we can't do that we need to
+be sure we can and then this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure we can and then this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure we can and then this was the
+derivative of an eigenvalue and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an eigenvalue and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of an eigenvalue and then
+it's natural asked about the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's natural asked about the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's natural asked about the derivative
+of the singular value and i had a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the singular value and i had a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the singular value and i had a happy
+day yesterday in the snow realizing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day yesterday in the snow realizing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day yesterday in the snow realizing that
+that has a nice formula too of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a nice formula too of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a nice formula too of course
+I'm not the first I'm sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wikipedia already knows this formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia already knows this formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia already knows this formula but
+it was new to me and I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was new to me and I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was new to me and I should say
+professor Adelman has carried it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Adelman has carried it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Adelman has carried it to the
+second derivative again not new but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative again not new but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative again not new but it's
+it's more difficult to find second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more difficult to find second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more difficult to find second
+derivatives and interesting but would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and interesting but would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and interesting but would
+you stay with first derivatives okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay with first derivatives okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stay with first derivatives okay so
+it's my first item of sort of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my first item of sort of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my first item of sort of business
+from last time and then I'd like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time and then I'd like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time and then I'd like to say
+something about lab homeworks and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about lab homeworks and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about lab homeworks and ask
+your advice and begin to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your advice and begin to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your advice and begin to say something
+about a project and then I will move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a project and then I will move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a project and then I will move to
+these topics in section 44 that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics in section 44 that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these topics in section 44 that you have
+already and you might notice I skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and you might notice I skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and you might notice I skipped
+fourth 0.3 and the reason is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth 0.3 and the reason is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth 0.3 and the reason is that on
+Friday actually arriving at MIT tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday actually arriving at MIT tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday actually arriving at MIT tomorrow
+is Professor Townsend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Professor Townsend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Professor Townsend
+whose special 4.3 is all about his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose special 4.3 is all about his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose special 4.3 is all about his work
+and he's the best lecturer I know he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's the best lecturer I know he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's the best lecturer I know he he
+did the 8 you know so he was here as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the 8 you know so he was here as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the 8 you know so he was here as a
+instructor and did 1806 and was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and did 1806 and was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor and did 1806 and was a big
+success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success
+actually he's also just won prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he's also just won prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he's also just won prize for
+the ZOA international prize for the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ZOA international prize for the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ZOA international prize for the for
+the for young investigators young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for young investigators young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for young investigators young
+faculty in applied linear algebra so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty in applied linear algebra so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty in applied linear algebra so
+he's he goes to Hong Kong to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he goes to Hong Kong to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he goes to Hong Kong to get that
+price to anyway he will be on the videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to anyway he will be on the videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price to anyway he will be on the videos
+and in here in the class Friday if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here in the class Friday if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here in the class Friday if all
+goes well okay so in order then those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes well okay so in order then those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes well okay so in order then those in
+order the first thing is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the first thing is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order the first thing is the derivative
+of a squared and you might think it's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a squared and you might think it's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a squared and you might think it's to
+aid da/dt but it's not and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid da/dt but it's not and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aid da/dt but it's not and if you
+realize that it's not and you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it's not and you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that it's not and you realize
+what it is you will get these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you will get these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you will get these things
+right in the future so the answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the future so the answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the future so the answer to the
+derivative of a squared is not not to ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a squared is not not to ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a squared is not not to ad
+a DT and why isn't it and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DT and why isn't it and what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DT and why isn't it and what is the
+right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer
+so I do that maybe just below here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did anybody well I could ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody well I could ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did anybody well I could ask you to
+guess the right answer but why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the right answer but why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the right answer but why don't we
+do it systematically so how do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it systematically so how do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it systematically so how do you find
+the derivative it's a limit first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative it's a limit first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative it's a limit first you
+have a delta a right and then you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a delta a right and then you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a delta a right and then you take a
+limit so I look at a plus Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so I look at a plus Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so I look at a plus Delta a
+squared minus a squared so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus a squared so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus a squared so that's the
+change in a squared and I divide it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in a squared and I divide it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in a squared and I divide it by
+delta T and then delta T goes to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and then delta T goes to 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and then delta T goes to 0 so
+that's the derivative I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the derivative I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the derivative I'm looking for
+the derivative of a squared and now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a squared and now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of a squared and now if I
+write that out you'll see why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that out you'll see why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that out you'll see why this is
+wrong but something very close to it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but something very close to it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but something very close to it of
+course can't be far away is right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can't be far away is right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course can't be far away is right so
+what happens if I write this out the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I write this out the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I write this out the a
+squared will cancel the a squared I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared will cancel the a squared I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared will cancel the a squared I'll
+have what will I have will I have - a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what will I have will I have - a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what will I have will I have - a
+delta a why don't I write - a delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta a why don't I write - a delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta a why don't I write - a delta a
+next because a because when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next because a because when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next because a because when you're
+squaring a sum of two matrices one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring a sum of two matrices one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring a sum of two matrices one term
+is a delta a and another term is Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a delta a and another term is Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a delta a and another term is Delta a
+a and those are different in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and those are different in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and those are different in general and
+then Plus Delta V Delta a squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Plus Delta V Delta a squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Plus Delta V Delta a squared and
+now I divide it all by delta T so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I divide it all by delta T so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I divide it all by delta T so you're
+now seen my point that now I let Delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now seen my point that now I let Delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now seen my point that now I let Delta T
+go to 0 so I'm just doing matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 0 so I'm just doing matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to 0 so I'm just doing matrix
+calculus and it's you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and it's you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and it's you know it's not
+altogether simple but if you follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether simple but if you follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether simple but if you follow the
+rules it comes out right so now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules it comes out right so now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules it comes out right so now what
+what answer do I get as delta T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what answer do I get as delta T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what answer do I get as delta T goes to
+0 I get a DA DT that's the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I get a DA DT that's the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 I get a DA DT that's the definition of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+that ratio goes to da/dt that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio goes to da/dt that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio goes to da/dt that's the
+whole idea of the derivative of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of the derivative of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of the derivative of a and
+now what's the other term it's da ETA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the other term it's da ETA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the other term it's da ETA so
+it was simply that point that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was simply that point that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was simply that point that I wanted
+you to pick up on that da the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pick up on that da the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pick up on that da the derivative
+might not commute with a matrices don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not commute with a matrices don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not commute with a matrices don't
+commute in general and so you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute in general and so you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute in general and so you notice
+that we had a similar expression there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we had to pay attention to the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to pay attention to the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to pay attention to the order of
+things there and now we get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there and now we get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there and now we get it right
+it's not this but a da DT plus da DT a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not this but a da DT plus da DT a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not this but a da DT plus da DT a
+okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good
+now can I do the other one niche which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I do the other one niche which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can I do the other one niche which
+is a little more serious but it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little more serious but it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little more serious but it's it's a
+beautiful formula and it's parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful formula and it's parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful formula and it's parallel to
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+you might even guess it so I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might even guess it so I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might even guess it so I'm looking
+for the derivative of a singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative of a singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the derivative of a singular value
+the matrix a is changing da DT tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a is changing da DT tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a is changing da DT tells me
+how it's changing at the moment at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's changing at the moment at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's changing at the moment at the
+instant and I want to know how is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and I want to know how is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and I want to know how is Sigma
+changing at that same instant and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing at that same instant and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing at that same instant and in
+sort of in parallel with this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in parallel with this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in parallel with this is a nice
+D nice formula you transpose da DT V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D nice formula you transpose da DT V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D nice formula you transpose da DT V of
+T boy you couldn't ask for a nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T boy you couldn't ask for a nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T boy you couldn't ask for a nicer
+formula and than that right so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and than that right so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and than that right so it's just
+like this you remember this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you remember this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you remember this is the
+eigenvector and that's the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and that's the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector and that's the eigenvector
+of a transpose so this is the singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose so this is the singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a transpose so this is the singular
+vector of a and you could say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of a and you could say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of a and you could say this is
+the singular vector of a transpose or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular vector of a transpose or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular vector of a transpose or
+it's the left singular vector of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the left singular vector of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the left singular vector of a so
+that would be our that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula and if we can just recall how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if we can just recall how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if we can just recall how to
+prove it which is going to be parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it which is going to be parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it which is going to be parallel
+to the proof of that one then I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proof of that one then I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proof of that one then I'm a
+happy person and we can get on with life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy person and we can get on with life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy person and we can get on with life
+okay so so just let's let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just let's let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so just let's let's let's
+remember this because it'll help us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this because it'll help us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this because it'll help us to
+remember the other one too okay so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the other one too okay so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the other one too okay so where
+do I start I start with a formula for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I start I start with a formula for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I start I start with a formula for a
+sigma so I believe that Sigma is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma so I believe that Sigma is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma so I believe that Sigma is U
+transpose times a times e everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a times e everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose times a times e everybody
+agree with that everything is depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that everything is depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with that everything is depending
+on T in this in this formula as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on T in this in this formula as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on T in this in this formula as time
+changes everything changes but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes everything changes but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes everything changes but I didn't
+write in the parentheses T three three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in the parentheses T three three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write in the parentheses T three three
+more times okay can we just remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more times okay can we just remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more times okay can we just remember
+about the SVD the SVD says that a times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the SVD the SVD says that a times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the SVD the SVD says that a times
+V equals save my you thanks a B is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equals save my you thanks a B is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V equals save my you thanks a B is Sigma
+u that's the SVD so when I put in for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u that's the SVD so when I put in for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u that's the SVD so when I put in for a
+V I put in Sigma u Sigma is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I put in Sigma u Sigma is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V I put in Sigma u Sigma is just a
+number so I bring it outside and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I bring it outside and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so I bring it outside and I'm
+left with u transpose U and what's u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with u transpose U and what's u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with u transpose U and what's u
+transpose u what so I've used these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose u what so I've used these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose u what so I've used these two
+facts or I could have gone the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts or I could have gone the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts or I could have gone the other way
+and said that this is the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that this is the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that this is the transpose of
+this is a transpose u transpose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transpose u transpose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a transpose u transpose I
+couldn't look at it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't look at it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't look at it that way
+times V and if I look at it that way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V and if I look at it that way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V and if I look at it that way I'm
+interested in what is a transpose U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is a transpose U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in what is a transpose U and
+what is a transpose u its Sigma V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a transpose u its Sigma V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a transpose u its Sigma V and
+its transpose so Sigma V transpose V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose so Sigma V transpose V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its transpose so Sigma V transpose V and
+what is Sigma V transpose V its Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Sigma V transpose V its Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Sigma V transpose V its Sigma
+again of course got Sigma both ways okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of course got Sigma both ways okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of course got Sigma both ways okay
+no now I'm ready to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now I'm ready to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no now I'm ready to take
+here's that's the formula I have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that's the formula I have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that's the formula I have for
+four Sigma completely parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Sigma completely parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Sigma completely parallel to the
+formula that we started out with for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we started out with for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we started out with for
+lambda the eigenvalue was y transpose ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the eigenvalue was y transpose ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the eigenvalue was y transpose ax
+and now we've got u transpose AV and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got u transpose AV and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've got u transpose AV and by
+the way when would those be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way when would those be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way when would those be
+those two formulas be one and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two formulas be one and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two formulas be one and the same
+when would we when does the SVD just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when would we when does the SVD just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when would we when does the SVD just
+tell us nothing new beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us nothing new beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us nothing new beyond the
+eigenvalue stuff for what matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue stuff for what matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue stuff for what matrices are
+the singular values the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular values the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular values the same as the
+eigenvalues and seeing other vectors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and seeing other vectors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and seeing other vectors the
+same as this as the eigenvectors for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this as the eigenvectors for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this as the eigenvectors for for
+symmetric good symmetric square and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric good symmetric square and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric good symmetric square and the
+two words that i'm them always looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two words that i'm them always looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two words that i'm them always looking
+for in this course you could if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in this course you could if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in this course you could if you want
+an A in this course just write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A in this course just write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an A in this course just write down
+positive definite when and the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite when and the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite when and the answer to
+any question because Sigma's are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question because Sigma's are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question because Sigma's are by
+definition positive and if they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition positive and if they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition positive and if they're going
+to agree totally with the lambdas then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree totally with the lambdas then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to agree totally with the lambdas then
+the lambdas have to be positive or could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambdas have to be positive or could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambdas have to be positive or could
+be 0 so positive semi definite would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 so positive semi definite would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 so positive semi definite would be
+the right answer anyway this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer anyway this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer anyway this is our
+start okay and what do we do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay and what do we do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start okay and what do we do with that
+formula so so we this was all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so so we this was all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so so we this was all the same
+because V transpose V was one here I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V transpose V was one here I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because V transpose V was one here I had
+V transpose V and that's one so it gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose V and that's one so it gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V transpose V and that's one so it gave
+me Sigma yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Sigma yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me Sigma yeah good
+everybody's with it okay what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's with it okay what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's with it okay what do I do
+takes the derivative takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the derivative takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the derivative takes the
+derivative of that equation in the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that equation in the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of that equation in the Box
+exactly what I did last time with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I did last time with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I did last time with the
+corresponding equation for lambda same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding equation for lambda same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding equation for lambda same
+thing and I'm going to get again it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm going to get again it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm going to get again it's a
+product rule because I have three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule because I have three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule because I have three things
+multiplied on the right hand side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied on the right hand side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied on the right hand side so
+I've got three terms from the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got three terms from the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got three terms from the product
+rule so D Sigma D T coming from the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so D Sigma D T coming from the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so D Sigma D T coming from the box
+is du u transpose D t AV was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is du u transpose D t AV was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is du u transpose D t AV was you
+transpose da DT V plus the third guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose da DT V plus the third guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose da DT V plus the third guy
+which will be new transpose a DVD did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be new transpose a DVD did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be new transpose a DVD did I
+get the three terms there yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the three terms there yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the three terms there yep
+I'm which term do I want which term do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm which term do I want which term do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm which term do I want which term do I
+believe is going to survive and be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is going to survive and be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is going to survive and be the
+answer well this is what I'm after so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well this is what I'm after so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer well this is what I'm after so
+it's the middle term the middle term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the middle term the middle term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the middle term the middle term is
+just right and the other two terms had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right and the other two terms had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right and the other two terms had
+better be zero so that that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero so that that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be zero so that that will be the
+proof the to the other two terms will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof the to the other two terms will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof the to the other two terms will be
+zero so can we just take one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so can we just take one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so can we just take one of those
+two terms and show that it's zero like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and show that it's zero like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and show that it's zero like
+this one okay what have I got here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one okay what have I got here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one okay what have I got here I
+want to know that that term is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that that term is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that that term is zero so
+what have I got I've got do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I got I've got do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have I got I've got do you
+transpose D T times AV and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose D T times AV and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose D T times AV and everybody
+says okay in place of AV right in Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay in place of AV right in Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay in place of AV right in Sigma
+U and Sigma is a number so I don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and Sigma is a number so I don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and Sigma is a number so I don't mind
+putting it there okay so I've got Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it there okay so I've got Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it there okay so I've got Sigma
+a number times the derivative of U times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number times the derivative of U times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number times the derivative of U times
+u itself the dot product the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u itself the dot product the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u itself the dot product the derivative
+of U with dot product with u and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with dot product with u and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U with dot product with u and that
+equals zero I hope because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of that I'm taking this comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that I'm taking this comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that I'm taking this comes
+from the derivative of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the derivative of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the derivative of that the
+derivative will be but but you see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will be but but you see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative will be but but you see now
+we've got dot products ordinary dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got dot products ordinary dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got dot products ordinary dot
+products and and a number on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and and a number on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and and a number on the right
+hand side we're in dimension one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're in dimension one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side we're in dimension one you
+could say so this this tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say so this this tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say so this this tells me
+immediately that the derivative of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with u plus u transpose times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u plus u transpose times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u plus u transpose times the
+derivative of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U
+is the derivative of 1 which is 0 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of 1 which is 0 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the derivative of 1 which is 0 yeah
+oh all I'm saying is those these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all I'm saying is those these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all I'm saying is those these are the
+same you know vectors X transpose Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you know vectors X transpose Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you know vectors X transpose Y is
+the same as Y transpose X when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as Y transpose X when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as Y transpose X when I'm
+talking about real numbers if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about real numbers if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about real numbers if I was
+doing complex things which I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing complex things which I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing complex things which I could do
+then I'd have to pay attention and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd have to pay attention and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd have to pay attention and take
+if and and take complex conjugates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and and take complex conjugates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and and take complex conjugates at
+the right moment but no it's not bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right moment but no it's not bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right moment but no it's not bother
+so you see this is just two of these and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this is just two of these and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see this is just two of these and
+it gives me 0 so that terms golf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me 0 so that terms golf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives me 0 so that terms golf and
+similarly totally similarly this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly totally similarly this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly totally similarly this term is
+gone this is a transpose U but what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone this is a transpose U but what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone this is a transpose U but what this
+is a transpose u all transpose I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose u all transpose I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a transpose u all transpose I'm just
+doing the same thing times dv/dt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing times dv/dt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing times dv/dt and
+what is a transpose u it's Sigma V so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a transpose u it's Sigma V so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a transpose u it's Sigma V so
+this is Sigma V transpose DV DT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Sigma V transpose DV DT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Sigma V transpose DV DT and
+again 0 because of this so in a way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 0 because of this so in a way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 0 because of this so in a way this
+was a slightly easier thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a slightly easier thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a slightly easier thing that the
+last time was a completely parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time was a completely parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time was a completely parallel
+computation but the first and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but the first and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation but the first and third
+terms had to cancel each other with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms had to cancel each other with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms had to cancel each other with the
+X's and Y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and Y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's and Y's
+now they disappear separately leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they disappear separately leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they disappear separately leaving
+the right answer ok that's you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer ok that's you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer ok that's you might
+think how did we get into derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how did we get into derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how did we get into derivatives of
+singular values well I think if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values well I think if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values well I think if we're
+going to understand the SVD then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to understand the SVD then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to understand the SVD then the
+first derivative of the of Sigma is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative of the of Sigma is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative of the of Sigma is a
+well except that I've survived all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well except that I've survived all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well except that I've survived all these
+years without knowing it so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years without knowing it so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years without knowing it so you could
+say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's not
+you know you can you can live without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can you can live without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can you can live without it
+but it's a pretty nice formula okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a pretty nice formula okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a pretty nice formula okay that
+completes that sections 3-1 and and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes that sections 3-1 and and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes that sections 3-1 and and more
+to say about 3/2 which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about 3/2 which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say about 3/2 which was the
+interlacing part that I introduced okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlacing part that I introduced okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlacing part that I introduced okay
+so where am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where am I
+I guess I'm thinking about the neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm thinking about the neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'm thinking about the neat
+topics in about interlacing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in about interlacing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in about interlacing of
+eigenvalues so may I pick up on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so may I pick up on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues so may I pick up on that
+seem interlacing of eigenvalues and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem interlacing of eigenvalues and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem interlacing of eigenvalues and say
+what's in the notes general idea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the notes general idea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in the notes general idea okay so
+we're leaving the leaving derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're leaving the leaving derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're leaving the leaving derivatives
+and moving to finite changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving to finite changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving to finite changes in the
+eigenvalues and singular values and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and singular values and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and singular values and we
+are recognizing that we can't get exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recognizing that we can't get exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recognizing that we can't get exact
+formulas for the change but we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the change but we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas for the change but we can get
+bounds for the change and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for the change and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds for the change and they are
+pretty cool so let me remind you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so let me remind you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so let me remind you what
+that is what they are so so I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what they are so so I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what they are so so I have a
+matrix that's C a symmetric matrix S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's C a symmetric matrix S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that's C a symmetric matrix S
+that has eigenvalues lambda 1 greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has eigenvalues lambda 1 greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has eigenvalues lambda 1 greater
+equal lambda 2 greater equal so on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda 2 greater equal so on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda 2 greater equal so on then
+I change s by some amount I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change s by some amount I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change s by some amount I think in the
+notes there's a number say there times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there's a number say there times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes there's a number say there times a
+rank one matrix that has eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one matrix that has eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank one matrix that has eigenvalues
+view 1 greater equal mewtwo greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view 1 greater equal mewtwo greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view 1 greater equal mewtwo greater
+equal something and these are what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal something and these are what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal something and these are what I
+can't give you an exact formula for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you an exact formula for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you an exact formula for you
+just would have to compute them but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just would have to compute them but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just would have to compute them but I
+can give you bounds for them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you bounds for them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you bounds for them and the
+bounds come from the lambdas so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds come from the lambdas so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds come from the lambdas so the
+bounds are so this was a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds are so this was a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds are so this was a positive
+this is a positive change so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive change so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a positive change so the
+eigenvalues will go up or stay still but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues will go up or stay still but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues will go up or stay still but
+they won't go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't go down
+so the muse will be bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the muse will be bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the muse will be bigger than the
+lambdas but the neat thing is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas but the neat thing is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas but the neat thing is that they
+don't you two will not pass up lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you two will not pass up lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you two will not pass up lambda 1
+so I'll have mute here's the interlacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have mute here's the interlacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll have mute here's the interlacing
+nu 1 is greater or equal lambda 1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu 1 is greater or equal lambda 1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nu 1 is greater or equal lambda 1 that
+says that the highest eigenvalue the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the highest eigenvalue the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the highest eigenvalue the top
+eigenvalue went up or didn't move but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue went up or didn't move but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue went up or didn't move but
+but mu 2 is below lambda 1 the new this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mu 2 is below lambda 1 the new this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mu 2 is below lambda 1 the new this
+is the new everybody's with me here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new everybody's with me here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new everybody's with me here this
+is the new and this is the old new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new and this is the old new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new and this is the old new and
+old being oldest s nu is with the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old being oldest s nu is with the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old being oldest s nu is with the change
+in s and that mu 2 is greater equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s and that mu 2 is greater equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s and that mu 2 is greater equal
+lambda 2 so the second eigen values went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 so the second eigen values went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 so the second eigen values went
+up and then so on that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then so on that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then so on that's the that's the
+great fact and I guess that I sent out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fact and I guess that I sent out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fact and I guess that I sent out a
+puzzle question did did it arrive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle question did did it arrive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle question did did it arrive in
+email about suppose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email about suppose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email about suppose so
+does anybody see that puzzle question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see that puzzle question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody see that puzzle question
+and think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about it
+so here's it worried me for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's it worried me for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's it worried me for a while
+suppose this change as it is suppose I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this change as it is suppose I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this change as it is suppose I'm
+adding on here suppose this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding on here suppose this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding on here suppose this is the
+second eigenvalue eigenvector so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second eigenvalue eigenvector so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second eigenvalue eigenvector so i'm
+adding on i'm hyping up the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding on i'm hyping up the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding on i'm hyping up the second
+eigenvector hyping up the matrix in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector hyping up the matrix in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector hyping up the matrix in the
+direction of the second eigenvector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the second eigenvector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the second eigenvector so
+i'm really so the second eigenvalue was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really so the second eigenvalue was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm really so the second eigenvalue was
+lambda 2 and it's beauty the new second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 and it's beauty the new second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 and it's beauty the new second
+eigenvalue is going to be bigger by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is going to be bigger by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is going to be bigger by
+theta but this then i lost a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta but this then i lost a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta but this then i lost a little
+sleep in thinking okay if the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in thinking okay if the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep in thinking okay if the second
+eigenvalue is mu 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is mu 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is mu 2
+Plus theta I'm sorry if the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus theta I'm sorry if the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus theta I'm sorry if the second
+eigenvalue mewtwo so so let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue mewtwo so so let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue mewtwo so so let me write it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+if mu2 the second eigenvalue is the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu2 the second eigenvalue is the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if mu2 the second eigenvalue is the old
+lambda 2 plus theta then then then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 plus theta then then then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 plus theta then then then then
+bad news because theta can be as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news because theta can be as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news because theta can be as big as
+I want it can be 2200 mm and when I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it can be 2200 mm and when I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it can be 2200 mm and when I if
+this mu 2 if I'm just adding theta 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mu 2 if I'm just adding theta 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mu 2 if I'm just adding theta 2 to
+lambda 2 to get that second because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 to get that second because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 to get that second because it's
+the second eigenvector that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second eigenvector that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second eigenvector that that's
+getting pumped up then after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pumped up then after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting pumped up then after a while
+mu tou will pass lambda 1 this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu tou will pass lambda 1 this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu tou will pass lambda 1 this will be
+totally true I have no worries about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally true I have no worries about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally true I have no worries about
+this the old lambda 1 actually the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the old lambda 1 actually the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the old lambda 1 actually the old
+the old I'll even have equality here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old I'll even have equality here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old I'll even have equality here
+because for this particular change it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for this particular change it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for this particular change it's
+not affecting lambda 1 so I think mu 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not affecting lambda 1 so I think mu 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not affecting lambda 1 so I think mu 1
+would be lambda 1 in in my hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lambda 1 in in my hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be lambda 1 in in my hypothetical
+possibility where I'm trying to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility where I'm trying to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility where I'm trying to get you
+to do is to think through what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to think through what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to think through what this
+means because it's quite easy to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means because it's quite easy to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means because it's quite easy to write
+that line there but then when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line there but then when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line there but then when you think
+about it you get some questions and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you get some questions and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you get some questions and it
+looks 10 it looks as if it might fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks 10 it looks as if it might fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks 10 it looks as if it might fail
+right because if theta is really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if theta is really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if theta is really big
+that Mew 2 would pass up lambda 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mew 2 would pass up lambda 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mew 2 would pass up lambda 1 and
+the thing would fail and there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing would fail and there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing would fail and there has to be
+a catch it has to be a catch so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catch it has to be a catch so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catch it has to be a catch so does
+anybody Minh you saw that in the email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Minh you saw that in the email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Minh you saw that in the email
+and I'll now explain what I how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll now explain what I how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll now explain what I how I
+understood that the ever that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that the ever that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood that the ever that everything
+can work and there isn't where I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work and there isn't where I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work and there isn't where I'm not
+reaching a contradiction and here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching a contradiction and here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching a contradiction and here's my
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+so it's perfectly true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's perfectly true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's perfectly true that the
+eigenvalue that goes with you - or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue that goes with you - or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue that goes with you - or maybe
+I should be calling them X - because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be calling them X - because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be calling them X - because
+usually I call the eigenvectors x2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I call the eigenvectors x2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I call the eigenvectors x2 it's
+perfectly true that mu - that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly true that mu - that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly true that mu - that that one
+goes up but what happens when it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but what happens when it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up but what happens when it hits
+when it reaches lambda 1 actually lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it reaches lambda 1 actually lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it reaches lambda 1 actually lambda
+1 the first eigenvalue is staying put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the first eigenvalue is staying put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the first eigenvalue is staying put
+because it's not getting any push from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not getting any push from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not getting any push from
+this but the second eigenvalue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the second eigenvalue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the second eigenvalue is
+getting a push of size theta so so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a push of size theta so so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a push of size theta so so what
+happens when mute when lambda 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when mute when lambda 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when mute when lambda 2 plus
+theta which is mu 2 u 2 is lambda 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is mu 2 u 2 is lambda 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta which is mu 2 u 2 is lambda 2 plus
+theta what happens when it comes up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what happens when it comes up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta what happens when it comes up to
+lambda 1 and I start worrying that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and I start worrying that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 and I start worrying that it
+passes lambda 1 you see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes lambda 1 you see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes lambda 1 you see what's happening
+there what happens when mu 2 passes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what happens when mu 2 passes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what happens when mu 2 passes when
+mu 2 which is I'm just going to copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 2 which is I'm just going to copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 2 which is I'm just going to copy
+here it's the old lambda 2 plus the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the old lambda 2 plus the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's the old lambda 2 plus the same
+as a number what happens when theta gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a number what happens when theta gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a number what happens when theta gets
+bigger and bigger and bigger and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger and this
+hits this thing and then goes beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this thing and then goes beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this thing and then goes beyond
+just to see the logic here what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see the logic here what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see the logic here what happens
+is that this lambda 2 plus theta which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this lambda 2 plus theta which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this lambda 2 plus theta which
+was mu 2 mu 2 until they've got here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mu 2 mu 2 until they've got here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mu 2 mu 2 until they've got here but
+what is lambda 2 plus theta after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is lambda 2 plus theta after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is lambda 2 plus theta after it
+passes lambda 1 its lambda 1 now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes lambda 1 its lambda 1 now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes lambda 1 its lambda 1 now it
+passed up so it's the top eigenvalue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed up so it's the top eigenvalue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed up so it's the top eigenvalue of
+the of the of the altered matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the of the altered matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the of the altered matrix and
+therefore it's just fine it's out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's just fine it's out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it's just fine it's out here
+no problem yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem yeah
+maybe I'll just say it again when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll just say it again when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll just say it again when when
+theta is big enough that mu 2 reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is big enough that mu 2 reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is big enough that mu 2 reaches
+lambda 1 if I increase theta beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 if I increase theta beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 if I increase theta beyond that
+then this becomes not mu 2 anymore but u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this becomes not mu 2 anymore but u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this becomes not mu 2 anymore but u
+1 and then totally everybody's happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then totally everybody's happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then totally everybody's happy
+okay I'll just I won't say more on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll just I won't say more on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll just I won't say more on that
+because that's just like a way for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just like a way for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's just like a way for that
+I found to make me sink what do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found to make me sink what do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found to make me sink what do these
+things mean okay enough said on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things mean okay enough said on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things mean okay enough said on that
+small point but then the main point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small point but then the main point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small point but then the main point is
+why is this true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true
+it's interlacing which is really a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interlacing which is really a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interlacing which is really a nice
+beautiful fact and you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful fact and you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful fact and you could imagine
+that we have more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have more different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have more different
+perturbations than just rank ones so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations than just rank ones so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations than just rank ones so
+suppose yeah so so let me tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose yeah so so let me tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose yeah so so let me tell you the
+the inequality so named after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality so named after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inequality so named after they
+discover vials inequality so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover vials inequality so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover vials inequality so his
+inequality is for the eigenvalues of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is for the eigenvalues of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is for the eigenvalues of s
+plus T and I want to yeah so T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T and I want to yeah so T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus T and I want to yeah so T is the
+change s is where I start it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change s is where I start it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change s is where I start it has
+eigenvalues lambda but now I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues lambda but now I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues lambda but now I'm looking
+at the eigenvalues of s plus T so so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the eigenvalues of s plus T so so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the eigenvalues of s plus T so so I'm
+making a change in over here and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a change in over here and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a change in over here and my
+little puzzle question that was teens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little puzzle question that was teens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little puzzle question that was teens it
+was a rank one change now I could allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a rank one change now I could allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a rank one change now I could allow
+other ranks okay so I want to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ranks okay so I want to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ranks okay so I want to estimate
+lambdas of s plus T in terms of lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas of s plus T in terms of lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas of s plus T in terms of lambdas
+of s and lambdas of T and I want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and lambdas of T and I want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s and lambdas of T and I want some
+inequality sign there and it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality sign there and it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality sign there and it's supposed
+to be true for any symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true for any symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be true for any symmetric matrices
+symmetric smt and then a totally totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric smt and then a totally totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric smt and then a totally totally
+identical violin equality actually viol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical violin equality actually viol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical violin equality actually viol
+was one of the people who discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the people who discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the people who discovered
+seen Euler values and when he did it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Euler values and when he did it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen Euler values and when he did it he
+asked about his inequality and he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about his inequality and he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked about his inequality and he found
+that it still worked the way we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it still worked the way we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it still worked the way we found
+this morning earlier that it said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning earlier that it said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning earlier that it said what
+I'm what I haven't I haven't completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I haven't I haven't completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I haven't I haven't completed
+that yet because I haven't told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet because I haven't told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet because I haven't told you
+which lambdas I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lambdas I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lambdas I'm talking about
+right so let me do that so now tell your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me do that so now tell your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let me do that so now tell your
+files inequality so S&T or symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files inequality so S&T or symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files inequality so S&T or symmetric and
+so the lambdas are real and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lambdas are real and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the lambdas are real and we want to
+know we want to get them in order okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we want to get them in order okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we want to get them in order okay
+so here it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here it goes
+I'm going to over here I'm gonna file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to over here I'm gonna file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to over here I'm gonna file
+aloud the ice eigenvalue of s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloud the ice eigenvalue of s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloud the ice eigenvalue of s and the
+json value of t and figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+json value of t and figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+json value of t and figured out that
+this was founded by that eigenvalue of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was founded by that eigenvalue of S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was founded by that eigenvalue of S
+Plus T so that's vilest great inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus T so that's vilest great inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus T so that's vilest great inequality
+which reduces to the the the one I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reduces to the the the one I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which reduces to the the the one I wrote
+here if I make the right choice yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I make the right choice yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if I make the right choice yeah
+probably if I take J equal to one so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I take J equal to one so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably if I take J equal to one so so
+this was you see the beauty of this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was you see the beauty of this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was you see the beauty of this it
+tells you about all any eigen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about all any eigen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about all any eigen values of
+s eigen values of T so I'm using lambdas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s eigen values of T so I'm using lambdas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s eigen values of T so I'm using lambdas
+here lambda of s are the eigenvalues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here lambda of s are the eigenvalues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here lambda of s are the eigenvalues of
+s I'm using lambda again for T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I'm using lambda again for T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s I'm using lambda again for T and
+lambda again for s plus T so it's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda again for s plus T so it's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda again for s plus T so it's that
+you have to pay attention to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay attention to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pay attention to which
+matrix I'm taking the eigen values of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I'm taking the eigen values of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix I'm taking the eigen values of so
+let me take J equal to one then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take J equal to one then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take J equal to one then this
+says that lambda I because J is 1 s plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that lambda I because J is 1 s plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that lambda I because J is 1 s plus
+T plus R equal lambda I of s plus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus R equal lambda I of s plus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus R equal lambda I of s plus lambda
+1 the top eigen value of T this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the top eigen value of T this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 the top eigen value of T this is
+lambda max of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you see that that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see that that's totally
+reasonable believable that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable believable that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable believable that the
+eigenvalues when I add on T let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues when I add on T let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues when I add on T let's
+imagine in our minds that T is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in our minds that T is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine in our minds that T is positive
+T is T is like this this thing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is T is like this this thing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is T is like this this thing this is
+the this could be the T example of a tea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this could be the T example of a tea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this could be the T example of a tea
+it's what I'm adding on then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what I'm adding on then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what I'm adding on then the
+eigenvalues go up but they don't pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues go up but they don't pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues go up but they don't pass
+that so that tells you how much it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that tells you how much it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that tells you how much it could
+go up by so I guess that I guess that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by so I guess that I guess that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up by so I guess that I guess that
+vial is telling us is giving us a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vial is telling us is giving us a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vial is telling us is giving us a less
+or equal here less or equal to lambda1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal here less or equal to lambda1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal here less or equal to lambda1
+so I'm taking I to be 1 plus theta yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm taking I to be 1 plus theta yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm taking I to be 1 plus theta yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so that inequality I've written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that inequality I've written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that inequality I've written down
+there there's some playing around to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's some playing around to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's some playing around to do
+so to get practice and it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get practice and it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to get practice and it's not so
+essential for us to be like world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for us to be like world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for us to be like world
+grandmasters at this thing but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmasters at this thing but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmasters at this thing but you
+should see it and you should also see J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see it and you should also see J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see it and you should also see J
+equal to 2y will J equal to 2 tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2y will J equal to 2 tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2y will J equal to 2 tell us
+something I hope it will let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I hope it will let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I hope it will let's see what
+it tells us lambda I plus 1 now J is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us lambda I plus 1 now J is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells us lambda I plus 1 now J is 2
+of S Plus T so it's a is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S Plus T so it's a is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of S Plus T so it's a is less than or
+equal lambda I of s plus lambda 2 of T I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda I of s plus lambda 2 of T I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal lambda I of s plus lambda 2 of T I
+think that's interesting or and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's interesting or and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's interesting or and and also
+I could take I think I also could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could take I think I also could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could take I think I also could get
+lambda I plus I minus 1 so these let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I plus I minus 1 so these let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I plus I minus 1 so these let me
+write it and see if it's correct plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it and see if it's correct plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it and see if it's correct plus
+lambda I minus 1 so that was added up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I minus 1 so that was added up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda I minus 1 so that was added up to
+I plus 2 yeah I guess lambda I plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 2 yeah I guess lambda I plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 2 yeah I guess lambda I plus 1
+plus lambda one of teeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda one of teeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus lambda one of teeth
+yeah that's what I got by taking yeah do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what I got by taking yeah do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what I got by taking yeah do
+that right I'm taking J equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I'm taking J equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right I'm taking J equal to one
+oh well did I I don't think I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well did I I don't think I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well did I I don't think I got it
+right what am what do I want to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what am what do I want to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what am what do I want to do here
+to get a bound on lambda I plus one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bound on lambda I plus one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a bound on lambda I plus one I
+want to take J equal to 2 I should just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take J equal to 2 I should just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take J equal to 2 I should just
+be sensible and plug in a equals 2 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensible and plug in a equals 2 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sensible and plug in a equals 2 and I
+equal 1 all I want to say is that viols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 all I want to say is that viols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 all I want to say is that viols
+inequality is the great fact out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is the great fact out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is the great fact out of
+which all this interlacing Falls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all this interlacing Falls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all this interlacing Falls and
+more and more because the interlacing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more because the interlacing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more because the interlacing is
+telling me about neighbors and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me about neighbors and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me about neighbors and actually
+if I use vile for a and I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use vile for a and I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use vile for a and I and J
+different eyes and J's I even learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eyes and J's I even learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eyes and J's I even learn
+about ones that are not neighbors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ones that are not neighbors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ones that are not neighbors but
+and I could tell you a proof of Vile's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could tell you a proof of Vile's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could tell you a proof of Vile's
+inequality but I'll save that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but I'll save that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but I'll save that for the
+notes yes okay so I think maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yes okay so I think maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes yes okay so I think maybe that's
+what I want to do about interlacing just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do about interlacing just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do about interlacing just
+just to say what the notes have but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say what the notes have but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to say what the notes have but not
+repeat it all in class so the notes have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it all in class so the notes have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it all in class so the notes have
+actually two ways to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two ways to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two ways to prove this
+interlacing the standard way that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlacing the standard way that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interlacing the standard way that every
+mathematician would use would be Vile's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician would use would be Vile's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician would use would be Vile's
+inequality but less dear professor Rao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but less dear professor Rao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but less dear professor Rao
+visiting found a nice argument that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting found a nice argument that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting found a nice argument that's
+also in the notes it ends up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the notes it ends up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in the notes it ends up with a
+graph and on that graph you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and on that graph you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and on that graph you can see that
+this is true so for what it's worth two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true so for what it's worth two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true so for what it's worth two
+approaches to this to this interlacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to this to this interlacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to this to this interlacing
+and some examples but I really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some examples but I really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some examples but I really don't
+want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend
+our lives on that chopper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives on that chopper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives on that chopper this
+eigenvalue topic it's it's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue topic it's it's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue topic it's it's a beautiful
+fact about symmetric matrices and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about symmetric matrices and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about symmetric matrices and the
+the corresponding fact is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding fact is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding fact is true for
+singular values of any matrix but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values of any matrix but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values of any matrix but let's
+I think of leaving it there okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of leaving it there okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of leaving it there okay so now
+I'm moving on to their new section the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving on to their new section the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving on to their new section the
+new section involves something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new section involves something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new section involves something called
+compressed sensing I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed sensing I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressed sensing I don't know if
+you've heard those words so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard those words so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard those words so these are
+all topics in Section 4.4 which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all topics in Section 4.4 which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all topics in Section 4.4 which you have
+from I think we send it out ten days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I think we send it out ten days ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I think we send it out ten days ago
+probably okay so first let me remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably okay so first let me remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably okay so first let me remember
+what the nuclear norm is of a matrix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the nuclear norm is of a matrix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the nuclear norm is of a matrix the
+nuclear norm of a matrix is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear norm of a matrix is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear norm of a matrix is the sum of
+the singular values there's some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular values there's some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular values there's some of the
+singular values so it's like the l1 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so it's like the l1 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values so it's like the l1 norm
+for a vector that's a right way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector that's a right way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector that's a right way to think
+about it and do you remember what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and do you remember what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and do you remember what was
+special we we've talked about the using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special we we've talked about the using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special we we've talked about the using
+the l1 norm it has this special special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l1 norm it has this special special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the l1 norm it has this special special
+property that the ordinary l2 norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the ordinary l2 norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that the ordinary l2 norm
+absolutely does not have what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely does not have what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely does not have what was it
+special about the hell one norm if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about the hell one norm if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about the hell one norm if I
+minimize some minimize the l1 norm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some minimize the l1 norm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some minimize the l1 norm with
+E with some constraint like ax a V equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E with some constraint like ax a V equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E with some constraint like ax a V equal
+B what's special about the solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what's special about the solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what's special about the solution the
+minimum in the l1 norm sparse right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum in the l1 norm sparse right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum in the l1 norm sparse right
+sparse so this is moving us up two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse so this is moving us up two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse so this is moving us up two
+matrices and that's where compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and that's where compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and that's where compressed
+sensing comes in matrix come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing comes in matrix come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensing comes in matrix come
+Leeson comes in so here matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leeson comes in so here matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leeson comes in so here matrix
+completion would just be I mentioned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion would just be I mentioned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion would just be I mentioned so
+this is completion and I'll remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completion and I'll remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completion and I'll remember the
+words Netflix which made the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words Netflix which made the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words Netflix which made the problem
+famous so I have the matrix a 3-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous so I have the matrix a 3-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous so I have the matrix a 3-2
+question mark question mark question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark question mark question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark question mark question
+mark one four six question one missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark one four six question one missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark one four six question one missing
+data and so I have to put in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so I have to put in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so I have to put in something
+there because if I don't put in anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because if I don't put in anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because if I don't put in anything
+then the numbers I have dunno are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the numbers I have dunno are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the numbers I have dunno are
+useless as I can't know row and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless as I can't know row and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless as I can't know row and no
+column is complete so we just would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is complete so we just would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column is complete so we just would give
+up somebody that sent me the data three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somebody that sent me the data three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up somebody that sent me the data three
+and two and didn't sell tell me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and didn't sell tell me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two and didn't sell tell me a
+ranking for the third movie I'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking for the third movie I'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking for the third movie I'd have to
+say well I can't use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I can't use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I can't use it
+that's not possible so we need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not possible so we need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not possible so we need to think
+about there and the idea is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there and the idea is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there and the idea is that the
+numbers that minimize the nuclear norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that minimize the nuclear norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that minimize the nuclear norm
+are a good choice a good choice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a good choice a good choice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a good choice a good choice so
+that's just a connection here that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a connection here that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a connection here that we'll
+say more about but not not we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about but not not we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about but not not we could have
+a whole course compressed sensing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole course compressed sensing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole course compressed sensing a
+nuclear norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear norm
+professor Perillo and and of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Perillo and and of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Perillo and and of course in
+six of course six is an expert on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of course six is an expert on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of course six is an expert on this
+but the point is you see the point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is you see the point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is you see the point that
+so what is the you remember V V one came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the you remember V V one came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the you remember V V one came
+from the zero north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what is the zero norm of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well it's not a norm so you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not a norm so you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's not a norm so you could say
+forget it no no answer but what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it no no answer but what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it no no answer but what do we
+symbolically mean when I write the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically mean when I write the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically mean when I write the zero
+norm of a vector I mean the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a vector I mean the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a vector I mean the number of
+non-zeros the number of non-zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros the number of non-zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zeros the number of non-zeros
+this was the number of non zero in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the number of non zero in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the number of non zero in the
+main event but it's not a norm because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main event but it's not a norm because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main event but it's not a norm because
+if I take two times the vector I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take two times the vector I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take two times the vector I have
+the same number of non-zeros same norm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of non-zeros same norm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of non-zeros same norm I
+can't have the norm of two V equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have the norm of two V equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have the norm of two V equal to
+norm of e that that that would blow away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of e that that that would blow away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of e that that that would blow away
+all the properties of norms so V zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the properties of norms so V zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the properties of norms so V zero is
+not a norm and we move it to the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a norm and we move it to the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a norm and we move it to the sort of
+appropriate nearest norm and we get V 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate nearest norm and we get V 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate nearest norm and we get V 1
+we get the L 1 norm which is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the L 1 norm which is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the L 1 norm which is the sum of
+the everybody remembers that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everybody remembers that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the everybody remembers that this is the
+sum of the V on and you remember my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the V on and you remember my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the V on and you remember my
+pictures of diamonds touching planes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of diamonds touching planes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of diamonds touching planes at
+sharp point well that's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp point well that's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp point well that's what's going on
+here that problem was called basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that problem was called basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that problem was called basis
+pursuit and comes back again in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit and comes back again in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit and comes back again in this
+section ok but so I minimize this norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section ok but so I minimize this norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section ok but so I minimize this norm
+subject to the conditions okay now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the conditions okay now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the conditions okay now I'm
+just going to take a jump to the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take a jump to the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to take a jump to the matrix
+case what's my idea here my idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what's my idea here my idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what's my idea here my idea is that
+the for matrix the nuclear norm comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for matrix the nuclear norm comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for matrix the nuclear norm comes
+from what what's the norm that we sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what what's the norm that we sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what what's the norm that we sort
+of start with but it's not a norm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start with but it's not a norm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start with but it's not a norm and
+when I sort of take the I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I sort of take the I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I sort of take the I sort of
+because of triangle inequality or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of triangle inequality or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of triangle inequality or the
+requirements for a norm don't fail they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for a norm don't fail they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for a norm don't fail they
+fail for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail for what
+I'm about to write there I could put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to write there I could put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm about to write there I could put a
+zero but I don't want the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but I don't want the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but I don't want the number of
+nonzero entries that would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero entries that would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero entries that would be a good
+guess and probably in some sense it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and probably in some sense it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and probably in some sense it make
+it make sense but it's not the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make sense but it's not the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make sense but it's not the answer
+I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for
+what do you think is the zero norm of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is the zero norm of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think is the zero norm of a
+matrix that that is not a norm but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that that is not a norm but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that that is not a norm but when
+I pump it up to the best to the nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pump it up to the best to the nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pump it up to the best to the nearest
+good norm I get the nuclear in order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good norm I get the nuclear in order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good norm I get the nuclear in order so
+so this is the question is what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the question is what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the question is what is a
+zero what the rank the rank of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what the rank the rank of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what the rank the rank of the
+matrix is is the equivalent is the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is is the equivalent is the is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is is the equivalent is the is
+the is the so I don't know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the so I don't know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is the so I don't know about the
+zero nobody else calls at a zero so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nobody else calls at a zero so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nobody else calls at a zero so I
+better not it's the rank so again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not it's the rank so again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not it's the rank so again the
+rank is not a norm because if I double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is not a norm because if I double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank is not a norm because if I double
+the matrix I don't double the rank but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix I don't double the rank but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix I don't double the rank but
+if so I have to move to a norm and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so I have to move to a norm and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so I have to move to a norm and it
+turns out to be the nuclear norm and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the nuclear norm and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the nuclear norm and now
+I'll just one minute say it's the guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just one minute say it's the guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just one minute say it's the guess
+of some people who are working hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some people who are working hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some people who are working hard to
+prove it that the deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it that the deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it that the deep learning
+algorithm of gradient descent finds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of gradient descent finds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm of gradient descent finds the
+solution to the minimum problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the minimum problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the minimum problem in the
+nuclear norm and I don't we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear norm and I don't we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear norm and I don't we don't know
+if that's true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true or not
+yeah we're first small for for related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're first small for for related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're first small for for related
+examples like this thing it's proved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like this thing it's proved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like this thing it's proved for
+the exact problem of deep learning it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact problem of deep learning it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact problem of deep learning it's
+it's a conjecture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conjecture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a conjecture okay
+so that's what's in Section four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's in Section four four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's in Section four four
+but other that word lasso you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other that word lasso you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other that word lasso you want to
+know what that is compressed sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is compressed sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is compressed sensing
+I'll say a word about so that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say a word about so that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say a word about so that will be
+Monday after Alex Townsend's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday after Alex Townsend's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday after Alex Townsend's lecture
+Friday so he's he's coming to speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so he's he's coming to speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday so he's he's coming to speak
+- computational science students all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- computational science students all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- computational science students all
+over MIT tomorrow afternoon I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over MIT tomorrow afternoon I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over MIT tomorrow afternoon I'll
+certainly go to that but then he said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly go to that but then he said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly go to that but then he said he
+would come in and take this class Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in and take this class Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come in and take this class Friday
+so I'll see you Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll see you Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll see you Friday
+and he'll be here - okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B1Qc8pDxkoo.txt b/B1Qc8pDxkoo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..839475f7c2a1359818f9079f9ba61da5dc9afc5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B1Qc8pDxkoo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuing on uh on uh issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing on uh on uh issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing on uh on uh issues of
+functional form so we briefly discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form so we briefly discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form so we briefly discussed
+what happen uh you know the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen uh you know the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happen uh you know the um
+transforming the dependent variable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the dependent variable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming the dependent variable to
+turn a nonlinear model into a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a nonlinear model into a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn a nonlinear model into a linear
+model that we can estimate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we can estimate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we can estimate with
+OLS uh you uh you can also uh sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS uh you uh you can also uh sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS uh you uh you can also uh sometimes
+transform the leave the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the leave the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the leave the dependent
+variable what it was and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what it was and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable what it was and change the
+independent variable so when might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so when might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable so when might you
+want to do that well suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that well suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do that well suppose that you
+start with your data set and then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with your data set and then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with your data set and then uh you
+have some variables say demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some variables say demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some variables say demand for
+gasoline how many people how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline how many people how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline how many people how many
+gasoline people are purchased and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline people are purchased and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline people are purchased and
+the and the price of gasoline and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the price of gasoline and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the price of gasoline and you
+notice that you you you know as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you you you know as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that you you you know as good
+trained data scientists you start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained data scientists you start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained data scientists you start by
+looking at some pattern in the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some pattern in the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some pattern in the data and
+the first thing you decide to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you decide to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you decide to do is to
+run a kernel regression of the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a kernel regression of the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a kernel regression of the demand
+for gasoline on the price of gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gasoline on the price of gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gasoline on the price of gasoline
+and then you realize that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you realize that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you realize that it's really
+not doesn't look linear at all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't look linear at all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doesn't look linear at all but
+people have uh uh that that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have uh uh that that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have uh uh that that in some
+places very steep in some places much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places very steep in some places much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places very steep in some places much
+flatter so it doesn't look that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter so it doesn't look that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter so it doesn't look that it's
+going to be characterized nicely by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be characterized nicely by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be characterized nicely by a
+linear model on the other hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model on the other hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model on the other hand you
+wouldn't want to continue working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to continue working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want to continue working
+necessarily with a kernel regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with a kernel regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily with a kernel regression
+because it's a bit heavy goinging it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a bit heavy goinging it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a bit heavy goinging it's
+harder to control for other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to control for other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to control for other things and
+uh you know we know how we it's we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we know how we it's we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we know how we it's we know
+how to nicely represent canel regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to nicely represent canel regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to nicely represent canel regression
+as B variate things but then when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B variate things but then when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B variate things but then when it
+becomes multivariat it's kind of harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes multivariat it's kind of harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes multivariat it's kind of harder
+to look at so you would really move to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at so you would really move to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at so you would really move to a
+linear model and the question is can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model and the question is can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model and the question is can you
+do that is it the case that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is it the case that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that is it the case that if the
+relationship between Y and X does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Y and X does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Y and X does not
+appear to be linear can you can you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be linear can you can you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear to be linear can you can you not
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ORS uh and then in fact you you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ORS uh and then in fact you you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ORS uh and then in fact you you can do
+oress what you can do is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oress what you can do is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oress what you can do is to try to
+transform uh the variable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh the variable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform uh the variable uh
+X in from a just its basic Incarnation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in from a just its basic Incarnation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in from a just its basic Incarnation
+as X to something a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X to something a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X to something a little bit more
+richer in order to be able to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer in order to be able to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer in order to be able to represent
+the nonlinearities and yet estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearities and yet estimate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nonlinearities and yet estimate a
+linear model so this is why the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model so this is why the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model so this is why the linear
+model is beautiful because uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is beautiful because uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is beautiful because uh it
+actually doesn't restrict us to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't restrict us to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doesn't restrict us to estimate
+linear things we can just modify X to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear things we can just modify X to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear things we can just modify X to go
+back to a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a linear
+model so there are only two things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so there are only two things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so there are only two things you
+could do to do that two ways to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to do that two ways to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to do that two ways to go and
+I'm going to briefly talk about both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to briefly talk about both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to briefly talk about both
+ways to go the first thing you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to go the first thing you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to go the first thing you could do
+is to say as you know any functions can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say as you know any functions can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say as you know any functions can
+be approximated by polinomial so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximated by polinomial so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approximated by polinomial so the
+first thing you could do is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you could do is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you could do is to uh
+regress why not on the X only but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress why not on the X only but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regress why not on the X only but on
+pols of X or in fact pols of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols of X or in fact pols of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols of X or in fact pols of
+transformation of x's and once you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of x's and once you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of x's and once you do
+that you're back to an OLS so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're back to an OLS so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're back to an OLS so the
+simplest way you could do that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way you could do that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest way you could do that is to say
+suppose I'm back to my gasoline example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I'm back to my gasoline example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I'm back to my gasoline example
+which is actually a famous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a famous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a famous example
+because it's when uh where Jerry hman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's when uh where Jerry hman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's when uh where Jerry hman
+and Whitney new who are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Whitney new who are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Whitney new who are both
+econometrician in the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrician in the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrician in the department
+developed a lot of the theory underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a lot of the theory underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed a lot of the theory underlying
+not what I'm going to say in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I'm going to say in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I'm going to say in a few
+slides which is series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides which is series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides which is series
+expansion uh take your you know you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh take your you know you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh take your you know you run
+your nonlinear aggression it looks kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nonlinear aggression it looks kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nonlinear aggression it looks kind
+of funny shape not at all linear so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny shape not at all linear so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of funny shape not at all linear so then
+you decide to run a y on polinomial of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to run a y on polinomial of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to run a y on polinomial of X
+here I'm assuming that X is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm assuming that X is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm assuming that X is just a
+vector not a Matrix so it's for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector not a Matrix so it's for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector not a Matrix so it's for example
+uh purchase of gasoline on the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purchase of gasoline on the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh purchase of gasoline on the price of
+gasoline uh so we have uh the price of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline uh so we have uh the price of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasoline uh so we have uh the price of g
+a constant the price of gasoline the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant the price of gasoline the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant the price of gasoline the
+price of gasoline Square cubic and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gasoline Square cubic and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gasoline Square cubic and any
+number you you want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you you want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you you want to put
+in so you could put straight polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so you could put straight polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so you could put straight polinomial
+in there or you could do uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there or you could do uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there or you could do uh uh
+orthogonal polinomial or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal polinomial or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal polinomial or whatever
+transformation of x that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of x that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of x that you want
+uh if you assume that the model is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you assume that the model is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you assume that the model is known
+for example you assume that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you assume that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you assume that it's really
+a square or it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square or it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square or it's a
+cubic then you're back to straight OLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic then you're back to straight OLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic then you're back to straight OLS
+nothing to nothing special you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to nothing special you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to nothing special you just have
+OS but your y variable is is regressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS but your y variable is is regressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS but your y variable is is regressed
+on three regressor which happens to be x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on three regressor which happens to be x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on three regressor which happens to be x
+x square and X Cube so all the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x square and X Cube so all the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x square and X Cube so all the theory
+that we have gone through goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have gone through goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have gone through goes through
+without any change uh it's just that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any change uh it's just that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any change uh it's just that you
+can you you assume that uh Y and X are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you assume that uh Y and X are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you assume that uh Y and X are
+related by this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related by this particular
+shape so we you're good you may once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so we you're good you may once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so we you're good you may once
+you've done it once you've estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it once you've estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done it once you've estimated
+your polinomial you can plot it by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your polinomial you can plot it by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your polinomial you can plot it by uh
+taking for a number of ranges say of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking for a number of ranges say of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking for a number of ranges say of the
+price of gasoline the predicted value uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gasoline the predicted value uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of gasoline the predicted value uh
+for for demand based on this coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for demand based on this coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for demand based on this coefficient
+you have estimated beta Z had beta 1 had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have estimated beta Z had beta 1 had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have estimated beta Z had beta 1 had
+beta two hat and beta Three hat let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta two hat and beta Three hat let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta two hat and beta Three hat let's
+say if you have done a cubic so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you have done a cubic so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you have done a cubic so you can
+plot it you can take the Der ative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it you can take the Der ative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it you can take the Der ative
+because we know how to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know how to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know how to take the
+derivative of these things so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of these things so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of these things so it's very
+nice so that's easy just same if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so that's easy just same if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice so that's easy just same if you
+assume that the model is not known in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the model is not known in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the model is not known in
+particular you don't know how many what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you don't know how many what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you don't know how many what
+is the real functional form you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real functional form you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the real functional form you just
+don't know you want to approximate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you want to approximate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know you want to approximate it
+with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these
+pols uh then we then you can still do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols uh then we then you can still do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pols uh then we then you can still do a
+linear model you don't have to do a cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model you don't have to do a cal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear model you don't have to do a cal
+regression you can do a linear model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you can do a linear model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you can do a linear model and
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+uh powers in X2 X3 X4 X5 Etc till you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh powers in X2 X3 X4 X5 Etc till you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh powers in X2 X3 X4 X5 Etc till you
+have the the shape you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the shape you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the the shape you you
+like and then the question you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then the question you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then the question you might
+want to ask is well but how many should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask is well but how many should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask is well but how many should
+I add if I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add if I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add if I don't know
+the uh do you have uh does anybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh do you have uh does anybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh do you have uh does anybody has
+an idea of how many you should add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how many you should add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea of how many you should add and
+how we should think we should even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should think we should even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we should think we should even think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it when do I stop so if I know know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when do I stop so if I know know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when do I stop so if I know know the
+shape I know it's a cubic I just put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape I know it's a cubic I just put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape I know it's a cubic I just put a
+cubic if I don't know the shape then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic if I don't know the shape then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic if I don't know the shape then
+when do I stop adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polinomial yeah go ahead we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial yeah go ahead we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial yeah go ahead we want to
+minimize the variance so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the variance so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the variance so if you are
+adding a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a lot of
+pooms go ahead my thought was this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms go ahead my thought was this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooms go ahead my thought was this the
+size of the coefficient like if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the coefficient like if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the coefficient like if it's
+larger than it's probably relevant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than it's probably relevant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than it's probably relevant it's
+not you want to look at the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you want to look at the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you want to look at the coefficients
+uh I assume one might do that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I assume one might do that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I assume one might do that he was
+little bit closer to the way that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer to the way that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit closer to the way that is
+conventionally done yeah going Beyond a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally done yeah going Beyond a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally done yeah going Beyond a
+cube just basically be more wi stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube just basically be more wi stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube just basically be more wi stretch
+versions of cubes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of cubes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of cubes and
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+no yeah we be looking at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalizability um possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizability um possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizability um possibly
+liisa machine learning people do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liisa machine learning people do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liisa machine learning people do is
+often like putl their data set into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like putl their data set into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like putl their data set into a
+test set and a TR yeah so we could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set and a TR yeah so we could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test set and a TR yeah so we could we
+could possibly go a machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly go a machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly go a machine learning
+where train the data set we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where train the data set we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where train the data set we're not going
+to do that for this because we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that for this because we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that for this because we actually
+have a theory which is uh which helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory which is uh which helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a theory which is uh which helps us
+think about that directly without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that directly without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that directly without
+splitting the data set uh What uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the data set uh What uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting the data set uh What uh what
+we can do is exactly what we did for Kel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is exactly what we did for Kel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is exactly what we did for Kel
+it's exactly the same problem he was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same problem he was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same problem he was he
+had about half of the answer the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about half of the answer the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about half of the answer the other
+half is that well we have the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is that well we have the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is that well we have the variance
+you know the more polinomial add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the more polinomial add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the more polinomial add the
+squigger our function is going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squigger our function is going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squigger our function is going to be on
+the other we also have B because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we also have B because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we also have B because we
+don't know the actual shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the actual shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the actual shape of the
+function so if we don't do enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if we don't do enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so if we don't do enough
+polinomial we have bias so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial we have bias so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial we have bias so we need to
+minimize some combination of bias and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some combination of bias and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize some combination of bias and
+variance what is our standard way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance what is our standard way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance what is our standard way to do
+that is mean square error so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mean square error so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is mean square error so we're going
+to try and minimize mean square error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and minimize mean square error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and minimize mean square error
+how do we minimize mean square error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we minimize mean square error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we minimize mean square error
+exactly like we did with Kel regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like we did with Kel regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like we did with Kel regression
+which is we're looking at a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we're looking at a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we're looking at a cross
+validation criteria we calculate uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation criteria we calculate uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation criteria we calculate uh we
+calculate the the some of the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the the some of the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the the some of the estimated
+mean square and at some point we stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square and at some point we stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square and at some point we stopped
+when we have enough polinomial so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have enough polinomial so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have enough polinomial so there
+are so that's exactly how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so that's exactly how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so that's exactly how we're going to
+pick the polinomial other than that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the polinomial other than that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the polinomial other than that that
+we need to pick the polinomial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to pick the polinomial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to pick the polinomial the
+behavior of this uh this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this uh this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this uh this linear
+expansion is very very very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is very very very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is very very very similar to
+OLS so the theory is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS so the theory is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS so the theory is a little more
+involved because we have bias that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved because we have bias that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved because we have bias that
+remains but the bias will will go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains but the bias will will go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains but the bias will will go away
+as you add more observations and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add more observations and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add more observations and uh it
+goes away uh uh and and the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away uh uh and and the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away uh uh and and the variance of
+course will also go down as you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will also go down as you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course will also go down as you add more
+observations so basically it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so basically it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations so basically it's the same
+idea as Kel with the carel regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea as Kel with the carel regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea as Kel with the carel regression
+what you promise to do is to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you promise to do is to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you promise to do is to reduce the
+site of the carel as of the Bond withd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the carel as of the Bond withd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site of the carel as of the Bond withd
+as the number of observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the number of observation
+increases with polinomial regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with polinomial regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with polinomial regression
+with series expansion what you promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with series expansion what you promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with series expansion what you promise
+to do is to add more polinomial as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to add more polinomial as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to add more polinomial as your
+number of observation increases so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observation increases so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of observation increases so it's
+exactly the same the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same the same
+principle and the nice thing of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and the nice thing of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and the nice thing of that is
+that that's very easy to manipulate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's very easy to manipulate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's very easy to manipulate in
+theory and in practice because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and in practice because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory and in practice because it's just
+OLS so it's even simpler than doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS so it's even simpler than doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OLS so it's even simpler than doing a
+kernel regression although at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel regression although at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel regression although at the end of
+the day it's R who does it so R does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it's R who does it so R does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it's R who does it so R does it
+Kel or series but in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kel or series but in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kel or series but in term of
+manipulating it's easier to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating it's easier to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating it's easier to think about
+it so very easy to take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so very easy to take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so very easy to take the derivative
+of this therefore you can you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this therefore you can you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this therefore you can you know if
+you're interested once you've estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested once you've estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested once you've estimated
+you say oh suppose I'm interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh suppose I'm interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say oh suppose I'm interested in the
+in the elasticity of theand with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the elasticity of theand with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the elasticity of theand with respect
+to the price you can you can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the price you can you can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the price you can you can get it
+straight from the function by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from the function by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from the function by taking the
+derivative okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative okay
+uh so what else could you do you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what else could you do you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what else could you do you could
+take the log of x you could interact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the log of x you could interact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the log of x you could interact uh
+the x's in the same way that we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x's in the same way that we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x's in the same way that we see that
+we could interact d uh you can uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could interact d uh you can uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could interact d uh you can uh you
+can interact demies with a linear and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact demies with a linear and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can interact demies with a linear and a
+dumi we can interact D with an X any non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumi we can interact D with an X any non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumi we can interact D with an X any non
+you know any continuous X and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any continuous X and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know any continuous X and that's
+going to shift the slope uh when for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift the slope uh when for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift the slope uh when for
+when the group turns to one it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the group turns to one it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the group turns to one it's going
+to shift the slope in the same way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift the slope in the same way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift the slope in the same way you
+could you could interact two continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could interact two continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could interact two continuous
+regressor uh such that the slope of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressor uh such that the slope of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressor uh such that the slope of one
+depends on the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the level of
+another uh so if you have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh so if you have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh so if you have several
+x's and you want to and you have uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and you want to and you have uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and you want to and you have uh and
+it could be interacted in many ways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be interacted in many ways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be interacted in many ways and
+they could be Flex you know they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be Flex you know they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be Flex you know they could
+be flexible in many ways then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flexible in many ways then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flexible in many ways then you start
+to have potentially a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have potentially a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have potentially a lot of
+choices as we know from what Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices as we know from what Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices as we know from what Sarah
+talked to us about as you add more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to us about as you add more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to us about as you add more stuff
+in the regression the air Square will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regression the air Square will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the regression the air Square will
+mechanically go up but the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically go up but the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically go up but the variance of
+all the questions will go down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions will go down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the questions will go down because
+if we add irrelevant things it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add irrelevant things it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we add irrelevant things it's going
+it's eting up degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's eting up degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's eting up degrees of
+freedom uh so we don't want to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh so we don't want to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom uh so we don't want to do an
+infinite number of those stuff uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of those stuff uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of those stuff uh the
+issue is become how to choose and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is become how to choose and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is become how to choose and that's
+where you know Lisa's point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know Lisa's point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know Lisa's point about
+machine learning was just precent that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning was just precent that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning was just precent that's
+when machine learning tools which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when machine learning tools which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when machine learning tools which we are
+going to learn more about on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn more about on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn more about on Wednesday
+can become useful can become handy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become useful can become handy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can become useful can become handy so
+you might uh there are various tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might uh there are various tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might uh there are various tools
+some of them requires training the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them requires training the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them requires training the the
+the the on the part of the data set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the on the part of the data set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the on the part of the data set and
+then using the other one to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using the other one to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then using the other one to estimate
+some of them actually doesn't even need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them actually doesn't even need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them actually doesn't even need
+doesn't even require that um so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even require that um so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't even require that um so that's
+kind of one way you could go is uh First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one way you could go is uh First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of one way you could go is uh First
+Take series expansion if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take series expansion if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Take series expansion if you have a
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+X or then start interacting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or then start interacting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or then start interacting them
+interacting series expansion if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting series expansion if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting series expansion if you want
+to Etc and all of that gets estimated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Etc and all of that gets estimated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Etc and all of that gets estimated by
+a linear model and therefore are easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model and therefore are easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear model and therefore are easy to
+to work with second thing you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with second thing you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with second thing you could do
+is using demies for approximation so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using demies for approximation so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using demies for approximation so for
+example suppose that you have um some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that you have um some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that you have um some uh
+uh function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh function like
+this uh and you uh uh you want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and you uh uh you want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh and you uh uh you want to work
+for whatever reasons you don't work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reasons you don't work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whatever reasons you don't work with
+a you want don't want to work with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you want don't want to work with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you want don't want to work with a
+polinomial but you could say well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but you could say well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial but you could say well let me
+uh estimate let me approximate let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh estimate let me approximate let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh estimate let me approximate let me
+just partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just partition
+the uh partition the uh the range of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh partition the uh the range of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh partition the uh the range of X
+is into a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is into a bunch of
+intervals so this is what I have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so this is what I have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so this is what I have done
+here I've partitioned the the x's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've partitioned the the x's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've partitioned the the x's in a
+bunch of interval so there is a dumi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of interval so there is a dumi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of interval so there is a dumi
+equal to one if x belongs is between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one if x belongs is between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one if x belongs is between uh
+x0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x0 and
+X1 that's a d equal to one if x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 that's a d equal to one if x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 that's a d equal to one if x is
+between x0 and X1 and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x0 and X1 and zero otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x0 and X1 and zero otherwise
+then I can have a second D which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can have a second D which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can have a second D which is
+equal to one if x is between X1 and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one if x is between X1 and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one if x is between X1 and X2
+and zero otherwise and then a third dumi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise and then a third dumi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero otherwise and then a third dumi
+that will be one if x is between X2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be one if x is between X2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be one if x is between X2 and
+X3 and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and zero otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and zero otherwise
+Etc so first thing we could do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so first thing we could do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so first thing we could do is to
+just regress our y on a bunch of dummies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regress our y on a bunch of dummies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just regress our y on a bunch of dummies
+on a bunch of those dummies and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a bunch of those dummies and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a bunch of those dummies and here I
+have not put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not put the
+intercept so why didn't I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept so why didn't I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept so why didn't I put the
+Intercept in this case what did I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept in this case what did I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intercept in this case what did I know
+knowingly omit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intercept yes ambiguous between to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept yes ambiguous between to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept yes ambiguous between to
+side say it again it may be little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side say it again it may be little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side say it again it may be little
+ambiguous like it introduce a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go
+ahead cont right except first yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead cont right except first yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead cont right except first yeah and
+and and practically what is if I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and practically what is if I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and practically what is if I put the
+intercept what it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do even more than that if I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do even more than that if I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do even more than that if I put the
+intercept and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damage oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage oh
+there it's not going to run yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not going to run yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's not going to run yes it's
+going to be multicollinear so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multicollinear so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be multicollinear so what I
+could do is to put the intercept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is to put the intercept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is to put the intercept and
+omit one of the dummies then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit one of the dummies then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit one of the dummies then everything
+will be relative to that for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be relative to that for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be relative to that for example if
+I omit the intercept if I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I omit the intercept if I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I omit the intercept if I put the
+intercept and omit the first Dy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept and omit the first Dy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept and omit the first Dy that's
+going to be exactly the same as running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the same as running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the same as running
+exactly that uh so when I run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that uh so when I run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that uh so when I run this
+regression I'm basically estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I'm basically estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression I'm basically estimating
+points at various at within at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at various at within at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at various at within at each
+level so it's going to be like this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's going to be like this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so it's going to be like this this
+or oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or oh it's
+uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this something like that
+okay uh so that's one thing we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's one thing we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's one thing we could do
+another thing we could do so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we could do so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing we could do so that's not
+that's that's not bad but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not bad but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not bad but it's not
+perfect because you can see that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect because you can see that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect because you can see that here
+there is a step the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a step the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a step the the
+the the thing is a step function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing is a step function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing is a step function and
+some of the step they they don't they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the step they they don't they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the step they they don't they're
+not there in the real data they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there in the real data they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there in the real data they're not
+there in the two data I just made them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the two data I just made them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the two data I just made them
+up because I I I used the damis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because I I I used the damis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because I I I used the damis so
+instead if what could I do instead of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if what could I do instead of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead if what could I do instead of um
+of of doing this just estimating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of doing this just estimating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of doing this just estimating with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dummies with just the dummies to expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies with just the dummies to expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies with just the dummies to expose
+the the the shape of the form a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the shape of the form a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the shape of the form a little
+bit better not have this like artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps yep
+parametrically fit within each interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically fit within each interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically fit within each interval
+yeah exactly so what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so what would be the
+simplest parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fit I could try to estimate a line uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit I could try to estimate a line uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit I could try to estimate a line uh in
+between each thing so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each thing so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each thing so instead of
+estimating this I could say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this I could say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating this I could say I'm going to
+define a piece where is linear variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a piece where is linear variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a piece where is linear variable
+as a a dummy interacted with the with x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a dummy interacted with the with x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a a dummy interacted with the with x
+x well this one this guy should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x well this one this guy should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x well this one this guy should be a
+should be a superscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a superscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a superscript
+subscript uh a dummy between uh between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript uh a dummy between uh between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript uh a dummy between uh between
+those those two so then when I when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those two so then when I when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those two so then when I when I do
+that what I estimate is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I estimate is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what I estimate is instead of
+estimating these steps I estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that when is not very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking something like that so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking something like that so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking something like that so here we
+need to Center the center the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to Center the center the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to Center the center the variables
+if we Center the variables as I put as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we Center the variables as I put as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we Center the variables as I put as I
+did here which is we remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here which is we remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here which is we remove the
+threshold every time this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold every time this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold every time this is going to
+ensure that the two FIT otherwise every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the two FIT otherwise every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the two FIT otherwise every
+time it's going to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's going to go back to the
+dummies so we're centering the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies so we're centering the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies so we're centering the variable
+by removing the threshold this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by removing the threshold this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by removing the threshold this is this
+X2 here that is really not x square it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 here that is really not x square it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 here that is really not x square it's
+the the not X2 so we take the variable x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the not X2 so we take the variable x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the not X2 so we take the variable x
+minus the not and then we have piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the not and then we have piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the not and then we have piecewise
+linear pieces that are attached to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear pieces that are attached to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear pieces that are attached to each
+other okay so here now we have just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so here now we have just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so here now we have just by
+putting dummies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting dummies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting dummies and
+estimating linear regression where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating linear regression where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating linear regression where the
+regressors happen to be this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressors happen to be this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressors happen to be this little
+little line we have something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little line we have something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little line we have something that is
+entirely linear and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely linear and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely linear and uh and
+yet exposes the kind of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet exposes the kind of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet exposes the kind of complicated
+shape of that function quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that function quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of that function quite
+nicely and there you can have again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and there you can have again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely and there you can have again you
+can ask yourself the same question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask yourself the same question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask yourself the same question which
+is that's all very nice but how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's all very nice but how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's all very nice but how many
+intervals should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals should we
+choose and the answer is the same should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and the answer is the same should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose and the answer is the same should
+be very familiar by now either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very familiar by now either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very familiar by now either you
+know you assume you know so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you assume you know so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you assume you know so by
+assumption you know what the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you know what the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you know what the interval
+should be what are the relevant interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be what are the relevant interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be what are the relevant interval
+for example because um the shape of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because um the shape of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because um the shape of this
+function is given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is given to you
+by uh I have to invent what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh I have to invent what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh I have to invent what this
+function should be what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should be what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function should be what do you think
+this function is do anyone has an idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is do anyone has an idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is do anyone has an idea I
+don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know
+yes something as a function of age very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes something as a function of age very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes something as a function of age very
+very good so for example is your speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so for example is your speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so for example is your speed
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well but then it goes It goes back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but then it goes It goes back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but then it goes It goes back up
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah and then it flattens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah and then it flattens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah and then it flattens over
+the I'm trying to think of something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm trying to think of something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I'm trying to think of something or
+let's say it's the the the speed of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's the the the speed of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's the the the speed of uh
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh of oh yes I know what it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of oh yes I know what it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of oh yes I know what it is it's
+um the ratio of your uh the the speed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ratio of your uh the the speed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the ratio of your uh the the speed at
+which you can uh move move over your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can uh move move over your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can uh move move over your
+IQ so uh uh when you're a baby you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ so uh uh when you're a baby you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ so uh uh when you're a baby you can
+really cannot move very much and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cannot move very much and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cannot move very much and then it
+goes very up again as you start uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes very up again as you start uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes very up again as you start uh
+working uh but you are uh not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh but you are uh not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh but you are uh not very
+developed yet so this is two uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed yet so this is two uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed yet so this is two uh and then
+uh it's it flat actually it should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it flat actually it should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it flat actually it should go
+down uh and then the point is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh and then the point is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh and then the point is that it
+increases again later because you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases again later because you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases again later because you start
+getting a car so this is the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a car so this is the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a car so this is the moment
+where you need to uh take care of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to uh take care of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you need to uh take care of your
+children very carefully when they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children very carefully when they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children very carefully when they are
+two and just start working and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and just start working and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and just start working and when they
+are 17 and start driving so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 17 and start driving so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 17 and start driving so uh so
+suppose this this is economic theory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this this is economic theory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this this is economic theory or
+in this case I don't know psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I don't know psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I don't know psychology
+gives us that uh that that idea then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us that uh that that idea then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us that uh that that idea then we
+uh uh then we just set up the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh then we just set up the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh then we just set up the interval
+and we're going to go linear function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to go linear function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to go linear function in
+between the points okay this is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the points okay this is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the points okay this is when I
+should have put a photo of my children I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have put a photo of my children I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have put a photo of my children I
+was looking for an excuse to put a photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for an excuse to put a photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking for an excuse to put a photo
+of my children since you put a photo of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my children since you put a photo of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my children since you put a photo of
+her dog that would have been the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her dog that would have been the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her dog that would have been the that
+would have been the the time um so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the the time um so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been the the time um so we do
+so we suppose we know that then we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we suppose we know that then we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we suppose we know that then we are
+just going to impose it and run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to impose it and run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to impose it and run the
+regression like that and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression like that and then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression like that and then we just
+again are purely in the OS world except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are purely in the OS world except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are purely in the OS world except
+we happen to have this function that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we happen to have this function that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we happen to have this function that is
+that that has three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that has three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that has three you
+know four pieces to it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four pieces to it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know four pieces to it so that's
+one or so then you cut it the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or so then you cut it the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or so then you cut it the way that
+theory tells us to cut it and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory tells us to cut it and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory tells us to cut it and we are
+back to purely ORS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to purely ORS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to purely ORS
+world or we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world or we don't
+know and we are trying to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and we are trying to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and we are trying to guess the
+shape of this function and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this function and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this function and then we're
+back to what we just explained with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what we just explained with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what we just explained with
+series or what we did with OLS which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series or what we did with OLS which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series or what we did with OLS which is
+the more we are now trying to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we are now trying to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more we are now trying to guess the
+shape of the function the smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the function the smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the function the smaller the
+interval the more closely we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the more closely we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the more closely we are going
+to be to the shape of the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to the shape of the function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to the shape of the function so
+the less pass but the more variance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less pass but the more variance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less pass but the more variance for
+a given sample size because it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given sample size because it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given sample size because it's going
+to start like trying to fit a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start like trying to fit a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start like trying to fit a little
+squiggles which might not be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggles which might not be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggles which might not be really
+there in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the real
+function uh so we uh we again have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh so we uh we again have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh so we uh we again have this
+same usual trade-off between bias and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same usual trade-off between bias and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same usual trade-off between bias and
+variance and as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and as the number of
+observation goes up the the the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation goes up the the the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation goes up the the the interval
+size will go down so in fact what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size will go down so in fact what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size will go down so in fact what we
+what we are doing here when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing here when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are doing here when we do that
+is run something called a non a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is run something called a non a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is run something called a non a third
+nonparametric method we already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric method we already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric method we already seen
+kernel you've seen series a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel you've seen series a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel you've seen series a minute ago
+and this is local linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is local linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is local linear regression
+which is uh exact the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh exact the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh exact the same as
+kernel so we uh uh divide the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel so we uh uh divide the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel so we uh uh divide the the the
+the sample into into bands we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample into into bands we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample into into bands we use the
+and then the bandwidth will go down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bandwidth will go down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the bandwidth will go down as
+the number of sub goes up based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of sub goes up based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of sub goes up based on the
+cross validation criteria exactly as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validation criteria exactly as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross validation criteria exactly as I
+canel except that instead of running um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel except that instead of running um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canel except that instead of running um
+instead of taking the average of the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking the average of the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of taking the average of the Y
+which is the kernel method where we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the kernel method where we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the kernel method where we take
+a weighted average of the Y uh within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighted average of the Y uh within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weighted average of the Y uh within
+the bond WID that we're looking at we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond WID that we're looking at we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond WID that we're looking at we
+run a look we run a little linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a look we run a little linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a look we run a little linear
+regression of the Y on the X in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of the Y on the X in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression of the Y on the X in that
+interval still waiting it such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval still waiting it such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval still waiting it such that the
+the the observation nearer to the X have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the observation nearer to the X have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the observation nearer to the X have
+more weight and we take the predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight and we take the predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more weight and we take the predicted
+value of this function as our prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this function as our prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this function as our prediction
+for y for this point so it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y for this point so it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for y for this point so it's very very
+similar to Kel except that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Kel except that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Kel except that instead of
+being um a mean we're taking a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um a mean we're taking a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um a mean we're taking a linear
+regression it turns out that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression it turns out that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression it turns out that this is
+actually a much better way to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a much better way to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a much better way to do things
+than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh
+than uh kernel regression at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh kernel regression at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh kernel regression at the
+boundaries because the problem at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries because the problem at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries because the problem at the
+boundaries is that kernel regression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries is that kernel regression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries is that kernel regression is
+taking a weighted a weighted mean but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a weighted a weighted mean but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a weighted a weighted mean but
+there's nothing to the right so it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to the right so it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to the right so it only
+takes the left and therefore it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the left and therefore it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the left and therefore it has a
+lot of bias at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bias at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bias at the
+boundaries uh so uh the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries uh so uh the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries uh so uh the regression
+doesn't have that problem because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that problem because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that problem because it's
+exola so it is not biased at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exola so it is not biased at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exola so it is not biased at the at the
+boundaries so it is an advantage of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries so it is an advantage of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries so it is an advantage of of
+uh of local linear aggression you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of local linear aggression you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of local linear aggression you might
+say well most of the time I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well most of the time I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well most of the time I don't really
+care about the boundaries it is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the boundaries it is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the boundaries it is what it
+is anyway and there is not so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anyway and there is not so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anyway and there is not so many
+observations anyway so there is lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations anyway so there is lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations anyway so there is lots of
+variants there's nothing I can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants there's nothing I can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants there's nothing I can learn
+from the boundaries so kernel is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundaries so kernel is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boundaries so kernel is going
+to do just fine but one specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just fine but one specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do just fine but one specific example
+where it's going to matter a lot is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to matter a lot is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's going to matter a lot is one
+we are going to see in a minute which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to see in a minute which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to see in a minute which is
+where for some reason there is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for some reason there is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for some reason there is a is
+something in the middle of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the middle of the data
+where there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a
+jump for example uh you your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump for example uh you your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump for example uh you your probability
+to to get admitted to a to a school to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get admitted to a to a school to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get admitted to a to a school to a
+particular School say Boston Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular School say Boston Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular School say Boston Latin
+strictly depends on a score at an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly depends on a score at an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly depends on a score at an exam
+so your probability to be admitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your probability to be admitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your probability to be admitted to
+the school goes from zero to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school goes from zero to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school goes from zero to uh
+something positive at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positive at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something positive at the
+score that's a probative to be admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score that's a probative to be admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score that's a probative to be admitted
+so if I look at set score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at set score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at set score
+later I'm going to find if Boston Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I'm going to find if Boston Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I'm going to find if Boston Latin
+is in fact uh effective I would find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh effective I would find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact uh effective I would find
+something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where
+uh it goes like this and then it jumps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it goes like this and then it jumps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it goes like this and then it jumps
+at the boundary it jumps at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary it jumps at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the boundary it jumps at the
+threshold so here and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so here and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold so here and I'm going to
+describe that in in much more details in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that in in much more details in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that in in much more details in
+a minute but if that's the world I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but if that's the world I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but if that's the world I'm
+particularly interested in what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in what's
+happening here so I wouldn't want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here so I wouldn't want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here so I wouldn't want to use
+anything like a Kel over here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like a Kel over here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like a Kel over here because
+I'm going to get bias on both ends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get bias on both ends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get bias on both ends so
+I'm not learning anything useful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not learning anything useful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not learning anything useful so
+local linear regression has become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local linear regression has become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local linear regression has become a
+very popular tool among Economist rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular tool among Economist rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular tool among Economist rather
+than kernel also if you can run a kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than kernel also if you can run a kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than kernel also if you can run a kernel
+you can run a localtion because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run a localtion because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can run a localtion because it's
+really just the same another advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the same another advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the same another advantage
+of it is that we get the the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that we get the the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is that we get the the derivative
+of the function is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function is simply the
+coefficient on the on the local linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on the on the local linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient on the on the local linear
+piece so sometimes often we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so sometimes often we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so sometimes often we're
+interested in derivatives and we get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in derivatives and we get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in derivatives and we get it
+free of charge instead of having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of charge instead of having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of charge instead of having to
+recalculate it so for this reason people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate it so for this reason people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalculate it so for this reason people
+uh people like this um people like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people like this um people like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people like this um people like this
+so this is why on Earth would you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why on Earth would you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why on Earth would you like
+to do that uh for this two for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasons so all of that to say uh was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so all of that to say uh was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so all of that to say uh was to
+try to sort of give you both a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of give you both a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sort of give you both a sense of
+how flexible the the OLS model is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flexible the the OLS model is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flexible the the OLS model is and
+how rich it is and how everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how rich it is and how everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how rich it is and how everything is
+connected in a way between nonparametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in a way between nonparametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected in a way between nonparametric
+uh uh OS model and even machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh OS model and even machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh OS model and even machine
+learning now I want to put all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning now I want to put all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning now I want to put all of this
+functional form discussion we've had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form discussion we've had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form discussion we've had uh
+together uh to discuss one tool that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh to discuss one tool that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh to discuss one tool that has
+become very popular and applied research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very popular and applied research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very popular and applied research
+in recent years which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years which is called
+regression discontinuity design so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression discontinuity design so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression discontinuity design so it's
+really a nice example of applying all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a nice example of applying all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a nice example of applying all of
+this method of of playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method of of playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method of of playing with
+functional form and dummies Etc to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form and dummies Etc to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form and dummies Etc to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+something so regression discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so regression discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so regression discontinuity
+design is appropriate in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is appropriate in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is appropriate in any
+circumstance such as the Boston Latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance such as the Boston Latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance such as the Boston Latin
+example where there is some treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where there is some treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where there is some treatment
+for example being admitted in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example being admitted in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example being admitted in Boston
+Latin which shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin which shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin which shift
+discontinuously with some running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously with some running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously with some running
+variable at a threshold so call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable at a threshold so call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable at a threshold so call the
+variable a but that's because I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a but that's because I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable a but that's because I'm I'm
+using the someone else notation usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the someone else notation usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the someone else notation usually
+we use x notation but call this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use x notation but call this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use x notation but call this variable
+a for some reasons and call you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for some reasons and call you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for some reasons and call you
+treatment da equal a one if a is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment da equal a one if a is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment da equal a one if a is greater
+than some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some
+threshold for example here I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for example here I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for example here I put the
+threshold as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold as
+21 let's call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 let's call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 let's call the
+threshold Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold Alpha
+zero and zero otherwise so uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and zero otherwise so uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and zero otherwise so uh we're
+going to use as an example very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use as an example very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use as an example very nice
+nicely done example in Josh angrist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely done example in Josh angrist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely done example in Josh angrist and
+Steve p P's book master of metrics they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve p P's book master of metrics they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve p P's book master of metrics they
+they they kind of dissect a nice article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they kind of dissect a nice article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they kind of dissect a nice article
+by Carpenter and dkin on uh blah which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Carpenter and dkin on uh blah which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Carpenter and dkin on uh blah which
+I'm going to ask you in a minute uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you in a minute uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you in a minute uh so
+it happens to be here that the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be here that the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens to be here that the threshold
+is 21 and da a is equal to one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 21 and da a is equal to one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 21 and da a is equal to one if you
+are above the threshold and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are above the threshold and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are above the threshold and zero
+otherwise uh what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise uh what do you think the
+treatment is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is that
+example something of interest that shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something of interest that shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example something of interest that shift
+discontinuously at 21 yeah drinking age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously at 21 yeah drinking age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuously at 21 yeah drinking age
+exactly so this is this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so this is this is something
+that is uh relevant to many of you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh relevant to many of you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh relevant to many of you so
+you pay close attention even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay close attention even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay close attention even if you're
+not interested in aetric uh da is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in aetric uh da is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interested in aetric uh da is one
+above 21 and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 21 and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 21 and zero
+otherwise so the idea is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so the idea is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so the idea is that we're
+going to look at an outcome what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at an outcome what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at an outcome what do you
+think what would be an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what would be an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what would be an interesting
+outcome to look at that is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome to look at that is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome to look at that is related to
+drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking
+age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age
+hospitalizations yeah or or even one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalizations yeah or or even one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalizations yeah or or even one
+step further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further
+uh yeah so they look at fatalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so they look at fatalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so they look at fatalities
+actually they look at uh they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they look at uh they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they look at uh they look at
+motor vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor vehicle
+fatalities uh and the idea is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatalities uh and the idea is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatalities uh and the idea is that as
+you become that's related to my uh to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become that's related to my uh to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you become that's related to my uh to my
+example with um to my example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with um to my example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with um to my example with
+Mobility over IQ uh so the well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility over IQ uh so the well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility over IQ uh so the well that's
+not it's I guess because it's IQ that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's I guess because it's IQ that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's I guess because it's IQ that
+goes down once you've drunk uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down once you've drunk uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down once you've drunk uh so the
+idea is that uh as people become older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that uh as people become older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that uh as people become older
+they probably become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably become more
+reasonable uh and better drivers so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh and better drivers so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh and better drivers so a
+motor vehicle accident should in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor vehicle accident should in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor vehicle accident should in general
+probably go down with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go down with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go down with with
+age except that at 21 something discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age except that at 21 something discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age except that at 21 something discrete
+happens which is you get the you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens which is you get the you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens which is you get the you get
+your the right to drink so you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the right to drink so you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the right to drink so you might be
+uh you might be starting to drink Dr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might be starting to drink Dr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might be starting to drink Dr and
+D at 21 which was not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D at 21 which was not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D at 21 which was not possible
+before so the idea is in regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so the idea is in regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so the idea is in regression
+discontinuity design is that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity design is that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity design is that you you
+assume that your outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that your outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that your outcome of
+interest does vary with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest does vary with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest does vary with something that
+determine that is going to influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that is going to influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that is going to influence
+whether or not you're treated or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you're treated or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you're treated or not so
+the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential
+outcome is related to whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is related to whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is related to whether you're
+treated or not because the something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated or not because the something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated or not because the something
+that affects the potential outcome also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects the potential outcome also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects the potential outcome also
+affects the treatment but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the treatment but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the treatment but there is a
+discontinu jumps and the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinu jumps and the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinu jumps and the assumption that
+we are willing to make is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are willing to make is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are willing to make is that there is
+no other reason for the discontinuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other reason for the discontinuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other reason for the discontinuous
+jump other than the the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump other than the the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump other than the the fact that the
+treatment has changed so there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment has changed so there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment has changed so there is no
+other reason why you would become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason why you would become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason why you would become a
+worse driver at 21 other than you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse driver at 21 other than you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse driver at 21 other than you might
+be uh you might have drunk before uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh you might have drunk before uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh you might have drunk before uh you
+might have been able to buy alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been able to buy alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been able to buy alcohol
+before uh so this is this is this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh so this is this is this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh so this is this is this it's
+important to know that this is always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know that this is always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know that this is always an
+assumption that there is no shift at 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that there is no shift at 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that there is no shift at 21
+in the outcome variable and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outcome variable and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outcome variable and that the
+assumption is not usually directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is not usually directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is not usually directly
+testable you have to appeal to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable you have to appeal to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable you have to appeal to your
+knowledge of the institution to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the institution to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the institution to know
+that it is likely to be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is likely to be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is likely to be a valid
+assumption sometimes you can provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption sometimes you can provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption sometimes you can provide
+some little auxiliary regressions to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little auxiliary regressions to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some little auxiliary regressions to uh
+to give you confidence in the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you confidence in the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you confidence in the assumption
+but that's always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's always an
+assumption so what can you do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so what can you do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so what can you do in this
+setting well the simplest thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting well the simplest thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting well the simplest thing you can
+do is to use a dami variable for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to use a dami variable for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to use a dami variable for uh
+treatment to shift the intercept at uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to shift the intercept at uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment to shift the intercept at uh a
+z so what you assume is that uh you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so what you assume is that uh you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so what you assume is that uh you the
+the we're running the the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're running the the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're running the the regression
+that we saw with with Demi variable we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw with with Demi variable we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw with with Demi variable we
+assume that the shift the the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the shift the the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the shift the the slope of
+the relationship between your outcome on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between your outcome on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between your outcome on
+the left and on the right of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and on the right of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left and on the right of the
+discontinuity is the same but then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity is the same but then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity is the same but then there
+is a treatment it suddenly shifts up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a treatment it suddenly shifts up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a treatment it suddenly shifts up or
+down depending on the on whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down depending on the on whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down depending on the on whether you can
+drink so given what you were discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink so given what you were discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink so given what you were discussing
+before before I show up the graph how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before I show up the graph how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before I show up the graph how do
+you think that uh motor vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that uh motor vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that uh motor vehicle
+fatalities will will look like as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatalities will will look like as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatalities will will look like as a
+function of age uh if I'm I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of age uh if I'm I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of age uh if I'm I'm taking
+predicted value from this regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value from this regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value from this regression
+what will the putting 21 here how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the putting 21 here how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will the putting 21 here how is it
+how should it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like yes exactly so it's going to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yes exactly so it's going to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yes exactly so it's going to it's
+decreasing till here then maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing till here then maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing till here then maybe it's
+going to shift up because of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift up because of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift up because of the uh
+ability to drink and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to drink and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to drink and it's going to be
+decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+again uh so this is a regression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh so this is a regression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh so this is a regression that
+you rarely see in practice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rarely see in practice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rarely see in practice because
+quickly enough people go and do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly enough people go and do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly enough people go and do more
+richer stuff to they very nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer stuff to they very nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer stuff to they very nice thing
+about Josh's book is that he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Josh's book is that he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Josh's book is that he's going
+step by step and this is the graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step by step and this is the graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step by step and this is the graph that
+he run for us uh so the dots are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he run for us uh so the dots are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he run for us uh so the dots are for
+each age what is the average uh death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each age what is the average uh death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each age what is the average uh death
+rate from from all C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate from from all C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate from from all C
+actually uh and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh and uh uh the
+um the lines is the predicted value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lines is the predicted value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the lines is the predicted value from
+this regression and the with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression and the with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regression and the with the with
+the jump with the intercept shift over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump with the intercept shift over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jump with the intercept shift over
+here so that's the simple thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the simple thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the simple thing you can
+do so here you've you this this line are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so here you've you this this line are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so here you've you this this line are
+parallel because you've assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel because you've assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel because you've assumed that
+they were parallel okay the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were parallel okay the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were parallel okay the estimated
+lines are parallel in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are parallel in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines are parallel in
+fact it's not a bad it doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's not a bad it doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's not a bad it doesn't seem to
+be a very bad approximation of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very bad approximation of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very bad approximation of the graph
+but it's assumed in this case yes is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's assumed in this case yes is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's assumed in this case yes is it
+similar to the China example very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the China example very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the China example very
+similar to the China example exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the China example exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the China example exactly
+exactly this is exactly the same idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this is exactly the same idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this is exactly the same idea or
+what I was just describing about Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was just describing about Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was just describing about Boston
+Latin very similar so it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin very similar so it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin very similar so it's very very
+popular people use it ad boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular people use it ad boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular people use it ad boundaries
+oops uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops uh
+the the so that's the simplest thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the so that's the simplest thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the so that's the simplest thing you
+can do and in this case it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and in this case it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and in this case it's sort of
+nice U it's a nice uh it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice U it's a nice uh it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice U it's a nice uh it looks
+reasonably convincing that uh that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably convincing that uh that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably convincing that uh that there
+is a sh shift upwards in mortality right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sh shift upwards in mortality right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sh shift upwards in mortality right
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+21 however the the simplest analysis may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 however the the simplest analysis may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 however the the simplest analysis may
+get it wrong so this is these are fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong so this is these are fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wrong so this is these are fake
+examples uh these are fake examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh these are fake examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples uh these are fake examples of
+data where uh nonlinearities May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where uh nonlinearities May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data where uh nonlinearities May
+disguise themselves as discontinuity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguise themselves as discontinuity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disguise themselves as discontinuity so
+if you looking at the top graph if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looking at the top graph if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you looking at the top graph if I if
+I force the if I force the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I force the if I force the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I force the if I force the data
+to if I force the data to be uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I force the data to be uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if I force the data to be uh uh to
+have a jump it might think that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump it might think that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a jump it might think that there is
+a it might think that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it might think that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it might think that there is a
+discontinuity but in fact it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity but in fact it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity but in fact it's just that
+uh it might just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it might just be a
+nonlinearity but be because I forc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity but be because I forc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity but be because I forc
+linear on both sides and I force it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear on both sides and I force it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear on both sides and I force it to
+be with the same slope uh I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with the same slope uh I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with the same slope uh I'm I'm
+thinking that there is a jump where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that there is a jump where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that there is a jump where in
+fact really so when I estimate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact really so when I estimate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact really so when I estimate my
+aggression I'm going to really see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression I'm going to really see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression I'm going to really see a
+nice significant job when in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice significant job when in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice significant job when in fact in
+reality it's kind of it would be a it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's kind of it would be a it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality it's kind of it would be a it
+could just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be
+a well captured by a smooth quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well captured by a smooth quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well captured by a smooth quadratic
+it's very clear as well here that uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear as well here that uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very clear as well here that uh if
+you if you force here it's not estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you force here it's not estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you force here it's not estimated
+linearly but if you in this one see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly but if you in this one see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly but if you in this one see if
+you force a linear Trend you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you force a linear Trend you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you force a linear Trend you're going to
+see a you're going to see a jump but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a you're going to see a jump but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a you're going to see a jump but in
+fact if you did something more flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you did something more flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you did something more flexible
+with you know with just a cubic or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know with just a cubic or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know with just a cubic or a
+cubic and a quartic you would see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and a quartic you would see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic and a quartic you would see it's
+just a shape that is that is nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a shape that is that is nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a shape that is that is nonlinear
+so that's kind of a problem we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a problem we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of a problem we might
+have if we run regression discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we run regression discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we run regression discontinuity
+analysis by imposing a linear trend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis by imposing a linear trend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis by imposing a linear trend on
+both sides so what do we do well we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides so what do we do well we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides so what do we do well we try
+to avoid imposing a linear trend on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid imposing a linear trend on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid imposing a linear trend on both
+sides so the first thing you could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so the first thing you could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so the first thing you could do is
+to say well I'm going to add polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I'm going to add polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well I'm going to add polinomial
+exactly as we said you could either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as we said you could either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly as we said you could either
+estimate it on either side on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it on either side on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate it on either side on the same
+one on both side so estimate the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on both side so estimate the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on both side so estimate the same
+polinomial on both side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial on both side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial on both side of the
+discontinuity I think this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity I think this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity I think this is what is
+being done here in the second graph uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done here in the second graph uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done here in the second graph uh
+and imposing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imposing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and imposing a
+jump or even better you could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump or even better you could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump or even better you could say well
+let me estimate a PO so under the under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me estimate a PO so under the under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me estimate a PO so under the under
+H zero the hypothesis that there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H zero the hypothesis that there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H zero the hypothesis that there is no
+discontinuity that's clearly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity that's clearly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity that's clearly the right
+thing to do or even better you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do or even better you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do or even better you could be
+even more flexible and say let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more flexible and say let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more flexible and say let me
+estimate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a
+polinomial that is uh uh going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that is uh uh going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that is uh uh going to be
+different on either side so you Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on either side so you Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on either side so you Center
+the variable as we discussed previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable as we discussed previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable as we discussed previously
+such that the the piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the the piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the the piece of the
+polinomial uh meet each other and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh meet each other and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh meet each other and you
+run a regression where uh you have ai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a regression where uh you have ai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a regression where uh you have ai
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+a0 and then AI minus a z above the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and then AI minus a z above the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and then AI minus a z above the above
+the threshold a IUS a0 square a IUS a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold a IUS a0 square a IUS a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold a IUS a0 square a IUS a0
+above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the
+threshold Square Etc and here you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold Square Etc and here you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold Square Etc and here you can uh
+you can you can do just uh you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can do just uh you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can do just uh you can do
+this version without the dots where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version without the dots where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version without the dots where you
+have a linear linear piece on both end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear linear piece on both end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear linear piece on both end
+but you're not assuming it to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not assuming it to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're not assuming it to be the
+same or you can be more flexible you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same or you can be more flexible you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same or you can be more flexible you can
+have a quadratic on either side for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quadratic on either side for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quadratic on either side for
+example here again so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here again so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here again so this is an example
+of of that uh this is the same data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that uh this is the same data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of that uh this is the same data we
+saw earlier but now we estimate a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier but now we estimate a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw earlier but now we estimate a linear
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+on both sides but it's it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides but it's it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both sides but it's it's not the same
+slope so we allowing the slope to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so we allowing the slope to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so we allowing the slope to be
+different on either side by interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on either side by interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different on either side by interacting
+with the by centering the variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the by centering the variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the by centering the variables and
+then interacting with the treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then interacting with the treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then interacting with the treatment
+D and then the the graph that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then the the graph that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and then the the graph that is a
+little bit smoother is a quadratic on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smoother is a quadratic on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smoother is a quadratic on
+either side a different quadratic on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side a different quadratic on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side a different quadratic on
+either side you can see here that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side you can see here that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side you can see here that it
+makes no difference because it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no difference because it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no difference because it seems to
+be a nice linear functional like nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a nice linear functional like nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a nice linear functional like nice
+linear line either way that's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line either way that's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear line either way that's almost
+parallel except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel except for the
+jump okay so uh so that is that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump okay so uh so that is that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump okay so uh so that is that's what
+one could do uh sometimes doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could do uh sometimes doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could do uh sometimes doing that
+make your discontinuity disappear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your discontinuity disappear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your discontinuity disappear so
+it's a little bit sad but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life uh once you run that uh what is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh once you run that uh what is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh once you run that uh what is of
+Interest so you always want if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest so you always want if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest so you always want if you're
+interested in doing regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing regression
+discontinuity for your paper all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity for your paper all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity for your paper all the
+power to you that great you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to you that great you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to you that great you don't have
+to find something it could be a zero no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find something it could be a zero no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find something it could be a zero no
+problem at all that's actually a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at all that's actually a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at all that's actually a general
+Point don't feel that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point don't feel that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point don't feel that you have to
+deliver a result that is not zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a result that is not zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver a result that is not zero we
+like zeros I love zeros I don't see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zeros I love zeros I don't see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like zeros I love zeros I don't see I
+think that there is not enough around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there is not enough around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that there is not enough around so
+just show us zero no problem but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show us zero no problem but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show us zero no problem but if
+you're showing a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing a regression
+discontinuity I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity I want a
+graph you cannot do a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you cannot do a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you cannot do a regression
+discontinuity analysis without a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity analysis without a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity analysis without a graph
+if you don't see it in the graph it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't see it in the graph it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't see it in the graph it's
+not there even if it's in the table with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there even if it's in the table with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there even if it's in the table with
+significant numbers so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant numbers so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant numbers so it's very
+important to show the graph but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to show the graph but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to show the graph but then
+typically with a graph you're also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with a graph you're also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically with a graph you're also going
+to show uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show uh some
+numbers uh so let's uh let's go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh so let's uh let's go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh so let's uh let's go over
+this table so each row in this table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table so each row in this table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table so each row in this table is
+a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different
+outcome okay so this is not your typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome okay so this is not your typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome okay so this is not your typical
+way that regression are represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that regression are represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that regression are represented
+where in the row we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the row we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the row we have the the
+different X's here each row is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different X's here each row is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different X's here each row is a
+different regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regression
+okay uh so each row is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so each row is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so each row is a different
+regression each column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression each column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression each column
+colon one and two are um looking at age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon one and two are um looking at age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon one and two are um looking at age
+19 to 22 so above the around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 to 22 so above the around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 to 22 so above the around the
+discontinuity colon three and four are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity colon three and four are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity colon three and four are
+restricting to age 20 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting to age 20 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting to age 20 and
+21 uh and uh it's age in month over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 uh and uh it's age in month over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 uh and uh it's age in month over
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+things colum one uh you have just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things colum one uh you have just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things colum one uh you have just the
+age so this is a linear on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so this is a linear on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age so this is a linear on both sides
+without imposing the same slope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without imposing the same slope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without imposing the same slope the
+first model we looked at column two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first model we looked at column two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first model we looked at column two is
+age and age Square interacted with over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and age Square interacted with over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age and age Square interacted with over
+21 dami so that's the second model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 dami so that's the second model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 dami so that's the second model we
+saw with more flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with more flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw with more flexible
+control uh you can see that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh you can see that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh you can see that the first
+row is Old Death and so what we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is Old Death and so what we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is Old Death and so what we have in
+the coefficient is the jump uh measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient is the jump uh measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient is the jump uh measured
+after those controls and so we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those controls and so we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after those controls and so we have for
+example for the first row uh First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the first row uh First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the first row uh First
+Column uh the effect of um the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column uh the effect of um the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column uh the effect of um the effect of
+uh uh of the 21 of Bec 21 and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of the 21 of Bec 21 and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh of the 21 of Bec 21 and therefore
+being allowed to to drink is 7.66 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being allowed to to drink is 7.66 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being allowed to to drink is 7.66 and I
+think it's per thousand or per 100,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's per thousand or per 100,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's per thousand or per 100,000
+or something it's per some large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something it's per some large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something it's per some large number
+um uh and it's very very significant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and it's very very significant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and it's very very significant you
+have the standard error below uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the standard error below uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the standard error below uh so uh
+if you divide one by the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you divide one by the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you divide one by the other is
+something that is going to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is going to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is going to be quite
+large so you can definitely reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so you can definitely reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so you can definitely reject the
+hypothesis that it has no the drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that it has no the drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that it has no the drinking
+age has no effect so keep that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age has no effect so keep that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age has no effect so keep that in mind
+and be careful and you have uh so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be careful and you have uh so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be careful and you have uh so once
+you've done that the good thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that the good thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that the good thing with the
+with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with
+the with this particular variable again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with this particular variable again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with this particular variable again
+you cannot test the hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot test the hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot test the hypothesis that
+there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no
+discontinuity that there is no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity that there is no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity that there is no other
+reason for the discontinuity except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for the discontinuity except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for the discontinuity except the
+drinking age uh but if um that were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking age uh but if um that were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking age uh but if um that were the
+case then stuff that is not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then stuff that is not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then stuff that is not related to
+alcohol shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol shouldn't
+jump so uh what you look at so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump so uh what you look at so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump so uh what you look at so what you
+can look at is other outcomes first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at is other outcomes first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at is other outcomes first of
+all because you were thinking that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because you were thinking that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because you were thinking that most
+of these things come from motor motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things come from motor motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things come from motor motor
+vehicle accidents you can see that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle accidents you can see that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle accidents you can see that uh
+the coefficient for motor vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for motor vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for motor vehicle
+accident is in fact very large and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident is in fact very large and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident is in fact very large and
+significant at second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant at second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant at second
+line uh suicide also actually affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh suicide also actually affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh suicide also actually affected
+by by uh by alcohol you could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by uh by alcohol you could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by uh by alcohol you could say well
+that's a fail but you probably alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fail but you probably alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fail but you probably alcohol
+is involved in some uh suicide cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in some uh suicide cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in some uh suicide cause
+homicide is not at all significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homicide is not at all significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homicide is not at all significantly
+related so it's not violence in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so it's not violence in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related so it's not violence in general
+uh other um all internal causes who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other um all internal causes who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh other um all internal causes who
+definitely should not be affected is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely should not be affected is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely should not be affected is
+completely unaffected and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unaffected and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unaffected and of course
+alcohol related causes in alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol related causes in alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcohol related causes in alcohol
+related that are not uh motor vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related that are not uh motor vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related that are not uh motor vehicle
+accidents or or death so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents or or death so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidents or or death so for example
+people passing out in a coma and dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people passing out in a coma and dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people passing out in a coma and dying
+is is a much smaller number because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a much smaller number because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a much smaller number because
+doesn't happen very frequently but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen very frequently but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen very frequently but it's
+also quite significant so this gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quite significant so this gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quite significant so this gives you
+so looking at the other variable is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the other variable is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so looking at the other variable is not
+a proof that they specific ation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof that they specific ation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proof that they specific ation is
+correct but it gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confidence so that's the first way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence so that's the first way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence so that's the first way to
+solve this problem is to impose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem is to impose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this problem is to impose a
+polinomial second way to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial second way to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial second way to solve this
+problem is by narrowing the estimate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is by narrowing the estimate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is by narrowing the estimate to
+a band around the discontinuity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a band around the discontinuity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a band around the discontinuity that's
+going to be our bandwidth and as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our bandwidth and as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our bandwidth and as usual
+you're going to make the bond withd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make the bond withd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make the bond withd
+smaller and smaller so look at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller so look at a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller so look at a lower
+lower Bond withd around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Bond withd around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Bond withd around the
+discontinuity uh as you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity uh as you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity uh as you have more
+observation so that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so that becomes
+nonparametric regression discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric regression discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonparametric regression discontinuity
+Des
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Des
+so parametric regression discontinu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parametric regression discontinu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so parametric regression discontinu
+design is when you use a bunch of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is when you use a bunch of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is when you use a bunch of your
+data and impose a polinomial form on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and impose a polinomial form on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and impose a polinomial form on
+both sides and nonparametric is then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides and nonparametric is then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides and nonparametric is then we
+reducing your bandwidth and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your bandwidth and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your bandwidth and then what
+you do typically is estimating a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do typically is estimating a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do typically is estimating a local
+linear regression as we just discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression as we just discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression as we just discussed
+on either side and you're reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side and you're reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side and you're reducing the
+Bond withd as much when you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond withd as much when you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond withd as much when you have more
+and more and more observation okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and more observation okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and more observation okay so
+again very very similar but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very very similar but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again very very similar but it's just
+you're reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reducing the
+size um so in my series of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um so in my series of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um so in my series of uh
+advertising uh uh graduate student work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising uh uh graduate student work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising uh uh graduate student work
+that that could gives you uh give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could gives you uh give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that could gives you uh give you
+idea of things to do here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of things to do here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of things to do here is a
+regression discontinuity design that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression discontinuity design that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression discontinuity design that uh
+Melanie over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melanie over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melanie over here
+run uh which is uh looking at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh which is uh looking at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh which is uh looking at something
+that's a popular design for regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a popular design for regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a popular design for regression
+discontin popular place where you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontin popular place where you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontin popular place where you find
+discontinuity is elections because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity is elections because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity is elections because in
+elections the first person wins and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections the first person wins and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections the first person wins and the
+second person loses irrespective of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person loses irrespective of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person loses irrespective of how
+close they are from the first person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close they are from the first person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close they are from the first person so
+that creates a discontinuity assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates a discontinuity assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates a discontinuity assuming
+that there is a bit of Randomness in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a bit of Randomness in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a bit of Randomness in
+whether some supporter are going to vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some supporter are going to vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether some supporter are going to vote
+that they or not Etc uh that creates uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they or not Etc uh that creates uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they or not Etc uh that creates uh
+potentially very discontinu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially very discontinu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially very discontinu
+discontinuous outcome at 50% if it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous outcome at 50% if it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuous outcome at 50% if it's two
+candidates or at whatever the margin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates or at whatever the margin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidates or at whatever the margin of
+Victory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victory
+is uh so people have looked this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so people have looked this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so people have looked this in
+political sense regression disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political sense regression disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political sense regression disc
+continuity is really a tool of choice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is really a tool of choice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity is really a tool of choice in
+the last few years as people look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few years as people look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last few years as people look at the
+effect of Democrats versus Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of Democrats versus Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of Democrats versus Republican
+having a union or not uh incumbency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a union or not uh incumbency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a union or not uh incumbency
+effect so being the winner rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so being the winner rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so being the winner rather than
+the loser of an election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loser of an election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loser of an election
+Etc so what Melanie looked at is um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so what Melanie looked at is um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so what Melanie looked at is um the
+effect of winning an election on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of winning an election on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of winning an election on the
+decision to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to run
+again not on winning conditional on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not on winning conditional on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not on winning conditional on
+having uh uh conditional on running but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh uh conditional on running but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having uh uh conditional on running but
+on the decision to run again so which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the decision to run again so which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the decision to run again so which
+way do you think it goes like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way do you think it goes like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way do you think it goes like if you
+narrowly win an election versus narrowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly win an election versus narrowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowly win an election versus narrowly
+lose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose an
+election which makes you more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election which makes you more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election which makes you more likely to
+run again the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run again the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run again the next
+election winning yeah so the the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election winning yeah so the the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election winning yeah so the the winning
+the winners are generally are generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners are generally are generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winners are generally are generally
+more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely to
+run uh so what she is interested is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh so what she is interested is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh so what she is interested is to
+see whether that's that that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether that's that that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether that's that that's different
+for men and for women whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for men and for women whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for men and for women whether the
+winning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning uh
+whether the effect of winning an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the effect of winning an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the effect of winning an
+election is different for men and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is different for men and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election is different for men and for
+women so she uses data that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women so she uses data that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women so she uses data that's all
+publicly available so local election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available so local election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly available so local election
+returns from 1995 to 2012 uh uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns from 1995 to 2012 uh uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns from 1995 to 2012 uh uh and um
+now there is even a few more this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is even a few more this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is even a few more this is
+where the data is available this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data is available this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the data is available this is a
+bunch of election like School Board City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of election like School Board City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of election like School Board City
+counselors this type of stuff uh so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counselors this type of stuff uh so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counselors this type of stuff uh so very
+very local election the first entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very local election the first entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very local election the first entry
+usually for people the first entry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for people the first entry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for people the first entry point
+into politics some local uh local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into politics some local uh local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into politics some local uh local
+election sometimes for a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election sometimes for a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election sometimes for a lot of people
+actually the last entry point into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the last entry point into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the last entry point into
+politics a nice interesting uh way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics a nice interesting uh way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics a nice interesting uh way
+reason why these are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why these are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why these are interesting
+elections is that they are usually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections is that they are usually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections is that they are usually not
+Party Line based uh it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party Line based uh it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party Line based uh it's a lot of
+individual decision whether to run or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual decision whether to run or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual decision whether to run or
+not so the interpretation of the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the interpretation of the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the interpretation of the result
+will be a little bit cleaner in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little bit cleaner in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a little bit cleaner in term of
+people's own decision as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's own decision as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's own decision as opposed to
+party deciding to feel people or not F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party deciding to feel people or not F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party deciding to feel people or not F
+them so here's what we find in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so here's what we find in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so here's what we find in graph
+what has she done here well she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has she done here well she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has she done here well she's
+estimating uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating uh uh um
+a parametric Rd for men and for women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parametric Rd for men and for women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parametric Rd for men and for women
+separately uh the women are on are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately uh the women are on are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately uh the women are on are the
+the the green dots the green diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the green dots the green diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the green dots the green diamonds
+and the men are the uh transparent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the men are the uh transparent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the men are the uh transparent um
+transparent round circles and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent round circles and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent round circles and then they
+both have their have the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have their have the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have their have the the the
+polinomial fitted on both side I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial fitted on both side I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial fitted on both side I I think
+it's a it's a cubic we see we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a cubic we see we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a cubic we see we'll see the
+regression in a moment uh so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in a moment uh so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in a moment uh so it's a
+different cub cubic on both it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cub cubic on both it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cub cubic on both it's a
+different polinomial on both sides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polinomial on both sides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different polinomial on both sides and
+it's different for men and for wom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different for men and for wom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different for men and for wom you
+could imagine running in a two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine running in a two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine running in a two separate
+regression one for men one for woman in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression one for men one for woman in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression one for men one for woman in
+fact I'm going to show you that she does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm going to show you that she does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm going to show you that she does
+everything at once using interactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at once using interactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything at once using interactions so
+that's going to remind us how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to remind us how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to remind us how to use
+interactions as well and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions as well and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions as well and so when you
+look at these graphs uh what do you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these graphs uh what do you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these graphs uh what do you so
+let's focusing focus on this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focusing focus on this one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focusing focus on this one uh
+what's your sense of what we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your sense of what we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your sense of what we are going
+to find uh in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find uh in uh
+if you want you can say for men for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can say for men for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want you can say for men for
+women and then the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and then the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and then the difference between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+two for the in in the in panel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for the in in the in panel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two for the in in the in panel a
+here yep are more willing to run again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yep are more willing to run again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yep are more willing to run again
+even if they lost exactly so men are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they lost exactly so men are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they lost exactly so men are
+more willing to to run again even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more willing to to run again even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more willing to to run again even if
+they're lost for both gender how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lost for both gender how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're lost for both gender how would I
+how would I describe this I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I describe this I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I describe this I would say
+for both gender there is a a um pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both gender there is a a um pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both gender there is a a um pretty
+steep decline in the probability to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep decline in the probability to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep decline in the probability to run
+again if they have lost an election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if they have lost an election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if they have lost an election
+before but the uh the the effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but the uh the the effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but the uh the the effect is
+larger for woman and interestingly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for woman and interestingly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger for woman and interestingly this
+is a one this is the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one this is the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a one this is the same number of
+observation but if a it's a one if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation but if a it's a one if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation but if a it's a one if you
+run and you win and a zero if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and you win and a zero if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and you win and a zero if you don't
+run and zero if you run and you lose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and zero if you run and you lose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and zero if you run and you lose and
+what do we have what what's what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have what what's what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have what what's what would
+be the conclusion do you think we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the conclusion do you think we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the conclusion do you think we don't
+have standard error on the graph but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have standard error on the graph but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have standard error on the graph but
+what do you think the conclusion would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the conclusion would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the conclusion would
+be when we're comparing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when we're comparing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be when we're comparing these
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+maybe the women that run and win again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the women that run and win again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the women that run and win again
+are different than the women in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different than the women in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different than the women in the
+first yeah so first let's interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yeah so first let's interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yeah so first let's interpret the
+basic fact the basic fact is that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact the basic fact is that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic fact the basic fact is that from
+this graph is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph is that
+actually if we use one running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if we use one running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if we use one running and
+winning the there is no difference left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the there is no difference left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning the there is no difference left
+between men and women at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between men and women at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between men and women at the
+discontinuity so men are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity so men are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity so men are much more
+likely to to run again if they've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to to run again if they've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to to run again if they've lost
+the election but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election but
+uh they are not likely they're not more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are not likely they're not more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are not likely they're not more
+likely to run and win which as we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to run and win which as we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to run and win which as we were
+told uh has to be mechanically due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told uh has to be mechanically due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told uh has to be mechanically due to
+the fact that um the the marginal loser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that um the the marginal loser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that um the the marginal loser
+among men is more likely to lose again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among men is more likely to lose again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among men is more likely to lose again
+if they run to lose next time they run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they run to lose next time they run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they run to lose next time they run
+than than if than the woman so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than if than the woman so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than if than the woman so the
+basically women do not run unless they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically women do not run unless they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically women do not run unless they
+are pretty sure that they they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty sure that they they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty sure that they they have a
+good shot so let's look at it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shot so let's look at it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good shot so let's look at it in a
+yes it just seems strange why does as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it just seems strange why does as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it just seems strange why does as
+the margin of Victory increases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin of Victory increases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the margin of Victory increases for
+women they're like less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women they're like less like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women they're like less like
+it goes down again so this this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down again so this this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes down again so this this part of
+it I have no idea what this is uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have no idea what this is uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I have no idea what this is uh and
+it's hard to interpret because it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to interpret because it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to interpret because it might
+be that the it might be that they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the it might be that they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that the it might be that they change
+elections also they are not in the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections also they are not in the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elections also they are not in the local
+election database maybe like the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election database maybe like the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election database maybe like the very
+very popular woman are snatch snapped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular woman are snatch snapped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular woman are snatch snapped up
+by by parties to run at other things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by parties to run at other things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by parties to run at other things I
+have I have just no idea it could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have just no idea it could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have just no idea it could also
+be very different people at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very different people at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very different people at this point
+they might this is hard to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might this is hard to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might this is hard to interpret
+Cally because there is a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cally because there is a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cally because there is a lot of
+differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences
+between people according to their margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people according to their margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between people according to their margin
+of Victories uh the jump we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Victories uh the jump we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Victories uh the jump we can
+interpret coly because we assume it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+random old California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random old California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random old California
+yeah just for local election so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not up
+exact I think it is it is a plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact I think it is it is a plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact I think it is it is a plausible
+interpretation uh I could dream up other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation uh I could dream up other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation uh I could dream up other
+one but if you want to interpret this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but if you want to interpret this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but if you want to interpret this as
+coal it's a plausible interpretation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal it's a plausible interpretation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal it's a plausible interpretation so
+we could we could add them up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could add them up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could add them up to
+especially in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in in
+California y okay so what do we see just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California y okay so what do we see just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California y okay so what do we see just
+as a term of writing it as a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a term of writing it as a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a term of writing it as a regression
+so it's kind of a bit of a of a mouseful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a bit of a of a mouseful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of a bit of a of a mouseful
+the regression if you want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression if you want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression if you want to write
+everything together because we we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together because we we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together because we we we are
+running it together for men and women so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it together for men and women so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it together for men and women so
+everything is interacted with the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is interacted with the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is interacted with the female
+dummy so basically the if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy so basically the if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummy so basically the if you remember
+how we interpret interaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we interpret interaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we interpret interaction with
+dummies the because here I'm putting Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies the because here I'm putting Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies the because here I'm putting Fe
+a female dummy all of the terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a female dummy all of the terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a female dummy all of the terms that are
+not interpret that are not interacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interpret that are not interacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not interpret that are not interacted
+with the female dummy will give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the female dummy will give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the female dummy will give me the
+effect for for men and then the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for for men and then the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for for men and then the ones
+that are interacted with the female dumy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interacted with the female dumy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interacted with the female dumy
+will give me the differential effect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the differential effect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give me the differential effect uh
+for for a woman so you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a woman so you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a woman so you have all the
+definition here so the beta is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here so the beta is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here so the beta is going to
+be the effect of having lost for a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the effect of having lost for a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the effect of having lost for a man
+after controlling for uh uh the polom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after controlling for uh uh the polom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after controlling for uh uh the polom
+on the left side of the discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side of the discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left side of the discontinuity
+this is theae here the polinomial on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is theae here the polinomial on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is theae here the polinomial on the
+right side of the discontinuities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the discontinuities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the discontinuities are
+the data case side so the beta etas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data case side so the beta etas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data case side so the beta etas and
+thetas give me the effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas give me the effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas give me the effect for
+men I mean the beta is the effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men I mean the beta is the effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men I mean the beta is the effect for
+men and the other ones are the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and the other ones are the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and the other ones are the the uh
+the the control for men and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the control for men and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the control for men and then the
+gamma is the differential effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the differential effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is the differential effect for
+female so it's going to be negative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female so it's going to be negative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female so it's going to be negative in
+the effect of running again uh Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of running again uh Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of running again uh Delta is
+just the fact that women may be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that women may be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the fact that women may be less
+likely to run in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to run in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to run in
+general uh and then the uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh and then the uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh and then the uh the the the
+control I'm also interactive the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I'm also interactive the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control I'm also interactive the control
+for female to make sure that I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for female to make sure that I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for female to make sure that I have the
+the right control on both gender so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right control on both gender so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right control on both gender so if I
+run exactly this regression actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run exactly this regression actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run exactly this regression actually I'm
+going to get strictly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get strictly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get strictly the same
+coefficient andun two regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient andun two regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient andun two regression
+separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately
+um so here we have everything uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we have everything uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here we have everything uh the
+reason why we are not going to get we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we are not going to get we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we are not going to get we're
+running everything to there we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running everything to there we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running everything to there we also
+includ the year of election fixed effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includ the year of election fixed effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includ the year of election fixed effect
+so it's a bunch of dummy for each year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bunch of dummy for each year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bunch of dummy for each year
+the election was run in case something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election was run in case something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election was run in case something
+is different and then County fix effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different and then County fix effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different and then County fix effect
+uh forget about clustering we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forget about clustering we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh forget about clustering we didn't
+discuss that very much and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that very much and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss that very much and this is the
+the way you would typically represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would typically represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would typically represent
+this type of regression you don't plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of regression you don't plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of regression you don't plot
+the polinomial you don't describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial you don't describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial you don't describe the
+polinomial in your in your in your table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in your in your in your table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial in your in your in your table
+it's not very interesting but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very interesting but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very interesting but you're
+saying well this is my polinomial here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well this is my polinomial here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well this is my polinomial here
+I'm just put a linear term this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just put a linear term this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just put a linear term this is a
+quadratic this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic this is a
+cubic uh so I'm exploring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic uh so I'm exploring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic uh so I'm exploring the
+sensitivity to different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity to different type of
+polinomial uh and she report the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh and she report the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh and she report the uh
+effect of having lost so remember how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of having lost so remember how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of having lost so remember how we
+interpret lost the Lost Demi here what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret lost the Lost Demi here what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret lost the Lost Demi here what's
+the interpretation of that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interpretation of that it's the
+effect of lost election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for who the Lost D is the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for who the Lost D is the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for who the Lost D is the effect of
+having lost the election for for males
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lost the election for for males
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having lost the election for for males
+uh the female dummy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the female dummy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the female dummy is
+what the probability the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability the difference
+between the probability that the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the probability that the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the probability that the female
+runs and a male runs among those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs and a male runs among those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs and a male runs among those who
+have W won before because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have W won before because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have W won before because it's not
+interacting with lost and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with lost and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with lost and you can see
+that basically if they have if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically if they have if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically if they have if they have
+won they are just as likely to run as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won they are just as likely to run as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won they are just as likely to run as
+men the female times loss is the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men the female times loss is the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men the female times loss is the extra
+effect of having lost for female so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of having lost for female so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of having lost for female so if I
+wanted the overall effect of having lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the overall effect of having lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the overall effect of having lost
+for female what would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for female what would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for female what would I
+do what would I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what would I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what would I need to
+do minus female lost from female L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do minus female lost from female L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do minus female lost from female L
+exactly I'm adding them up I need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I'm adding them up I need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I'm adding them up I need to add
+up the effect of Lost and the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the effect of Lost and the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the effect of Lost and the effect of
+female time loss to have the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female time loss to have the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female time loss to have the overall
+effect for female because this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for female because this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for female because this the
+interaction tells me that female are 11%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction tells me that female are 11%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction tells me that female are 11%
+chance less likely to run than men if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance less likely to run than men if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance less likely to run than men if
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+lost okay so on on average there are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost okay so on on average there are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost okay so on on average there are so
+then in in total there 18% or 28% less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in in total there 18% or 28% less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in in total there 18% or 28% less
+likely to run if they have lost than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to run if they have lost than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to run if they have lost than if
+they have won uh and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have won uh and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have won uh and then you can see
+that adding more polinomial doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adding more polinomial doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adding more polinomial doesn't seem
+to do too much to the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do too much to the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do too much to the interaction
+coefficient which is nice that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is nice that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is nice that's what we
+are interested in and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in and then you can see
+the coefficient of running and winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of running and winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of running and winning
+there is still a a negative coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still a a negative coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is still a a negative coefficient
+in and significant in the First Column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and significant in the First Column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and significant in the First Column
+but it disappears afterwards so it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it disappears afterwards so it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it disappears afterwards so it seems
+that there is no additional female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no additional female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no additional female
+effect or it's it becomes much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or it's it becomes much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect or it's it becomes much smaller
+and insignificant for running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insignificant for running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and insignificant for running and
+winning uh so then you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning uh so then you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning uh so then you can think about
+how to interpret this why it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret this why it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to interpret this why it might be
+the case there are any number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case there are any number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case there are any number of
+interpretation one could give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation one could give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation one could give
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah uh so in a way yes what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so in a way yes what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh so in a way yes what we are
+doing here is combining difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is combining difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is combining difference in
+difference with a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference with a regression
+discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity
+framework because we are comparing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework because we are comparing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework because we are comparing the
+losers and the the losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers and the the losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losers and the the losers
+uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the
+winners for male versus for female and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners for male versus for female and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winners for male versus for female and
+we are saying is it the case that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying is it the case that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying is it the case that the
+female losers are are more likely to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female losers are are more likely to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female losers are are more likely to not
+run than the male losers but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run than the male losers but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run than the male losers but in this
+case we are not doing the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we are not doing the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we are not doing the difference in
+difference for identification purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for identification purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference for identification purpose
+we're just interested in the in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just interested in the in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just interested in the in the in
+the difference per se the males are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference per se the males are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference per se the males are not
+a control here they are something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control here they are something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a control here they are something that
+they have their own effect and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their own effect and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have their own effect and then the
+effect for female is even larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for female is even larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect for female is even larger
+okay so regression discontinuity is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so regression discontinuity is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so regression discontinuity is nice
+uh because there actually a lot once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there actually a lot once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because there actually a lot once you
+start looking for them there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for them there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking for them there are a lot
+of those discontinuity happening in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those discontinuity happening in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those discontinuity happening in in
+the world that we can we can exploit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that we can we can exploit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that we can we can exploit one
+thing that you need to remember two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to remember two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to remember two
+things that you need to remember one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to remember one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you need to remember one is
+that the effect you're estimating are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect you're estimating are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the effect you're estimating are
+very very local they are right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very local they are right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very local they are right at the
+discontinuity sometimes it's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity sometimes it's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity sometimes it's a problem
+sometimes it's not think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's not think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's not think about the
+Boston Latin example if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Latin example if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Latin example if you use the
+discontinuity to estimate the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity to estimate the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity to estimate the effect of
+going to Boston Latin you're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Boston Latin you're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Boston Latin you're comparing
+the last student to be admitted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last student to be admitted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last student to be admitted in
+Boston Latin to the first student not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Latin to the first student not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston Latin to the first student not to
+be admitted and this effect might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be admitted and this effect might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be admitted and this effect might be
+quite different than the effect for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than the effect for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different than the effect for uh
+for example uh uh the the the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh uh the the the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example uh uh the the the best
+children or even the average children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or even the average children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children or even the average children
+admitted in Boston Latin so if as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted in Boston Latin so if as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted in Boston Latin so if as a
+parent you're interested in whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent you're interested in whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent you're interested in whether you
+should go to you should attend Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to you should attend Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to you should attend Boston
+Latin as opposed to any other school any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin as opposed to any other school any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latin as opposed to any other school any
+other Boston Public School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Boston Public School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Boston Public School
+uh maybe the regression discontinuity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe the regression discontinuity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe the regression discontinuity is
+might not be relevant if your child is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be relevant if your child is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be relevant if your child is
+doing very well uh in some cases it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very well uh in some cases it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing very well uh in some cases it
+doesn't matter or in some cases is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter or in some cases is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter or in some cases is
+exactly what we're interested in but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're interested in but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we're interested in but
+it's worth remembering that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth remembering that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth remembering that the other
+thing that is worth remembering is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is worth remembering is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is worth remembering is again
+this unest untested assumption and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unest untested assumption and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unest untested assumption and at
+very fundamentally untestable uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamentally untestable uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fundamentally untestable uh so you
+need to argue your best that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to argue your best that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to argue your best that it's a
+plausible assumption in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible assumption in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible assumption in your
+context okay I knew that I had some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context okay I knew that I had some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context okay I knew that I had some more
+material to cover from last time but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to cover from last time but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to cover from last time but I
+didn't know that it was that many uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that it was that many uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that it was that many uh so
+let's talk about omitted variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about omitted variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about omitted variable
+bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias
+um so I'll give you another example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'll give you another example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'll give you another example that
+comes from uh angrist and pish book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from uh angrist and pish book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from uh angrist and pish book uh
+um again because it's done in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again because it's done in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again because it's done in a very
+nice pedagogical way uh of the omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pedagogical way uh of the omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice pedagogical way uh of the omitted
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+problem so uh imagine that you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so uh imagine that you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so uh imagine that you uh
+interested in estimating the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in estimating the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in estimating the effect of
+attending a private university as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending a private university as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attending a private university as
+opposed to a state school on future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a state school on future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to a state school on future
+earnings and imagine that the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings and imagine that the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings and imagine that the true
+model the true model that you know uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the true model that you know uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the true model that you know uh in
+reality the the true model is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the the true model is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality the the true model is this one
+is uh Alpha a constant plus beta going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Alpha a constant plus beta going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Alpha a constant plus beta going
+to private school that's the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private school that's the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private school that's the effect of
+going to private school as opposed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to private school as opposed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to private school as opposed to a
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+school I'll discuss that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I'll discuss that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school I'll discuss that in a moment
+but you need to account for the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to account for the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to account for the fact
+that people who go to private school are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people who go to private school are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people who go to private school are
+different so in particular people who go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so in particular people who go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so in particular people who go
+to private schools may have higher set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private schools may have higher set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to private schools may have higher set
+scores SAT scores and they may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores SAT scores and they may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scores SAT scores and they may have
+different demographics their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different demographics their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different demographics their parents
+might be richer they might be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be richer they might be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be richer they might be coming
+from different towns etc etc so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different towns etc etc so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different towns etc etc so these
+are demographic but think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are demographic but think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are demographic but think of this as
+parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parental
+income so uh I'll Define the the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income so uh I'll Define the the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income so uh I'll Define the the group
+what the group what this group thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the group what this group thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the group what this group thing is
+uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right
+now what is this group thing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this group thing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this group thing it's a
+bunch of dummies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of dummies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of dummies
+150 and it's a group IDE is a dami equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 and it's a group IDE is a dami equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 and it's a group IDE is a dami equal
+to one if students I belong to group J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one if students I belong to group J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one if students I belong to group J
+so it's a set of group fixed effect I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a set of group fixed effect I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a set of group fixed effect I
+had uh condensed the interpretation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh condensed the interpretation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh condensed the interpretation by
+putting just Alpha J remember so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting just Alpha J remember so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting just Alpha J remember so this is
+the dumy spelled out and what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumy spelled out and what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dumy spelled out and what are those
+groups this groups uh describe the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups this groups uh describe the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups this groups uh describe the set
+of schools that the students have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schools that the students have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of schools that the students have
+applied to and where they were admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to and where they were admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to and where they were admitted
+so basically you have this is a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you have this is a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you have this is a data set
+called college and Beyond where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called college and Beyond where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called college and Beyond where people
+were looked at in 1996 and these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looked at in 1996 and these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looked at in 1996 and these were
+people who applied to college in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who applied to college in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who applied to college in
+1976 all of them applied to college in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 all of them applied to college in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 all of them applied to college in
+1976 and what you know from every person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and what you know from every person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 and what you know from every person
+is all the schools where they have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the schools where they have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the schools where they have been
+applied and all the schools where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and all the schools where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and all the schools where they
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+admitted so the first thing that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted so the first thing that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted so the first thing that they do
+on this 151 dummies is separating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this 151 dummies is separating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this 151 dummies is separating the
+schools by state and private and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools by state and private and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools by state and private and by
+highly selective kind of selective not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly selective kind of selective not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly selective kind of selective not
+selective at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective at
+all and those dummies are described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and those dummies are described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and those dummies are described
+exactly uh with the type of school that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh with the type of school that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh with the type of school that
+people have applied to for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have applied to for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have applied to for example uh
+all the students which have applied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the students which have applied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the students which have applied to
+three selective schools and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three selective schools and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three selective schools and one
+non-selective school and all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-selective school and all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-selective school and all of them
+were private schools and got admitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were private schools and got admitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were private schools and got admitted to
+all the places that they apply to are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the places that they apply to are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the places that they apply to are in
+one group and then you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group and then you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one group and then you have another
+group made of uh um one state school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group made of uh um one state school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group made of uh um one state school and
+two private school all of them selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two private school all of them selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two private school all of them selective
+and got admitted everywhere is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got admitted everywhere is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and got admitted everywhere is also
+another group so you form groups like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another group so you form groups like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another group so you form groups like
+that so a lot of groups have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so a lot of groups have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so a lot of groups have just one
+person so these groups basically will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so these groups basically will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so these groups basically will
+drop out these students will drop out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out these students will drop out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out these students will drop out
+from the regression because they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the regression because they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the regression because they have no
+one to be compared to but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to be compared to but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to be compared to but some of the
+groups will have uh will have 150 groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups will have uh will have 150 groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups will have uh will have 150 groups
+have more than have more than one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than have more than one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than have more than one person
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+them so we are interested in beta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we are interested in beta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we are interested in beta here
+we're not interested in any of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not interested in any of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not interested in any of this in
+the effect of sat we're not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of sat we're not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of sat we're not interested
+effect of Parental income and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of Parental income and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of Parental income and uh in
+future earnings one might be but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future earnings one might be but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future earnings one might be but in this
+case let's say we're only interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's say we're only interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's say we're only interested in
+uh in uh in beta so why are we putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh in beta so why are we putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in uh in beta so why are we putting
+all the other variables in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other variables in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other variables in the in the
+full model why do the all all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full model why do the all all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full model why do the all all other
+variable belong to the true model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable belong to the true model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable belong to the true model that
+describes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data why is it the true model as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data why is it the true model as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data why is it the true model as opposed
+to just uh private school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just uh private school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just uh private school
+domain yeah if youit them then the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain yeah if youit them then the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain yeah if youit them then the error
+term May beated with other terms yes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term May beated with other terms yes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term May beated with other terms yes if
+weit we going to have the they belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weit we going to have the they belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weit we going to have the they belong
+there because typically go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because typically go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because typically go back to your
+potential outcome framework typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome framework typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential outcome framework typically
+people who do who go to private schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do who go to private schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who do who go to private schools
+private universities are different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private universities are different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private universities are different than
+students who don't go to private go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who don't go to private go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who don't go to private go to
+state universities first of all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state universities first of all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state universities first of all they
+they qualified so they have a large sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they qualified so they have a large sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they qualified so they have a large sat
+maybe they have larger sat scool second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they have larger sat scool second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they have larger sat scool second
+of all their parents can afford it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all their parents can afford it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all their parents can afford it so
+maybe they are richer and we think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they are richer and we think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they are richer and we think that
+maybe yes it is car would have would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yes it is car would have would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yes it is car would have would
+have an independent effect on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an independent effect on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an independent effect on your
+earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh what why do these guys belong to we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what why do these guys belong to we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what why do these guys belong to we
+don't think that the um why do this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that the um why do this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that the um why do this we
+do we think that there is a causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think that there is a causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think that there is a causal
+effect of there might be a causal effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of there might be a causal effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of there might be a causal effect
+of your parental income on your earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your parental income on your earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your parental income on your earnings
+because your parent can buy your factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your parent can buy your factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your parent can buy your factory
+or something do we think there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something do we think there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something do we think there is a
+causal effect of the fact that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect of the fact that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal effect of the fact that you have
+you applied to three schools exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you applied to three schools exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you applied to three schools exactly
+three schools and got admitted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three schools and got admitted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three schools and got admitted to
+two no so why do the group what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two no so why do the group what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two no so why do the group what does the
+group do for us why is it why do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group do for us why is it why do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group do for us why is it why do they
+really belong to this why where are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong to this why where are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong to this why where are they
+likely to belong to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to belong to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to belong to this
+model why is it the case that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model why is it the case that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model why is it the case that these
+dummies are might not be zero that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies are might not be zero that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies are might not be zero that they
+really belong to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really belong to the
+model yeah why earning and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yeah why earning and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model yeah why earning and we have some
+student who highly desired by colle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who highly desired by colle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who highly desired by colle that
+might be indicative exactly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be indicative exactly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be indicative exactly if
+conditional on Sat a students for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on Sat a students for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on Sat a students for
+example got admitted everywhere they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example got admitted everywhere they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example got admitted everywhere they
+they applied then uh that suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they applied then uh that suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they applied then uh that suggest that
+there is something about that student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something about that student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something about that student
+that may have been in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may have been in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may have been in their
+essay uh by the way if you do read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay uh by the way if you do read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay uh by the way if you do read this
+chapter there is a fantastic essay for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter there is a fantastic essay for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter there is a fantastic essay for a
+a 19y old who subsequently went to NYU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 19y old who subsequently went to NYU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 19y old who subsequently went to NYU
+so you see you see this essay and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you see this essay and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you see this essay and you
+really want you think this this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want you think this this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want you think this this person
+he's going to is's going to do well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to is's going to do well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to is's going to do well in
+life uh so of course we don't see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh so of course we don't see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh so of course we don't see the
+essay in the regression but the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay in the regression but the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay in the regression but the fact
+that someone got admitted everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone got admitted everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone got admitted everywhere
+they applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they applied
+might indicate something about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might indicate something about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might indicate something about their
+potential earnings irrespective of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential earnings irrespective of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential earnings irrespective of their
+education okay so that's one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education okay so that's one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education okay so that's one and then
+uh so that's the admission part and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's the admission part and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's the admission part and then
+even the in the application part do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the in the application part do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the in the application part do you
+think there is something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is something in the
+application part like motivation exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application part like motivation exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application part like motivation exactly
+motivation ambition Etc so people who it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation ambition Etc so people who it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation ambition Etc so people who it
+could be that people who apply to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that people who apply to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that people who apply to more
+schools just are you know are gogs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools just are you know are gogs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools just are you know are gogs or
+could would be that people who apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could would be that people who apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could would be that people who apply to
+just one school and it happens to be MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one school and it happens to be MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one school and it happens to be MIT
+are are know exactly their Worth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are know exactly their Worth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are know exactly their Worth or
+whatever it is we don't need the beauty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is we don't need the beauty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is we don't need the beauty
+of it is we don't need to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is we don't need to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is we don't need to exactly
+understand what the mechanics of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the mechanics of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what the mechanics of it
+because we don't interested in the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't interested in the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't interested in the group
+D per se but we're thinking that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D per se but we're thinking that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D per se but we're thinking that there
+might be a lot in the in those Group D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a lot in the in those Group D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a lot in the in those Group D
+is that represents there something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that represents there something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that represents there something about
+the students so assume that happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students so assume that happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students so assume that happens to
+be the true model that God told you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the true model that God told you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the true model that God told you this
+is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the true
+model now we argued it because God has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now we argued it because God has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now we argued it because God has
+not told me anything of the sort but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not told me anything of the sort but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not told me anything of the sort but uh
+but we we this is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we we this is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we we this is the true
+model but imagine that we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but imagine that we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but imagine that we don't have
+this all these variables in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all these variables in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all these variables in particular
+it's going to be very rare to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very rare to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very rare to have the
+uh to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to have
+the uh all this application dummies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all this application dummies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh all this application dummies so
+typically in the typical data set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the typical data set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in the typical data set we
+might have earnings and whether they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have earnings and whether they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have earnings and whether they
+went to a private school or a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a private school or a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to a private school or a state
+school maybe if we're lucky we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school maybe if we're lucky we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school maybe if we're lucky we also have
+the S score maybe if we are very lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S score maybe if we are very lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S score maybe if we are very lucky
+we have parental income and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have parental income and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have parental income and we are
+unlikely to have all these group damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to have all these group damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to have all these group damage
+in this case we happen to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we happen to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case we happen to be able to
+compare for pedagogical purposes but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare for pedagogical purposes but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare for pedagogical purposes but in
+a lot of cases we won't have the grp we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cases we won't have the grp we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cases we won't have the grp we
+would like to put them in but they we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to put them in but they we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to put them in but they we
+just don't have them so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have them so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have them so what happens
+when we when we run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we run this
+regression uh I want you to start maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh I want you to start maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh I want you to start maybe
+with uh the colum six colum six has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the colum six colum six has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the colum six colum six has
+estimate the true model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the true model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the true model
+which has uh all of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has uh all of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has uh all of the group
+dummies are over here they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies are over here they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies are over here they are not
+reported because that would be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported because that would be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported because that would be a lot of
+coefficients so this is how we report in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so this is how we report in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so this is how we report in
+a regression selectivity group dummies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression selectivity group dummies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regression selectivity group dummies
+yes then we have uh private school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes then we have uh private school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes then we have uh private school
+dummies this is what we are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies this is what we are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies this is what we are interested
+in we have the student set score we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have the student set score we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we have the student set score we have
+the parental income and a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental income and a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parental income and a bunch of other
+demograph demographics raise uh uh top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demograph demographics raise uh uh top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demograph demographics raise uh uh top
+school top percent of the high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school top percent of the high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school top percent of the high school
+high blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high blah blah blah
+so uh that's the truth uh how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's the truth uh how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's the truth uh how do you
+interpret the first coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the first coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the first coefficient
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yeah School missing that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah School missing that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah School missing that doesn't mean
+the data is it means the data is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is it means the data is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is it means the data is missing
+so we don't want to drop the data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to drop the data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't want to drop the data we
+don't want to drop the guy since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to drop the guy since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to drop the guy since we're
+not so interested in that uh in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so interested in that uh in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so interested in that uh in that
+variable per se if it happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable per se if it happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable per se if it happens to be
+missing we can just fill it up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing we can just fill it up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing we can just fill it up with
+zeros and add a DMI for whether this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and add a DMI for whether this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and add a DMI for whether this is
+missing that way we don't lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that way we don't lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that way we don't lose the
+observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation
+uh but we estimate the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we estimate the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we estimate the coefficient
+properly for the for the person we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly for the for the person we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly for the for the person we
+didn't we didn't go over missing data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we didn't go over missing data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't we didn't go over missing data so
+that's but that's a good question so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but that's a good question so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's but that's a good question so the
+high school missing is a high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school missing is a high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school missing is a high school
+rank missing is a dummy that the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank missing is a dummy that the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank missing is a dummy that the high
+school rank is missing and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school rank is missing and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school rank is missing and therefore
+that this one was filled up with a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one was filled up with a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this one was filled up with a zero
+okay so let's focus on the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's focus on the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's focus on the coefficient
+beta here in model six which is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta here in model six which is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta here in model six which is the true
+model uh what's the effect of private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh what's the effect of private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model uh what's the effect of private
+school on future earnings yeah tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school on future earnings yeah tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school on future earnings yeah tell us
+that your your earnings are 1.3 % higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your your earnings are 1.3 % higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your your earnings are 1.3 % higher
+to a private school exactly and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a private school exactly and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a private school exactly and what is
+the standard of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard of that
+number 2.5% so is it uh can we reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 2.5% so is it uh can we reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 2.5% so is it uh can we reject
+the hypothesis that the private school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that the private school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis that the private school
+has has no impact no so I'm very sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has no impact no so I'm very sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has no impact no so I'm very sorry
+uh but there is actually no effect of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there is actually no effect of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there is actually no effect of uh
+it seems that in the true model it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that in the true model it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems that in the true model it seems
+to be no effect of going to private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no effect of going to private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no effect of going to private
+school over a state school in the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school over a state school in the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school over a state school in the true
+model what's the number real quick we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what's the number real quick we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model what's the number real quick we
+were looking for we're comparing 2.5% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for we're comparing 2.5% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking for we're comparing 2.5% to
+05%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05%
+no we're comparing the ratio of uh 1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're comparing the ratio of uh 1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we're comparing the ratio of uh 1.3
+to 2.5 which is going to be about a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 which is going to be about a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 which is going to be about a half
+okay uh we're comparing that to uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're comparing that to uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're comparing that to uh if
+you're interested in the 5% level we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in the 5% level we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in the 5% level we're
+comparing that to 1.96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the typical I'm doing uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the typical I'm doing uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the typical I'm doing uh you
+will become very conversent with doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become very conversent with doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become very conversent with doing
+this in your head we just do it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your head we just do it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in your head we just do it all the
+time uh divide the coefficient by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh divide the coefficient by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh divide the coefficient by the
+standard error you get a t statistic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error you get a t statistic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard error you get a t statistic the
+T statistic is uh. five is it larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T statistic is uh. five is it larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T statistic is uh. five is it larger
+than two or smaller than two uh to it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two or smaller than two uh to it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two or smaller than two uh to it's
+1.96 if they are normally distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 if they are normally distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.96 if they are normally distributed
+which is probably true it's the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably true it's the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is probably true it's the largest
+sample anywhere so you can think of 1.96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample anywhere so you can think of 1.96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample anywhere so you can think of 1.96
+being the threshold is it below 1.96 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the threshold is it below 1.96 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the threshold is it below 1.96 or
+above 1.96 it's much below 1.96 so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 1.96 it's much below 1.96 so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 1.96 it's much below 1.96 so even
+if this regression this table at stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this regression this table at stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this regression this table at stars
+which it doesn't because just shares my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it doesn't because just shares my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it doesn't because just shares my
+opinion about stars uh you will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion about stars uh you will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion about stars uh you will you
+would uh you would uh you would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh you would uh you would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh you would uh you would not have
+a star here in your paper you should put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star here in your paper you should put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star here in your paper you should put
+stars because that way you will get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars because that way you will get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars because that way you will get uh
+uh you will get used to put stars uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will get used to put stars uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you will get used to put stars uh to
+to to to do these calculations so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to do these calculations so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to do these calculations so this
+has zero Stars it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero Stars it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has zero Stars it's
+1.3% if you went to private school it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3% if you went to private school it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3% if you went to private school it's
+not very lar and it's not significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very lar and it's not significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very lar and it's not significant
+now go back to uh the First Column where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go back to uh the First Column where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go back to uh the First Column where
+we are just putting it the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just putting it the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just putting it the private
+school dummy and there what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school dummy and there what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school dummy and there what do we
+find we find 13 .5% and that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find we find 13 .5% and that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find we find 13 .5% and that is very
+significant so if here we've estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant so if here we've estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant so if here we've estimated
+the true model there is no effect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true model there is no effect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true model there is no effect but
+when we omitted a bunch of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we omitted a bunch of the control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we omitted a bunch of the control
+that we should have put in uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should have put in uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should have put in uh we're
+seeing uh we seeing a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh we seeing a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh we seeing a very large
+effect and what this suggest is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and what this suggest is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and what this suggest is that
+this effect actually is a biased number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect actually is a biased number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect actually is a biased number
+coming from the fact that we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the fact that we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the fact that we haven't
+control for stuff that we should control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for stuff that we should control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for stuff that we should control
+for and you can see it now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and you can see it now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and you can see it now we're going
+to go progressively from colum one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go progressively from colum one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go progressively from colum one to
+colum six you can see that already when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum six you can see that already when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum six you can see that already when
+we put the student set score the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the student set score the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the student set score the effect
+go from 13.5% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 13.5% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 13.5% to
+9.5% uh adding the parental income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.5% uh adding the parental income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9.5% uh adding the parental income and
+the other demographics uh do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other demographics uh do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other demographics uh do a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+more and then adding the group dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then adding the group dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and then adding the group dummy
+which is going from this guy to equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going from this guy to equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going from this guy to equation
+six that's where the coefficient really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that's where the coefficient really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that's where the coefficient really
+goes down all the way to zero so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down all the way to zero so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down all the way to zero so that's
+just the group dummies that capture like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the group dummies that capture like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the group dummies that capture like
+the spunk of the student on the one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spunk of the student on the one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spunk of the student on the one hand
+and their desirability as you pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their desirability as you pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their desirability as you pointed
+out on the other hand makes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the other hand makes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the other hand makes a big
+difference another thing that is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference another thing that is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference another thing that is pretty
+interesting and we'll go back to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we'll go back to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and we'll go back to that uh
+in a minute is that once you introduc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute is that once you introduc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute is that once you introduc
+those Group D is actually adding the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Group D is actually adding the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Group D is actually adding the set
+and the parental income doesn't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parental income doesn't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parental income doesn't make a
+big difference so the group D is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference so the group D is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference so the group D is the
+application Behavior plus whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application Behavior plus whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application Behavior plus whether or not
+they were admitted seem to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were admitted seem to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were admitted seem to be doing
+enough of a job to so what I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of a job to so what I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of a job to so what I I want to
+do so this is the omitted variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is the omitted variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is the omitted variable
+problem in shell if you omit variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in shell if you omit variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in shell if you omit variables
+that really should be in the model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really should be in the model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really should be in the model the
+coefficient are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient are very
+best and then uh this one tells us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and then uh this one tells us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best and then uh this one tells us a
+slightly more complicated stor because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated stor because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated stor because
+we know that they belong to the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that they belong to the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that they belong to the model
+they are significant in the in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are significant in the in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are significant in the in the um
+the set score and parental income are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set score and parental income are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set score and parental income are
+significant in the decisions to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in the decisions to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in the decisions to in the
+earning regression but yet they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning regression but yet they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning regression but yet they don't
+belong once we put here so we'll need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong once we put here so we'll need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong once we put here so we'll need a
+little bit more math before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more math before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more math before we
+understand that that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that that number
+which I'm going to do in the next 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to do in the next 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to do in the next 10
+minutes so what is happening so by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so what is happening so by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes so what is happening so by the
+way uh a note that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh a note that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh a note that is
+important is that when we do the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that when we do the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that when we do the group
+Dames we are missing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dames we are missing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dames we are missing a lot of
+observations because anybody who is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations because anybody who is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations because anybody who is in a
+group of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of one
+disappears so it turns out that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears so it turns out that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears so it turns out that we can
+pretty much capture all of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much capture all of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much capture all of what the
+group dam is do for us by putting a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group dam is do for us by putting a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group dam is do for us by putting a much
+sparer control that we can have for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparer control that we can have for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparer control that we can have for all
+observation so we are comparing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so we are comparing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so we are comparing really
+the same sample so the average set score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sample so the average set score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same sample so the average set score
+where you applied when you send two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you applied when you send two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you applied when you send two
+application send three applications send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application send three applications send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application send three applications send
+four or more applications so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or more applications so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or more applications so these are
+dummies for that you send uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies for that you send uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dummies for that you send uh two
+applications three application or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications three application or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications three application or four
+or more that's pretty much enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more that's pretty much enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more that's pretty much enough to
+capture all of the group D so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture all of the group D so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture all of the group D so the the
+story that we gave is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that we gave is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that we gave is exactly the same
+that we go from uh very large regress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we go from uh very large regress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we go from uh very large regress
+very large impact this is now the Sam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large impact this is now the Sam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large impact this is now the Sam
+sample where all of these are defined so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample where all of these are defined so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample where all of these are defined so
+the coefficient here is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient here is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient here is a little bit
+different to what we had before which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to what we had before which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different to what we had before which
+was in the entire sample uh and we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the entire sample uh and we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the entire sample uh and we go
+from 21% premium to a true one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 21% premium to a true one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 21% premium to a true one that is
+1.7 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 uh
+uh% so this is the regressions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh% so this is the regressions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh% so this is the regressions that we
+this these are the the difference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are the the difference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these are the the difference that
+we are actually going to try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually going to try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually going to try to explain
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now so uh now for some formula I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so uh now for some formula I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so uh now for some formula I'm going
+back to our familiar notation uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our familiar notation uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our familiar notation uh for
+writing down the formula uh suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the formula uh suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the formula uh suppose the
+correct model as an X1 which you happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct model as an X1 which you happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct model as an X1 which you happen
+to be interested in an X2 that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interested in an X2 that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be interested in an X2 that really
+belong there but for some reason you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong there but for some reason you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong there but for some reason you're
+not going to put in for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to put in for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to put in for example
+typically because you just don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically because you just don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically because you just don't have
+them uh in your data set and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in your data set and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh in your data set and you
+estimate a model that uh has just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a model that uh has just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a model that uh has just the
+X1 uh I want you to define the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh I want you to define the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 uh I want you to define the uh
+ancillary regression as a regression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary regression as a regression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary regression as a regression of
+X2 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 on
+X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1
+okay uh and then you're getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then you're getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and then you're getting this
+interesting uh um formula which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh um formula which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh um formula which is the
+omitted variable Bas which is the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable Bas which is the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable Bas which is the effect
+the the estimated Alpha minus the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the estimated Alpha minus the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the estimated Alpha minus the true
+coefficient which is your Bas is Delta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is your Bas is Delta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is your Bas is Delta 1
+times beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta
+2 so in other words the omitted viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so in other words the omitted viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so in other words the omitted viable
+bias depends in this very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias depends in this very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias depends in this very simple
+way of the influence of the omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the influence of the omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the influence of the omitted
+variable on the outcome and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the outcome and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable on the outcome and the
+influence of the X1 on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x2 even that we don't have a huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 even that we don't have a huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 even that we don't have a huge amount
+of time I might not go over the math of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time I might not go over the math of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time I might not go over the math of
+that but I'll show it's in the slide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'll show it's in the slide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'll show it's in the slide and
+show it to you in a minute but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to you in a minute but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to you in a minute but I want
+you to think about how what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about how what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about how what's the
+intuition for this results correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this results correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this results correlation
+variable yeah so that's just restating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable yeah so that's just restating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable yeah so that's just restating
+the results but what how do we give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results but what how do we give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results but what how do we give a
+how do we give uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intuition so the intuition is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so the intuition is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition so the intuition is that on
+the one hand if we omit a variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand if we omit a variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand if we omit a variable that
+really doesn't matter then it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter then it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't matter then it shouldn't
+matter okay fine on the other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay fine on the other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay fine on the other hand if
+the variable that we omit is totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable that we omit is totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable that we omit is totally
+uncorrelated with what we put in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with what we put in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with what we put in it
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+either where it is going to matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either where it is going to matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either where it is going to matter is
+when it's very correlated with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very correlated with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's very correlated with what we
+are trying to put in basically X1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to put in basically X1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to put in basically X1 is
+going to have very large coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have very large coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have very large coefficient
+because it's pulling the effect of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pulling the effect of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pulling the effect of of
+X2 so it's basically pulling with it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so it's basically pulling with it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 so it's basically pulling with it a
+bunch of stuff that doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff that doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff that doesn't really
+belong to it so that's why we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to it so that's why we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to it so that's why we have this
+product is when uh the two so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is when uh the two so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is when uh the two so for
+example if you're looking at the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're looking at the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you're looking at the data
+set of kids and you just have height and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of kids and you just have height and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of kids and you just have height and
+you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have
+age you might think and you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age you might think and you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age you might think and you're looking
+at performance on some additions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at performance on some additions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at performance on some additions on
+height and you might think wow height is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and you might think wow height is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height and you might think wow height is
+really correlated with performance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really correlated with performance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really correlated with performance and
+addition well it's because height is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition well it's because height is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition well it's because height is
+very ctive with age and age is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ctive with age and age is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ctive with age and age is is very
+correlated with addition result so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with addition result so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with addition result so uh
+when you put in the height height is UN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put in the height height is UN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put in the height height is UN
+you know unbeknown to you or perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unbeknown to you or perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unbeknown to you or perhaps
+Bown to you really proing for the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bown to you really proing for the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bown to you really proing for the age
+and so that's why the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why the coefficient
+becomes large even the through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes large even the through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes large even the through
+coefficient is zero so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is zero so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is zero so that's the
+formula that's that's just uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's that's just uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's that's just uh uh um
+really uh great because once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh great because once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh great because once you have
+this formula typically you don't have X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula typically you don't have X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula typically you don't have X2
+otherwise again it would be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise again it would be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise again it would be in the
+regression but the formula help to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but the formula help to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but the formula help to think
+about whether we should be worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether we should be worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether we should be worried about
+X2 and in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 and in what
+way um the the the mass for it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the the the mass for it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um the the the mass for it is is
+really really simple uh so we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple uh so we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really simple uh so we don't need
+to go over it it's it's going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over it it's it's going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over it it's it's going to be in
+the slide this is I putting for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide this is I putting for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide this is I putting for you the
+B byar bivariate derivation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B byar bivariate derivation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B byar bivariate derivation and the
+multivariate derivation so it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate derivation so it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate derivation so it's in the
+slides and it's easy it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and it's easy it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides and it's easy it's better to
+spend our last 3 minutes uh to look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our last 3 minutes uh to look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend our last 3 minutes uh to look back
+at our colle example and see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works so this is a special example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so this is a special example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so this is a special example
+because in this case we have the omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case we have the omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case we have the omitted
+viable we have the variable that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable we have the variable that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viable we have the variable that would
+be omitted uh usually so what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be omitted uh usually so what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be omitted uh usually so what we can do
+is to run the auxiliary regression so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to run the auxiliary regression so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to run the auxiliary regression so
+I'm going to run uh what happens I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run uh what happens I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run uh what happens I'm
+going to run the set score on uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the set score on uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the set score on uh on
+private on the private school uh dumi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private on the private school uh dumi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private on the private school uh dumi
+and the parental income on the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parental income on the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the parental income on the private
+school Dy so let's say suppose I omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Dy so let's say suppose I omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Dy so let's say suppose I omit
+the s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s
+score and I'm running the in the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and I'm running the in the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and I'm running the in the short
+model where I didn't have the group d i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where I didn't have the group d i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where I didn't have the group d i
+omit the SAT score the effect Delta one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit the SAT score the effect Delta one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omit the SAT score the effect Delta one
+here is 1.65 so people who have um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 1.65 so people who have um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is 1.65 so people who have um who
+uh are going to private school tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are going to private school tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are going to private school tend to
+have higher test test scores naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher test test scores naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have higher test test scores naturally
+it's a pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty large
+coefficient uh remember this is table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh remember this is table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient uh remember this is table
+two three that we are trying to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three that we are trying to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three that we are trying to compare
+to remember we have a 2 point uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember we have a 2 point uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember we have a 2 point uh um
+0.21 without controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.21 without controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.21 without controlling
+foret and then uh 0.15 with controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foret and then uh 0.15 with controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foret and then uh 0.15 with controlling
+foret so what we're hoping is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foret so what we're hoping is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foret so what we're hoping is that the
+difference between the two is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the two is equal to a
+Delta 1 which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 which is uh
+1 165 time the coefficient of uh um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 165 time the coefficient of uh um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 165 time the coefficient of uh um um
+the uh set in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh set in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh set in the
+regression uh and then uh miraculous ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh and then uh miraculous ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression uh and then uh miraculous ly
+it's actually correct so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually correct so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually correct so you can see
+that you can see the anatomy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see the anatomy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see the anatomy of the
+omitted variable Bas in this regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable Bas in this regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable Bas in this regression
+another thing that you can see from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you can see from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that you can see from this
+regression is why the application Dem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is why the application Dem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression is why the application Dem is
+help because uh we we have seen that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help because uh we we have seen that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help because uh we we have seen that the
+the set score do does matter so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set score do does matter so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set score do does matter so why is
+it that it doesn't matter once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that it doesn't matter once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that it doesn't matter once we have
+the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application
+dumi is because once we control for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumi is because once we control for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumi is because once we control for the
+application domain the regression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application domain the regression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application domain the regression the
+score uh in column three here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score uh in column three here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score uh in column three here we're
+controlling for the application domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for the application domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for the application domain
+the regression and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regression and you can see that
+controlling for all the application D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for all the application D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling for all the application D
+the S score is not significantly related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S score is not significantly related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S score is not significantly related
+to the to the uh private scorei so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the uh private scorei so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the uh private scorei so in
+the omitted variable regression in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omitted variable regression in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omitted variable regression in the
+omitted variable bias formula what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable bias formula what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted variable bias formula what is
+happening here is not that beta 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is not that beta 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here is not that beta 2 is
+zero set score does belong in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero set score does belong in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero set score does belong in an
+regression but Delta 1 is zero once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but Delta 1 is zero once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but Delta 1 is zero once we
+have all the so in other once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the so in other once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the so in other once we have
+all the school demies application demies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the school demies application demies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the school demies application demies
+in other words the application demies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the application demies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the application demies
+are are doing a very good job capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are doing a very good job capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are doing a very good job capturing
+what should be in there which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be in there which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be in there which is what
+the omitted variable bias disappears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omitted variable bias disappears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the omitted variable bias disappears
+with the application D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the application D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the application D
+is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so what how do we use the omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what how do we use the omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what how do we use the omitted
+variable bias in general most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable bias in general most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable bias in general most of the
+time we don't have these variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't have these variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't have these variables so
+otherwise we would include them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we would include them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we would include them in the
+first place so why is the omitted viable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place so why is the omitted viable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place so why is the omitted viable
+useful so it's useful because it guides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so it's useful because it guides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so it's useful because it guides
+our economic thinking on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economic thinking on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economic thinking on whether the
+bias should be important or not when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias should be important or not when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias should be important or not when
+we're thinking that we omitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking that we omitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking that we omitting
+something is it something that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is it something that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is it something that we should
+worry about or not are we omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about or not are we omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about or not are we omitted
+variable that are important determin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that are important determin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that are important determin of
+the outcome and are they likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome and are they likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome and are they likely to be
+correlated with the regressor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the regressor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the regressor of
+interest I'm going to skip the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest I'm going to skip the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest I'm going to skip the example
+but that's very fun like this is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's very fun like this is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's very fun like this is if you
+read the well blog I love the well blog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the well blog I love the well blog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the well blog I love the well blog
+on the New York Times I actually for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the New York Times I actually for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the New York Times I actually for I
+do like it but one of the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like it but one of the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do like it but one of the thing that's
+very funny is that about every other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very funny is that about every other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very funny is that about every other day
+there is um there is an article that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is um there is an article that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is um there is an article that
+gives you a nice example of omitted vial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a nice example of omitted vial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a nice example of omitted vial
+bass so here is a a high fat diet may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass so here is a a high fat diet may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bass so here is a a high fat diet may
+lead to daytime sleepiness might well be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to daytime sleepiness might well be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to daytime sleepiness might well be
+true but the way this is this is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the way this is this is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but the way this is this is based
+on a regression where 1,00 men who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a regression where 1,00 men who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a regression where 1,00 men who had
+filled out food frequency fer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out food frequency fer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled out food frequency fer and
+reported how sleepy they felt during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported how sleepy they felt during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported how sleepy they felt during the
+day so it turns out people who have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so it turns out people who have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so it turns out people who have more
+fatigue Diet also feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue Diet also feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue Diet also feel
+sleepy this is controlling for a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepy this is controlling for a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleepy this is controlling for a bunch
+of stuff you could well imagine a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff you could well imagine a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff you could well imagine a number
+of omitted variable bias here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omitted variable bias here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omitted variable bias here
+um but there is one every other day like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is one every other day like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there is one every other day like
+coffee makes you live longer whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee makes you live longer whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee makes you live longer whatever um
+might well be true but it's like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well be true but it's like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might well be true but it's like this is
+usually on this uh based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually on this uh based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually on this uh based on this
+regressions and that's a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and that's a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressions and that's a big problem
+with epidemiology in general that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with epidemiology in general that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with epidemiology in general that it's
+just you know comparing people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know comparing people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know comparing people who are
+having very different behavior and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very different behavior and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having very different behavior and maybe
+there is a lot of omitted viable by here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of omitted viable by here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of omitted viable by here
+I want to I want to go over this slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to I want to go over this slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to I want to go over this slides
+quickly because this is our introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because this is our introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because this is our introduction
+for Sendel um some hints of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sendel um some hints of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sendel um some hints of more
+Advanced Techniques to deal with omitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques to deal with omitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Techniques to deal with omitted
+vious SP um first of all you could so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vious SP um first of all you could so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vious SP um first of all you could so
+you could know exactly which variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could know exactly which variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could know exactly which variable
+belong uh but there could be very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong uh but there could be very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong uh but there could be very many
+and you might be wondering how to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be wondering how to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be wondering how to deal
+with them because the you don't want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them because the you don't want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them because the you don't want a
+very very very long regression because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very long regression because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very long regression because
+it's going to be very imprecise for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very imprecise for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very imprecise for your
+coefficient of interest to add a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of interest to add a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of interest to add a lot of
+regressors so in this case one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressors so in this case one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regressors so in this case one thing you
+can do is uh called matching uh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is uh called matching uh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is uh called matching uh which is
+uh first runner regression which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first runner regression which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first runner regression which you can
+make as nonparametric as you want of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make as nonparametric as you want of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make as nonparametric as you want of
+your uh of uh the prod probability to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh of uh the prod probability to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh of uh the prod probability to be
+treated or your your your variable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated or your your your variable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated or your your your variable of
+interest say the probability to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest say the probability to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest say the probability to go to
+private school on bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private school on bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private school on bunch of uh
+characteristics take the predicted value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics take the predicted value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics take the predicted value
+from this regression and then control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this regression and then control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this regression and then control
+flexibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibly
+for example with polinomial with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with polinomial with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with polinomial with a
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+expansion on this probability so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion on this probability so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion on this probability so you do
+it in two steps you first run a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two steps you first run a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two steps you first run a as
+complicated as you want messy regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as you want messy regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated as you want messy regression
+of the probability to go to private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability to go to private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the probability to go to private
+school on the regressors and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school on the regressors and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school on the regressors and then take
+the predicted value of that and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted value of that and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted value of that and just
+stick it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick it in the
+regression you know it could it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you know it could it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you know it could it which
+seems magic that it works but it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems magic that it works but it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems magic that it works but it works
+it's a result due due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a result due due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a result due due to
+Rubin and then this is why I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubin and then this is why I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubin and then this is why I want this
+slide is uh another thing you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is uh another thing you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide is uh another thing you could do
+is try machine learning techniques which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try machine learning techniques which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try machine learning techniques which
+is in a situation you would do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a situation you would do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a situation you would do when you
+have potentially lots and lots and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potentially lots and lots and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have potentially lots and lots and lots
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+x's but you do not know which one belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's but you do not know which one belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's but you do not know which one belong
+then you could use machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could use machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could use machine learning
+techniques to so of course you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to so of course you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to so of course you're still
+interested in in your private school but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in your private school but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in your private school but
+you could do machine learning technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do machine learning technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do machine learning technique
+to select which one belong in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select which one belong in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to select which one belong in the model
+depending on the technique you use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the technique you use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the technique you use you
+might use you might do that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use you might do that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use you might do that in a
+training data set as liisa was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data set as liisa was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data set as liisa was
+describing to us and running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to us and running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to us and running the
+regression in the full data set what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in the full data set what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression in the full data set what I
+want to say about both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say about both of these
+techniques is that in both cases they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is that in both cases they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques is that in both cases they
+are just as good as the variable you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just as good as the variable you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just as good as the variable you do
+have at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at your
+disposal and the question you can add as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal and the question you can add as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal and the question you can add as
+much you know Nic cities as you want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you know Nic cities as you want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you know Nic cities as you want but
+um the question is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is always going to be
+what is it that is not in my data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that is not in my data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that is not in my data set
+which should really be there and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should really be there and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should really be there and is it
+likely to be important or not important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be important or not important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be important or not important
+in some cases it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases it's not going to be
+important important you are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important important you are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important important you are pretty
+confident that you have a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you have a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that you have a lot of stuff
+uh in some cases uh it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some cases uh it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in some cases uh it might be
+important in which case you might decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in which case you might decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in which case you might decide
+that you don't know until you run an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know until you run an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't know until you run an
+experiment or until you find another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or until you find another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or until you find another
+method um so that's where we are now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um so that's where we are now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um so that's where we are now so
+we'll see send it on on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BgozyEIGsuc.txt b/BgozyEIGsuc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9314f6b3a9fbfff403f0accf598a1436569cad4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BgozyEIGsuc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu this afternoon I talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this afternoon I talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu this afternoon I talked a
+bit about Russian Film and suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about Russian Film and suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about Russian Film and suggested
+among other things that the cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things that the cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things that the cultural
+environment in which the Russian Film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in which the Russian Film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in which the Russian Film
+emerged was an environment of Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged was an environment of Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged was an environment of Revolution
+and of and of of of um ideological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of and of of of um ideological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of and of of of um ideological
+turmoil and we could say therefore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil and we could say therefore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turmoil and we could say therefore in
+some degree if Russian Film served
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree if Russian Film served
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some degree if Russian Film served
+revolutionary ideals and the ideology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary ideals and the ideology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionary ideals and the ideology of
+the Bolsheviks um the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bolsheviks um the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bolsheviks um the German
+film had its own sort of Boss its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film had its own sort of Boss its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film had its own sort of Boss its own
+authorities that it was following but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities that it was following but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities that it was following but it
+was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not
+in a narrow sense political or IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a narrow sense political or IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a narrow sense political or IDE
+ideological as the Russian example was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological as the Russian example was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological as the Russian example was
+but it was something similar the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was something similar the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was something similar the German
+film I want to suggest for a good part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I want to suggest for a good part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film I want to suggest for a good part
+of its uh uh life the silent film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its uh uh life the silent film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its uh uh life the silent film was
+enthrall to established culture and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthrall to established culture and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthrall to established culture and it's
+an example of the sort of thing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the sort of thing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of the sort of thing I was
+saying this afternoon about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this afternoon about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this afternoon about the
+difference between European Cinema and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between European Cinema and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between European Cinema and
+American Cinema American Cinema grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Cinema American Cinema grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Cinema American Cinema grew up
+in an in a in an atmosphere of wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an in a in an atmosphere of wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an in a in an atmosphere of wild
+populist freedom almost Untouched by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populist freedom almost Untouched by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populist freedom almost Untouched by the
+cultural authorities who mostly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural authorities who mostly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural authorities who mostly on the
+east coast of the country dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast of the country dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast of the country dominated
+literature drama U and so forth music um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature drama U and so forth music um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature drama U and so forth music um
+in contrast in Germany the film grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast in Germany the film grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contrast in Germany the film grew up
+in the cultural centers of the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cultural centers of the society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cultural centers of the society
+and the dominant cultural figures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dominant cultural figures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dominant cultural figures the
+dominant the major writers the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant the major writers the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant the major writers the major
+dramatists the ma the Major Poets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatists the ma the Major Poets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatists the ma the Major Poets and
+musicians the established theater actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians the established theater actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians the established theater actors
+and directors all migrated into the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors all migrated into the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and directors all migrated into the film
+and it gave German film a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gave German film a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gave German film a tremendous
+intellectual ambition and Authority from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual ambition and Authority from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual ambition and Authority from
+its various earliest stages and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its various earliest stages and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its various earliest stages and I'll
+show you some examples of this it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some examples of this it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some examples of this it made
+the German film especially the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German film especially the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German film especially the German
+film after in the period between uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film after in the period between uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film after in the period between uh the
+end of the first world war and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first world war and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the first world war and the
+Advent of sound that sometimes is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of sound that sometimes is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advent of sound that sometimes is called
+I don't know if this is correct but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this is correct but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if this is correct but some
+people call it the Golden Age of German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it the Golden Age of German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it the Golden Age of German
+silent film The Golden Age of German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film The Golden Age of German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film The Golden Age of German
+film uh uh because an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh uh because an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh uh because an extraordinary
+number of very important and influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of very important and influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of very important and influential
+films were made in this period roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were made in this period roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were made in this period roughly
+from about 1916 or 17 through the 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 1916 or 17 through the 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about 1916 or 17 through the 20s
+through the through about 1926 or 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through about 1926 or 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the through about 1926 or 27
+before the Advent of sound uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Advent of sound uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Advent of sound uh and it
+certainly is a very distinctive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is a very distinctive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly is a very distinctive and
+influential moment in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential moment in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential moment in the history of
+Cinema but as you will see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema but as you will see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cinema but as you will see in the
+examples I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I'm going to give you
+influential as many of these films were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential as many of these films were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential as many of these films were
+they were influential in what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were influential in what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were influential in what we might
+say they were influential in part not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they were influential in part not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they were influential in part not
+because they were wonderful examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were wonderful examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were wonderful examples of
+exploratory in inovative Cinema but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory in inovative Cinema but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploratory in inovative Cinema but
+because of the Grandeur or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the Grandeur or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the Grandeur or the
+disturbing authority of the themes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing authority of the themes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing authority of the themes they
+encompassed uh in other words the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompassed uh in other words the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompassed uh in other words the German
+film as I suggested this afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as I suggested this afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film as I suggested this afternoon
+because it was Guided by cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was Guided by cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was Guided by cultural
+authorities who were adept at earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities who were adept at earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities who were adept at earlier
+media at older media they already came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media at older media they already came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media at older media they already came
+to the making of film of their films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the making of film of their films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the making of film of their films
+with high artistic intentions I'm not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high artistic intentions I'm not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high artistic intentions I'm not so
+sure they realized those intentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they realized those intentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure they realized those intentions
+because they didn't explore the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't explore the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't explore the full
+nature of film as much as might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film as much as might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of film as much as might have
+been done but they were interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done but they were interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been done but they were interesting and
+deeply influential films and I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply influential films and I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply influential films and I should
+also admit that my perspective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also admit that my perspective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also admit that my perspective is
+perhaps biased there are certainly many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps biased there are certainly many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps biased there are certainly many
+many people who have written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people who have written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people who have written
+magnificently and seriously on this era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificently and seriously on this era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificently and seriously on this era
+of German film who would not be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of German film who would not be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of German film who would not be as
+negative as I am about the what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative as I am about the what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative as I am about the what I'm
+calling the sort of uncinate or unv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the sort of uncinate or unv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling the sort of uncinate or unv
+visual qualities of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual qualities of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual qualities of some of the
+masterpieces early masterpieces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterpieces early masterpieces in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterpieces early masterpieces in the
+category it's a contested argument and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category it's a contested argument and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category it's a contested argument and I
+don't want you to Simply accept my word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to Simply accept my word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want you to Simply accept my word
+for this uh take it as a perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh take it as a perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this uh take it as a perspective
+that could be qualified or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be qualified or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be qualified or even
+challenged by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenged by
+other uh folks and especially by certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh folks and especially by certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh folks and especially by certain
+film Scholars who who who see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Scholars who who who see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Scholars who who who see this
+moment in German Cinema as a as a as a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in German Cinema as a as a as a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in German Cinema as a as a as a a
+really fruitful and and and generative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fruitful and and and generative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fruitful and and and generative
+moment um much of the much of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um much of the much of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um much of the much of the basic
+uh understanding that we have of German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding that we have of German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding that we have of German
+silent film comes from one remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film comes from one remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film comes from one remarkable
+book by a woman named L Eisner and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by a woman named L Eisner and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by a woman named L Eisner and I
+wanted to mention it here I've borrowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to mention it here I've borrowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to mention it here I've borrowed
+a tremendous amount of what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tremendous amount of what I'm going to
+say from her book learned a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from her book learned a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from her book learned a great deal
+from from it uh uh Eisner was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from it uh uh Eisner was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from it uh uh Eisner was a
+wonderful historical wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful historical wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful historical wonderfully
+important historical figure uh worked as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important historical figure uh worked as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important historical figure uh worked as
+a uh uh as a as a a film historian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh uh as a as a a film historian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh uh as a as a a film historian and
+and and U annotator and and film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and U annotator and and film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and U annotator and and film
+archivist for a good part of her career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archivist for a good part of her career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archivist for a good part of her career
+some of you who are film Buffs may know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you who are film Buffs may know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you who are film Buffs may know
+that Vim venders the great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vim venders the great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Vim venders the great uh
+contemporary experimental German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary experimental German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary experimental German
+director dedicated his film Paris Texas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director dedicated his film Paris Texas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director dedicated his film Paris Texas
+to L Eisner uh she worked for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L Eisner uh she worked for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to L Eisner uh she worked for a long
+long time in the in the uh French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in the in the uh French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time in the in the uh French
+bibliotech the first the first great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bibliotech the first the first great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bibliotech the first the first great
+Archive of of uh uh Western of movies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archive of of uh uh Western of movies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archive of of uh uh Western of movies in
+the western world she also wrote books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western world she also wrote books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the western world she also wrote books
+separate books about mno and mno and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate books about mno and mno and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate books about mno and mno and
+Fritz Lang two of the great figures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fritz Lang two of the great figures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fritz Lang two of the great figures in
+this in this uh tradition we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this uh tradition we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this uh tradition we're we're
+looking at briefly this this evening uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at briefly this this evening uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at briefly this this evening uh
+and her arguments in the haunted screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her arguments in the haunted screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her arguments in the haunted screen
+are still widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still widely
+accepted the book focuses on the viar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted the book focuses on the viar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted the book focuses on the viar
+period the period before the rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the period before the rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the period before the rise of
+Hitler after the first world war in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler after the first world war in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler after the first world war in
+which German culture was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which German culture was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which German culture was an
+astonishingly Rich fermenting stew of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly Rich fermenting stew of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly Rich fermenting stew of of
+of innovation and anxiety um it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation and anxiety um it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation and anxiety um it's the
+era of the great Cabaret and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of the great Cabaret and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of the great Cabaret and you will
+return to this era in an imaginative way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this era in an imaginative way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to this era in an imaginative way
+when you come to see the film Cabaret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come to see the film Cabaret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come to see the film Cabaret
+later in the term which tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the term which tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the term which tries to
+reimagine that moment and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimagine that moment and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimagine that moment and we actually
+and it actually dramatizes the era in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually dramatizes the era in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually dramatizes the era in
+which the German films I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the German films I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the German films I'm talking about
+this evening were were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening were were made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this evening were were made
+one way I can um begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I can um begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way I can um begin to
+um identify or explain uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identify or explain uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um identify or explain uh the
+distinctive qualities of these German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive qualities of these German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive qualities of these German
+films is to talk briefly about the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films is to talk briefly about the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films is to talk briefly about the idea
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+expressionism the word the broad word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism the word the broad word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism the word the broad word
+expressionism refers to a movement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism refers to a movement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism refers to a movement in
+modernist art uh that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist art uh that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernist art uh that involves
+principles of distortion and surreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of distortion and surreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of distortion and surreal
+exaggeration right so an expressionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration right so an expressionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration right so an expressionist
+work of art either a painting or a poem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art either a painting or a poem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art either a painting or a poem
+or a film is is in some degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a film is is in some degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a film is is in some degree
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+finding equivalents for the inner life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding equivalents for the inner life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding equivalents for the inner life
+for dramatizing not the external world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dramatizing not the external world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dramatizing not the external world
+but the world within us and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world within us and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the world within us and especially
+the tormented world within us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tormented world within us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tormented world within us our
+anxieties our fears our sexual fantasies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties our fears our sexual fantasies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties our fears our sexual fantasies
+are murderous impulses right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are murderous impulses right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are murderous impulses right there's a
+dark disturbing side to expressionism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark disturbing side to expressionism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark disturbing side to expressionism
+especially to German expressionism one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to German expressionism one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to German expressionism one
+might actually there are expressionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually there are expressionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually there are expressionist
+artists who appear in other Traditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists who appear in other Traditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists who appear in other Traditions
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+rism um uh is a movement that goes far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rism um uh is a movement that goes far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rism um uh is a movement that goes far
+beyond Germany but one might say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond Germany but one might say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond Germany but one might say that
+the that German expressionism is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that German expressionism is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that German expressionism is the
+expression of modernist of modernism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of modernist of modernism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of modernist of modernism in
+German culture it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German culture it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German culture it's almost
+indistinguishable if we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable if we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable if we talked about
+modernism more generally we would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism more generally we would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism more generally we would say
+that not every aspect of modernism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not every aspect of modernism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not every aspect of modernism
+involves expressionism but in Germany we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves expressionism but in Germany we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves expressionism but in Germany we
+would say the modernist impulse was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the modernist impulse was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say the modernist impulse was
+embodied in the expressionist Tendencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in the expressionist Tendencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embodied in the expressionist Tendencies
+of the art forms that appear in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the art forms that appear in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the art forms that appear in that
+period and let me talk a bit about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and let me talk a bit about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and let me talk a bit about them
+they involve the external representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve the external representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve the external representation
+of the inner life as I've said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner life as I've said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inner life as I've said and
+they're interested they're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested they're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're interested they're interested
+the expressionists in Elemental emotions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressionists in Elemental emotions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expressionists in Elemental emotions
+like fear love hatred anxiety they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fear love hatred anxiety they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fear love hatred anxiety they're
+interested in our aggressive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in our aggressive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in our aggressive and
+appetitive impulses the sources of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetitive impulses the sources of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetitive impulses the sources of this
+expressionist movement are in German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist movement are in German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist movement are in German
+Romanticism this is the literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanticism this is the literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romanticism this is the literary
+movement that gave Rives to important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that gave Rives to important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that gave Rives to important
+poets and painters in the in the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poets and painters in the in the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poets and painters in the in the earlier
+part of the 19th century uh um um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 19th century uh um um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the 19th century uh um um and
+also in economics in the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in economics in the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in economics in the historical
+realities of German culture because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities of German culture because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities of German culture because the
+period we're talking about when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we're talking about when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period we're talking about when these
+films were first were were were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were first were were were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films were first were were were were
+made the the uh the viar period was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the the uh the viar period was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the the uh the viar period was a
+period of of of was an unstable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of of of was an unstable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of of of was an unstable and
+turbulent period there were power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent period there were power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent period there were power
+outages all the time for example uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outages all the time for example uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outages all the time for example uh uh
+frequently in even in even in the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in even in even in the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently in even in even in the major
+cities like Berlin uh and and the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities like Berlin uh and and the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities like Berlin uh and and the visual
+style of the expressionist there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of the expressionist there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of the expressionist there were
+expressionist painters expressionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist painters expressionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist painters expressionist
+poets expressionist musicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poets expressionist musicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poets expressionist musicians
+expressionist dramatists in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist dramatists in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist dramatists in other words
+virtually all the art forms in Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all the art forms in Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all the art forms in Germany
+in some degree participated in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some degree participated in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some degree participated in this in
+this in this interest in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this interest in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this interest in the in the
+irrational and in the hidden and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational and in the hidden and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational and in the hidden and in the
+the the the the the the turbulently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the the turbulently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the the turbulently
+night the the the the turbulent sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night the the the the turbulent sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night the the the the turbulent sort of
+night side of our personalities um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night side of our personalities um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night side of our personalities um and
+uh I can perhaps uh very quickly capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can perhaps uh very quickly capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can perhaps uh very quickly capture
+some of the essence of this Movement by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the essence of this Movement by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the essence of this Movement by
+showing you a couple of of of paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a couple of of of paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you a couple of of of paintings
+that are examples of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are examples of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are examples of this uh
+expressionist movement let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist movement let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist movement let me show you
+one image first and then I'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one image first and then I'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one image first and then I'll do a
+slideshow while I talk a bit more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slideshow while I talk a bit more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slideshow while I talk a bit more and
+you can watch the slideshow uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch the slideshow uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch the slideshow uh this is a
+a painting by the uh German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a painting by the uh German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a painting by the uh German
+painter um Beckman uh and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter um Beckman uh and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painter um Beckman uh and it's called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+family uh it sometimes has been used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh it sometimes has been used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh it sometimes has been used as
+the illustration on the cover of kafka's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illustration on the cover of kafka's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illustration on the cover of kafka's
+the metamorphosis and we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metamorphosis and we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metamorphosis and we might say
+incidentally if you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally if you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally if you're looking for
+examples of what expressionism would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of what expressionism would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of what expressionism would be
+like how many of you have read Kafka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many of you have read Kafka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how many of you have read Kafka
+only a couple couple okay how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a couple couple okay how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a couple couple okay how many of
+you remember the first sentence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the first sentence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the first sentence of the
+metamorphosis or I'll tell it to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metamorphosis or I'll tell it to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metamorphosis or I'll tell it to you in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+translations Gregor samama awoke one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations Gregor samama awoke one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations Gregor samama awoke one
+morning after a night of uneasy dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning after a night of uneasy dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning after a night of uneasy dreams
+to find himself transformed into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find himself transformed into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find himself transformed into a
+gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic
+insect maybe the most famous first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect maybe the most famous first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect maybe the most famous first
+sentence in the in modern literature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in the in modern literature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in the in modern literature but
+think think about that and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think about that and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think about that and then the
+whole story proceeds from that shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story proceeds from that shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story proceeds from that shocking
+transformation so one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so one of the things
+that's characteristic of these forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristic of these forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's characteristic of these forms of
+expression are principles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression are principles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression are principles of
+exaggeration that take you into uh into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration that take you into uh into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration that take you into uh into
+surrealism and into into modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealism and into into modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrealism and into into modes of
+exaggeration that attempt to illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration that attempt to illuminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration that attempt to illuminate
+reality not by giving you a realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality not by giving you a realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality not by giving you a realistic
+picture of it but by exaggerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it but by exaggerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of it but by exaggerating
+certain elements in reality so intensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain elements in reality so intensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain elements in reality so intensely
+that you understand them more deeply and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand them more deeply and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand them more deeply and
+fully than you might have otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully than you might have otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully than you might have otherwise
+right it's important to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's important to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's important to recognize that
+surreal impulses like this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surreal impulses like this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surreal impulses like this or
+expressionist impulses like this do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist impulses like this do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist impulses like this do not
+mean that the stories or art forms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the stories or art forms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that the stories or art forms that
+are committed to these strategies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are committed to these strategies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are committed to these strategies are
+unrealistic in a in the in the broadest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic in a in the in the broadest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrealistic in a in the in the broadest
+sense uh that is to say they still talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh that is to say they still talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh that is to say they still talk
+about reality it's just that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reality it's just that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reality it's just that the
+realities they talk about do not allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities they talk about do not allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realities they talk about do not allow
+do do do not allow themselves to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do do not allow themselves to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do do not allow themselves to be
+represented in straightforward ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in straightforward ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in straightforward ways
+because they're either hidden or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're either hidden or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're either hidden or they're
+they're so they're so the intensity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so they're so the intensity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so they're so the intensity that
+they represent is so hidden within us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent is so hidden within us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they represent is so hidden within us
+that if you represent them externally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you represent them externally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you represent them externally
+you need to exaggerate you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to exaggerate you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to exaggerate you need to
+highlight you need to you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight you need to you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight you need to you need to
+enlarge right uh so so we might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarge right uh so so we might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlarge right uh so so we might think of
+Kafka as a literary embodiment of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kafka as a literary embodiment of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kafka as a literary embodiment of this
+principle of expressionism and we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of expressionism and we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of expressionism and we might
+think of paintings like this as a as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of paintings like this as a as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of paintings like this as a as the
+painterly embodiment of it and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painterly embodiment of it and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painterly embodiment of it and look at
+this I we won't have to spend much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I we won't have to spend much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I we won't have to spend much time
+on this but look closely at it look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but look closely at it look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this but look closely at it look at
+how the whole family is crammed together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the whole family is crammed together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the whole family is crammed together
+in an incredibly tight space the ceiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an incredibly tight space the ceiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an incredibly tight space the ceiling
+pressing down on them look how grotesque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing down on them look how grotesque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing down on them look how grotesque
+each of them is but what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is but what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them is but what's the most
+obvious thing about the painting can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing about the painting can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious thing about the painting can you
+see what what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what it looks like
+none of the characters are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the characters are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of the characters are looking at
+each other there's no connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other there's no connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other there's no connection between
+them they're all isolated in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're all isolated in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're all isolated in their own
+little space right not only are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space right not only are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little space right not only are they
+physically grotesque and a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically grotesque and a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically grotesque and a little weird
+but they're all caught in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all caught in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all caught in their own
+narcissistic or or perhaps drug induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcissistic or or perhaps drug induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narcissistic or or perhaps drug induced
+stuper right uh what calling it The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuper right uh what calling it The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuper right uh what calling it The
+Family think of what an unromantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family think of what an unromantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Family think of what an unromantic
+unsentimental view of the family this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsentimental view of the family this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsentimental view of the family this is
+but it's the principles of distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the principles of distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the principles of distortion
+and surreal exaggeration that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surreal exaggeration that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and surreal exaggeration that you can
+see in this image of uh that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this image of uh that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this image of uh that we might
+say are the essence of what is meant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are the essence of what is meant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say are the essence of what is meant by
+expressionism uh do the slideshow now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism uh do the slideshow now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism uh do the slideshow now
+and while while I'm talking I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while while I'm talking I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while while I'm talking I'll show
+you a series of images by other painters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a series of images by other painters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a series of images by other painters
+and we can put this on to see so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can put this on to see so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can put this on to see so they'll
+see what's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what um so just play this Kristen while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um so just play this Kristen while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um so just play this Kristen while
+while I continue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um one of the things that then so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that then so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the things that then so so
+this iist movement was Central to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iist movement was Central to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this iist movement was Central to all
+the high Arts of of of German Society at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high Arts of of of German Society at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high Arts of of of German Society at
+the time and it's therefore not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and it's therefore not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and it's therefore not an
+accident not at all not even remotely an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident not at all not even remotely an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident not at all not even remotely an
+accident that such energies would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that such energies would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that such energies would
+Express themselves in the in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express themselves in the in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express themselves in the in the in the
+new medium of of the movies because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new medium of of the movies because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new medium of of the movies because so
+much of Germans of of the German art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of Germans of of the German art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of Germans of of the German art
+establishment was already embracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment was already embracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment was already embracing
+principles of this kind and some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of this kind and some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of this kind and some very
+remarkable of course and significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable of course and significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable of course and significant
+immensely influential films grew out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely influential films grew out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely influential films grew out of
+this this movement they emphasized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this movement they emphasized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this movement they emphasized
+atmospheric qualities like lighting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric qualities like lighting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric qualities like lighting and
+set design and they were interested as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set design and they were interested as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set design and they were interested as
+I've already implied in morbid States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already implied in morbid States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've already implied in morbid States
+and in Distortion in inner fears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Distortion in inner fears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Distortion in inner fears and
+anxieties so uh and and what what one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties so uh and and what what one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anxieties so uh and and what what one of
+the things that the expressionist moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that the expressionist moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that the expressionist moment
+in German Cinema certainly did was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in German Cinema certainly did was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in German Cinema certainly did was it
+tremendously furthered our sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously furthered our sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously furthered our sense of the
+power of the cinema to explore human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the cinema to explore human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the cinema to explore human
+subjectivity right uh even the even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity right uh even the even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjectivity right uh even the even the
+films that for me at least look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that for me at least look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that for me at least look more
+like historical artifacts than living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like historical artifacts than living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like historical artifacts than living
+works of art have this Fascination for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art have this Fascination for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of art have this Fascination for
+us for me um we might also very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us for me um we might also very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us for me um we might also very quickly
+acknowledge how profoundly influential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge how profoundly influential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge how profoundly influential
+the movement was can you think any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement was can you think any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement was can you think any of
+you know what famous directors after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what famous directors after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what famous directors after the
+not even German directors are linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even German directors are linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even German directors are linked
+repeatedly with German expressionism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly with German expressionism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeatedly with German expressionism
+have connections to them one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have connections to them one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have connections to them one of them is
+Alfred Hitchcock who actually his very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alfred Hitchcock who actually his very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alfred Hitchcock who actually his very
+first film was a co- production with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film was a co- production with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film was a co- production with
+German producers and he carry if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German producers and he carry if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German producers and he carry if you
+think of Hitchcock's work Hitchcock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Hitchcock's work Hitchcock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Hitchcock's work Hitchcock
+carries the dark some of the dark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the dark some of the dark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the dark some of the dark and
+the Distortion uh and the interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Distortion uh and the interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Distortion uh and the interest in
+our in our in our inner convulsive lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our in our inner convulsive lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our in our in our inner convulsive lives
+uh that is present in German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is present in German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is present in German
+expressionism uh but there are but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism uh but there are but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism uh but there are but there
+are other examples as well the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other examples as well the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other examples as well the American
+Gangster film uh shows the influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gangster film uh shows the influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gangster film uh shows the influence of
+of uh uh um German expressionism very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh um German expressionism very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh uh um German expressionism very
+powerfully and the americ the Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully and the americ the Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully and the americ the Great
+American director Orson Wells was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American director Orson Wells was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American director Orson Wells was
+steeped in German expressionism and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeped in German expressionism and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeped in German expressionism and some
+of his greatest effects the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his greatest effects the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his greatest effects the atmosphere
+of his films could be said to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his films could be said to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his films could be said to be a
+direct outgrowth of of expressionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct outgrowth of of expressionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct outgrowth of of expressionist
+directing of expressionist movies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing of expressionist movies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing of expressionist movies so
+it's a critical and and uh uh powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a critical and and uh uh powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a critical and and uh uh powerful
+movement so let me now turn to a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so let me now turn to a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so let me now turn to a couple
+of examples to give you a sense in film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples to give you a sense in film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples to give you a sense in film
+of how this expressed itself and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this expressed itself and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how this expressed itself and my
+first example comes from the film The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example comes from the film The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first example comes from the film The
+very famous film directed by Robert wne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous film directed by Robert wne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous film directed by Robert wne
+called uh the cabinet of Dr cigary it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh the cabinet of Dr cigary it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh the cabinet of Dr cigary it's
+it's a story about a murder about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a story about a murder about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a story about a murder about a
+murderer who uh becomes when he goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murderer who uh becomes when he goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murderer who uh becomes when he goes to
+sleep he turns into a monster and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep he turns into a monster and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep he turns into a monster and he
+wakes up and he walks around like a sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakes up and he walks around like a sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wakes up and he walks around like a sun
+ulist ready to kill people right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulist ready to kill people right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulist ready to kill people right and the
+the um uh uh it may be there were of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh uh it may be there were of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um uh uh it may be there were of
+course lurid stories in the public press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course lurid stories in the public press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course lurid stories in the public press
+of these kinds all the time so there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds all the time so there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these kinds all the time so there may
+have been uh in the in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been uh in the in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been uh in the in in in the
+watching of the film there may have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching of the film there may have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching of the film there may have also
+been a kind of Frant in the audience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a kind of Frant in the audience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a kind of Frant in the audience of
+feeling that what they were watching was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that what they were watching was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that what they were watching was
+a were was a real what potentially was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a were was a real what potentially was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a were was a real what potentially was
+possibly real or or or reflected certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly real or or or reflected certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly real or or or reflected certain
+forms of certain possibilities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of certain possibilities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of certain possibilities in
+reality but as you'll see the scene the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but as you'll see the scene the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality but as you'll see the scene the
+film is tremendously stylized it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is tremendously stylized it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is tremendously stylized it's
+tremendously um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously um um
+uh planned in a way uh um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planned in a way uh um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planned in a way uh um one of the
+most interesting things about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting things about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting things about about the
+film uh is that that the sets were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh is that that the sets were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh is that that the sets were
+designed and painted by prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and painted by prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed and painted by prominent
+expressionist artists right and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist artists right and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionist artists right and and the
+fact is it was as much an artwork as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is it was as much an artwork as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is it was as much an artwork as it
+was a movie let me show you a part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a movie let me show you a part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a movie let me show you a part of it
+and and you can see for yourself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can see for yourself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can see for yourself the
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an artistic movement that grows out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an artistic movement that grows out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an artistic movement that grows out
+of traditional art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traditional art
+being transferred to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transferred to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transferred to the
+movies here's a scene from the film do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies here's a scene from the film do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies here's a scene from the film do
+we do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound no sound I guess sorry there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound no sound I guess sorry there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound no sound I guess sorry there would
+have been music of course and very scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been music of course and very scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been music of course and very scary
+music can hear maybe you can hear some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music can hear maybe you can hear some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music can hear maybe you can hear some
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I think this soundtrack is also a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think this soundtrack is also a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I think this soundtrack is also a new
+one it was superimposed on the made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it was superimposed on the made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it was superimposed on the made for
+the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film
+later but I I suppose in a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but I I suppose in a certain way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but I I suppose in a certain way
+this has a kind of interest but do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a kind of interest but do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a kind of interest but do you
+see how static it is how UNCA it is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how static it is how UNCA it is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how static it is how UNCA it is how
+stable the camera is how how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emphasis is on I don't what could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is on I don't what could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is on I don't what could we
+call it on set design on weird on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it on set design on weird on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it on set design on weird on on
+surreal angles on on this on this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surreal angles on on this on this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surreal angles on on this on this um uh
+uh on this strange form of lighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this strange form of lighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on this strange form of lighting the
+the this curcuro black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this curcuro black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this curcuro black and white
+lighting very great emphasis on contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting very great emphasis on contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting very great emphasis on contrast
+between black and white of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between black and white of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between black and white of course
+becomes a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a a
+trademark element of expressionist films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark element of expressionist films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trademark element of expressionist films
+and then is carried over in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then is carried over in many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then is carried over in many other
+film Traditions including the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Traditions including the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Traditions including the American
+tradition called fil Noir dark film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition called fil Noir dark film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition called fil Noir dark film
+black film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black film
+so here's this sun nulas walking over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this sun nulas walking over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this sun nulas walking over to
+the sleeping woman we might note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleeping woman we might note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sleeping woman we might note
+parenthetically isn't it interesting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetically isn't it interesting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetically isn't it interesting how
+long this one might say that this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this one might say that this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this one might say that this is one
+of the earliest horror films how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest horror films how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earliest horror films how long
+has the horror film used as one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the horror film used as one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the horror film used as one of its
+Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central
+elements violence against women and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements violence against women and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements violence against women and
+especially sexual violence against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially sexual violence against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially sexual violence against
+women look at this do you see how he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women look at this do you see how he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women look at this do you see how he
+looks like a an actor on a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now surely it was intentional that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now surely it was intentional that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now surely it was intentional that they
+put those two men who are woken up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those two men who are woken up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put those two men who are woken up by
+the noise in a space that seems without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise in a space that seems without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noise in a space that seems without
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+it was there's a surreal ungrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was there's a surreal ungrounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was there's a surreal ungrounded
+element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+film all right so they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film all right so they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film all right so they're they're
+they're looking for her now right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking for her now right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're looking for her now right and
+they're going me Chase her can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going me Chase her can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going me Chase her can we can
+you speed it up Kristen so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speed it up Kristen so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speed it up Kristen so we don't
+watch the whole thing in slow motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the whole thing in slow motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the whole thing in slow motion in
+in full but we get near the end is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in full but we get near the end is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in full but we get near the end is that
+possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+do all right let's so they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all right let's so they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all right let's so they they're
+they're keep keep let it let it speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're keep keep let it let it speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're keep keep let it let it speed up
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+more okay now here here we're near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay now here here we're near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay now here here we're near the
+ending here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending here
+again see how static it is how what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again see how static it is how what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again see how static it is how what's
+impressive the building of the sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive the building of the sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive the building of the sets
+might have been impressive but you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been impressive but you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been impressive but you see
+how in some sense how UNCA this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in some sense how UNCA this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how in some sense how UNCA this is in
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ways see the camera stable in one spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways see the camera stable in one spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways see the camera stable in one spot
+actors moving toward it moving in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors moving toward it moving in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors moving toward it moving in and
+out of the camera's range this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the camera's range this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the camera's range this is a
+theatrical idea of what the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical idea of what the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical idea of what the camera
+should do right it's sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do right it's sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do right it's sitting in the
+audience watching watching a set and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience watching watching a set and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience watching watching a set and in
+fact you can feel the theatrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can feel the theatrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can feel the theatrical
+Authority here here look watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority here here look watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority here here look watch this
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+now depends there's something clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now depends there's something clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now depends there's something clever
+here in interested in Silhouettes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in interested in Silhouettes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in interested in Silhouettes
+creating a an image of darkness and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a an image of darkness and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating a an image of darkness and
+horror I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror I
+guess okay um but you can also see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay um but you can also see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay um but you can also see the
+limitations of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I want to show you one other example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to show you one other example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I want to show you one other example
+a more distinguished example an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more distinguished example an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more distinguished example an example
+that does begin to manipulate the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does begin to manipulate the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does begin to manipulate the visual
+image in somewhat more rich and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in somewhat more rich and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in somewhat more rich and and
+significant ways a film even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ways a film even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ways a film even more
+influential than Caligari uh what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential than Caligari uh what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential than Caligari uh what is
+called often the first science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called often the first science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called often the first science fiction
+film it was the very first featurelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it was the very first featurelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it was the very first featurelength
+science fiction film in the world its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction film in the world its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science fiction film in the world its
+title is Metropolis directed by Fritz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is Metropolis directed by Fritz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is Metropolis directed by Fritz
+Lang uh and at the time many film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang uh and at the time many film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lang uh and at the time many film
+Scholars claim it cost something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars claim it cost something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars claim it cost something like
+five million reiches marks to make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million reiches marks to make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million reiches marks to make I
+don't know if Reich marks were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if Reich marks were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if Reich marks were the
+equivalent of dollars but let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of dollars but let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of dollars but let's assume
+they were uh in 1926 this was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were uh in 1926 this was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were uh in 1926 this was the most
+expensive film that had ever been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive film that had ever been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive film that had ever been made
+up to that point and it is a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that point and it is a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that point and it is a measure of
+the authority and the prestige that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority and the prestige that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authority and the prestige that
+movies had in German society that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies had in German society that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies had in German society that so
+much money would be invested in a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money would be invested in a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much money would be invested in a film
+this would never have happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would never have happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would never have happened in the
+United States they weren't spending that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States they weren't spending that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States they weren't spending that
+level of money on American movies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of money on American movies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of money on American movies they
+didn't have to uh they didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to uh they didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to uh they didn't they
+couldn't right uh but the fact and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't right uh but the fact and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't right uh but the fact and and
+in some sense it shows you the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it shows you the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense it shows you the the the
+authority and the centrality of but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and the centrality of but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority and the centrality of but it
+also explains why we had to wait before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also explains why we had to wait before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also explains why we had to wait before
+the German film fully discovered its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German film fully discovered its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the German film fully discovered its
+cinematic or its filmic Essence and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic or its filmic Essence and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic or its filmic Essence and I'm
+going to show you what I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what I think is the
+moment or one of the moments in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or one of the moments in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or one of the moments in which
+this discovery was made and the director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discovery was made and the director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discovery was made and the director
+we're looking at tonight um um um FW mow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at tonight um um um FW mow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at tonight um um um FW mow
+is the director who made this discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the director who made this discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the director who made this discovery
+and freed the camera from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and freed the camera from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and freed the camera from the
+constraints of high art from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of high art from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of high art from the
+constraints of the inherited attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the inherited attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the inherited attitudes
+toward art that that the established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward art that that the established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward art that that the established
+culture in Europe and especially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in Europe and especially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture in Europe and especially in
+Germany uh imposed upon the making on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany uh imposed upon the making on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany uh imposed upon the making on
+the upon the making of so here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upon the making of so here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upon the making of so here are a
+couple of scenes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of scenes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of scenes from
+Metropolis still I think we're not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis still I think we're not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis still I think we're not fully
+there yet but it's significant film it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet but it's significant film it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet but it's significant film it
+much much admired by by certain film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much admired by by certain film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much admired by by certain film
+Scholars although not by me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars although not by me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars although not by me
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of you may notice how chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may notice how chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may notice how chaplain
+borrowed from this moment from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introduction and you could certainly see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and you could certainly see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and you could certainly see
+how this film influenced modern times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this film influenced modern times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this film influenced modern times
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see a lot of chap in there I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of chap in there I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of chap in there I hope
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you think there's an idea or an attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's an idea or an attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's an idea or an attitude
+toward what labor means in these images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward what labor means in these images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward what labor means in these images
+these are the workers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+city interesting that such a politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city interesting that such a politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city interesting that such a politically
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+film would be so heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would be so heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film would be so heavily
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+financed all right that's enough of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financed all right that's enough of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financed all right that's enough of this
+there's plenty of this uh too much of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of this uh too much of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's plenty of this uh too much of it
+in fact I think but can we speed up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I think but can we speed up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I think but can we speed up a
+little Kristen I think we can come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Kristen I think we can come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Kristen I think we can come to
+one more image from a different part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more image from a different part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more image from a different part of
+the film so I I won't talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film so I I won't talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film so I I won't talk about the
+plot of the film which is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the film which is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the film which is rather
+ridiculous I think although it's U it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous I think although it's U it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous I think although it's U it's
+also a kind of science fiction fantasy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a kind of science fiction fantasy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a kind of science fiction fantasy a
+dystopian fantasy um but there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystopian fantasy um but there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystopian fantasy um but there is a a
+sequence later in the film let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence later in the film let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence later in the film let's go
+further so here's another image from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so here's another image from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further so here's another image from
+another moment from the film visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another moment from the film visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another moment from the film visually
+more exciting but it also shows you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting but it also shows you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exciting but it also shows you in
+some sense how literary how literary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense how literary how literary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense how literary how literary the
+film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film is
+and also I want you to see it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I want you to see it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I want you to see it also
+because it reminds you again of how of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it reminds you again of how of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it reminds you again of how of
+how much chaplain borrowed from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much chaplain borrowed from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much chaplain borrowed from this
+movie when he made Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Times now there are many intive effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times now there are many intive effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times now there are many intive effects
+here but still you see how stable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but still you see how stable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but still you see how stable the
+camera is how stationary it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the kinetic power of the camera had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kinetic power of the camera had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the kinetic power of the camera had
+not yet been discovered not because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet been discovered not because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet been discovered not because it
+was undiscoverable because the Americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was undiscoverable because the Americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was undiscoverable because the Americans
+had discovered it decade earlier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had discovered it decade earlier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had discovered it decade earlier but
+because the power of older forms was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the power of older forms was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the power of older forms was
+inhibiting the people making the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting the people making the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting the people making the movies
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again in the early days you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the early days you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in the early days you can imagine
+that some of these effects would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these effects would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these effects would have
+been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been very
+dramatic the falling bodies still Watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic the falling bodies still Watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic the falling bodies still Watch
+What Happens here we've turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What Happens here we've turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What Happens here we've turned
+symbolic molok right the devil the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic molok right the devil the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic molok right the devil the
+devil's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devil's
+henchmen that's what modern industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henchmen that's what modern industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+henchmen that's what modern industrial
+society is more that will swallow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is more that will swallow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is more that will swallow us
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+up all right you see how weird and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right you see how weird and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all right you see how weird and
+disturbing it is thank you Christ okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing it is thank you Christ okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing it is thank you Christ okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um a serious an interesting film but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a serious an interesting film but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a serious an interesting film but
+still in certain ways I hope you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in certain ways I hope you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in certain ways I hope you could
+see both deeply melodramatic and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see both deeply melodramatic and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see both deeply melodramatic and uh you
+know the ACT styles are very broad where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ACT styles are very broad where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the ACT styles are very broad where
+do they come from theater right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they come from theater right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they come from theater right they're
+theatrical acting still they haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical acting still they haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical acting still they haven't
+fully adjusted despite the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully adjusted despite the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully adjusted despite the power of
+these films and intellectual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these films and intellectual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these films and intellectual and
+thematic ways they haven't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic ways they haven't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thematic ways they haven't fully
+adjusted to the idea that they're movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to the idea that they're movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to the idea that they're movies
+and the point the man who solved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point the man who solved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point the man who solved this
+problem or the the the the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or the the the the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or the the the the German
+director who understood more fully than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who understood more fully than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who understood more fully than
+the others what it meant to make a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others what it meant to make a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others what it meant to make a movie
+was FW mno his dates are on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was FW mno his dates are on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was FW mno his dates are on the board
+you can see he died in his early 40s it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see he died in his early 40s it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see he died in his early 40s it
+was a tragic death he was just coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a tragic death he was just coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a tragic death he was just coming
+into his own as a great great director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his own as a great great director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his own as a great great director
+he had immigrated to the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had immigrated to the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had immigrated to the United States
+in the late 20s and the film I've listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 20s and the film I've listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 20s and the film I've listed
+on the board there sunrise in 1927 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board there sunrise in 1927 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board there sunrise in 1927 was
+made in the United States and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the United States and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the United States and many
+people think it is the greatest silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it is the greatest silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think it is the greatest silent
+non-comedy made in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-comedy made in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-comedy made in the United States
+it's something it's a bit sentimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something it's a bit sentimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something it's a bit sentimental
+but there are brilliant brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are brilliant brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are brilliant brilliant
+brilliant things in it it's a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant things in it it's a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant things in it it's a very very
+rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich
+artifact um and then he with the with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact um and then he with the with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact um and then he with the with
+the famous documentary director Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous documentary director Robert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous documentary director Robert
+flarity his last film taboo uh which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flarity his last film taboo uh which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flarity his last film taboo uh which he
+coect ired with Robert flarity would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coect ired with Robert flarity would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coect ired with Robert flarity would be
+became a tremendous success but he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a tremendous success but he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became a tremendous success but he died
+in 1931 just before the film was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1931 just before the film was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1931 just before the film was
+released just on the verge of a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released just on the verge of a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released just on the verge of a kind of
+Acclaim that perhaps no other director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acclaim that perhaps no other director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Acclaim that perhaps no other director
+in the world at that time had it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world at that time had it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world at that time had it's a
+tragic a tragic story um the film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragic a tragic story um the film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragic a tragic story um the film in
+which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can
+see mnau freeing the camera is the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see mnau freeing the camera is the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see mnau freeing the camera is the film
+called No Fatu made in 1922 and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called No Fatu made in 1922 and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called No Fatu made in 1922 and some of
+you must will perhaps recognize it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must will perhaps recognize it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must will perhaps recognize it as
+the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin
+film uh for a tremendous number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh for a tremendous number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh for a tremendous number of
+horror movies many people would call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror movies many people would call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror movies many people would call it
+the first horror movie that may be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first horror movie that may be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first horror movie that may be an
+exaggeration or inaccurate but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration or inaccurate but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggeration or inaccurate but it is
+among it is certainly the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among it is certainly the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among it is certainly the most
+influential and significant early horror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential and significant early horror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential and significant early horror
+film it's based on the Dracula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's based on the Dracula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film it's based on the Dracula
+story um uh and and and and uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um uh and and and and uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um uh and and and and uh like
+Dracula itself it it tells a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula itself it it tells a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula itself it it tells a very
+strange sort of story about about uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sort of story about about uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange sort of story about about uh uh
+uh vampires who who uh uh survive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vampires who who uh uh survive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vampires who who uh uh survive for
+centuries and then come into the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries and then come into the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries and then come into the world
+and and uh by by their little sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh by by their little sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh by by their little sort of
+suggestive sexual bite in the neck of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive sexual bite in the neck of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestive sexual bite in the neck of a
+woman uh transform the women into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman uh transform the women into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman uh transform the women into into
+uh vampires as well and it's now a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vampires as well and it's now a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vampires as well and it's now a kind
+of commonplace established idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commonplace established idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of commonplace established idea that
+this energy which goes back that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy which goes back that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy which goes back that this
+the kind of the kind of of of of Gothic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the kind of of of of Gothic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the kind of of of of Gothic
+fantasy that is embodied in the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that is embodied in the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that is embodied in the story of
+Dracula and in so many similar ones has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula and in so many similar ones has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula and in so many similar ones has
+its origins in various forms of sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its origins in various forms of sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its origins in various forms of sexual
+fantasy and the Dracula figure when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy and the Dracula figure when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy and the Dracula figure when he
+kisses the woman's neck is symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisses the woman's neck is symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kisses the woman's neck is symbolically
+engaged in a sexual act right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in a sexual act right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in a sexual act right and the
+woman's resistance but then her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's resistance but then her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's resistance but then her
+transformation into a vampire is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation into a vampire is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation into a vampire is
+presumably the woman's transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the woman's transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the woman's transformation
+into sexual activeness in some way at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sexual activeness in some way at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sexual activeness in some way at
+least these are the kinds of symbolic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least these are the kinds of symbolic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least these are the kinds of symbolic or
+underlying associations that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying associations that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying associations that many
+scholars bring to bear when they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars bring to bear when they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars bring to bear when they talk
+about why such uh stories were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why such uh stories were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why such uh stories were so
+fascinating and so popular at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating and so popular at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating and so popular at the end of
+of the 19th century so one one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century so one one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century so one one thing to
+remember about NOS Fatu is it is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about NOS Fatu is it is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about NOS Fatu is it is already
+it is an adaptation of a novel already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an adaptation of a novel already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an adaptation of a novel already
+very W very widely known um uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very W very widely known um uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very W very widely known um uh and in
+fact there were copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there were copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact there were copyright
+questions um uh about uh no Fatu the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um uh about uh no Fatu the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um uh about uh no Fatu the the
+the copyright owners for the book sued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright owners for the book sued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright owners for the book sued
+the the filmmakers I and I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the filmmakers I and I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the filmmakers I and I'm not sure
+about what the what the outcome was but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the what the outcome was but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the what the outcome was but
+the film the film did survive in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film the film did survive in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film the film did survive in any
+case so here are a couple of scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here are a couple of scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so here are a couple of scenes
+here's a here is the beginning of Fatu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here is the beginning of Fatu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a here is the beginning of Fatu
+and the the the subject matter seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the subject matter seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the subject matter seems to
+me not that interesting but again I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not that interesting but again I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me not that interesting but again I I
+I'm not the my view is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not the my view is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not the my view is not necessarily
+the only view that there are people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only view that there are people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only view that there are people who
+love these films I don't know why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love these films I don't know why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love these films I don't know why they
+do but but I don't want to I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but but I don't want to I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but but I don't want to I don't want
+to Simply impose my view on you uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Simply impose my view on you uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Simply impose my view on you uh if
+you're interested in this or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this or if you
+don't or or if you share a love of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't or or if you share a love of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't or or if you share a love of
+horror film one of my problems is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror film one of my problems is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horror film one of my problems is I
+don't like horror films today even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like horror films today even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like horror films today even
+though they've reached a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they've reached a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they've reached a very
+sophisticated level I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated level I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated level I think they're
+silly I don't get them uh so I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly I don't get them uh so I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silly I don't get them uh so I'm not a
+good judge of them and my my negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good judge of them and my my negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good judge of them and my my negative
+judgments may take them with a grain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments may take them with a grain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgments may take them with a grain of
+salt that they're partly colored by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt that they're partly colored by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt that they're partly colored by my
+own by my own PR I Would by my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own by my own PR I Would by my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own by my own PR I Would by my own
+preoccupations there are ways I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations there are ways I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupations there are ways I could
+defend my position but I I I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend my position but I I I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend my position but I I I don't feel
+that I should impose my views on you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should impose my views on you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I should impose my views on you I
+do think it's a silly story uh and I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think it's a silly story uh and I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think it's a silly story uh and I you
+know I it seems to me that reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I it seems to me that reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I it seems to me that reality is
+complex enough without sort of inventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex enough without sort of inventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex enough without sort of inventing
+uh Horrors that that hide underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Horrors that that hide underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Horrors that that hide underground
+for thousands of years and emerge with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years and emerge with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years and emerge with
+magical powers the actual the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical powers the actual the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical powers the actual the actual
+horrors of reality seem to me sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrors of reality seem to me sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrors of reality seem to me sufficient
+and uh not adequately studied so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh not adequately studied so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh not adequately studied so that's
+one of my objections to this these forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my objections to this these forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of my objections to this these forms
+of fantasy but in any case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasy but in any case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fantasy but in any case that's
+personal but in any case what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal but in any case what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal but in any case what you can
+see in those Fatu even people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in those Fatu even people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in those Fatu even people who are
+not as interested in the subject matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as interested in the subject matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as interested in the subject matter
+they can see what a technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see what a technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can see what a technically
+Innovative film it is watch this here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative film it is watch this here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative film it is watch this here's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning in fact freeze it already does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in fact freeze it already does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning in fact freeze it already does
+this seem more realistic to you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seem more realistic to you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seem more realistic to you do you
+see already no fake sets we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see already no fake sets we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see already no fake sets we don't
+there's we don't we don't feel we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we don't we don't feel we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's we don't we don't feel we're
+watching a a theatrical piece that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a a theatrical piece that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching a a theatrical piece that a
+camera is filming a theater piece right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is filming a theater piece right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is filming a theater piece right
+you what what's one of the reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what's one of the reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what what's one of the reasons for
+that the natural sunlight that's natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the natural sunlight that's natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the natural sunlight that's natural
+sunlight go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight go
+ahead the texture of his of his bedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead the texture of his of his bedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead the texture of his of his bedding
+also is a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and of course the sunlight is a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the sunlight is a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the sunlight is a crucial
+Motif in the film because Dracula lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motif in the film because Dracula lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motif in the film because Dracula lives
+by Darkness right and the film depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Darkness right and the film depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Darkness right and the film depends
+on a quite brilliantly on a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a quite brilliantly on a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a quite brilliantly on a series of
+juxtapositions of light and dark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtapositions of light and dark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juxtapositions of light and dark of
+Shadow and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadow and and
+brightness now look at this freeze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness now look at this freeze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightness now look at this freeze it
+Kristen freeze it for a second look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristen freeze it for a second look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kristen freeze it for a second look at
+this we're really outside in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're really outside in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're really outside in a real
+world look at these animals and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world look at these animals and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world look at these animals and you can
+feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the
+film we at first we're disoriented we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film we at first we're disoriented we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film we at first we're disoriented we
+didn't don't even know why why why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't don't even know why why why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't don't even know why why why are
+we looking here but it the the film's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looking here but it the the film's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looking here but it the the film's
+joy we can feel almost the film's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joy we can feel almost the film's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joy we can feel almost the film's
+excitement at showing us what the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement at showing us what the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement at showing us what the real
+world looks like I actually find this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world looks like I actually find this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world looks like I actually find this uh
+visually and intellectually much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually and intellectually much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually and intellectually much more
+exciting than a ridiculous set in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting than a ridiculous set in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting than a ridiculous set in which
+in which a a symbolically uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a a symbolically uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which a a symbolically uh uh uh
+Dressed monster staggers around like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dressed monster staggers around like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dressed monster staggers around like in
+a way that no one who ever walk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that no one who ever walk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that no one who ever walk the
+earth moved I find this much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth moved I find this much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth moved I find this much more
+compelling but what was important at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling but what was important at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling but what was important at the
+time was how liberating it was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was how liberating it was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was how liberating it was because
+what mow was showing is look what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mow was showing is look what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mow was showing is look what the
+camera can actually do he's freeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can actually do he's freeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera can actually do he's freeing the
+camera go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera go
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ahead okay I that's enough of this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead okay I that's enough of this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead okay I that's enough of this can
+we get maybe I'll give you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get maybe I'll give you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get maybe I'll give you one more
+quick scene do we have a separate clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick scene do we have a separate clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick scene do we have a separate clip
+or is it let's go to the other clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it let's go to the other clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is it let's go to the other clip
+now here's something at from the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's something at from the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's something at from the end of
+the film can you freeze it a second u i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film can you freeze it a second u i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film can you freeze it a second u i
+i I'll sort of briefly set the cut this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i I'll sort of briefly set the cut this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i I'll sort of briefly set the cut this
+guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is
+Dracula's weird assistant and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula's weird assistant and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula's weird assistant and he's
+escaped from jail uh the the sto I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaped from jail uh the the sto I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escaped from jail uh the the sto I find
+the story idiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story idiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story idiotic
+ridiculous totally unserious but look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous totally unserious but look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous totally unserious but look at
+the realism visually here this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realism visually here this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the realism visually here this is maybe
+the first time that these narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that these narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time that these narrow
+Alleyways were captured with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alleyways were captured with such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alleyways were captured with such
+precision and power it's almost as if at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and power it's almost as if at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and power it's almost as if at
+least for me the subject matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for me the subject matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for me the subject matter is
+irrelevant and what the film is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and what the film is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and what the film is showing
+about how it can render reality is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it can render reality is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it can render reality is so
+exciting that it's as if a new universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting that it's as if a new universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting that it's as if a new universe
+has opened up and I must admit that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has opened up and I must admit that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has opened up and I must admit that even
+though there were American directors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there were American directors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there were American directors who
+were working with a freed camera long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working with a freed camera long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were working with a freed camera long
+before this mer no one ever used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this mer no one ever used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this mer no one ever used the
+camera outdoors more effectively up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera outdoors more effectively up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera outdoors more effectively up to
+this time than mno I'll show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time than mno I'll show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time than mno I'll show you a
+little more of this even though the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more of this even though the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more of this even though the plot
+is stupid because you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stupid because you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is stupid because you can see how
+realistic and persuasive compelling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and persuasive compelling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and persuasive compelling the
+the visual experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+see how the the freedom of the camera to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the the freedom of the camera to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the the freedom of the camera to
+shoot down what what how that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot down what what how that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot down what what how that changes
+our under the quickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our under the quickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our under the quickness of the
+editing there he is up on top of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing there he is up on top of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+editing there he is up on top of his
+roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you didn't know the context you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't know the context you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you didn't know the context you would
+see this as a form of Oppression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this as a form of Oppression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this as a form of Oppression and
+mistreatment why are they going after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistreatment why are they going after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistreatment why are they going after
+this poor guy and I think that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poor guy and I think that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this poor guy and I think that is an
+implication of this even though he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of this even though he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication of this even though he's
+he's the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's the source of
+evil but look at the realism of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil but look at the realism of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil but look at the realism of this
+look at the texture of the bricks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the texture of the bricks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the texture of the bricks the
+sense you have that this is a real place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have that this is a real place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you have that this is a real place
+that he really climbed down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he really climbed down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he really climbed down a
+roof the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof the
+movies if the movies don't do this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies if the movies don't do this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies if the movies don't do this they
+have to have an give us a sense of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an give us a sense of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an give us a sense of that
+gross reality which the movies have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross reality which the movies have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross reality which the movies have the
+power to do they have to have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to do they have to have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power to do they have to have very good
+reasons for giving up that power right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for giving up that power right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons for giving up that power right
+it's a very rare film that can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rare film that can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very rare film that can really
+give it up some animations can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it up some animations can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it up some animations can do it
+right uh but even surreal films even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but even surreal films even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but even surreal films even
+films that exaggerate or that create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that exaggerate or that create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that exaggerate or that create
+alternative worlds that are not like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative worlds that are not like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative worlds that are not like our
+Real Worlds today have the kind of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Worlds today have the kind of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Real Worlds today have the kind of free
+kinetic camera and sense of the textured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic camera and sense of the textured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic camera and sense of the textured
+quality of the external world that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the external world that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of the external world that we
+get in those in those images so mnau was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in those in those images so mnau was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in those in those images so mnau was
+critical to us and crucial to us uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to us and crucial to us uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical to us and crucial to us uh for
+this reason and his Great Masterpiece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason and his Great Masterpiece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reason and his Great Masterpiece is
+the is one of the two films that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is one of the two films that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is one of the two films that I've
+asked you to watch tonight you'll watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to watch tonight you'll watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you to watch tonight you'll watch
+We're showing both no Fatu and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're showing both no Fatu and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're showing both no Fatu and uh the
+last laugh uh let's do it in the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last laugh uh let's do it in the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last laugh uh let's do it in the order
+of the last laugh first I think no Fatu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last laugh first I think no Fatu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last laugh first I think no Fatu
+is a less interesting film but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a less interesting film but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a less interesting film but still
+from a technical standpoint fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a technical standpoint fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a technical standpoint fascinating
+and those of you who are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who are interested in
+the history of horror films you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of horror films you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of horror films you should
+pay attention because there is hardly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention because there is hardly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention because there is hardly a
+there is hardly a frame in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is hardly a frame in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is hardly a frame in those
+that has not been alluded to or echoed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not been alluded to or echoed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not been alluded to or echoed
+in later horror films and it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later horror films and it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later horror films and it is the
+origins of what is now a dominant liter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of what is now a dominant liter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origins of what is now a dominant liter
+movie genre both a literary and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie genre both a literary and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie genre both a literary and a
+cinematic genre so it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic genre so it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic genre so it's very very
+important film but the last laugh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important film but the last laugh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important film but the last laugh is a
+true Masterpiece and one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true Masterpiece and one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true Masterpiece and one of the reasons
+I think it's such a remarkable film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's such a remarkable film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's such a remarkable film is
+that it's freed in some degree from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's freed in some degree from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's freed in some degree from the
+pretentiousness of the The Surreal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretentiousness of the The Surreal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretentiousness of the The Surreal
+pretentiousness of expressionism there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretentiousness of expressionism there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretentiousness of expressionism there
+are expressionist elements in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressionist elements in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expressionist elements in the film
+as you'll see very cleverly done there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see very cleverly done there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see very cleverly done there's
+one immensely grotesque and Powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one immensely grotesque and Powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one immensely grotesque and Powerful
+moment in which for example there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in which for example there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in which for example there are a
+series uh we are given an image of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh we are given an image of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series uh we are given an image of some
+gossiping women who are trading gossip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossiping women who are trading gossip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gossiping women who are trading gossip
+about the primary character and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primary character and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primary character and the the
+uh I think I think that you'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I think that you'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I think that you'll see how
+how interestingly uh mnau handles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how interestingly uh mnau handles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how interestingly uh mnau handles that
+uh that sequence and there's an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that sequence and there's an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that sequence and there's an element
+of distortion or grotesquery in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distortion or grotesquery in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distortion or grotesquery in that
+there are also elements in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also elements in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are also elements in the film
+moments in the film brilliant moments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in the film brilliant moments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in the film brilliant moments in
+the film where what is shown externally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film where what is shown externally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film where what is shown externally
+is not what's happening externally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what's happening externally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not what's happening externally but
+what is going on in the mind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on in the mind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on in the mind of the
+primary character in other words it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary character in other words it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary character in other words it
+carries the principle of finding ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the principle of finding ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries the principle of finding ways to
+create a subjective camera even further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a subjective camera even further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a subjective camera even further
+than any previous uh uh film had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any previous uh uh film had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any previous uh uh film had done
+there's one remarkable moment in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one remarkable moment in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one remarkable moment in this
+film watch for it it's very astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film watch for it it's very astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film watch for it it's very astonishing
+in which um the Director of Photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um the Director of Photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which um the Director of Photography
+Carl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl
+fre um was asked was asked to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre um was asked was asked to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre um was asked was asked to sort of
+figure this out there's a moment when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out there's a moment when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out there's a moment when
+the protagonist gets drunk he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protagonist gets drunk he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protagonist gets drunk he's very
+disappointed about something and he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed about something and he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointed about something and he gets
+drunk and he staggers around and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk and he staggers around and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk and he staggers around and they
+were trying to figure out a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to figure out a way of
+dramatizing this they created they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizing this they created they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatizing this they created they they
+played around with the camera and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with the camera and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played around with the camera and they
+strapped the camera to the actor's waist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped the camera to the actor's waist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped the camera to the actor's waist
+and when he staggered around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he staggered around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he staggered around the world
+you saw was staggering too uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw was staggering too uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw was staggering too uh and it
+created an immensely powerful sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an immensely powerful sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an immensely powerful sort of
+subjective experience for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective experience for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective experience for the for the
+for the viewer and there are number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the viewer and there are number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the viewer and there are number of
+other spa places in the film where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spa places in the film where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other spa places in the film where you
+can see that what's being dramatized is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that what's being dramatized is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that what's being dramatized is
+the inner life of the character so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner life of the character so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner life of the character so there
+there there are uh expressionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are uh expressionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are uh expressionist
+elements in the film but it transcends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the film but it transcends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the film but it transcends
+expressionism it becomes a film truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism it becomes a film truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressionism it becomes a film truly
+about reality without Distortion and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reality without Distortion and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reality without Distortion and of
+course its basic subject is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course its basic subject is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course its basic subject is what happens
+to our old people when they get too old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our old people when they get too old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our old people when they get too old
+uh to to function right this is a theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to function right this is a theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to to function right this is a theme
+I'm beginning to find more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm beginning to find more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm beginning to find more and more
+sympathetic as I as I as I age but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic as I as I as I age but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic as I as I as I age but it's
+one of the most powerful treatments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most powerful treatments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most powerful treatments of
+this of of this subject and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of of this subject and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of of this subject and basically
+the story is about as you'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is about as you'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is about as you'll see it's
+about a poor in a hotel who whose job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a poor in a hotel who whose job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a poor in a hotel who whose job is
+to help carry baggage in but he's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help carry baggage in but he's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help carry baggage in but he's an
+immense big man played by one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense big man played by one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immense big man played by one of the
+most famous theater actors of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous theater actors of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous theater actors of the day
+imil yanning uh and uh at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imil yanning uh and uh at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imil yanning uh and uh at a certain
+point in the film as you'll see he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the film as you'll see he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the film as you'll see he's
+demoted he loses his job they take his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoted he loses his job they take his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoted he loses his job they take his
+uniform away his uniform is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform away his uniform is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform away his uniform is very
+important to him uh and they demote him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to him uh and they demote him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to him uh and they demote him
+he has to go and work in the men's room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to go and work in the men's room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to go and work in the men's room
+as a men's room attendant so the film in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a men's room attendant so the film in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a men's room attendant so the film in
+a certain way um um uh uh does several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way um um uh uh does several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain way um um uh uh does several
+things first it shows us what what mow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first it shows us what what mow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first it shows us what what mow
+himself came to call the Unchained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself came to call the Unchained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself came to call the Unchained
+camera the free camera and O over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera the free camera and O over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera the free camera and O over and
+over again you can see how immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again you can see how immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again you can see how immensely
+Innovative the camera work in this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative the camera work in this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative the camera work in this film
+is the very opening scene of the film is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very opening scene of the film is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the very opening scene of the film is
+is a t the force you might miss because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a t the force you might miss because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a t the force you might miss because
+it happens so quickly the camera follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens so quickly the camera follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happens so quickly the camera follows
+a some a person down an elevator a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some a person down an elevator a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a some a person down an elevator a glass
+elevator and then follows it across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator and then follows it across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator and then follows it across the
+room the room the the camera was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room the room the the camera was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room the room the the camera was
+actually mounted on a bicycle so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mounted on a bicycle so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mounted on a bicycle so they
+could move it that way it happened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move it that way it happened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could move it that way it happened so
+quickly might not even notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly might not even notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly might not even notice it
+although filmmakers were overwhelmed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although filmmakers were overwhelmed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although filmmakers were overwhelmed by
+it because he was doing things with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because he was doing things with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because he was doing things with the
+camera that no one else had done before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that no one else had done before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera that no one else had done before
+and you'll see other moments in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see other moments in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see other moments in the film
+where his use of the camera uh is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where his use of the camera uh is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where his use of the camera uh is is is
+is complex and and and uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex and and and uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex and and and uh um uh
+Innovative uh uh the I've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative uh uh the I've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative uh uh the I've already talked
+a bit about the themes in the film but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about the themes in the film but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about the themes in the film but
+let me continue this so I've I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me continue this so I've I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me continue this so I've I've said
+in a way it's a workingclass tragedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it's a workingclass tragedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it's a workingclass tragedy
+right it's and the Very fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's and the Very fact that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's and the Very fact that it's
+about an ordinary man uh but it tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an ordinary man uh but it tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an ordinary man uh but it tries to
+treat him with the kind of dignity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him with the kind of dignity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat him with the kind of dignity that
+that uh uh in the classical times Kings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh in the classical times Kings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh in the classical times Kings
+and and Highborn characters would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Highborn characters would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and Highborn characters would
+receive uh is very significant and is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive uh is very significant and is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive uh is very significant and is is
+a powerful aspect of the of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful aspect of the of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a powerful aspect of the of the of the
+subject matter what also develops is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter what also develops is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter what also develops is a
+is a deep sense of the of the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deep sense of the of the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deep sense of the of the character
+of the of the protagonist uh the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the protagonist uh the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the protagonist uh the way in
+which his identity is connected to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his identity is connected to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his identity is connected to his
+job and how when his job and especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and how when his job and especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and how when his job and especially
+his uniform which is the symbol of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uniform which is the symbol of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uniform which is the symbol of his
+authority is taken away how he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is taken away how he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is taken away how he's
+unmanned unhoused uh undone incapable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanned unhoused uh undone incapable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanned unhoused uh undone incapable of
+functioning uh so it's a very so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning uh so it's a very so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning uh so it's a very so it's a
+very powerful Uh u u socially aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful Uh u u socially aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful Uh u u socially aware
+movie uh it dramatizes character with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie uh it dramatizes character with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie uh it dramatizes character with a
+kind of subtlety that's very rare in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subtlety that's very rare in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of subtlety that's very rare in
+silent film you really have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film you really have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film you really have a sense of
+this man's character it's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's character it's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's character it's quite a
+brilliant performance even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant performance even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant performance even though
+yanning jannings was its theater actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yanning jannings was its theater actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yanning jannings was its theater actor
+and there is something somewhat broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is something somewhat broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is something somewhat broad
+about his performance you can see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his performance you can see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his performance you can see him
+beginning to adapt to the camera and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to adapt to the camera and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to adapt to the camera and to
+the more nuanced things that the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more nuanced things that the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more nuanced things that the camera
+should could can do but even the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should could can do but even the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should could can do but even the parts
+of his role that are a little sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his role that are a little sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his role that are a little sort of
+exaggerated make sense because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated make sense because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated make sense because there's
+something pretentious and pompous about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretentious and pompous about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something pretentious and pompous about
+his character one of the subtlest things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his character one of the subtlest things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his character one of the subtlest things
+about the film in fact is the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the film in fact is the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the film in fact is the way the
+character has this complexity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character has this complexity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character has this complexity a
+character for whom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character for whom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character for whom the
+audience's sympathy is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience's sympathy is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience's sympathy is constantly
+solicited is also imperfect in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solicited is also imperfect in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solicited is also imperfect in some ways
+an annoying old man not a nice person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annoying old man not a nice person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an annoying old man not a nice person
+selfish uh proud of his superiority to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish uh proud of his superiority to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish uh proud of his superiority to
+the other people with whom he lives one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people with whom he lives one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other people with whom he lives one
+of the ways you can see this operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways you can see this operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways you can see this operating
+is the film really operates in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the film really operates in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the film really operates in two
+different spaces the space of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spaces the space of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spaces the space of the great
+hotel and the space where the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and the space where the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and the space where the character
+played by jannings lives and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by jannings lives and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by jannings lives and what he
+lives in a workingclass ghetto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in a workingclass ghetto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in a workingclass ghetto a
+workingclass part of the city and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workingclass part of the city and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workingclass part of the city and the
+and the two environments the hotel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two environments the hotel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two environments the hotel and
+the workingclass part of the city are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workingclass part of the city are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workingclass part of the city are
+are juxtaposed and we learn about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are juxtaposed and we learn about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are juxtaposed and we learn about each
+of them by their juxtaposition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them by their juxtaposition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them by their juxtaposition the
+workingclass part of the city is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workingclass part of the city is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workingclass part of the city is
+interesting for a number of reasons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for a number of reasons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for a number of reasons but
+one of the best is the pride he takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best is the pride he takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the best is the pride he takes in
+his uniform he may be only a hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uniform he may be only a hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uniform he may be only a hotel
+porter but in his neighborhood he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porter but in his neighborhood he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+porter but in his neighborhood he's a
+big man he's a big shot and he's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big man he's a big shot and he's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big man he's a big shot and he's very
+proud of himself you can even see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of himself you can even see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of himself you can even see him
+boring the children and giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring the children and giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring the children and giving them
+instructions and things the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and things the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions and things the most
+important point I'm trying to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point I'm trying to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point I'm trying to make is
+that he's a complex character that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's a complex character that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's a complex character that we
+learn this without dialogue through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this without dialogue through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn this without dialogue through the
+genius of silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius of silent
+film because he's both flawed and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film because he's both flawed and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film because he's both flawed and also
+an object of of of of sympathy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object of of of of sympathy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object of of of of sympathy and
+affection uh the film doesn't simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection uh the film doesn't simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection uh the film doesn't simplify
+his character he's a spiky unpleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his character he's a spiky unpleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his character he's a spiky unpleasant
+man in some ways but we also still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man in some ways but we also still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man in some ways but we also still
+feel for him and recognize how terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for him and recognize how terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for him and recognize how terrible
+his tragedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his tragedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his tragedy
+is one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the most important
+characteristics of the film and the mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the film and the mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the film and the mark
+of what a cinematic achievement it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a cinematic achievement it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a cinematic achievement it is is
+that up until very close to the very end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up until very close to the very end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up until very close to the very end
+of the film there is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film there is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the film there is not a
+single title card not a single use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single title card not a single use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single title card not a single use of
+words in other words the film depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in other words the film depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in other words the film depends
+upon its visual power and you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon its visual power and you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon its visual power and you understand
+even complex things like the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even complex things like the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even complex things like the fact that
+the character is drunk or that he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character is drunk or that he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character is drunk or that he's not
+thinking straight or that what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking straight or that what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking straight or that what he's
+seeing is not reality but some distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is not reality but some distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is not reality but some distorted
+version of reality no title cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of reality no title cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of reality no title cards
+explain this to you the film has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to you the film has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this to you the film has a
+fluency and ELO a visual eloquence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluency and ELO a visual eloquence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluency and ELO a visual eloquence
+that's very Remar that's the mark of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very Remar that's the mark of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very Remar that's the mark of a
+of a Movie Maker right uh but what but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Movie Maker right uh but what but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Movie Maker right uh but what but
+there's an interesting tip off here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting tip off here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an interesting tip off here an
+interesting problem here is presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem here is presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problem here is presented
+and I'll end with this point it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll end with this point it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll end with this point it has to
+do with the ending of the film and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the ending of the film and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the ending of the film and I
+want you to think about this as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about this as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about this as you
+reflect on the film after after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the film after after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on the film after after you've
+watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it I've described the basic plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I've described the basic plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I've described the basic plot of the
+film and as you'll discover uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and as you'll discover uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film and as you'll discover uh this
+catastrophe that descends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe that descends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophe that descends upon the
+protagonist of the film is reversed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist of the film is reversed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protagonist of the film is reversed at
+the end of the movie and he he wins a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the movie and he he wins a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the movie and he he wins a
+lottery and great Good Fortune descends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery and great Good Fortune descends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery and great Good Fortune descends
+upon him right don't be angry that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon him right don't be angry that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon him right don't be angry that I've
+given you the plot you can't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you the plot you can't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you the plot you can't talk about
+films seriously without doing it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films seriously without doing it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films seriously without doing it so
+don't be disappointed I won't spoil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be disappointed I won't spoil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be disappointed I won't spoil
+movies by doing real spoilers if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies by doing real spoilers if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies by doing real spoilers if I think
+you shouldn't know this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't know this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't know this for the
+experience of the film I I won't I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the film I I won't I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the film I I won't I won't
+mention it but don't be annoyed if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it but don't be annoyed if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it but don't be annoyed if I do
+this cuz I need to explain this stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cuz I need to explain this stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cuz I need to explain this stuff to
+you so what and so there's this reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what and so there's this reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so what and so there's this reversal
+at the end but it's a fake reversal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but it's a fake reversal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end but it's a fake reversal you
+don't really believe it it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really believe it it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really believe it it seems
+inconsistent why do you think it's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent why do you think it's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent why do you think it's there
+the film was such a downer the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was such a downer the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film was such a downer the original
+cut was such a downer that the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut was such a downer that the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut was such a downer that the people
+The Producers paying for the film said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Producers paying for the film said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Producers paying for the film said
+no no no you've got to put a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no you've got to put a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no you've got to put a happy
+ending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending on the
+movie so mow and his colleagues it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so mow and his colleagues it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie so mow and his colleagues it was a
+collaborative process the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative process the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative process the the
+screenwriter and the Carl mayor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter and the Carl mayor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screenwriter and the Carl mayor and the
+director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director
+photography Carl fre were as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography Carl fre were as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography Carl fre were as well as the
+actors were all collaborating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors were all collaborating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors were all collaborating in the
+making of the film they said okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of the film they said okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making of the film they said okay well
+what should we do and they so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do and they so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do and they so they
+tacked on this happy ending one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacked on this happy ending one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacked on this happy ending one of the
+things that marks the happy ending are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that marks the happy ending are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that marks the happy ending are a
+title is a title card and the appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is a title card and the appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title is a title card and the appearance
+of the title card is a confession or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the title card is a confession or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the title card is a confession or or
+a secret signal to the real members of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secret signal to the real members of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a secret signal to the real members of
+the audience this film is over forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience this film is over forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience this film is over forget
+this crap that's coming at the at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crap that's coming at the at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crap that's coming at the at least
+that's how I want to read it but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I want to read it but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how I want to read it but what
+you should ask yourself as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask yourself as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask yourself as you're
+watching the film are two things first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the film are two things first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching the film are two things first
+not ask but meditate on first of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ask but meditate on first of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ask but meditate on first of all the
+end this poor ending or this ending that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end this poor ending or this ending that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end this poor ending or this ending that
+seems to rever the reason the ending is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to rever the reason the ending is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to rever the reason the ending is
+bad is that the whole momentum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is that the whole momentum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad is that the whole momentum of the
+film leads toward this catastrophe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film leads toward this catastrophe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film leads toward this catastrophe at
+the end and to reverse it by an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and to reverse it by an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and to reverse it by an act of
+Fortune like that is to deny the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune like that is to deny the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortune like that is to deny the social
+and political implica and psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and political implica and psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and political implica and psychological
+implications of the story in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the story in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of the story in other words
+it's a very unartistic thing to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very unartistic thing to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very unartistic thing to do it
+violates the the momentum of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the the momentum of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violates the the momentum of the of the
+text and the trajectory of the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and the trajectory of the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text and the trajectory of the character
+right so it's a bad thing but uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a bad thing but uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's a bad thing but uh it is
+also an embodiment of an enduring issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an embodiment of an enduring issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also an embodiment of an enduring issue
+in the in movie making which is the cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in movie making which is the cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in movie making which is the cont
+the conflict between art and commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict between art and commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conflict between art and commerce
+movies are commercial objects this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies are commercial objects this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies are commercial objects this is
+hardly the only film in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly the only film in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly the only film in the history of
+movies to be distorted in this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies to be distorted in this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies to be distorted in this way and
+in fact that tension is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that tension is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that tension is not always
+negative sometimes forcing directors to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sometimes forcing directors to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sometimes forcing directors to
+sort of communicate with their audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of communicate with their audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of communicate with their audiences
+is helpful right it isn't it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helpful right it isn't it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is helpful right it isn't it isn't
+always the case that these commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case that these commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case that these commercial
+imperatives are negative although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperatives are negative although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperatives are negative although they
+often are but this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are but this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are but this is one of those
+classic instances that can you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic instances that can you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic instances that can you think of
+other famous examples Orson Wells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other famous examples Orson Wells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other famous examples Orson Wells the
+American director was often uh suffered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American director was often uh suffered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American director was often uh suffered
+tremendously from this this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously from this this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously from this this kind of
+pressure because his films were thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because his films were thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because his films were thought
+were thought to be unwatchable and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thought to be unwatchable and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thought to be unwatchable and they
+one of his films was cut against his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his films was cut against his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of his films was cut against his
+will and he he lost control of his films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and he he lost control of his films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will and he he lost control of his films
+and made very many fewer films than he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made very many fewer films than he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made very many fewer films than he
+might have made had he not been thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have made had he not been thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have made had he not been thought
+of as a commercial Disaster by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a commercial Disaster by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as a commercial Disaster by the
+Hollywood money money people and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood money money people and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hollywood money money people and there
+are many many other examples of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many other examples of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many many other examples of this in
+the history of movies one could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of movies one could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of movies one could say that
+this is one of the originating moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the originating moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the originating moments
+in which the conflict between art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the conflict between art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the conflict between art and
+Commerce in the movies is dramatized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce in the movies is dramatized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce in the movies is dramatized for
+us but there's something else I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but there's something else I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but there's something else I want you
+to think about as well as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about as well as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about as well as you're
+thinking about the ending what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the ending what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the ending what is the
+moment at the end of the film that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment at the end of the film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment at the end of the film that
+really would end the film because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would end the film because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really would end the film because I
+think there is one it's a visually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is one it's a visually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there is one it's a visually very
+powerful moment but it's so Bleak it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful moment but it's so Bleak it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful moment but it's so Bleak it's
+so sad that you can understand why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sad that you can understand why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sad that you can understand why the
+money men wouldn't have liked it so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money men wouldn't have liked it so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money men wouldn't have liked it so as
+you're watching the film think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the film think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the film think about all
+of these matters but especially think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these matters but especially think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these matters but especially think
+about the way in which mnau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which mnau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way in which mnau
+discovered more fully than any director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered more fully than any director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered more fully than any director
+up to his time what we might call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to his time what we might call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to his time what we might call the
+kinetic powers of the camera he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic powers of the camera he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic powers of the camera he
+Unchained the camera he liberated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unchained the camera he liberated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unchained the camera he liberated the
+camera and German film was World Cinema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and German film was World Cinema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and German film was World Cinema
+but German film especially was never the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but German film especially was never the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but German film especially was never the
+same after that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CzBufqJ5kME.txt b/CzBufqJ5kME.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01f559d121c3f0dd07d5a9d938eab68135e35153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CzBufqJ5kME.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+PROFESSOR BLADE
+KOTELLY: I think the way
+
+that we open their thinking
+in the process of teaching
+
+it is to start connecting our
+process to everything else they
+
+do in life.
+
+So start to really make
+sure that they understand
+
+the connections between the
+design process being used
+
+for something as
+simple as planning
+
+a birthday party to something
+more complicated, like making
+
+a mechanical system, designing
+a phone, or something like that.
+
+We try to have them reflect on
+it in their normal existence.
+
+So, do a design
+critique of something,
+
+and come back in with that.
+
+So we can actually
+have them think
+
+about oh, the design
+of a simple object
+
+in my life, what
+do I like about it?
+
+What don't I like about it?
+
+And then they start thinking
+a little bit differently,
+
+because they realize that
+all the ideas they've
+
+had about certainty,
+these principles
+
+are true-- they realize,
+well, they aren't always true.
+
+In fact, they're
+only true in context.
+
+PROFESSOR JOEL
+SCHINDALL: Part of what
+
+we do in the class is to
+ask provocative questions.
+
+Students will give
+an answer that they
+
+think is the normal
+answer to the question.
+
+And Blade will say,
+why do you think that?
+
+The students are a
+little irritated.
+
+I think that because that's
+the right thing to think.
+
+But it turns out that it's not
+the only way to look at it.
+
+And they simply
+haven't challenged
+
+that way of looking at.
+
+And sometimes we have to
+walk a little fine line
+
+to not be too
+irritating with this.
+
+But the fact is, the irritation
+provokes the expanded
+
+exploration, the sensitivity
+to things around them,
+
+which is what we want to
+draw out in this class.
+
+PROFESSOR BLADE KOTELLY:
+Some of the other goals
+
+include just doing a
+really clean, simple design
+
+process they can
+apply to anything.
+
+Being able to operate
+as a designer does.
+
+So in the context of
+whatever they're doing,
+
+know how to evaluate systems.
+
+Thinking about people.
+
+Understanding stakeholders.
+
+Understanding a little bit about
+the architecture of a system
+
+and how to abstract it out.
+
+Understanding how to
+write good requirements.
+
+Being able to usability
+test something
+
+to see if someone actually can
+use it, they like using it.
+
+Understanding the psychology
+of human interaction
+
+with technology is
+really important.
+
+Being able to think that
+the brand of something
+
+actually affects the
+way someone uses it.
+
+It's not just the logo
+or something else,
+
+but the way the whole system
+feels and the identity it
+
+produces in the mind
+of someone that's
+
+unique compared
+to other systems.
+
+And hopefully they're able
+to see all this whenever
+
+they create anything.
+
+PROFESSOR JOEL SCHINDALL:
+Blade had previous experience
+
+when we put the course
+together in speech-activated
+
+satisfaction systems,
+or answering systems.
+
+There's no easy name for it
+in the language, or at least
+
+I'm missing it, but when you
+call American Airlines to get
+
+information about a flight, or
+when you call to order a pizza,
+
+you'll often interact with an
+automated voice system which
+
+gives you certain prompts,
+listens to your responses,
+
+and based on those responses
+it gives you other prompts.
+
+Most people find them
+very exasperating,
+
+because somehow they don't
+seem to be foreseeing correctly
+
+the issue that
+you're dealing with.
+
+And so we have the
+students design systems.
+
+Initially, we have them
+design a simple pizza ordering
+
+system or simple banking
+transaction system,
+
+but then as their
+project for the term,
+
+they will do a more
+complicated system.
+
+Something like, one
+of them did a system--
+
+I forget the exact name--
+but it was for a parent
+
+to let a child call this
+automated system and it would
+
+say, "Hi, this is Santa's elf.
+
+And what would you like
+for Christmas this year?"
+
+And the child will
+respond with what
+
+it would like to
+get for Christmas.
+
+And the system is prompted
+to listen for things
+
+and it will record the
+child's answer, say
+
+that's a wonderful thing,
+we'll see what we can do.
+
+And then the system
+actually will call or text
+
+the child's parent to
+tell the child's parent
+
+what the child asked
+for for Christmas.
+
+It was a very
+clever idea, and it
+
+was implemented in such a
+way that people who used it
+
+actually had fun and
+enjoyed the answers.
+
+The challenge for
+the students is
+
+that you'd think that designing
+a speech-activated system
+
+is an easy thing to do.
+
+And you quickly get
+humbled by the fact
+
+that the first person
+who you have try it
+
+comes up with a perfectly
+logical response that
+
+is not what you had predicted.
+
+And it forces you to
+get into the user's head
+
+and look at what do
+I need to provide
+
+the user in the
+way of information
+
+and what responses do I need
+to be prepared to respond to,
+
+so that I can have an effective
+dialogue with this user?
+
+It's a wonderful way of
+training the students
+
+in how to be methodical,
+how to put together a plan,
+
+how to engineer something,
+but how to also test it
+
+with users and deal
+with the issues that
+
+come up with those users.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D8HcmzYnBv0.txt b/D8HcmzYnBv0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c4a1277f55d3fceebfa60e889ddad8f962a7f94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D8HcmzYnBv0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1200 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+picking a good threshold value is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a good threshold value is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a good threshold value is often
+challenging a receiver operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging a receiver operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging a receiver operator
+characteristic curve or ROC curve can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic curve or ROC curve can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic curve or ROC curve can
+help you decide which value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you decide which value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you decide which value of the
+threshold is best the ROC curve for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is best the ROC curve for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is best the ROC curve for our
+problem is shown on the right of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is shown on the right of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is shown on the right of this
+slide the sensitivity or true positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the sensitivity or true positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide the sensitivity or true positive
+rate of the model is shown on the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the model is shown on the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the model is shown on the y-axis
+and the false positive rate or 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the false positive rate or 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the false positive rate or 1 minus
+the specificity is given on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity is given on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity is given on the x-axis
+the line shows how these two outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line shows how these two outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line shows how these two outcome
+measures vary with different threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures vary with different threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures vary with different threshold
+values the ROC curve always starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the ROC curve always starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the ROC curve always starts at
+the point 0 0 this corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 0 0 this corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 0 0 this corresponds to a
+threshold value of 1 if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold value of 1 if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold value of 1 if you have a
+threshold of 1 you will not catch any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of 1 you will not catch any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of 1 you will not catch any
+poor care cases or have a sensitivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care cases or have a sensitivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care cases or have a sensitivity of
+0 but you will correctly label all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but you will correctly label all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 but you will correctly label all of
+the good care cases meaning you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good care cases meaning you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good care cases meaning you have a
+false positive rate of 0 the ROC curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate of 0 the ROC curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate of 0 the ROC curve
+always ends at the point 1 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ends at the point 1 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ends at the point 1 1 which
+corresponds to a threshold value of 0 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a threshold value of 0 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a threshold value of 0 if
+you have a threshold of 0 you'll catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a threshold of 0 you'll catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a threshold of 0 you'll catch
+all of the poor care cases or have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the poor care cases or have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the poor care cases or have a
+sensitivity of one but you'll label all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of one but you'll label all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of one but you'll label all
+of the good care cases as poor care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good care cases as poor care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good care cases as poor care
+cases 2 meaning you have a false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases 2 meaning you have a false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases 2 meaning you have a false
+positive rate of 1 the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate of 1 the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate of 1 the threshold
+decreases as you move from 0 0 to 1 1 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases as you move from 0 0 to 1 1 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases as you move from 0 0 to 1 1 at
+the point 0 0.4 or about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 0 0.4 or about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 0 0.4 or about here
+you're correctly labeling about 40% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're correctly labeling about 40% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're correctly labeling about 40% of
+the poor care cases with a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor care cases with a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poor care cases with a very small
+false positive rate on the other hand at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate on the other hand at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate on the other hand at
+the point point 6 point 9 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point point 6 point 9 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point point 6 point 9 you're
+correctly labeling about 90% of the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly labeling about 90% of the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly labeling about 90% of the poor
+care cases but have a false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases but have a false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care cases but have a false positive
+rate of 60% in the middle around point 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 60% in the middle around point 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of 60% in the middle around point 3
+point 8 you're correctly labeling about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 8 you're correctly labeling about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 8 you're correctly labeling about
+80 percent of the poor care cases with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent of the poor care cases with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 percent of the poor care cases with a
+30% false positive rate the ROC curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% false positive rate the ROC curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% false positive rate the ROC curve
+captures all threshold simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures all threshold simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures all threshold simultaneously
+the higher the threshold or closer to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the threshold or closer to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the threshold or closer to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the specificity and the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the specificity and the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the specificity and the lower
+the sensitivity the lower the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity the lower the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensitivity the lower the threshold
+or closer to 1 1 the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or closer to 1 1 the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or closer to 1 1 the higher the
+sensitivity and lower the specificity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and lower the specificity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and lower the specificity so
+which threshold value should you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which threshold value should you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which threshold value should you pick
+you should select the best threshold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should select the best threshold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should select the best threshold for
+the trade-off you want to make if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off you want to make if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off you want to make if you're
+more concerned with having a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concerned with having a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concerned with having a high
+specificity or low false positive rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity or low false positive rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity or low false positive rate
+pick the threshold that maximizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the threshold that maximizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the threshold that maximizes the
+true positive rate while keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true positive rate while keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true positive rate while keeping the
+false positive rate really low a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate really low a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate really low a
+threshold around point 1 point 5 on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold around point 1 point 5 on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold around point 1 point 5 on this
+ROC curve looks like a good choice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROC curve looks like a good choice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROC curve looks like a good choice in
+this case on the other hand if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case on the other hand if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case on the other hand if you're
+more concerned with having a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concerned with having a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concerned with having a high
+sensitivity or high true positive rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity or high true positive rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity or high true positive rate
+pick a threshold that minimizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a threshold that minimizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a threshold that minimizes the
+false positive rate but has a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate but has a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false positive rate but has a very high
+true positive rate a threshold around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true positive rate a threshold around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true positive rate a threshold around
+0.3 0.8 looks like a good choice in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 0.8 looks like a good choice in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.3 0.8 looks like a good choice in this
+case you can label the threshold values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can label the threshold values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you can label the threshold values
+in R by color-coding the curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R by color-coding the curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in R by color-coding the curve the
+legend is shown on the right this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend is shown on the right this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend is shown on the right this shows
+us that say we want to pick a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that say we want to pick a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that say we want to pick a threshold
+value around here this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value around here this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value around here this corresponds to
+between the aqua color and the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the aqua color and the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the aqua color and the green
+color or it looks like about a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or it looks like about a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or it looks like about a threshold
+of 0.3 instead if we wanted to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.3 instead if we wanted to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.3 instead if we wanted to pick a
+threshold around here this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold around here this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold around here this looks like
+the start of the darker blue color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of the darker blue color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of the darker blue color and
+looks like it's probably a threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's probably a threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's probably a threshold
+around point 2 we can also add specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around point 2 we can also add specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around point 2 we can also add specific
+threshold labels to the curve in R this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold labels to the curve in R this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold labels to the curve in R this
+helps you see which threshold value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you see which threshold value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you see which threshold value you
+want to use let's go into R and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use let's go into R and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use let's go into R and see how
+to generate these ROC curves to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate these ROC curves to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate these ROC curves to generate
+ROC curves in R we need to install a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROC curves in R we need to install a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ROC curves in R we need to install a new
+package we'll use the same two commands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package we'll use the same two commands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package we'll use the same two commands
+as we did earlier in the lecture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did earlier in the lecture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did earlier in the lecture but
+this time the name of the package is ROC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the name of the package is ROC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time the name of the package is ROC
+R so first type install dot packages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so first type install dot packages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so first type install dot packages and
+then in parenthesis in quotes R OCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parenthesis in quotes R OCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in parenthesis in quotes R OCR
+and hit enter since we picked a crayon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit enter since we picked a crayon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit enter since we picked a crayon
+mirror already in this our session we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror already in this our session we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror already in this our session we
+shouldn't have to pick it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to pick it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have to pick it again
+you know the package is done installing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the package is done installing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the package is done installing
+when you see the arrow and blinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see the arrow and blinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see the arrow and blinking
+cursor in your AR console now let's load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor in your AR console now let's load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursor in your AR console now let's load
+the package using the library function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recall that we made predictions on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that we made predictions on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that we made predictions on our
+training set and called them predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and called them predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set and called them predict
+train will use these predictions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train will use these predictions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train will use these predictions to
+create our ROC curve first we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create our ROC curve first we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create our ROC curve first we'll call
+the prediction function of our OCR we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction function of our OCR we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prediction function of our OCR we'll
+call the output of this function our OCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the output of this function our OCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the output of this function our OCR
+pred and then use the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred and then use the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pred and then use the prediction
+function this function takes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this function takes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this function takes two
+arguments the first is the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the first is the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the first is the predictions
+we made with our model which we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made with our model which we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made with our model which we called
+predict train the second argument is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict train the second argument is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict train the second argument is the
+true outcomes of our data points which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outcomes of our data points which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outcomes of our data points which
+in our case is quality train dollar sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case is quality train dollar sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our case is quality train dollar sign
+poor care now we need to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care now we need to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor care now we need to use the
+performance function this defines what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance function this defines what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance function this defines what
+we'd like to plot on the x and y axes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to plot on the x and y axes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to plot on the x and y axes of
+our ROC curve we'll call the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ROC curve we'll call the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ROC curve we'll call the output of
+this our OCR Perth and use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our OCR Perth and use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this our OCR Perth and use the
+performance function which takes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance function which takes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance function which takes as
+arguments the output of the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the output of the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments the output of the prediction
+function and then what we want on the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then what we want on the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and then what we want on the x
+and y axis in this case it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y axis in this case it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y axis in this case it's true
+positive rate or TPR and false positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate or TPR and false positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate or TPR and false positive
+rate or f PR now we just need to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or f PR now we just need to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or f PR now we just need to plot
+the output of the performance function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the performance function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the performance function
+our OCR Perth you should see the ROC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our OCR Perth you should see the ROC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our OCR Perth you should see the ROC
+curve pop up in a new window this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve pop up in a new window this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve pop up in a new window this should
+look exactly like the one we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look exactly like the one we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look exactly like the one we saw in the
+slides now you can add colors by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides now you can add colors by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides now you can add colors by adding
+one additional argument to the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional argument to the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one additional argument to the plot
+function so when you're our console hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so when you're our console hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so when you're our console hit
+the up arrow and after our OCR Perth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and after our OCR Perth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and after our OCR Perth
+type colorize equals true and hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type colorize equals true and hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type colorize equals true and hit enter
+if you go back to your plot window you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to your plot window you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to your plot window you
+should see the ROC curve with the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the ROC curve with the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see the ROC curve with the colors
+for the threshold values added now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the threshold values added now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the threshold values added now
+finally Liz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally Liz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally Liz
+add the threshold labels to our plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the threshold labels to our plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the threshold labels to our plot
+back in your our console hit the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in your our console hit the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in your our console hit the up
+arrow again to get the plot function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow again to get the plot function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow again to get the plot function and
+after colorize equals true we'll add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after colorize equals true we'll add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after colorize equals true we'll add two
+more arguments the first is print dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arguments the first is print dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arguments the first is print dot
+cutoffs dot @ equals seq and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoffs dot @ equals seq and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutoffs dot @ equals seq and then in
+parentheses 0 comma 1 comma 0.1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 0 comma 1 comma 0.1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses 0 comma 1 comma 0.1 which
+will print the threshold values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will print the threshold values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will print the threshold values in
+increments of 0.1 if you want finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments of 0.1 if you want finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments of 0.1 if you want finer
+increments just decrease the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments just decrease the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments just decrease the value of
+0.1 and then the final argument is text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and then the final argument is text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 and then the final argument is text
+dot adj equals C and then in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot adj equals C and then in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot adj equals C and then in parentheses
+negative zero point 2 comma 1.7 and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative zero point 2 comma 1.7 and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative zero point 2 comma 1.7 and hit
+enter if you go back to your plot window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter if you go back to your plot window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter if you go back to your plot window
+you should see the ROC curve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see the ROC curve with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see the ROC curve with
+threshold values added using this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold values added using this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold values added using this curve
+we can determine which threshold value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can determine which threshold value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can determine which threshold value
+we want to use depending on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use depending on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to use depending on our
+preferences as a decision maker in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as a decision maker in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences as a decision maker in the
+next video we'll discuss how to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll discuss how to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next video we'll discuss how to assess
+the strength of our model
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/DuQ4oPMF_8w.txt b/DuQ4oPMF_8w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f6b9bd7135e6e013724c58f6d0eda5006e516fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/DuQ4oPMF_8w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a creative common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh a lot of folks uh for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh a lot of folks uh for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh a lot of folks uh for instance
+they'll run online poker or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll run online poker or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll run online poker or something
+and they will say that oh we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will say that oh we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will say that oh we we don't
+fall into the tax bracket for gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the tax bracket for gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall into the tax bracket for gambling
+because we're a skill based game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're a skill based game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're a skill based game
+and but literally agon is about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but literally agon is about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but literally agon is about you know
+competition and some ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and some ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and some ways you can
+consider sport but then the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sport but then the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider sport but then the reason why
+um why I was asking entirely um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why I was asking entirely um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why I was asking entirely um is
+because the way how Ka writes it or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way how Ka writes it or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way how Ka writes it or at
+least the way how uh Roger how has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the way how uh Roger how has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the way how uh Roger how has been
+translated kind of makes it sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated kind of makes it sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated kind of makes it sound like
+he's actually drawing hard divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually drawing hard divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's actually drawing hard divisions
+between all these categories when really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all these categories when really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all these categories when really
+they're all like adjectives. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all like adjectives. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all like adjectives. Uh
+>> what was the original language?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> what was the original language?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> what was the original language?
+>> Uh French I believe the original uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh French I believe the original uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh French I believe the original uh
+version correct me if I'm wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version correct me if I'm wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version correct me if I'm wrong.
+>> The original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> if anyone can confirm that that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if anyone can confirm that that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if anyone can confirm that that would be
+awesome. Write write a forum post about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome. Write write a forum post about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome. Write write a forum post about
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+Yeah, I I'll I'll try to confirm that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I'll I'll try to confirm that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I I'll I'll try to confirm that.
+If it's actually French, I'll confirm it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's actually French, I'll confirm it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's actually French, I'll confirm it
+and then write an obnoxious post about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then write an obnoxious post about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then write an obnoxious post about
+translation errors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation errors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation errors.
+>> Um, yeah, I'm sure it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, yeah, I'm sure it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, yeah, I'm sure it could have been
+translated in far more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated in far more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated in far more interesting
+language because it's kind of double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because it's kind of double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because it's kind of double
+the branches going on if it actually is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branches going on if it actually is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the branches going on if it actually is.
+>> And then we have more reading on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then we have more reading on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then we have more reading on
+Wednesday. Yay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. Yay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. Yay.
+>> But it's it's it's an important text. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it's it's it's an important text. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it's it's it's an important text. Um
+uh so that's uh but it but elinks will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's uh but it but elinks will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's uh but it but elinks will
+be um I use the word vertigo a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um I use the word vertigo a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um I use the word vertigo a lot
+because it sometimes gets get sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sometimes gets get sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sometimes gets get sort of
+like substituted but vertigo kind of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like substituted but vertigo kind of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like substituted but vertigo kind of I
+think people sort of have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people sort of have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think people sort of have a very
+specific understanding of vertigo um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific understanding of vertigo um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific understanding of vertigo um you
+know as getting dizzy because of heights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as getting dizzy because of heights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as getting dizzy because of heights
+and obviously not all games are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously not all games are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously not all games are about
+heights um but you know people sure they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heights um but you know people sure they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heights um but you know people sure they
+they use it to describe the sensation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use it to describe the sensation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use it to describe the sensation of
+taking a roller coaster which literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a roller coaster which literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a roller coaster which literally
+is about heights but it's also about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about heights but it's also about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about heights but it's also about
+speed and you know you can use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and you know you can use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and you know you can use the same
+thing of uh everyone played a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of uh everyone played a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of uh everyone played a game
+called Descent uh on the PC back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Descent uh on the PC back in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Descent uh on the PC back in the
+day. Um so imagine a first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. Um so imagine a first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day. Um so imagine a first person
+shooter uh you're in you know you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooter uh you're in you know you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooter uh you're in you know you the
+the game is filling up your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is filling up your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is filling up your entire
+screen but there is no up um that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but there is no up um that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but there is no up um that uh
+gravity that that there's no gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity that that there's no gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity that that there's no gravity
+whenever you want you can turn yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you want you can turn yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you want you can turn yourself
+this way and you'll just stay that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and you'll just stay that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and you'll just stay that way
+until you want to turn it. Um otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you want to turn it. Um otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you want to turn it. Um otherwise
+the controls work just pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls work just pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls work just pretty much the
+same way as first person shooter. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as first person shooter. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way as first person shooter. Um
+that that that was that was descent. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that was that was descent. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that was that was descent. And
+uh the whole the whole pleasure of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole the whole pleasure of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the whole the whole pleasure of that
+game was that you'd be doing this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was that you'd be doing this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was that you'd be doing this all
+the freaking time. I'm going down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freaking time. I'm going down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freaking time. I'm going down a
+straight corridor. I and I never walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight corridor. I and I never walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight corridor. I and I never walk
+and I never just go down a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I never just go down a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I never just go down a straight
+corridor. I go down a straight corridor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor. I go down a straight corridor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corridor. I go down a straight corridor.
+I turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I turn into
+>> Inception.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Inception.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Inception.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+That's what I was saying. Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what I was saying. Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what I was saying. Imagine
+playing if you ever get a chance to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing if you ever get a chance to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing if you ever get a chance to play
+the game Prey, which is probably like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game Prey, which is probably like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game Prey, which is probably like
+five bucks on like pre-owned nowadays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five bucks on like pre-owned nowadays.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five bucks on like pre-owned nowadays.
+You have that same sort of thing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have that same sort of thing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have that same sort of thing. And
+Portal has a lot of that kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portal has a lot of that kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Portal has a lot of that kind of like
+loss of control, you know, physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of control, you know, physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of control, you know, physical
+sensation that they're trying to get at,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation that they're trying to get at,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation that they're trying to get at,
+but obviously real physical experiences,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously real physical experiences,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously real physical experiences,
+you know, uh, you know, have have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, you know, have have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, you know, have have an
+edge, right? You know, they're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, right? You know, they're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, right? You know, they're talking
+about uh, three-legged races or um, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh, three-legged races or um, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh, three-legged races or um, that
+coral game where you spin around on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coral game where you spin around on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coral game where you spin around on the
+back with your head.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, I hate that game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I hate that game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I hate that game.
+Um, and you think can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and you think can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and you think can be used to
+describe any one of those things. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe any one of those things. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe any one of those things. Um,
+I like to use it as describing the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to use it as describing the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like to use it as describing the sort
+of fun of loss of control, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun of loss of control, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun of loss of control, but that's
+not necessarily even the case. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily even the case. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily even the case. It's just
+the sheer physicality of of of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheer physicality of of of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sheer physicality of of of the of
+the game as part of the experience in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game as part of the experience in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game as part of the experience in a
+way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that
+digital chess doesn't really have any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital chess doesn't really have any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital chess doesn't really have any of
+that, you know? I mean, even real chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know? I mean, even real chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know? I mean, even real chess
+at least has I'm moving my face. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least has I'm moving my face. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least has I'm moving my face. So um
+actually I'm just going to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm just going to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm just going to write out
+those words for those folks who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words for those folks who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words for those folks who didn't
+get the chance to to read through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the chance to to read through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the chance to to read through that
+that that page. So it's agon kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that page. So it's agon kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that page. So it's agon kind of
+like gave the competition scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh I talked about elix which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I talked about elix which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I talked about elix which is kind of
+jumping down to the last one of the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping down to the last one of the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping down to the last one of the user
+just am I spelling this right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just am I spelling this right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just am I spelling this right?
+>> Yeah. You know which is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. You know which is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. You know which is kind of like
+physicality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicality
+kind of sucks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of sucks.
+Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually,
+Jason, can you turn the light into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+other ones were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what was that again?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that again?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was that again?
+>> Chance, luck,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Chance, luck,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Chance, luck,
+lot skill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You guys know the phrase um aliest mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You guys know the phrase um aliest mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You guys know the phrase um aliest mean
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+>> the have been cast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the have been cast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the have been cast.
+>> Yes. Yes. The D has been cast right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Yes. The D has been cast right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Yes. The D has been cast right
+before Caesar crosses and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Caesar crosses and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Caesar crosses and then you know
+says and now they're going to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and now they're going to attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says and now they're going to attack
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+>> but uh but you know the you know Alia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but uh but you know the you know Alia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but uh but you know the you know Alia
+meets basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meets basically
+>> um match on the room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um match on the room.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um match on the room.
+>> Say what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Say what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Say what?
+>> He matched on the room. much room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He matched on the room. much room.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He matched on the room. much room.
+>> Yeah. Yeah. So, so the the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. So, so the the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. So, so the the um uh
+although I've heard two translations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I've heard two translations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I've heard two translations of
+the dye has been cast as a phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dye has been cast as a phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dye has been cast as a phrase
+actually because on one hand you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because on one hand you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because on one hand you know
+you can think of it as the die has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as the die has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as the die has been
+cast so you know we'll see where fortune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast so you know we'll see where fortune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast so you know we'll see where fortune
+takes us and you know it's not that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us and you know it's not that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us and you know it's not that we
+can be wrong. Um, but I've also heard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be wrong. Um, but I've also heard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be wrong. Um, but I've also heard it
+described as um the dye as in the um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as um the dye as in the um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as um the dye as in the um the
+thing that you put molten metal into has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you put molten metal into has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you put molten metal into has
+been cast. So that so whatever uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cast. So that so whatever uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been cast. So that so whatever uh we
+were making is now set and uh and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making is now set and uh and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were making is now set and uh and and it
+kind of has that same idea but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has that same idea but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of has that same idea but it's
+weird because one one one way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because one one one way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird because one one one way that you
+can think of this is this is now out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this is this is now out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of this is this is now out of
+a out of control and the other way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a out of control and the other way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a out of control and the other way that
+you can think of this is and now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this is and now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this is and now this is
+set in stone which is the two fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in stone which is the two fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in stone which is the two fairly
+different connotations by both saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different connotations by both saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different connotations by both saying we
+don't really have any control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have any control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really have any control of the
+situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation.
+>> Ya means broom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ya means broom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ya means broom
+>> throat right? Yeah. Yeah. But the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> throat right? Yeah. Yeah. But the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> throat right? Yeah. Yeah. But the but
+the English phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the English phrase
+>> are there words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> are there words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> are there words
+>> in English that have as a root to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in English that have as a root to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in English that have as a root to mean
+randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly
+>> in French like the word for random is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in French like the word for random is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in French like the word for random is
+coming straight from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight from
+>> Sure. Yeah. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. Yeah. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. Yeah. Uh
+>> which is undoubtedly why you chose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which is undoubtedly why you chose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which is undoubtedly why you chose that
+word. I just checked he is French.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word. I just checked he is French.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word. I just checked he is French.
+>> Oh yeah. I mean uh obviously that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah. I mean uh obviously that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah. I mean uh obviously that's why
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> Uh kind of want to use it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh kind of want to use it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh kind of want to use it.
+>> Yeah. I can't think of any um English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. I can't think of any um English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. I can't think of any um English
+words that use that as a root. Although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that use that as a root. Although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that use that as a root. Although
+there might be some uh uh I know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some uh uh I know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some uh uh I know there's
+a game company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and actually they actually make strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually they actually make strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually they actually make strategy
+games which is kind of weird.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and there's and there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there's and there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and there's and there's one more
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+>> memory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Which is kind of odd because that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is kind of odd because that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is kind of odd because that in
+English uh but not in French. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh but not in French. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English uh but not in French. Um,
+mimicry is mimicry. Uh, it's, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry is mimicry. Uh, it's, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimicry is mimicry. Uh, it's, you know,
+it's actually in English. So, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in English. So, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually in English. So, you know,
+role playing, dress up, let's pretend,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role playing, dress up, let's pretend,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role playing, dress up, let's pretend,
+um, simulation sometimes, uh, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, simulation sometimes, uh, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, simulation sometimes, uh, you know,
+might actually fall into that. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually fall into that. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually fall into that. So you
+you you you can imagine you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you can imagine you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you can imagine you know a
+tactical simulation for instance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical simulation for instance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical simulation for instance you
+know being very much about competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know being very much about competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know being very much about competition
+and skill uh but then but then if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skill uh but then but then if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and skill uh but then but then if it's a
+tactical simulation about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical simulation about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactical simulation about
+you know Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Russian
+penet or something that then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penet or something that then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penet or something that then you know
+and then upon the actual famous war and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then upon the actual famous war and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then upon the actual famous war and
+then you're starting to get into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're starting to get into into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're starting to get into into
+baby territory sort of like do you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby territory sort of like do you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby territory sort of like do you it's
+part of the pleasure of believing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pleasure of believing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the pleasure of believing that
+you are something else I suppose. to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are something else I suppose. to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are something else I suppose. to I
+am this guy playing go, you know, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am this guy playing go, you know, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am this guy playing go, you know, as
+opposed to I am this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to I am this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to I am this
+17th century scholar playing go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century scholar playing go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17th century scholar playing go and
+you're making a game about that instead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a game about that instead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a game about that instead.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so so these are the adjectives that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the adjectives that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these are the adjectives that he
+talks about um to describe games. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about um to describe games. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about um to describe games. But in
+the bit where we actually asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit where we actually asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit where we actually asked you to
+read it's more about why you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it's more about why you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it's more about why you know the
+these words give you a clue to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words give you a clue to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these words give you a clue to think
+about why are people playing games. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why are people playing games. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why are people playing games. Now
+um these are types of fun much in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are types of fun much in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are types of fun much in a way
+that uh that that gets touched on by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that that gets touched on by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that that gets touched on by uh
+the NBA paper that that that definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NBA paper that that that definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the NBA paper that that that definitely
+highly last week. You know, what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly last week. You know, what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly last week. You know, what are
+these aesthetics that people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aesthetics that people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aesthetics that people are going
+for? You know, are they going for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? You know, are they going for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? You know, are they going for the
+thrill of competition or the thrill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrill of competition or the thrill of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrill of competition or the thrill of
+luck? Are they going for, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck? Are they going for, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck? Are they going for, you know,
+physical motion and how that feels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical motion and how that feels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical motion and how that feels or
+are they going for the feeling of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going for the feeling of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they going for the feeling of being
+someone else? And and it's not, again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else? And and it's not, again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else? And and it's not, again,
+these these are not mutually exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are not mutually exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these are not mutually exclusive
+terms. These are things that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. These are things that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. These are things that you you
+could have one game that has all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one game that has all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one game that has all of
+this. You could have one game that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You could have one game that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. You could have one game that that
+has two in some strong composition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two in some strong composition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two in some strong composition and
+the rest and and the rest all minimized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest and and the rest all minimized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest and and the rest all minimized.
+That's fine. But understanding that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's fine. But understanding that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's fine. But understanding that this
+is what people are enjoying the game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what people are enjoying the game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what people are enjoying the game for
+and more importantly this is what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly this is what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more importantly this is what people
+are enjoying playing with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are enjoying playing with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are enjoying playing with each other
+for. Um, one one nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um, one one nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um, one one nice thing about this
+is that for the for Argon and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for the for Argon and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for the for Argon and for
+Mimicry, it's really really difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mimicry, it's really really difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mimicry, it's really really difficult to
+think about those two in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those two in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about those two in particular
+without thinking about the players. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about the players. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without thinking about the players. You
+know, the competition kind of sucks if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the competition kind of sucks if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the competition kind of sucks if
+there's no one else you're competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one else you're competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one else you're competing
+against. Uh, sure you can play against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against. Uh, sure you can play against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against. Uh, sure you can play against a
+computer nowadays. Um, but you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer nowadays. Um, but you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer nowadays. Um, but you know,
+traditionally you couldn't. um at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally you couldn't. um at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally you couldn't. um at at
+least you're playing against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're playing against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you're playing against the
+designer, especially when kid puzzles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer, especially when kid puzzles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer, especially when kid puzzles,
+you know, it's it's really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's really really
+annoying to pretend to be somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to pretend to be somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying to pretend to be somebody else
+when there's no audience, you know, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's no audience, you know, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's no audience, you know, even
+if that other person is someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that other person is someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that other person is someone
+pretending along with you to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending along with you to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending along with you to play
+against you. Now, luck, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you. Now, luck, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you. Now, luck, you can
+completely play a game, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely play a game, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely play a game, you know,
+flipping a coin or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin or something like that.
+uh but even when it comes to luck and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but even when it comes to luck and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but even when it comes to luck and it
+comes to you know experiences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to you know experiences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to you know experiences of
+physical mo emotions these things tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mo emotions these things tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical mo emotions these things tend
+to be measurable when when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be measurable when when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be measurable when when there's
+people around that's why these part four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around that's why these part four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around that's why these part four
+particular divisions that that color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular divisions that that color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular divisions that that color
+picked out are really really good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out are really really good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked out are really really good for
+thinking about social um that game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about social um that game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about social um that game where
+is is there a name for this game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there a name for this game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there a name for this game where
+you put the bat on the ground and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the bat on the ground and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the bat on the ground and you go
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> that irritating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wait, wait. And like someone gets picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wait, wait. And like someone gets picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wait, wait. And like someone gets picked
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+>> so so it's like a relay race where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so it's like a relay race where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so it's like a relay race where you
+like you take a baseball bat, you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you take a baseball bat, you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you take a baseball bat, you put
+your head on it, you go around it three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head on it, you go around it three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head on it, you go around it three
+times and then you you run back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then you you run back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and then you you run back to your
+team,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team,
+>> carry the bat, and try to hand the bat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> carry the bat, and try to hand the bat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> carry the bat, and try to hand the bat
+off to somebody else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to somebody else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to somebody else.
+>> Usually ending up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Usually ending up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Usually ending up
+>> because you're not heard bats. Dizzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> because you're not heard bats. Dizzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> because you're not heard bats. Dizzy
+bats. Dizzy bats.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bats. Dizzy bats.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bats. Dizzy bats.
+>> Dizzy bats. Yeah. So, so that game, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Dizzy bats. Yeah. So, so that game, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Dizzy bats. Yeah. So, so that game, you
+know, it's a lot more fun when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's a lot more fun when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's a lot more fun when there's
+somebody yells around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I do that by myself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I do that by myself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I do that by myself.
+>> Handing it off to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+>> and even with games of chance. I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and even with games of chance. I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and even with games of chance. I mean I
+mean sure you could you could play games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure you could you could play games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure you could you could play games
+of chance by by yourself but the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chance by by yourself but the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chance by by yourself but the most
+part also my my my enjoyment playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part also my my my enjoyment playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part also my my my enjoyment playing
+games of chance are usually with a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of chance are usually with a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of chance are usually with a group
+of four people and actually uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four people and actually uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four people and actually uh either
+playing poker or playing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing poker or playing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing poker or playing something like
+macho you know so so these are all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macho you know so so these are all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macho you know so so these are all very
+social experiences and to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social experiences and to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social experiences and to think about
+when someone's going to come down sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone's going to come down sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when someone's going to come down sit in
+front of your game you know and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of your game you know and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of your game you know and and what
+what sort of frame of mind they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of frame of mind they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of frame of mind they're going
+to be in uh to to to play your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in uh to to to play your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in uh to to to play your your
+game. What what sort of frame of mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. What what sort of frame of mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. What what sort of frame of mind
+you want to put them in uh in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put them in uh in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to put them in uh in order to
+enjoy your game, think about why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy your game, think about why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy your game, think about why they
+might want to hang out with other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to hang out with other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to hang out with other people
+because most of because actually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of because actually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most of because actually for
+assignment one, your game has to be. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment one, your game has to be. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment one, your game has to be. So,
+you know, there's this other person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, there's this other person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, there's this other person that
+you're playing with that you may or may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing with that you may or may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing with that you may or may
+not know, but try to try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know, but try to try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know, but try to try to think about
+how you're going to construct enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're going to construct enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're going to construct enough
+clues to sort of get them to enjoy it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues to sort of get them to enjoy it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues to sort of get them to enjoy it.
+So, the game is about pretending to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the game is about pretending to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the game is about pretending to be
+someone else. You know, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else. You know, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else. You know, I'm going to
+play I I'm going to make a game where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I I'm going to make a game where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I I'm going to make a game where I
+am playing a negotiator in a hostage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am playing a negotiator in a hostage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am playing a negotiator in a hostage
+situation for a card game. Awesome. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for a card game. Awesome. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation for a card game. Awesome. And
+you know, I'm going to be negotiator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I'm going to be negotiator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I'm going to be negotiator and
+they're going to be the uh the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be the uh the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be the uh the guy
+taking hostages. Um that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking hostages. Um that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking hostages. Um that and then you
+want to play that up and on um Friday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play that up and on um Friday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to play that up and on um Friday we
+had the game crunch where people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the game crunch where people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the game crunch where people were
+playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing
+CEOs, I think. Uh yeah. And the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEOs, I think. Uh yeah. And the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEOs, I think. Uh yeah. And the whole
+bit basic idea that you were already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit basic idea that you were already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit basic idea that you were already a
+corrupt that was awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt that was awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupt that was awesome
+>> corrupt and you think about you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> corrupt and you think about you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> corrupt and you think about you know how
+does the game even from the rules even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the game even from the rules even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the game even from the rules even
+from the design of the box you know get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the design of the box you know get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the design of the box you know get
+you into the mood of thinking okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into the mood of thinking okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you into the mood of thinking okay I'm
+going to get into I I'm going to whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into I I'm going to whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get into I I'm going to whoever
+I am in real life I'm going to take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am in real life I'm going to take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am in real life I'm going to take on
+this persona and I'm going to enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this persona and I'm going to enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this persona and I'm going to enjoy
+taking for a while. Yeah, they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking for a while. Yeah, they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking for a while. Yeah, they did a
+really good job of that because they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job of that because they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good job of that because they had
+this game kind of built in where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game kind of built in where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game kind of built in where you can
+actually hide cards on yourself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hide cards on yourself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hide cards on yourself.
+>> Did you guys catch anyone doing that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did you guys catch anyone doing that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did you guys catch anyone doing that in
+the act?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act?
+>> I got caught.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I got caught.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I got caught.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> I got hit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I got hit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I got hit.
+I feel like argument that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like argument that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like argument that's part of the
+rules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> cuz he he'd already got it. He had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> cuz he he'd already got it. He had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> cuz he he'd already got it. He had
+already hit him away and then the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hit him away and then the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hit him away and then the cards
+were saw like way afterwards, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saw like way afterwards, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saw like way afterwards, you know.
+>> And and even arguing arguing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and even arguing arguing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and even arguing arguing over
+whether something was illegal or not,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something was illegal or not,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something was illegal or not,
+even when there's evidence that it is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when there's evidence that it is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when there's evidence that it is,
+no one caught you doing it. It's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one caught you doing it. It's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one caught you doing it. It's kind of
+appropriate for the theme of, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the theme of, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the theme of, you know,
+being a CEO of a failing bank, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a CEO of a failing bank, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a CEO of a failing bank, right?
+You know, it's like, well, so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it's like, well, so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it's like, well, so we have
+all of these uh CPOS, you know, that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these uh CPOS, you know, that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these uh CPOS, you know, that are
+working. Yeah, we purchased them at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. Yeah, we purchased them at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. Yeah, we purchased them at some
+point, but nobody caught us while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but nobody caught us while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point, but nobody caught us while we
+were doing it, so now you have to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing it, so now you have to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing it, so now you have to help
+us fix it. That's that's what the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us fix it. That's that's what the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us fix it. That's that's what the game
+is about. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about. Um
+uh was there a game that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was there a game that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was there a game that was
+particularly competitive uh that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly competitive uh that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly competitive uh that people
+played on Friday? The game was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played on Friday? The game was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played on Friday? The game was pretty
+competitive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive.
+>> Pick one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Pick one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Pick one.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> There was a competitive moment in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There was a competitive moment in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There was a competitive moment in in
+Sabaturur when Alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabaturur when Alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabaturur when Alec
+>> revealed himself to be a sabotur and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> revealed himself to be a sabotur and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> revealed himself to be a sabotur and
+ruined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruined
+>> our attempts to find the gold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> our attempts to find the gold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> our attempts to find the gold.
+>> Sabotur is a is is what I would describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sabotur is a is is what I would describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sabotur is a is is what I would describe
+as cutthroat. Uh it's it's it's a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cutthroat. Uh it's it's it's a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as cutthroat. Uh it's it's it's a game
+that's deliberately about winning by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deliberately about winning by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deliberately about winning by
+other people losing. You know, it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people losing. You know, it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people losing. You know, it's like
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+>> it made me upset in Alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it made me upset in Alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it made me upset in Alec
+made me proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me proud
+>> and and and um John Nash actually, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and and um John Nash actually, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and and um John Nash actually, you
+know, a lot of it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. All right.
+>> I keep thinking that he was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I keep thinking that he was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I keep thinking that he was involved in
+MIT at some point. Anyway, um I mean Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT at some point. Anyway, um I mean Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT at some point. Anyway, um I mean Oh,
+because he he he did spend some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he he did spend some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he he he did spend some time
+here at MIT. uh possibly when visiting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT. uh possibly when visiting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT. uh possibly when visiting.
+Uh but he designed one game uh called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but he designed one game uh called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but he designed one game uh called
+Hex which is ostensibly designed based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hex which is ostensibly designed based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hex which is ostensibly designed based
+on the washroom tiles of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the washroom tiles of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the washroom tiles of one of the
+building 39 or building 37 bathrooms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 39 or building 37 bathrooms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 39 or building 37 bathrooms.
+But anyway, um that game and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, um that game and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, um that game and another
+game called Screw You Buddy. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game called Screw You Buddy. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game called Screw You Buddy. Uh
+>> are both cut games. Yeah, it's like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> are both cut games. Yeah, it's like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> are both cut games. Yeah, it's like it's
+the only way that you're going to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that you're going to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way that you're going to win
+this game is by screwing over the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is by screwing over the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is by screwing over the the
+other percentage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other percentage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other percentage.
+>> Um, screwing in particular, it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, screwing in particular, it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, screwing in particular, it's kind of
+just like boiled down diplomacy. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like boiled down diplomacy. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like boiled down diplomacy. You
+know, the only way that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the only way that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the only way that you're going to
+win this game is to betray someone else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win this game is to betray someone else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win this game is to betray someone else.
+>> Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+>> Um, let's see. Games of Chance kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, let's see. Games of Chance kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, let's see. Games of Chance kind of
+chanty on Friday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> It can go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It can go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It can go.
+>> Yeah, it can go. That's 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it can go. That's 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it can go. That's 17
+card.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Every threat was on the board. Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Every threat was on the board. Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Every threat was on the board. Two
+people go in 17 drops. Oh my god.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go in 17 drops. Oh my god.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people go in 17 drops. Oh my god.
+>> It's a pressure of luck game, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's a pressure of luck game, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's a pressure of luck game, right? You
+know, is the do you dare, you know, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, is the do you dare, you know, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, is the do you dare, you know, do
+you think do you feel lucky now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um, but it's, you know, I I enjoyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, but it's, you know, I I enjoyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, but it's, you know, I I enjoyed the
+game a lot. I I had a lot of fun. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a lot. I I had a lot of fun. Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game a lot. I I had a lot of fun. Cool.
+I don't think that we had any games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that we had any games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that we had any games that
+were specifically uh it's hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were specifically uh it's hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were specifically uh it's hard to get
+really physical in card games. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really physical in card games. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really physical in card games. Uh
+>> maybe like that game falling falling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> maybe like that game falling falling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> maybe like that game falling falling.
+>> Yeah, that was hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that was hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that was hit
+>> cuz it's like pit actually right two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> cuz it's like pit actually right two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> cuz it's like pit actually right two
+weeks ago some of the games that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago some of the games that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks ago some of the games that we
+played were really kind of kinetic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played were really kind of kinetic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played were really kind of kinetic.
+>> So those so so even with card games you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So those so so even with card games you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So those so so even with card games you
+you you already have fairly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you already have fairly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you already have fairly good
+examples of that. I want I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that. I want I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of that. I want I want you to
+kind of keep uh keep in mind this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of keep uh keep in mind this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of keep uh keep in mind this one
+because today we're actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because today we're actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because today we're actually going to
+start the process of like getting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the process of like getting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the process of like getting you
+folks to think about what you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to think about what you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to think about what you're you're
+going to do with your first assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with your first assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with your first assignment
+and and breaking you up in teams. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and breaking you up in teams. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and breaking you up in teams. Um
+before we completely leave Jason here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we completely leave Jason here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we completely leave Jason here,
+do do you have anything to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you have anything to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do you have anything to raise
+anything?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything?
+>> No. Or anybody else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. Or anybody else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. Or anybody else?
+>> I was still confused about the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was still confused about the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was still confused about the whole
+Eskimo part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eskimo part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eskimo part.
+>> Agreed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Agreed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Agreed.
+I'll have to look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to look through
+misos.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Take a look at the French actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Take a look at the French actually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Take a look at the French actually.
+>> Yeah, I'll take a look. He actually went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I'll take a look. He actually went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I'll take a look. He actually went
+to the same one my dad did and went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same one my dad did and went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same one my dad did and went to
+university somewhere a good friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university somewhere a good friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university somewhere a good friend of
+ours did. So I mean we might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours did. So I mean we might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours did. So I mean we might know
+someone who knows him. I'll I'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who knows him. I'll I'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who knows him. I'll I'll find
+out tonight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out tonight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out tonight.
+>> He's dead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He's dead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He's dead.
+>> So why just have him like come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So why just have him like come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So why just have him like come over
+chill at MIT for a little bit. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill at MIT for a little bit. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chill at MIT for a little bit. Yeah,
+>> we can talk to him about the Eskimos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> we just have to we Does anyone here know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we just have to we Does anyone here know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we just have to we Does anyone here know
+cuz he's so we need to raise him?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz he's so we need to raise him?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz he's so we need to raise him?
+>> Yeah, he he is dead but I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, he he is dead but I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, he he is dead but I might
+>> necromancy. It's okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> necromancy. It's okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> necromancy. It's okay.
+>> All right. So, so this is this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So, so this is this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So, so this is this is what
+we're going to do. Uh we're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do. Uh we're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do. Uh we're basically
+going to do brainstorming today. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do brainstorming today. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do brainstorming today. Uh the
+the basic idea is that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is that we're going to
+hand out cards and one job to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out cards and one job to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out cards and one job to sort of
+make it easier on the job of the uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier on the job of the uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easier on the job of the uh of
+the secretary is that you is that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secretary is that you is that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secretary is that you is that you'd
+actually be reading out stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be reading out stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be reading out stuff that
+you've written. So especially while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written. So especially while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've written. So especially while
+other people are throwing out their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are throwing out their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people are throwing out their
+ideas, you know, and you get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, you know, and you get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, you know, and you get something
+and that person is still talking, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that person is still talking, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that person is still talking, you
+might as well just write down your idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just write down your idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well just write down your idea.
+Um so we'll have a whole bunch of cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we'll have a whole bunch of cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we'll have a whole bunch of cards.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+the but uh I also like you to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but uh I also like you to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the but uh I also like you to write
+start off by writing your name right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by writing your name right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off by writing your name right on
+top. Um and the reason for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. Um and the reason for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. Um and the reason for this is
+because I don't think every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't think every single
+person in this room knows each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in this room knows each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in this room knows each other's
+names yet. And but as we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names yet. And but as we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names yet. And but as we do this
+process, it's more likely that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, it's more likely that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process, it's more likely that you
+remember, oh yeah, that guy who came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, oh yeah, that guy who came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, oh yeah, that guy who came up
+with that idea. Uh and then oh, and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that idea. Uh and then oh, and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that idea. Uh and then oh, and that
+person's name is, you know. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's name is, you know. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's name is, you know. Um so
+now you want to have all the ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you want to have all the ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you want to have all the ideas from
+each person on one card or have one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person on one card or have one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person on one card or have one idea
+per card?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per card?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per card?
+>> Uh all on one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh all on one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh all on one.
+>> What if the professors took the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What if the professors took the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What if the professors took the notes
+and we could just bounce out ideas?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could just bounce out ideas?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could just bounce out ideas?
+Well, that's what they regarded as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's what they regarded as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's what they regarded as well.
+But but the thing about writing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but the thing about writing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but the thing about writing your
+ideas down is so that people can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas down is so that people can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas down is so that people can then
+look at the card and say, "Yeah, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the card and say, "Yeah, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the card and say, "Yeah, that
+guy, I want to follow up with this guy."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, I want to follow up with this guy."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, I want to follow up with this guy."
+Because we're not actually going to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're not actually going to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because we're not actually going to form
+the team uh uh for you by the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team uh uh for you by the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team uh uh for you by the end of
+this class. The idea is so that after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class. The idea is so that after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class. The idea is so that after
+this brainstorm uh this brainstorming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brainstorm uh this brainstorming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brainstorm uh this brainstorming
+phase, you've got a pool of ideas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase, you've got a pool of ideas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase, you've got a pool of ideas of
+which you guys can make games. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys can make games. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you guys can make games. It
+actually frankly we we don't care if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually frankly we we don't care if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually frankly we we don't care if two
+teams ended up making you know pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams ended up making you know pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams ended up making you know pretty
+much the same game out of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same game out of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same game out of the same
+concept because I know that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept because I know that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept because I know that two
+different teams and two different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different teams and two different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different teams and two different people
+two different sets of people are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sets of people are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sets of people are going
+to end up making different games anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up making different games anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up making different games anyway
+even from the same u that's that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from the same u that's that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even from the same u that's that's not a
+requirement you guys you folks can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement you guys you folks can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement you guys you folks can make
+uh uh you can can take any set of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can can take any set of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you can can take any set of ideas
+from the boo today obviously if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boo today obviously if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the boo today obviously if you're
+the one who pitch an idea and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who pitch an idea and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who pitch an idea and somebody
+else thinks, "Hey, that was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else thinks, "Hey, that was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else thinks, "Hey, that was actually
+pretty cool." And, you know, take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool." And, you know, take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool." And, you know, take that
+opportunity to talk to the person and,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk to the person and,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to talk to the person and,
+you know, maybe team it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe team it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, maybe team it.
+>> Um, that pretty much is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, that pretty much is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, that pretty much is going to happen
+between classes. So, by Wednesday, um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between classes. So, by Wednesday, um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between classes. So, by Wednesday, um, I
+wanted you folks to come in. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you folks to come in. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you folks to come in. This is
+basically one of the pieces of homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one of the pieces of homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one of the pieces of homework
+is to is to tell tell me which team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to tell tell me which team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to is to tell tell me which team
+you're on, who's on your team, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on, who's on your team, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on, who's on your team, and
+what's the general oneline, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the general oneline, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the general oneline, you know,
+uh, idea that you're working with. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, idea that you're working with. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, idea that you're working with. Now
+the idea that you're giving us is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you're giving us is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that you're giving us is what
+you started with. It may not be what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with. It may not be what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with. It may not be what you
+end with. That's fine. I I we're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with. That's fine. I I we're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with. That's fine. I I we're very
+comfortable with that idea change while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with that idea change while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with that idea change while
+you guys work with things. That's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys work with things. That's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys work with things. That's fine.
+The team shouldn't change. So you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The team shouldn't change. So you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The team shouldn't change. So you you're
+working with you know these three other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you know these three other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with you know these three other
+people. So for a team of four then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So for a team of four then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So for a team of four then that
+should be you know be intact for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you know be intact for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you know be intact for the
+rest of this uh for this assignment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 perfect. So keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 perfect. So keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 perfect. So keep it
+for Oh, great. Um, now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Oh, great. Um, now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Oh, great. Um, now the
+um one more clarification about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one more clarification about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one more clarification about the
+project. Uh, the card game for all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. Uh, the card game for all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. Uh, the card game for all all
+the cards need to be identically sized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards need to be identically sized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards need to be identically sized.
+Um, we do like cards that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we do like cards that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we do like cards that are going to
+be legible, but you don't need to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be legible, but you don't need to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be legible, but you don't need to spend
+a whole lot of time making them pretty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of time making them pretty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot of time making them pretty.
+Uh, I would just uh appreciate it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I would just uh appreciate it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I would just uh appreciate it that
+by the time you actually hand in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you actually hand in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you actually hand in your
+cards, you have them written in ink.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards, you have them written in ink.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards, you have them written in ink.
+handies. Uh um pencil is great when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handies. Uh um pencil is great when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handies. Uh um pencil is great when
+you're prototyping because you can erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prototyping because you can erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're prototyping because you can erase
+and you can make things but ink is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make things but ink is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can make things but ink is great
+for grading because it's not white. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grading because it's not white. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for grading because it's not white. Um
+your game can be uh uh playable by two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game can be uh uh playable by two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game can be uh uh playable by two,
+three or four players.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four players.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four players.
+It does not need to cater to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does not need to cater to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It does not need to cater to any
+grouping other than what you decide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping other than what you decide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping other than what you decide that
+it needs to be. So if you say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be. So if you say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be. So if you say this is
+two-player game, we will test it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game, we will test it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-player game, we will test it with
+two people. If you say this is 224,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people. If you say this is 224,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people. If you say this is 224,
+we'll test it with some number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll test it with some number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll test it with some number with
+however many people we manage to wrestle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many people we manage to wrestle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however many people we manage to wrestle
+with two tests. Uh if you say it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two tests. Uh if you say it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two tests. Uh if you say it could
+be two or four but not three, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two or four but not three, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two or four but not three, that's
+fine. But you need to make that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. But you need to make that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. But you need to make that clear
+because there are some games that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are some games that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are some games that work
+really really well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um keep it keep it for uh four and under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um keep it keep it for uh four and under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um keep it keep it for uh four and under
+uh or at least make it possible for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or at least make it possible for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or at least make it possible for us
+to grade it uh with maximum of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grade it uh with maximum of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grade it uh with maximum of four
+people. Because if you give us a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Because if you give us a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Because if you give us a game
+that requires five people, we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires five people, we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that requires five people, we have to
+find five people and get them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find five people and get them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find five people and get them together
+in order to create your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to create your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to create your your
+>> Okay. Minimum requirement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Minimum requirement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Minimum requirement.
+>> Uh that's um I think there was one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh that's um I think there was one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh that's um I think there was one more
+requirement for how long the game could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for how long the game could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement for how long the game could
+take.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take.
+>> I think it's probably 10 months.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's probably 10 months.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's probably 10 months.
+>> Oh yeah, it was short.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah, it was short.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah, it was short.
+>> Super short. Falling is really short.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Super short. Falling is really short.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Super short. Falling is really short.
+>> Yeah, but crunch is not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, but crunch is not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, but crunch is not.
+>> Yeah, it's about crunch is over. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's about crunch is over. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's about crunch is over. So when
+you're brainstorming for game ideas, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're brainstorming for game ideas, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're brainstorming for game ideas, how
+much of the game mechanism does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the game mechanism does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the game mechanism does that
+come up with brainstorm?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with brainstorm?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with brainstorm?
+>> Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh
+>> it's a cool idea. Zombies in space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's a cool idea. Zombies in space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's a cool idea. Zombies in space.
+>> I would say the game mechanic is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I would say the game mechanic is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I would say the game mechanic is the
+thing that's that's encouraging you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's that's encouraging you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's that's encouraging you to
+that's the thing that you about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing that you about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing that you about this
+assignment. I have this cool game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. I have this cool game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. I have this cool game
+mechanic in mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic in mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic in mind and
+then that's then that's the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's then that's the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's then that's the thing that
+you're throwing out. And obviously if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing out. And obviously if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're throwing out. And obviously if if
+if instant is you know I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instant is you know I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instant is you know I want to make a
+game about fish I have no game mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about fish I have no game mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about fish I have no game mechanics
+in mind but I think fish are awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind but I think fish are awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind but I think fish are awesome
+then uh okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh okay that's what
+maybe that's the first you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the first you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's the first you know the
+first bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bad idea
+I'm throwing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm throwing up
+if we have like several game ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have like several game ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have like several game ideas
+should we take several index cards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take several index cards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we take several index cards and
+write one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write one per
+>> actually no I would rather see them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> actually no I would rather see them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> actually no I would rather see them all
+on one if you can't fit them and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one if you can't fit them and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one if you can't fit them and if you
+run out of space them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space them
+Um again the idea of the index cards is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um again the idea of the index cards is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um again the idea of the index cards is
+not just to record the ideas down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to record the ideas down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to record the ideas down uh
+because what I am going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I am going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I am going to do is I'm
+just uh I'm going to try to type them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh I'm going to try to type them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh I'm going to try to type them
+all out so that uh you can refer to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out so that uh you can refer to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all out so that uh you can refer to them
+on on forum post just to remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on forum post just to remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on forum post just to remember what
+people discussed but also to find find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people discussed but also to find find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people discussed but also to find find
+you you folks again. So I said yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you folks again. So I said yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you folks again. So I said yeah that
+was that guy who had this idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that guy who had this idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that guy who had this idea about
+fish. Who was that again? Yeah. Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish. Who was that again? Yeah. Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish. Who was that again? Yeah. Okay
+then.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then.
+So, uh I guess I need to leave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> You want me to write down?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You want me to write down?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You want me to write down?
+>> Um I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're not a facilitator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a facilitator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a facilitator.
+>> Yeah, I'm facilitator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I'm facilitator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I'm facilitator.
+>> I like better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secretary. It's almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary. It's almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary. It's almost like the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leader.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> But I am actually wondering whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But I am actually wondering whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But I am actually wondering whether we
+should divide this into two groups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should divide this into two groups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should divide this into two groups.
+>> They would get to see the cross.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They would get to see the cross.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They would get to see the cross.
+>> We did some crossation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We did some crossation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We did some crossation.
+>> That's why it's a whole fast. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's why it's a whole fast. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's why it's a whole fast. Okay. So,
+>> I know there were some folks who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I know there were some folks who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I know there were some folks who
+actually started off with ideas already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started off with ideas already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started off with ideas already
+on the forum. So, uh, why don't those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the forum. So, uh, why don't those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the forum. So, uh, why don't those
+folks throw, uh, throw in your ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks throw, uh, throw in your ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks throw, uh, throw in your ideas
+first because you you mentioned before?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because you you mentioned before?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first because you you mentioned before?
+>> Yeah, I I wasn't quite that forum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I I wasn't quite that forum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I I wasn't quite that forum.
+>> Well, to start off, I mean, Jeremy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, to start off, I mean, Jeremy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, to start off, I mean, Jeremy and I
+have been sort of discussing an idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sort of discussing an idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sort of discussing an idea.
+You want to go ahead?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to go ahead?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to go ahead?
+>> Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure.
+>> Two ideas, I guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Two ideas, I guess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Two ideas, I guess.
+>> Well, yeah. So, I'll start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, yeah. So, I'll start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, yeah. So, I'll start with the
+titles one. So the basic concept is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles one. So the basic concept is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles one. So the basic concept is a
+game in which players are forced by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in which players are forced by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in which players are forced by some
+mechanic game mechanic to refer to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic game mechanic to refer to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic game mechanic to refer to each
+other by name uh constantly throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by name uh constantly throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by name uh constantly throughout
+the game and at a rap very rapid pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and at a rap very rapid pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and at a rap very rapid pace
+and that players accumulate uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that players accumulate uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that players accumulate uh their
+name is generated by the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is generated by the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is generated by the game and
+accumulate increasingly longer and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate increasingly longer and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate increasingly longer and more
+wordless games as they succeed. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wordless games as they succeed. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wordless games as they succeed. So you
+would start, you would be like lord of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start, you would be like lord of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would start, you would be like lord of
+something and you could accumulate extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you could accumulate extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you could accumulate extra
+title son of this like bringer of flame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title son of this like bringer of flame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title son of this like bringer of flame
+and you could just like have all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could just like have all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could just like have all these
+modifiers that just kind of accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers that just kind of accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers that just kind of accumulate
+and accumulate until your title becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accumulate until your title becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and accumulate until your title becomes
+ridiculous and then people will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous and then people will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous and then people will start
+screwing up and as they say your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing up and as they say your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwing up and as they say your name
+and and it just hilarious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it just hilarious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it just hilarious.
+>> Okay, I'm just going to write down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, I'm just going to write down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, I'm just going to write down like
+memory jobs. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory jobs. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory jobs. Uh
+>> so like procedurally generated names,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so like procedurally generated names,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so like procedurally generated names,
+titles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles,
+>> name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+>> Yeah. Can I go in the second one more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Can I go in the second one more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Can I go in the second one more uh
+while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we
+>> Okay, so I had this idea of like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, so I had this idea of like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, so I had this idea of like sort of
+like a survival horror game kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a survival horror game kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a survival horror game kind of
+inspired by falling. Like the premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by falling. Like the premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by falling. Like the premise
+is, you know, you have a group of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, you know, you have a group of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, you know, you have a group of like
+player characters that are like charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player characters that are like charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player characters that are like charging
+through a building and you can have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a building and you can have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a building and you can have like
+a dealer that is putting down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dealer that is putting down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dealer that is putting down like
+hallways as you're going through.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallways as you're going through.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallways as you're going through.
+Occasionally threats come up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occasionally threats come up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Occasionally threats come up and you
+have to like react really quickly and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like react really quickly and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like react really quickly and be
+like, "It's a zombie. We have to like go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "It's a zombie. We have to like go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "It's a zombie. We have to like go
+upstairs and throw down a car to like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and throw down a car to like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and throw down a car to like do
+that." And you have to keep doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." And you have to keep doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." And you have to keep doing this
+until you get to the end of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the end of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to the end of it and
+people can like die and get eaten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can like die and get eaten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can like die and get eaten and
+stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff.
+That's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's good.
+>> Kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Kind of like
+>> should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> should
+we be writing his ideas down?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be writing his ideas down?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be writing his ideas down?
+>> No, I'm writing mine down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, I'm writing mine down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, I'm writing mine down and then
+>> write on your own.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> write on your own.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> write on your own.
+>> Yeah. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um,
+>> so I have idea I thought made this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so I have idea I thought made this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so I have idea I thought made this up
+like a year ago when I took game design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a year ago when I took game design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a year ago when I took game design.
+Oh, not game design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, not game design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, not game design.
+>> It showed video game studies. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It showed video game studies. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It showed video game studies. It's
+actually it's like majority rule. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's like majority rule. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's like majority rule. So you
+can it's kind of like a crunch where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's kind of like a crunch where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it's kind of like a crunch where you
+can just hide cars and stuff but as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just hide cars and stuff but as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just hide cars and stuff but as if
+you if you get caught then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you get caught then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you get caught then you get
+called out and in order to be penalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called out and in order to be penalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called out and in order to be penalized
+for it you have to be you have to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you have to be you have to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it you have to be you have to a
+majority rule has to be by everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority rule has to be by everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority rule has to be by everyone
+playing and so you can actually bribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and so you can actually bribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing and so you can actually bribe
+people to vote for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to vote for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to vote for you.
+>> It's more of like a Yeah. And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's more of like a Yeah. And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's more of like a Yeah. And then the
+way you get points is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you get points is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you get points is
+depends on how we describe it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how we describe it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on how we describe it.
+>> Okay. Uh I'm just going to go around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh I'm just going to go around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh I'm just going to go around
+this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way.
+>> Okay. So I had an idea of a card game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So I had an idea of a card game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So I had an idea of a card game
+based on like having success in life. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on like having success in life. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on like having success in life. So
+the beginning of the game all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the game all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the game all the
+players are randomly assigned different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are randomly assigned different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are randomly assigned different
+different goals in order which are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goals in order which are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goals in order which are like
+wealth and uh uh adventure and love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and uh uh adventure and love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and uh uh adventure and love and
+things like this. And then all the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this. And then all the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this. And then all the cards
+represent different activities that take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different activities that take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different activities that take
+up a different amount of time. So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a different amount of time. So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a different amount of time. So like
+you have all these activities you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these activities you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all these activities you can
+keep in front of you and then however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in front of you and then however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in front of you and then however
+much free time you have you like draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much free time you have you like draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much free time you have you like draw
+that many cards looking for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many cards looking for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many cards looking for new
+opportunities. So it's like you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities. So it's like you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities. So it's like you like
+take opportunities and kind of leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take opportunities and kind of leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take opportunities and kind of leave
+opportunities and things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and things.
+>> Okay. I put it right on opportunities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Sure. So I have a very mechanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. So I have a very mechanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. So I have a very mechanically
+oriented idea. Essentially I'm stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented idea. Essentially I'm stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented idea. Essentially I'm stealing
+and trying to improve the draft mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to improve the draft mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to improve the draft mechanic
+from um from Magic the Gathering booster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um from Magic the Gathering booster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um from Magic the Gathering booster
+draft for those who don't know. The idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft for those who don't know. The idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft for those who don't know. The idea
+is the idea is that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea is that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the idea is that you're trying to
+collect a set and um so let's do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a set and um so let's do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a set and um so let's do it in
+terms of regular card games. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of regular card games. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of regular card games. You're
+trying to collect a straight flush as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to collect a straight flush as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to collect a straight flush as
+long as possible, as high valued as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as possible, as high valued as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as possible, as high valued as
+possible, but other people may be trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, but other people may be trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, but other people may be trying
+to collect that same suit. So you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect that same suit. So you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect that same suit. So you want
+to collect a different suit from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect a different suit from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect a different suit from other
+people. And you do this by um looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. And you do this by um looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. And you do this by um looking at
+the cards in your hand, picking one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards in your hand, picking one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards in your hand, picking one of
+them, passing it the rest to the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, passing it the rest to the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, passing it the rest to the person
+on your right, and then continuing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your right, and then continuing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your right, and then continuing to do
+this. and then going back in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. and then going back in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. and then going back in the other
+direction with a new hand and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with a new hand and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction with a new hand and then in
+the same direction again with a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction again with a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction again with a third
+hand. And the object is collect straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. And the object is collect straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. And the object is collect straight
+flush. Um, also guess what the person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush. Um, also guess what the person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush. Um, also guess what the person to
+your right was collecting and guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your right was collecting and guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your right was collecting and guess what
+the person to your left was collecting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person to your left was collecting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person to your left was collecting.
+So you're trying to signal to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're trying to signal to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're trying to signal to other
+people what suits are open and collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what suits are open and collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what suits are open and collect
+the suit which is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Let's see who's next. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Let's see who's next. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Let's see who's next. Uh,
+>> yeah. Um so it's going to be uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah. Um so it's going to be uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah. Um so it's going to be uh there
+are different types of cards like action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different types of cards like action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different types of cards like action
+cards like pickup cards or loose cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards like pickup cards or loose cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards like pickup cards or loose cards
+but then so you know where they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then so you know where they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then so you know where they have
+cards where so you have like oh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards where so you have like oh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards where so you have like oh from
+stock pile from your friend hand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock pile from your friend hand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock pile from your friend hand from
+discard pile people play different cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard pile people play different cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard pile people play different cards
+in different order so the rule always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different order so the rule always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different order so the rule always
+changes kind of mess up or help yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes kind of mess up or help yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes kind of mess up or help yourself
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+>> How would you describe that uh the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How would you describe that uh the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How would you describe that uh the rules
+are constantly changing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constantly changing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are constantly changing?
+>> Yeah but you get like so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah but you get like so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah but you get like so there's
+actually an order to it. So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an order to it. So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an order to it. So you can
+choose. So if like it's going to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose. So if like it's going to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose. So if like it's going to be your
+turn that says pick a free card, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that says pick a free card, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that says pick a free card, you can
+put down like oh from a friend's hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down like oh from a friend's hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down like oh from a friend's hand
+like lose three cards or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lose three cards or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lose three cards or something like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+>> Makes a lot of sense in my mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So rules changing with cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So rules changing with cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So rules changing with cards.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh
+>> all right. So uh one idea I have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> all right. So uh one idea I have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> all right. So uh one idea I have is a
+game about uh character growth through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about uh character growth through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game about uh character growth through
+narrative arc. So, at the start of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative arc. So, at the start of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative arc. So, at the start of the
+game, you're given a character, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, you're given a character, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, you're given a character, and the
+idea is you want to follow a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you want to follow a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is you want to follow a certain
+narrative arc so that they grow in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative arc so that they grow in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative arc so that they grow in terms
+of the hands of the game you're playing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hands of the game you're playing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hands of the game you're playing.
+So, if you start out with a cocky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you start out with a cocky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if you start out with a cocky
+character, then you may want to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, then you may want to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character, then you may want to actually
+lose a couple of the hands of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a couple of the hands of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose a couple of the hands of the game
+such that your character experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that your character experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that your character experiences
+failure and his character growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and his character growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and his character growth
+increases. Um, and so basically, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases. Um, and so basically, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases. Um, and so basically, the
+winner of the game is determined by who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner of the game is determined by who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner of the game is determined by who
+manages to get their character to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to get their character to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to get their character to grow
+the most, like emotionally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most, like emotionally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most, like emotionally.
+>> Very deep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Very deep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Very deep.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+Um, so I had this idea for like a poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I had this idea for like a poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I had this idea for like a poker
+like game except it's played with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like game except it's played with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like game except it's played with more
+than one deck, but the normal rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one deck, but the normal rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one deck, but the normal rules
+still apply. So if you get dealt five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply. So if you get dealt five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still apply. So if you get dealt five
+aces, you can't actually play that hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces, you can't actually play that hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aces, you can't actually play that hand
+because that would be cheating. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be cheating. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that would be cheating. So you
+have an incentive to try and, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to try and, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incentive to try and, you know,
+like slip cards into your sleeve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like slip cards into your sleeve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like slip cards into your sleeve and
+slip back and forth. So you're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip back and forth. So you're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip back and forth. So you're almost
+forced to cheat at the game to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to cheat at the game to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to cheat at the game to be able
+to actually play it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually play it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually play it.
+>> So you can mix that with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you can mix that with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you can mix that with like
+>> Yeah. and you get caught, then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. and you get caught, then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. and you get caught, then it's
+pretty much you have to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you have to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you have to figure out how
+to get out of the cab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of the cab.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of the cab.
+>> Oh, so the idea that I had was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, so the idea that I had was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, so the idea that I had was kind of
+like bananagrams but with a card game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bananagrams but with a card game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like bananagrams but with a card game.
+So you have uh cards with like lines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have uh cards with like lines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have uh cards with like lines or
+preset lines or shapes or something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset lines or shapes or something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preset lines or shapes or something on
+the cards and you have to try to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards and you have to try to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards and you have to try to connect
+them all in some way on like on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in some way on like on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in some way on like on your
+personal board so that it it forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal board so that it it forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal board so that it it forms a
+closed shape and once you're done, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed shape and once you're done, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed shape and once you're done, you
+know, you have to take another card from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you have to take another card from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you have to take another card from
+the pile and try to fix your shape so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pile and try to fix your shape so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pile and try to fix your shape so
+that it's still closed while trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's still closed while trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's still closed while trying to
+beat everyone else. collecting cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat everyone else. collecting cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat everyone else. collecting cards
+make shapes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make shapes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make shapes.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+>> So idea was just using normal poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So idea was just using normal poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So idea was just using normal poker
+poker cards and doing a trading game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker cards and doing a trading game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker cards and doing a trading game.
+You just like trading like four kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just like trading like four kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just like trading like four kinds of
+pattern as four kind of stocks and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern as four kind of stocks and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern as four kind of stocks and you
+can randomly draw the draw the card to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can randomly draw the draw the card to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can randomly draw the draw the card to
+be your own stock and every day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your own stock and every day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your own stock and every day you
+randomly draw card determine the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly draw card determine the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly draw card determine the day
+price and you can trade with bank or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you can trade with bank or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and you can trade with bank or
+other players. I think you can use A to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players. I think you can use A to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players. I think you can use A to
+10 as the as the stocks and the JQ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 as the as the stocks and the JQ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 as the as the stocks and the JQ and
+Kas special cards and install some so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kas special cards and install some so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kas special cards and install some so
+>> Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay,
+>> so this one's another procedurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so this one's another procedurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so this one's another procedurally
+generated idea. Uh the game generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated idea. Uh the game generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated idea. Uh the game generates
+for you encounters and it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you encounters and it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you encounters and it's supposed to
+be ridiculous and somewhat humorous. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ridiculous and somewhat humorous. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ridiculous and somewhat humorous. So
+you'd have like a a base card like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have like a a base card like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have like a a base card like you
+you know a bear and then there various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bear and then there various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a bear and then there various
+modifiers that would that you would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers that would that you would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers that would that you would that
+you would draw to create that encounter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would draw to create that encounter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would draw to create that encounter.
+So, it could be like a ninja zombie bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it could be like a ninja zombie bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it could be like a ninja zombie bear
+in space wrapped in bacon and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space wrapped in bacon and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space wrapped in bacon and uh and
+then and then those would all give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then those would all give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then and then those would all give
+different attributes to that encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different attributes to that encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different attributes to that encounter
+and then you'd have to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have to find a way to
+beat it. And your characters might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat it. And your characters might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat it. And your characters might also
+maybe be procedurally generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe be procedurally generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe be procedurally generated in
+similarly ridiculous ways and you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly ridiculous ways and you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly ridiculous ways and you'd have
+to counter it with just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counter it with just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counter it with just you know
+basically I like procedurally generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I like procedurally generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I like procedurally generated
+ideas. Card games have never played the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. Card games have never played the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. Card games have never played the
+same way twice. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way twice. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way twice. So,
+>> um I need something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry.
+with laser beams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with laser beams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with laser beams.
+>> Of course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Of course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Of course.
+>> Of course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Of course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Of course.
+>> So, my idea was a musical RPG in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, my idea was a musical RPG in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, my idea was a musical RPG in which
+um players cards are musical notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um players cards are musical notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um players cards are musical notes and
+you uh build chords. For example, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh build chords. For example, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh build chords. For example, to
+raise your character strength, you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your character strength, you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your character strength, you might
+make an augmented chord, etc. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an augmented chord, etc. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an augmented chord, etc. And then
+you can chain chord progressions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can chain chord progressions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can chain chord progressions to
+attack players.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack players.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack players.
+>> Diminished your life.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I I just dominated yourself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, I got obsessed with drafting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I got obsessed with drafting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I got obsessed with drafting.
+I have another drafting bit. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another drafting bit. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another drafting bit. Another
+drafting game uses the same drafting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafting game uses the same drafting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drafting game uses the same drafting
+mechanic except that you're drafting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic except that you're drafting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic except that you're drafting
+tiles. You play the tiles in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles. You play the tiles in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles. You play the tiles in front of
+you and they make a machine. um drafting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they make a machine. um drafting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and they make a machine. um drafting
+the same color of machine bit or same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same color of machine bit or same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same color of machine bit or same
+type of machine bit and then laying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of machine bit and then laying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of machine bit and then laying it
+in in consecutive blocks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in consecutive blocks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in consecutive blocks um
+multiplicatively makes them better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicatively makes them better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicatively makes them better and
+then your machines like attack other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your machines like attack other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your machines like attack other
+people or do crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> But but the challenge being you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But but the challenge being you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But but the challenge being you have to
+draft the piece that fits into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft the piece that fits into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draft the piece that fits into your
+machine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine.
+>> They can do crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They can do crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They can do crazy
+>> They can do crazy. It has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They can do crazy. It has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They can do crazy. It has to be
+pronounced like crazy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, anyone here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, anyone here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, anyone here?
+>> Oh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh.
+>> Um, so my idea is kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, so my idea is kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, so my idea is kind of like a
+monarchy type thing. So it starts out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy type thing. So it starts out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy type thing. So it starts out as
+everyone's a heir to the throne except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's a heir to the throne except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's a heir to the throne except
+the king. Like everyone wants to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king. Like everyone wants to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king. Like everyone wants to become
+the king or queen, I guess. And then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king or queen, I guess. And then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the king or queen, I guess. And then um
+the point is either to get the king to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is either to get the king to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is either to get the king to
+really like you or to assassinate him.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like you or to assassinate him.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like you or to assassinate him.
+But if you want to um assassinate him,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you want to um assassinate him,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you want to um assassinate him,
+you have to kill off all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kill off all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to kill off all the other
+players first. So it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players first. So it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players first. So it's kind of like a
+betrayal and deceit game and stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betrayal and deceit game and stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betrayal and deceit game and stuff.
+>> So betrayal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+>> Uh, yep. So, another game is about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, yep. So, another game is about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, yep. So, another game is about uh
+reducing your opponent's mo mobility by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your opponent's mo mobility by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing your opponent's mo mobility by
+placing cards that represent walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing cards that represent walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing cards that represent walls and
+placing other cards to uh rotate various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing other cards to uh rotate various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing other cards to uh rotate various
+walls and your opponent is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and your opponent is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls and your opponent is doing the
+same thing. So, you could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. So, you could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. So, you could sort of
+envision the uh Tron life cycle game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision the uh Tron life cycle game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envision the uh Tron life cycle game
+without any hint of reflex uh removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any hint of reflex uh removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any hint of reflex uh removed
+completely. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely. So,
+>> oh that would be really cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> oh that would be really cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> oh that would be really cool.
+So, it's all just a strategic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's all just a strategic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's all just a strategic uh
+placement of walls to reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of walls to reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of walls to reduce your
+opponent's mobility. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's mobility. Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's mobility. Cool.
+>> Uh yeah, I think you can just make a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh yeah, I think you can just make a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh yeah, I think you can just make a lot
+of Tetris boss and then like every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tetris boss and then like every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Tetris boss and then like every time
+you select one, give to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select one, give to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you select one, give to the other
+player, let them play some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player, let them play some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player, let them play some of the
+Tetris. See who got the most rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris. See who got the most rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tetris. See who got the most rows
+remove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove.
+>> So, so Tetris blocks. Got it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so Tetris blocks. Got it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so Tetris blocks. Got it.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+This is kind of like Pokemon except now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is kind of like Pokemon except now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is kind of like Pokemon except now
+it's you have you raise zombies or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have you raise zombies or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you have you raise zombies or you
+catch zombies except so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch zombies except so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch zombies except so you have
+different types of zombies. So may like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of zombies. So may like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of zombies. So may like
+maybe take some from like the Left 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take some from like the Left 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe take some from like the Left 4
+Dead universe or something or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead universe or something or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dead universe or something or just
+Resident Evil or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resident Evil or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resident Evil or something
+and you have and then you could do like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have and then you could do like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have and then you could do like
+a like versus like other people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like versus like other people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like versus like other people or
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+>> Um I thought of having cards. I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um I thought of having cards. I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um I thought of having cards. I I don't
+know whether there would be like words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether there would be like words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether there would be like words
+or a few words linked together, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a few words linked together, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a few words linked together, but you
+would go around and each round you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go around and each round you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go around and each round you would
+the goal would be to build a story. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal would be to build a story. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal would be to build a story. So
+each person would play a card face down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person would play a card face down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person would play a card face down
+or something. So it' be a mechanic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something. So it' be a mechanic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something. So it' be a mechanic like
+apples to apples except you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples to apples except you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apples to apples except you're like
+progressively building a story and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively building a story and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively building a story and if
+people like the the your addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like the the your addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like the the your addition to the
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+>> then you get points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then you get points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then you get points.
+>> Apple story.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Apple story.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Apple story.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> All right. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. Uh,
+>> sure. Okay. Moving away from drafting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sure. Okay. Moving away from drafting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sure. Okay. Moving away from drafting.
+>> Okay. So, I have another game idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, I have another game idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, I have another game idea
+called Are You Asylum? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Are You Asylum? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Are You Asylum? Um,
+>> it essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it essentially uh
+>> Are you a Sylon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Are you a Sylon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Are you a Sylon?
+>> Are You Asylum? It essentially like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Are You Asylum? It essentially like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Are You Asylum? It essentially like
+broad brush strokes steals the um skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad brush strokes steals the um skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad brush strokes steals the um skill
+resolution mechanic from Battle Star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution mechanic from Battle Star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution mechanic from Battle Star
+Galactic for the board game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic for the board game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galactic for the board game and then
+strips it down to um secret sylons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips it down to um secret sylons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips it down to um secret sylons
+sabotaging people and then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabotaging people and then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sabotaging people and then people
+accusing them and then everybody crying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusing them and then everybody crying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accusing them and then everybody crying.
+>> Uh so I really like Harvest Moon. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so I really like Harvest Moon. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so I really like Harvest Moon. So, I
+was thinking that maybe there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking that maybe there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking that maybe there could be
+like a harvest moving card, competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a harvest moving card, competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a harvest moving card, competitive
+card game, and like uh I guess you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card game, and like uh I guess you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card game, and like uh I guess you have
+a certain like amount of stamina each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain like amount of stamina each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain like amount of stamina each
+turn and like cards are actions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and like cards are actions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and like cards are actions and
+stuff and whoever has like the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and whoever has like the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and whoever has like the biggest
+harvest at the end of the game would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest at the end of the game would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest at the end of the game would
+win. I don't know how many turns it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. I don't know how many turns it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win. I don't know how many turns it
+would be, but yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be, but yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be, but yeah.
+>> So, like farming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, like farming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, like farming.
+>> Yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay.
+>> All right. So, sort of building on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So, sort of building on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So, sort of building on the
+monarchy and betrayal idea. This is game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy and betrayal idea. This is game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monarchy and betrayal idea. This is game
+about the heir to the throne. the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the heir to the throne. the king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the heir to the throne. the king
+is dying. In X turns, you and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dying. In X turns, you and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dying. In X turns, you and the other
+players are going to compete um to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are going to compete um to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are going to compete um to prove
+who is the correct heir to the throne.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the correct heir to the throne.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the correct heir to the throne.
+And you can do so through combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can do so through combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can do so through combat
+directly with other players,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with other players,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with other players,
+assassinations, or political uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassinations, or political uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assassinations, or political uh
+minations such as like accusing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minations such as like accusing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minations such as like accusing other
+players of being baseorn. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> um actually uh just as a a favor uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um actually uh just as a a favor uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um actually uh just as a a favor uh when
+you uh throw out your idea also throw uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh throw out your idea also throw uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh throw out your idea also throw uh
+also mention your name because I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention your name because I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mention your name because I'm still
+learning everyone's names.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning everyone's names.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning everyone's names.
+>> Okay. So I'm Ian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So I'm Ian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So I'm Ian.
+>> Uh so I had this idea for a game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so I had this idea for a game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so I had this idea for a game called
+Admiral Snack Bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Admiral Snack Bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Admiral Snack Bar.
+So, the idea is each it's a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the idea is each it's a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the idea is each it's a competitive
+game where each player is building up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where each player is building up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game where each player is building up
+their own sort of like snack shop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own sort of like snack shop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own sort of like snack shop and
+they make a certain product, right? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a certain product, right? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make a certain product, right? Um,
+and the other players need that product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other players need that product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other players need that product
+in some way to like enhance their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way to like enhance their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way to like enhance their own
+things, but you can secretly poison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but you can secretly poison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, but you can secretly poison
+parts of your product so that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your product so that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your product so that when they
+purchase them, they'll like get messed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase them, they'll like get messed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase them, they'll like get messed
+up in some way. So, it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in some way. So, it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in some way. So, it's it's sort of
+like a trade-off and you can like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a trade-off and you can like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a trade-off and you can like make
+alliances and stuff like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliances and stuff like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alliances and stuff like that.
+>> You can say it's sort of like a trap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You can say it's sort of like a trap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You can say it's sort of like a trap.
+>> Yeah, it's a trap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's a trap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's a trap.
+>> There's the tagline right there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There's the tagline right there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There's the tagline right there.
+Oh, no. It's a snack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. It's a snack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, no. It's a snack.
+>> I don't know. Maybe. So, I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. Maybe. So, I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. Maybe. So, I was thinking
+of a game, I guess, kind of like um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a game, I guess, kind of like um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a game, I guess, kind of like um when
+like the Total Wars mixed with Nazi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Total Wars mixed with Nazi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Total Wars mixed with Nazi
+Germany. And so, the point of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany. And so, the point of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany. And so, the point of the game
+is you you want to snatch up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you want to snatch up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you you want to snatch up uh
+territories. And you can do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories. And you can do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories. And you can do this by
+maybe attacking other players. Well, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe attacking other players. Well, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe attacking other players. Well, by
+territories is like cards. And you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories is like cards. And you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories is like cards. And you can
+do this by attacking other players or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by attacking other players or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by attacking other players or
+maybe making alliances which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe making alliances which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe making alliances which you can
+easily betray or maybe have like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily betray or maybe have like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily betray or maybe have like all the
+cards in the pile and you have to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards in the pile and you have to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards in the pile and you have to every
+turn you can take one and and try it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you can take one and and try it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you can take one and and try it and
+you get points by getting certain like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get points by getting certain like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get points by getting certain like
+combinations of lands I guess kind more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of lands I guess kind more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of lands I guess kind more
+like a risk right there as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a risk right there as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a risk right there as well.
+>> Compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Compose
+the city like compos. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so I was thinking of like a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I was thinking of like a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I was thinking of like a trick
+taking game, but uh the idea is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking game, but uh the idea is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking game, but uh the idea is there's
+four players and you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four players and you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four players and you're trying to get
+the second most tricks each round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second most tricks each round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second most tricks each round and
+then there are cards that like allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are cards that like allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there are cards that like allow you
+to swap out other cards at the end of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swap out other cards at the end of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swap out other cards at the end of a
+round and like other things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and like other things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round and like other things that are
+tricky.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+>> it's the second best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's the second best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's the second best
+trick or second most tricks or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick or second most tricks or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick or second most tricks or something
+like that, but yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So, I think sort of a I guess put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, I think sort of a I guess put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, I think sort of a I guess put
+succinctly, scrabble means chicken.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly, scrabble means chicken.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succinctly, scrabble means chicken.
+So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like
+you have a bunch of people playing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bunch of people playing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bunch of people playing and
+they play cards in the middle and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play cards in the middle and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they play cards in the middle and you
+have to make words out and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make words out and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make words out and then if you
+make longer words you get more points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make longer words you get more points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make longer words you get more points
+and so forth and so forth. Maybe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so forth. Maybe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and so forth. Maybe your
+letter is more rare and get more points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter is more rare and get more points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter is more rare and get more points.
+But the catch is that the word is longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the catch is that the word is longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the catch is that the word is longer
+you're you can't gain as much point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you can't gain as much point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you can't gain as much point like
+your point gain like is dim is dim for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point gain like is dim is dim for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point gain like is dim is dim for
+it's proportional to how long the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proportional to how long the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's proportional to how long the word
+is you make.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, I'm Beto and I wanted to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I'm Beto and I wanted to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I'm Beto and I wanted to combine
+like Mario Karts and Chronauts. So, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mario Karts and Chronauts. So, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Mario Karts and Chronauts. So, like
+the idea of like you're racing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of like you're racing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of like you're racing like
+through time like somebody has some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time like somebody has some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time like somebody has some like
+somebody's like the main guy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's like the main guy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's like the main guy that's
+trying to get to some place, everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to some place, everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get to some place, everyone
+else is trying to stop them and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is trying to stop them and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is trying to stop them and your
+like abilities or weapons only work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like abilities or weapons only work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like abilities or weapons only work in
+certain time periods and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time periods and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time periods and stuff like
+that. And so you have like the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so you have like the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And so you have like the time
+travel and the items from Chronauts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and the items from Chronauts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel and the items from Chronauts and
+then like the racing and attacking from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like the racing and attacking from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like the racing and attacking from
+Mario Kart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Michelle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle.
+>> My name is Michelle. Um, so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> My name is Michelle. Um, so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> My name is Michelle. Um, so I was
+envisioning something like ricochet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioning something like ricochet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioning something like ricochet
+robots, but where the two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots, but where the two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots, but where the two people
+basically, so the point is that everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, so the point is that everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, so the point is that everyone
+has uh a set of like uh cards that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh a set of like uh cards that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has uh a set of like uh cards that have
+pathways or grids or walls that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways or grids or walls that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways or grids or walls that you can
+bounce off of and you build a grid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce off of and you build a grid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce off of and you build a grid with
+your opponent and the there's one robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent and the there's one robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent and the there's one robot
+piece that you have to try to bounce off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that you have to try to bounce off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that you have to try to bounce off
+the walls to reach some specific goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls to reach some specific goal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls to reach some specific goal.
+You can go to the other player.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can go to the other player.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can go to the other player.
+Bill Walt and Robots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Patrickhead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Patrickhead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Patrickhead.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+>> Patrick and Charlie.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Patrick and Charlie.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Patrick and Charlie.
+>> Um, so this is a game where the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, so this is a game where the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, so this is a game where the players
+are uh owners of businesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh owners of businesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh owners of businesses and
+depending on the nature of the business,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the nature of the business,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the nature of the business,
+they might have mutual dependencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have mutual dependencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might have mutual dependencies that
+would be beneficial for people to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be beneficial for people to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be beneficial for people to get
+more money. But then uh as the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money. But then uh as the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money. But then uh as the market
+goes bad, they'll have to play cards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes bad, they'll have to play cards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes bad, they'll have to play cards to
+uh cut off the ties between companies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cut off the ties between companies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cut off the ties between companies.
+And so I call it objectivism game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> That that was probably a better term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That that was probably a better term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That that was probably a better term
+than what I write down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh so there's a slight variation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there's a slight variation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there's a slight variation on the
+uh precision beast idea, but uh I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh precision beast idea, but uh I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh precision beast idea, but uh I'm now
+imagining it possibly as a as a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining it possibly as a as a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining it possibly as a as a sort of
+falling real time type deal. So every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling real time type deal. So every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling real time type deal. So every
+turn you're getting dealt cards and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you're getting dealt cards and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you're getting dealt cards and you
+have cards that can modify the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cards that can modify the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cards that can modify the the
+dealing pattern so that can discard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing pattern so that can discard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing pattern so that can discard
+other players cards or can get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players cards or can get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players cards or can get them to
+be skipped so on and so forth. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skipped so on and so forth. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skipped so on and so forth. And you
+also have cards that can add various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have cards that can add various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have cards that can add various
+modifiers to your beast. And the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers to your beast. And the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifiers to your beast. And the goal of
+the game is that by the end, like by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is that by the end, like by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is that by the end, like by the
+time the deck has been entirely dealt,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the deck has been entirely dealt,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the deck has been entirely dealt,
+you have the most badass um creature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the most badass um creature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the most badass um creature
+that you've created and that you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've created and that you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've created and that you'd have
+to figure out and there might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out and there might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out and there might be an
+optimal way to rearrange things. So, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal way to rearrange things. So, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal way to rearrange things. So, as
+you're getting cards, you have to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting cards, you have to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting cards, you have to try to
+figure out how to rearrange them. And at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to rearrange them. And at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to rearrange them. And at
+the same time, other players could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time, other players could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time, other players could be
+discarding stuff and you have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarding stuff and you have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarding stuff and you have to deal
+with all these things at the same time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these things at the same time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all these things at the same time.
+And then at the end of game, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at the end of game, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then at the end of game, you have to
+freeze, see who has the best one, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze, see who has the best one, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze, see who has the best one, and it
+could be really bad, you know, quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really bad, you know, quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be really bad, you know, quick
+game and very hilarious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and very hilarious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and very hilarious.
+>> Say procedural classes. kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Say procedural classes. kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Say procedural classes. kind of like
+building creature plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building creature plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building creature plus
+>> um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um
+okay this game is monkey or Shakespeare.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay, so there are several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, so there are several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, so there are several different
+several different piles of cards. Each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different piles of cards. Each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different piles of cards. Each
+of them has words on them in Shakespeare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has words on them in Shakespeare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has words on them in Shakespeare
+and English. Um the object of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and English. Um the object of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and English. Um the object of the game
+so some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some of them
+are going to be played by players. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be played by players. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be played by players. Some
+of them are going to be like random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be like random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are going to be like random
+number generators essentially. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generators essentially. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generators essentially. So the
+players that are playing as covert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that are playing as covert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that are playing as covert
+Shakespeers select cards and then place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeers select cards and then place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeers select cards and then place
+them face down in a common pool. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them face down in a common pool. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them face down in a common pool. Then
+the top cards from all the other decks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top cards from all the other decks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top cards from all the other decks
+get placed in the pool and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get placed in the pool and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get placed in the pool and then
+everything gets shuffled up. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets shuffled up. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets shuffled up. And then
+each of these different um piles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these different um piles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these different um piles is
+going to be a different color. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a different color. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a different color. And so
+you'll spell out sentences in the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll spell out sentences in the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll spell out sentences in the color
+progressively based on the card draws.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively based on the card draws.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively based on the card draws.
+And the object of the game for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the object of the game for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the object of the game for the other
+players who aren't hidden Shakespearees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players who aren't hidden Shakespearees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players who aren't hidden Shakespearees
+is trying to try and work out who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to try and work out who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to try and work out who is the
+Shakespeare who's a Shakespeare. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare who's a Shakespeare. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare who's a Shakespeare. They're
+just trying to spell the pre-arranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to spell the pre-arranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to spell the pre-arranged
+sentence beforehand is and who are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence beforehand is and who are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence beforehand is and who are just
+monkey piles. All right. Well, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey piles. All right. Well, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey piles. All right. Well, there
+that was so detect the random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so detect the random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was so detect the random number
+generator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator.
+Um, Beethoven. I want to take that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Beethoven. I want to take that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Beethoven. I want to take that like
+tanks versus robot game that we played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks versus robot game that we played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tanks versus robot game that we played
+before on the paper and make it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before on the paper and make it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before on the paper and make it into
+like a card game between players and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a card game between players and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a card game between players and
+like the tanks can like level up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tanks can like level up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the tanks can like level up and
+like you can change your uh specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can change your uh specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can change your uh specific
+strategy and that kind of stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Would the robot still be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Would the robot still be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Would the robot still be like
+deterministic or something?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic or something?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic or something?
+>> Uh, up in the air.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, up in the air.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, up in the air.
+Um let's see who who this side hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see who who this side hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see who who this side hasn't
+gone yet actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+so one mechanic is uh any game that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one mechanic is uh any game that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one mechanic is uh any game that has
+a high amount of trading of cards. Uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high amount of trading of cards. Uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high amount of trading of cards. Uh I
+mean you can imagine anything from a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can imagine anything from a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you can imagine anything from a go
+fish type thing to something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish type thing to something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish type thing to something more
+complicated. However, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. However, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. However, you don't
+mechanically enforce uh the trade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically enforce uh the trade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically enforce uh the trade of
+cards. So there is basically lying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. So there is basically lying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards. So there is basically lying in
+that narrative. Um also playing off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that narrative. Um also playing off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that narrative. Um also playing off of
+the uh robot tank idea a game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh robot tank idea a game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh robot tank idea a game where
+basically your strategy is mitigated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your strategy is mitigated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically your strategy is mitigated by
+the cards you play rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards you play rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards you play rather than the
+actual characteristics. So the cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual characteristics. So the cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual characteristics. So the cards
+play dictate how another deck or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play dictate how another deck or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play dictate how another deck or another
+mechanic is run rather than you directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic is run rather than you directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic is run rather than you directly
+interfacing with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+adjusting. So I just have idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting. So I just have idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting. So I just have idea about
+like your silon game. I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your silon game. I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your silon game. I think it's
+really interesting. That's good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting. That's good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting. That's good thing
+maybe it's even it will help if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's even it will help if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's even it will help if you can
+play two characters instead of one like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play two characters instead of one like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play two characters instead of one like
+if so if four people you have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if four people you have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so if four people you have eight
+characters that determine the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that determine the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that determine the identity
+first and you can play either of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you can play either of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and you can play either of the
+character. So, two player silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. So, two player silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character. So, two player silent
+not two play two characters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not two play two characters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not two play two characters.
+>> Two characters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Sure. Uh, Andrew, so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. Uh, Andrew, so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. Uh, Andrew, so you can have
+something that's sort of like a MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sort of like a MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's sort of like a MIT
+game. So, you're an MIT student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, you're an MIT student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, you're an MIT student and
+you're going through pizzas. We'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through pizzas. We'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going through pizzas. We'd be
+doing like energy drinks to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like energy drinks to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing like energy drinks to help you
+along through the night. Social events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along through the night. Social events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along through the night. Social events
+can hang out at Harvard for a night.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hang out at Harvard for a night.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hang out at Harvard for a night.
+Career fair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Career fair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Career fair.
+>> That would be a debug.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That would be a debug.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That would be a debug.
+>> Yeah, exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, exactly.
+Sorry. You force other people to hit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. You force other people to hit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. You force other people to hit for
+a night.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Uh, anything else? Second one's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, anything else? Second one's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, anything else? Second one's got
+Okay, Dion, this is I guess it's so MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, Dion, this is I guess it's so MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, Dion, this is I guess it's so MIT
+or Harvard. So this one is a you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Harvard. So this one is a you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Harvard. So this one is a you have to
+decide there's some pl so let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide there's some pl so let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide there's some pl so let's say you
+you're in design class and you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in design class and you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in design class and you're trying
+to build a project but so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a project but so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a project but so there's some
+students that some students are MIT most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that some students are MIT most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students that some students are MIT most
+of them are but then there's one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are but then there's one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are but then there's one or two
+Harvard students and so everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard students and so everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard students and so everyone's
+trying to build this project but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build this project but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build this project but the
+Harvard students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard students
+is messing it up or maybe it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is messing it up or maybe it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is messing it up or maybe it could be
+from MIT or Caltech and so the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT or Caltech and so the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from MIT or Caltech and so the the other
+student that's not MIT is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student that's not MIT is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student that's not MIT is trying to
+screw up your project and so you by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up your project and so you by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screw up your project and so you by the
+end of the game you want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game you want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the game you want to figure out
+who that person is or or like maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who that person is or or like maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who that person is or or like maybe I
+don't you take turns and you make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take turns and you make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you take turns and you make an
+addition to it's something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to it's something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to it's something like that.
+>> Uh so this came up only a few seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so this came up only a few seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so this came up only a few seconds
+ago in my brain. I'm setting I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in my brain. I'm setting I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago in my brain. I'm setting I imagine
+this for this might be something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this might be something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for this might be something like a
+dark elf realm underground and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark elf realm underground and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark elf realm underground and there's
+like various houses or various families
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like various houses or various families
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like various houses or various families
+of dark elves and there's one that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dark elves and there's one that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dark elves and there's one that that
+is not controlled by players. I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not controlled by players. I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not controlled by players. I guess
+it's deterministic. It follows a set uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deterministic. It follows a set uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's deterministic. It follows a set uh
+set rules. And players every turn can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set rules. And players every turn can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set rules. And players every turn can
+can play certain cards to influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play certain cards to influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play certain cards to influence the
+behavior of this non-player entity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this non-player entity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this non-player entity the
+next turn. And basically players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next turn. And basically players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next turn. And basically players are
+buying for influence over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying for influence over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying for influence over this
+non-player entity which can then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-player entity which can then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-player entity which can then do
+benevolent or malevolent things towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolent or malevolent things towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolent or malevolent things towards
+players. And it might be only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. And it might be only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. And it might be only
+semi-obvious depending on how cards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-obvious depending on how cards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-obvious depending on how cards are
+played who exactly took certain actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played who exactly took certain actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played who exactly took certain actions
+to get the um this this like master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the um this this like master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the um this this like master
+house to to give favor, remove favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house to to give favor, remove favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house to to give favor, remove favor
+from one player or another. And so it'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one player or another. And so it'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one player or another. And so it'
+be a game where you're trying to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a game where you're trying to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a game where you're trying to beat
+other players at the same time trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players at the same time trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players at the same time trying to
+figure out who's on your side, who's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who's on your side, who's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out who's on your side, who's not
+on your side, and forging alliances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your side, and forging alliances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your side, and forging alliances and
+betraying each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Uh so everyone's a guy at a party and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so everyone's a guy at a party and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh so everyone's a guy at a party and
+the objective is trying to get a girl at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective is trying to get a girl at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objective is trying to get a girl at
+the end of the night.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called a fret bowl. Is that a card?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a fret bowl. Is that a card?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a fret bowl. Is that a card?
+>> You could screw other people over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You could screw other people over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You could screw other people over by
+like going up to them and bringing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going up to them and bringing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going up to them and bringing them
+embarrassing stories or you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing stories or you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing stories or you would be
+like really nice and like try to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really nice and like try to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really nice and like try to meet
+the girls friend and based off an AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls friend and based off an AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls friend and based off an AI
+kind of move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of move.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+Okay. Um, so Ian, uh, you have a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so Ian, uh, you have a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so Ian, uh, you have a game
+where the objective is is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the objective is is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the objective is is all the
+players are sort of actually trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are sort of actually trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are sort of actually trying to
+build a physical house of cards out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a physical house of cards out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a physical house of cards out of
+the cards, but each card has like, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards, but each card has like, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards, but each card has like, uh,
+an an in-game mechanical effect as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an in-game mechanical effect as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an in-game mechanical effect as well.
+And then there's like possibly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's like possibly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there's like possibly the
+actual structure determines something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual structure determines something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual structure determines something as
+well. You'd have to do with like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. You'd have to do with like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. You'd have to do with like really
+thick cards. Okay, so House of Cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick cards. Okay, so House of Cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick cards. Okay, so House of Cards
+Jenga with the cards of cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenga with the cards of cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jenga with the cards of cards.
+>> There would be a mechanic. Actually, my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There would be a mechanic. Actually, my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There would be a mechanic. Actually, my
+idea was building a house, but not with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was building a house, but not with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was building a house, but not with
+a house of cards. But that's a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house of cards. But that's a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a house of cards. But that's a better
+idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+Adding a mechanic would be like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adding a mechanic would be like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adding a mechanic would be like you can
+play an action card that's like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play an action card that's like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play an action card that's like a a
+storm destroys the west wall of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm destroys the west wall of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm destroys the west wall of your
+opponent's house or something. In your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's house or something. In your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's house or something. In your
+case, it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, it has
+>> like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like
+your favorite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite.
+>> Okay. Uh Jason uh Jason so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh Jason uh Jason so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh Jason uh Jason so the idea is
+you're on a student project or corporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a student project or corporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on a student project or corporate
+project where some team doomed to fail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project where some team doomed to fail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project where some team doomed to fail.
+Uh so your objective is to make you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so your objective is to make you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so your objective is to make you look
+as good as you can whether by making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as you can whether by making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good as you can whether by making the
+project better or by making sure other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project better or by making sure other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project better or by making sure other
+people are responsible for it being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are responsible for it being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are responsible for it being
+worse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> A terrible microcosm for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A terrible microcosm for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A terrible microcosm for the first
+design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Don't fail too badly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Brian Brian,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Brian Brian,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Brian Brian,
+>> um, there's all this talk of drafting. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um, there's all this talk of drafting. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um, there's all this talk of drafting. I
+started thinking about auction games. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about auction games. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking about auction games. So
+like an auction game where there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an auction game where there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an auction game where there's like
+some some different points and maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some different points and maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some different points and maybe if
+you collect certain types of points,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect certain types of points,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you collect certain types of points,
+it's good. And then also like some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good. And then also like some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good. And then also like some of
+the cards you can add additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards you can add additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cards you can add additional
+mechanics for yourself. So you can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics for yourself. So you can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics for yourself. So you can like
+bid for a card that later you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid for a card that later you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid for a card that later you can play
+and have everyone else bid and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have everyone else bid and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have everyone else bid and then you
+have to go bid like after them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go bid like after them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go bid like after them or
+something like that. But everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. But everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. But everyone has
+the same amount of points at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of points at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of points at the
+beginning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. Points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+>> Jason by the way. Yeah. going back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Jason by the way. Yeah. going back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Jason by the way. Yeah. going back to my
+guys that are party one. Uh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that are party one. Uh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that are party one. Uh there's a
+way a mechanic where people could bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a mechanic where people could bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way a mechanic where people could bring
+in real stories um and real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> but you can obviously lie and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but you can obviously lie and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but you can obviously lie and make it
+work for someone else but then you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for someone else but then you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for someone else but then you lose
+points for lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for lying
+guy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy.
+>> Do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you see
+that for people?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for people?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for people?
+So, a game it's like a it's like an RPG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a game it's like a it's like an RPG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, a game it's like a it's like an RPG
+card game where you know you each have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card game where you know you each have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card game where you know you each have
+your set which is like of of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set which is like of of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your set which is like of of things you
+can do and like equipment you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and like equipment you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do and like equipment you have uh
+and then there's like an encounter deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like an encounter deck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's like an encounter deck
+and these keep getting flipped over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these keep getting flipped over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these keep getting flipped over and
+then people have to react to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people have to react to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people have to react to this but
+it's not quite coop cooperative because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite coop cooperative because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not quite coop cooperative because
+at the end there's like something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there's like something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end there's like something that
+only one person can get. Um so, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one person can get. Um so, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one person can get. Um so, you
+know, maybe they have to like duke it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe they have to like duke it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, maybe they have to like duke it
+out at the end if there's more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the end if there's more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the end if there's more than one
+person left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Um, so bringing up auction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, so bringing up auction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, so bringing up auction
+mechanics, uh, there is a bidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics, uh, there is a bidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics, uh, there is a bidding
+mechanic that is interesting from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that is interesting from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic that is interesting from a
+theoretical standpoint that never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical standpoint that never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical standpoint that never
+implemented where, uh, if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented where, uh, if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented where, uh, if you have some
+or if you have a thing that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have a thing that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have a thing that's being
+bidded for uh, or you have everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidded for uh, or you have everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bidded for uh, or you have everyone
+assign something that they get from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign something that they get from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign something that they get from some
+pile and then if someone feels that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile and then if someone feels that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile and then if someone feels that they
+aren't happy with what they have, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't happy with what they have, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't happy with what they have, they
+trade it with someone else's and either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it with someone else's and either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade it with someone else's and either
+put some amount of money on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some amount of money on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some amount of money on the other
+item or some decremental uh, type object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item or some decremental uh, type object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item or some decremental uh, type object
+on their item.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their item.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their item.
+The bidding system comes out of pirates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bidding system comes out of pirates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bidding system comes out of pirates
+trying to spill out booty and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to spill out booty and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to spill out booty and instead of
+>> making everyone happy to win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> making everyone happy to win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> making everyone happy to win.
+>> So bidding bidding by by reducing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So bidding bidding by by reducing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So bidding bidding by by reducing other
+people's bids. Is that a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's bids. Is that a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's bids. Is that a good
+description?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description?
+>> It's a bidding system in which everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's a bidding system in which everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's a bidding system in which everyone
+has something and then you trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something and then you trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something and then you trade
+and add value until everyone feels it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add value until everyone feels it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add value until everyone feels it's
+equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let me
+>> So my idea was like it's so you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So my idea was like it's so you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So my idea was like it's so you have two
+team maybe like four players but and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team maybe like four players but and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team maybe like four players but and you
+have it's like an RPG and so before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's like an RPG and so before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's like an RPG and so before you
+start you have to draft or you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you have to draft or you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start you have to draft or you have to
+yeah draft like equipment and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah draft like equipment and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah draft like equipment and like
+spells you can do and so then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spells you can do and so then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spells you can do and so then you you
+have two like team battles against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two like team battles against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two like team battles against each
+other and the way you determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the way you determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and the way you determine
+Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like
+what happens is maybe like a warlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is maybe like a warlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is maybe like a warlike
+system where you have each opponent has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have each opponent has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have each opponent has
+a deck and we just shuffle take the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deck and we just shuffle take the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deck and we just shuffle take the top
+card of the deck with the top the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card of the deck with the top the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card of the deck with the top the
+highest card wins and so that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest card wins and so that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest card wins and so that determines
+damage and such done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I don't like it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't like it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't like it.
+Uh, so sort of taking off the RPG idea,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so sort of taking off the RPG idea,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so sort of taking off the RPG idea,
+but adding on like a randomly generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but adding on like a randomly generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but adding on like a randomly generated
+like board or castle that like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like board or castle that like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like board or castle that like one
+player has to defend and everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has to defend and everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player has to defend and everyone else
+is trying to attack into and he has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to attack into and he has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to attack into and he has to
+like set up his defenses around and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like set up his defenses around and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like set up his defenses around and like
+but he's also a controlling character.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's also a controlling character.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's also a controlling character.
+So he can move his guy around the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he can move his guy around the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he can move his guy around the board
+to like choose one of the guys to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like choose one of the guys to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like choose one of the guys to defend
+I guess. So essentially an RPG with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess. So essentially an RPG with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess. So essentially an RPG with
+randomly generated board as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated board as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated board as well.
+>> Defender castle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Defender castle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Defender castle.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Castle defense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Castle defense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Castle defense.
+>> So I like so sort of building off of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I like so sort of building off of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I like so sort of building off of the
+idea of pirates booty. I like the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of pirates booty. I like the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of pirates booty. I like the idea
+that you have a bunch of items within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a bunch of items within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a bunch of items within
+the game which uh the value for them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game which uh the value for them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game which uh the value for them is
+chosen randomly so that it's unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen randomly so that it's unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen randomly so that it's unknown
+what the value of the items are. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value of the items are. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the value of the items are. So you
+just have the items and various players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the items and various players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the items and various players
+can make various moves like choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make various moves like choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make various moves like choose to
+appraise an item by paying some gold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraise an item by paying some gold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraise an item by paying some gold.
+And the idea is you want to try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea is you want to try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the idea is you want to try to get
+the item that's worth the most amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item that's worth the most amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the item that's worth the most amount of
+money during any round to like get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money during any round to like get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money during any round to like get the
+most amount of gold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amount of gold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amount of gold.
+>> The most get the maximum value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm running out of space. So, I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running out of space. So, I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running out of space. So, I'm gonna
+be ending this soon, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ending this soon, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ending this soon, but
+actually I'm too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factories with different products and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories with different products and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories with different products and so
+you can either um so you want to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either um so you want to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either um so you want to b
+different items, but for some people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different items, but for some people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different items, but for some people it
+might be necessary to have a certain raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be necessary to have a certain raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be necessary to have a certain raw
+bit not necessary. So, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit not necessary. So, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit not necessary. So, it's going to
+things are going to have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to have different
+values for different people. Then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for different people. Then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for different people. Then you
+can also get highend stuff for low-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get highend stuff for low-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get highend stuff for low-end
+stuff and the randomness is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and the randomness is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and the randomness is going to
+come in where if you have low-end stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in where if you have low-end stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in where if you have low-end stuff
+a user behavior product then you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user behavior product then you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user behavior product then you kind of
+lose money and stuff like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money and stuff like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money and stuff like that.
+>> M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> M
+>> um in a bidding sort of game you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um in a bidding sort of game you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um in a bidding sort of game you could
+be bidding for space and say uh for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bidding for space and say uh for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bidding for space and say uh for like
+space to use the Hubble telescope but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to use the Hubble telescope but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to use the Hubble telescope but
+before you can do this you have to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can do this you have to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you can do this you have to pass
+a couple hurdles like taking Jab or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> use the Hubble. That's awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> use the Hubble. That's awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> use the Hubble. That's awesome.
+>> One of the first hurdles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> One of the first hurdles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> One of the first hurdles
+I I don't got a video for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Uh tower defense the card game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh tower defense the card game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh tower defense the card game.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> That's a lot of math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's a lot of math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's a lot of math.
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> slight variation dungeon keeper the card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> slight variation dungeon keeper the card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> slight variation dungeon keeper the card
+game. So, I' I'd imagine that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, I' I'd imagine that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, I' I'd imagine that there
+would be several lanes down which uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be several lanes down which uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be several lanes down which uh uh
+enemies would come and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies would come and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enemies would come and you would
+collaborate with other players to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with other players to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with other players to create
+buildings on the other of those lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings on the other of those lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings on the other of those lanes
+that would then generate either traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would then generate either traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would then generate either traps
+along the way or your own units that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way or your own units that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way or your own units that
+would mark down the lanes to encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mark down the lanes to encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mark down the lanes to encounter
+the enemies. And every turn you you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemies. And every turn you you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enemies. And every turn you you run
+the game yourself. So, you run your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game yourself. So, you run your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game yourself. So, you run your
+opponent and it it automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent and it it automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent and it it automatically
+advances and sends stuff at you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances and sends stuff at you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances and sends stuff at you that's
+you know drawn from decks and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drawn from decks and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know drawn from decks and you have
+to be able to time stuff right and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to time stuff right and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to time stuff right and all
+that not to get your core destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not to get your core destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not to get your core destroyed
+basically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I'm just thinking of the idea of tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm just thinking of the idea of tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm just thinking of the idea of tower
+defense, the card game. Combine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense, the card game. Combine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense, the card game. Combine that
+with falling. The idea that uh turns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with falling. The idea that uh turns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with falling. The idea that uh turns are
+happening at the same time. So, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the same time. So, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the same time. So, you have
+one player who's playing like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one player who's playing like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one player who's playing like the
+zombies invading and he's just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombies invading and he's just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombies invading and he's just basically
+going like 1 2 3 four. That's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like 1 2 3 four. That's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going like 1 2 3 four. That's like a
+zombie advanced four steps or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie advanced four steps or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zombie advanced four steps or something
+by placing cards down. Then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing cards down. Then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by placing cards down. Then the other
+player is trying to place defenses just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is trying to place defenses just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is trying to place defenses just
+as fast, but has to like discard cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast, but has to like discard cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as fast, but has to like discard cards
+as well. So, it's really a game of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. So, it's really a game of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. So, it's really a game of how
+well you are able to handle cards. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I had another idea in the in the vein of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I had another idea in the in the vein of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I had another idea in the in the vein of
+falling, but it would be like Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling, but it would be like Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling, but it would be like Russian
+roulette. Um, so everyone's like trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette. Um, so everyone's like trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette. Um, so everyone's like trying
+to have everyone else die and not them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have everyone else die and not them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have everyone else die and not them.
+And then you can play excuse cards, be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you can play excuse cards, be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you can play excuse cards, be
+like, "Oh, I have to go to the bathroom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh, I have to go to the bathroom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh, I have to go to the bathroom.
+I'll be right back." Or like calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be right back." Or like calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be right back." Or like calling
+somebody else out and calling them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else out and calling them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else out and calling them the
+chicken or something. Maybe play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken or something. Maybe play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chicken or something. Maybe play with
+macho points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macho points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macho points.
+Uh, I think that's Russian excuses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+>> So players take turns being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So players take turns being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So players take turns being a
+prospective high schooler who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective high schooler who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prospective high schooler who wants to
+go to college and the other players take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college and the other players take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college and the other players take
+are therefore admissions officers and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are therefore admissions officers and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are therefore admissions officers and as
+a student you're trying to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student you're trying to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a student you're trying to get into the
+college that gives you the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college that gives you the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college that gives you the most
+>> swag anything and as admissions officers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> swag anything and as admissions officers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> swag anything and as admissions officers
+you're trying to give them the least. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to give them the least. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to give them the least. So
+admissions are usually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> admissions offic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanic for his idea. Um so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic for his idea. Um so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic for his idea. Um so you could
+kind of have a ball where you say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have a ball where you say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of have a ball where you say I'm
+going to the bathroom and then someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the bathroom and then someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the bathroom and then someone
+else will call you call you out. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else will call you call you out. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else will call you call you out. You
+either have the bathroom card you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have the bathroom card you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have the bathroom card you
+actually go to the bathroom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the bathroom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go to the bathroom.
+>> So I mean that's a mechanic a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I mean that's a mechanic a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I mean that's a mechanic a bunch of
+games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games.
+>> Yeah. The full bladder card.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The full bladder card.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The full bladder card.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+Uh this is a very simple mechanic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is a very simple mechanic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is a very simple mechanic but
+you're try you basically place cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're try you basically place cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're try you basically place cards
+down to try to create a path from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to try to create a path from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to try to create a path from some
+predetermined point to another. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined point to another. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predetermined point to another. But in
+that way you can you know block other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can you know block other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way you can you know block other
+players by placing cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players by placing cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players by placing cards.
+>> So creating pass and blocking them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So creating pass and blocking them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So creating pass and blocking them.
+>> Okay. I think it works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. I think it works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. I think it works.
+>> I think we're done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think we're done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think we're done.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Because I can't I'm not tall enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Because I can't I'm not tall enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Because I can't I'm not tall enough to
+>> All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right.
+at the bottom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom.
+>> So yeah, I guess I could write down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So yeah, I guess I could write down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So yeah, I guess I could write down at
+the bottom, but that would be a painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom, but that would be a painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom, but that would be a painful
+for folks to look at it. So I mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for folks to look at it. So I mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for folks to look at it. So I mean these
+are just, you know, memory junks what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just, you know, memory junks what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just, you know, memory junks what we
+got up here. You know, um none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up here. You know, um none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got up here. You know, um none of these
+ideas need to be taken wholesale for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas need to be taken wholesale for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas need to be taken wholesale for
+your initial idea for the team. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial idea for the team. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial idea for the team. But
+those were some of the things that folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were some of the things that folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were some of the things that folks
+remembered. Um, I would actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered. Um, I would actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered. Um, I would actually like
+folks to grab one of the uh thumb tacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to grab one of the uh thumb tacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks to grab one of the uh thumb tacks
+over there once you've written down your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there once you've written down your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there once you've written down your
+ideas on the card uh and pin them up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on the card uh and pin them up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas on the card uh and pin them up on
+the wall. Uh, you don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall. Uh, you don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall. Uh, you don't have to be
+closely tied. In fact, spread them out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely tied. In fact, spread them out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely tied. In fact, spread them out a
+little bit so that people can look at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so that people can look at so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so that people can look at so
+that a few people can look at the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a few people can look at the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a few people can look at the wall
+at a time. Uh, and the rest of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time. Uh, and the rest of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time. Uh, and the rest of the class
+basically is just time for you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is just time for you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is just time for you guys to
+talk. You know, you you you talk, get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk. You know, you you you talk, get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk. You know, you you you talk, get to
+know each other's things better. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other's things better. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each other's things better. Um and
+uh start discussing about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start discussing about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh start discussing about you know
+projects that you should work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that you should work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that you should work together
+over there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/E-iL1Q4ys3k.txt b/E-iL1Q4ys3k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9402be34d7e4f29ac4df12a515b8904e9fd732c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/E-iL1Q4ys3k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so I'm Puna I'm your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm Puna I'm your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I'm Puna I'm your
+ta and I'm going to talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta and I'm going to talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta and I'm going to talk today
+about the project you know what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the project you know what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the project you know what you have
+to do the details of you know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the details of you know where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the details of you know where you
+put stuff etc etc submissions and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stuff etc etc submissions and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put stuff etc etc submissions and about
+the first part of your project which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of your project which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of your project which is
+the scanner and the parser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's sort of general information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of general information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's sort of general information
+about the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the you
+know just working with 6035 we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just working with 6035 we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just working with 6035 we're going
+to give each group a piece of the 6035
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give each group a piece of the 6035
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give each group a piece of the 6035
+Locker you're going to keep all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locker you're going to keep all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locker you're going to keep all your
+files in 6035 groups Le something 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files in 6035 groups Le something 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files in 6035 groups Le something 01
+l02 and note that we currently don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l02 and note that we currently don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l02 and note that we currently don't
+have uh any controls on how much stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh any controls on how much stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh any controls on how much stuff
+you put there so please be consider it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put there so please be consider it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put there so please be consider it
+if you put loads of files there you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put loads of files there you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put loads of files there you will
+be killing space that is for others so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be killing space that is for others so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be killing space that is for others so
+so um take care um I have your signup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um take care um I have your signup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um take care um I have your signup
+sheets here I will be allocating groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets here I will be allocating groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets here I will be allocating groups
+for those people who haven't already got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people who haven't already got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those people who haven't already got
+groups at the end of this class and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups at the end of this class and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups at the end of this class and I'll
+send out mail and you know permissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out mail and you know permissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send out mail and you know permissions
+and so on by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on by the end of the
+day um the way these group lockers work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um the way these group lockers work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day um the way these group lockers work
+is you have access to them we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have access to them we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have access to them we have
+access to them no one else so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to them no one else so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to them no one else so you know
+for example other groups can't read or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example other groups can't read or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example other groups can't read or
+write write to them which is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write write to them which is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write write to them which is a good
+thing uh I think one of you wrote to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh I think one of you wrote to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh I think one of you wrote to me
+about issues run running java5 on Athena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about issues run running java5 on Athena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about issues run running java5 on Athena
+so I did that did did that fix work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did that did did that fix work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I did that did did that fix work okay
+well um and I like the version of ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and I like the version of ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um and I like the version of ant
+that's that comes with 170 it's recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that comes with 170 it's recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that comes with 170 it's recent
+it has a bunch of nice features use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a bunch of nice features use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a bunch of nice features use it
+if you can and code samples are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can and code samples are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can and code samples are going to
+be at this location you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at this location you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at this location you don't need to
+take this down um I'll put a link to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this down um I'll put a link to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this down um I'll put a link to
+this website on the to this presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this website on the to this presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this website on the to this presentation
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+so part one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part one the
+scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner
+um does someone want to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does someone want to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um does someone want to tell me what
+what a scanner does even though it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a scanner does even though it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a scanner does even though it's on
+the on the you know on the screen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the you know on the screen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the you know on the screen there
+no so you have a big program it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you have a big program it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you have a big program it's a
+bunch of bites and you want some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bites and you want some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bites and you want some of it
+to make you know you want the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you know you want the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make you know you want the compiler
+to care about some parts of it and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about some parts of it and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about some parts of it and not
+to care about some parts for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about some parts for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to care about some parts for example if
+you have a string and there's stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a string and there's stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a string and there's stuff
+inside the string the compiler doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the string the compiler doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the string the compiler doesn't
+really care what's in the the string it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what's in the the string it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what's in the the string it
+does want to know where the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does want to know where the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does want to know where the string
+begins and where it ends so it can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and where it ends so it can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins and where it ends so it can take
+that entire block make it into one token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire block make it into one token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire block make it into one token
+and then store it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then store it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then store it as
+such so comments whites space all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such so comments whites space all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such so comments whites space all get
+thrown away at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown away at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown away at the
+stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage
+um here's this this space is also where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's this this space is also where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's this this space is also where
+you make the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the distinction between
+keywords and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keywords and
+identifiers so in decaf for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers so in decaf for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers so in decaf for example the
+word class is a keyword word you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word class is a keyword word you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word class is a keyword word you cannot
+use class as the name of a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use class as the name of a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use class as the name of a variable
+because the scanner recognizes it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scanner recognizes it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the scanner recognizes it as
+something special to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special to the
+compiler um anything that excuse me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler um anything that excuse me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler um anything that excuse me is
+there a question sorry um anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question sorry um anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a question sorry um anything
+that is not a keyword but isn't funny as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a keyword but isn't funny as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not a keyword but isn't funny as
+in it doesn't have dollar signs and dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it doesn't have dollar signs and dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it doesn't have dollar signs and dots
+in the middle of it is uh waiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of it is uh waiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of it is uh waiting to
+become an identifier which you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an identifier which you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an identifier which you can use
+as a variable a function name or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a variable a function name or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a variable a function name or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar so here's our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so here's our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar so here's our first
+example of a scanner or what a scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a scanner or what a scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a scanner or what a scanner
+does should be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory
+anything awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything awesome
+so you will note that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will note that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will note that you
+know ens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ens
+and strings are annotated tokens so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strings are annotated tokens so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and strings are annotated tokens so you
+have a token with some extra information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a token with some extra information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a token with some extra information
+alongside you know similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside you know similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alongside you know similarly for
+nums um when you design your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nums um when you design your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nums um when you design your data
+structures for these tokens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for these tokens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures for these tokens and
+typically you'll have cup do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you'll have cup do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you'll have cup do that for
+you it'll make all these various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it'll make all these various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it'll make all these various kinds
+of tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tokens
+and you can access the contents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can access the contents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can access the contents of the
+token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token
+so you have keywords which are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have keywords which are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have keywords which are just
+freestanding and you have things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding and you have things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freestanding and you have things like
+strings numbers which have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings numbers which have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings numbers which have a
+value um I'll talk about how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um I'll talk about how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um I'll talk about how you would
+access those values uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later so how do we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so how do we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so how do we write
+scanners writing scanners by hand is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners writing scanners by hand is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners writing scanners by hand is not
+fun has has anyone here tried writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun has has anyone here tried writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun has has anyone here tried writing
+one of these by hand maybe in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these by hand maybe in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these by hand maybe in high
+school or something like tried to parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or something like tried to parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or something like tried to parse
+the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+file yeah so so how did you have fun no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file yeah so so how did you have fun no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file yeah so so how did you have fun no
+no yeah it's uh I remember writing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah it's uh I remember writing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yeah it's uh I remember writing one
+of these uh for a basic interpreter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh for a basic interpreter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh for a basic interpreter in
+in 12th grade and it was not fun it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 12th grade and it was not fun it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 12th grade and it was not fun it was
+I mean I did a lot of bad things I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I did a lot of bad things I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I did a lot of bad things I I
+sort of wrote the scanner the parser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote the scanner the parser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote the scanner the parser and
+The Interpreter the actual running of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Interpreter the actual running of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Interpreter the actual running of
+the code all together in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code all together in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code all together in one
+function I I don't ever want to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I I don't ever want to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I I don't ever want to see that
+code again in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code again in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code again in my
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+um excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do in this course
+is to use a tool called JX which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use a tool called JX which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use a tool called JX which is the
+Java version of a popular C tool called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java version of a popular C tool called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Java version of a popular C tool called
+Lex uh the way this works is you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lex uh the way this works is you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lex uh the way this works is you write a
+Lex file which has rules the rules look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lex file which has rules the rules look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lex file which has rules the rules look
+kind of like the rules I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the and JX takes the rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and JX takes the rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and JX takes the rules and
+converts them into a into a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts them into a into a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts them into a into a series of
+functions which generate tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which generate tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which generate tokens
+so in this case for example um the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case for example um the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case for example um the rules
+say if you see the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you see the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you see the sequence of
+characters i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters i
+f then return the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f then return the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f then return the if
+token um there's some berer plate code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token um there's some berer plate code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token um there's some berer plate code
+here the talk function that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the talk function that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the talk function that I haven't
+shown you it's there in the sample code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you it's there in the sample code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you it's there in the sample code
+um you can read it the next Line's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can read it the next Line's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can read it the next Line's more
+interesting so what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so what's going on here
+anyone care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone care to
+explain someone else okay so regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain someone else okay so regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain someone else okay so regular
+expression of matches like a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of matches like a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of matches like a sequence of
+letters and numbers starts a letter any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and numbers starts a letter any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and numbers starts a letter any
+am letter thank you so that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am letter thank you so that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am letter thank you so that's exactly
+right um and as you can see this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and as you can see this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and as you can see this is an
+identifier so these are not the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier so these are not the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier so these are not the rules
+we're going to use in dcaf decaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use in dcaf decaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use in dcaf decaf
+identifiers are different because has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers are different because has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers are different because has
+anyone read the grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone read the grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone read the grammar
+yet well decf identifiers I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet well decf identifiers I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet well decf identifiers I think are
+allowed to have lower case and uppercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to have lower case and uppercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to have lower case and uppercase
+letters and underscores and stuff so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and underscores and stuff so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters and underscores and stuff so you
+you can see uh but this is the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh but this is the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see uh but this is the basic
+idea now GX has this cool feature where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now GX has this cool feature where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now GX has this cool feature where
+you can say let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Define you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know and you can do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha plus to mean a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus to mean a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha plus to mean a to
+z+ this looks like a useful feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z+ this looks like a useful feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z+ this looks like a useful feature
+but it's not as useful as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as useful as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not as useful as you might
+think you can never make two macros of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can never make two macros of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can never make two macros of
+this sort that recurse on each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort that recurse on each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort that recurse on each other or
+one macro that recurses on itself so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one macro that recurses on itself so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one macro that recurses on itself so one
+thing you can never ever do with JX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can never ever do with JX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can never ever do with JX is
+balance parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has has anyone here taken uh 6045 6840
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has anyone here taken uh 6045 6840
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has anyone here taken uh 6045 6840
+one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those
+classes so there there's there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so there there's there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so there there's there are
+theorems that state why it's impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that state why it's impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems that state why it's impossible
+to use regular Expressions to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use regular Expressions to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use regular Expressions to do things
+like this it regular Expressions always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it regular Expressions always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it regular Expressions always
+work with finite memory we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with finite memory we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with finite memory we're going to
+talk about um finite automa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um finite automa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about um finite automa and
+non-deterministic finite automa later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic finite automa later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic finite automa later in
+class and you'll see exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+next so any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next so any questions about
+scanners please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners please
+heard is that the same scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard is that the same scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard is that the same scan
+yeah anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+um so the next phase once we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the next phase once we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the next phase once we have our
+stream of tokens coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of tokens coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of tokens coming out of the
+scanner is to parse it now what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner is to parse it now what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanner is to parse it now what does it
+mean to parse a uh a program well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to parse a uh a program well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to parse a uh a program well
+parsing is a term taken from Linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing is a term taken from Linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing is a term taken from Linguistics
+you know when you have a sentence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you have a sentence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you have a sentence you
+want to you want to break it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you want to break it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you want to break it up into
+noun phrases verb phrases and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrases verb phrases and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun phrases verb phrases and so on so
+if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I
+say the cat that ate the rat died then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the cat that ate the rat died then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the cat that ate the rat died then
+the subject is the cat that ate the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is the cat that ate the rat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject is the cat that ate the rat
+now the subject has other parts inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the subject has other parts inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the subject has other parts inside
+of it which could themselves be subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it which could themselves be subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it which could themselves be subjects
+of other sentences or verbs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other sentences or verbs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other sentences or verbs or
+adjectives um so so in the end you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives um so so in the end you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives um so so in the end you take
+this string and you break it up into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string and you break it up into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string and you break it up into a
+tree of of meaningful Parts like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now parsing is interesting because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now parsing is interesting because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now parsing is interesting because you
+can't just take a random substring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just take a random substring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just take a random substring of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and assume that it makes sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume that it makes sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume that it makes sense for
+example the rat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+died is not part of the semantic content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died is not part of the semantic content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died is not part of the semantic content
+of this sentence right when I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sentence right when I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this sentence right when I say the
+cat that ate the rat died that isn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that ate the rat died that isn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that ate the rat died that isn't so
+what's really going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here
+is the cat that ate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cat that ate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the cat that ate
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+rat died so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat died so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat died so this is
+subject object verb and the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject object verb and the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject object verb and the subject
+itself consists of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself consists of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself consists of the
+cat that eight so there's a sub there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that eight so there's a sub there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that eight so there's a sub there's
+within the subject there's a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the subject there's a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the subject there's a noun
+phrase and there's a predicate anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and there's a predicate anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and there's a predicate anyway so
+that's a par three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a par three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a par three for
+English so someone yesterday talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English so someone yesterday talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English so someone yesterday talked
+about why English is a bad idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why English is a bad idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why English is a bad idea for
+compilers it's because par trees for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers it's because par trees for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compilers it's because par trees for
+English can be enormously complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English can be enormously complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English can be enormously complicated
+and ambiguous and hard to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ambiguous and hard to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ambiguous and hard to figure out
+with just uh three months of code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just uh three months of code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just uh three months of code so
+we're going to have par trees for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have par trees for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have par trees for
+compiler languages this is easy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler languages this is easy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler languages this is easy enough
+if I if I write a a assign a + 1 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I write a a assign a + 1 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I write a a assign a + 1 or a
+equal a + 1 then that passses to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a + 1 then that passses to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal a + 1 then that passses to an
+assignment um you're assigning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment um you're assigning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment um you're assigning the
+identifier a to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier a to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier a to the
+expression some something plus something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression some something plus something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression some something plus something
+you know where the first something is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where the first something is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where the first something is a
+and the second something is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one easy enough you know when you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one easy enough you know when you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one easy enough you know when you write
+decaf parsers you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaf parsers you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaf parsers you're going to have
+parries for much bigger syntactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parries for much bigger syntactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parries for much bigger syntactic
+structures you're going to have a Parry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you're going to have a Parry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures you're going to have a Parry
+for you know a Parry for a program for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know a Parry for a program for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know a Parry for a program for
+blocks for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for if
+statements all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements all the way down to
+expressions and terms and so on so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and terms and so on so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions and terms and so on so this
+is maybe what your parries will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe what your parries will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe what your parries will look
+like at the Loop lowest level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the Loop lowest level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the Loop lowest level of
+grity um I have a friend who took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grity um I have a friend who took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grity um I have a friend who took this
+class uh 2 years back and he decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh 2 years back and he decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh 2 years back and he decided
+that he'd print out a par tree of his of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'd print out a par tree of his of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he'd print out a par tree of his of
+like an entire big program I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an entire big program I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an entire big program I think it
+took up the entire wall so if anyone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up the entire wall so if anyone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took up the entire wall so if anyone of
+you is looking for wallpaper ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is looking for wallpaper ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is looking for wallpaper ideas for
+the room then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so just like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so just like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so just like we have
+uh just like we use JX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to generate scanners we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate scanners we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate scanners we're going to use
+cup to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup to generate
+parsers um cop takes a parser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsers um cop takes a parser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsers um cop takes a parser
+specification as input and gives you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification as input and gives you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification as input and gives you two
+files parser do Java and sim. Java um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files parser do Java and sim. Java um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files parser do Java and sim. Java um
+these perform distinct functions do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perform distinct functions do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these perform distinct functions do you
+remember we used sim. if and sim. ID in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we used sim. if and sim. ID in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we used sim. if and sim. ID in
+the lexer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lexer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lexer uh
+example the those symbols those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the those symbols those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the those symbols those
+uh those static definitions of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those static definitions of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those static definitions of of
+variables were made by cop so sim. Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were made by cop so sim. Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were made by cop so sim. Java
+will will contain all the tokens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will contain all the tokens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will contain all the tokens for
+your language um now from cop's point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your language um now from cop's point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your language um now from cop's point of
+view your tokens are not are terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view your tokens are not are terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view your tokens are not are terminals
+What terminals means what a terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What terminals means what a terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What terminals means what a terminal
+mean means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean means is
+a chunk of syntax that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of syntax that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chunk of syntax that you can't
+decompose any further you know as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose any further you know as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose any further you know as far as
+cup is concerned that's one block block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup is concerned that's one block block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup is concerned that's one block block
+or one token so tokens become non become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one token so tokens become non become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one token so tokens become non become
+Terminals and more complex structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminals and more complex structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminals and more complex structures
+that you make out of tokens are non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make out of tokens are non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make out of tokens are non-
+terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+example um this noun phrase consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um this noun phrase consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um this noun phrase consists
+of a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a an
+article and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noun and in this case the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun and in this case the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noun and in this case the and
+Cat would be would be tokens or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cat would be would be tokens or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cat would be would be tokens or
+terminals while everything else above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals while everything else above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals while everything else above
+that you know the Articles noun phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the Articles noun phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the Articles noun phrases
+subjects Etc would be non-terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects Etc would be non-terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects Etc would be non-terminals
+they're non so if you're wondering why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're non so if you're wondering why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're non so if you're wondering why
+we call them terminals or non-terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them terminals or non-terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them terminals or non-terminals
+it's because when once you've parsed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when once you've parsed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when once you've parsed a
+terminal you can stop parsing at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal you can stop parsing at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal you can stop parsing at that
+point you don't have to think any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you don't have to think any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you don't have to think any
+further but if you decide at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further but if you decide at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further but if you decide at some point
+that oh look I have a subject to parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh look I have a subject to parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh look I have a subject to parse
+then you have a a lot more work to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a a lot more work to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a a lot more work to do
+with that you know you have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you know you have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that you know you have to decide
+what's sitting inside the subject you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sitting inside the subject you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sitting inside the subject you is
+there an NP in the beginning is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an NP in the beginning is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an NP in the beginning is there
+something else what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else what's going on so
+criminal versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-criminal the cup syntax shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-criminal the cup syntax shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-criminal the cup syntax shouldn't be
+uh very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very hard to
+understand we're saying that we declare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we're saying that we declare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we're saying that we declare
+our Terminals and non-terminals uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Terminals and non-terminals uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Terminals and non-terminals uh by
+convention terminals are capitalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention terminals are capitalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention terminals are capitalized
+non-terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-terminals
+aren't and when I say start with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't and when I say start with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't and when I say start with what I
+mean is you can parse the entire chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is you can parse the entire chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is you can parse the entire chunk
+of text that I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of text that I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of text that I'm going to give
+you into a non-terminal with name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assign um the reason the reason that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign um the reason the reason that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign um the reason the reason that's
+important is that a parser has state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that a parser has state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that a parser has state
+that tells it what to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells it what to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells it what to try to
+parse and this is what gives it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse and this is what gives it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse and this is what gives it that
+state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning there have got to be questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there have got to be questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning there have got to be questions
+at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point
+I'm not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good anyone okay so I am that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good anyone okay so I am that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good anyone okay so I am that good
+awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Can someone tell me what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Can someone tell me what's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Can someone tell me what's wrong with
+this I've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake no that's right go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake no that's right go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake no that's right go
+on oh you did that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I I I I made a mistake on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I I made a mistake on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I I I made a mistake on the slide
+this slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide is
+is yeah yeah you know this slide kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah yeah you know this slide kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah yeah you know this slide kind of
+implicitly assumes that plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assumes that plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly assumes that plus is
+commutative and we're just parsing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative and we're just parsing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutative and we're just parsing we
+don't know anything about what plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about what plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about what plus
+means so you're right I shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so you're right I shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so you're right I shouldn't have
+the the one on the right side I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one on the right side I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one on the right side I should
+have the one on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one on the left
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+um okay so if you can fix that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so if you can fix that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so if you can fix that in your
+minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the question Still Remains should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question Still Remains should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question Still Remains should I
+parse this as you know plus of or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse this as you know plus of or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse this as you know plus of or the
+sum of the sum of two and three and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the sum of two and three and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the sum of two and three and one
+or the sum of the sum of 1 and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sum of the sum of 1 and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the sum of the sum of 1 and two and
+three now we know from math that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now we know from math that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three now we know from math that it
+doesn't matter for plus but if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter for plus but if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter for plus but if I had
+times in one of those places then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in one of those places then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in one of those places then it
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right no yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no yeah
+hm right so if I had times it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm right so if I had times it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm right so if I had times it would
+matter if I had a NE a minus sign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if I had a NE a minus sign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if I had a NE a minus sign it
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+matter I mean if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I mean if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter I mean if I
+have 3 - 2 - 1 then it's conventional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 - 2 - 1 then it's conventional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 - 2 - 1 then it's conventional to
+treat this as 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this as 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat this as 3
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 -
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+right so we say that minus Associates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we say that minus Associates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we say that minus Associates in
+a certain way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so the way the way we resolve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the way the way we resolve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so the way the way we resolve these
+problems or one way to resolve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or one way to resolve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or one way to resolve these
+problems is to sit down and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is to sit down and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems is to sit down and make
+separate Productions to to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Productions to to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Productions to to say well
+we're going to have one level of grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have one level of grammar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have one level of grammar
+for plus and another level for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for plus and another level for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for plus and another level for
+times so on down to the bottom I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so on down to the bottom I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so on down to the bottom I could
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+that a minus expression consists of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minus expression consists of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minus expression consists of a
+number followed by a minus you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number followed by a minus you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number followed by a minus you know I I
+could I could really go drill very deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could really go drill very deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could really go drill very deep
+down into the grammar and try to fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the grammar and try to fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the grammar and try to fix it
+little bit by little bit another way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by little bit another way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by little bit another way you
+can do it that uh cup lets you get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it that uh cup lets you get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it that uh cup lets you get away
+with is to say you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is to say you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is to say you know it
+Associates minus Associates to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associates minus Associates to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associates minus Associates to the left
+or times binds tighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or times binds tighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or times binds tighter than
+plus you can use these things to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you can use these things to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you can use these things to get
+around having to write very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around having to write very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around having to write very complicated
+grammars the flip side is when things go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars the flip side is when things go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammars the flip side is when things go
+wrong you'll get very puzzling error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you'll get very puzzling error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you'll get very puzzling error
+messages you know you have conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages you know you have conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages you know you have conflicts
+between things that you didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things that you didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things that you didn't write
+because it's making up grammar rules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's making up grammar rules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's making up grammar rules to
+to to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make up
+for your ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your ambiguous
+grammar did I make it clear what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar did I make it clear what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar did I make it clear what an
+ambiguous grammar is I I I haven't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous grammar is I I I haven't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous grammar is I I I haven't used
+the word before but does it does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word before but does it does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word before but does it does it make
+sense why I'm calling this grammar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ambiguous were you saying something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hm can you write out the rule for plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm can you write out the rule for plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hm can you write out the rule for plus
+that would produce either one or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would produce either one or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would produce either one or the
+other trees well my point was that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trees well my point was that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other trees well my point was that if we
+just have this rule it could be one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this rule it could be one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have this rule it could be one or
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other I mean we haven't told the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I mean we haven't told the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I mean we haven't told the
+compiler which one to use we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler which one to use we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler which one to use we haven't
+told cup which one to which one to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told cup which one to which one to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told cup which one to which one to use
+and in fact it's going to complain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it's going to complain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact it's going to complain and
+say I don't know which one to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know which one to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I don't know which one to use
+there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a
+conflict did that answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict did that answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict did that answer your
+question I could sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I could sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I could sorry
+oh oh um some people have those big you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh um some people have those big you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh um some people have those big you
+see those big things of what operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those big things of what operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those big things of what operators
+take each each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each each one of
+different right so you can do that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right so you can do that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right so you can do that or
+you what you can also do is you can um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you can also do is you can um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you can also do is you can um
+you can write it pretending that it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write it pretending that it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write it pretending that it'll
+take care of itself and then in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of itself and then in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of itself and then in the end
+say and in the end say that this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and in the end say that this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and in the end say that this has
+greater precedence so I I I can I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater precedence so I I I can I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater precedence so I I I can I can
+work through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through an
+example for the plus and times case to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the plus and times case to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for the plus and times case to
+see how we can resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this suppose I want a um I I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I want a um I I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I want a um I I want a
+parse expressions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so we have plus times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have plus times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have plus times and
+parenthesis has how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis has how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis has how many people have
+seen this before like how to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before like how to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before like how to how to
+parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse
+these anyone so so you you've seen them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anyone so so you you've seen them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anyone so so you you've seen them
+before good so this is actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before good so this is actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before good so this is actually going to
+be useful to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent the idea behind parsing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent the idea behind parsing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent the idea behind parsing this
+is you want to you want pen to bind very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to you want pen to bind very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to you want pen to bind very
+tightly you want Star to bind less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly you want Star to bind less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly you want Star to bind less
+tightly than pen and plus to bind least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly than pen and plus to bind least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly than pen and plus to bind least
+tightly so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly so what we're going to do is
+we're going to we're going to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to have three
+non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-
+terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor and expression is just the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and expression is just the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and expression is just the whole
+thing a term is something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a term is something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a term is something that you can
+add you know so one is a term 2 * 3 + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you know so one is a term 2 * 3 + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add you know so one is a term 2 * 3 + 4
+is a term three is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term three is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term three is a
+term that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that make sense
+and a factor is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a factor is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a factor is something that you
+multiply so two is also a factor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so two is also a factor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so two is also a factor this
+parenthesized parenthesized expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesized parenthesized expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesized parenthesized expression
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor so I'd like people to suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so I'd like people to suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so I'd like people to suggest
+uh Productions what should I what rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Productions what should I what rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Productions what should I what rules
+should I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I I'll start you off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um just a number you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you if you don't if you aren't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you don't if you aren't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you don't if you aren't uh
+sure what syntax to use just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what syntax to use just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what syntax to use just say
+something and I'll try to try to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I'll try to try to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I'll try to try to write
+it the correct way so don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that terms or numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terms or numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that terms or numbers
+to so the way I was hoping to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the way I was hoping to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so the way I was hoping to take that
+that into account was to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account was to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account was to say that
+factors are terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are terms
+two should I addite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two should I addite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two should I addite that
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and in a similar vein expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are terms to right you could have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terms to right you could have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are terms to right you could have just a
+term by itself that would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression more
+ideas so how how would you like to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so how how would you like to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas so how how would you like to take
+care of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of things
+like one term followed by a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one term followed by a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one term followed by a plus
+followed by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by other
+stuff how should we represent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone else i' I'd like people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer let's glance back at what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer let's glance back at what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer let's glance back at what was
+happening here what we said here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here what we said here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here what we said here was
+really simple we said an expression can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple we said an expression can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple we said an expression can
+be an expression followed by a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an expression followed by a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an expression followed by a plus
+followed by another expression and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another expression and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by another expression and the
+reason there was ambiguity there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason there was ambiguity there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason there was ambiguity there was
+that the expression on the left I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expression on the left I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expression on the left I mean
+the plus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plus here
+could have boun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the question was is it this plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question was is it this plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question was is it this plus
+we're talking about or is it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about or is it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about or is it this
+one right it could have been either and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it could have been either and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right it could have been either and
+we didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't say
+which I'd like someone to propose a fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'd like someone to propose a fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'd like someone to propose a fix
+that doesn't have this problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so that's a good idea let's let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's a good idea let's let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so that's a good idea let's let's see
+what happens then um the way I intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then um the way I intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens then um the way I intended
+it was for expression to be term I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for expression to be term I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was for expression to be term I mean
+factors are things you multiply terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are things you multiply terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are things you multiply terms of
+things you add so I think maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you add so I think maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you add so I think maybe you
+meant expression is term plus term oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant expression is term plus term oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant expression is term plus term oh
+yeah it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so that's a good start but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's a good start but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's a good start but there's
+something wrong with it someone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with it someone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with it someone want to
+tell me what what went wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I mean how do I par something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean how do I par something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I mean how do I par something like
+1 + 2 + 3 so it's going to start off say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + 3 so it's going to start off say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + 3 so it's going to start off say
+one is a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a term
+there's a plus expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus expression
+excellent thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so now you've seen the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so now you've seen the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so now you've seen the expression
+version what's the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+version or or you know what should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or or you know what should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version or or you know what should I
+write down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term it's just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+someone term equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone term equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone term equals
+Factor uh Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor uh Factor
+times so if it was if it were Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so if it was if it were Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so if it was if it were Factor
+time expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time expression
+then think about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think about what happens
+here Factor times term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does everyone see what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone see what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone see what's going on
+here raise your hand if you don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here raise your hand if you don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here raise your hand if you don't I
+think I think I mix up with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think I mix up with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think I mix up with what you
+were saying term is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying term is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying term is something that
+is that is added terms I'm sorry Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is added terms I'm sorry Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that is added terms I'm sorry Factor
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+okay factors factors what you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay factors factors what you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay factors factors what you multiply
+terms what you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this might not be aable anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might not be aable anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might not be aable anymore
+any um so that's expression and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um so that's expression and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um so that's expression and that's
+term how are we dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parenthesis someone else come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a hint it's a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a hint it's a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a hint it's a factor
+production we already know that numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we already know that numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production we already know that numbers
+by themselves are factors what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by themselves are factors what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by themselves are factors what other
+kind of factory can you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me ask you another question then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask you another question then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask you another question then
+what sort of thing do you expect to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thing do you expect to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thing do you expect to find
+inside inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside inside the
+parenthesis can you can you give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis can you can you give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis can you can you give me a
+non-terminal that captures what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-terminal that captures what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-terminal that captures what's going
+to be inside the parenthesis expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be inside the parenthesis expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be inside the parenthesis expression
+it's an expression perfect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an expression perfect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an expression perfect so
+it's l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pern expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raise your hand if you if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand if you if you don't know
+what's going on and I'm not making any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and I'm not making any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on and I'm not making any
+sense at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+can so these are all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so these are all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so these are all the things that
+this is a an exhaustive list of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a an exhaustive list of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a an exhaustive list of what
+factors can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors can
+be it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's not
+the right side repes excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me uh there's no well the way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh there's no well the way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me uh there's no well the way I've
+presented it so far there's no order but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented it so far there's no order but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented it so far there's no order but
+you can tell cup that things that appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell cup that things that appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell cup that things that appear
+higher or lower have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precedence this grammar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence this grammar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedence this grammar is
+unambiguous I mean if I give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous I mean if I give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unambiguous I mean if I give you any
+expression of this form then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this form then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this form then there's
+always exactly one choice to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I haven't proven this um I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't proven this um I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I haven't proven this um I'm not going
+to prove this but does do people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this but does do people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove this but does do people see
+intuitively why this should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case let's try let's try parsing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's try let's try parsing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case let's try let's try parsing this
+right so I start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I start off
+here um and I see a one I want a parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and I see a one I want a parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and I see a one I want a parse
+an expression so that that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression so that that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression so that that's what I
+meant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant by
+the start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start with
+nonterminal I'm starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonterminal I'm starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonterminal I'm starting with the
+intention of parsing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention of parsing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention of parsing an
+expression now if if I want to parse an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now if if I want to parse an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now if if I want to parse an
+expression and I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and I see a
+one then an expression could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then an expression could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then an expression could
+be a term by itself or a term plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a term by itself or a term plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a term by itself or a term plus
+expression this tells me that in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this tells me that in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression this tells me that in either
+case I want to start parsing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I want to start parsing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I want to start parsing a
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+right I mean if I if I have if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if I if I have if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean if I if I have if I if I
+have any hope if I want to have any hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any hope if I want to have any hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any hope if I want to have any hope
+of finishing by parsing an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finishing by parsing an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finishing by parsing an expression
+I'd better parse a term now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd better parse a term now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd better parse a term now
+okay so now I want to par a term I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to par a term I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to par a term I see a
+one I look at the rules I could parse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I look at the rules I could parse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I look at the rules I could parse a
+factor or I could parse a factor okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor or I could parse a factor okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor or I could parse a factor okay
+parse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse a
+factor and the factor rules say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and the factor rules say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and the factor rules say you
+either want a number or you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either want a number or you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either want a number or you want
+something that starts with an L per n do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that starts with an L per n do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that starts with an L per n do
+we see an L per n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here no so there's a number and and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no so there's a number and and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no so there's a number and and we
+can parse this out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can parse this out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can parse this out to be
+a factor which is then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor which is then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor which is then a
+term and we are back at the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we are back at the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and we are back at the expression
+Rule and now we see a plus sign so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and now we see a plus sign so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rule and now we see a plus sign so we
+use this rule instead of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this rule instead of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this rule instead of the other
+possibility and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility and so
+on make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+now the important thing to realize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing to realize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the important thing to realize is
+you know just because of the Precedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just because of the Precedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just because of the Precedence
+levels of plus times and Par and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of plus times and Par and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of plus times and Par and we had
+to write six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write six
+rules it would be nice if we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules it would be nice if we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules it would be nice if we could just
+say expressions are expressions plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say expressions are expressions plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say expressions are expressions plus
+expressions or Expressions times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions or Expressions times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions or Expressions times
+expressions or parenthe parenthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions or parenthe parenthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions or parenthe parenthesized
+Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expressions
+um everyone here's used scheme right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everyone here's used scheme right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everyone here's used scheme right
+there's no precedence life is easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no precedence life is easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no precedence life is easy you
+can say plus times grouping and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say plus times grouping and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say plus times grouping and you're
+done nothing further to think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done nothing further to think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done nothing further to think about you
+can you can in fact get away with doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can in fact get away with doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can in fact get away with doing
+that with just saying that much if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with just saying that much if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with just saying that much if
+you're willing to use precedence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to use precedence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to use precedence
+directives um that tell U that tell cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives um that tell U that tell cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives um that tell U that tell cup
+that things bind to the right or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things bind to the right or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things bind to the right or that
+things bind more tightly than other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bind more tightly than other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things bind more tightly than other
+things so that that's all for par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that that's all for par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that that's all for par
+generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation and
+ambiguity I'm still kind of confused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity I'm still kind of confused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity I'm still kind of confused on
+your example would I do the addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your example would I do the addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your example would I do the addition
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+then I'm not sure how the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm not sure how the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm not sure how the multiplication
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's um are we talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um are we talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um are we talking about this
+example or this one that one this one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or this one that one this one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or this one that one this one no
+no no the one the right this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the one the right this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no the one the right this one you
+just went over right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went over right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went over right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so all right what do you think is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right what do you think is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right what do you think is going
+to go wrong or do or is it just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go wrong or do or is it just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go wrong or do or is it just not
+clear what's going to happen I I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's going to happen I I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what's going to happen I I guess
+I it's it's looking for an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's it's looking for an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I it's it's looking for an expression
+right so it starts out looking for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it starts out looking for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it starts out looking for an
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it it needs to either get a term or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it needs to either get a term or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it needs to either get a term or a
+term plus expression right so it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus expression right so it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus expression right so it needs
+to start by getting a term and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start by getting a term and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start by getting a term and then once
+it's once it's finished the term it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's once it's finished the term it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's once it's finished the term it can
+look for what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for what to do
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+right I mean there there are two rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there there are two rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there there are two rules
+for expression either this one or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expression either this one or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expression either this one or this
+one both of them have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one both of them have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one both of them have this
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+prefix and then at the end of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix and then at the end of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix and then at the end of it
+you can either decide oh this is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either decide oh this is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either decide oh this is the end
+or you can decide there's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can decide there's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can decide there's a plus
+trailing I can go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing I can go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailing I can go with
+this that Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that Mak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that Mak
+sense so in this case you parse one out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so in this case you parse one out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so in this case you parse one out
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+term you see the plus and so because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you see the plus and so because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you see the plus and so because you
+want to be as DD as possible I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be as DD as possible I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be as DD as possible I haven't
+mentioned this this has been kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this this has been kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this this has been kind of
+implicit in what I've been saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in what I've been saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in what I've been saying the
+parsel tries to be greedy you if it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsel tries to be greedy you if it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsel tries to be greedy you if it sees
+a plus it tries to match the plus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus it tries to match the plus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus it tries to match the plus it
+doesn't say oh you know what I've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say oh you know what I've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say oh you know what I've seen
+the one I have an expression I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I have an expression I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I have an expression I'm done
+there's a plus left so it grabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus left so it grabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus left so it grabs
+that yeah so it grabs the plus and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so it grabs the plus and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah so it grabs the plus and then
+says oh now I want to parse another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh now I want to parse another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says oh now I want to parse another
+expression okay so parse is in recurs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so parse is in recurs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression okay so parse is in recurs so
+it does that first right so 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that first right so 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that first right so 1 plus
+expression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which
+is term which is which starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is term which is which starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is term which is which starts with
+Factor there's a times so let's par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor there's a times so let's par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor there's a times so let's par
+another factor which is L Pern so parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor which is L Pern so parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another factor which is L Pern so parse
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on am I making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on am I making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on am I making
+sense Have I Lost 50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Have I Lost 50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense Have I Lost 50%
+yet okay you know there's this measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay you know there's this measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay you know there's this measure
+with drugs um my friends at companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drugs um my friends at companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drugs um my friends at companies
+like dupon tell me that you give them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dupon tell me that you give them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dupon tell me that you give them to
+rats and then once 50% die like that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats and then once 50% die like that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rats and then once 50% die like that's a
+measure of how lethal the drug is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how lethal the drug is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of how lethal the drug is and
+then you make Cosmetics out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make Cosmetics out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you make Cosmetics out of it and
+give and give them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and give them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give and give them to
+people it's pretty fun I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it's pretty fun I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it's pretty fun I'm
+told all right so errors we all love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told all right so errors we all love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told all right so errors we all love
+errors right you will learn to love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors right you will learn to love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors right you will learn to love
+errors because um when I wrot my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors because um when I wrot my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors because um when I wrot my first
+compiler the error message there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler the error message there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler the error message there was one
+error message and and it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error message and and it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error message and and it said
+error this is really nice you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this is really nice you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error this is really nice you know you
+know that there's an error it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's an error it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's an error it's good
+but if you have a 500 line program and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a 500 line program and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a 500 line program and
+no clue what what what exactly went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clue what what what exactly went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no clue what what what exactly went
+wrong or in what phase it's not helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or in what phase it's not helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong or in what phase it's not helpful
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we have several goals with errors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have several goals with errors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have several goals with errors we
+want to report lots of Errors when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to report lots of Errors when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to report lots of Errors when you
+have when you run Java typically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you run Java typically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you run Java typically it
+reports 100 errors and then stops have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports 100 errors and then stops have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports 100 errors and then stops have
+people seen this you know you write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seen this you know you write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people seen this you know you write a
+huge program for 170 you're confident it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge program for 170 you're confident it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge program for 170 you're confident it
+works you missed out one semicolon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you missed out one semicolon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you missed out one semicolon and
+then it gets confused and gives you 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets confused and gives you 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gets confused and gives you 100
+errors it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors it's a lot of
+fun the other thing is you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun the other thing is you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun the other thing is you want to be
+accurate a lot of old C compilers report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate a lot of old C compilers report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate a lot of old C compilers report
+a missing semicolon on the next line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a missing semicolon on the next line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a missing semicolon on the next line
+have people seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people seen
+this you know because it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know because it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know because it doesn't really
+care about white space and the point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about white space and the point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about white space and the point at
+which the compiler gets confused is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the compiler gets confused is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the compiler gets confused is when
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+sees the next token without a semicolon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the next token without a semicolon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the next token without a semicolon
+which is at the next line so it reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at the next line so it reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at the next line so it reports
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+error um and you want to have a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um and you want to have a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um and you want to have a specific
+message you know if there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you know if there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you know if there's a problem
+with a variable type you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a variable type you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a variable type you don't want to
+say syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say syntax
+error I I think qbasic used to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I I think qbasic used to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I I think qbasic used to do this
+syntax error for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything then again this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything then again this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything then again this is just a
+class you're not making an industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're not making an industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you're not making an industrial
+strength compiler no one's we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength compiler no one's we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength compiler no one's we don't
+really care what your errors look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what your errors look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care what your errors look like
+but you will when you're spending late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will when you're spending late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will when you're spending late
+nights in November not that you will I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights in November not that you will I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nights in November not that you will I'm
+sure everyone will finish this by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everyone will finish this by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everyone will finish this by by
+7:30 in the evening but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:30 in the evening but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:30 in the evening but if you're
+spending late nights then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending late nights then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending late nights then it's
+nice to have good errors so the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have good errors so the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to have good errors so the way the
+way to do this is um I I was showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this is um I I was showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this is um I I was showing you
+some partial Ru some Lexus rules here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partial Ru some Lexus rules here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some partial Ru some Lexus rules here
+the Lexus rules in this case just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lexus rules in this case just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lexus rules in this case just
+said you know there's a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know there's a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you know there's a symbol
+if and or there there's there's an ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and or there there's there's an ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and or there there's there's an ID
+symbol here's the contents and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here's the contents and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here's the contents and that's it
+you also want to remember where you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to remember where you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also want to remember where you saw
+it so which line which column it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so which line which column it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so which line which column it's going
+to be useful later when you find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be useful later when you find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be useful later when you find an
+error maybe way down later when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error maybe way down later when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error maybe way down later when you're
+checking types and you find someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking types and you find someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking types and you find someone's
+doing string plus you know integer plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing string plus you know integer plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing string plus you know integer plus
+Boolean and you don't know what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean and you don't know what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean and you don't know what to do
+with that at that point you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that at that point you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that at that point you want to know
+where in the code that happened you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the code that happened you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where in the code that happened you
+don't want to say oh well you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say oh well you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say oh well you know it
+was somewhere in the syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somewhere in the syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somewhere in the syntax
+tree that's not useful to whoever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's not useful to whoever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that's not useful to whoever is
+debugging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debugging the
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so remember to save line number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember to save line number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember to save line number
+information and in the parser um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and in the parser um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and in the parser um I think
+we'll have more to say about this as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have more to say about this as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have more to say about this as we
+get to the parser sort of in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the parser sort of in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the parser sort of in detail
+but if you if you can't par something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you if you can't par something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you if you can't par something
+imagine for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for a moment
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was imagine that you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was imagine that you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was imagine that you were trying to
+parse this so you would start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse this so you would start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse this so you would start out
+wanting to parse an expression one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to parse an expression one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to parse an expression one plus
+every things things are going well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every things things are going well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every things things are going well so
+far you want a person expression now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you want a person expression now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you want a person expression now
+deep inside the recursion you discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep inside the recursion you discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep inside the recursion you discover
+oh wait it's not an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait it's not an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait it's not an expression
+right you see this s Str thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see this s Str thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you see this s Str thing which
+doesn't match any of your rules now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match any of your rules now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't match any of your rules now one
+thing you could do is you could bail out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is you could bail out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is you could bail out
+you you could just say well I'm confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could just say well I'm confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you could just say well I'm confused
+now I don't know what to do there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know what to do there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't know what to do there's a
+thing I don't know how to deal with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't know how to deal with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I don't know how to deal with so
+I'll just exit and Report one error very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just exit and Report one error very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just exit and Report one error very
+precisely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leave this has been done and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this has been done and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this has been done and it's
+sometimes useful like if it makes your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes useful like if it makes your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes useful like if it makes your
+compiler a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiler a lot less
+complex and it gives you quick turn turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it gives you quick turn turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it gives you quick turn turn
+around times because you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around times because you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around times because you know you have
+less if you just say I will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if you just say I will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less if you just say I will not get
+confused I will just stop whenever I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused I will just stop whenever I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused I will just stop whenever I see
+my first error you can get quick turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first error you can get quick turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first error you can get quick turn on
+time another approach might be to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another approach might be to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time another approach might be to say
+well now I'm seeing something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I'm seeing something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I'm seeing something that I
+don't know how to deal with that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to deal with that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to deal with that's fine
+I'll take it in my stride I'll make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take it in my stride I'll make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take it in my stride I'll make this
+into an an error token and keep parsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an an error token and keep parsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an an error token and keep parsing
+till I till I can find something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till I till I can find something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till I till I can find something that I
+can deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deal
+with so maybe there's a sem there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so maybe there's a sem there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so maybe there's a sem there's a
+semicolon at the end of this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon at the end of this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon at the end of this and then
+there's more stuff that you could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more stuff that you could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more stuff that you could make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+of report an error for the S Str and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of report an error for the S Str and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of report an error for the S Str and
+then keep going we'll talk about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then keep going we'll talk about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then keep going we'll talk about how you
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now for the actual you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now for the actual you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now for the actual you know what
+you have to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to type
+in I highly recommend that you use ant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I highly recommend that you use ant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I highly recommend that you use ant
+or or make or something like that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or make or something like that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or make or something like that has
+everyone taken 170 here 170 or like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone taken 170 here 170 or like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone taken 170 here 170 or like a
+software engineering class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineering class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineering class
+good really please you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good really please you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good really please you're going to be
+generating files in multiple like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating files in multiple like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating files in multiple like you're
+going to be compiling in multiple levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be compiling in multiple levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be compiling in multiple levels
+because you have to have one phase where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to have one phase where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to have one phase where
+you where you update the lexer and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you update the lexer and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where you update the lexer and then
+you make something out of it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make something out of it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make something out of it and then
+that goes into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into your
+classes if you do this by hand you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes if you do this by hand you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes if you do this by hand you will
+be in a world of pain please don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a world of pain please don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a world of pain please don't do
+it um here's how here's a sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um here's how here's a sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um here's how here's a sample and
+Target to do what you want to do again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target to do what you want to do again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target to do what you want to do again
+this is there this is included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there this is included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is there this is included in the
+sample code that I've uh that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample code that I've uh that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample code that I've uh that I was
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+earlier here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier here's the
+parser little bit got cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser little bit got cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser little bit got cut
+off same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea and that's my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions is this available on yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is this available on yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is this available on yes it
+will be soon uh there's a slightly older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be soon uh there's a slightly older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be soon uh there's a slightly older
+version like 2 hours older that is up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version like 2 hours older that is up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version like 2 hours older that is up on
+the site but but I made some changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site but but I made some changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site but but I made some changes
+since then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then you have a
+question so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'm going
+to go to a terminal window and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a terminal window and show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to a terminal window and show you
+how I did this or or show you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I did this or or show you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I did this or or show you actually
+running this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+minimal lexer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parser can everyone read the text in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser can everyone read the text in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser can everyone read the text in the
+terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+windows in back okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows in back okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows in back okay good
+so here we are I'm I'm going I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are I'm I'm going I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are I'm I'm going I have a
+copy of this in my own directory I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of this in my own directory I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of this in my own directory I don't
+want to edit stuff here so here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's probably a little hard to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a little hard to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a little hard to read
+Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah I just realized thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+so I've put all the targets into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've put all the targets into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've put all the targets into one
+antb buil file a bunch of properties set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antb buil file a bunch of properties set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antb buil file a bunch of properties set
+up here that maybe you can reuse to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that maybe you can reuse to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that maybe you can reuse to keep
+your directory straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh here's what we were using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's what we were using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here's what we were using for
+Cup this is this is the grammar I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cup this is this is the grammar I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cup this is this is the grammar I just
+showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed
+you can people see that it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grammar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar okay
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they decided to
+call yeah so so that they want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call yeah so so that they want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call yeah so so that they want to start
+with X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prist notice that what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prist notice that what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prist notice that what's going on here
+is they're associating the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're associating the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're associating the other way
+where I had left associative Expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I had left associative Expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I had left associative Expressions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+parse you know pars a factor or or pars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse you know pars a factor or or pars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse you know pars a factor or or pars
+a term pars a plus and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term pars a plus and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term pars a plus and then another
+expression what they have is pars an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what they have is pars an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression what they have is pars an
+Expression A Plus and another term it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expression A Plus and another term it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expression A Plus and another term it's
+recursing on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing on the right
+side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side which
+is practically the same thing in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is practically the same thing in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is practically the same thing in for
+plus not for minus for minus they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus not for minus for minus they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus not for minus for minus they're
+right I'm wrong do people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm wrong do people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm wrong do people see
+why so imagine doing the same thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so imagine doing the same thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so imagine doing the same thing for
+minus what goes wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's uh here's one part two for minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which of those trees are we going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those trees are we going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of those trees are we going to get
+if we use a grammar similar to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one how many people think that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how many people think that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how many people think that we're
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one we're going to get one and okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to get one and okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to get one and okay so
+everyone else has no opinion or thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else has no opinion or thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else has no opinion or thinks
+it's two safe okay so the reason we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two safe okay so the reason we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two safe okay so the reason we're
+going to get one is that we start off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get one is that we start off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get one is that we start off by
+trying to parse an expression parse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to parse an expression parse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to parse an expression parse the
+three out see a minus and want to parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out see a minus and want to parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three out see a minus and want to parse
+the rest so you get this but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest so you get this but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest so you get this but this is
+wrong you want the answer of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you want the answer of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you want the answer of this thing
+you want this to evaluate to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this to evaluate to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this to evaluate to zero and
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um which is why they have right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um which is why they have right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um which is why they have right
+recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rules so that's their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do people see what's going on here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see what's going on here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do people see what's going on here you
+know really simple token so if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really simple token so if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know really simple token so if you see a
+semicolon return the symbol semi we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon return the symbol semi we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon return the symbol semi we
+defined sim. semi sim. plus and so on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined sim. semi sim. plus and so on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined sim. semi sim. plus and so on in
+the in the cup file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh a warning here the ant that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a warning here the ant that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh a warning here the ant that's
+pre-installed with Athena does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-installed with Athena does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-installed with Athena does not
+support some of the attributes I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support some of the attributes I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support some of the attributes I used
+here which is why I recommend the newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is why I recommend the newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is why I recommend the newer
+version in the 6170
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Locker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locker
+uhhuh did you take 170 yeah did they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh did you take 170 yeah did they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uhhuh did you take 170 yeah did they use
+ant in that or maybe they used Eclipse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant in that or maybe they used Eclipse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant in that or maybe they used Eclipse
+yeah just oh I'm sorry so for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just oh I'm sorry so for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just oh I'm sorry so for people who
+haven't used ant and want to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used ant and want to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used ant and want to learn how
+to use ant um you can send me mail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use ant um you can send me mail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use ant um you can send me mail and
+I'll I'll maybe set up an office hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll maybe set up an office hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll maybe set up an office hour
+session or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session or
+something you can you could use a Clips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can you could use a Clips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can you could use a Clips
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+this um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I
+haven't I haven't explicitly tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I haven't explicitly tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't I haven't explicitly tried to
+get it working but if enough people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it working but if enough people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it working but if enough people are
+interested I could I could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I could I could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I could I could do that
+too um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isn't ant pretty much the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't ant pretty much the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't ant pretty much the same as
+M it is except I find it easier to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it is except I find it easier to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it is except I find it easier to use
+if you prefer make go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it
+works did everyone does everyone see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works did everyone does everyone see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works did everyone does everyone see the
+bottom the uh the actual running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the uh the actual running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom the uh the actual running
+program so you know if I type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so you know if I type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so you know if I type in
+expression semicolon I get I I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression semicolon I get I I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression semicolon I get I I get the
+value out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excellent so we're done for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today so that's what happens if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's what happens if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that's what happens if you give
+it an error
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FXxpkucTR2E.txt b/FXxpkucTR2E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..951b3e24a8cdcab9035b5a885dd3d61dbfc76d36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FXxpkucTR2E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12802 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu I've prepared some slides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I've prepared some slides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu I've prepared some slides of
+course but I don't know please interrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I don't know please interrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but I don't know please interrupt
+at any time and ask questions okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time and ask questions okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any time and ask questions okay I
+I've sort of got a big Panorama of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of got a big Panorama of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've sort of got a big Panorama of
+things to talk about uh it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to talk about uh it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to talk about uh it's basically
+impossible to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to cover
+everything okay I mean uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay I mean uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything okay I mean uh
+basically uh I advertise this talk as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh I advertise this talk as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh I advertise this talk as an
+Outlook uh for the future and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlook uh for the future and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outlook uh for the future and of course
+that's that's too too broad so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's too too broad so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's too too broad so I've
+picked a few things which are of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a few things which are of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a few things which are of special
+interest to me and what they are are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to me and what they are are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to me and what they are are the
+pathway the possible path Pathways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the possible path Pathways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway the possible path Pathways to
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+war okay now as you know the what I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war okay now as you know the what I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war okay now as you know the what I what
+I talk about uh often is in comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about uh often is in comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about uh often is in comparison
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+comparing uh the danger to the planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing uh the danger to the planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing uh the danger to the planet
+and and of course its population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course its population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course its population of
+climate change and nuclear war okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and nuclear war okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change and nuclear war okay so
+uh climate change change is just I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh climate change change is just I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh climate change change is just I think
+the probability is pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is pretty close
+to 100% it's I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100% it's I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100% it's I don't know how to
+quantify it but it's it's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify it but it's it's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify it but it's it's fairly
+certain that uh we are we are into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain that uh we are we are into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain that uh we are we are into an
+era of of uh global warming and and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of of uh global warming and and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era of of uh global warming and and its
+consequences and this is a slow steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and this is a slow steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences and this is a slow steady
+thing in terms of probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in terms of probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in terms of probability of
+occurrence uh with all its r Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence uh with all its r Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence uh with all its r Ram
+ifications uh nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifications uh nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ifications uh nuclear
+war is uh much easier to avoid but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war is uh much easier to avoid but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war is uh much easier to avoid but if it
+happens and of course every day the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and of course every day the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and of course every day the
+probability is very low that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very low that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is very low that's what I
+call the probability structure so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the probability structure so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the probability structure so the
+probability of a nuclear war any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a nuclear war any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a nuclear war any
+specific day is low the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific day is low the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific day is low the cumulative
+probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is
+higher uh of course and if that event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh of course and if that event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher uh of course and if that event
+occurs it's c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs it's c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs it's c
+catastrophic so what happens is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic so what happens is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic so what happens is the
+destruction just starts in the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction just starts in the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction just starts in the the the
+cat the destruction of course is local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat the destruction of course is local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat the destruction of course is local
+in the place where the weapon blows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the place where the weapon blows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the place where the weapon blows up
+um the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the uh
+destruction uh it depends how many bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction uh it depends how many bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction uh it depends how many bombs
+go off and how much soot goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and how much soot goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and how much soot goes into the
+air uh but we could have uh uh Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air uh but we could have uh uh Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air uh but we could have uh uh Global
+consequences if there are enough of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences if there are enough of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences if there are enough of them
+so-called nuclear winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called nuclear winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called nuclear winter
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh having said that I just want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having said that I just want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having said that I just want to talk
+about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and
+that's this is the fear of course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is the fear of course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is the fear of course and
+that that's what keeps some of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what keeps some of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what keeps some of us
+worrying about this problem and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about this problem and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about this problem and working
+on it okay so uh basically I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it okay so uh basically I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it okay so uh basically I want to
+talk about the possible Pathways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the possible Pathways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the possible Pathways to
+nuclear war I'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war I'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear war I'll talk a little bit about
+proliferation and the non-proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation and the non-proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation and the non-proliferation
+treaty I'll say just a few words words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty I'll say just a few words words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty I'll say just a few words words
+about the possibility of nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the possibility of nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the possibility of nuclear weapons
+abolition uh uh I'll talk a wee bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolition uh uh I'll talk a wee bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolition uh uh I'll talk a wee bit
+about Obama's record and and Outlook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Obama's record and and Outlook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Obama's record and and Outlook
+okay that's that's a pretty ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agenda um there are endless debates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda um there are endless debates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda um there are endless debates
+about the utility of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the utility of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the utility of nuclear
+weapons uh some people are at least Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons uh some people are at least Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons uh some people are at least Pro
+having them not using them but having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having them not using them but having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having them not using them but having
+them because uh um of course they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because uh um of course they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because uh um of course they were
+Pro uh in in the the one case that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro uh in in the the one case that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro uh in in the the one case that they
+were used and of course we used them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used and of course we used them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were used and of course we used them on
+Hiroshima and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiroshima and
+Nagasaki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nagasaki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nagasaki
+uh one group of people says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one group of people says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one group of people says that
+actually saved lives because the war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saved lives because the war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saved lives because the war
+ended more quicker that way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended more quicker that way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended more quicker that way I think
+that's highly debated atable but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's highly debated atable but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's highly debated atable but it's a
+point of view which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view which is
+held okay uh so it it actually saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held okay uh so it it actually saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held okay uh so it it actually saved
+casualties uh and uh it prevented World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualties uh and uh it prevented World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casualties uh and uh it prevented World
+War I these are some of the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War I these are some of the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War I these are some of the arguments
+I'm not trying to give all of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to give all of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to give all of them but
+these are arguments that you can find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are arguments that you can find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are arguments that you can find in
+the literature and you can find books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and you can find books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature and you can find books
+and and this just goes back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this just goes back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this just goes back and forth
+okay and uh of course the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh of course the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh of course the the
+counterargument was that that the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterargument was that that the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterargument was that that the use of
+atomic weapons in in Japan was was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weapons in in Japan was was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic weapons in in Japan was was not
+necessary uh what was really necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary uh what was really necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary uh what was really necessary
+was to agree that the emperor could stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to agree that the emperor could stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to agree that the emperor could stay
+on and that turned out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that turned out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that turned out to be the
+key okay that people argue and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay that people argue and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key okay that people argue and certainly
+almost everyone agrees that the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone agrees that the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone agrees that the use of
+the second bomb in Nagasaki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bomb in Nagasaki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bomb in Nagasaki
+was something that should not have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that should not have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something that should not have been
+done okay I think there's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay I think there's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay I think there's much more
+agreement to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh there were books that this use was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were books that this use was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were books that this use was
+actually the first step of the Cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first step of the Cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first step of the Cold
+War okay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War okay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War okay of
+course many Japanese civilians were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course many Japanese civilians were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course many Japanese civilians were
+killed several hundred thousand and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed several hundred thousand and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed several hundred thousand and two
+cities were destroyed on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities were destroyed on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities were destroyed on the other hand
+we destroyed almost all all the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we destroyed almost all all the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we destroyed almost all all the major
+cities in Japan by Conventional Weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in Japan by Conventional Weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in Japan by Conventional Weapons
+and and of course Japan did not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course Japan did not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of course Japan did not have an
+unblemished record in Korea and China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unblemished record in Korea and China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unblemished record in Korea and China
+and so forth I'm not going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth I'm not going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth I'm not going to go into
+that but the the moral dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the the moral dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the the moral dimensions of
+World War II are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II are pretty
+horrible okay let's I'll I'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible okay let's I'll I'll stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible okay let's I'll I'll stop there
+okay uh the inhibition about killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the inhibition about killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the inhibition about killing
+civilians uh pretty much disappeared in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians uh pretty much disappeared in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilians uh pretty much disappeared in
+World War I and was just totally ignored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War I and was just totally ignored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War I and was just totally ignored
+in World War II I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in World War II I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in World War II I would
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+and in the postwar era the argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the postwar era the argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the postwar era the argument is
+that you didn't need nuclear weapons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't need nuclear weapons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't need nuclear weapons to
+prevent a war between the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent a war between the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent a war between the United States
+and the Soviet Union okay I pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Soviet Union okay I pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Soviet Union okay I pretty much
+think that's the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+myself uh so the question here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself uh so the question here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself uh so the question here are the
+questions uh there there have been no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh there there have been no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh there there have been no
+nuclear Wars uh since the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Wars uh since the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear Wars uh since the first
+two weapons were used of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weapons were used of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weapons were used of course there
+have been many explosions but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been many explosions but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been many explosions but they were
+tests okay so was that deterrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests okay so was that deterrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests okay so was that deterrence
+there's a theory about nuclear taboo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theory about nuclear taboo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a theory about nuclear taboo
+because they're morally so awful uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're morally so awful uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're morally so awful uh I'm
+a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit
+skeptical but it's a theory that's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical but it's a theory that's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical but it's a theory that's out
+there uh by an important Yale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh by an important Yale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh by an important Yale
+sociologist uh is it luck are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist uh is it luck are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologist uh is it luck are the
+reasons and so forth uh so uh many of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and so forth uh so uh many of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons and so forth uh so uh many of us
+well I'll give you some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll give you some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll give you some of my
+conclusions at the end but uh The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions at the end but uh The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions at the end but uh The
+crucial question is does the possession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial question is does the possession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial question is does the possession
+of nuclear weapons make a country more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear weapons make a country more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclear weapons make a country more
+secure you heard this in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure you heard this in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure you heard this in the case of
+Ukraine when when the Russians uh took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine when when the Russians uh took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine when when the Russians uh took
+the Crimea when they basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crimea when they basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crimea when they basically have
+their St invasion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their St invasion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their St invasion of the
+Ukraine okay which is going on as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine okay which is going on as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine okay which is going on as we
+speak um would a a Ukrainian nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak um would a a Ukrainian nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak um would a a Ukrainian nuclear
+weapon deter them and when the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon deter them and when the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon deter them and when the Soviet
+Union broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union broke
+up uh in the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh in the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh in the end of
+1991 uh there was a lot of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 uh there was a lot of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 uh there was a lot of discussion
+about what would happen to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what would happen to all the
+nuclear weapons they were mostly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons they were mostly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons they were mostly in
+Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia
+Ukraine and kazakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine and kazakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine and kazakistan
+and we managed to persuade the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we managed to persuade the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we managed to persuade the
+ukrainians they were the toughest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukrainians they were the toughest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukrainians they were the toughest and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+kazakis uh to give all those weapons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kazakis uh to give all those weapons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kazakis uh to give all those weapons to
+Russia but in fact uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia but in fact uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia but in fact uh one of the things
+and there there's a lot of history here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there there's a lot of history here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there there's a lot of history here
+uh but one of the best articles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one of the best articles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one of the best articles that
+I've read and I think it's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read and I think it's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've read and I think it's obviously
+true uh states that that in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh states that that in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh states that that in fact the
+Ukraine and kazakistan never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine and kazakistan never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ukraine and kazakistan never really
+owned those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned those
+weapons okay they were really owned by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons okay they were really owned by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons okay they were really owned by
+the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet
+Union the Ukrainian Army was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union the Ukrainian Army was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union the Ukrainian Army was not
+prepared to take them in any way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to take them in any way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared to take them in any way they
+really didn't have an army they hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't have an army they hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't have an army they hardly
+have an army now 20 years later or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an army now 20 years later or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an army now 20 years later or
+something okay so there's no realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so there's no realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something okay so there's no realistic
+way that the ukrainians had a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the ukrainians had a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the ukrainians had a nuclear
+weapon that could be used they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon that could be used they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon that could be used they had
+possession of nuclear weapons but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession of nuclear weapons but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession of nuclear weapons but not
+the actual ability to use them okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual ability to use them okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual ability to use them okay so
+uh it's a very funny thing it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a very funny thing it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a very funny thing it's a very
+special case and it's a very funny thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case and it's a very funny thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case and it's a very funny thing
+but that argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that argument is
+heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard
+um I would say more important or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would say more important or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I would say more important or at
+least as important is is theid situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as important is is theid situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as important is is theid situation
+stable this is a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this is a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable this is a key
+question okay many people doubt it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay many people doubt it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay many people doubt it that
+are good fortune and not having any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good fortune and not having any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good fortune and not having any
+nuclear exchanges since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear exchanges since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear exchanges since
+1945 is purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 is purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 is purely
+deterrence if if there isn't an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence if if there isn't an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence if if there isn't an element
+of luck or other issues involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck or other issues involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck or other issues involved and
+each specific case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each specific case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each specific case is
+different okay so it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so it's hard to
+generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize
+I mean one of the issues one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one of the issues one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one of the issues one of the
+differences between physics and arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between physics and arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between physics and arms
+control is how how the lack uh in arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is how how the lack uh in arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is how how the lack uh in arms
+control is is is the lack really of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is is is the lack really of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is is is the lack really of
+science how much you know more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science how much you know more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science how much you know more difficult
+the situation is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation is to
+evaluate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate uh
+okay and of course now uh with with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course now uh with with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and of course now uh with with uh
+relationships between the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the United States
+and Russia in fact the whole West and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Russia in fact the whole West and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Russia in fact the whole West and
+Russia at a low Point probably a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia at a low Point probably a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia at a low Point probably a few
+decade old low Point uh the future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade old low Point uh the future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade old low Point uh the future of
+Arms Control seems Bleak at this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arms Control seems Bleak at this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arms Control seems Bleak at this moment
+I have to say uh it's hard to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to say uh it's hard to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to say uh it's hard to maintain
+optimism okay and finally there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism okay and finally there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism okay and finally there's this
+perennial question about abolishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perennial question about abolishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perennial question about abolishing
+nuclear weapons which is certainly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons which is certainly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons which is certainly more
+and more remote as time goes on but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more remote as time goes on but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more remote as time goes on but I
+think as academics we should think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as academics we should think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as academics we should think about
+it because these are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because these are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because these are very important
+issues okay so we should think long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so we should think long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so we should think long
+range is what I'm saying it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is what I'm saying it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range is what I'm saying it's not going
+to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen
+quickly obviously if at all but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly obviously if at all but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly obviously if at all but is it
+desirable there are two separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable there are two separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable there are two separate
+questions is it desirable and is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is it desirable and is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is it desirable and is it
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen Okay so immediately after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the development of the atomic bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the development of the atomic bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the development of the atomic bomb
+there were intense discussions inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were intense discussions inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were intense discussions inside of
+the Manhattan Project before the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project before the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Manhattan Project before the public
+knew about it okay and uh there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it okay and uh there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about it okay and uh there was this
+famous Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Frank
+report uh and the conclusions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh and the conclusions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report uh and the conclusions of the
+Frank report are here use the bomb for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank report are here use the bomb for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank report are here use the bomb for a
+demonstration not on cities share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration not on cities share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration not on cities share the
+secret the secret not necessarily of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret the secret not necessarily of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret the secret not necessarily of the
+details of how to make it I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how to make it I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how to make it I don't think
+anyone ever proposed that what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever proposed that what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone ever proposed that what what's
+meant here is share the secret of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant here is share the secret of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant here is share the secret of its
+existance before its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existance before its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existance before its
+use that's what they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's what they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that's what they're talking about
+because the use without notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the use without notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the use without notice
+particularly without notice to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly without notice to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly without notice to to the
+Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soviet
+Union would ensure the start of a cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union would ensure the start of a cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union would ensure the start of a cold
+of a war a cold war and a nuclear arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a war a cold war and a nuclear arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a war a cold war and a nuclear arms
+race and that's exact what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and that's exact what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race and that's exact what the
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+predicted these were very sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted these were very sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted these were very sophisticated
+people Fran was a Nobel laurate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Fran was a Nobel laurate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people Fran was a Nobel laurate from
+Germany who escaped from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany who escaped from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany who escaped from
+Hitler okay and the uh there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler okay and the uh there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler okay and the uh there were many
+other things that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that happened
+um the scientists banded together they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the scientists banded together they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the scientists banded together they
+formed uh the bulletin of the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed uh the bulletin of the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed uh the bulletin of the atomic
+scientists the Federation of atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists the Federation of atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists the Federation of atomic
+scientists which still goes on although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists which still goes on although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists which still goes on although
+it's not not as strong as it was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not as strong as it was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not not as strong as it was and
+uh they developed this Ain thorw Lilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they developed this Ain thorw Lilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they developed this Ain thorw Lilian
+plan Lilian Thal plan uh in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan Lilian Thal plan uh in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan Lilian Thal plan uh in which
+Oppenheimer played a major role and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer played a major role and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer played a major role and it
+ended up as the Baro plan which was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up as the Baro plan which was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up as the Baro plan which was not
+really what was proposed and and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what was proposed and and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what was proposed and and it was
+turned down immediately by the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned down immediately by the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned down immediately by the Soviet
+Union okay for various reasons I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union okay for various reasons I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union okay for various reasons I can go
+into them but I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into them but I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into them but I won't
+uh so the era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the era
+of possible Arms Control in in 45 1945
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible Arms Control in in 45 1945
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possible Arms Control in in 45 1945
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed okay in in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed okay in in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed okay in in the beginning of
+the Cold War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cold War
+period uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period uh and
+uh what the scientists feared the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the scientists feared the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the scientists feared the most
+happened and the other thing is and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and the other thing is and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and the other thing is and you
+hear this from the people who first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this from the people who first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear this from the people who first
+developed the bom and then worked as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the bom and then worked as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed the bom and then worked as
+actively as they could against it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively as they could against it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively as they could against it and
+many of them were at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them were at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them were at
+MIT some of the names you know very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT some of the names you know very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT some of the names you know very well
+Victor viov there was Hans B from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victor viov there was Hans B from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Victor viov there was Hans B from
+Cornell and there was just a whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell and there was just a whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornell and there was just a whole group
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+people uh very prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh very prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh very prominent
+scientists um and Hans beta both Vicki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists um and Hans beta both Vicki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists um and Hans beta both Vicki
+Vice and Hans bet told me personally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vice and Hans bet told me personally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vice and Hans bet told me personally but
+they said it many times in public that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it many times in public that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it many times in public that
+when we realized in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we realized in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we realized in about
+1946 that there was no agreement was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 that there was no agreement was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 that there was no agreement was
+going to happen we asked ourselves what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen we asked ourselves what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen we asked ourselves what
+is the worst thing that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the worst thing that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the worst thing that could
+happen and they said we would build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and they said we would build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and they said we would build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons
+100 and the Russians would build 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and the Russians would build 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and the Russians would build 100
+weapons and then we would face each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and then we would face each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and then we would face each
+other down with 100 weapons that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other down with 100 weapons that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other down with 100 weapons that was the
+worst they these sophisticated bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst they these sophisticated bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst they these sophisticated bright
+men could imagine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so what did people expect first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did people expect first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did people expect first the
+atomic scientists they thought that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scientists they thought that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic scientists they thought that the
+nuclear weapon was so horrible it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapon was so horrible it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapon was so horrible it would
+change the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the behavior of
+mankind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind
+and politicians like Churchill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and politicians like Churchill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and politicians like Churchill and
+Roosevelt believed that this powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt believed that this powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roosevelt believed that this powerful
+weapon would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon would
+allow England and the United States with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow England and the United States with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow England and the United States with
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+Monopoly to to be be able to say the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly to to be be able to say the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly to to be be able to say the way
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+evolved okay so both sides were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved okay so both sides were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved okay so both sides were
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong
+typical okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical okay so
+our the influence that it had uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the influence that it had uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our the influence that it had uh has
+been reasonably small small we never got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reasonably small small we never got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been reasonably small small we never got
+the Russians to agree to almost anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russians to agree to almost anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Russians to agree to almost anything
+we wanted them to do for example they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted them to do for example they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted them to do for example they
+took over Eastern Europe we hated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over Eastern Europe we hated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took over Eastern Europe we hated that
+they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did
+it Etc you know it just goes on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Etc you know it just goes on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Etc you know it just goes on and on
+the Communists took China we hated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Communists took China we hated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Communists took China we hated
+that you know it just the list of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it just the list of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it just the list of things
+I you know I just mentioned a few major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I just mentioned a few major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know I just mentioned a few major
+ones okay so that's what I mean by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so that's what I mean by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so that's what I mean by its
+coercive influence its possession became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive influence its possession became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercive influence its possession became
+a status symbol almost right away and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a status symbol almost right away and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a status symbol almost right away and uh
+but there is some deterrence in it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is some deterrence in it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is some deterrence in it it
+isn't deterrence isn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't deterrence isn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't deterrence isn't completely
+useless deterrence and abhorrence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless deterrence and abhorrence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless deterrence and abhorrence a
+combination of the two of them I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two of them I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the two of them I think
+works to some extent so there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to some extent so there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to some extent so there's been a
+nonuse now I want you to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonuse now I want you to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonuse now I want you to look at this
+graph this is the buildup of nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is the buildup of nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph this is the buildup of nuclear
+weapons be between us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons be between us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons be between us
+and the Soviet Union and you notice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale 5,000 10,000 100 is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale 5,000 10,000 100 is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale 5,000 10,000 100 is down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the Soviet Union blew up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the Soviet Union blew up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the Soviet Union blew up their
+first bomb four years after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bomb four years after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bomb four years after we
+did okay as predicted Not only was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay as predicted Not only was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay as predicted Not only was it
+predicted that they would get the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that they would get the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted that they would get the bomb
+but that they would it would take them 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they would it would take them 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that they would it would take them 3
+to 5 years that was the number that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 years that was the number that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 years that was the number that was
+given by the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the atomic
+scientists and it was hotly disputed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and it was hotly disputed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and it was hotly disputed in
+Washington but so what and again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington but so what and again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Washington but so what and again we
+built up to astronomical numbers tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up to astronomical numbers tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up to astronomical numbers tens of
+thousands of weapons and finally we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of weapons and finally we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of weapons and finally we have
+a slow decline through nuclear arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slow decline through nuclear arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slow decline through nuclear arms
+control agreements and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control agreements and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control agreements and through
+terrifying events like the Cuban Missile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying events like the Cuban Missile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrifying events like the Cuban Missile
+Crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh the spirit of that buildup IS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the spirit of that buildup IS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the spirit of that buildup IS I
+think examplified in this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think examplified in this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think examplified in this great
+cartoon okay which you can read for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon okay which you can read for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon okay which you can read for
+yourself from the middle of the Cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself from the middle of the Cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself from the middle of the Cold
+War okay and I think this says the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War okay and I think this says the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+War okay and I think this says the story
+is that the only reason fear fear is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the only reason fear fear is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the only reason fear fear is the
+only reason fear well I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason fear well I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reason fear well I mean they
+developed all kinds of fancy strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed all kinds of fancy strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed all kinds of fancy strategies
+but at the heart of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the heart of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the heart of it was
+fear just plain fear of a devastating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear just plain fear of a devastating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear just plain fear of a devastating
+first strike and then you had to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strike and then you had to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first strike and then you had to build
+up counterforce capabilities be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up counterforce capabilities be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up counterforce capabilities be able to
+absorb the first strike and be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the first strike and be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the first strike and be able to
+destroy the enemy after the first strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the enemy after the first strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the enemy after the first strike
+uh but the astronomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the astronomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the astronomical
+number uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh was
+mad and it was called mad Mutual assured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad and it was called mad Mutual assured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad and it was called mad Mutual assured
+destruction it it was literally called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction it it was literally called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction it it was literally called
+mad uh those of us looking from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad uh those of us looking from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad uh those of us looking from the
+outside but we weren't really on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but we weren't really on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside but we weren't really on the
+outside because we would have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside because we would have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside because we would have been the
+victims thought it was mad but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims thought it was mad but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims thought it was mad but you know
+logic logic is is is in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic logic is is is in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic logic is is is in a certain sense
+Irrelevant in this situation I I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrelevant in this situation I I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irrelevant in this situation I I mean
+there's such a grip of Fear on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such a grip of Fear on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such a grip of Fear on both
+sides and it's really true I sat through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and it's really true I sat through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and it's really true I sat through
+the Cuban Missile crisis personally with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cuban Missile crisis personally with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cuban Missile crisis personally with
+a dedicated Russian communist who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dedicated Russian communist who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dedicated Russian communist who had
+actually come to work in my laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come to work in my laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come to work in my laboratory
+it was a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a very interesting
+experience he thought it was all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience he thought it was all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience he thought it was all the
+fault of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault of the United
+States most of the people thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States most of the people thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States most of the people thought it was
+the fault of of uh the uh the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault of of uh the uh the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fault of of uh the uh the Soviet
+Union most of the people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union most of the people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union most of the people here
+but I thought they were both at fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought they were both at fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I thought they were both at fault
+you know I thought not that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I thought not that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I thought not that they were
+equally nice people but that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally nice people but that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally nice people but that you know
+they were just operating from too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just operating from too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just operating from too much
+fear so they overdid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear so they overdid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear so they overdid
+it you know this business of aund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know this business of aund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know this business of aund
+weapons I often ask students in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons I often ask students in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons I often ask students in class
+how many weapons are enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many weapons are enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many weapons are enough
+and nobody knows how to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody knows how to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody knows how to answer that
+question but then I say well how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but then I say well how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but then I say well how many
+cities are you willing to give up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are you willing to give up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities are you willing to give up you
+know the case of the Russia Moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the case of the Russia Moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the case of the Russia Moscow
+Leningrad that's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leningrad that's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leningrad that's two
+cities and there's a famous exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and there's a famous exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and there's a famous exchange
+between Jerome RNA who is ex-President
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Jerome RNA who is ex-President
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Jerome RNA who is ex-President
+of MIT and also science advisor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT and also science advisor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT and also science advisor to
+Kennedy uh with gorbachov where he asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy uh with gorbachov where he asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kennedy uh with gorbachov where he asked
+him exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him exactly this
+question and and gorbachov was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and gorbachov was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and and gorbachov was just
+amazed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed so
+uh well there there you go so I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there there you go so I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well there there you go so I I think
+it's fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fear
+and distrust of course fear and distrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distrust of course fear and distrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distrust of course fear and distrust
+they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go
+together uh and that's very important I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh and that's very important I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh and that's very important I
+just want to point out that one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out that one of our
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear
+submarines uh this is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarines uh this is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarines uh this is the maximum
+loading by the way they're loaded a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading by the way they're loaded a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading by the way they're loaded a
+little less now but it doesn't matter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less now but it doesn't matter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less now but it doesn't matter I
+don't I don't change this slide uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't change this slide uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't change this slide uh but
+basically they have 10300 kiloton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have 10300 kiloton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have 10300 kiloton
+Warheads so an order of magnitude larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warheads so an order of magnitude larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warheads so an order of magnitude larger
+than the Hiroshima weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Hiroshima weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Hiroshima weapon
+or Nagasaki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Nagasaki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Nagasaki
+weapon uh and uh each submarine has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon uh and uh each submarine has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapon uh and uh each submarine has a
+maximum loading it should say of 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum loading it should say of 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum loading it should say of 96
+Warheads they're independently targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warheads they're independently targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warheads they're independently targeted
+you you can destroy 96 targets after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can destroy 96 targets after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can destroy 96 targets after
+firing it takes 10 or 15 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing it takes 10 or 15 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing it takes 10 or 15 minutes to
+reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach
+Russia okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia okay so you
+could it's kind of Staggering okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it's kind of Staggering okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it's kind of Staggering okay so
+the total explosive power is three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total explosive power is three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total explosive power is three times
+that of World War II one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of World War II one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of World War II one
+submarine it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submarine it's
+incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh this is the present Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is the present Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh this is the present Global
+inventory more or less uh you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory more or less uh you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory more or less uh you can see
+this is the number that counts these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number that counts these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number that counts these are
+the these are the Strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are the Strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these are the Strategic
+Warheads okay and you can see there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warheads okay and you can see there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warheads okay and you can see there the
+order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of
+1500 which is the new star treaty limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 which is the new star treaty limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 which is the new star treaty limit
+we're just about at that limit anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just about at that limit anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just about at that limit anyway
+and that all the other countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all the other countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all the other countries have
+typically a few hundred at the most uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a few hundred at the most uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a few hundred at the most uh
+these are all this is all guess workor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all this is all guess workor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all this is all guess workor
+as to the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to the numbers
+nobody it's well it's not known no I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody it's well it's not known no I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody it's well it's not known no I I
+think 10 for North Korea is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 10 for North Korea is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 10 for North Korea is probably
+factor of two to three high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two to three high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two to three high
+but gives it gives order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but gives it gives order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but gives it gives order of magnitude
+okay this is guesswork frankly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is guesswork frankly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is guesswork frankly because
+these are all secrets so people do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all secrets so people do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all secrets so people do the
+best they can the this is a table from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best they can the this is a table from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best they can the this is a table from
+Hans Christensen and the Federation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans Christensen and the Federation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans Christensen and the Federation of
+American scientist who keeps track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American scientist who keeps track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American scientist who keeps track of
+these things as well as he can how do he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as well as he can how do he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things as well as he can how do he
+make oh they look at the literature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make oh they look at the literature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make oh they look at the literature and
+they look at budgets and they look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at budgets and they look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at budgets and they look at
+satellite pictures and they do their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite pictures and they do their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite pictures and they do their
+best I think they have the right order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I think they have the right order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best I think they have the right order
+of magnitude but nobody claims they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude but nobody claims they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude but nobody claims they know
+the exact number I mean if you talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact number I mean if you talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact number I mean if you talk to
+Hans Christensen who's very good and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans Christensen who's very good and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hans Christensen who's very good and who
+who knows what he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows what he's
+doing uh he's very smart and competent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh he's very smart and competent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh he's very smart and competent
+he'll tell you this is educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll tell you this is educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll tell you this is educated
+guesswork okay but it's more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesswork okay but it's more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesswork okay but it's more or less
+it's enough you know I mean 90 or 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough you know I mean 90 or 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's enough you know I mean 90 or 100
+weapons it's all 100 weapons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons it's all 100 weapons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons it's all 100 weapons is
+overkill but is it usually Thee the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overkill but is it usually Thee the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overkill but is it usually Thee the
+countries want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they want it to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right except for Israel which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right except for Israel which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right except for Israel which doesn't
+want to admit it has any but they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to admit it has any but they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to admit it has any but they want
+it known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it known
+anyway so it's a complex game but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's a complex game but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so it's a complex game but for
+most of the other countries they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the other countries they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the other countries they say
+it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for
+deterence so it's better to let your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterence so it's better to let your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterence so it's better to let your
+adversary know what you've got and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary know what you've got and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary know what you've got and
+China's also very Coy about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's also very Coy about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's also very Coy about their
+numbers because they have relatively few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because they have relatively few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers because they have relatively few
+numbers and they want to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they want to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they want to keep this
+positions secret and all of that so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions secret and all of that so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions secret and all of that so they
+don't want to have and they don't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have and they don't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have and they don't keep
+their missiles on alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their missiles on alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their missiles on alert
+either China is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either China is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either China is a very
+interesting country with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting country with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting country with respect to
+nuclear weapons okay and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons okay and perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons okay and perhaps
+exceptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the pathways uh to nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the pathways uh to nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the pathways uh to nuclear
+escalation and War as as I stressed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation and War as as I stressed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalation and War as as I stressed is
+is is fear fear to me is the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is fear fear to me is the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is fear fear to me is the biggest
+Factor okay I'm sure people will argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay I'm sure people will argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor okay I'm sure people will argue
+with me or every point I'm making at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me or every point I'm making at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me or every point I'm making at
+some level is controversial by the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level is controversial by the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some level is controversial by the way I
+I don't you know I'm not trying to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't you know I'm not trying to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't you know I'm not trying to hide
+it but it's just I can't give you every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's just I can't give you every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's just I can't give you every
+new on you you know it's one hour you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new on you you know it's one hour you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new on you you know it's one hour you
+know people write books about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people write books about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people write books about each
+subject so you know you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so you know you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so you know you have to
+oversimplify it and and uh but anyway I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplify it and and uh but anyway I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplify it and and uh but anyway I
+consider the two possible Pathways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the two possible Pathways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the two possible Pathways to
+war one is an accidental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war one is an accidental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war one is an accidental
+launch between the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch between the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch between the United States and
+Russia and the other is escalation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia and the other is escalation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia and the other is escalation from
+conventional war in India and Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional war in India and Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional war in India and Pakistan
+okay now somewhat less likely is North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now somewhat less likely is North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now somewhat less likely is North
+Korea's use of a weapon but I suspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea's use of a weapon but I suspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea's use of a weapon but I suspect
+they won't because I think that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't because I think that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't because I think that they are
+constrained by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by other
+military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military
+reasons in on the Korean Peninsula so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons in on the Korean Peninsula so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons in on the Korean Peninsula so
+North Korea wants to Rattle the sword so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Korea wants to Rattle the sword so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Korea wants to Rattle the sword so
+to speak but they I think really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak but they I think really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak but they I think really wanted
+for both the T and as far as I can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the T and as far as I can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the T and as far as I can tell
+and for the survivability of the regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the survivability of the regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the survivability of the regime
+which is a whole other you know but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a whole other you know but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a whole other you know but but
+that comes into all these things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes into all these things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes into all these things that's
+why each case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why each case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why each case is
+special North Korea is a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special North Korea is a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special North Korea is a very special
+case it's a very odd government and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a very odd government and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a very odd government and and
+so forth so so uh uh okay now we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so so uh uh okay now we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so so uh uh okay now we had
+vipen Nang talked about escalation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vipen Nang talked about escalation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vipen Nang talked about escalation from
+conventional war and he talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional war and he talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional war and he talked about the
+deploy one of the things he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy one of the things he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deploy one of the things he talks about
+which I think is very sound is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is very sound is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is very sound is that this
+whole issue when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole issue when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole issue when you talk about
+deterrence it isn't just numbers there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence it isn't just numbers there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence it isn't just numbers there's
+a whole other dimension at least and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole other dimension at least and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole other dimension at least and one
+is the the the deployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the deployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the deployment
+posture okay and Pakistan has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture okay and Pakistan has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture okay and Pakistan has a very
+aggressive deployment posture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive deployment posture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive deployment posture because
+they feel inferior in Conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel inferior in Conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel inferior in Conventional
+Weapons to India and they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weapons to India and they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weapons to India and they feel
+threatened by India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened by India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened by India
+in many ways okay and they've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways okay and they've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways okay and they've already
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+partitioned uh by India when when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned uh by India when when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitioned uh by India when when when
+the country broke up into the eastern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country broke up into the eastern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the country broke up into the eastern
+western part Bangladesh and India so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western part Bangladesh and India so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western part Bangladesh and India so so
+there are there's a historic enmity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's a historic enmity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's a historic enmity
+between the two which needs to be and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two which needs to be and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two which needs to be and I
+I want to it needs to be fixed and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to it needs to be fixed and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to it needs to be fixed and I
+have to say uh personally that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say uh personally that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say uh personally that I was
+very disappointed with Obama's visit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very disappointed with Obama's visit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very disappointed with Obama's visit to
+India in many respects and I'm FOC you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India in many respects and I'm FOC you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India in many respects and I'm FOC you
+know I look at the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I look at the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I look at the nuclear
+issue and one of the lens that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and one of the lens that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and one of the lens that's one of
+my lenses and I look it isn't my soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lenses and I look it isn't my soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lenses and I look it isn't my soul
+lens but it it's it's an important Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but it it's it's an important Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens but it it's it's an important Focus
+for me and what I see is Obama talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me and what I see is Obama talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me and what I see is Obama talks
+about the climate which is excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the climate which is excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the climate which is excellent
+then he gets on this very poor polic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he gets on this very poor polic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he gets on this very poor polic
+of selling uh nuclear nuclear energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selling uh nuclear nuclear energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selling uh nuclear nuclear energy
+nuclear reactors to to India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors to to India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reactors to to India
+and not exempting India from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not exempting India from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not exempting India from the
+restrictions that used to be in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that used to be in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that used to be in place
+before Bush before the Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Bush before the Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Bush before the Bush
+Administration uh of exempting India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration uh of exempting India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration uh of exempting India
+from the restrictions we placed on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the restrictions we placed on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the restrictions we placed on them
+because they violated the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they violated the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they violated the the
+proliferation treating and tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation treating and tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation treating and tested
+weapons now of course Pakistan did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons now of course Pakistan did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons now of course Pakistan did so
+also but the point is that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but the point is that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also but the point is that we just
+aggravate the Indian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tension as far as I can tell and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension as far as I can tell and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension as far as I can tell and I just
+read the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the New York
+Times uh you know and listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times uh you know and listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times uh you know and listen to the
+BBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BBC
+uh as far as I can tell the the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as far as I can tell the the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as far as I can tell the the subject
+of treating Pakistan of of diffusing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treating Pakistan of of diffusing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of treating Pakistan of of diffusing the
+tension with Pakistan did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension with Pakistan did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension with Pakistan did not
+arise as far as I can tell at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise as far as I can tell at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise as far as I can tell at least
+there was no public mention of it and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no public mention of it and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no public mention of it and I
+was very disappointed and they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very disappointed and they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very disappointed and they're trying
+to draw Obama is also trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw Obama is also trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw Obama is also trying to
+draw uh India is more concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw uh India is more concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw uh India is more concerned with
+China then with Pakistan this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China then with Pakistan this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China then with Pakistan this is this is
+a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of
+three-way dance if you want to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way dance if you want to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way dance if you want to put it
+that way uh and so it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way uh and so it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way uh and so it's more complicated
+than a bipolar interaction it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a bipolar interaction it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a bipolar interaction it's a
+three-way game where where China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way game where where China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way game where where China
+frightens India India frightens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightens India India frightens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightens India India frightens
+Pakistan in China ends up helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan in China ends up helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan in China ends up helping
+Pakistan with nuclear issues and nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan with nuclear issues and nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan with nuclear issues and nuclear
+weapons issues they originally gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons issues they originally gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons issues they originally gave
+Pakistan the design for the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan the design for the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan the design for the bomb
+so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something
+that if India wants to solve this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if India wants to solve this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if India wants to solve this issue
+of Pakistan's aggressive deployment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pakistan's aggressive deployment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pakistan's aggressive deployment they
+either have to do it by force which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have to do it by force which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have to do it by force which
+won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work because India has been deterred or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because India has been deterred or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because India has been deterred or
+they have to do it through diplomacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do it through diplomacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to do it through diplomacy and
+it always ends up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always ends up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always ends up with this
+message okay you can use Force which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay you can use Force which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message okay you can use Force which
+won't work or you can use diplomacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work or you can use diplomacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work or you can use diplomacy
+which has a chance which is difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a chance which is difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a chance which is difficult
+but has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but has a
+chance those are the two ways to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance those are the two ways to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance those are the two ways to solve
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+problem okay so how could a war start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so how could a war start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so how could a war start by
+accident between us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident between us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident between us and
+Russia okay well basically it's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia okay well basically it's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia okay well basically it's the most
+likely path is a malfunctioning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely path is a malfunctioning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely path is a malfunctioning of the
+early warning systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's here's a chilling quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from vice president Cheney when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vice president Cheney when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vice president Cheney when he was
+vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice
+president I'll just let you read it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president I'll just let you read it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president I'll just let you read it for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute okay the famous football he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay the famous football he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute okay the famous football he's
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+okay or a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is carried around wherever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is carried around wherever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is carried around wherever the
+president of the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of the United States
+goes there's somebody a few doors down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+247 who can say Mr President we're under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+247 who can say Mr President we're under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+247 who can say Mr President we're under
+Fire here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fire here's the
+button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button
+okay now it actually isn't a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it actually isn't a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it actually isn't a physical
+button but that doesn't matter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's irrelevant it's the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's irrelevant it's the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's irrelevant it's the equivalent of
+a physical button okay it's a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+button okay so this is chilling and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button okay so this is chilling and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button okay so this is chilling and you
+ask what about the Constitution what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what about the Constitution what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what about the Constitution what
+about Consulting what about anything no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Consulting what about anything no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Consulting what about anything no
+because of the 10 minute to 30 minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the 10 minute to 30 minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the 10 minute to 30 minute
+launch time and the 10 minute warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch time and the 10 minute warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch time and the 10 minute warning
+time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have roughly a thousand missiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have roughly a thousand missiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have roughly a thousand missiles
+and so does Russia on hair trigger alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does Russia on hair trigger alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so does Russia on hair trigger alert
+they're ready to be fired at minute's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to be fired at minute's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ready to be fired at minute's
+notice the number is probably closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the number is probably closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the number is probably closer to
+900 but so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 but so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 but so what
+okay uh as I I mentioned the delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh as I I mentioned the delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh as I I mentioned the delivery
+times and decision times okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and decision times okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and decision times okay so the
+probability of an error is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an error is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an error is not
+negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible
+okay it is true this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is true this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is true this is a
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+physical emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical emotional
+system it's a human system with fear I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's a human system with fear I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it's a human system with fear I
+keep emphasizing this because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep emphasizing this because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep emphasizing this because there is
+fear of a very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear of a very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear of a very basic
+fear okay and each side what what hawks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear okay and each side what what hawks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear okay and each side what what hawks
+don't realize is that on E each side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't realize is that on E each side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't realize is that on E each side is
+vulnerable to the the other's system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to the the other's system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to the the other's system you
+cannot stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot stop the
+attack all you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack all you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack all you can do is
+retaliate in other words it's deter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate in other words it's deter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retaliate in other words it's deter or
+Revenge those are the two modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenge those are the two modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenge those are the two modes of
+operation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is
+chilling but that is the world we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilling but that is the world we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilling but that is the world we've
+been living in for 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been living in for 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been living in for 50 years
+literally people don't think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally people don't think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally people don't think about it
+but it's pretty awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's pretty awful
+okay now the fact is that the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the fact is that the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the fact is that the Russian
+system is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is less
+robust so we are actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust so we are actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust so we are actually more
+vulnerable than they are except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable than they are except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable than they are except that
+we'll fire if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll fire if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll fire if they
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+so and of course why does it go on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and of course why does it go on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and of course why does it go on each
+side does it because the other does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side does it because the other does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side does it because the other does it
+it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of
+nutty this is not logic this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutty this is not logic this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutty this is not logic this is not
+normal logic this is a tight Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the
+latest that has surfaced in the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest that has surfaced in the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest that has surfaced in the last few
+years a Cyber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a Cyber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years a Cyber
+attack okay so you ask how this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack okay so you ask how this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack okay so you ask how this can
+happen well a Cyber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well a Cyber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen well a Cyber
+attack just imagine somebody hacks into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack just imagine somebody hacks into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack just imagine somebody hacks into
+the system somebody who really wants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system somebody who really wants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system somebody who really wants the
+United States and Russia to destroy each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and Russia to destroy each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and Russia to destroy each
+other hacks into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hacks into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hacks into
+the early warning system of either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early warning system of either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early warning system of either side
+just imagine that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nightmare so the irony as I mentioned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare so the irony as I mentioned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare so the irony as I mentioned is
+that the safety of each side depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the safety of each side depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the safety of each side depends on
+the other side not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side not
+launching okay and then of course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching okay and then of course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching okay and then of course is the
+political question why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+persist Obama promised to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist Obama promised to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist Obama promised to do something
+about it when he came to office but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it when he came to office but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it when he came to office but he
+has given it up he's clearly given it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up without
+explanation but it was one of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but it was one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but it was one of his
+promises you think even with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises you think even with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises you think even with the
+tensions that exist that we would both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions that exist that we would both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensions that exist that we would both
+be better off if this system of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better off if this system of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better off if this system of course
+the more tension there is the more scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more tension there is the more scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more tension there is the more scary
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is it's less scary when there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's less scary when there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's less scary when there's no
+tension obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension obviously
+it's it's fear again and all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fear again and all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's fear again and all the things
+that go with fear and distrust oh fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go with fear and distrust oh fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go with fear and distrust oh fear
+yeah I'm I'm taking him almost as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I'm taking him almost as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm I'm taking him almost as
+synonymous distrust because the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous distrust because the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous distrust because the other
+side has the capability to destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has the capability to destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side has the capability to destroy
+you and a second strike capability in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and a second strike capability in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and a second strike capability in in
+the language of Cold War you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of Cold War you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language of Cold War you know you
+ask why it happens with all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask why it happens with all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask why it happens with all this
+strategic Doctrine but a second strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic Doctrine but a second strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic Doctrine but a second strike
+capability and launch on warning are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and launch on warning are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability and launch on warning are
+physically identical with a first strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posture so you cannot tell I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture so you cannot tell I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture so you cannot tell I mean the
+other side tells you oh we we love you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side tells you oh we we love you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side tells you oh we we love you
+but it's like having a guest over for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like having a guest over for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's like having a guest over for
+dinner when the guest comes with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner when the guest comes with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner when the guest comes with a
+loaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded
+uy you know not just a a not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uy you know not just a a not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uy you know not just a a not just a
+pistol but a high-powered weapon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pistol but a high-powered weapon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pistol but a high-powered weapon and
+says oh yes we're Pals I'm here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dinner you know what kind of pals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner you know what kind of pals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner you know what kind of pals are
+these right I mean it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right I mean it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these right I mean it's a little
+nutty but maybe who am I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutty but maybe who am I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutty but maybe who am I to
+judge okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judge okay so
+uh I want to talk a little bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to talk a little bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want to talk a little bit about the
+nonproliferation Treaty because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation Treaty because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation Treaty because I think
+it's uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh one of the things
+that's very important in this world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important in this world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very important in this world is
+is is that nuclear weapons don't spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that nuclear weapons don't spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that nuclear weapons don't spread
+you know to other countries and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to other countries and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to other countries and the
+Cornerstone of that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornerstone of that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornerstone of that is the
+nonproliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation
+treaty and uh honestly uh I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty and uh honestly uh I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty and uh honestly uh I think in the
+nuclear power the nuclear weapon States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power the nuclear weapon States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power the nuclear weapon States
+particularly the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the United States and
+Russia the npt is not taken as seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the npt is not taken as seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the npt is not taken as seriously
+as it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it should
+be okay and I think it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay and I think it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay and I think it's very important
+the npt is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the npt is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the npt is taken
+seriously for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously for
+half half of what it does namely it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half of what it does namely it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half half of what it does namely it says
+that people should not acquire nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people should not acquire nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people should not acquire nuclear
+weapons but it is not taken seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons but it is not taken seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons but it is not taken seriously
+because it obligates the five nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it obligates the five nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it obligates the five nuclear
+Powers established nuclear Powers uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers established nuclear Powers uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers established nuclear Powers uh to
+give up their nuclear weapons and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up their nuclear weapons and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up their nuclear weapons and this
+is really the part of abolition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the part of abolition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the part of abolition of
+nuclear weapons because it's built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons because it's built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons because it's built in
+it's article six of the nonproliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's article six of the nonproliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's article six of the nonproliferation
+treaty it obligates us to do it and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty it obligates us to do it and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty it obligates us to do it and so
+there's a tremendous tension I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tremendous tension I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tremendous tension I'll come
+back to this in a minute but the tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a minute but the tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this in a minute but the tension
+is between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between the
+nuclear between the countries who gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear between the countries who gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear between the countries who gave
+up aspirations for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weapons saying to the nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons saying to the nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons saying to the nuclear weapons
+Powers okay you are obligated to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers okay you are obligated to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers okay you are obligated to do it
+but the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nuclear
+weapons countries say we'll we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons countries say we'll we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons countries say we'll we're doing
+it very gradually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very gradually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very gradually and
+responsibly and now I'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibly and now I'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibly and now I'll talk more about
+this the non nuclear weapons States want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the non nuclear weapons States want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the non nuclear weapons States want
+really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a
+timetable okay so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable okay so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable okay so there's a lot of
+tension over this and I'll I'll come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension over this and I'll I'll come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension over this and I'll I'll come to
+this in a minute okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a minute okay so the
+cornerstones as I mentioned article six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornerstones as I mentioned article six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornerstones as I mentioned article six
+nonproliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonproliferation
+disarmament and I I write disarmament in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disarmament and I I write disarmament in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disarmament and I I write disarmament in
+in Black although they're all extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Black although they're all extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Black although they're all extremely
+important uh I I do this for for a US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh I I do this for for a US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh I I do this for for a US
+audience okay uh but the last point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience okay uh but the last point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience okay uh but the last point is
+that there's a five-year review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a five-year review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a five-year review
+every five years there's a review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every five years there's a review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every five years there's a review the
+next one will be this may and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one will be this may and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one will be this may and they're
+going to be fireworks so I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so how effective is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so how effective is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so how effective is the
+npt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+so there are four states outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are four states outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are four states outside the
+treaty Israel India Pakistan North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty Israel India Pakistan North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treaty Israel India Pakistan North
+Korea there was this AQ conon network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea there was this AQ conon network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea there was this AQ conon network
+from Pakistan which was shut down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Pakistan which was shut down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Pakistan which was shut down uh
+it's never been absolutely clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never been absolutely clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never been absolutely clear how
+much the Pakistani state was involved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the Pakistani state was involved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the Pakistani state was involved or
+if this was a private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was a private
+Venture uh Scott Kemp talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture uh Scott Kemp talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture uh Scott Kemp talked
+interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly
+about how the actual material that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the actual material that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the actual material that was
+sold by the AQ con Network actually set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold by the AQ con Network actually set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold by the AQ con Network actually set
+back countries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back countries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back countries like
+Iran okay and their nuclear in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran okay and their nuclear in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran okay and their nuclear in their
+development of cenus because what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of cenus because what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of cenus because what was
+sold was was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold was was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold was was a
+technology which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology which was
+Obsolete and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obsolete and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obsolete and uh
+inefficient okay so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ironic um so a few countries have given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic um so a few countries have given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironic um so a few countries have given
+up their bombs oh excuse me I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their bombs oh excuse me I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their bombs oh excuse me I didn't
+mean to uh and uh many countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to uh and uh many countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to uh and uh many countries have
+given up nuclear weapons programs I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given up nuclear weapons programs I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given up nuclear weapons programs I've
+listed some of them there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some of them there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed some of them there are many
+nuclear capable countries that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear capable countries that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear capable countries that don't
+have weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have weapons
+Japan is one of them of course not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan is one of them of course not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan is one of them of course not
+surprisingly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly uh
+Canada are friends in Canada but even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada are friends in Canada but even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada are friends in Canada but even
+South Korea that feels very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Korea that feels very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Korea that feels very
+threatened by North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened by North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threatened by North
+Korea has no bond but they are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea has no bond but they are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korea has no bond but they are quite
+capable okay and the main point I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable okay and the main point I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable okay and the main point I want
+to make is that fewer countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is that fewer countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is that fewer countries have
+nuclear weapons that were predicted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons that were predicted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons that were predicted in
+the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early
+60s like famously uh Kennedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s like famously uh Kennedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s like famously uh Kennedy
+JFK said aloud that uh in in a few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JFK said aloud that uh in in a few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JFK said aloud that uh in in a few years
+15 to 25 countries would have nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 to 25 countries would have nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 to 25 countries would have nuclear
+weapons and he was reflecting what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and he was reflecting what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and he was reflecting what the
+US intelligence agencies told him okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US intelligence agencies told him okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US intelligence agencies told him okay
+he wasn't making this up it wasn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't making this up it wasn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wasn't making this up it wasn't just
+a speech he was reflecting what he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech he was reflecting what he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a speech he was reflecting what he was
+told okay and right now the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told okay and right now the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told okay and right now the political
+Norm is to renounce nuclear weapons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm is to renounce nuclear weapons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm is to renounce nuclear weapons and
+press the ones that have it to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the ones that have it to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press the ones that have it to to
+disarm okay and that is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disarm okay and that is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disarm okay and that is a big
+plus and one that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+encouragement uh there are problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement uh there are problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouragement uh there are problems with
+the npt of course uh life isn't perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the npt of course uh life isn't perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the npt of course uh life isn't perfect
+North Korea in my view is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Korea in my view is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Korea in my view is the most
+serious problem well Pakistan I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious problem well Pakistan I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious problem well Pakistan I haven't
+even written it down here but Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even written it down here but Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even written it down here but Pakistan
+and India are bigger problems because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India are bigger problems because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and India are bigger problems because of
+the path possible Pathways to War I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path possible Pathways to War I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path possible Pathways to War I
+already said that I didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said that I didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said that I didn't want to
+repeat it that's why it's not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it that's why it's not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it that's why it's not on the
+slide but the whole issue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but the whole issue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but the whole issue with
+Iran uh there's no question that Iran's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran uh there's no question that Iran's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran uh there's no question that Iran's
+enrichment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment
+capabilities exceed uh what they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities exceed uh what they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities exceed uh what they can do
+for power in other words they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power in other words they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power in other words they're very
+well suited for making weapons and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suited for making weapons and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well suited for making weapons and not
+for power because they don't produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power because they don't produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power because they don't produce
+enough for power they don't produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for power they don't produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for power they don't produce
+enough enriched uranium for power needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough enriched uranium for power needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough enriched uranium for power needs
+but they do produce enough for weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do produce enough for weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do produce enough for weapons
+and that's been clear since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been clear since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's been clear since the
+beginning of the program uh despite what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the program uh despite what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the program uh despite what
+is said and uh so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is said and uh so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is said and uh so there's
+uh there's been a tremendous tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's been a tremendous tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's been a tremendous tension
+there um I just want to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I just want to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um I just want to talk a little
+bit about the on goinging negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the on goinging negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the on goinging negotiations
+they're making a lot of news now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making a lot of news now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making a lot of news now okay
+it's very important because we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important because we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important because we have an
+interim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interim
+agreement and this is the time six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and this is the time six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement and this is the time six
+months it's really four months on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's really four months on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's really four months on the
+political level and six months on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political level and six months on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political level and six months on the
+technical level to reach a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical level to reach a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical level to reach a final
+agreement that's what was set up I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that's what was set up I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that's what was set up I mean
+the first one was supposed to be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was supposed to be six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was supposed to be six
+months it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it was
+extended uh well excuse me the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended uh well excuse me the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended uh well excuse me the the first
+phase agreement was for 6 months then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase agreement was for 6 months then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase agreement was for 6 months then
+it's been extended it's not on here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been extended it's not on here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been extended it's not on here but
+it's been extended for six more months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been extended for six more months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been extended for six more months
+so the deadline for the political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deadline for the political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the deadline for the political
+agreement is is uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement is is uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement is is uh in
+March and then in June I think is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March and then in June I think is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March and then in June I think is the
+deadline the official deadline people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline the official deadline people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadline the official deadline people
+are skeptical but I I don't know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are skeptical but I I don't know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are skeptical but I I don't know okay
+there are some technical issues the Iraq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some technical issues the Iraq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some technical issues the Iraq
+reactor can produce plutonium but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor can produce plutonium but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor can produce plutonium but there
+are Simple Solutions to that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Simple Solutions to that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Simple Solutions to that there are
+simple technical fixes and Iran has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple technical fixes and Iran has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple technical fixes and Iran has
+agreed to them as I understand it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to them as I understand it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to them as I understand it so so
+that the amount of plutonium production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of plutonium production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amount of plutonium production
+from the Iraq reactor will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Iraq reactor will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Iraq reactor will be
+small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay
+um in the interim agreement there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the interim agreement there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the interim agreement there's
+there's not supposed to be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not supposed to be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not supposed to be any
+additional sanctions that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional sanctions that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional sanctions that's very
+important in terms of the US Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of the US Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in terms of the US Congress
+Congress because bills have circulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress because bills have circulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress because bills have circulated
+demanding new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding new
+sanctions uh but they're probably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions uh but they're probably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanctions uh but they're probably in
+obean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obean
+fortunately uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+four there really four parties involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there really four parties involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there really four parties involved
+the the two official parties and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two official parties and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two official parties and then
+the hardliners on both sides so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardliners on both sides so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hardliners on both sides so this is
+a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complex
+negotiation within each side it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation within each side it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation within each side it's
+complex okay I'm I can't go into all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex okay I'm I can't go into all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex okay I'm I can't go into all of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh and uh I I I think people know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I I I think people know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh I I I think people know what's
+going on better on you know here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on better on you know here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on better on you know here on the
+American side but uh uh the real issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American side but uh uh the real issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American side but uh uh the real issue
+as far as I can see it in terms of Iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can see it in terms of Iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I can see it in terms of Iran
+what Iran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Iran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Iran
+wants uh is to have I think the ayatola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants uh is to have I think the ayatola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants uh is to have I think the ayatola
+said something like 15,000 centi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something like 15,000 centi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something like 15,000 centi
+fugers the West the hard line the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugers the West the hard line the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fugers the West the hard line the most
+Hardline people in the west say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardline people in the west say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardline people in the west say
+zero okay Netanyahu for example zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay Netanyahu for example zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay Netanyahu for example zero is
+the only acceptable number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only acceptable number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only acceptable number of
+centrifuges so every and that's why he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges so every and that's why he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges so every and that's why he's
+campaigning so hard against it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigning so hard against it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigning so hard against it because
+he knows that there will be no deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows that there will be no deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows that there will be no deal with
+zero centrifuges so he already knows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero centrifuges so he already knows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero centrifuges so he already knows in
+advance that what he wants is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that what he wants is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that what he wants is not
+possible so how many do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need uh well they need probably 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh well they need probably 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh well they need probably 20,000
+Advanced ones Advanced ones not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced ones Advanced ones not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced ones Advanced ones not what
+they have the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the so-called
+p1s okay ones that work really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1s okay ones that work really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1s okay ones that work really
+well okay I can't give you a con you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I can't give you a con you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I can't give you a con you
+know I don't know off the top of my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know off the top of my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know off the top of my head
+but to supply what is it bashier is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to supply what is it bashier is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to supply what is it bashier is that
+the right pronunciation the bashier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right pronunciation the bashier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right pronunciation the bashier
+reactor which they don't need by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor which they don't need by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor which they don't need by the way
+because Russia's going to supply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Russia's going to supply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Russia's going to supply the
+fuel but they don't quite trust Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel but they don't quite trust Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel but they don't quite trust Russia
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+for reasonable reasons I think but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasonable reasons I think but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reasonable reasons I think but but
+anyway uh this whole business is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh this whole business is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh this whole business is so
+murky in my personal opinion okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murky in my personal opinion okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+murky in my personal opinion okay um
+it's hard to tell facts from most motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell facts from most motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell facts from most motive
+in my opinion I don't think I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion I don't think I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion I don't think I can do it
+honestly I'll talk with you privately if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I'll talk with you privately if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honestly I'll talk with you privately if
+you want but you know I don't think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but you know I don't think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want but you know I don't think I
+can really evaluate it in a way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really evaluate it in a way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really evaluate it in a way that I
+would consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider
+satisfactory I can tell you I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory I can tell you I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory I can tell you I can
+speculate that's what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate that's what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculate that's what I can
+do uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh but
+uh the point is you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point is you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the point is you know there's a
+there's an old saying that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an old saying that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an old saying that that the
+ideal solution gets in the way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal solution gets in the way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal solution gets in the way of the
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+solution the good solution in my opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the good solution in my opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution the good solution in my opinion
+is pretty much to continue the interim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much to continue the interim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much to continue the interim
+agreement that we have why is that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that we have why is that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that we have why is that good
+because what people are not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what people are not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what people are not talking
+about in the United States is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the United States is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the United States is the best
+thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the
+whole negotiation namely that Iran keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole negotiation namely that Iran keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole negotiation namely that Iran keeps
+saying they don't want to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying they don't want to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying they don't want to develop
+nuclear weapons and there's a fatwa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and there's a fatwa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons and there's a fatwa
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+second uh what Iran says that they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh what Iran says that they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh what Iran says that they want
+to be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be part of the
+npt they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt they are
+enduring and I'm going to use that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring and I'm going to use that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring and I'm going to use that word
+enduring the most rigorous inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring the most rigorous inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring the most rigorous inspection
+regime that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime that the
+iaea that's the international a agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iaea that's the international a agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iaea that's the international a agency
+that inspects the international atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inspects the international atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inspects the international atomic
+energy agency they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy agency they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy agency they are
+enduring the most rigorous inspections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring the most rigorous inspections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring the most rigorous inspections
+that any country ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any country ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any country ever
+endured those are two excellent things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endured those are two excellent things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endured those are two excellent things
+there are people on the ground all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people on the ground all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people on the ground all the
+time people say well they can break out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people say well they can break out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people say well they can break out
+yes they can break out if they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they can break out if they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes they can break out if they want to
+they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+only they will only agree to all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they will only agree to all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they will only agree to all of this
+if it's in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in their
+self-interest nobody can expect anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest nobody can expect anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-interest nobody can expect anything
+more of them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them or
+us so I think what we've got is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so I think what we've got is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so I think what we've got is the best
+possible Solution that's po that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Solution that's po that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible Solution that's po that's
+feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible and
+if they kick inspectors out and decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they kick inspectors out and decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they kick inspectors out and decide
+to go for a bomb because they it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for a bomb because they it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go for a bomb because they it it was
+it's close to imp possible uh for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close to imp possible uh for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close to imp possible uh for them
+to do a bomb without kicking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a bomb without kicking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a bomb without kicking the
+inspectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspectors
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and have hidden sites well they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have hidden sites well they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have hidden sites well they would
+have to then develop so many thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then develop so many thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to then develop so many thousand
+more centrifuges and have that material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more centrifuges and have that material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more centrifuges and have that material
+and no news could leak out and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no news could leak out and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no news could leak out and all of
+that stuff there were opposition groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff there were opposition groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff there were opposition groups
+we found out about some of the sites I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out about some of the sites I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found out about some of the sites I
+forget which one the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget which one the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget which one the one that's
+underground I forgot the name of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground I forgot the name of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underground I forgot the name of it
+through through denters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through denters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through denters in
+Iran it always can happen the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran it always can happen the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran it always can happen the Soviet
+Union found out about the Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union found out about the Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union found out about the Manhattan
+Project in the most remarkable way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project in the most remarkable way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project in the most remarkable way I
+want to talk about that for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about that for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about that for a minute
+because that's really important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's really important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's really important in
+1940 a Soviet nuclear physicist a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 a Soviet nuclear physicist a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1940 a Soviet nuclear physicist a very
+good one named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one named
+flov realized that all the Publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flov realized that all the Publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flov realized that all the Publications
+about fishing in in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fishing in in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about fishing in in the United States
+England and France had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England and France had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England and France had
+stopped and he went to Stalin and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and he went to Stalin and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and he went to Stalin and said
+the West is developing an atomic bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West is developing an atomic bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the West is developing an atomic bomb
+based on what was not appearing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what was not appearing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what was not appearing in the
+literature this is remarkable and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature this is remarkable and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature this is remarkable and it's a
+fact of course the Soviet Union had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of course the Soviet Union had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of course the Soviet Union had
+spies and they found out about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spies and they found out about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spies and they found out about the
+Manhattan Project through the spies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project through the spies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan Project through the spies but
+flare off just reading the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flare off just reading the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flare off just reading the physical
+review okay this is a remarkable story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay this is a remarkable story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay this is a remarkable story
+which should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ignored okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think we'd find out maybe slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we'd find out maybe slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think we'd find out maybe slowly
+but you know and and if they really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know and and if they really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know and and if they really want
+the the weapon as a deterrent they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the weapon as a deterrent they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the weapon as a deterrent they've
+got to show us that they have it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to show us that they have it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to show us that they have it like
+North Kore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Kore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North Kore
+there all kinds of steps and one weapon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of steps and one weapon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all kinds of steps and one weapon
+isn't good enough I mean I wrote an oped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't good enough I mean I wrote an oped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't good enough I mean I wrote an oped
+with Jim Walsh that that this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jim Walsh that that this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jim Walsh that that this whole
+breakout time thing is too short you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakout time thing is too short you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakout time thing is too short you
+know the calculation because it assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the calculation because it assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the calculation because it assumes
+one weapon so I have an oped and reiders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one weapon so I have an oped and reiders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one weapon so I have an oped and reiders
+about this so there all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so there all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so there all kinds of
+argument I mean you could argue forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I mean you could argue forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I mean you could argue forever
+I mean I don't expect people who what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't expect people who what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I don't expect people who what I
+would call hardliners to just agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call hardliners to just agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call hardliners to just agree with
+me cuz I prob Lish an oped but but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me cuz I prob Lish an oped but but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me cuz I prob Lish an oped but but I'm
+just saying that you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that you know there
+are it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are it's not so
+simple is is what I'm saying you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is is what I'm saying you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is is what I'm saying you know
+there are arguments you have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are arguments you have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are arguments you have to decide
+which is right because these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right because these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right because these are very
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+issues so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway we have on menend this Kirk bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we have on menend this Kirk bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway we have on menend this Kirk bill
+which is in the Senate it seems to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the Senate it seems to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in the Senate it seems to be in
+obeyence for a couple of months there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeyence for a couple of months there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obeyence for a couple of months there's
+a great period people are working hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great period people are working hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great period people are working hard
+against it so um it's a very political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it so um it's a very political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it so um it's a very political
+thing in both countries I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+so I sort of wound together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of wound together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I sort of wound together the
+discussion of two things Iran and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of two things Iran and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of two things Iran and the
+npt okay so I want to come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt okay so I want to come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt okay so I want to come back to the
+npt because I embedded the Iranian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt because I embedded the Iranian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npt because I embedded the Iranian
+discussion in the npt discussion because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the npt discussion because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in the npt discussion because
+it came up naturally that's why but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came up naturally that's why but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came up naturally that's why but so
+to come back to it there's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to it there's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to it there's the next
+thing that's going to happen and uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's going to happen and uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's going to happen and uh I'm
+just quoting here stormy weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quoting here stormy weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just quoting here stormy weather
+predicted for the npt review in May at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted for the npt review in May at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted for the npt review in May at
+the UN okay so I'm actually quoting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN okay so I'm actually quoting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UN okay so I'm actually quoting an
+article from uh darl Kimble of the Arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article from uh darl Kimble of the Arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article from uh darl Kimble of the Arms
+Control Association I didn't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Association I didn't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Association I didn't have time
+to make all the points but in 2005 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make all the points but in 2005 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make all the points but in 2005 we
+had a disastrous npt review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a disastrous npt review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a disastrous npt review
+uh that was under George Bush and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was under George Bush and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that was under George Bush and and
+and the non-aligned countries uh Egypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the non-aligned countries uh Egypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the non-aligned countries uh Egypt
+and Sweden and Denmark and Ireland and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sweden and Denmark and Ireland and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sweden and Denmark and Ireland and a
+whole bunch of countries were very angry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of countries were very angry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of countries were very angry
+particularly at the United States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at the United States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly at the United States and
+George
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George
+Bush it was a disastrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush it was a disastrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush it was a disastrous
+conference 2010 Barack Obama had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference 2010 Barack Obama had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference 2010 Barack Obama had
+delivered his speech that he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered his speech that he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered his speech that he wanted to
+eliminate nuclear weapons the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate nuclear weapons the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate nuclear weapons the United
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+Scott was was very welcome and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott was was very welcome and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scott was was very welcome and and it
+was a productive conference and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a productive conference and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a productive conference and they had
+22 interrelated disarmament steps I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 interrelated disarmament steps I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 interrelated disarmament steps I'm
+not even going to try to repeat them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even going to try to repeat them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even going to try to repeat them the
+two major ones were that the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major ones were that the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major ones were that the nuclear
+weapons countries should give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons countries should give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons countries should give a
+timetable for going to zero a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable for going to zero a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable for going to zero a
+timetable and the second thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable and the second thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timetable and the second thing is that
+there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be
+they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should
+convene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a a conference in the Middle East
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a conference in the Middle East
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a conference in the Middle East
+looking towards a nuclear free zone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking towards a nuclear free zone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking towards a nuclear free zone in
+the Middle East that's very delicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East that's very delicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Middle East that's very delicate
+because getting Israel to come getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because getting Israel to come getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because getting Israel to come getting
+Iran and Israel to the table at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran and Israel to the table at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Iran and Israel to the table at the same
+time is difficult the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is difficult the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is difficult the whole thing is
+difficult and not just Iran but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and not just Iran but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and not just Iran but the
+concept was originally started by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept was originally started by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept was originally started by uh
+and and I think Egypt but Israel was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think Egypt but Israel was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think Egypt but Israel was a
+party to it at one point too they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party to it at one point too they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party to it at one point too they were
+they were interested they they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested they they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested they they were they
+were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were
+considerate in my personal humble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerate in my personal humble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerate in my personal humble
+opinion Israel's interests are best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion Israel's interests are best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion Israel's interests are best
+served by a nuclear free zone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served by a nuclear free zone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served by a nuclear free zone in the
+Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle
+East if you ask me I carry zero weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East if you ask me I carry zero weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East if you ask me I carry zero weight
+in netanyahu's cabinet believe me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in netanyahu's cabinet believe me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in netanyahu's cabinet believe me
+okay I probably carry no that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I probably carry no that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I probably carry no that's an
+exaggeration of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+influence zero weight is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence zero weight is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence zero weight is better than
+what I have uh so anyway uh I'm I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have uh so anyway uh I'm I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have uh so anyway uh I'm I'm not
+even going to go through any of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to go through any of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even going to go through any of this but
+but uh uh the follow through on on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh the follow through on on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh the follow through on on these
+steps have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps have been
+disappointing they've basically been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing they've basically been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing they've basically been
+non-existent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existent
+okay there's been basically no follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's been basically no follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's been basically no follow
+through on the 22 points and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on the 22 points and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through on the 22 points and so that's
+one of the reasons everyone who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons everyone who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons everyone who who
+knows anything about this is predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows anything about this is predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows anything about this is predicting
+that they're going to be it's Stormy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be it's Stormy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to be it's Stormy
+Weather ahead okay especially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weather ahead okay especially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weather ahead okay especially for the
+nuclear weapon States so you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapon States so you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapon States so you can look
+forward to some interesting news in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to some interesting news in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to some interesting news in
+May okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+May okay
+um I'm kind of running out of time so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm kind of running out of time so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm kind of running out of time so so
+basically uh Obama raised a lot of hopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh Obama raised a lot of hopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically uh Obama raised a lot of hopes
+with his Prague speech in 2009 talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his Prague speech in 2009 talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his Prague speech in 2009 talking
+about the possibility of a a nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the possibility of a a nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the possibility of a a nuclear
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+world uh of course he he hedged right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh of course he he hedged right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh of course he he hedged right
+away it won't be reached quickly and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it won't be reached quickly and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it won't be reached quickly and the
+us as long as the weapons exist we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as long as the weapons exist we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as long as the weapons exist we're
+going to have our little toys too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our little toys too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our little toys too okay
+so uh but anyway it was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh but anyway it was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh but anyway it was still
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+forthright statement since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1945 okay I mean so it it was a breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 okay I mean so it it was a breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 okay I mean so it it was a breath
+of fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fresh
+air uh and he won the Nobel Peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air uh and he won the Nobel Peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air uh and he won the Nobel Peace
+Prize okay probably prematurely but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize okay probably prematurely but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize okay probably prematurely but who
+am I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I to
+quibble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so there are many arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so there are many arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so there are many arguments
+against nuclear weapons abolition I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against nuclear weapons abolition I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against nuclear weapons abolition I'm
+just going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to pick
+one okay uh it because it it it it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh it because it it it it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay uh it because it it it it uh
+eliminates deterrence and to me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates deterrence and to me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminates deterrence and to me that's
+the biggest argument against it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest argument against it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest argument against it okay and
+it cannot be achieved that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be achieved that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be achieved that's that's a
+different kind of argument but in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of argument but in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of argument but in my
+opinion that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion that's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion that's even
+stronger uh it's it's it's I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger uh it's it's it's I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger uh it's it's it's I wouldn't
+say cannot but my personal statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cannot but my personal statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cannot but my personal statement is
+it's un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's un
+likely okay but that doesn't mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely okay but that doesn't mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely okay but that doesn't mean it's
+not desirable and that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not desirable and that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not desirable and that doesn't mean that
+academics in particular shouldn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics in particular shouldn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics in particular shouldn't talk
+about it that's one of the things that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that's one of the things that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it that's one of the things that I
+have in mind and we should have a Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind and we should have a Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in mind and we should have a Long
+Range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Range
+View academics that's one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View academics that's one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+View academics that's one of our
+luxuries we can try to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxuries we can try to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxuries we can try to look
+ahead and so the there are really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and so the there are really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and so the there are really two
+questions is one is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is one is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is one is it
+desirable in view of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable in view of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable in view of uh
+all of the difficulties with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the difficulties with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the difficulties with it
+conceptually and then is it achievable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and then is it achievable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and then is it achievable
+if it is desirable it's only you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is desirable it's only you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is desirable it's only you should
+only ask the second question if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ask the second question if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ask the second question if the
+answer to the first is yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the first is yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to the first is yes it's
+desirable okay and I can't go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable okay and I can't go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable okay and I can't go through
+all the arguments but uh deterrence is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the arguments but uh deterrence is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the arguments but uh deterrence is a
+very interesting question I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting question I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting question I think I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+convene uh a little working group on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene uh a little working group on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convene uh a little working group on it
+okay I've been thinking about it a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've been thinking about it a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've been thinking about it a lot
+for the last few years and I'm I'm ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last few years and I'm I'm ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the last few years and I'm I'm ready
+to uh do some more serious research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do some more serious research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh do some more serious research in
+this Arena okay but the point is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Arena okay but the point is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Arena okay but the point is that uh
+it's never worked in the sense of Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never worked in the sense of Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never worked in the sense of Co
+coercing others to do what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercing others to do what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coercing others to do what you want
+which is the way it's often used in US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way it's often used in US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the way it's often used in US
+diplomatic circles I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic circles I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomatic circles I don't know about
+Russian but but it's certainly used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian but but it's certainly used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian but but it's certainly used in
+the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US
+uh and uh another problem with it as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh another problem with it as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh another problem with it as we
+heard uh about India and Pakistan it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard uh about India and Pakistan it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard uh about India and Pakistan it
+enables brinkmanship lowlevel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables brinkmanship lowlevel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables brinkmanship lowlevel
+brinkmanship okay which is it it uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brinkmanship okay which is it it uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brinkmanship okay which is it it uh it
+uh in other words it introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in other words it introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in other words it introduces
+instabilities is what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities is what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instabilities is what I'm saying
+deterrence isn't what it's cracked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence isn't what it's cracked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterrence isn't what it's cracked out
+to be okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be okay because
+by having the weapons you you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having the weapons you you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having the weapons you you also
+introduce instabilities in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce instabilities in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce instabilities in the system
+especially if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you have
+aggressive uh basing mechanisms this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive uh basing mechanisms this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive uh basing mechanisms this is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+important and Pakistan certainly is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and Pakistan certainly is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and Pakistan certainly is an
+example of that they have deterred India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that they have deterred India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that they have deterred India
+but with a very aggressive basing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a very aggressive basing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a very aggressive basing mode
+and threatening verbally so yes they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and threatening verbally so yes they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and threatening verbally so yes they've
+deterred but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterred but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterred but is it
+stable how will it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable how will it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable how will it last
+they they have delegated command and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have delegated command and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have delegated command and
+control of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of these
+local tactical weapons to com field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local tactical weapons to com field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local tactical weapons to com field
+commanders suppose you get a rogue field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanders suppose you get a rogue field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanders suppose you get a rogue field
+commander who wants to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commander who wants to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commander who wants to create
+Mischief okay like you had somebody from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mischief okay like you had somebody from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mischief okay like you had somebody from
+Pakistan goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan goes to
+Mumbai right and and and and shoots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumbai right and and and and shoots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumbai right and and and and shoots
+everyone in the hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the hotel
+so forth right or when they entered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth right or when they entered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth right or when they entered the
+Indian Parliament a few years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Parliament a few years before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indian Parliament a few years before
+that so these are actions which don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are actions which don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these are actions which don't
+introduce love or stability between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce love or stability between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce love or stability between
+countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries
+okay putting it mildly okay and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay putting it mildly okay and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay putting it mildly okay and of
+course deterrence requires rationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course deterrence requires rationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course deterrence requires rationality
+which is in short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in short
+supply my view okay accidental use as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply my view okay accidental use as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply my view okay accidental use as
+which which we've talked about uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we've talked about uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which we've talked about uh and of
+course it won't work against terrorists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it won't work against terrorists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it won't work against terrorists
+they want a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want a real
+terrorist who's a suicide bombarder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist who's a suicide bombarder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist who's a suicide bombarder
+wants death and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants death and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants death and
+destruction okay so boy that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction okay so boy that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction okay so boy that that's a
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+mixture okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture okay
+and I think one of the points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think one of the points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think one of the points that
+people should not forget is theer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should not forget is theer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people should not forget is theer
+requires a small number of weapons how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a small number of weapons how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a small number of weapons how
+many is small well I would say 100 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many is small well I would say 100 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many is small well I would say 100 is
+overkill so it's less than 100 in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overkill so it's less than 100 in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overkill so it's less than 100 in my
+view I I've been giving a number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view I I've been giving a number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view I I've been giving a number and
+I'll I'll keep giving it okay I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll keep giving it okay I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll keep giving it okay I have
+zero weight in Washington or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero weight in Washington or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero weight in Washington or
+Moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow
+but that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's what I
+think okay so should we try to abolish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so should we try to abolish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay so should we try to abolish
+nuclear weapons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons um
+so really is it a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really is it a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really is it a good
+idea and so the the answer is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and so the the answer is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and so the the answer is there's no
+risk free world what you have to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk free world what you have to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk free world what you have to do when
+you look at the arguments against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the arguments against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the arguments against
+abolition and I I've done my best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolition and I I've done my best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolition and I I've done my best to
+look at what I consider the serious ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what I consider the serious ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what I consider the serious ones
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they papers typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+criticize going to zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize going to zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize going to zero because
+it's risky but the question is they what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's risky but the question is they what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's risky but the question is they what
+they never do is talk about the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never do is talk about the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they never do is talk about the relative
+risks another another words minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks another another words minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks another another words minimizing
+risks how do you minimize the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks how do you minimize the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks how do you minimize the risk
+you're never going to eliminate risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to eliminate risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to eliminate risks
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+impossible so how do you the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so how do you the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so how do you the right
+question is not to eliminate risks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is not to eliminate risks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is not to eliminate risks you
+have to ask the right question every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask the right question every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask the right question every
+scientist knows that you and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist knows that you and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist knows that you and the right
+question here is minimiz ation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is minimiz ation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here is minimiz ation of
+risk that's the right question how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk that's the right question how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk that's the right question how do
+you minimize risk do you stay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize risk do you stay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize risk do you stay on the
+present course or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present course or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present course or do
+you try to do something more creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to do something more creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to do something more creative
+and this is one of the creative things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the creative things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the creative things
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other thing
+is uh that abolition in and by itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that abolition in and by itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh that abolition in and by itself is
+an important goal and if we want the npt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important goal and if we want the npt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important goal and if we want the npt
+to be be healthy we've better be serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be be healthy we've better be serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be be healthy we've better be serious
+about it and those are the fireworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and those are the fireworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and those are the fireworks
+that I'm talking about okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm talking about okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm talking about okay and the
+nuclear weapons States had better take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons States had better take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons States had better take
+this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into
+account you know if you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you know if you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account you know if you want to look
+long range how patient are the NP PT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range how patient are the NP PT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range how patient are the NP PT
+States going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States going to
+be it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+so yeah Obama has a mix record he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Obama has a mix record he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah Obama has a mix record he's
+inspired Great Hopes he's done the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired Great Hopes he's done the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired Great Hopes he's done the new
+Star treaty he's improved nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star treaty he's improved nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star treaty he's improved nuclear
+security he's uh tried he tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security he's uh tried he tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security he's uh tried he tried to
+engage Russia in F in further steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage Russia in F in further steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage Russia in F in further steps
+actually that's that's a dated slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's that's a dated slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's that's a dated slide uh
+those efforts are now dead the Russians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those efforts are now dead the Russians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those efforts are now dead the Russians
+effectively Said No by the way so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively Said No by the way so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively Said No by the way so this
+is bigger than Obama you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than Obama you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than Obama you know
+Putin can veto negotiations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Putin can veto negotiations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Putin can veto negotiations
+easily as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily as you
+know okay the nuclear posture view in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay the nuclear posture view in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay the nuclear posture view in my
+view this is very important this our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is very important this our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is very important this our
+deployment strategy was only slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment strategy was only slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment strategy was only slightly
+modified from earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified from earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified from earlier
+years uh we still have too many warnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh we still have too many warnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh we still have too many warnings
+on uh you know hair trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you know hair trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh you know hair trigger
+alert uh with respect to North Korea he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert uh with respect to North Korea he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert uh with respect to North Korea he
+talks about strategic patience which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about strategic patience which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about strategic patience which is
+head in the sand as as far as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the sand as as far as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head in the sand as as far as I'm
+concerned okay I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned okay I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned okay I'm very
+critical of the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of the North
+Korean on lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korean on lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korean on lack of
+Engagement there I'm very critical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engagement there I'm very critical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engagement there I'm very critical of
+Obama they're asking us right now aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama they're asking us right now aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obama they're asking us right now aren't
+they yes they're asking again and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yes they're asking again and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they yes they're asking again and we're
+ignoring them and I think it's dumb and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring them and I think it's dumb and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring them and I think it's dumb and
+the last thing again this has a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing again this has a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing again this has a lot to
+do with Congress is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with Congress is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with Congress is they're
+modernizing nuclear weapons which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernizing nuclear weapons which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernizing nuclear weapons which again
+in the npt review is going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the npt review is going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the npt review is going to come up
+for tremendous criticism and it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tremendous criticism and it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tremendous criticism and it should
+and in this day and age of budgetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this day and age of budgetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this day and age of budgetary
+restraints it should be criticized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraints it should be criticized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraints it should be criticized and
+in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of
+strategic stability it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic stability it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic stability it should be
+criticized so uh there's there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized so uh there's there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticized so uh there's there are two
+buzzwords one is modernization and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzzwords one is modernization and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buzzwords one is modernization and the
+other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is
+maintenance so you have if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so you have if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance so you have if you have
+nuclear weapons you have to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons you have to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons you have to maintain
+that they're usable and safe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're usable and safe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're usable and safe that's
+maintenance without testing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance without testing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance without testing that's
+important and the other is to modernize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the other is to modernize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and the other is to modernize
+the weapons make them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weapons make them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weapons make them more
+accurate and so forth and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and so forth and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate and so forth and that really
+should not be done and the two get fused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be done and the two get fused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be done and the two get fused
+together and it's very hard to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it's very hard to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and it's very hard to tell the
+detail because it's it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail because it's it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail because it's it's all
+classified it's a it's the typical trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified it's a it's the typical trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified it's a it's the typical trick
+of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bureaucracies okay so anyway I find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracies okay so anyway I find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bureaucracies okay so anyway I find some
+reason for optimism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for optimism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for optimism the
+CT boo I want to talk about that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT boo I want to talk about that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CT boo I want to talk about that and I
+just want to say a few words that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say a few words that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to say a few words that is the
+uh what is it the uh I forgot what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it the uh I forgot what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it the uh I forgot what it
+stands for it's the worldwide monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for it's the worldwide monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for it's the worldwide monitoring
+system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for
+tests okay it's it's it's basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests okay it's it's it's basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests okay it's it's it's basically an
+international thing it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international thing it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international thing it's it's
+technically fabulous I mean I am really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically fabulous I mean I am really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically fabulous I mean I am really
+impressed they have uh seismic detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed they have uh seismic detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed they have uh seismic detectors
+they they look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they look for
+radioactivity in the air and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in the air and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in the air and they they
+look for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for for uh
+uh there's one more thing I'm sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's one more thing I'm sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's one more thing I'm sorry I'm
+blanking but anyway they detected a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanking but anyway they detected a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanking but anyway they detected a half
+kiloton blast in North Korea an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiloton blast in North Korea an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiloton blast in North Korea an
+unannounced half kiloton three stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unannounced half kiloton three stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unannounced half kiloton three stations
+triangular at it they can tell it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular at it they can tell it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular at it they can tell it from
+earthquakes and and conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes and and conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes and and conventional
+explosions the seismic uh what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosions the seismic uh what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosions the seismic uh what happens
+just briefly is that the seismic it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly is that the seismic it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just briefly is that the seismic it's
+the rise time in the seismic s signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise time in the seismic s signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise time in the seismic s signal
+see from from a chemical type explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from from a chemical type explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from from a chemical type explosion
+it's slower and the instruments have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slower and the instruments have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slower and the instruments have
+have a fast enough response time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fast enough response time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fast enough response time so you
+could see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see the
+initial uh you know over pressure it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh you know over pressure it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial uh you know over pressure it's
+it's quite wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite wonderful
+and in several I think two out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in several I think two out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in several I think two out of the
+three of the North Korean tests all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the North Korean tests all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of the North Korean tests all
+unannounced uh they detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unannounced uh they detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unannounced uh they detected
+radioactivity in the air I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in the air I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity in the air I think one of
+the Xenon Isotopes from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Xenon Isotopes from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Xenon Isotopes from from the
+explosion which is long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion which is long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion which is long
+lived okay and so finally and I outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived okay and so finally and I outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived okay and so finally and I outline
+this public opinion does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this public opinion does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this public opinion does
+count so that's one of the things I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so that's one of the things I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count so that's one of the things I take
+some comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some comfort
+from uh there are many arms control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh there are many arms control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh there are many arms control
+organizations I'm on the board of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations I'm on the board of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations I'm on the board of the
+council for a liable World The Arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council for a liable World The Arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+council for a liable World The Arms
+Control Association is is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Association is is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Control Association is is a wonderful
+organization uh uh you know in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh uh you know in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization uh uh you know in terms of
+giving out information and their Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving out information and their Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving out information and their Journal
+is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite
+excellent okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent okay and
+uh peace action is a Grassroots it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peace action is a Grassroots it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peace action is a Grassroots it's all
+all to the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all to the good
+uh okay I think I've given the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay I think I've given the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay I think I've given the answers
+you know is the present situation stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is the present situation stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is the present situation stable
+and my answer is uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+okay and I I I gave my answer about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I I I gave my answer about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I I I gave my answer about
+abolition of nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolition of nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abolition of nuclear weapons
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh uh so anyway there's plenty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so anyway there's plenty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so anyway there's plenty to
+do uh and why don't I just stop you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh and why don't I just stop you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh and why don't I just stop you you
+can look at it it I'm sure this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at it it I'm sure this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at it it I'm sure this is only
+a partial list of all that can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partial list of all that can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partial list of all that can be done
+some of it can't be done without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it can't be done without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it can't be done without
+Russia okay but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia okay but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia okay but some
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay for example we could reduce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay for example we could reduce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay for example we could reduce more
+rapidly to the level that Russia has of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly to the level that Russia has of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly to the level that Russia has of
+launchers and and the new Star treaty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launchers and and the new Star treaty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launchers and and the new Star treaty
+Russia for example just as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia for example just as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia for example just as an example
+Russia is below the limits imposed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia is below the limits imposed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia is below the limits imposed by
+the new Star treaty those those limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Star treaty those those limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Star treaty those those limits
+go into effect when in something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into effect when in something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into effect when in something like
+six or eight years or something I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or eight years or something I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or eight years or something I forget
+do you remember Sheil when they go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember Sheil when they go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember Sheil when they go into
+effect but we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but we could
+accelerate those numbers you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate those numbers you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate those numbers you know like
+typical Arms Control treaties they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Arms Control treaties they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Arms Control treaties they go
+into effect almost the day they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expire so it's always too slow for arms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expire so it's always too slow for arms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expire so it's always too slow for arms
+control people you know it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people you know it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control people you know it's always
+welcome but always too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome but always too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome but always too
+slow but you know you take what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get but the again I want to just repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but the again I want to just repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but the again I want to just repeat
+one thing the new start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing the new start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing the new start
+treating the big thing about the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating the big thing about the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating the big thing about the big
+success of the new Star treaty in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the new Star treaty in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the new Star treaty in my
+view which was not stressed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which was not stressed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view which was not stressed by the
+newspapers or the commentators is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers or the commentators is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers or the commentators is the
+fact that the inspections are going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the inspections are going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the inspections are going on
+and the inspection s in my view are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inspection s in my view are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inspection s in my view are much
+more critical than the numbers there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more critical than the numbers there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more critical than the numbers there's
+such Overkill whether it's 1,000 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such Overkill whether it's 1,000 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such Overkill whether it's 1,000 or
+1,500 weapons I mean again this 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,500 weapons I mean again this 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,500 weapons I mean again this 100
+number is overkill so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is overkill so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is overkill so to
+me it's almost irrelevant except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's almost irrelevant except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's almost irrelevant except
+symbolically whether you have a,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically whether you have a,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically whether you have a,
+or500 below a th000 you get into issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or500 below a th000 you get into issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or500 below a th000 you get into issues
+with how many does China have and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how many does China have and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how many does China have and how
+many you know and so forth I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you know and so forth I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you know and so forth I showed you
+so so thousand is roughly the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so thousand is roughly the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so thousand is roughly the the
+critical point in which all the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point in which all the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point in which all the nuclear
+Powers nuclear weapon States I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers nuclear weapon States I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Powers nuclear weapon States I should
+say uh have to you know negotiate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh have to you know negotiate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh have to you know negotiate with
+each other not just the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other not just the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other not just the US and
+Russia of course Russia's critical there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia of course Russia's critical there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia of course Russia's critical there
+okay I'm going to stop and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm going to stop and of course
+there's been a lot of questions but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of questions but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of questions but I'm
+happy for more discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy for more discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy for more discussion
+whatever yeah um you argu to abolish all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever yeah um you argu to abolish all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever yeah um you argu to abolish all
+the all the nuclear weapons because is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the nuclear weapons because is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the nuclear weapons because is
+used as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a
+deterr um it is um it's true is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterr um it is um it's true is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterr um it is um it's true is it
+possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to
+um to uh is is there isn't there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh is is there isn't there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to uh is is there isn't there another
+option of another way of deterrence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of another way of deterrence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of another way of deterrence that
+would repl nulear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would repl nulear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would repl nulear
+weapons what is your opion well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons what is your opion well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons what is your opion well first of
+all we already have it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we already have it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we already have it and it's
+conventional smart Warfare I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional smart Warfare I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional smart Warfare I haven't
+talked about it the United States calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it the United States calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it the United States calls
+it Global strike which we're developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Global strike which we're developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Global strike which we're developing
+and that's a whole other dimension it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a whole other dimension it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a whole other dimension it's
+not the nuclear arms race but it was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the nuclear arms race but it was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the nuclear arms race but it was too
+much for me to get into that but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for me to get into that but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much for me to get into that but yes
+you're asking a very good question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking a very good question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking a very good question and
+our conventional military powers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conventional military powers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conventional military powers are
+incredible and we can do now in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible and we can do now in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible and we can do now in many
+respects with Conventional Weapons what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects with Conventional Weapons what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects with Conventional Weapons what
+we could have done only with nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done only with nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have done only with nuclear
+weapons 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons 20 years
+ago or even 10 years ago and This Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or even 10 years ago and This Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or even 10 years ago and This Global
+strike which is a a way to strike across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike which is a a way to strike across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike which is a a way to strike across
+the world with Precision with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world with Precision with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world with Precision with
+Conventional Weapons with missiles with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conventional Weapons with missiles with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conventional Weapons with missiles with
+with uh uh cruise missiles and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh cruise missiles and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh uh cruise missiles and so forth
+is incredible and it's all sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredible and it's all sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredible and it's all sophisticated
+ated command and Control stuffff Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated command and Control stuffff Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ated command and Control stuffff Plus
+guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replace well replace it in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace well replace it in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace well replace it in the sense
+that you don't have nuclear weapons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have nuclear weapons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have nuclear weapons but
+then other people are just as scared as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other people are just as scared as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other people are just as scared as
+before so it's it's it's it's also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so it's it's it's it's also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so it's it's it's it's also an
+aggressive military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive military
+posture and maybe in the day and age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture and maybe in the day and age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture and maybe in the day and age
+when we're really trying to replace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're really trying to replace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're really trying to replace that
+then we can no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can no longer
+distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish
+between uh conventional arms control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh conventional arms control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh conventional arms control and
+nuclear arms control they will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear arms control they will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear arms control they will become
+merged I think as a sub as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged I think as a sub as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged I think as a sub as an
+intellectual subject as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual subject as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual subject as well as a
+practical matter but I'm looking ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical matter but I'm looking ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical matter but I'm looking ahead
+probably at least 10 years but in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least 10 years but in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least 10 years but in my
+view that day will come so you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that day will come so you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that day will come so you're really
+asking a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a great
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+disturbing yes disturbing the peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing yes disturbing the peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing yes disturbing the peace
+action will have plenty of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action will have plenty of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action will have plenty of work to
+do for plenty of time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for plenty of time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for plenty of time I'm
+afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid
+okay what can I say I'm not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what can I say I'm not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what can I say I'm not I'm not
+happy about that but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about that but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about that but it's a
+fact I'm curious about one thing do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm curious about one thing do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I'm curious about one thing do you
+know who in India or Pakistan presses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who in India or Pakistan presses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who in India or Pakistan presses
+that virtual button no I do not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that virtual button no I do not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that virtual button no I do not the
+reason I'm asking is is it delegated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm asking is is it delegated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I'm asking is is it delegated to
+some L gr people or some okay in India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some L gr people or some okay in India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some L gr people or some okay in India
+look here's what I know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here's what I know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look here's what I know I don't know
+more than I do know uh what I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I do know uh what I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than I do know uh what I think is
+true in India is that the armed forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in India is that the armed forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in India is that the armed forces
+are under civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are under civilian
+control but but uh in Pakistan that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but but uh in Pakistan that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but but uh in Pakistan that is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+true so Pakistan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so Pakistan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so Pakistan is
+not what you would call a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you would call a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what you would call a unitary
+state okay there is no single command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay there is no single command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay there is no single command
+Authority I mean there is officially but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority I mean there is officially but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority I mean there is officially but
+de facto we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de facto we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de facto we
+know that the Pakistani military is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the Pakistani military is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the Pakistani military is at
+least equal to the civilian Branch but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least equal to the civilian Branch but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least equal to the civilian Branch but
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+isi whatever it is the security thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isi whatever it is the security thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isi whatever it is the security thing it
+seems to be quasi independent I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be quasi independent I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be quasi independent I'm not
+sure so so you can see I mean my but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so so you can see I mean my but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so so you can see I mean my but
+what I'm afraid of is with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm afraid of is with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm afraid of is with this
+aggressive I said it before but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive I said it before but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive I said it before but I'll
+just repeat it is this aggressive First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeat it is this aggressive First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeat it is this aggressive First
+Strike military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strike military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strike military
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+uh posture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh posture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh posture of
+Pakistan is leading to delegation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan is leading to delegation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan is leading to delegation of
+authority to low levels where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to low levels where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to low levels where there's a
+great danger of a rogue Commander so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great danger of a rogue Commander so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great danger of a rogue Commander so I
+see Pakistan as the place with the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Pakistan as the place with the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Pakistan as the place with the most
+danger of a rogue Commander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger of a rogue Commander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger of a rogue Commander
+okay and I think I'm not the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think I'm not the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think I'm not the only one
+who thinks this either the way how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks this either the way how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thinks this either the way how many
+again how many weapons does do we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how many weapons does do we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again how many weapons does do we think
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Pakistan roughly two 15 between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan roughly two 15 between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan roughly two 15 between one and
+200 uh it's more than 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 uh it's more than 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 uh it's more than 100
+now okay and they're making more all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and they're making more all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and they're making more all the
+time they're making more all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're making more all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they're making more all the time
+they're making them as fast as they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making them as fast as they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making them as fast as they can
+as far as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as we can
+tell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell okay
+India also no India seems to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India also no India seems to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India also no India seems to be more
+relaxed about it uh both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed about it uh both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxed about it uh both in terms of
+their aggressive policy they say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their aggressive policy they say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their aggressive policy they say they
+won't fire first India has a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't fire first India has a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't fire first India has a much more
+reasonable stated policy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable stated policy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable stated policy of
+use uh they they're much more laidback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh they they're much more laidback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh they they're much more laidback
+they they say they won't use them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they say they won't use them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they say they won't use them
+first uh they they they say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh they they they say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh they they they say the
+pakistanis are just going much much too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistanis are just going much much too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pakistanis are just going much much too
+far but on the Indian side the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but on the Indian side the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but on the Indian side the problem
+that I see is they're not trying for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see is they're not trying for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I see is they're not trying for the
+political solution in other words their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political solution in other words their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political solution in other words their
+posture their deployment posture is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture their deployment posture is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posture their deployment posture is more
+sensible but they're focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible but they're focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible but they're focused on
+China see so but they are not India my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China see so but they are not India my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China see so but they are not India my
+big criticism of India is they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big criticism of India is they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big criticism of India is they are not
+solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the
+problem okay I'm going to come back back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I'm going to come back back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I'm going to come back back
+to that they're not initiating any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that they're not initiating any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that they're not initiating any kind
+of um right they're being much too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um right they're being much too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um right they're being much too slow
+in in trying to heal problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in trying to heal problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in trying to heal problems like
+cashmere and other irritate points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cashmere and other irritate points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cashmere and other irritate points in
+the relationship okay I mean they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship okay I mean they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship okay I mean they're not
+going to disappear overnight but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disappear overnight but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disappear overnight but they
+could they could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could they could do
+things uh okay and I can point to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh okay and I can point to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh okay and I can point to some
+literature but but I'm I'm not a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but but I'm I'm not a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature but but I'm I'm not a real
+expert by the way they're not being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert by the way they're not being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert by the way they're not being the
+United States is not being evenhanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is not being evenhanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States is not being evenhanded
+and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a
+mistake that's a basic American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that's a basic American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake that's a basic American
+mistake so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so you
+know I've been critical since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've been critical since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've been critical since the
+beginning I'm not the only one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I'm not the only one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I'm not the only one you know
+on this basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this basis
+but the I think the predictable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the I think the predictable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the I think the predictable is
+happening they're just spurring Pakistan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening they're just spurring Pakistan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening they're just spurring Pakistan
+into a more frenzied state of develop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more frenzied state of develop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a more frenzied state of develop of
+nuclear weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear weapons
+development okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development okay it's
+unfortunate but we're doing something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but we're doing something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but we're doing something we
+don't want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen Okay we deplore it on one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay we deplore it on one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen Okay we deplore it on one hand
+and then we encourage it indirectly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we encourage it indirectly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we encourage it indirectly on
+the other so it's a contradictory policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so it's a contradictory policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other so it's a contradictory policy
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unfortunate they should know better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate they should know better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate they should know better but
+they have they they're letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they they're letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have they they're letting
+commercial interests override this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial interests override this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial interests override this you
+know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this tug of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+war right the the United States has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests
+so commercial interest with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commercial interest with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so commercial interest with respect to
+power sales right interesting this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power sales right interesting this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power sales right interesting this is
+something this got started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bush
+somehow right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's well we also make military hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well we also make military hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well we also make military hardware
+sales to to to India which is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales to to to India which is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales to to to India which is increasing
+that was oh that was one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was oh that was one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was oh that was one of the other
+things from the Obama visit uh the sale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the Obama visit uh the sale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the Obama visit uh the sale
+of conventional military equipment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conventional military equipment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conventional military equipment to
+India is going up okay for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India is going up okay for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India is going up okay for the first
+time in a long time so that was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in a long time so that was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in a long time so that was a big
+success I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success I
+guess that that was part of a recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that that was part of a recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that that was part of a recent
+trip yes yes I forgot to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip yes yes I forgot to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip yes yes I forgot to mention
+that okay you reminded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+okay thank you for coming
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FmylhZqFXNk.txt b/FmylhZqFXNk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1eccfda60612f947f11e25907a394d0300a1ca94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FmylhZqFXNk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2975 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We looked at
+the macro state, where
+
+the volume of the box, the
+temperature were given,
+
+as well as the
+chemical potential.
+
+So rather than looking at a
+fixed number of particles,
+
+we were looking at the
+grand canonical prescription
+
+where the chemical
+potential was specified.
+
+We said that when
+we have a system
+
+of non-interacting
+particles, we can construct
+
+a many bodied state based on
+occupation of single particle
+
+states such that the action
+of the Hamiltonian on this
+
+will give me a sum over
+all single particle
+
+states, the occupation number
+of that single particle
+
+state times the energy of that
+single particle state, and then
+
+the state back.
+
+We said that in
+quantum mechanics,
+
+we have to distinguish
+between bosons and fermions,
+
+and in the occupation
+number prescription.
+
+For the case of fermions,
+corresponding theta v minus 1
+
+and k was 01.
+
+For the case of bosons,
+corresponding theta
+
+plus 1 and k equals [INAUDIBLE].
+
+We said that within this
+planned canonical prescription,
+
+these occupation numbers
+were independently given.
+
+The probabilities
+were independently
+
+distributed according
+to exponential rules
+
+such that when we
+calculated the average, nk.
+
+We commented on
+the statistics what
+
+are the very simple forms,
+which was 1 over [INAUDIBLE]
+
+into the beta
+epsilon k minus eta,
+
+where z was constructed
+from the temperature
+
+and the temporal potential as
+[INAUDIBLE] to the beta mu.
+
+Now, for the case that
+we are interested,
+
+for this gas that is
+in a box of volume v,
+
+the one particle states
+were characterized
+
+by [INAUDIBLE] waves
+and their energies
+
+were f h bar squared k squared
+over 2m, basically just
+
+the kinetic energy.
+
+And then at various
+stages, we have
+
+to perform sums over k's,
+and for a box of volume v,
+
+the sum over k was
+replaced in the limit
+
+of a large box with an
+integral over k times
+
+the density of states, which
+was v divided by 2 pi cubed.
+
+And we said that
+again, we recognized
+
+that quantum particles have
+another characteristic, which
+
+is their spin, and there is a
+degeneracy factor associated
+
+with that that we can
+just stick over here
+
+as if we had [INAUDIBLE]
+copies corresponding
+
+to the different
+components of the spin.
+
+Now, once we put this form
+of epsilon k over here,
+
+then we can calculate what
+the mean number of particles
+
+is in the grand
+canonical ensemble as sum
+
+over k, the average nk, given
+the appropriate statistics.
+
+Of course, this is a
+quantity that is extensive.
+
+We then construct a
+density, which is intensive,
+
+simply by dividing by v, which
+gets rid of that factor of v
+
+over here, and we found
+that the answer could
+
+be written as g over
+lambda cubed, again,
+
+coming from this g, lambda cubed
+from the change of variables,
+
+where we defined lambda
+and h over root 2 pi mkp.
+
+And then a function that
+we indicated by s 3/2,
+
+depending on the
+statistics of z.
+
+And this was a member of
+our class of functions
+
+we defined in
+general, f m h of z,
+
+to be 1 over m minus 1
+factorial, integral 0
+
+to infinity, ex, x to
+the m minus 1, z inverse,
+
+e to the x minus eta.
+
+So for each m, we
+have a function of z.
+
+In fact, we have two
+functions, depending
+
+on whether we are dealing
+with the fermionic
+
+or the bosonic variety.
+
+We saw that these
+functions we could expand
+
+for small z as z plus eta
+z squared over 2 to the m.
+
+It's an alternating
+series for fermions.
+
+All terms are positive for
+bosons, zq, 3 to the m,
+
+eta z to the fourth, 4
+to the m, and so forth.
+
+And we also noted
+that these functions
+
+have a nice property
+in that if you
+
+were to take a derivative with
+respect to z and multiply by z,
+
+you get the function
+with one lower index.
+
+So this is, in
+fact, the same thing
+
+as z divided by zz of
+f m plus 1 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+This just made the connection
+between the number of particles
+
+and the chemical
+potential that we
+
+need to use when we go to the
+grand canonical prescription,
+
+but we are interested in
+calculating various properties
+
+of this gas, such
+as the pressure.
+
+We found that the
+formula for the pressure
+
+was simply g over lambda
+cubed, very similar to what
+
+we had over here, except that,
+rather than having f 3/2,
+
+we had f 5/2 of z to
+deal with, and if we
+
+were interested in energy,
+we could simply use 3/2.
+
+Indeed, this was correct for
+both fermions and bosons,
+
+irrespective of the
+difficulties or the variations
+
+in pressure that you
+would have, depending
+
+on your bosons or fermions
+due to [INAUDIBLE] gases.
+
+So what is the task
+here, if you are
+
+interested in getting
+a formula for pressure
+
+or the energy or
+the heat capacity?
+
+What should we do if we are
+interested in a gas that
+
+has a fixed number of
+particles or a fixed density?
+
+Clearly, the first
+stage is to calculate
+
+z as a function of density.
+
+What we can do is to solve the
+first equation graphically.
+
+We have to solve the
+equation f 3/2 8 of z
+
+equals the combination
+m lambda cubed over g,
+
+which we call the
+degeneracy factor.
+
+So if I tell you what
+the temperature is,
+
+you know lambda.
+
+If I tell you what
+the density is,
+
+you know the combination
+on the right hand side.
+
+There is this function.
+
+We have to plot this
+function and find
+
+the value of the
+argument of the function.
+
+That gives the value of
+m lambda cubed over g
+
+as the value of the function.
+
+So graphically,
+what we have to do
+
+is to plot as a function of
+z these functions, f 3/2.
+
+I will generically
+plot f m 8 of z,
+
+but for the case that
+we are interested,
+
+we really need to
+look at m equals 3/2.
+
+As we will see in
+problem set, if you
+
+were to solve the
+gas in d dimensions,
+
+this m rather than the
+3/2 would be g over 2.
+
+So pictorially, the
+same thing would
+
+work with slightly
+different forms
+
+of these functions in
+different dimensions.
+
+How do these
+functions look like?
+
+Well, we see that initially,
+they start to be linear,
+
+but then, the case of the bosons
+and fermions, the next order
+
+term goes in
+different directions.
+
+And in particular, for
+the case of fermions,
+
+the quadratic term
+starts to bring you down,
+
+whereas for the case of
+bosons, the quadratic term
+
+is the opposite direction and
+will tend to make you large.
+
+This is what these
+functions look.
+
+For the case of fermions, I have
+additional terms in the series.
+
+It's an alternating series.
+
+And then the question
+is, what happens
+
+to this at large values of z?
+
+And what we found was
+that at large values,
+
+this function satisfies
+the asymptotic form
+
+that is provided by
+Sommerfeld formula, which
+
+states that f m of z, for the
+case of fermions, so this is
+
+eta equals minus 1,
+is log z to the power
+
+of m divided by m factorial.
+
+Of course, we are
+interested in m goes to 3/2.
+
+1 plus pi squared
+over 6 m, m minus 1,
+
+log z squared, and higher order
+inverse powers of log z, which
+
+one can compute, but
+for our purposes,
+
+these two terms are sufficient.
+
+And if I'm interested in doing
+the inversion for fermions,
+
+what I need to do is to
+plot a line that corresponds
+
+to n lambda cubed
+over g and find
+
+the intersection of
+that line, and that
+
+would give me the value of z.
+
+When I'm very close
+to the origin,
+
+I start with the
+linear behavior,
+
+and then I can systematically
+calculate the corrections
+
+to the linear behavior, which
+would have been z equals n
+
+lambda cubed over g in higher
+powers of n lambda cubed
+
+over g.
+
+And we saw that by doing
+that, I can gradually
+
+construct a visual
+expansion that
+
+is appropriate for these gases.
+
+I can do the same thing, of
+course, for the case of bosons
+
+also, but now I'm interested
+in the limiting form where
+
+the density goes higher and
+higher or the temperature
+
+goes lower and lower so that
+this horizontal line that I
+
+have drawn will go to
+larger and larger values,
+
+and I'm interested in the
+intersections that I have
+
+when z is large and this
+asymptotic formula is
+
+being satisfied.
+
+So what do I need to do for the
+case of degenerate fermions?
+
+I have this quantity, n lambda
+cubed over g, which I claim
+
+is much larger than
+1, so I have to look
+
+for values of the function, f
+3/2 minus of z that are large,
+
+and those values are achieved
+when the argument is large,
+
+and then it takes the form
+log z to the 3/2 divided
+
+by 3/2 factorial, 1
+plus pi squared over 6.
+
+m in this case is 3/2,
+so I have 3/2 times m
+
+minus 1, which is 1/2,
+divided by log z over 2.
+
+And then I will have
+potentially higher order terms.
+
+So I can invert this
+formula to find log
+
+z as a function of density.
+
+And to lowest order,
+what I have is
+
+3/2 factorial n lambda cubed
+over g raised to the 2/3 power.
+
+If I were to ignore
+everything here,
+
+just arrange things
+this way, that's
+
+the formula that I would get.
+
+But then I have this
+correction, so I divide by this.
+
+I have 1 plus-- this combination
+is equivalent to pi squared
+
+over 8, 1 over log z squared.
+
+I have taken it to the other
+side, so I put the minus sign
+
+and raise again
+to the 2/3 power.
+
+Now, the way that I have defined
+z up there, clearly log z
+
+is proportional to beta nu.
+
+We can see that
+lambda is proportional
+
+to beta to the 1/2,
+so lambda cubed
+
+is beta to the 3/2, which,
+when raised to the 2/3,
+
+gives me a factor of beta.
+
+So basically, the quantity
+that we have over here
+
+is of the order of
+beta, and then we
+
+saw that the remainder,
+which depends on properties
+
+such as the mass
+of the gas, gh, et
+
+cetera, which is independent
+of temperature, is a constant.
+
+That is the Fermi
+energy that we can
+
+compute by usual route
+of filling up a Fermi c.
+
+And the value of
+epsilon f is h bar
+
+squared over 2m
+times kf squared,
+
+and the kf was 6 pi squared
+n over g to the 1/3 power,
+
+so kf squared would be
+something like this.
+
+So once we know the density
+of the fermion, its spin
+
+and its mass, we can figure
+out what this quantity is.
+
+The zeroth order solution
+for the chemical potential
+
+is clearly this epsilon f.
+
+What do I have to do
+if I want to calculate
+
+the next correction?
+
+Well, what I can do is I
+can put the zeroth order
+
+solution for log z
+in this expression,
+
+and then that will give me
+the first order correction.
+
+I have to raise this whole
+thing to the minus 2/3 power,
+
+so pi squared over 8
+becomes 1 minus 2/3
+
+of pi squared over h, which
+is minus pi squared over 12.
+
+1 over log of z squared--
+log z is again mu over kt,
+
+so its inverse is kt
+over the zeroth order
+
+value of mu, which is epsilon
+f raised to second power,
+
+and we expect that there
+will be higher order terms.
+
+So what have I stated?
+
+If I really take
+this curve and try
+
+to solve for mu as a function
+of temperature for a given
+
+density, I find that at
+very low temperatures,
+
+the value that I
+get is epsilon f,
+
+and then the value
+starts to get reduced
+
+as I go to higher temperatures
+and the initial fall
+
+is quadratic.
+
+Of course, the function will
+have higher and higher order
+
+corrections.
+
+It will not stay quadratic.
+
+And I also know that
+at very large values,
+
+it essentially converges
+to a form that is minus
+
+kt log of n lambda cubed,
+because down here, I
+
+know that this solution is z is
+simply n lambda cubed over g.
+
+So at low densities and high
+temperatures, basically,
+
+I will have something
+that is almost
+
+linear with logarithmic
+corrections and negative,
+
+and so presumably, the function
+looks something like this.
+
+Of course, I can always convert.
+
+We can say that
+what I see here is
+
+the combination of
+kt over epsilon f.
+
+I can define epsilon f
+over kv to be something
+
+that I'll call tf,
+and this correction
+
+I can write as t
+over tf squared.
+
+So basically, I have
+defined epsilon f
+
+to be some kv times
+a Fermi temperature.
+
+Just on the basis of
+dimensional argument,
+
+you would expect that the place
+where this zero is occurring
+
+is of the order of this tf.
+
+I don't claim that
+it is exactly tf.
+
+It will have some
+multiplicative factor,
+
+but it will be of
+the order of tf,
+
+which can be related
+to the density, mass,
+
+and other properties of
+the gas by this formula.
+
+And if you look at a
+metal, such as copper,
+
+where the electrons are
+approximately described
+
+by this Fermi gas, this tf
+is of the order of, say,
+
+10 to the 4 degrees Kelvin.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you were saying
+that at a high temperature,
+
+the chemical potential
+should go as minus kvt
+
+times ln of n
+lambda cubed, yeah?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Now, the lambda itself
+has temperature dependence,
+
+so how can you claim that
+it is behaving linearly?
+
+PROFESSOR: I said
+almost linearly.
+
+As you say, the correct behavior
+is something like minus 3/2 t
+
+log t, so log t
+changes the exponent
+
+to be slightly different from 1.
+
+This is not entirely linear.
+
+It has some curvature
+due to this logarithm.
+
+In fact, something that people
+sometimes get confused at
+
+is when you go to high
+temperatures, beta goes to 0.
+
+So why doesn't z go to 1?
+
+Of course, beta goes
+to 0 but mu goes
+
+to infinity such that the
+product of 0 and infinity
+
+is actually still pretty
+large, partly because
+
+of this logarithm.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you just
+explain again why it's linear?
+
+PROFESSOR: Down
+here it is linear,
+
+so I know that z is n
+lambda cubed over g.
+
+z is e to the mu over kt.
+
+So mu is kt log of n
+lambda cubed over g.
+
+Remember lambda
+depends on temperature,
+
+so it is almost linear, except
+that really what is inside here
+
+has a temperature dependence.
+
+So it's really
+more like t log t.
+
+AUDIENCE: When z is small?
+
+PROFESSOR: When z is small
+and only when z is small,
+
+and z small corresponds
+to being down here.
+
+Again, that's what I was saying.
+
+Down here, beta
+goes to zero but mu
+
+goes to minus infinity such
+that the product of 0 and minus
+
+infinity is still something that
+is large and negative because
+
+of this.
+
+AUDIENCE: If the product is
+large, then isn't z large?
+
+PROFESSOR: If the product
+is large and negative,
+
+then z is exponentially small.
+
+In fact, if I were to
+plot this function just
+
+without the higher
+order corrections,
+
+if I plot the function, kt
+log of n lambda cubed over g,
+
+you can see that it goes
+to 0 when the combination n
+
+lambda cubed over g is
+1 because log of 1 is 0.
+
+So that function by
+itself, asymptotically this
+
+is what I have, it will come
+and do something like this,
+
+but it really is not something
+that we are dealing with.
+
+It's in some sense
+the classical version.
+
+So classically, your mu
+is given by this formula,
+
+except that
+classically, you don't
+
+know what the volume factor
+is that you have to put there
+
+because you don't
+know what h is.
+
+So that's the
+chemical potential,
+
+but the chemical
+potential is really,
+
+for our intents and
+purposes, a device
+
+that I need to put here
+in order to calculate
+
+the pressure, to calculate
+the energy, et cetera.
+
+So let's go to the next step.
+
+We are again in this limit.
+
+Beta p is g over lambda
+cubed f 5/2 plus z.
+
+That's going to give me g over
+lambda cubed in the limit where
+
+z is large-- we established that
+z is large-- log z to the 5/2
+
+divided by 5/2 factorial
+using the Sommerfeld
+
+expansion, 1 plus pi over 6.
+
+Now my m is 5/2.
+
+m minus 1 would be 3/2
+divided by log z squared
+
+in higher order terms.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is that plus?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because
+I made a mistake.
+
+Just to make my life and
+manipulations easier,
+
+I'll do the following.
+
+I write under this
+the formula for n
+
+being g over lambda cubed,
+f 3/2 minus z, which
+
+is g over lambda
+cubed log z to the 3/2
+
+divided by 3/2 factorial,
+1 plus-- I calculated
+
+the correction-- pi
+squared over 6 divided
+
+by various combination,
+which is pi squared over 8,
+
+1 over log z squared.
+
+Now what I will do is to
+divide these two equations.
+
+If I were to divide the
+numerator by the denominator,
+
+what do I get?
+
+The left hand side
+becomes beta p over n.
+
+The right hand side, I can
+get rid of the ratio of log
+
+z 5/2 to log z.
+
+3/2 is just one factor of log z.
+
+What do I have when I divide
+5/2 factorial by 3/2 factorial?
+
+I have 5/2.
+
+This division allows me to get
+rid of some unwanted terms.
+
+And then what do I have here?
+
+This combination here is 5
+pi squared over 8 minus 1 pi
+
+squared over 8.
+
+Because of the division, I
+will put a minus sign here,
+
+so that becomes 4
+pi squared over 8,
+
+which is pi squared over 2.
+
+So I will get 1 plus
+pi squared over 2,
+
+and at the order
+that we are dealing,
+
+we can replace 1
+over log z squared
+
+with kt over epsilon f squared.
+
+Now, for log z over here,
+I can write beta mu,
+
+and for mu, I can write the
+formula that I have up here.
+
+So you can see that once I
+do that, the betas cancel
+
+from the two sides of the
+equation, and what I get
+
+is that p is 2/5,
+the inverse of 5/2.
+
+The n I will take to the
+other side of the equation.
+
+To the lowest
+order mu is epsilon
+
+f, so I will put epsilon f, but
+mu is not exactly epsilon f.
+
+It is 1 minus pi squared over
+12, kt over epsilon f squared.
+
+And actually, there was
+this additional factor of 1
+
+plus pi squared over 2,
+kt over epsilon f squared.
+
+So what do we find?
+
+We find that to
+the zeroth order,
+
+pressure is related
+to the density
+
+but multiplied by epsilon f, so
+that even at zero temperature,
+
+there is a finite
+value of pressure left.
+
+So we are used to ideal
+gases that are classical,
+
+and when we go to
+zero temperature,
+
+they start to stop
+moving around.
+
+Since they are
+not moving around,
+
+there is no pressure that is
+exerted, but for the Fermi gas,
+
+you cannot say that all of the
+particles are not moving around
+
+because that violates this
+exclusion of n being zero
+
+or one.
+
+You have to give particles
+more and more momentum
+
+so that they don't violate the
+condition that they should have
+
+different values of the
+occupation numbers, the Pauli
+
+exclusion.
+
+And therefore, even
+at zero temperature,
+
+you will have particles
+that in the ground state
+
+are zipping around, and
+because they're moving around,
+
+they can hit the wall
+and exert pressure on it,
+
+and this is the value
+of the pressure.
+
+As you go to higher temperature,
+that pressure gets modified.
+
+We can see that balancing
+these two terms,
+
+there is an increase
+in pressure, which
+
+is 1 plus 5 pi squared over
+6, kt over epsilon f squared.
+
+So you expect the
+pressure, if I plot it
+
+as a function of temperature,
+at zero temperature,
+
+it will have this
+constant value, pf.
+
+As I put a higher
+temperature, there
+
+will be even more energy
+and more kinetic energy,
+
+and the pressure will rise.
+
+Eventually, at very
+high temperatures,
+
+I will regain the
+classical, rather
+
+pressure is proportional
+to temperature.
+
+That's the pressure of
+this ideal Fermi gas.
+
+The energy.
+
+Well, the energy
+is simply what we
+
+said over here, always 3/2 pv.
+
+So it is 3/2, the pressure
+over there multiplied
+
+by v. When I multiply
+the density by v,
+
+I will get the
+number of particles.
+
+3/2 times 5/2 will give me
+3/5, so I will 3/5 and epsilon
+
+f at the lowest order.
+
+Again, you've probably
+seen this already
+
+where you draw diagrams
+for filling up a Fermi c.
+
+Up to some particular
+kf, you would
+
+say that all states
+are occupied.
+
+When epsilon f is the
+energy of this state that
+
+is sitting right at the
+edge of the Fermi c,
+
+and clearly, the
+energies of the particles
+
+vary all the way from
+zero up to epsilon f,
+
+so the average energy is going
+to be less than epsilon f.
+
+Dimensionally, it works
+out to be 3/5 of that.
+
+That's what that says.
+
+But the more
+important part is how
+
+it changes as a
+function of temperature.
+
+What you find is that it goes
+to 1 plus 5 pi squared over 6,
+
+kt over epsilon f squared
+in high order terms.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+Should the 6 be 12?
+
+PROFESSOR: 6 should be 12?
+
+Let's see.
+
+This is 6/12 minus
+1/12 is indeed 5/12.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So if I ask what's the heat
+capacity at constant volume,
+
+this is dE by dT, so just
+taking the derivative.
+
+The zeroth order term,
+of course, is irrelevant.
+
+It doesn't vary the temperature.
+
+It's this t squared that
+will give you the variations.
+
+So what does it give me?
+
+I will have n epsilon f.
+
+I have 3/5 times 5
+pi squared over 12.
+
+The derivative of
+this combination
+
+will give me 2kb squared t
+divided by epsilon f squared.
+
+There will be, of
+course, higher order,
+
+but this combination you can
+see I can write as follows.
+
+It is extensive.
+
+It is proportional to n.
+
+There is one kb that I can
+take out, which is nice,
+
+because natural units
+of heat capacity,
+
+as we have emphasized, are kb.
+
+This combination of numbers,
+I believe the 5 cancels.
+
+3 times 2 divided
+by 12 gives me 1/2,
+
+so I have pi squared over 2.
+
+And then I have the
+combination, kt over epsilon
+
+f, which I can also
+write as t over tf.
+
+So the heat capacity
+of the Fermi gas
+
+goes to 0 as I go
+to zero temperature,
+
+in accord with the third
+law of thermodynamics, which
+
+we said is a consequence
+of quantum mechanics.
+
+So we have this result,
+that the proportionality
+
+is given by the inverse of tf.
+
+If I were to plot the heat
+capacity in units of nkb
+
+as a function of t, at
+very high temperatures,
+
+I will get the classical
+result, which is 3/2,
+
+and then I will start to
+get corrections to that.
+
+Those corrections will
+gradually reduce this,
+
+so eventually, the function
+that I will get starts linearly
+
+and then gets matched to that.
+
+So the linear behavior is
+of the order of t over tf,
+
+and presumably at
+some temperature
+
+that is of the order
+of tf, you will
+
+switch to some
+classical behavior.
+
+And as I said, if you look at
+metals, this tf is very large.
+
+So when you look at the
+heat capacity of something
+
+like copper or some
+other metal, you
+
+find that there is a
+contribution from the electrons
+
+to the heat capacity
+that is linear.
+
+Now, the reason for
+this linear behavior
+
+is also good to understand.
+
+This calculation that
+I did is necessary
+
+in order to establish what this
+precise factor of pi squared
+
+over 2 or appropriate
+coefficient
+
+is, but the physical reason
+for the linearity you
+
+should be able to know.
+
+Basically, we saw that
+the occupation numbers
+
+for the case of fermions
+have this form that
+
+is 1 over z inverse, e
+to the epsilon plus 1.
+
+If I plot the occupation
+numbers as a function of energy,
+
+for a case that is
+at zero temperature,
+
+you can see that the
+occupation number is 1 or 0,
+
+so you have a picture
+that is like this.
+
+You switch from 1
+to 0 at epsilon f.
+
+Oops, there was a beta here
+that I forgot, beta epsilon.
+
+When I go to finite
+temperature, this becomes fuzzy
+
+because this expectation
+value for the number,
+
+rather than being a
+one zero step function,
+
+becomes smoothed out,
+becomes a function
+
+such as this, and the width
+over which this smoothing takes
+
+place is of the order of kt.
+
+So what happens is that rather
+than having this short Fermi c,
+
+you will start having
+less particles here
+
+and more occupied
+particles over here.
+
+To do that, you have
+created energies
+
+going from here to here
+that you have stored
+
+that is of the order of this kt.
+
+What fraction of
+the total number
+
+have you given this energy?
+
+Well, the fraction
+is given from here.
+
+It is the ratio of
+this to the entirety,
+
+and that ratio is
+t, or kt, divided
+
+by epsilon f is
+the fraction that
+
+has been given energy this.
+
+So the excitation
+energy that you have
+
+is this number, the
+total times this fraction
+
+times the energy that
+you have, which is kt.
+
+And if I take the
+derivative of this,
+
+I will get precisely
+this formula over
+
+here up to this factor
+of pi squared over 2,
+
+which I was very cavalier,
+but the scaling everything
+
+comes from this.
+
+And to all intents
+and purposes, this
+
+is the characteristic
+of all Fermi systems,
+
+that as you go to
+low temperatures,
+
+there is a small fraction
+of electrons, if you like,
+
+that can be excited.
+
+That fraction goes to
+0 at low temperatures
+
+as kt over epsilon f, and the
+typical energies that they have
+
+is of the order of kt.
+
+So essentially, many of the
+results for the degenerate
+
+Fermi gas you can obtain
+by taking classical results
+
+and substituting for
+the number of particles
+
+nkt over epsilon f.
+
+You will see in the problem
+set that this kind of argument
+
+tells you something also
+about the magnetic response
+
+of a system of electrons,
+what is the susceptibility
+
+and why does the susceptibility
+saturate at low temperatures.
+
+It's just substituting for
+the number of particles
+
+this fraction, nkt
+over epsilon f,
+
+will give you lots of things.
+
+This picture is also
+valid in all dimensions,
+
+whereas next, we'll be
+discussing the case of bosons,
+
+where the dependence
+is on temperature.
+
+There is an exponent
+here that determines
+
+which dimension you are
+or depends on dimensions.
+
+For the case of fermions, this
+linearity exists independently.
+
+So now let's think
+about bosons and what's
+
+going to happen for bosons.
+
+For bosons, we saw that
+the series, rather than
+
+being alternating,
+all of the terms
+
+are adding up together so
+that the parabolic correction,
+
+rather than reducing
+the function
+
+for the case of bosons,
+will increase it.
+
+So for a particular
+value of density,
+
+we find that the z of fermions
+is larger than the z of bosons.
+
+So for a given
+density, what we will
+
+find is that the chemical
+potential, whereas for the case
+
+of fermions was deviating from
+the classical form by going up,
+
+for the case of
+bosons, we'll start
+
+to deviate from the
+classical form and go down.
+
+Now, there is
+something, however,
+
+that the chemical potential
+cannot do for the case
+
+of bosons which it did it
+for the case of fermions,
+
+and that was to change sign.
+
+Why is that?
+
+Well, we have that over
+there, the occupation number
+
+for a boson is 1
+over z inverse, which
+
+is e to the beta
+epsilon k minus mu.
+
+z inverse is e to the
+minus meta mu minus 1.
+
+Now, this result was
+obtained from summing
+
+a geometric series, and
+the condition certainly
+
+is that this object, that
+is, the inverse of what
+
+was multiplying different
+terms in the series,
+
+has to be larger than 1.
+
+Of course, it has
+to be larger than 1
+
+so that I get a positive
+occupation number.
+
+If it was less than 1,
+the geometric series
+
+was never convergent.
+
+Clearly, the negativity
+of the occupation number
+
+has no meaning.
+
+So this being positive
+strictly immediately implies
+
+that mu has to be less
+than epsilon k for all k.
+
+So it has to be certainly less
+than the minimum of epsilon k
+
+with respect to all k.
+
+And for the case that I'm
+looking at where my epsilon
+
+k's are h bar squared
+k squared over 2m,
+
+the lowest one
+corresponds to k equals 0,
+
+so mu has to be less than 0.
+
+It can never go to the
+other side of this.
+
+Or alternatively, z
+has to be less than
+
+or approaches maybe 1.
+
+So there is certainly
+a barrier here
+
+that we are going to encounter
+for the case of bosons at z
+
+equals 1.
+
+We should not go
+beyond that point.
+
+So let's see what's
+happening for z equals 1
+
+to this function.
+
+You see, my task
+remains the same.
+
+In order to find z, I
+have to solve graphically
+
+for the intersection of
+the curve that corresponds
+
+to f plus 3/2 and the curve that
+corresponds to the density n
+
+lambda cubed over g.
+
+So what happens as I go to
+higher and higher values
+
+of n lambda cubed over g?
+
+You can see one possibility
+is that this curve just
+
+diverges as z approaches 1.
+
+Then for every value of
+n lambda cubed over g,
+
+you will find some value
+of z that will gradually
+
+become closer and closer to 1.
+
+But is that the scenario?
+
+For that, we need to know what
+the value of this f function
+
+is at z equals 1, so the limit
+f m plus of z as z goes to 1.
+
+How do you obtain that?
+
+Well, that is 1 over m minus
+1 factorial, integral 0
+
+to infinity, dx, x to the m
+minus 1, z inverse, which is 1,
+
+e to the x minus 1.
+
+I have to integrate
+this function.
+
+The integrand, how
+does it look like?
+
+x to the m minus 1,
+e to the x minus 1.
+
+Well, at large x,
+there is no problem.
+
+It goes to 0 exponentially.
+
+At small x, it goes to
+0 as x to the m minus 2.
+
+So basically, it's
+a curve such as this
+
+that I have to integrate.
+
+And if the curve is like I have
+drawn it, there is no problem.
+
+I can find the
+integral underneath it
+
+and there actually is a
+finite value that has a name.
+
+It's called a zeta function, so
+this is some tabulated function
+
+that you can look at.
+
+But you can see that
+if m, let's say, is 0,
+
+then it is dx over x squared.
+
+So the other
+possibility is that this
+
+is a function that diverges
+at the origin, which
+
+then may or may
+not be integrable.
+
+And we can see that this
+is finite and exists only
+
+for m that is larger then 1.
+
+So in particular, we are
+interested in the case
+
+of m equals 3/2.
+
+So then at z equals 1,
+I have a finite value.
+
+It is zeta of 3/2.
+
+So basically, the function will
+come up to a finite value at z
+
+equals 1, which is
+this zeta of 3/2,
+
+which you can look up in tables.
+
+It's 2.612.
+
+Now, I tried to draw this
+curve as if it comes and hugs
+
+the vertical line tangentially,
+that is, with infinite slope,
+
+and that is the case.
+
+Why do I know that?
+
+Because the derivative
+of the function
+
+will be related to the
+function at one lower index.
+
+So the derivative of f
+3/2 is really an f 1/2.
+
+f 1/2 does not exist.
+
+It's a function that
+goes to infinity.
+
+So essentially, this curve
+comes with an infinite slope.
+
+Now, it will turn out
+that this is the scenario
+
+that we have in
+three dimensions.
+
+If you are in two dimensions,
+then what you need to do
+
+is look at f that corresponds
+to m equals 2 over 2 or 1,
+
+and in that case, the
+function diverges.
+
+So then, you have no problem in
+finding some intersection point
+
+for any combination of
+n lambda cubed over g.
+
+But currently in
+three dimensions,
+
+we have a problem because
+for n lambda cubed
+
+over g that falls
+higher than zeta of 3/2,
+
+it doesn't hit the
+curve at any point,
+
+and we have to interpret
+what that means.
+
+So for d equals 3,
+encounter singularity
+
+when n lambda cubed
+over g is greater than
+
+or equal to zeta of 3/2.
+
+This corresponds at a fixed
+density to temperatures
+
+that are less than some critical
+temperature that depends on n,
+
+and that I can read
+off as being 1 over kb.
+
+This is going to give
+me a combination.
+
+Lambda cubed is proportional
+inversely to 3/2,
+
+so this will give me nz
+3/2 over g to the 2/3,
+
+and then I have
+h squared 2 pi m.
+
+I put the kb over here.
+
+So the more dense
+your system is,
+
+the lower-- I guess that's why
+I have it the opposite way.
+
+It should be the more dense it
+is, the higher the temperature.
+
+That's fine.
+
+But what does that mean?
+
+The point is that if we go
+and look at the structure
+
+that we have developed,
+for any temperature that
+
+is high enough, or any density
+that is low enough, so that I
+
+hit the curve on
+its continuous part,
+
+it means that I can find the
+value of z that is strictly
+
+less than 1, and
+for that value of z,
+
+I can occupy states according
+to that probability,
+
+and when I calculate
+the net mean occupation,
+
+I will get the actual density
+that I'm interested in.
+
+As I go to temperatures
+that are lower,
+
+this combination goes up and up.
+
+The value of z that I have to
+get gets pushed more towards 1.
+
+As it gets pushed more towards
+1, I see that mu going to 0,
+
+the state that corresponds to
+the lowest energy, k equals 0,
+
+gets more and more occupied.
+
+But still, nothing special about
+that occupation except what
+
+happens when I am
+at higher values.
+
+The most natural thing is that
+when I am at higher values,
+
+I should pick z equals
+1 minus a little bit.
+
+And if I choose z to be 1 minus
+a very small quantity, then
+
+when I do the
+integration over here,
+
+I didn't get a value
+for the density, which
+
+is g over lambda cubed,
+the limiting value
+
+of this f function,
+which is zeta of 3/2.
+
+I will call this n star
+because this is strictly
+
+less than the total
+density that I have.
+
+That was the problem.
+
+If I could make up the total
+density with z equals 1,
+
+I would be satisfied.
+
+I would be making
+it here, but I'm not
+
+making it up with the spectrum
+that I have written over here.
+
+But on the other hand, if
+epsilon is incredibly small,
+
+what I find is that the
+occupation number of the k
+
+equals to 0 state-- let's
+write it n of k equals 0.
+
+What is that?
+
+It is 1 over z inverse, which
+is the inverse of this quantity,
+
+which is 1 plus epsilon,
+which is approximately
+
+e to the epsilon minus 1.
+
+Actually, maybe what I should
+do is to write it in the form e
+
+to the beta mu minus 1 and
+realize that this beta mu is
+
+a quantity that is very small.
+
+It is the same thing that I
+was calling epsilon before.
+
+And if it is very small, I can
+make it to be 1 over beta mu.
+
+So by making mu arbitrarily
+close to the origin or epsilon
+
+mu arbitrarily close to
+1, I could in principle
+
+pump a lot of particles
+in the k equals 0 state,
+
+and that does not
+violate anything.
+
+Bosons, you can put as many
+particles as you like in the k
+
+equals 0 state.
+
+So essentially, what I can do
+is I can make this, but you say,
+
+well, isn't this already
+covered by this curve
+
+that you have over here?
+
+Are you doing
+something different?
+
+Well, let's follow this line
+of thought a little bit more.
+
+How much do I have to put here?
+
+This n is the total number of
+particles divided by volume,
+
+and so this is going to be
+this quantity, n star, which
+
+is gv over lambda cubed
+divided by volume.
+
+Let's write it in this fashion,
+z over lambda cubed zeta of 3/2
+
+and then whatever is left
+over, and the leftover
+
+I can write as n0.
+
+So what we know is if
+we take z equals 1,
+
+this function will
+tell me how many things
+
+I have put in everything
+except k equals 0
+
+that I will
+calculate separately.
+
+That amount is here.
+
+And I will put some
+more in k equals 0,
+
+and you can see
+that the amount I
+
+have to put there is going
+to be n minus g over lambda
+
+cubed zeta of 3/2.
+
+Actually, I will have
+to put a volume here.
+
+Why is that?
+
+The reason I have to put the
+volume is because the volume
+
+that I had here,
+that ultimately I
+
+divided the number of particles
+by volume to get the density,
+
+came from replacing the
+sum with an integration.
+
+So what I have envisioned now
+is that there are all of these
+
+points that correspond
+to different k's.
+
+I'll replace the sum
+with a integration,
+
+but then there was
+one point, k equals 0,
+
+that I am treating separately.
+
+When I'm treating
+that separately, it
+
+means that is really is the
+same as the total number
+
+expectation value without having
+to divide by the volume, which
+
+comes from this
+density of state,
+
+and I have something like this.
+
+Now, the problem is that you
+can see that suddenly, you
+
+have to pick a value
+of mu that is inversely
+
+proportional to the
+volume of the system.
+
+This is a problem in which
+the thermodynamic limit
+
+is taken in this strange sense.
+
+You have all of these potential
+values of the energy, epsilon
+
+of k, that correspond to h bar
+squared, k squared over 2m.
+
+There is one that is at 0, and
+then choosing k equals 2 to pi
+
+over l, you will have one
+other state, another state,
+
+all of these states.
+
+All of these states are
+actually very finely spaced.
+
+The difference between
+the ground state
+
+and the first excited state
+is h bar squared over 2m,
+
+2 pi over l squared.
+
+So this distance over here is of
+the order of 1 over l squared.
+
+But I see that in
+order to occupy
+
+this with the
+appropriate number,
+
+I have to choose my chemical
+potential to be as close as 1
+
+over the volume.
+
+So in the limit where I
+take the size of the system
+
+go to infinity, this
+approaches this.
+
+It never touches it, but the
+distance that I have here
+
+is much, much less
+than the distance
+
+that I have in the spacings
+that I made this replacement.
+
+So I can indeed treat
+these separately.
+
+I can give a particular
+weight to this state
+
+where the mu has come this
+close to it as 1 over v,
+
+treat all of the
+other ones as part
+
+of this replacement of the
+summations with the integral.
+
+You can also see that this
+trick is going to be problematic
+
+if I were to perform it in
+two dimensions, because rather
+
+than 1 over l to
+the third power,
+
+that is, the volume
+in three dimensions,
+
+I would have had
+1 over l squared.
+
+And indeed, that's
+another reason
+
+why two dimensions is special.
+
+And as I said, in
+two dimensions,
+
+the curve actually does go
+all the way to infinity.
+
+You won't have this problem.
+
+So this is essentially
+what happens
+
+with this Bose-Einstein
+condensation,
+
+that the occupation number of
+the excited state for bosons
+
+is such that you encounter
+a singularity in three
+
+dimensions beyond a particular
+density or temperatures
+
+lower than a certain amount
+or highly degenerate case,
+
+you have to separately treat
+all the huge number of particles
+
+that is proportional to the
+volume that have now piled up
+
+in the single state, k equals 0,
+the ground state in this case,
+
+but whatever the
+ground state may
+
+be for your appropriate
+system, and all
+
+the other particles go in the
+corresponding excited states.
+
+Now, as you go towards
+zero temperature,
+
+you can see that
+this combination
+
+is proportional to
+temperature goes to zero.
+
+So at 0 temperature,
+essentially all of the particles
+
+will need to be placed
+in this k equals 0 state.
+
+So if you like, a rough picture
+is that the net density.
+
+This is the density,
+n, at high temperature
+
+is entirely made up as being
+part of the excited state.
+
+Let's draw it this way.
+
+When you hit Tc, you find that
+the excited state can no longer
+
+accommodate the entire density.
+
+This is a coordination
+that, as we said,
+
+goes to zero at zero
+temperature as T to the 3/2.
+
+So there's a curve that
+goes like T to the 3/2,
+
+hits 1 at exactly Tc, which
+is a function of the density
+
+that you choose.
+
+This is the fraction that
+corresponds to the excited
+
+states.
+
+And on top of that, there
+is a macroscopic fraction
+
+that is occupying the
+ground state, which
+
+is the compliment to this curve.
+
+Basically, it behaves
+something like this.
+
+One thing that I
+should emphasize
+
+is that what I see here makes it
+look like at high temperatures,
+
+there is no occupation
+of k equals 0 state.
+
+That is certainly not
+correct because if you
+
+look at this function
+at any finite z
+
+as a function of
+epsilon, you can
+
+see that the largest
+value of this function
+
+is still at epsilon equals 0.
+
+It is much more
+likely that there
+
+is occupation of the ground
+state than any other state,
+
+except that the fraction
+that is occupying here,
+
+when I divide by the total
+number, goes to zero.
+
+It becomes macroscopic when
+I'm below the BEC transition.
+
+Now, the properties of what
+is happening in this system
+
+below Tc is actually very
+simple because below Tc,
+
+the chemical potential
+in the macroscopic sense
+
+is stuck at 1.
+
+Essentially, what I'm saying
+is that in this system,
+
+the chemical
+potential comes down.
+
+It hits Tc of n,
+and then it is 0.
+
+Now of course, 0, as
+we have discussed here,
+
+if I put a magnifier here
+and multiply by a factor of n
+
+or a factor of
+volume, then I see
+
+that there is a distinction
+between that and 0.
+
+So it doesn't quite go
+to 0, but the distance
+
+is of the order of
+1 over volume or 1
+
+over the number of particles.
+
+Effectively, from the
+thermodynamic perspective,
+
+it is 0.
+
+But again, for the purposes
+of thermodynamics, pressure,
+
+everything comes
+from the particles
+
+that are moving around.
+
+The particles in the ground
+state are frozen out.
+
+They don't do anything.
+
+So the pressure is very simple.
+
+Beta p is g over lambda
+cubed, f 5/2, eta of z
+
+equals 1, which is some number.
+
+It is g over lambda
+cubed, the zeta
+
+function at 5/2, which again
+has some value that you can read
+
+of in tables, 1.34,
+something like that.
+
+So you can see that this
+lambda cubed is inversely
+
+proportional to t to
+the 3/2, so pressure
+
+is proportional to t to the 5/2.
+
+If I were to plot the pressure
+as a function of temperature,
+
+what I find is that
+at low temperatures,
+
+the pressure is simply
+given as t to the 5/2.
+
+And you can see that this
+pressure knows nothing
+
+about the overall
+density of the system
+
+because this is a pure number.
+
+It is only a function of
+temperature, mass, et cetera.
+
+There is no factor
+of density here.
+
+So what is happening?
+
+Because we certainly
+know that when
+
+I am at very high temperatures,
+ideal gas behavior
+
+dictates that the
+pressure should
+
+be proportional to
+temperature times density.
+
+So if I have two different
+gases where the density here
+
+is greater than
+the density here,
+
+these will be the
+form of the isotherms
+
+that I have at
+high temperatures.
+
+So what happens is that you
+will start with the ideal gas
+
+behavior.
+
+We saw that for
+the case of bosons,
+
+there is some kind of an
+effective attraction that
+
+reduces the pressure, so the
+pressure starts to go down.
+
+Eventually, it will join
+this universal curve
+
+at the value that
+corresponds to Tc of n2.
+
+Whereas if I see what's
+happening with the lower
+
+density, at high
+temperatures, again, I
+
+will have the linear behavior
+of the ideal gas with a lower
+
+slope because I have
+a lower density.
+
+As I go to lower temperatures,
+quantum corrections
+
+will reduce the pressure.
+
+Eventually, I find
+that this curve
+
+will join my universal curve at
+the point that would correspond
+
+to Tc of n1, which in
+this case would be lower.
+
+But beyond that, it will
+forget what the density was,
+
+the pressure would be the
+same for all of these curves.
+
+And I have kind of indicated,
+or tried to indicate,
+
+that the curves join
+here in a manner
+
+that there is no
+discontinuity in slope.
+
+So an interesting
+exercise to do is
+
+to calculate derivatives
+of this pressure
+
+as a function of
+temperature and see
+
+whether they match coming
+from the two sides.
+
+And you will find that if
+you do the algebra correctly,
+
+there is a matching of the two.
+
+Now, if I have the pressure
+as a function of temperature,
+
+then I also have the energy as a
+function of temperature, right?
+
+Because we know that
+the energy is 3/2 PV.
+
+So if I know P,
+I can immediately
+
+know what the energy is.
+
+I know, therefore,
+that in the condensate,
+
+the energy is proportional
+to T to the 5/2.
+
+Take a derivative, I know
+that the heat capacity
+
+will be proportional
+to T to the 3/2.
+
+That T to the 3/2 is a
+signature of this condensate
+
+that we have.
+
+Again, heat capacity will go to
+0 as T goes to 0, as we expect.
+
+And as opposed to the
+case of the fermions,
+
+where the vanishing of the heat
+capacity was always linear,
+
+the vanishing of the
+heat capacity for bosons
+
+will depend on dimensions, and
+this vanishing as T to the 3/2
+
+is in general T to
+the d over 2, as can
+
+be shown very easily by
+following this algebra.
+
+I wanted to do a
+little bit of work
+
+on calculating the heat
+capacity because its shape is
+
+interesting.
+
+Let's write the formula a
+little bit more accurately.
+
+I have 3/2 v. Pressure is
+kTg over lambda cubed, f
+
+5/2 plus of z.
+
+This formula is valid,
+both at high temperatures
+
+and at low temperatures.
+
+At high temperatures,
+z will be varying
+
+as a function of temperature.
+
+Let me also write the formula
+for the number of particles.
+
+The number of particles
+is V times g over lambda
+
+cubed f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+Once more, I can get rid
+of a number of things
+
+by dividing these two.
+
+So the energy per
+particle is 3/2 kT, f 5/2
+
+of z divided by f 3/2 of z.
+
+Let's make sure I
+didn't make any mistake.
+
+Now, I want to calculate the
+heat capacity, let's say,
+
+per particle, which is d by
+dT of the energy per particle.
+
+Now, I have one factor out
+here, which is easy to evaluate.
+
+There's an explicit
+temperature dependence here,
+
+so I will get 3/2 kb.
+
+I will have f 5/2 plus of z
+divided by f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+Something here
+that I don't like.
+
+Everything that I have written
+here is clearly valid only
+
+for T greater than Tc
+because for T less than Tc,
+
+I cannot write n
+in this fashion.
+
+So what I'm writing for you is
+correct for T greater than Tc.
+
+Point is that there is
+also an implicit dependence
+
+on temperature because z is
+a function of temperature.
+
+So what I can do is
+I can do 3/2 kbT,
+
+and this is a function of z, and
+z is a function of temperature.
+
+So what I have it is dz by
+dT done at constant volume
+
+or number of particles times
+the derivative of this function
+
+with respect to z.
+
+Now, when I take the
+derivative with respect to z,
+
+I know that I
+introduce a function
+
+with one lower derivative
+up to a factor of z.
+
+So I divide by the
+1 over z, and then
+
+the derivative of the numerator
+is f 3/2 plus divided by f 3/2
+
+plus in the denominator
+minus the derivative
+
+of the denominator,
+which is f 1/2 plus of z
+
+times the numerator divided
+by f 3/2 plus of z squared.
+
+So what you would need
+to evaluate in order
+
+to get an expression
+that is meaningful
+
+and we can eliminate z's as much
+as possible is what dz by dT
+
+is.
+
+Well, if this is our formula
+for the number of particles
+
+and the number of particles
+or density is fixed,
+
+then we take a derivative
+with respect to temperature,
+
+and I will get that dN
+by dT, which is 0, is v.
+
+And then we have to
+take the temperature
+
+derivative of this
+combination, g over lambda
+
+cubed, f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+Now, lambda cubed scales
+like 1 over t to the 3/2,
+
+so when I take a
+derivative of this,
+
+I will get 3/2 T to the
+1/2, which I can again
+
+combine and write in
+this fashion, 1 over T,
+
+f 3/2 plus of z.
+
+Or then I take the implicit
+derivative that I have here,
+
+so just like there, I will get
+dz by dT at constant density
+
+times 1 over z.
+
+The derivative of f 3/2 will
+give me f 1/2 plus of z.
+
+Setting it to zero,
+we can immediately
+
+see that this combination,
+T over z dz by dT
+
+at constant density over
+the number of particles
+
+is minus 3/2, f 3/2 plus
+divided by f 1/2 plus of z.
+
+So what I need to do is to
+substitute this over here.
+
+And then when I want to
+calculate the various limiting
+
+behaviors as I start with the
+high temperature and approach
+
+Tc, all I need to know
+is that z will go to 1.
+
+f 1/2 of 1 is divergent, so
+this factor will go to 0.
+
+This factor will disappear,
+and so then these things
+
+will take nice, simple forms.
+
+Once you do that-- we will do
+this more correctly next time
+
+around-- we'll
+find that the heat
+
+capacity of the
+bosons in units of kb
+
+as a function of temperature
+has a discontinuity at Tc of n.
+
+It approaches the
+classical result,
+
+which is 3/2 at
+high temperatures.
+
+At low temperatures, we said
+it is simply proportional
+
+to T to the 3/2, so I
+have this kind of behavior
+
+just a simple T
+to the 3/2 curve.
+
+And one can show
+through arguments,
+
+such as the one that
+I showed you above,
+
+that the heat
+capacity is continuous
+
+but its derivative is
+discontinuous at Tc.
+
+So the behavior overall of the
+heat capacity of this Bose gas
+
+is something like this.
+
+So next time, we'll elucidate
+this a little bit better
+
+and go on and talk about
+experimental realizations
+
+of Bose-Einstein condensation.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GQVlVhGKfHc.txt b/GQVlVhGKfHc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3daff712828a68d23a0cd1f6df41b0a79f874b81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GQVlVhGKfHc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3318 @@
+PROFESSOR: --wind up doing a
+substantial part of Chapter
+
+11, although I do tend to
+be over-optimistic.
+
+So we're handing out Chapter 11,
+which I expect to revise
+
+still further.
+
+As we get towards these end
+chapters, these are things
+
+I've only taught from, at most,
+once before, and so I
+
+have more revisions to do than
+the earlier chapters which
+
+I've used for many years.
+
+The Problem Set Seven, as we
+announced last time, you only
+
+needed to hand in the first four
+problems today, so we're
+
+only handing out the solutions
+for the first four today.
+
+I haven't made up any additional
+problems, so
+
+Problem Set Eight is simply to
+do the last two problems in
+
+Problem Set Seven, due
+next Wednesday.
+
+And a reminder that we have no
+class on Monday because of
+
+this peculiar local holiday we
+have called Patriot's Day,
+
+when we run the marathon.
+
+And I hope you'll all be out
+there running the marathon.
+
+So enjoy the long weekend.
+
+So what have we been doing
+in Chapter 10?
+
+We've basically been getting
+minimal trellis realizations,
+
+or state-state space
+realizations, in system theory
+
+terms, for linear block codes.
+
+We've been focusing on binary
+linear block codes, but
+
+clearly everything we've been
+doing goes to block codes over
+
+any finite field or,
+in fact, over the
+
+real or complex field.
+
+It's just basic realization
+theory,
+
+minimal realization theory.
+
+So as long as we have a linear
+time-varying system, it works.
+
+I had a question after class
+last time, well, doesn't it
+
+work just as well for
+nonlinear systems?
+
+Can't we do the trellis
+in the same way?
+
+In general, not.
+
+If it's a nonlinear system
+with a group
+
+property, then you can't.
+
+It's really the group property
+that's key to these
+
+constructions.
+
+And we seem to have pretty
+well cracked the problem.
+
+We have this tool called
+the trellis-oriented or
+
+minimal-span generator matrix,
+from which we can read all the
+
+parameters of the trellis,
+from which we
+
+can construct a trellis.
+
+Really, we found that the
+trellis-oriented generator
+
+matrix contains all the
+information we need to
+
+construct a minimal trellis.
+
+And it's just a matter
+of turning the crank
+
+once we have that.
+
+The only degree of freedom that
+I've allowed so far in
+
+trellis constructions
+is sectionalization.
+
+I've shown you that if we can
+choose where to put the state
+
+spaces wherever we like--
+
+typically we put them in the
+center and other places,
+
+sometimes we put them everywhere
+we could put them,
+
+that's called an unsectionalized
+trellis--
+
+and by so doing, we can
+sometimes reduce the apparent
+
+state-space complexity.
+
+But we can never reduce
+the branch complexity.
+
+So we're left with branch
+complexity as a fundamental
+
+complexity parameter
+for linear block
+
+codes, or so it seems.
+
+Is there any other--
+
+yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does the complexity of
+the number of computations
+
+you need to go through the
+trellis depends only on the
+
+number of branches, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: It depends primarily
+
+on the number branches.
+
+It also depends on the edges.
+
+If you go through a detailed
+operation count, I think I
+
+give the formula for if you
+count additions and
+
+comparisons as an addition and
+selection you don't count as a
+
+logical operation, then I think
+the total count for the
+
+Viterbi algorithm is twice the
+number of edges in the graph,
+
+which is the number of branches,
+minus the number of
+
+vertices, which you lose
+one for every--
+
+AUDIENCE: What do you
+mean by vertices?
+
+PROFESSOR: By vertices I mean
+states, now I'm talking about
+
+it as a graph.
+
+Minus one or plus one
+or something.
+
+So that's an exact count for
+the Viterbi algorithm.
+
+But it's dominated by the total
+number of edges in the
+
+graph which, in turn, is
+well-estimated by the maximum
+
+branch complexity
+at any one time.
+
+So there's a bit of a trade-off
+between an exact
+
+count and just getting a gross
+handle on the situation.
+
+But I say it's certainly got
+to exceed the branch
+
+complexity.
+
+So when I find the branch
+complexity goes up
+
+exponentially, even for one
+branch, then I know that the
+
+total Viterbi algorithm
+complexity has to go up
+
+exponentially with that.
+
+All right?
+
+So is that the whole story?
+
+Do we now have a pretty
+definitive handle on the,
+
+quote, complexity of at least
+maximum likelihood decoding,
+
+trellis decoding of
+a block code.
+
+And if you've read Chapter 11,
+you know there's one other
+
+degree of freedom that we
+haven't exploited yet in
+
+representing a linear
+block code.
+
+Anyone read that far, or are you
+just going to wait for me
+
+to explain it to you?
+
+Flip the coordinates,
+very good.
+
+Could that make a difference?
+
+Yes, it certainly could.
+
+Let's take our standard example
+by now, the 8-4-4 code
+
+with trellis-oriented matrix
+that looks like this.
+
+OK, and we know everything
+about this by now.
+
+But suppose, say, we flip these
+two center coordinates.
+
+Certainly it would be an
+equivalent code from all of
+
+its n, k, d and that
+sort of properties.
+
+So I want to take these two
+coordinates and make them 1,
+
+1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1.
+
+Let's suppose that's a
+trellis-oriented generator
+
+matrix for the code.
+
+I think it is.
+
+It's got starting times here,
+here, here, and now here.
+
+And it's got ending times now
+here, here, here, and here.
+
+OK.
+
+Where I introduce the diverging
+and merging symbols
+
+that I used last time for
+starting and ending.
+
+All right, I think that is a
+
+trellis-oriented generator matrix.
+
+Well, it is.
+
+We found a matrix that has
+distinct starting times and
+
+ending times, so it is.
+
+Now what's its state
+branch complexity?
+
+The state dimension is 0.
+
+Now what are our spans now?
+
+Two are the same, but
+two are larger.
+
+OK, so now when we count, we get
+that the state complexity
+
+goes 0, 1, 2, 3, there are
+actually four that are now
+
+active in the center.
+
+3, 2, 1, 0.
+
+OK, and that's worse than
+we had before, at
+
+least in one place.
+
+If we look at the dimensions
+of the branch spaces, which
+
+I'm arguing is more fundamental,
+then we get 1, 2,
+
+3, again, 4, 4.
+
+So the branch complexity is
+now 16 rather than 8.
+
+It's going to be more difficult,
+definitely, to
+
+decode this code with the
+Viterbi algorithm.
+
+This is a more complex
+representation of an
+
+effectively equivalent code.
+
+Well, so is there--
+
+so this is a bad permutation,
+it's something I
+
+didn't want to do.
+
+Is it possible there's some good
+permutation that would
+
+reduce the complexity?
+
+In general, when we're given a
+block code, traditionally at
+
+least, we think of it as the
+coordinates as just being not
+
+in any particular order.
+
+We can write down a generator
+matrix, but the view is that
+
+any permutation of the symbol
+times is perfectly legitimate.
+
+Certainly, if we send it over a
+memoryless channel, it's not
+
+going to affect the performance
+of the code, what
+
+order we send the symbols in.
+
+So we should certainly regard
+all such codes as equivalent.
+
+But we can affect the
+complexity, for better or for
+
+worse, so we should try to --
+
+presumably, if we want a more
+fundamental complexity metric
+
+for the code, we want to find
+the complexity of the least
+
+complex trellis realization
+under all permutations of the
+
+coordinates.
+
+All right, so that's a good
+issue, but very little is
+
+known about this issue.
+
+It is known that finding the
+best permutation of an
+
+arbitrary linear code is
+an NP-hard problem.
+
+So this is going to be hard.
+
+We know for some specific
+classes of codes what the best
+
+permutation is.
+
+For instance, the Reed-Muller
+codes are nice because it's
+
+been proved by Kasami and
+others that the standard
+
+coordinate ordering, the one
+that I've been using all along
+
+based on this length doubling
+construction, the u-u plus v
+
+construction, gives you the
+minimal trellis complexity.
+
+All right, so we know what the
+best ordering is for the
+
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+And in a minute, I'm going to
+prove what the best possible
+
+we can get bounds--
+
+in particular, the Muder bounds,
+which I'm going to
+
+discuss next--
+
+which bound the best possible
+complexity that
+
+you could ever get.
+
+And in some cases, we can find
+coordinate orderings that meet
+
+that bound, notably in the
+case of the 24-12-8 Golay
+
+code, we can find a coordinate
+ordering that's very closely
+
+related to the Reed-Muller
+ordering such that
+
+the bound is met.
+
+And so we know that we've
+found the best
+
+complexity for that code.
+
+It couldn't possibly
+be any better.
+
+But apart from certain very
+nice cases like those, we
+
+don't know.
+
+For instance, take an
+arbitrary BCH code.
+
+What's the best coordinate
+ordering for that?
+
+We don't know.
+
+So this is the open question in
+this subject, and it's now
+
+been open long enough and
+enough smart people have
+
+looked at it, and we've got this
+NP-hardness result, so
+
+that it looks like it's going
+to stay open indefinitely.
+
+All right, let me discuss,
+however, this Muder bound,
+
+because it's simple and
+sometimes definitive.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Minimal branch
+complexity or any other
+
+measure that you like.
+
+They all are quite fungible,
+it turns out.
+
+OK, The Muder bound.
+
+Let's look at a particular code
+and suppose we just know
+
+its parameters, n, k, d.
+
+Let's ask what the minimal
+trellis complexity could be
+
+for a particular coordinate
+ordering, say, that divides --
+
+we have a certain number of past
+symbols, call it n_p, and
+
+a certain number of future
+symbols, n_f.
+
+And I'm going to ask what the
+minimum state complexity, or I
+
+could also ask what's
+the minimum
+
+branch complexity for--
+
+let me do now a state
+complexity, going back to
+
+where we started from, for a a
+certain division in the past
+
+and future.
+
+To be concrete, let me take
+the 24-12-8 Golay code.
+
+It turns out that it's been
+proved that all codes with
+
+these parameters
+are equivalent.
+
+So we can just call this code
+the binary Golay code.
+
+And let's look for any division
+into 16 future
+
+coordinates and 8 past
+coordinates.
+
+So we don't know what the
+ordering is going to be, but
+
+we could say a few things.
+
+Remember how we get the
+state complexity.
+
+We look for what's the dimension
+of the past subcode.
+
+So here's a generator for the
+past subcode here, the code
+
+whose support is the past.
+
+We can ask what the dimension of
+the future subcode is, and
+
+then the dimension of the state
+space is the dimension
+
+of what's left.
+
+So it's dimension of c minus
+the dimension of the past
+
+subcode minus the dimension
+of the future subcode.
+
+State-space theorem.
+
+OK, but we know a few things
+about this code.
+
+We know what its length is and
+we know what its minimum
+
+distance is.
+
+So for this particular case,
+we have that c past is an
+
+8-something-8 code, because its
+minimum distance has got
+
+to be at least as
+great as this.
+
+It's a subcode of this code.
+
+So any non-zero code words in
+this past subcode have to have
+
+minimum weight of at least 8.
+
+Correct?
+
+All right.
+
+And similarly, the future
+subcode, in this
+
+case, is a 16-k --
+
+let's call this past --
+
+k-future-8 code.
+
+At least 8.
+
+So that imposes some bounds on
+the dimension of this code.
+
+How large could the dimension
+possibly be?
+
+All right, anybody?
+
+For the past subcode its
+clearly, we have that k_p less
+
+than or equal to 1.
+
+We could have, at most,
+one generator here.
+
+And if there were one,
+it would have to be
+
+the all-1 code word.
+
+Or the all-1 symbols here,
+because it has
+
+to have weight 8.
+
+So that's all we can get.
+
+For the future code--
+
+well, I guess you don't know
+this, but you can guess that
+
+the Reed-Muller code with length
+16 and minimum distance
+
+8 is the best there is, that
+distance 16, and that happens
+
+to be true.
+
+So k-future can't possibly be
+better than 5, which is the
+
+dimension of the Reed-Muller
+code with those parameters.
+
+For more general cases, you
+have to look up tables on
+
+bounds on the best codes that
+have ever been found.
+
+But certainly for code lengths
+less than a 100, by this time
+
+we pretty much know all
+the best binary codes.
+
+So we can look up in a table
+what's the best code of length
+
+16 and distance 8?
+
+Well, it has five information
+symbols, dimension five.
+
+So we couldn't have more than
+one dimension here and we
+
+couldn't have more than five
+dimensions here, so the
+
+dimensional code itself is 12.
+
+We have to say that the
+dimension state-space is now
+
+going to be greater
+than equal to--
+
+this is k_p minus 1 minus 5--
+
+so, that's 6.
+
+So there have to be at least 6
+generators down here that have
+
+support neither wholly on the
+past nor wholly on the future
+
+and therefore have to be
+included in the state-space.
+
+All right, that's the idea
+of the Muder bound.
+
+Now, we could do this for every
+single state-space.
+
+We simply need to know what the
+dimension is of the best
+
+code of each length with
+minimum distance 8.
+
+And we can do a similar thing
+for every possible partition
+
+in the past and future.
+
+And that will give us a set of
+bounds, and we go through that
+
+exercise in the notes.
+
+And I can write it on the
+board, maybe for memory.
+
+And OK, that tells us what
+the best possible
+
+state profile is.
+
+Let me guess state dimension
+profile is 0, 1,
+
+2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
+
+Then it goes down to 6, 7, 8,
+9, then it goes down to 8.
+
+This is at the central
+state-space.
+
+This is for dividing it in
+the way that we just did.
+
+Let's do this here.
+
+For the central state-space,
+what's the best k_p for a 12,
+
+k_p, 8 code?
+
+Let's make the past and
+future both 12.
+
+Anyone want to guess what
+the best dimension is?
+
+Let's think about it.
+
+Let's think of a code that's
+going to have to have
+
+minimum weight 8.
+
+So let's start out with g1.
+
+And we'll just make that
+look like that.
+
+It's going to have length 12.
+
+It's going to have to have at
+least eight 1s, so let's make
+
+them like that.
+
+We want to add another 1 so
+that the total code has a
+
+minimum distance 8.
+
+Subject to up to permutations,
+there's only one
+
+thing it can be.
+
+We need another weight-8
+generator, and it needs to
+
+differ from this in at least
+four places so that when we
+
+take the mod 2 sum of these
+two, it has distance 8.
+
+And we want g1 plus g2.
+
+This is really the only
+way it can be.
+
+Are you with me?
+
+We have four code words in
+this dimension 2 code.
+
+And if they're going to have
+minimum distance 8, they're
+
+going to have to look like
+this, subject to up to
+
+permutation.
+
+So from that little argument,
+we conclude that, in this
+
+case, this is less than
+or equal to 2.
+
+This is less than or equal to
+2, the Muder bound becomes
+
+that the dimension of
+the state-space has
+
+to be at least 8.
+
+And so in the same way, and then
+it becomes symmetrical on
+
+the other side.
+
+So I'm pretty sure
+I get it right.
+
+And from memory, that's the best
+possible state dimension
+
+profile, dot dot dot.
+
+And we actually know a
+coordinate ordering for the
+
+Golay code, a generator matrix
+for the Golay code, that gives
+
+this state dimension profile.
+
+So from that, we can conclude
+that we know an optimum
+
+coordinate ordering for
+the Golay code.
+
+I just want you to get the
+essence of the argument here.
+
+You with me?
+
+For branch spaces, the argument
+is much the same.
+
+Remember in branch spaces,
+we basically --
+
+let me say it in a slightly
+different way than we did
+
+before -- we take the past
+to be up to time k.
+
+And we have the symbol time,
+which is just one time in here
+
+for the actual symbol
+we're looking at.
+
+And the future is one unit
+shorter than it was for the
+
+state-space.
+
+So when we compute the
+branch dimension, the
+
+past goes up to k.
+
+So this is 0 and before k.
+
+And the future goes from
+k plus one up to n.
+
+So this is what the matrix
+looks like for this.
+
+And the effect over here is that
+the future subcode now is
+
+one unit shorter.
+
+So let's do the same
+calculation here.
+
+If we look at a time where we
+have 12 in the past, this one
+
+time, the 13th symbol time that
+we're actually looking at
+
+and then 11 more in the future,
+the past subcode,
+
+again, could have dimension up
+to 2 because it has length 12
+
+and minimum distance 8.
+
+The future subcode now has a
+shorter length and by this
+
+little argument I went
+through here.
+
+If we take out one of these
+coordinates, it's
+
+not going to work.
+
+So if we only have length 11,
+the future subcode is the
+
+dimension --
+
+still can only be 1.
+
+We can't possibly add another
+second generator in there.
+
+And so the dimension of the
+branch space has to be vastly
+
+greater than or equal
+to 9, at this point.
+
+OK, so the Golay code has branch
+complexity of at least
+
+512, we conclude.
+
+And, in fact, this best possible
+branch dimension
+
+profile looks like this.
+
+The branches are in
+the middle here.
+
+They're 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6.
+
+Basically we have generators
+which look like this.
+
+And then there's one that comes
+down, there are three
+
+more that goes up and
+one that comes down.
+
+And from that, we get 1,
+2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8 --
+
+that can't be right.
+
+Goes down 7, goes up, it's still
+7, then it goes up to 8,
+
+9, and 9, 9, 9.
+
+Something like that.
+
+That one's probably wrong,
+and symmetrically.
+
+Where this 9 is the one
+we just calculated.
+
+Similarly, if you come down to
+the neighbor of this 6, it's
+
+got a merge on one side,
+a diverge on the other
+
+side, and that's 7.
+
+OK, so we conclude that the
+Golay code has branch
+
+dimension not less than
+512 within 9.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Suppose we take past
+and future separated by 12, 12
+
+in the past, 12 in the future.
+
+Suppose we did it as they did
+in [UNINTELLIGIBLE] state?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, but that's not
+the way we do branches.
+
+We've got to isolate
+the symbol time.
+
+AUDIENCE: Suppose we took
+12-branch-12 and we calculate
+
+the state complexity,
+that's 8.
+
+And then we took 13 and 11, we
+get the state complexity 9.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, you're
+saying if we do this, we
+
+should get the state
+complexity 9.
+
+And that's correct, we do.
+
+AUDIENCE: The maximum of those
+two numbers, is it the same as
+
+branch complexity?
+
+PROFESSOR: It turns out
+to be in this case.
+
+AUDIENCE: Not always?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not always.
+
+But if we go to 14, 10, then
+it turns out we can add
+
+another one here because we can
+add another generator that
+
+looks like something
+like this.
+
+1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
+1, 0, 0, 1, 1.
+
+So if we have two more units, we
+can add another generator.
+
+Sort of Reed-Muller style.
+
+And so this goes up to 3 and
+this goes down to 8.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the branch
+complexity has to be at least
+
+the maximum of those
+two, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Obviously, right.
+
+And really, together these give
+you the story of where
+
+the thing has to diverge
+and merge.
+
+In this case, this is a
+self-dual code, so you only do
+
+one at each time.
+
+So with this sort of
+thing, you can
+
+pretty well pin it down.
+
+Again, I don't know how far
+to take this lecture.
+
+I'm really just trying to get
+to you the idea of the Muder
+
+bound from this kind of
+argument, therefore we can get
+
+a bound on the best possible
+state dimension profile and
+
+the best possible branch
+complexity profile.
+
+If you compute this bound and
+you're able to find an actual
+
+generator matrix that meets this
+bound, you know you've
+
+found the best one.
+
+But this rarely happens, this
+is a very special code.
+
+It's not the way you prove the
+optimality of the longer
+
+Reed-Muller codes, they're
+not good enough to --
+
+this really assumes that you
+can get the best possible
+
+sub-codes at every point.
+
+And you can imagine that's
+very hard to do.
+
+It would be a very special case
+where you can optimize
+
+this for every single possible
+cut between past and future.
+
+OK, so that's the Muder bound.
+
+And you have a homework exercise
+on that as well.
+
+Oh, there's another case where
+we can find what the best
+
+possible trellis
+complexity is.
+
+It's MDS codes over GFq, and
+you're going to do that on the
+
+homework as well.
+
+And there, we basically show
+that an MDS code, its n, k, d
+
+are such that it has to have
+the worst possible state
+
+complexity and branch
+complexity.
+
+So because it's such a
+tightly-packed code, in
+
+Hamming distance sense, it
+forces you to have the worst
+
+possible complexity that
+you could have.
+
+In other words, you have
+diverges immediately and as
+
+long as you can, and then
+they're all packed together on
+
+the left side and the merges are
+all packed together on the
+
+right side, and that's the
+only way it can be.
+
+I'm just speaking very
+impressionistically.
+
+But you'll see what I mean when
+you get to the homework,
+
+if you haven't done
+it already.
+
+OK, so we also know MDS codes,
+we know their trellis
+
+complexity and it's terrible.
+
+We can't get any effective
+reduction.
+
+Really, over exhaustive decoding
+methods with MDS
+
+codes, we find that the trellis
+complexity is like
+
+either q to the k or
+q to the n minus k,
+
+depending on which is less.
+
+So that's as bad as it
+could possibly be.
+
+So if the trellis doesn't help
+for MDS codes, in general
+
+cyclic codes --
+
+which were subject to a lot of
+study -- if we put the code
+
+into cyclic form, which if you
+remember Reed-Solomon codes
+
+and BCH codes can always be put
+into cyclic form, at least
+
+the shortened versions
+of them.
+
+In that case, the generator
+matrix looks
+
+like this one up here.
+
+It looks like x, x, x, x, x, x,
+x, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, x,
+
+x, x, x, x, x, x, 0, 0,
+x, x, x, x, x, x, x.
+
+In other words, the generators
+are just cyclic
+
+shifts of one another.
+
+Down to x, x, x, x, x,
+x, x, 0, 0, 0, 0.
+
+That is a generator matrix that
+is a trellis-oriented
+
+generator matrix because all
+the starting times are
+
+different and all the stopping
+times are different.
+
+So this is the trellis-oriented
+generator
+
+matrix for cyclic code, and
+it's in the coordinate
+
+ordering in which
+it is cyclic.
+
+And it's always going to have
+this worst case -- all the
+
+branch diverges are going to
+occur over here and you may
+
+get nothing for a while.
+
+And then all the merges over
+here, which if it's a rate
+
+less than 1/2 code, this means
+that the trellis complexity is
+
+basically going to
+be 2 to the k.
+
+Or if it's a high-rate code, it
+means it's going to be 2 to
+
+the n minus k.
+
+And again, you get no
+improvement over some
+
+exhaustive minimum distance
+decoding, or maximum
+
+likelihood decoding.
+
+So cyclic is very bad from
+a trellis point of view.
+
+So I think that's about
+all the general
+
+comments I can make.
+
+The very last thing that
+I want to mention is
+
+we now want to --
+
+all right, so through this nice
+little theory, we've got
+
+a way of trellis decoding
+(maximum likelihood decoding),
+
+via the Viterbi algorithm,
+of block codes.
+
+And now, did we achieve any
+improvements in terms of
+
+performance versus complexity
+versus the convolutional codes
+
+that we looked at previously?
+
+And the basic answer is, no.
+
+If you compare the tables,
+
+convolutional are always better.
+
+I'll just say it.
+
+You can imagine that there have
+been long debates in the
+
+fraternity, and that certainly
+some of the motivation for
+
+trellis decoding of block codes
+was, oh, gee, now we
+
+have a good way to decode block
+codes, just like we did
+
+for convolutional codes.
+
+And maybe now we'll find that
+block codes are worthwhile.
+
+But the answer is they're not.
+
+I should put this comparison
+into Chapter 10.
+
+You can actually get this
+comparison by taking the table
+
+-- for instance, for
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+In terms of performance versus
+complexity, Reed-Muller codes
+
+are very good.
+
+I would say as a general
+statement, they're the best
+
+block codes that we know of, in
+terms of performance versus
+
+trellis decoding complexity,
+because they have this nice
+
+structure that gives them very
+low-complexity trellises for
+
+their n, k, d parameters.
+
+So in this sense, it's
+a fair comparison.
+
+Reed-Muller codes are the best
+general class we know of in
+
+terms of trellis complexity.
+
+We compare them against binary
+convolutional codes and
+
+they're not nearly as good.
+
+I've already talked about
+the comparison.
+
+It seems like a very fair
+comparison to take our rate
+
+1/2 four-state convolutional
+code example, which had
+
+distance 5, which had not only a
+nominal coding gain of 4 dB,
+
+but it also has an effective
+coding gain of 4 dB.
+
+And for a block code, this 8,
+4, 4 code is a very fair
+
+comparison.
+
+It's also rate 1/2, so it has
+the same spectral efficiency.
+
+It also has a four-state trellis
+that looks very much
+
+like a rate 1/2 convolutional
+code trellis.
+
+But it turns out it only has
+minimum distance of 4 rather
+
+than 5, so its nominal coding
+gain is only 3 dB
+
+rather than 4 dB.
+
+Its effective coding
+gain is less.
+
+Its effective coding gain is
+2.6 dN because it has 14
+
+nearest neighbors, which is a
+3 1/2 nearest neighbors per
+
+bit, and that costs you
+about 4/10 of a dN.
+
+And so really, you compare
+the performance of the
+
+convolutional to the block code,
+that's very much better.
+
+Another head-to-head comparison
+might be between
+
+the 32, 16, 8 Reed-Muller
+code.
+
+That's a rate 1/2 code.
+
+It's a very good one, it's
+known to be the best with
+
+those parameters, n, k, d.
+
+So what's its nominal
+coding gain?
+
+Anyone?
+
+It has rate 1/2, minimum
+distance 8, its
+
+nominal coding gain is?
+
+Hello?
+
+6 dB.
+
+You take the rate times
+the minimum distance--
+
+1/2 times 8, you get 4.
+
+So that's the nominal
+coding gain.
+
+A factor of 4, which in
+dB terms is 6 dB.
+
+But again, it has lots of
+minimum-weight code words.
+
+It has 620 minimum-weight
+code words.
+
+And therefore, the number of
+minimum-weight code words per
+
+bit is 39, which is between five
+and six factors of 3, so
+
+it costs you 5 and 1/2 times 0.2
+dB in terms of effective
+
+coding gain, which brings you
+down to an effective coding
+
+gain of 4.9 dB.
+
+I assume you're all
+very fluent in
+
+doing these, as I am.
+
+And what's its complexity?
+
+If you look its state
+complexity, let's take--
+
+we're looking at
+the 32, 16, 8.
+
+And all the Reed-Muller codes
+have four section trellises,
+
+you proved that this week.
+
+If you just measure the state
+complexity of four places,
+
+equally spaced with four equal
+sections, then all the
+
+trellises wind up looking
+like this, for a general
+
+Reed-Muller trellis --
+
+a four-section trellis.
+
+And for the 32, 16, 8, it
+turns out you get eight
+
+parallel sections like that
+with eight of these each.
+
+In any case, it's 64 states at
+each of these boundaries.
+
+So you could say it's
+a 64-state trellis.
+
+But if you're more honest, just
+exactly as with the Golay
+
+code calculation we went
+through, you find that the
+
+maximum branch complexity
+is 512.
+
+So branch complexity is 512.
+
+OK, and its nominal coding gain
+we said is 6 dB and its
+
+effective coding
+gain is 4.9 dB.
+
+OK, so let's look for a
+convolutional code of rate 1/2
+
+that has a coding gain
+of about 5 or 6 dB.
+
+And how far do we have to go?
+
+We actually only have
+to go up to a--
+
+well, a 32-state code
+has an effective
+
+coding gain of 5.6 dB.
+
+A 64-state code we can get up to
+an effective coding gain of
+
+about 6 dB.
+
+In fact, the 64-state rate 1/2
+convolutional code was a
+
+standard for a very long time,
+first in space communications
+
+and then in much more general
+applications.
+
+This was the code that Linkabit
+Corporation --
+
+Jacobs and Viterbi --
+
+rode to fame and fortune, made
+their first pile before they
+
+went on to found Qualcomm,
+where they made
+
+a much bigger pile.
+
+And so this was their--
+
+they call it k equals 7.
+
+But in my terms, nu equals
+6, a 64-state rate 1/2
+
+convolutional code.
+
+So let's take that rate 1/2
+64-state convolutional code,
+
+just with the standard
+trellis.
+
+So its branch complexity
+is 128 at every time.
+
+It has a more regular structure
+than this guy.
+
+Its nominal coding gain is --
+
+there are actually two of them,
+and I don't remember.
+
+There's one of them that has a
+nominal coding gain of 7, the
+
+other one is 6.5.
+
+So it's at least 6.5 dB.
+
+And its effective coding gain
+is still 6.1 dB and it's
+
+clearly much better than this.
+
+If you kind of try to plot a
+graph of this, you'll see that
+
+the effective coding gains of
+convolutional codes with the
+
+same state complexity is at
+least one dB better, as a
+
+general trend, than that
+of block codes.
+
+And of course, if you do it in
+terms of branch complexity,
+
+it's an even better
+comparison.
+
+So what happened was there was
+about a decade of effort on
+
+basically finding good trellis
+representations of block
+
+codes, and the net of it was
+that they couldn't get
+
+anywhere close to finding
+anything as good as
+
+convolutional codes.
+
+Although, it's a nice little
+piece of theory.
+
+And sometimes you want to block
+codes for other reasons.
+
+Sometimes you want
+short blocks.
+
+Sometimes you're limited to
+a block of less than 100.
+
+And in that case, you're
+certainly not going to do
+
+better in terms of n, k, d than
+the best block code of a
+
+length 100.
+
+Why are convolutional
+codes better?
+
+First of all, they obviously
+naturally are well-adapted to
+
+the trellis idea.
+
+They are linear time invariant
+machines that just have very
+
+nice, regular trellises.
+
+So they're naturally adapted.
+
+But also, they have exactly
+the right--
+
+a rate 1/2 code is diverge,
+merge, diverge, merge,
+
+diverge, merge forever.
+
+If you want to make it into a
+block code, you can terminate
+
+it or you can tail-bite it,
+which is something we're going
+
+to talk about shortly.
+
+But whichever way you do it, to
+make it into a block code,
+
+you lose something.
+
+The termination, you don't lose
+minimum distance, but you
+
+do lose rate.
+
+You have to put in some dummy
+information symbols, so the
+
+rate becomes less than 1/2 if
+you terminate this code.
+
+Nonetheless, as I believe I
+commented earlier, that's a
+
+good way to come up with good
+block codes, is to terminate a
+
+good convolutional code.
+
+If you choose the parameters
+right, you can come up with
+
+pretty good codes.
+
+But nonetheless, in terms of
+block code parameters, you're
+
+not going to do better than what
+50 years of block code,
+
+algebraic coding theory
+has come up with.
+
+So for short block codes with
+length less than 100, really
+
+the best we know of right
+now-- let's say 128--
+
+is to pick a good Reed-Muller
+code or BCH code, find its
+
+best trellis and do maximum
+likelihood decoding.
+
+It used to be that you thought
+of 64 states as a lot of
+
+states, but clearly, technology
+has progressed.
+
+And now you wouldn't blink at
+1,000 states or maybe even
+
+8,000 or 16,000 states.
+
+The biggest Viterbi decoder that
+was ever built had 2 to
+
+the 14 states for a space
+program out of JPL.
+
+So anyway, it's doable now.
+
+If you needed the best possible
+performance and you
+
+were constrained in block
+length, you'd pick the best
+
+block code at the rate that
+you wanted, and the best
+
+minimum distance at that rate,
+and the best effective coding
+
+gain, and you'd do maximum
+likelihood decoding with
+
+trellis decoding.
+
+But if that's not usually
+the situation --
+
+the situation in data
+communications, because
+
+usually more you have a stream
+of data or a packet length of
+
+at least 1,000, and then it
+would certainly be better to
+
+use convolutional codes.
+
+And trellis decoding is --
+
+as long as we're in this
+class of techniques.
+
+Where we're finally going in
+this course is to the new
+
+codes that have been developed
+in the past decade,
+
+capacity-approaching codes,
+turbo codes, low-density
+
+parity-check codes.
+
+These are simple enough to do
+so that as soon as you get
+
+past the small codes, length
+less than 100, you would
+
+switch over to that track.
+
+You would use a
+capacity-approaching code.
+
+But we don't know
+about them yet.
+
+I guess that's the end of my
+lecture on this, so it's a
+
+very good place for questions
+about state-of-the-art, where
+
+we've been, where we're going.
+
+The floor is always open.
+
+But that was all I was going
+to say about Chapter 10.
+
+Chapter 11, Codes on Graphs.
+
+And now we begin our final
+stretch drive towards
+
+capacity-approaching codes,
+which is going to be the
+
+subject of the next
+three chapters.
+
+Chapter 11 is sort of the
+beginnings of codes on graphs.
+
+We're going to look at some
+elementary representations.
+
+One of the ones we're going
+to look at is a trellis
+
+representation.
+
+That's one of the reasons we've
+been going through this
+
+theory, is we're going to,
+again, encounter trellises as
+
+a natural, simple, cycle-free,
+graphical representation that,
+
+in some sense, is about as good
+as you can ever do, as
+
+long as you don't allow
+cycles in graphs.
+
+But then we're going to go on
+to graphs with cycles, which
+
+is really the way to
+understand these
+
+capacity-approaching codes.
+
+So in this chapter, we'll
+start the subject, we'll
+
+introduce graphical
+representations of codes in
+
+more general terms.
+
+In Chapter 12, we'll talk about
+the generic decoding
+
+algorithms for codes on graphs
+called sum-product and min-sum
+
+decoding algorithms.
+
+And then in Chapter 13, we'll
+talk about the actual classes
+
+of capacity-approaching codes
+that people have developed,
+
+what their graphs are, how
+you decode them --
+
+I hope in enough detail so that
+you'll get a good sense
+
+for how all this works.
+
+So that's where we're going.
+
+What are we talking about
+when we're talking
+
+about codes on graphs?
+
+There are many styles of
+representations of codes, and
+
+at this point, for linear codes,
+we have seen a number
+
+of ways we can characterize
+a code.
+
+One of the ways is just by
+giving a set of generators for
+
+the code, k generators
+for an n, k code.
+
+And that sort of characterizes
+the code.
+
+Another way is to basically give
+the generator matrix for
+
+the dual code, the h matrix,
+which becomes the parity-check
+
+matrix for the code.
+
+So we can also characterize
+the code by a
+
+dual-generator matrix.
+
+That's a particularly efficient
+way to do it if you
+
+have a high-rate code like a
+single parity-check code, it's
+
+better to say that the dual code
+is the repetition code
+
+and it's the set of all code
+words that are orthogonal to
+
+the all-one code word.
+
+That's the simplest
+characterization of the single
+
+parity-check code.
+
+In other words, that the sum
+of all bits is equal to 0.
+
+That's what orthogonal to the
+all-one code word means.
+
+So that's a simpler
+representation than giving a
+
+generator matrix formed for the
+single parity-check code.
+
+Or now we have this trellis
+representation, which
+
+certainly looks like a more
+graphical representation.
+
+It certainly characterizes the
+code in a very direct way.
+
+What does a trellis do?
+
+It basically displays all the
+code words on a graph.
+
+There's a 1:1 correspondence
+between the set of all paths,
+
+from the root to the n-node
+in the graph and the code.
+
+So that's another way to
+characterize the code.
+
+So now we're going to go to
+higher level graphical
+
+representations.
+
+As a first step, we talk about
+behavioral realizations.
+
+Again, a term from system
+theory, closely identified
+
+with Jan Willems, who promoted
+this way of representing
+
+linear systems.
+
+In linear system theory terms,
+the basic idea in behavioral
+
+systems theory is you describe a
+system by the set of all its
+
+possible trajectories.
+
+What are all the things
+it can do?
+
+And now, how do you characterize
+the trajectories?
+
+Often, you characterize them by
+a set of local constraints.
+
+You can think of it as equations
+that the system has
+
+to satisfy.
+
+Ordinarily, they're differential
+equations or
+
+partial differential equations
+or something.
+
+And if it satisfies all of those
+constraints, then it's a
+
+trajectory that satisfies all
+these partial differential
+
+equations, is a valid
+trajectory.
+
+So you can set up the whole
+system that way.
+
+So it characterizes a system
+by its trajectories.
+
+That's the fundamental thing.
+
+And it characterizes
+trajectories --
+
+legitimate, valid
+trajectories --
+
+by local constraints.
+
+Let me get a little
+bit more concrete.
+
+In coding terms, by
+trajectories we
+
+just mean code words.
+
+So this is a very compatible
+notion with the way we've been
+
+talking in coding.
+
+What is a code?
+
+It's simply a set
+of code words.
+
+So if we simply say, what are
+all the possible code words?
+
+We have to find all the
+trajectories of the code, and
+
+we have a very explicit example
+of that in trellises.
+
+We've called the paths
+
+trajectories through a trellis.
+
+What is a code?
+
+It's simply the set of
+all valid code words.
+
+And how do we characterize
+the valid code words?
+
+Well, in each of
+these styles --
+
+the generator, parity-check,
+trellis style --
+
+the code words are the code
+words that satisfy certain
+
+equations or constraints.
+
+For instance, the generator
+representation --
+
+we've said a code is the set of
+all uG, such that u is in a
+
+field to the k.
+
+That's a generator matrix style
+of representing a code.
+
+In other words, we can say it's
+the set of all y, such
+
+that y equals uG for
+some u in Fk.
+
+Or we can say it's all y, such
+that y minus uG equals 0 for
+
+some u in Fk.
+
+So it's the set of all y that,
+together with some auxiliary
+
+variables which are not part
+of the code word --
+
+here they're input variables,
+if you like, or information
+
+bits, information symbols.
+
+We'll come to think of these
+as state variables because
+
+they're hidden, they're not
+visible, they're just an
+
+auxiliary part of
+the description.
+
+They're code words that,
+together with some auxiliary
+
+variables that, in this case,
+can be freely chosen, satisfy
+
+a certain set of linear
+homogeneous equations.
+
+Something that's even better in
+the behavioral style is a
+
+parity-check representation.
+
+Let me put that up.
+
+In a parity-check
+representation, we say the
+
+code is the set of all y, such
+that y H transpose equals 0,
+
+where H is the generator matrix
+of the dual code.
+
+This is sometimes called a
+kernel representation.
+
+y is in the kernel of this
+linear transformation.
+
+We see H transpose is a linear
+transformation from n-tuples
+
+to n minus k-tuples, and the
+ones whose image is 0 under
+
+this transformation, the ones
+that map to 0 are legitimate
+
+code words.
+
+So this is a kernel
+representation, this is an
+
+image representation.
+
+Here, we view the code as
+the image of the linear
+
+transformation, which is
+characterized by g, where the
+
+inputs are free.
+
+But the parity-check
+representation is much more
+
+explicitly, we don't need any
+auxiliary variables here.
+
+It's simply the set of n-tuples
+that satisfy a
+
+certain set of linear
+homogeneous equations.
+
+So this maybe is a place where
+we start and, of course, it's
+
+the place where Bob Gallager
+started when he did
+
+low-density parity-check codes,
+which are a principal
+
+class of capacity-approaching
+codes.
+
+Then in either case, we
+characterize the code by, in
+
+one case, directly satisfying
+some equations.
+
+In the other case, here we say
+that the total behavior is the
+
+set of all y and u, such that
+y minus uG equals 0.
+
+So we're going to take the set
+of all n-tuples and k-tuples,
+
+such that y minus uG equals 0.
+
+And we say that's the total
+behavior of the code.
+
+The set of all y's and u's that
+satisfy this equation is
+
+the total behavior.
+
+And then we'll say the code word
+is just the projection of
+
+the behavior on the y's.
+
+In other words, it's the set of
+all y's, such that this is
+
+satisfied first some u.
+
+And that's an equivalent
+description.
+
+So the general setup, going
+back and forth, is that we
+
+have the observed symbols.
+
+And in the coding case, this
+will always just be the n
+
+symbols in the code word.
+
+These are the ones that
+we really care about.
+
+But we're also going to have
+some hidden or auxiliary
+
+symbols or state variables,
+hidden variables, which, in
+
+this case, for instance,
+are the u's.
+
+And we can introduce these at
+our convenience, just to make
+
+a good realization.
+
+So we have two types of symbols:
+the observed, or
+
+external variables--
+
+sometimes these are
+called external
+
+variables, internal variables.
+
+Again, in system theory, you're
+
+consistently seeing this.
+
+There are some that
+we can actually
+
+observe, interact with.
+
+These are the observed symbols,
+and then there are
+
+internal variables to the
+system, very often called
+
+state variables, which we can't
+directly see but which
+
+are part of the description of
+the system, as in this case.
+
+The whole system, we find the
+set of all internal and
+
+external variables that satisfy
+a set of constraints.
+
+But we only care about the
+patterns of observed variables
+
+that are consistent with some
+set of internal variables.
+
+So the final element here
+in this general setup is
+
+constraints, which in this
+case are simply linear
+
+homogeneous equations on
+subsets of variables.
+
+So let me go through similar
+kinds of examples,
+
+as I do in the notes.
+
+But let me maybe build up from
+the simplest one first,
+
+parity-check representation of
+our favorite 8, 4, 4 code.
+
+In this case, the parity-check
+matrix is the same, we can
+
+take it to be the same as
+the generator matrix.
+
+Since, by now, we like
+trellis-oriented generator
+
+matrices, we'll take that one.
+
+So to get very explicit, so the
+code is the set of all y,
+
+such that y H transpose equals
+0, and y is 8-tuple.
+
+So it's the set of all code
+words that satisfy these
+
+parity-check constraints.
+
+The first one is y1 plus y2
+plus y3 plus y4 equals 0.
+
+That's orthogonality to
+this first code word.
+
+The second one is y2 plus y4
+plus y5 plus y7 equals 0.
+
+The third equation is y3 plus
+y4 plus y5 plus y6 equals 0.
+
+And the fourth is y5 plus y6
+plus y7 plus y8 equals 0.
+
+If I have any 8-tuple y, such
+that the elements of the
+
+8-tuples satisfy these four
+equations, then it's a code
+
+word, if and only if.
+
+A very explicit description
+of the code.
+
+Now let's go onto a graph of
+behavioral realization.
+
+So it's very natural to draw the
+following kind of graph of
+
+this realization.
+
+We let the y's --
+
+y1, y2, y3, y4 --
+
+sorry, I've changed the
+index set, haven't I?
+
+I get 1 through 8 now.
+
+I'm just going to make these
+into vertices of my graph.
+
+So here we have symbols, and I'm
+going to make a bipartite
+
+graph, and over here I'm going
+to have equations, or
+
+constraints, or checks.
+
+And I have four checks, which
+I'm going to draw like this.
+
+The first check is that y1 plus
+y2 plus y3 plus y4 equals
+
+0, so I'll just draw
+that like this.
+
+That means the same
+thing as this.
+
+The second one is y2 plus y4
+plus y5 plus y7 equals 0.
+
+And the third one
+is these four --
+
+two, three, four.
+
+And the last one
+is these four.
+
+This, this, this, this.
+
+It's done more nicely
+in the notes.
+
+This is called a Tanner graph,
+after an extremely good paper
+
+by Michael Tanner in 1981, which
+was about the only paper
+
+of any consequence in this
+subject between Gallager's
+
+thesis in 1961 and the
+rediscovery of low-density
+
+parity-check codes
+around 1995.
+
+That's a graphical picture
+of these equations.
+
+And what do we think of?
+
+You can think of testing
+an 8-tuple.
+
+Take an arbitrary, binary
+8-tuple, think of these as
+
+memory elements, put the bits
+of that 8-tuple in here, and
+
+then ask if all these checks
+are satisfied.
+
+Since we're talking mod 2
+arithmetic, we're basically
+
+asking if there are an even
+number of 1s attached to each
+
+of these checks.
+
+If and only if that's true,
+we've got a code 8-tuple.
+
+From the set of all 256
+8-tuples, we find 16 that
+
+actually satisfy these checks,
+and that's the code.
+
+That's one way of describing
+the code.
+
+So that's how the graph is
+associated with local
+
+constraints.
+
+Well call them local, each of
+these constraints, because
+
+each of them only involves
+four of the symbols.
+
+In a much larger graph, a
+low-density parity-check code,
+
+the idea is that there are not
+very many symbols that are
+
+checked by each check.
+
+The graph is sparse,
+in that sense.
+
+But we're not quite there yet.
+
+So that's pretty simple.
+
+Let me do a generator
+representation.
+
+This is going to be a little bit
+more complicated because
+
+we have these auxiliary
+input variables.
+
+But that doesn't really
+complicate it very much.
+
+I keep using this 8, 4, 4 code
+just to emphasize that a
+
+single code can be described
+in many different ways.
+
+We're going to wind up with
+half a dozen different
+
+graphical representations of
+this code, and they can be
+
+grouped according to style.
+
+So again, we could use our
+favorite generator matrix for
+
+our favorite code.
+
+It looks like that.
+
+Now what do we mean?
+
+What are our constraints now?
+
+Well, now we have some hidden
+variables, ui, and we have y1
+
+is equal to u1.
+
+We're going to basically
+multiply this by u1.
+
+I've got some u1, u2, u3,
+u4 multiplying this.
+
+So y1 is u1, y2 is u1 plus u2,
+y3 is equal to u1 plus u3, y4
+
+is equal to u1 plus u2
+plus u3, so forth.
+
+y5 is u2 plus u3 plus u4,
+y6 is u2 plus u4.
+
+I jumped one here.
+
+This is u3 plus u4, y7 is u2
+plus u4, and y8 equals u8.
+
+And you will agree that the code
+is described, if I can
+
+find any pair, (y,u), such that
+this is satisfied, then y
+
+is an element of the code.
+
+I can choose u freely,
+that is the input.
+
+If I find a y at any u, such
+that these equations are
+
+satisfied, then I've
+found a code word.
+
+And that's an if and only if.
+
+So that's another
+characterization of the code.
+
+And its Tanner graph
+looks like this.
+
+Here in this case, we have
+hidden variables.
+
+So let's put the inputs--
+
+or, we'll see they can also be
+thought of as states, but
+
+they're hidden variables
+that we don't actually
+
+see in the code word.
+
+u1, u2, u3, u4.
+
+You can think of these as
+free-driving variables.
+
+And to get y1, here's
+what we do.
+
+We're going to take y1 and we're
+going to create a mod 2
+
+sum of some of these inputs.
+
+In this case, it's just
+u1, so I can draw it
+
+as a straight through.
+
+But in general, I'm going to
+have to make a combination to
+
+get all of these.
+
+So I have eight symbols
+over here --
+
+code symbols --
+
+and again, some constraints
+that have to be satisfied.
+
+Equations, mod 2 sums, y8.
+
+And I just, again,
+draw a picture.
+
+y2 is u1 plus u2,
+so u1 plus u2.
+
+these sum to give y2.
+
+And so, again, if I put down
+some u's, put down some y's,
+
+test whether all these sums are
+correct, then I will have
+
+tested whether I found a valid
+behavior or trajectory.
+
+Next one is u1 plus u3.
+
+The next one is u1, u2, u3.
+
+The next one is u2, u3, u4.
+
+The next one is u3, u4.
+
+The next one is u2, u4.
+
+And the last one is
+just that one.
+
+OK, so that's another graph
+whose constraints
+
+describe the code word.
+
+Here it's helpful to start to
+introduce the following
+
+convention.
+
+We fill in the circle of the
+variables that we actually
+
+want to see, and we leave
+these open, the free
+
+variables over here.
+
+Some people would call it a
+generalized Tanner graph.
+
+In the notes, I just call
+this Tanner graph 2.
+
+Tanner didn't actually consider
+state variables.
+
+This was introduced into
+graphical models by a guy
+
+named Wiberg in his PhD thesis
+in Sweden in about 1995.
+
+And that was a huge
+contribution, to have hidden
+
+variables as well as observed
+variables, because otherwise
+
+you couldn't really draw a
+generator representation as a
+
+graph, or a trellis
+representation.
+
+You need hidden state
+variables.
+
+So those are two graphical
+styles, and the idea here is
+
+that every set of 12 variables,
+such that these
+
+eight equations are satisfied,
+gives you a
+
+legitimate code word.
+
+Here you can easily think
+of this as --
+
+you notice that we've described
+these as passive
+
+constraints.
+
+It's not an input-output,
+block diagram type of
+
+representation.
+
+It causes cause-effects.
+
+In this case, it
+implicitly is.
+
+How would you actually implement
+this generator
+
+representation?
+
+You implement it by picking
+four input bits and then
+
+seeing what code words
+they generate.
+
+In other words, there's a very
+definite input-output relation
+
+here, where we could make this
+into a directed graph by
+
+drawing arrows here.
+
+In general, in our graphical
+models, we're
+
+not going to do this.
+
+The behavioral style is very
+much not in this spirit.
+
+But in this case,
+we clearly can.
+
+So if you actually wanted to
+generate all the code words --
+
+that's why it's called a
+generator representation --
+
+you simply jump through all 16
+possibilities here and you
+
+generate all 16 code words.
+
+Or if you wanted to do a
+simulation, generate code
+
+words, this is the way
+you would do it.
+
+This has easy cause
+and effect style.
+
+The kernel representation
+is much more implicit.
+
+What is the cause and
+the effect here?
+
+In this case, it's actually
+possible to find a cause and
+
+effect representation.
+
+It turns out that these four
+bits can be taken as
+
+information bits, or these
+four places form an
+
+information set.
+
+So suppose we choose these four
+bits, and it turns out
+
+that for this graph, we can
+trace through as follows.
+
+These three bits going
+into this zero-sum,
+
+these all go in.
+
+That determines this
+output, right?
+
+d minus 1, if d is the degree
+of the zero-sum node, any d
+
+minus 1 inputs determine the
+last output, because the
+
+parity-check has to check.
+
+So that determines this one,
+which then determines y4.
+
+Now, knowing that, we know all
+but one input here, because I
+
+also have this one.
+
+And that determines this, and
+I think it probably also
+
+determines this.
+
+I now have three of the
+four inputs here,
+
+so I can get this.
+
+And anyway, by tracing through
+it I can create a directed
+
+graph that gives me
+a cause and effect
+
+relationship from here.
+
+But it's much more implicit and
+it can't always be done.
+
+Sometimes you can find an
+information set that works
+
+with these particular set of
+equations and sometimes you
+
+can't, sometimes
+you get stuck.
+
+We can come back to this when
+we talk about binary erasure
+
+channel and stopping sets.
+
+In this case, given these four,
+you can determine the
+
+remaining four.
+
+If you think of it in equation
+terms, if you're given y1, y2,
+
+y3, you can basically go through
+a Gaussian elimination
+
+of these equations and find
+y4, y6, y7 and y8.
+
+So you can regard y1, y2,
+y3, and y5 as inputs.
+
+This is much more the behavioral
+style, where it's
+
+just simply any n-tuple that
+satisfies the constraints is a
+
+legitimate n-tuple.
+
+This is more cause and effect
+style over here.
+
+Since we're at the end, let me
+just introduce one more thing.
+
+This is a bipartite graph.
+
+We basically have a graph with
+two types of nodes, one
+
+representing variables, one
+representing constraints.
+
+And the edges always go between
+a variable and a
+
+constraint.
+
+So that's what we mean
+by a bipartite graph.
+
+There are two types of vertices,
+and all the edges
+
+connect one type of vertex to
+another type of vertex.
+
+So is this over here.
+
+I've drawn it in a way where
+it's not so obvious.
+
+In a generalized Tanner graph,
+you'd put all the variables
+
+over on one side and the
+constraints over
+
+on the other side.
+
+In this case, these observed
+variables go naturally with
+
+the constraints, so I
+put them over here.
+
+But I could have put them over
+here and you would see this is
+
+also a bipartite graph.
+
+So this is the general
+character.
+
+What do we think of the edges
+as doing in this graph?
+
+We think of the edges as
+conducting the variables that
+
+they're associated with.
+
+So all of these edges, in
+fact, convey u1 to this
+
+constraint.
+
+We could, if we wanted to, label
+all of the edges with
+
+their associated variables.
+
+That's what they mean.
+
+They mean here that u1
+equals y1, or that u1
+
+plus u2 equals y2.
+
+So the edges just serve for
+communication in this graph.
+
+There's another style of graph,
+which I introduced, and
+
+therefore, people --
+
+not me -- but other people have
+called it a Forney graph.
+
+I call it a normal graph.
+
+The difference is that basically
+the vertices all
+
+equal constraints, and the edges
+represent variables.
+
+And it has certain advantages
+that have led to it being used
+
+more and more.
+
+Let me just indicate how we go
+from a graph of this style to
+
+a graph of this style.
+
+We basically just make all the
+variables into equality
+
+constraints.
+
+So in this case, I draw
+y1, y2, and so forth.
+
+I put a little dongle on them
+to indicate that they
+
+communicate with the
+outside world.
+
+They are observed, external
+variables.
+
+And then I put a little equality
+constraint that says
+
+all of the variables attached to
+this constraint have to be
+
+the same, which is really
+doing the same thing.
+
+Otherwise, the topology of
+the graph looks the same.
+
+These are, again, zero-sum
+constraints, or parity-check
+
+constraints, and the
+connections are
+
+done just as before.
+
+I forget.
+
+I'm not going to do
+them all out.
+
+The only change, in this case,
+is to replace external
+
+variables by an equality
+constraint in this.
+
+So the equality constraint
+basically says this edge still
+
+equals y1, this edge
+still equals y2.
+
+That's what the equality
+constraint means.
+
+Everything tied to
+that equality
+
+constraint has to be equal.
+
+So we can think of these as just
+replicas of this original
+
+variable out here.
+
+So far, you don't see any
+reason to prefer this.
+
+If I do it in this graph, then,
+again, I get equality
+
+constraints here.
+
+I get zero-sum constraints,
+again, over here.
+
+Eight of them.
+
+And in this case, I can just
+represent the external
+
+variables directly by these
+little dongles.
+
+And again, I have the
+same graph here.
+
+You still probably don't see
+that there's very much
+
+difference and, in
+fact, I'd agree.
+
+There's hardly any difference
+between these two styles.
+
+So forth.
+
+This is the normal graph that's
+equivalent to this
+
+Tanner graph, it's obtained
+in the same way.
+
+If I wanted to do it more
+painstakingly, I would put
+
+equality constraints for each
+of these, I'd put little
+
+external variables, and then
+I'd see I don't really need
+
+the equality constraints.
+
+So I can just compress it
+into y1 through y8.
+
+The advantages, I will say, of
+the normal graph will appear
+
+as we go along.
+
+The main advantage is that you
+can prove a very nice duality
+
+theorem for normal graphs --
+
+that basically shows the duality
+between generator and
+
+parity-check constraints.
+
+But to say anything about that
+right now would just
+
+hand-waving, so we'll come
+back to this next week.
+
+See you in a week, have
+a nice weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GzGed-6NIBY.txt b/GzGed-6NIBY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3769b539166e285b0b5ea98ae9489647d47c0889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GzGed-6NIBY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14752 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me give you a case history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you a case history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me give you a case history
+this is work that i've done with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is work that i've done with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is work that i've done with one of
+my former interns actually who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my former interns actually who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my former interns actually who's a
+superb scientist at the dana-farber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superb scientist at the dana-farber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superb scientist at the dana-farber
+cancer institute david rowich also is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer institute david rowich also is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer institute david rowich also is a
+part-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part-time
+neonatologist i call this finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neonatologist i call this finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neonatologist i call this finding the
+needle in haystack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle in haystack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needle in haystack
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's about studying the cerebellum so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about studying the cerebellum so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about studying the cerebellum so i
+impressed i i hope upon you on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed i i hope upon you on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed i i hope upon you on the last
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+just how bad microarrays are how noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how bad microarrays are how noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just how bad microarrays are how noisy
+they are and how difficult it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and how difficult it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and how difficult it is to
+interpret them so now i'll show you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them so now i'll show you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret them so now i'll show you how
+darn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darn it
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+if you actually do the computation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually do the computation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually do the computation right
+you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually
+extract useful biomedical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract useful biomedical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract useful biomedical
+information out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of it
+so the cerebellum is a nice system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cerebellum is a nice system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cerebellum is a nice system to
+study because it has this nicely layered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study because it has this nicely layered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study because it has this nicely layered
+structure the cerebellum is this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the cerebellum is this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the cerebellum is this part of
+the brain that sits in the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that sits in the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain that sits in the posterior
+fossa in the back and it has this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossa in the back and it has this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossa in the back and it has this very
+nicely layered structure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely layered structure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely layered structure which is
+detailed in this cross section here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed in this cross section here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed in this cross section here
+so that each layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that each layer
+has this distinct group of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this distinct group of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this distinct group of cells
+and often these group of cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often these group of cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often these group of cells are
+distinguished but by different genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished but by different genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished but by different genes
+expressed at different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed at different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed at different times
+specifically to that cell type or cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to that cell type or cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to that cell type or cell
+layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer
+and the cerebellum has a pivotal role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cerebellum has a pivotal role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cerebellum has a pivotal role in
+locomotion and posture but the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion and posture but the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotion and posture but the fact that
+i can stand approximately straight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can stand approximately straight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can stand approximately straight and
+move around is solely as almost solely a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around is solely as almost solely a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around is solely as almost solely a
+function of the activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the activity of the
+cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum
+and because of its nicely layered um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of its nicely layered um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of its nicely layered um
+structure the cerebellum has been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the cerebellum has been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the cerebellum has been the
+subject of a lot of neuroscience because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of a lot of neuroscience because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject of a lot of neuroscience because
+it's much less complex than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much less complex than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much less complex than the other
+central neural tissues in that regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there was a particular system that david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a particular system that david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a particular system that david
+was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interested in
+sonic hedgehog it's one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonic hedgehog it's one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sonic hedgehog it's one of these
+supposedly amusing names developed by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly amusing names developed by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly amusing names developed by um
+fly biologists because fibonacci like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly biologists because fibonacci like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly biologists because fibonacci like
+they have a very bad sense of humor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very bad sense of humor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a very bad sense of humor and
+they apply that to all the genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they apply that to all the genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they apply that to all the genes that
+they discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they discover
+um sonic hedgehog is once a gene turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sonic hedgehog is once a gene turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sonic hedgehog is once a gene turns
+out to be a very important uh signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a very important uh signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a very important uh signaling
+molecule uh that's very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh that's very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule uh that's very important in
+proliferation and differentiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation and differentiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation and differentiation of
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+david wanted to know what was the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david wanted to know what was the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david wanted to know what was the role
+of uh sonic hedgehog in this most out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sonic hedgehog in this most out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sonic hedgehog in this most out in
+this outermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outermost
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layer of the cerebellum the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the cerebellum the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the cerebellum the external
+granule layer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule layer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule layer a
+egla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egla
+it was known that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was known that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was known that
+cyclin d1 was expressed in this layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin d1 was expressed in this layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin d1 was expressed in this layer
+and that different other genes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that different other genes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that different other genes were
+expressed in other layers it was known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in other layers it was known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in other layers it was known
+that psychic hedgehog was important in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that psychic hedgehog was important in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that psychic hedgehog was important in a
+variety of different ways for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different ways for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different ways for instance
+genes that have previously been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that have previously been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that have previously been
+implicated in a sonic hedgehog signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicated in a sonic hedgehog signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicated in a sonic hedgehog signaling
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant
+cause in the mouse model here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause in the mouse model here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause in the mouse model here
+a posterior cerebelle tumor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a posterior cerebelle tumor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a posterior cerebelle tumor which is
+very much akin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much akin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much akin
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+medulloblastomas that are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastomas that are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastomas that are a
+big cause of juvenile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cause of juvenile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big cause of juvenile
+brain cancer and the lethal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain cancer and the lethal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain cancer and the lethal one
+at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that
+and it's suddenly being shown that metro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's suddenly being shown that metro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's suddenly being shown that metro
+blastomas are involved uh in the sonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blastomas are involved uh in the sonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blastomas are involved uh in the sonic
+hedgehog pathways a large percentage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog pathways a large percentage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedgehog pathways a large percentage of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so the question was could we find other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was could we find other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was could we find other
+cookbooks other genes that are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookbooks other genes that are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookbooks other genes that are involved
+in the sonic hedgehog pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sonic hedgehog pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sonic hedgehog pathway
+and it's a big haystack that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big haystack that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a big haystack that we're
+looking into because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into because
+we're looking in two large haystacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking in two large haystacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking in two large haystacks
+actually one is a large number of probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one is a large number of probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one is a large number of probes
+on the microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the microarray
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+we're looking at an entire cerebellum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at an entire cerebellum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at an entire cerebellum a
+complex tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex tissue
+even though it's one of the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's one of the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's one of the simpler
+neural tissues when in fact we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tissues when in fact we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural tissues when in fact we're trying
+to extract the signal out of one part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the signal out of one part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract the signal out of one part of
+this complex tissue this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex tissue this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex tissue this very
+superficial layer of cells called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layer of cells called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superficial layer of cells called the
+egla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egla
+so can we find the signal in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we find the signal in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can we find the signal in time and
+space so we're not only looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so we're not only looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so we're not only looking for
+the right number of probes in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number of probes in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right number of probes in the right
+location but the right point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location but the right point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location but the right point in
+development and this was a quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and this was a quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and this was a quite a
+challenge for us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge for us because
+david is a personal friend and a former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david is a personal friend and a former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+david is a personal friend and a former
+intern and he had heard about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern and he had heard about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern and he had heard about
+her heard me pontificate above in points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her heard me pontificate above in points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her heard me pontificate above in points
+of bioinformatics and here was his close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bioinformatics and here was his close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bioinformatics and here was his close
+friend who um was now engaging this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend who um was now engaging this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend who um was now engaging this type
+of collaboration and if i gave him the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collaboration and if i gave him the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of collaboration and if i gave him the
+wrong candidates that means i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong candidates that means i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong candidates that means i'll be
+wasting the time of his uh postdoc which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting the time of his uh postdoc which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting the time of his uh postdoc which
+he had only one at that time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had only one at that time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had only one at that time and
+delaying him by six months if i gave him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delaying him by six months if i gave him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delaying him by six months if i gave him
+some wrong things to look at so it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wrong things to look at so it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wrong things to look at so it was a
+relatively high stakes game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the experiment was very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiment was very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiment was very simple
+to harvest initially just day five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to harvest initially just day five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to harvest initially just day five
+post needle day five cerebellum expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post needle day five cerebellum expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post needle day five cerebellum expose
+it to sonic hedgehog vehicle and growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to sonic hedgehog vehicle and growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to sonic hedgehog vehicle and growth
+arrest media forget about the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest media forget about the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest media forget about the growth
+arrest media for a second but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest media for a second but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrest media for a second but basically
+exposing the sonic hedgehog or vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing the sonic hedgehog or vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing the sonic hedgehog or vehicle
+hybridize it to the now obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize it to the now obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize it to the now obsolete
+alphametrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphametrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphametrics
+mouse array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse array
+the mouse arrays are obviously obsolete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse arrays are obviously obsolete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse arrays are obviously obsolete
+but this generation is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this generation is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this generation is no longer
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+and we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did
+what we refer to in the grant as noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we refer to in the grant as noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we refer to in the grant as noise
+models in our bioinformatic analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in our bioinformatic analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in our bioinformatic analysis
+which i'll detail shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll detail shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll detail shortly
+and then we're going to we gave a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to we gave a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to we gave a list
+of nine significantly up regulated genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nine significantly up regulated genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nine significantly up regulated genes
+and ten genes not significantly upright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten genes not significantly upright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ten genes not significantly upright
+related and these were going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and these were going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and these were going to be
+subsequently screened with insight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently screened with insight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently screened with insight to
+hybridization to see whether in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization to see whether in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization to see whether in fact
+these predictions were correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictions were correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these predictions were correct
+and so we did was the very simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we did was the very simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we did was the very simple thing
+if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you recall
+i showed you in the last lecture that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you in the last lecture that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you in the last lecture that i
+gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise
+grew dramatically at lower levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew dramatically at lower levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew dramatically at lower levels of
+expression because you could flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression because you could flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression because you could flip the
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+of the up or down regulation just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the up or down regulation just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the up or down regulation just by
+virtue of having slow levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of having slow levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of having slow levels of
+expression affected by low levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression affected by low levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression affected by low levels of
+noise so clearly you need to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so clearly you need to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise so clearly you need to have some
+sort of statistical measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of statistical measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of statistical measure of the
+separation of the two conditions so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the two conditions so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of the two conditions so in
+this case the signal was the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the signal was the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the signal was the expression
+of a gene in response to the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene in response to the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene in response to the signal
+namely sonic hedgehog and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely sonic hedgehog and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely sonic hedgehog and the other is
+the the vehicle treated ones and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vehicle treated ones and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vehicle treated ones and the
+question is for each such gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for each such gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for each such gene
+could we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we find
+those genes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those genes that were
+clearly separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly separated
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+those um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um
+two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two conditions
+and there's a variety of ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a variety of ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a variety of ways that you
+could have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done it
+and in fact as you promised it i'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact as you promised it i'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact as you promised it i'll have
+to explore some of these standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore some of these standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore some of these standard
+methods that for instance are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that for instance are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that for instance are things
+like a modified t-test like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a modified t-test like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a modified t-test like the
+significance analysis of microarrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance analysis of microarrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance analysis of microarrays
+but i'm going to make the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to make the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm going to make the following
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+try to understand what you're doing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what you're doing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what you're doing by
+looking at ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at ratios
+and for instance just looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for instance just looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for instance just looking at a
+t-test where you're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-test where you're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-test where you're looking at the
+difference in means it's fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in means it's fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in means it's fundamentally
+misunderstanding the computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding the computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding the computational
+challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge
+in a very simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very simple way
+what average do we want to look at do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what average do we want to look at do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what average do we want to look at do we
+want to calculate and i realize not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate and i realize not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate and i realize not all
+of you are competition involved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are competition involved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are competition involved so
+um try to keep this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try to keep this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try to keep this simple
+there's two types of averages that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of averages that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two types of averages that we
+might consider among many uh calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider among many uh calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might consider among many uh calculating
+one is the simple arithmetic average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the simple arithmetic average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the simple arithmetic average
+where you take these where you sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take these where you sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you take these where you sum
+the uh signal and divide it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh signal and divide it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh signal and divide it by the
+number of samples and you sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of samples and you sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of samples and you sum the
+control and divide by number samples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and divide by number samples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and divide by number samples and
+you take that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that ratio
+or you take the geometric mean of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take the geometric mean of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take the geometric mean of them
+and why would you do one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why would you do one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why would you do one or the other
+well let me ask you the following thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me ask you the following thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me ask you the following thing
+this used to when i get first thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this used to when i get first thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this used to when i get first thought
+about this i was having the mortgage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this i was having the mortgage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this i was having the mortgage in
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+apartment so it was incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment so it was incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment so it was incredibly important
+to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+if you have four different interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have four different interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have four different interest
+rates over four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that the amount you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the amount you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the amount you're gonna have
+to pay out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay out
+is one plus uh r1 times one plus r2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one plus uh r1 times one plus r2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one plus uh r1 times one plus r2 plus
+one plus r3 one plus r4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus r3 one plus r4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus r3 one plus r4
+and you're gonna have to pay different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna have to pay different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna have to pay different
+amounts on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle how am i going to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle how am i going to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle how am i going to estimate the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+interest rate i'm paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate i'm paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate i'm paying
+per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per year
+is it the arithmetic average of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the arithmetic average of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the arithmetic average of these
+r's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r's
+no because it's this compounding i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's this compounding i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because it's this compounding i know
+that's a simple point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a simple point
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+a few people realize it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people realize it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few people realize it's actually
+the geometric mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geometric mean
+and the same error is being made if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same error is being made if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same error is being made if you
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+at the arithmetic mean versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the arithmetic mean versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the arithmetic mean versus the
+geometric mean to look at ratios because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean to look at ratios because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean to look at ratios because
+fundamentally we're looking at a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally we're looking at a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally we're looking at a ratio
+and we do the analysis both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the analysis both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do the analysis both ways
+and i can tell you we knew the in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you we knew the in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tell you we knew the in this
+case the answer because we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the answer because we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the answer because we did the
+insightful hybridizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful hybridizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful hybridizations
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+first of all the good news the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the good news the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the good news the good news
+that we published in pnas a couple years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we published in pnas a couple years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we published in pnas a couple years
+ago was that essentially eighty percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was that essentially eighty percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was that essentially eighty percent
+of the time that we said a gene was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that we said a gene was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time that we said a gene was
+expressed in the egla based on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the egla based on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in the egla based on this uh
+simple geometric mean sure enough by in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple geometric mean sure enough by in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple geometric mean sure enough by in
+situ standing it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ standing it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situ standing it was
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when we uh said that it wasn't it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we uh said that it wasn't it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we uh said that it wasn't it wasn't
+the point is if we use the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if we use the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is if we use the arithmetic
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+we have double the false positive rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have double the false positive rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have double the false positive rate
+so just understanding something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just understanding something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just understanding something as
+simple as the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as the difference between
+arithmetic and geometry which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and geometry which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic and geometry which is a
+non-obvious uh notion to anybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious uh notion to anybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-obvious uh notion to anybody who's
+just been used to doing uh t-tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been used to doing uh t-tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been used to doing uh t-tests
+screws up the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws up the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screws up the analysis
+let's make this more relevant to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this more relevant to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make this more relevant to human
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+how can we leverage this developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we leverage this developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we leverage this developmental
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+of the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mouse
+i mean this is we're talking about mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is we're talking about mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is we're talking about mice
+how do we actually try to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually try to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually try to understand how
+this is reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is reflected
+in its uh relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its uh relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its uh relevance to
+these tumors i was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tumors i was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tumors i was talking about
+medulloblastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we have actually some medulloblastoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually some medulloblastoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have actually some medulloblastoma
+the nice thing to i want to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing to i want to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice thing to i want to say about
+microarrays is that this community along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays is that this community along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays is that this community along
+with the snip community has been unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the snip community has been unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the snip community has been unique
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+making freely available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making freely available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making freely available
+the data to its community for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to its community for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to its community for those of
+us who have md's or will have mds let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who have md's or will have mds let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us who have md's or will have mds let us
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+aware that still today most clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that still today most clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that still today most clinical
+research papers do not uh publish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers do not uh publish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research papers do not uh publish the
+primary data from which your conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary data from which your conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary data from which your conclusions
+are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made
+still do not and therefore it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do not and therefore it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do not and therefore it's an
+unable you are unable to independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable you are unable to independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable you are unable to independently
+verify these results or come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify these results or come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify these results or come up with
+better results or with improved results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better results or with improved results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better results or with improved results
+and that's why it was really incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it was really incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why it was really incredibly
+important i'm sorry to emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important i'm sorry to emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important i'm sorry to emphasize this
+before that the early practitioners of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that the early practitioners of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that the early practitioners of
+microwaves such as todd gala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves such as todd gala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves such as todd gala
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+pat brown published all the data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat brown published all the data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat brown published all the data right
+away after publication in fact i looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away after publication in fact i looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away after publication in fact i looked
+at uh a half year ago at todd's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh a half year ago at todd's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh a half year ago at todd's uh
+original paper in 1990
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper in 1990
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper in 1990
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on aml this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on aml this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on aml this is all
+and i thought there were 700 i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought there were 700 i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought there were 700 i think
+there were 700 citations i've just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 700 citations i've just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were 700 citations i've just that
+one paper and it would have not been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper and it would have not been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one paper and it would have not been the
+same had they not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same had they not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same had they not
+uh published data because there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh published data because there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh published data because there was a
+lot of secondary analyses and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of secondary analyses and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of secondary analyses and a lot of
+problems found in the paper and possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems found in the paper and possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems found in the paper and possible
+sizes of paper it sets up a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of paper it sets up a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of paper it sets up a whole
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+process of motion that you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of motion that you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of motion that you don't have
+otherwise so we have this data on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so we have this data on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise so we have this data on a
+variety of different human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different human
+medulloblastomas that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastomas that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastomas that have been
+published a couple years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a couple years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a couple years ago
+and then we could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could go
+to a database called homology and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a database called homology and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a database called homology and by the
+way your next problem say another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way your next problem say another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way your next problem say another one
+i'm describing to you but your next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm describing to you but your next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm describing to you but your next uh
+problem set will be a um treasure hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set will be a um treasure hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set will be a um treasure hunt
+where we're going to make you hop across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to make you hop across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to make you hop across
+all the different databases that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different databases that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different databases that you
+should know about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know about as
+basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic
+not basic biologists but basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not basic biologists but basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not basic biologists but basic uh
+consumers of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers of the very
+simple kinds of information around about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kinds of information around about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple kinds of information around about
+snips and the microarrays but we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips and the microarrays but we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snips and the microarrays but we'll get
+to that treasure hunt later suffice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that treasure hunt later suffice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that treasure hunt later suffice it
+to say that there is a database called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that there is a database called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that there is a database called
+homologine which allows you to map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologine which allows you to map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologine which allows you to map the
+genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in
+humans to those that are present in mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it turns out that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that there were
+present on those two microarrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on those two microarrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on those two microarrays
+they're on the order of about 000 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the order of about 000 genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the order of about 000 genes
+that are homologous from mice to men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are homologous from mice to men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are homologous from mice to men
+and so what we did then was to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we did then was to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we did then was to do a
+principled component analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principled component analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principled component analysis
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+these data sets now hands up those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets now hands up those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data sets now hands up those of
+you who really understand principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who really understand principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who really understand principle
+component analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+two two of you so those who don't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two of you so those who don't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two of you so those who don't it's
+very let me try to give you the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very let me try to give you the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very let me try to give you the simple
+version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of it
+principle component analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle component analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle component analysis
+essentially tries to refactor the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tries to refactor the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tries to refactor the data
+so that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you're
+looking at these new variables that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these new variables that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at these new variables that are
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums
+of the original variables in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original variables in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original variables in this case
+the genes so these new these principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes so these new these principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes so these new these principal
+components are linear versions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are linear versions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are linear versions of these
+of these original measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these original measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these original measurements
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+success in successive components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in successive components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success in successive components
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+major amount of variation of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major amount of variation of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major amount of variation of the data
+set so the first principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the first principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so the first principal components
+is this linear combination that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this linear combination that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this linear combination that that
+come that gets the fir the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come that gets the fir the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come that gets the fir the largest
+amount of the variation in the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the variation in the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the variation in the data set
+the second principal components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second principal components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second principal components are
+orthogonal essentially in right angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal essentially in right angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal essentially in right angles
+to that first principal component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that first principal component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that first principal component and
+get the second most amount of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the second most amount of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the second most amount of variance
+and so on and in fact you have as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and in fact you have as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and in fact you have as many
+principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components
+as you have original variables but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have original variables but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have original variables but the
+nice thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is that
+heuristically speaking by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristically speaking by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristically speaking by the time
+you've gone through about two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone through about two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've gone through about two or three
+or four percent components you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four percent components you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four percent components you've
+typically captured on the order of 80 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically captured on the order of 80 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically captured on the order of 80 70
+to 80 to 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 80 to 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 80 to 90
+of all the variants and data set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the variants and data set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the variants and data set in
+other words by doing these linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words by doing these linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words by doing these linear
+combinations of orthogonal vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of orthogonal vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of orthogonal vectors
+you're able to capture most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to capture most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to capture most of the
+variance and the nice thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the nice thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and the nice thing about that
+is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for
+data sets such as gene expression where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets such as gene expression where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets such as gene expression where
+you have a lot of highly correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of highly correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of highly correlated
+behavior in other words the genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in other words the genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in other words the genes are
+really not there's large numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not there's large numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not there's large numbers of
+genes that are really not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are really not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are really not that
+independent of one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of one another
+this allows you to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows you to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this allows you to reduce
+the number of variables that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables that you have to
+look at an analysis from a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an analysis from a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an analysis from a very large
+number tens of thousands to just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number tens of thousands to just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number tens of thousands to just a
+handful the first few principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful the first few principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful the first few principle
+components that allow you to capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that allow you to capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that allow you to capture the
+majority of variation and that's by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of variation and that's by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of variation and that's by the
+way the initial intuition that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the initial intuition that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the initial intuition that some of
+these face recognition software that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these face recognition software that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these face recognition software that you
+may have heard about from homeland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard about from homeland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard about from homeland
+security has been inspired by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has been inspired by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security has been inspired by by
+essentially taking uh the eigenface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking uh the eigenface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking uh the eigenface
+where they look at the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they look at the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they look at the crystal
+components that make up the features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that make up the features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that make up the features of
+the face and reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face and reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face and reduce it
+do you think complexity to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think complexity to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think complexity to these
+principle components the face so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle components the face so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle components the face so that
+not only can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only can you
+generate an eigenface this generic face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an eigenface this generic face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate an eigenface this generic face
+but you can also map uh people to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also map uh people to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also map uh people to uh
+which faces they're most like so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which faces they're most like so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which faces they're most like so it
+allows you a little bit of um play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you a little bit of um play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you a little bit of um play and
+slot between different angles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot between different angles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot between different angles of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and different uh ways that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different uh ways that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and different uh ways that you might
+look in a different day because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a different day because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a different day because it's
+still capturing the major variants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still capturing the major variants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still capturing the major variants of
+your face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face
+so what we did is the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did is the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did is the volume
+not only was there day five of the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only was there day five of the mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only was there day five of the mouse
+but we actually captured multiple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we actually captured multiple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we actually captured multiple uh
+time points on the order i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points on the order i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points on the order i can't
+remember now exactly maybe 15 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now exactly maybe 15 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember now exactly maybe 15 time
+points and it's a publicly available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it's a publicly available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and it's a publicly available
+data set if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set if you're interested
+15 time points going from embryonic days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 time points going from embryonic days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 time points going from embryonic days
+to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um
+postnatal days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postnatal days
+day 60 i believe of the mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then when we did the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we did the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we did the principal
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+genes expression pattern across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes expression pattern across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes expression pattern across this
+time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series
+we saw the following when we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the following when we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the following when we just
+plotted the genes by their position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted the genes by their position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted the genes by their position in
+this new coordinate system the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new coordinate system the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new coordinate system the first and
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components
+and i've colored them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've colored them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've colored them
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+um these whether they fell into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these whether they fell into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these whether they fell into this
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+section or that half section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section or that half section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section or that half section of the
+egg so to speak and why do i color it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg so to speak and why do i color it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg so to speak and why do i color it so
+because if you actually look at when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you actually look at when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you actually look at when
+these genes have their maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes have their maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes have their maximal
+period their maximal time of expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period their maximal time of expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period their maximal time of expression
+the ones in this component and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones in this component and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones in this component and this is
+sorry in this area of the two components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in this area of the two components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry in this area of the two components
+had an early peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an early peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an early peak
+and the error the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the error the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the error the genes
+in that this component had a late peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that this component had a late peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that this component had a late peak
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+late uh sorry the early um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late uh sorry the early um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late uh sorry the early um
+uh principle component and the late uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principle component and the late uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh principle component and the late uh
+set of principle components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of principle components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of principle components
+in plain english
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plain english
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in plain english
+by just doing this simple decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just doing this simple decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just doing this simple decomposition
+uh the simple factoring into the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simple factoring into the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simple factoring into the two
+principle components we've taken that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle components we've taken that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle components we've taken that
+time series and re-plotted the genes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series and re-plotted the genes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series and re-plotted the genes and
+now we have a set of genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a set of genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a set of genes that are
+clearly separating themselves out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly separating themselves out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly separating themselves out from
+another set of genes and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of genes and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of genes and they're
+characterized by being early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by being early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized by being early
+versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus
+late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+uh peaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh peaking
+now so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we then took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then took
+the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human
+homologues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of those genes and we asked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those genes and we asked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those genes and we asked in the
+metroblastomas which genes compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metroblastomas which genes compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metroblastomas which genes compared to
+non-metablastomas were upregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-metablastomas were upregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-metablastomas were upregulated
+and down regulated in the human tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down regulated in the human tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down regulated in the human tumors
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a first and second principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a first and second principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a first and second principle
+component yeah but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's uh i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh i can't
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+um i don't think it's zero based i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't think it's zero based i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i don't think it's zero based i think
+zero is somewhere around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's just i mean i know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just i mean i know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just i mean i know what that
+does that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that means
+according to it's according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to it's according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to it's according to the
+coefficients if you position that gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients if you position that gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients if you position that gene
+according to its position along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its position along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to its position along those
+two principal components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two principal components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two principal components
+so each one of these is a single gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then what we do is we plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what we do is we plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what we do is we plotted
+those up and down regulated genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up and down regulated genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those up and down regulated genes
+uh by whether they fell into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by whether they fell into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by whether they fell into
+we just took those up and down regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just took those up and down regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just took those up and down regulated
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+without knowing anything more and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing anything more and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without knowing anything more and we say
+where do they fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they fall
+into this late and early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this late and early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this late and early
+decomposition based on the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition based on the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition based on the principal
+component analysis and the simple answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis and the simple answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis and the simple answer
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially 90 of the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 90 of the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 90 of the genes
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+were up regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were up regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were up regulated
+fell into the early period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into the early period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into the early period
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+similarly around 90 of the genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly around 90 of the genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly around 90 of the genes that
+were downregulated in humans mind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were downregulated in humans mind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were downregulated in humans mind you
+fell into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fell into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+later phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later phase
+of development of the mouse go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development of the mouse go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development of the mouse go ahead
+you have a question uh when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a question uh when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a question uh when you're
+presenting the data it doesn't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the data it doesn't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the data it doesn't make a
+parent why you need the second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+a very insightful question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very insightful question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very insightful question
+and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um for what i'm describing it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um for what i'm describing it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um for what i'm describing it does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+because the separation that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the separation that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the separation that you're
+seeing is just in one dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is just in one dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing is just in one dimension
+and you're absolutely right it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're absolutely right it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're absolutely right it doesn't
+add anything turned out there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add anything turned out there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add anything turned out there were
+actually different processes that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different processes that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different processes that i'm
+not describing here that actually would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not describing here that actually would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not describing here that actually would
+were separated out by going up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were separated out by going up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were separated out by going up into the
+second principle component but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second principle component but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second principle component but i think
+you're showing that you're understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing that you're understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're showing that you're understanding
+what the hell i'm talking about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell i'm talking about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell i'm talking about but
+saying for this distinction early and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for this distinction early and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying for this distinction early and
+late all you need is the first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late all you need is the first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late all you need is the first the first
+principle component you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle component you're absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle component you're absolutely
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i just want to
+those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who
+have taken basic pathology in medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken basic pathology in medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have taken basic pathology in medical
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+will hear the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hear the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hear the following
+i don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think
+i don't know if i have a pointer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i have a pointer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i have a pointer to a
+slide but it's been known but conheim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but it's been known but conheim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but it's been known but conheim
+and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others
+from the turn of the century have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the turn of the century have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the turn of the century have
+speculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculated
+that there's something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's something about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um embryonic program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um embryonic program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um embryonic program
+of development that is recapitulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development that is recapitulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development that is recapitulated by
+tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors
+that tumors are similar not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tumors are similar not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tumors are similar not the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+are similar to essentially a poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to essentially a poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to essentially a poorly
+controlled embryonic development because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled embryonic development because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled embryonic development because
+when you look on the microscope a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look on the microscope a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look on the microscope a lot of
+the tissues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissues in
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um tumors are not as well differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tumors are not as well differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tumors are not as well differentiated
+as the tumors as the tissue from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the tumors as the tissue from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the tumors as the tissue from which
+they came from liver cancer if the liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from liver cancer if the liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from liver cancer if the liver
+cancer looked exactly like liver tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer looked exactly like liver tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer looked exactly like liver tissue
+it would be liver cancer it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be liver cancer it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be liver cancer it would be
+liver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liver
+and so there are actually more primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are actually more primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there are actually more primitive
+versions and this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and this actually
+adds support to this in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds support to this in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds support to this in fact
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+just to check on this we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to check on this we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to check on this we did the
+following um experiment which i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um experiment which i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um experiment which i don't
+show here so what we've done here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show here so what we've done here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show here so what we've done here just
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+put places in the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put places in the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put places in the appropriate
+perspectives take neural tissue from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives take neural tissue from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives take neural tissue from
+humans and human tumors and projected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and human tumors and projected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and human tumors and projected it
+against the components of mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the components of mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the components of mouse
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+and when we see this nice separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we see this nice separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we see this nice separation
+between uh upregulated genes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh upregulated genes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh upregulated genes and the
+early phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early phase
+now maybe all we're showing are general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe all we're showing are general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now maybe all we're showing are general
+markers of hyper proliferation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers of hyper proliferation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers of hyper proliferation
+and not something specific to the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not something specific to the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not something specific to the system
+so what we did is we took a similar pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did is we took a similar pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did is we took a similar pair
+namely lung cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely lung cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely lung cancer
+and lung development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lung development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lung development
+and lung cancer and lung development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lung cancer and lung development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lung cancer and lung development
+showed essentially the same relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed essentially the same relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed essentially the same relationship
+but then when you took medulloblastomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when you took medulloblastomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when you took medulloblastomas
+against the lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the lung
+development background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development background
+the separation was no longer as good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation was no longer as good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separation was no longer as good and
+when you took the the lung cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you took the the lung cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you took the the lung cancer
+against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the
+uh neural development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neural development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neural development
+it was also not as good so what it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also not as good so what it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was also not as good so what it tells
+us is something much more nuanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is something much more nuanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is something much more nuanced
+than simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than simply
+embryogenesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryogenesis
+recapitulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapitulates
+generically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically
+oncogenesis or the other way around i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenesis or the other way around i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oncogenesis or the other way around i
+should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say
+it says that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that there is
+part of the differentiation program of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the differentiation program of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the differentiation program of
+that particular tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular tissue
+which is recapitulated by the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is recapitulated by the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is recapitulated by the um
+tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor
+and that's already kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's already kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's already kind of interesting
+because it gives us some insights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives us some insights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives us some insights and
+development but it gets more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but it gets more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development but it gets more interesting
+when you start thinking well i'm i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start thinking well i'm i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start thinking well i'm i know
+a lot about different stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about different stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot about different stages of
+development can i actually start pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development can i actually start pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development can i actually start pulling
+out my understanding of the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my understanding of the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my understanding of the mechanisms
+operating at different stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at different stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at different stages of
+development to understand what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to understand what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to understand what's
+different about these different cancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just showing you in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just showing you in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just showing you in in the
+time series what the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series what the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series what the principal
+components are showing you before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are showing you before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are showing you before and
+uh in red and green we're distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in red and green we're distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in red and green we're distinguishing
+that the genes are up and down regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genes are up and down regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the genes are up and down regulated
+that you see they have in the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see they have in the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see they have in the human
+tumors they have different time courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors they have different time courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors they have different time courses
+in the mouse data versus in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouse data versus in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouse data versus in the um
+different course of the mouse data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different course of the mouse data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different course of the mouse data
+depending on whether they were up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether they were up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether they were up
+regulated or down regulated in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated or down regulated in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated or down regulated in the um
+human tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human tumors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human tumors
+and as i say here this is a slide i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i say here this is a slide i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i say here this is a slide i
+wanted the lobstein and conheim were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the lobstein and conheim were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted the lobstein and conheim were
+among the first to theorize similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first to theorize similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the first to theorize similarities
+among human embryogenesis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among human embryogenesis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among human embryogenesis and the
+biology of cancer cells and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of cancer cells and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of cancer cells and it's
+actually not until now that we've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not until now that we've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not until now that we've gotten
+really much more objective evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much more objective evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much more objective evidence
+that this is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the case
+and the brain tumor classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the brain tumor classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the brain tumor classification
+system that is used and that was divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is used and that was divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is used and that was divided
+by daily and cushing in 1926 from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by daily and cushing in 1926 from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by daily and cushing in 1926 from which
+uh modern taxonomies arrives emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modern taxonomies arrives emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh modern taxonomies arrives emphasize
+this but they are very crude taxonomies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they are very crude taxonomies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they are very crude taxonomies
+and descriptive taxonomies and hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and descriptive taxonomies and hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and descriptive taxonomies and hero
+providing perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing perhaps
+and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as
+i'm saying perhaps a much finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying perhaps a much finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm saying perhaps a much finer
+classification is that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is that true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is that true
+well let's turn around the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's turn around the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's turn around the principle
+components let's look at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components let's look at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components let's look at each
+tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor
+as a function of the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the genes
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+upregulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulated
+sorry let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry let's look at the
+position of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of these
+genes of the tumors now not the genes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes of the tumors now not the genes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes of the tumors now not the genes by
+the position in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position in the
+principle component analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle component analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle component analyses
+and to make a long story short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make a long story short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make a long story short
+we were able to dissect out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to dissect out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to dissect out
+different um days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um days
+of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development
+so these are different mouse samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are different mouse samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are different mouse samples
+and projecting onto different cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and projecting onto different cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and projecting onto different cancer
+human cancers onto the same principled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cancers onto the same principled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human cancers onto the same principled
+component analysis of these mice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis of these mice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis of these mice and
+this is very interesting in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very interesting in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very interesting in a number of
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+one is we're separating out different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we're separating out different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we're separating out different
+days of development into this principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of development into this principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of development into this principle
+component space but also separating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component space but also separating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component space but also separating in
+that same space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same space
+the tumors now that's fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors now that's fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors now that's fundamentally
+interesting because it's telling us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it's telling us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it's telling us and
+the reason why am i bringing this up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why am i bringing this up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why am i bringing this up in
+a general medicine class because if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general medicine class because if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general medicine class because if one
+of the fundamentals of modern medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamentals of modern medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamentals of modern medicine
+is toxic taxonomization of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toxic taxonomization of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toxic taxonomization of disease
+and here i'm providing a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm providing a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i'm providing a very very
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+quantitative measure of differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measure of differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measure of differentiation
+of these different tumors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+based on their position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their position
+in the space of development from a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space of development from a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space of development from a data
+set that would you could never get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that would you could never get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that would you could never get from
+humans but from mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans but from mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans but from mouse
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um this is truly exciting because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is truly exciting because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is truly exciting because i
+don't have time well actually i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time well actually i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time well actually i just
+don't have a slide to show you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a slide to show you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a slide to show you because
+we just submitted this and sorry just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just submitted this and sorry just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just submitted this and sorry just
+got accepted to genes and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got accepted to genes and development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got accepted to genes and development
+which is uh important journal in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh important journal in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh important journal in this
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+we can actually separate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually separate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually separate the the
+metastatic from the non-metastatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastatic from the non-metastatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metastatic from the non-metastatic
+medulloblastomas in the same way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastomas in the same way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulloblastomas in the same way they
+separate in this in the same in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate in this in the same in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate in this in the same in the
+different space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different space
+and so what does this tell us more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does this tell us more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does this tell us more
+generically principal component analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically principal component analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically principal component analysis
+is not a commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a commonly used
+tool for uh clinicians obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for uh clinicians obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for uh clinicians obviously
+and yet here we have a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet here we have a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet here we have a tool
+that is creating a much better taxonomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is creating a much better taxonomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is creating a much better taxonomy
+of disease with predictive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease with predictive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disease with predictive power
+previously not available to us and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously not available to us and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously not available to us and we're
+going to and allows us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and allows us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and allows us to understand
+because we're going to say what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to say what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to say what are the
+genes because remember i said principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes because remember i said principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes because remember i said principal
+components are a linear component are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are a linear component are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are a linear component are
+linear combinations of genes we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of genes we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of genes we can say
+what you know why is this genus position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know why is this genus position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you know why is this genus position
+which genes where have the major weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes where have the major weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes where have the major weights
+which make it responsible for being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make it responsible for being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which make it responsible for being that
+tumor being in that position might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor being in that position might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor being in that position might give
+us some insights into the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some insights into the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some insights into the underlying
+tumor mechanism and so here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor mechanism and so here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor mechanism and so here we have a
+fine-grained dosology which was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grained dosology which was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-grained dosology which was not
+previously available to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously available to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously available to us
+and i i think it's therefore not a leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i think it's therefore not a leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i think it's therefore not a leap
+to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that
+in similar kinds of uh processes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in similar kinds of uh processes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in similar kinds of uh processes the
+computational approach to these to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational approach to these to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational approach to these to these
+data sets will allow us to recast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets will allow us to recast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets will allow us to recast
+our very very squishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very very squishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our very very squishy
+um current taxonomies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um current taxonomies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um current taxonomies
+like i think i told you in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i think i told you in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i think i told you in the first
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+with the with a few exceptions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with a few exceptions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with a few exceptions and the
+most notable exceptions being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most notable exceptions being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most notable exceptions being
+microbiology most of our disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbiology most of our disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbiology most of our disease
+classifications are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifications are not
+mechanism-based in microbiology this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism-based in microbiology this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism-based in microbiology this
+classification is mechanism-based it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is mechanism-based it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification is mechanism-based it's
+the organism that's affecting you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism that's affecting you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism that's affecting you that's
+the name of disease but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of disease but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of disease but most of the
+diseases like lupus so probably a mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases like lupus so probably a mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases like lupus so probably a mixed
+bag of information inflammatory diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of information inflammatory diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of information inflammatory diseases
+that we don't know polycystic ovary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know polycystic ovary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't know polycystic ovary
+diseases with discrete describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases with discrete describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases with discrete describing
+symptoms not pathophysiology and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms not pathophysiology and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms not pathophysiology and i think
+this is allowing us to get much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is allowing us to get much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is allowing us to get much much
+closer and therefore a much more robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and therefore a much more robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and therefore a much more robust
+and fine grain understanding of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fine grain understanding of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fine grain understanding of that
+so my interim summary here is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my interim summary here is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my interim summary here is that this
+computing allows us to identify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing allows us to identify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing allows us to identify some
+pathways and provides more importantly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and provides more importantly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and provides more importantly a
+natural classification disease with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural classification disease with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural classification disease with
+further insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apparently i don't know how to hold my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently i don't know how to hold my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently i don't know how to hold my
+phone go ahead did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone go ahead did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone go ahead did you
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+predefining vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a combination of genes that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of genes that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a combination of genes that you would
+expect you'd expect to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you'd expect to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you'd expect to be a
+developmental program or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental program or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental program or
+something for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for that
+so jose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so jose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so jose is
+asking a very interesting question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a very interesting question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking a very interesting question which
+the short answer is no but i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer is no but i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short answer is no but i think it's
+a very good question which is but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question which is but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question which is but i
+wouldn't know exactly where to start but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know exactly where to start but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know exactly where to start but
+surely there is a there surely there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely there is a there surely there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely there is a there surely there is
+a well thoughtful way to respond to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well thoughtful way to respond to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well thoughtful way to respond to it
+could you take linear combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you take linear combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you take linear combinations of
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+and i wouldn't know exactly which linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wouldn't know exactly which linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wouldn't know exactly which linear
+combination of genes but maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of genes but maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of genes but maybe just
+using those as a starting point perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those as a starting point perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using those as a starting point perhaps
+uh views that have been implicated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh views that have been implicated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh views that have been implicated at
+various stages of development and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various stages of development and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various stages of development and using
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+and i think that's a good way to go my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's a good way to go my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that's a good way to go my
+understanding of developmental biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of developmental biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of developmental biology
+is unfortunately there it's very sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unfortunately there it's very sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unfortunately there it's very sparse
+knowledge at different stages so it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge at different stages so it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge at different stages so it'd be
+hard to know which genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know which genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to know which genes are
+generally informative nonetheless i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally informative nonetheless i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally informative nonetheless i'm a
+big fan of the approach that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fan of the approach that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big fan of the approach that you're
+suggesting which is a knowledge-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting which is a knowledge-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting which is a knowledge-based
+approach what we're doing here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what we're doing here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what we're doing here was
+clearly knowledge free we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly knowledge free we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly knowledge free we were just
+taking the the data and just saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the the data and just saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the the data and just saying what
+explains the maximum variance and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the maximum variance and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the maximum variance and going
+from there but if we could take it if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there but if we could take it if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there but if we could take it if we
+could see that process with a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that process with a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that process with a set of
+genes that we knew were implicated i bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that we knew were implicated i bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that we knew were implicated i bet
+we'd have much better resolution that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have much better resolution that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd have much better resolution that we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+currently so i think it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently so i think it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently so i think it's a very good
+thought but we have not done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought but we have not done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought but we have not done that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+which brings me now to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings me now to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings me now to um
+another aspect of computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have i've shown you guys this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i've shown you guys this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i've shown you guys this slide
+doesn't look familiar good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look familiar good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look familiar good
+so here's the fantasy that most deans of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the fantasy that most deans of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the fantasy that most deans of
+medical schools and heads of hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical schools and heads of hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical schools and heads of hospitals
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+and again this is not a very technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is not a very technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again this is not a very technical
+point it's more of a sociological point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's more of a sociological point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's more of a sociological point
+it'll end up being technical because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll end up being technical because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll end up being technical because it
+can tell you about a whole other area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you about a whole other area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you about a whole other area of
+biocomputing that i think is right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biocomputing that i think is right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biocomputing that i think is right for
+the picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picking
+but it's also a rate limiting step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also a rate limiting step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also a rate limiting step
+so they all have the fantasy now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all have the fantasy now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they all have the fantasy now that
+they've seen things like oh yes i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've seen things like oh yes i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've seen things like oh yes i could
+predict different outcomes uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict different outcomes uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict different outcomes uh of
+different tumors let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tumors let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tumors let's say
+i want to be able to develop a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be able to develop a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be able to develop a set of
+targets that a drug company is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets that a drug company is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets that a drug company is going to
+pay me a lot for so the fantasy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me a lot for so the fantasy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me a lot for so the fantasy is the
+nice doctor talks to the nice patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets consent
+in a nice hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a nice hospital
+they obtain a family history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they obtain a family history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they obtain a family history
+they bank the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bank the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bank the
+the tissue obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue obtained
+they do some genomic uh analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do some genomic uh analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do some genomic uh analyses
+they do clinical annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do clinical annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do clinical annotation
+they do some fancy mumbo jumbo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do some fancy mumbo jumbo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do some fancy mumbo jumbo
+bioinformatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioinformatics
+and lo and behold they're gonna have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and behold they're gonna have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and behold they're gonna have the
+the target that the drug company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target that the drug company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target that the drug company is
+gonna pay a lot of money for that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay a lot of money for that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay a lot of money for that indeed
+is for those of you who are uh more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for those of you who are uh more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for those of you who are uh more um
+entrepreneurial oriented that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial oriented that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurial oriented that's the
+fantasy that's launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that's launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy that's launched
+many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many
+uh venture capital funded ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh venture capital funded ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh venture capital funded ships
+like the decode project and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the decode project and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the decode project and others
+and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is
+the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following
+it's that this central piece the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that this central piece the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that this central piece the
+phenotypic annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic annotation
+ends up being the hardest part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being the hardest part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being the hardest part
+understanding what really happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what really happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what really happened to
+the patient the patient really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient the patient really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient the patient really have
+tumor how old were they when they had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor how old were they when they had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor how old were they when they had a
+tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumor
+what drugs were they responsible to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drugs were they responsible to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what drugs were they responsible to that
+is the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hard part
+and any of you who have ever looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any of you who have ever looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any of you who have ever looked
+at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+clinical chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical chart
+can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand
+why that is there's just very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is there's just very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why that is there's just very little
+useful machinable data in the clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful machinable data in the clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful machinable data in the clinical
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+because in fact the real fantasy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact the real fantasy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact the real fantasy is the
+following and what i call rat schwitz at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and what i call rat schwitz at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following and what i call rat schwitz at
+the medical college of wisconsin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical college of wisconsin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medical college of wisconsin
+what they do is they take mice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they take mice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they take mice
+sorry rats consuming carats where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry rats consuming carats where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry rats consuming carats where they
+have systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have systematically
+substituted one chromosome uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted one chromosome uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted one chromosome uh for
+another so which gives them a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so which gives them a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so which gives them a very big
+efficiencies of identifying um linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of identifying um linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies of identifying um linkage
+with a different trait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different trait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a different trait
+what they do is they take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they take these
+different consumer grafts different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumer grafts different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumer grafts different
+strains with well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains with well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strains with well understood
+genotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotypes
+and they suspect they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they suspect they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they suspect they um
+expose them to very well characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose them to very well characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose them to very well characterized
+environmental exposures such as hypoxia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental exposures such as hypoxia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental exposures such as hypoxia
+they put them in the oxygen equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them in the oxygen equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put them in the oxygen equivalent
+on top of a mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of a mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of a mountain
+for several uh weeks or they give them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several uh weeks or they give them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several uh weeks or they give them a
+high salt diet or high fat diet or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high salt diet or high fat diet or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high salt diet or high fat diet or they
+uh volume deplete them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh volume deplete them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh volume deplete them
+and after that wonderful experience they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that wonderful experience they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that wonderful experience they
+then physically just deconstruct them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then physically just deconstruct them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then physically just deconstruct them
+and for instance rip out their heart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for instance rip out their heart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for instance rip out their heart and
+put their hearts on these uh prep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put their hearts on these uh prep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put their hearts on these uh prep
+machines where they can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines where they can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines where they can look at the
+contractility curves of the of the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractility curves of the of the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractility curves of the of the heart
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+in a profused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a profused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a profused
+prep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep
+and that's great because now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great because now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's great because now you have a
+well-defined phenotypic environmental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined phenotypic environmental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined phenotypic environmental uh
+characterization you know the genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization you know the genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization you know the genotype
+and you have the expression and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the expression and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the expression and by the
+way let me say and point you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way let me say and point you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way let me say and point you to the
+following site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following site
+pga.mcw.edu they have all that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pga.mcw.edu they have all that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pga.mcw.edu they have all that data
+online the phenotypes the genotypes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online the phenotypes the genotypes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online the phenotypes the genotypes and
+expression and they do it for cardiac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and they do it for cardiac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and they do it for cardiac
+phenotypes kidney phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes kidney phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes kidney phenotypes
+um lots of different phenotypes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of different phenotypes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lots of different phenotypes and
+different parts of medicine and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of medicine and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of medicine and so this
+is the fantasy but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fantasy but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fantasy but of course
+patients would probably object if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients would probably object if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients would probably object if we
+subjected them to this kind of treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected them to this kind of treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected them to this kind of treatment
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this high through phenotype fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high through phenotype fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high through phenotype fantasy
+fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy
+just is unlikely to happen anytime soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we took a a very different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took a a very different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we took a a very different uh
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+when we were dealt with this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealt with this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were dealt with this problem
+you know is how to get sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is how to get sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is how to get sufficient
+numbers of uh samples in in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of uh samples in in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of uh samples in in the right
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+and you should know that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should know that there are
+companies like ardius which have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like ardius which have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies like ardius which have been
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+millions of dollars of venture capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars of venture capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars of venture capital
+unsuccessfully to try to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessfully to try to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuccessfully to try to solve this
+problem to get enough tissues in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get enough tissues in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to get enough tissues in the
+right amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right amount
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we um
+the national cancer institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national cancer institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national cancer institute
+put out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put out a
+requests for applications saying listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for applications saying listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests for applications saying listen
+there's thousands of tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's thousands of tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's thousands of tissues
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+throughout uh the pathology repositories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout uh the pathology repositories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout uh the pathology repositories
+of our country that we want to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our country that we want to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our country that we want to be able
+to do genomic studies how do you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do genomic studies how do you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do genomic studies how do you go
+about that so inspired by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+napster and nutella and for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napster and nutella and for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napster and nutella and for those who
+don't know what the those you view are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the those you view are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the those you view are
+not aficionados
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aficionados
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aficionados
+aficionados or file sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aficionados or file sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aficionados or file sharing
+napster is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napster is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+napster is a
+file sharing service where they said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file sharing service where they said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file sharing service where they said the
+directories are centralized but the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories are centralized but the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories are centralized but the data
+themselves are decentralized in multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are decentralized in multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are decentralized in multiple
+directories the nutella in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories the nutella in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directories the nutella in order to
+avoid getting anybody sued it's fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid getting anybody sued it's fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid getting anybody sued it's fully
+decentralized the directories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized the directories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized the directories are
+decentralized and the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized and the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized and the um
+the data is decentralized and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is decentralized and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is decentralized and what we
+built the shared pathology informatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the shared pathology informatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the shared pathology informatics
+network spin that's funded by about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network spin that's funded by about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network spin that's funded by about
+seven million dollars from the nci is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven million dollars from the nci is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven million dollars from the nci is
+exactly the same thing and what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing and what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing and what we did
+is to take advantage of the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take advantage of the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take advantage of the twin
+obsession compulsions of pathologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsession compulsions of pathologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsession compulsions of pathologists
+pathologists are probably the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists are probably the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists are probably the best
+first taxonomists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first taxonomists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first taxonomists
+of the medical profession they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medical profession they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medical profession they actually
+categorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorize
+organs and specimens better than anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and specimens better than anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs and specimens better than anybody
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+second they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they're
+obsessive compuls uh compulsive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessive compuls uh compulsive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessive compuls uh compulsive uh
+collectors of tissue and they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors of tissue and they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectors of tissue and they keep
+fishing around for years and years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing around for years and years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing around for years and years
+and so we thought that if we could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we thought that if we could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we thought that if we could take
+advantage of those twin compulsions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of those twin compulsions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of those twin compulsions we
+could actually be successful so at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be successful so at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually be successful so at a
+bird's eye view what we did was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's eye view what we did was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird's eye view what we did was the
+following which was to create a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following which was to create a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following which was to create a network
+whereby a user with a web browser could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby a user with a web browser could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby a user with a web browser could
+send a query to this query composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a query to this query composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a query to this query composer
+which would then uh send out a query to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would then uh send out a query to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would then uh send out a query to
+this niblets thing called spin network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this niblets thing called spin network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this niblets thing called spin network
+which would using this peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would using this peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would using this peer-to-peer
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+respond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+samples were out there more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples were out there more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples were out there more
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+each tissue bank or institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each tissue bank or institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each tissue bank or institution
+would have its own node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have its own node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have its own node
+on the network on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the network on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the network on the internet
+and we provide them these open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we provide them these open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we provide them these open source
+free tools which allow them to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tools which allow them to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tools which allow them to extract
+from these pathology databases because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these pathology databases because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these pathology databases because
+there's a textual report with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a textual report with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a textual report with each
+pathology sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology sample
+the uh both the anonymized because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh both the anonymized because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh both the anonymized because we
+have this anonymization program the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this anonymization program the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this anonymization program the
+anonymized textual textual report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymized textual textual report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymized textual textual report
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+code a few data elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code a few data elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code a few data elements
+to enable search so that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable search so that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enable search so that when you
+put in the query the query get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the query the query get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the query the query get
+percolates in a fully distributed way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolates in a fully distributed way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percolates in a fully distributed way
+there's no center to this network this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no center to this network this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no center to this network this
+query percolates throughout the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query percolates throughout the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query percolates throughout the system
+all the nodes respond eventually if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the nodes respond eventually if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the nodes respond eventually if they
+can and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and you get
+back the sum of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the sum of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the sum of all
+specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specimens
+involved and those of you even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and those of you even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and those of you even in the
+medical profession probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical profession probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical profession probably don't
+appreciate the following point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the following point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the following point
+the reason we created a peer-to-peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we created a peer-to-peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we created a peer-to-peer
+system is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is that
+pathology tissue banks are jealously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology tissue banks are jealously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathology tissue banks are jealously
+guarded by the pathologist by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarded by the pathologist by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarded by the pathologist by the
+surgeons who built them they just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeons who built them they just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeons who built them they just don't
+want to share data and it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share data and it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share data and it's essentially
+impossible today to know even across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible today to know even across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible today to know even across
+the street in the brigham what samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street in the brigham what samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street in the brigham what samples
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+by allowing them to actually fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing them to actually fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by allowing them to actually fully
+control their own node and control what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control their own node and control what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control their own node and control what
+they expose to the outside we're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expose to the outside we're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expose to the outside we're able to
+overcome the sociological obstacles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the sociological obstacles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the sociological obstacles for
+data sharing so that we can actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sharing so that we can actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sharing so that we can actually do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for instance
+we've done this now this is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this now this is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done this now this is actually an
+out-of-date slide not only across uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-date slide not only across uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-date slide not only across uh
+harvard and ucla but now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard and ucla but now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard and ucla but now we've
+gone live with uh pittsburgh and a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone live with uh pittsburgh and a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone live with uh pittsburgh and a few
+other sites so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sites so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sites so that
+today if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you're a
+registered user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered user
+you can actually send out a query
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all those
+institutions that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the query then percolates across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the query then percolates across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the query then percolates across the
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+and this query takes on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this query takes on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this query takes on the order of
+10 seconds on a bad day to execute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds on a bad day to execute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 seconds on a bad day to execute so
+for instance we want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance we want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance we want to know how many
+distinct specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct specimens
+could we have of renal transplant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have of renal transplant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we have of renal transplant
+patients and that's typically hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and that's typically hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients and that's typically hard to
+come by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is a response so this is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a response so this is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is a response so this is out of
+our seven notes this is a query i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our seven notes this is a query i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our seven notes this is a query i did
+back in october
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in october
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in october
+of last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last year
+out of the um two seven notes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the um two seven notes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the um two seven notes that we
+had up at that time with only two nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had up at that time with only two nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had up at that time with only two nodes
+responding we already had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+twenty thousand specimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand specimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty thousand specimens
+uh identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh identified
+with an age distribution showing us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an age distribution showing us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an age distribution showing us here
+by the way i'm against the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i'm against the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way i'm against the fact that
+apparently 34 specimens of patients ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently 34 specimens of patients ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently 34 specimens of patients ages
+90 to 99 i wish it was true that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 to 99 i wish it was true that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 to 99 i wish it was true that that
+was an error but i looked into it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an error but i looked into it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an error but i looked into it it's
+not so some some weirdos are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so some some weirdos are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so some some weirdos are actually
+transplanting some very old patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplanting some very old patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transplanting some very old patients
+would not happen in england in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not happen in england in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not happen in england in any case
+here's the age distribution and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the age distribution and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the age distribution and if you
+click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click
+on the full text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the full text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the full text
+and you have the appropriate privileges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the appropriate privileges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have the appropriate privileges
+you can actually see the full anonymized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see the full anonymized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see the full anonymized
+text control report on that patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text control report on that patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text control report on that patient
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+i make the point for this point for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make the point for this point for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make the point for this point for a
+number of reasons first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reasons first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of reasons first we're
+successfully mining the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully mining the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully mining the um
+it's obsessive compulsive uh feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obsessive compulsive uh feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's obsessive compulsive uh feature of
+pathologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+i hinted to you that some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hinted to you that some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hinted to you that some of these
+outcomes analyses using functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes analyses using functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes analyses using functional
+genomic measures such as the lymphoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic measures such as the lymphoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic measures such as the lymphoma
+study are essentially not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study are essentially not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study are essentially not well
+reproduced in different studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced in different studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduced in different studies
+whatever the reason and they are met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the reason and they are met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the reason and they are met
+there are they are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are they are many
+a lot of the ills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the ills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the ills
+in analysis are excused by large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analysis are excused by large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in analysis are excused by large numbers
+so if we went from having 100 patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we went from having 100 patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we went from having 100 patients
+to having 20 000 patients i assure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having 20 000 patients i assure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having 20 000 patients i assure you
+that the the differences in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the differences in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the differences in different
+machine machine learning techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine machine learning techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine machine learning techniques
+would matter very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would matter very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would matter very little
+and so this is how we're beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is how we're beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is how we're beginning to
+approach how do we harness the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach how do we harness the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach how do we harness the
+phenotypes that are out there that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes that are out there that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes that are out there that are
+available that are not available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available that are not available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available that are not available
+otherwise through this a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise through this a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise through this a completely
+different kind of bioinformatics this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of bioinformatics this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of bioinformatics this is
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+uh infrastructure kind of bioinformatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh infrastructure kind of bioinformatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh infrastructure kind of bioinformatics
+but it's the rate limiting step we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the rate limiting step we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the rate limiting step we can
+work on business samples onto a bloom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on business samples onto a bloom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on business samples onto a bloom to
+face we really won't know how much we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face we really won't know how much we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face we really won't know how much we're
+overfitting our data until we have large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting our data until we have large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfitting our data until we have large
+samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i wish it was that simple so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish it was that simple so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish it was that simple so
+that shows you're awake the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you're awake the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows you're awake the next
+question is and how do i get the samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is and how do i get the samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is and how do i get the samples
+so i wish it was true that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wish it was true that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wish it was true that once you
+identify samples click the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify samples click the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify samples click the box
+put your credit card and get fedex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your credit card and get fedex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your credit card and get fedex the
+uh the tissue sample so what happens at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tissue sample so what happens at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the tissue sample so what happens at
+that point is that you start a dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is that you start a dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point is that you start a dialogue
+with investigator and the institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with investigator and the institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with investigator and the institutional
+review board of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review board of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review board of that
+tissue bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue bank
+so that's the bad news the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the bad news the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the bad news the good news is
+we've solved one part of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved one part of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved one part of problems
+figuring out where the specimens are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where the specimens are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where the specimens are to
+find out if your study is feasible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if your study is feasible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out if your study is feasible and
+people are already being to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are already being to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are already being to use this
+tool right now to write grants because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool right now to write grants because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool right now to write grants because
+they can say i know that there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say i know that there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say i know that there's this
+many specimens out and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many specimens out and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many specimens out and they don't
+necessarily get access to the tissue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily get access to the tissue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily get access to the tissue for
+this but they get in principle agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they get in principle agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but they get in principle agreement
+from the collaborators that if they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the collaborators that if they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the collaborators that if they get
+funded they'll do this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded they'll do this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funded they'll do this as a
+collaboration you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration you're absolutely right
+to do it so this is just another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so this is just another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it so this is just another example
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+we're using computation to overcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using computation to overcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're using computation to overcome the
+obstacles doing genomic medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles doing genomic medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles doing genomic medicine
+let me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me um
+i think give you one last case history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think give you one last case history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think give you one last case history
+and then we'll go to the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk about how we can use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about how we can use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk about how we can use uh
+um computing again to have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um computing again to have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um computing again to have a different
+understanding and how we use computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and how we use computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and how we use computing
+i'll also have a different understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll also have a different understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll also have a different understanding
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+for instance gene regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance gene regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance gene regulation
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is time on x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time on x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is time on x-axis
+and this is some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is some arbitrary
+value of expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of expression
+are these two time courses the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are those two genes developed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those two genes developed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are those two genes developed by
+the same process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same process
+yes or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can make an argument either way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make an argument either way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make an argument either way
+right maybe they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe they're the same
+how about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe they're the same maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're the same maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're the same maybe not
+i told you stuff was pretty noisy maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you stuff was pretty noisy maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i told you stuff was pretty noisy maybe
+that's just noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just noise
+a priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priori
+who knows now does order matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows now does order matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows now does order matter
+just in our analysis does time matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in our analysis does time matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in our analysis does time matter
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+because it should be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it should be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it should be true
+that the likelihood of me being here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the likelihood of me being here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the likelihood of me being here now
+is informed much more of where i was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is informed much more of where i was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is informed much more of where i was by
+where i was five minutes ago than where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i was five minutes ago than where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i was five minutes ago than where
+i was a day ago right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was a day ago right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was a day ago right
+that's the fundamental markovian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fundamental markovian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fundamental markovian
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+of zach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zach
+and most physical processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now does the correlation coefficient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does the correlation coefficient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does the correlation coefficient at
+all address that markovian process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all address that markovian process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all address that markovian process in
+other words if you take two stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if you take two stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if you take two stocks
+and shuffle the timing let's say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shuffle the timing let's say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shuffle the timing let's say two
+stocks uh apple and microsoft and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks uh apple and microsoft and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks uh apple and microsoft and let's
+say for the sake of argument they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the sake of argument they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for the sake of argument they're
+highly correlated they have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly correlated they have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly correlated they have a high
+quality correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality correlation coefficient
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+um permute the days but you maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um permute the days but you maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um permute the days but you maintain the
+same a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same a pair of
+stock values for that day together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock values for that day together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock values for that day together to
+shuffle days is the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffle days is the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffle days is the correlation
+coefficient the same or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the same or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the same or different
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+so correlation coefficient does not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so correlation coefficient does not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so correlation coefficient does not in
+fact capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact capture
+the uh effects of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh effects of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh effects of time
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+as i hope you're aware from our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i hope you're aware from our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i hope you're aware from our previous
+discussions a lot of the clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions a lot of the clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions a lot of the clustering
+that's been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been done
+even on time series data is done on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on time series data is done on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even on time series data is done on the
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+of correlation coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation coefficients
+people in those dendrograms bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in those dendrograms bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in those dendrograms bring
+together genes that share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together genes that share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together genes that share
+the same that have that share the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that have that share the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same that have that share the same
+expression pattern as measured by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression pattern as measured by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression pattern as measured by the
+correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+so what consequences does that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go back to a very old study this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to a very old study this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back to a very old study this
+is ir study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ir study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ir study
+back in 1999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1999
+a classical jewish study where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical jewish study where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical jewish study where they
+snipped off uh the uh no they took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snipped off uh the uh no they took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snipped off uh the uh no they took a
+fibroblast from foreskins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast from foreskins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibroblast from foreskins
+and um they measured the gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they measured the gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um they measured the gene expression
+pattern over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern over time
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+the transcriptome of these foreskins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptome of these foreskins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptome of these foreskins
+after being exposed to serum so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being exposed to serum so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after being exposed to serum so you see
+here every column is zero hour 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here every column is zero hour 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here every column is zero hour 15
+minutes and so on uh until 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and so on uh until 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and so on uh until 24 hours
+of each gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each gene
+and then they did this act of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they did this act of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they did this act of creativity
+which is draw they draw lines next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is draw they draw lines next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is draw they draw lines next to
+the to the dendogram and then cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the dendogram and then cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the dendogram and then cut out
+the blocks each line and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks each line and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blocks each line and say oh
+look there is a bunch of these genes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there is a bunch of these genes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there is a bunch of these genes and
+they seem to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they seem to have
+uh for instance coagulation hemostasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for instance coagulation hemostasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for instance coagulation hemostasis
+it has a tissue factor uh pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a tissue factor uh pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a tissue factor uh pathway
+inhibitor and so on these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and so on these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitor and so on these are
+coagulation involved these are cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulation involved these are cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coagulation involved these are cell
+cycle proliferation this is inflammation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle proliferation this is inflammation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle proliferation this is inflammation
+oh look these are angiogenesis involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look these are angiogenesis involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh look these are angiogenesis involved
+genes these are cytoskeletal they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes these are cytoskeletal they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes these are cytoskeletal they all
+seem to be clustered together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be clustered together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be clustered together and
+it's again i think i use this metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again i think i use this metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's again i think i use this metaphor
+all too often but it's so true this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all too often but it's so true this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all too often but it's so true this is
+very much like the dog at the opera it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the dog at the opera it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like the dog at the opera it's
+a it's a miracle it can sing at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a miracle it can sing at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a miracle it can sing at all and
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+criticize how well it's singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize how well it's singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize how well it's singing
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+what they've done is this act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done is this act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done is this act of
+creativity they've actually looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity they've actually looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity they've actually looked at
+the data filled with genes they draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data filled with genes they draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data filled with genes they draw
+these lines and say these belong to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines and say these belong to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines and say these belong to a
+chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk
+now there are other lines they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other lines they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other lines they could
+have drawn and in fact if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn and in fact if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have drawn and in fact if you look
+closely at their um original paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at their um original paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at their um original paper
+there's big big large numbers of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's big big large numbers of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's big big large numbers of genes
+that they do not draw those lines next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do not draw those lines next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they do not draw those lines next
+to they don't have anything to say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they don't have anything to say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to they don't have anything to say so
+what's really going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really going on here
+so again these clusters are defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again these clusters are defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again these clusters are defined
+by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by um
+correlation coefficient so what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient so what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient so what if we
+try to take advantage of the markovian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take advantage of the markovian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to take advantage of the markovian
+property of um gene expression like any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of um gene expression like any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of um gene expression like any
+physical process namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical process namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical process namely
+that in a time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a time series
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+the recent past informs you more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent past informs you more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recent past informs you more than
+the distant past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distant past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distant past
+so you can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can approximate
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+now the the conditional probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the conditional probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the conditional probability of
+this value upon the recent past rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value upon the recent past rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value upon the recent past rather
+than the whole uh time series that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the whole uh time series that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the whole uh time series that is
+the basic assumption is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic assumption is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic assumption is that
+uh t 0 is independent of the remote past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t 0 is independent of the remote past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh t 0 is independent of the remote past
+given the reason passed and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the reason passed and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the reason passed and how many
+steps back you look is what you well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps back you look is what you well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps back you look is what you well
+known as the mark of order so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the mark of order so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the mark of order so if you
+mark of order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of order is
+two that means you look back two time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that means you look back two time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that means you look back two time
+slices markov order is one you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices markov order is one you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices markov order is one you look back
+one type slices if uh time ordering does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type slices if uh time ordering does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type slices if uh time ordering does
+not matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not matter
+just like the correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the correlation coefficient
+and then your mark of order is zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your mark of order is zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your mark of order is zero the
+recent past actually doesn't inform you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent past actually doesn't inform you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent past actually doesn't inform you
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+now let's look instead at um clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look instead at um clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look instead at um clustering
+as a statistical model selection problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a statistical model selection problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a statistical model selection problem
+so rather than looking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than looking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than looking uh
+for high quality pairs we'll consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high quality pairs we'll consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high quality pairs we'll consider
+each of the time series of these genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the time series of these genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the time series of these genes
+as being examples of a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being examples of a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being examples of a process
+and we're an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're an
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+and the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represented therefore by one or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented therefore by one or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented therefore by one or more
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+which are driving that process and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are driving that process and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are driving that process and the
+question is for any given pair of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for any given pair of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is for any given pair of genes
+are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+blonde do they belong to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde do they belong to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde do they belong to the same
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+and essentially with a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially with a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and essentially with a very simple
+microcoding analysis which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcoding analysis which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microcoding analysis which is just a
+pain in the butt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the butt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain in the butt to
+to to to implement you apply bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to implement you apply bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to implement you apply bayes
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+and just say is it more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say is it more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say is it more likely
+that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+gene signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene signatures
+were generated by the same process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were generated by the same process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were generated by the same process
+or by a different process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by a different process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by a different process
+if they are generated by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are generated by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are generated by the same
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+the model if a model that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model if a model that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model if a model that they were
+generated by the same process has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the same process has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by the same process has a
+higher probability than the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability than the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability than the one that
+they have then they have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have then they have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have then they have a different
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+then you cluster them together just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cluster them together just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cluster them together just as
+you would in a regular dendrogram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would in a regular dendrogram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would in a regular dendrogram of
+course the threshold you pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the threshold you pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the threshold you pick the
+probabilistic threshold they pick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic threshold they pick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic threshold they pick is
+going to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine
+exactly which branches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which branches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly which branches are
+brought together which gene traces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together which gene traces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together which gene traces are
+brought together but nonetheless you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together but nonetheless you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought together but nonetheless you now
+have a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong
+probabilistically based uh and markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically based uh and markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically based uh and markov
+embraced reason for bringing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraced reason for bringing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embraced reason for bringing together
+two gene expression signatures so based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gene expression signatures so based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gene expression signatures so based
+on the marginal likelihood of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the marginal likelihood of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the marginal likelihood of these two
+gene expression patterns being generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression patterns being generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression patterns being generated
+by one process versus the other and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one process versus the other and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one process versus the other and you
+can therefore thereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can therefore thereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can therefore thereby
+eliminate them um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately
+since i'm running short of time let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i'm running short of time let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since i'm running short of time let me
+just tell you that the bayesians have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you that the bayesians have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you that the bayesians have a
+number of nice tricks in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nice tricks in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nice tricks in there
+in the armamentarium which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the armamentarium which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the armamentarium which essentially
+depend on the following observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the following observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the following observation that
+if we use the same data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use the same data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use the same data
+for all the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the models
+and that if we assume all models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if we assume all models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that if we assume all models are
+initially equally likely then you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially equally likely then you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially equally likely then you can do
+that very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very nice
+equivalence shown at the bottom such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence shown at the bottom such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence shown at the bottom such
+that you only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you only have to
+calculate the marginal likelihood rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the marginal likelihood rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the marginal likelihood rather
+than absolute probability in calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than absolute probability in calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than absolute probability in calculating
+which model is the most likely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which model is the most likely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which model is the most likely and
+therefore it simplifies a lot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it simplifies a lot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it simplifies a lot this
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+and incidentally this program that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incidentally this program that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incidentally this program that we
+called caged is available publicly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called caged is available publicly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called caged is available publicly for
+if you look at time series but what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at time series but what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at time series but what does
+it what does it do so if we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does it do so if we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what does it do so if we took the
+same time series that you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time series that you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time series that you looked at
+with the expression data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expression data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expression data from the
+foreskin through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreskin through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreskin through this
+same markovian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same markovian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same markovian
+clustering program we only found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering program we only found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering program we only found
+four clusters two small clusters and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four clusters two small clusters and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four clusters two small clusters and two
+large clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large clusters
+so what's with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two small clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two small clusters were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two small clusters were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two small clusters were
+uh one a psycho cluster and then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one a psycho cluster and then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one a psycho cluster and then an
+apoptosis cluster and the large two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis cluster and the large two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apoptosis cluster and the large two
+clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters
+uh had a bunch of different genes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had a bunch of different genes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had a bunch of different genes in
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and they contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they contained
+essentially all the other clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all the other clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all the other clusters
+that uh have been obtained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh have been obtained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh have been obtained in the
+original analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original analysis
+so what you know you could say at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you know you could say at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you know you could say at this
+point well exactly you guys didn't do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well exactly you guys didn't do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point well exactly you guys didn't do a
+very good job because despite this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job because despite this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good job because despite this all
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+um convincing talk about the microbial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convincing talk about the microbial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convincing talk about the microbial
+nature of gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of gene expression
+they were able to really pull apart a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to really pull apart a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to really pull apart a
+lot of processes and you were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of processes and you were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of processes and you were not
+so how do we know that we did a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know that we did a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we know that we did a better
+job or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job or not
+well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out
+that back when they did their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back when they did their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that back when they did their original
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+unigene which is a database that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unigene which is a database that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unigene which is a database that
+alberta will tell you about was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alberta will tell you about was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alberta will tell you about was an
+earlier stage and what do i mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stage and what do i mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier stage and what do i mean by that
+every time genbank grows by a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time genbank grows by a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time genbank grows by a certain
+amount by which i mean more sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount by which i mean more sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount by which i mean more sequences
+are deposited into the human uh genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deposited into the human uh genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deposited into the human uh genome
+uh database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh database
+there is a there's a periodic reassembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there's a periodic reassembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there's a periodic reassembly
+of the putative genes based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the putative genes based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the putative genes based on the
+more the better and better populated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the better and better populated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the better and better populated
+jigsaw puzzle of genbank sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzle of genbank sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzle of genbank sequences
+and sometimes that means that uh two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes that means that uh two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes that means that uh two uh
+two things that are supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that are supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that are supposed to be
+different genes when you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genes when you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genes when you have enough
+bridging uh sequences ends up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging uh sequences ends up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridging uh sequences ends up being the
+same gene and a gene that was previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene and a gene that was previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene and a gene that was previously
+thought to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be the same
+with enough distinguishing sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough distinguishing sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enough distinguishing sequences
+ends up being split into two so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being split into two so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being split into two so these
+union gene builds are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union gene builds are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union gene builds are different
+and consequently when we look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently when we look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently when we look back
+back in 1999 238 out of 517 genes were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1999 238 out of 517 genes were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1999 238 out of 517 genes were
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+and we were labeled the genes according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were labeled the genes according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were labeled the genes according
+to the current state of the art after at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the current state of the art after at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the current state of the art after at
+which point only 20 were left unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point only 20 were left unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which point only 20 were left unknown
+and there were 19 genes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were 19 genes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were 19 genes that were
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+in the data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set
+and the original clustering puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original clustering puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the original clustering puts
+four of these in completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of these in completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four of these in completely different
+clusters whereas we only did this once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters whereas we only did this once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters whereas we only did this once
+if we put our market order back to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put our market order back to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put our market order back to zero
+that means we ignore the the the past we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we ignore the the the past we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we ignore the the the past we
+get exactly the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the same uh
+misclassification of these identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misclassification of these identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misclassification of these identical
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+so the conclusion here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conclusion here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the conclusion here is that the
+temple ordering does matter and doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple ordering does matter and doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temple ordering does matter and doing a
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+simplistic correlational analysis will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic correlational analysis will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic correlational analysis will
+not cut the mustard when you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cut the mustard when you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cut the mustard when you're really
+trying to dissect some of the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to dissect some of the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to dissect some of the processes
+and using a statistical measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a statistical measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using a statistical measure of
+clumpiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumpiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumpiness
+of these clusters rather than a looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these clusters rather than a looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these clusters rather than a looks
+right test which had been the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right test which had been the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right test which had been the standard
+for most of these uh papers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of these uh papers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most of these uh papers from
+1999 to 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 to 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 to 2003
+probably is also not a safe thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is also not a safe thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is also not a safe thing to do
+so it turns out those two traces i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out those two traces i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out those two traces i
+showed you before were in fact the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before were in fact the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before were in fact the same
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+although it was not known to be the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it was not known to be the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it was not known to be the case
+when the was first published and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the was first published and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the was first published and these
+two um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two um
+traces were put in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces were put in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces were put in two different
+clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise
+this these two traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two traces
+also ended up being the same gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ended up being the same gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ended up being the same gene and
+they too were put into two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too were put into two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they too were put into two different
+clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let me wrap up by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me wrap up by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me wrap up by talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+another aspect of genomic medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of genomic medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another aspect of genomic medicine
+those of you who've done clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who've done clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who've done clinical
+research know the following is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research know the following is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research know the following is true
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+clinical trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials
+are censored by which i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are censored by which i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are censored by which i mean
+either the patient some patients drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the patient some patients drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either the patient some patients drop
+out of a trial before it's completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a trial before it's completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a trial before it's completed
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+the patient has died but in the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient has died but in the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient has died but in the trial
+for if mortality is your endpoint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if mortality is your endpoint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if mortality is your endpoint so
+it's unclear whether for instance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unclear whether for instance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unclear whether for instance a
+patient who just died right after in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who just died right after in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient who just died right after in the
+trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial
+uh should have been included or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should have been included or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should have been included or not
+and the big picture is that by having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big picture is that by having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the big picture is that by having a
+particular cutoff point on the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cutoff point on the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular cutoff point on the study
+you're not allowing yourself to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowing yourself to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowing yourself to see the
+full evolution of the patient uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full evolution of the patient uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full evolution of the patient uh
+patient's history and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's history and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient's history and therefore
+uh depending on what nature of the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on what nature of the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh depending on what nature of the study
+you may actually have a very strong bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may actually have a very strong bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may actually have a very strong bias
+and it's been shown in clinical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been shown in clinical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been shown in clinical research
+again and again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again that
+if the censoring is not attended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the censoring is not attended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the censoring is not attended to
+you'll have a misinterpretation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a misinterpretation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a misinterpretation of the
+clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical
+trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials
+so that's well known in the clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's well known in the clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's well known in the clinical
+research arena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research arena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research arena
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the question is is it equally true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is it equally true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is it equally true in
+genomics as applied to clinical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's understand what most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's understand what most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's understand what most of the
+studies published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies published
+actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+they they often do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they often do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they often do the following
+they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take
+a set of gene expression patterns they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of gene expression patterns they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of gene expression patterns they
+do some clustering operations such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some clustering operations such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some clustering operations such as
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+they did originally in their paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did originally in their paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did originally in their paper
+and they say oh look there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say oh look there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they say oh look there's these
+one there's two or more in actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's two or more in actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's two or more in actual
+clusters just based on the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters just based on the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters just based on the gene
+expression profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profile
+and then they ask themselves after they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they ask themselves after they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they ask themselves after they
+found these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found these um
+expression profiles is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles is there anything
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+these patient populations and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patient populations and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patient populations and they
+rummage around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rummage around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rummage around
+and in this case they found a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case they found a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case they found a
+wonderfully different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully different
+mortality between the two groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality between the two groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality between the two groups of
+patients as defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients as defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients as defined
+by the expression pattern so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the expression pattern so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the expression pattern so let's
+review that you first look for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that you first look for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review that you first look for a
+difference in expression pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in expression pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in expression pattern
+and then you say what what makes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say what what makes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you say what what makes these
+patients different and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients different and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients different and that's
+it makes for a very impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes for a very impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes for a very impressive
+publication you're not looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication you're not looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication you're not looking at the
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying
+i'm looking at gene expression pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at gene expression pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm looking at gene expression pattern
+and then when i open my eyes and open my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i open my eyes and open my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when i open my eyes and open my
+eyes and allow myself to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and allow myself to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and allow myself to see what's
+different patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different patient
+in these two groups i'm finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two groups i'm finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these two groups i'm finding
+something that's really clinically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really clinically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really clinically
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+now what's the problem with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the problem with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the problem with that
+the problem with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with that is
+that you may be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may be looking
+at the wrong thing for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wrong thing for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wrong thing for example
+with 10 000 genes to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 000 genes to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 10 000 genes to look at
+there might be a cluster of genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a cluster of genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a cluster of genes that
+for instance in france let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in france let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in france let me just
+actually before i come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before i come up with a
+fanciful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanciful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fanciful
+example it might be that the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it might be that the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it might be that the reason that
+these patients have different expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients have different expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients have different expression
+profiles is because they weigh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles is because they weigh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles is because they weigh a
+different amount one group is uh fatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount one group is uh fatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount one group is uh fatter
+than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other
+because their one group is sicker than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their one group is sicker than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their one group is sicker than
+the other except it's not picked up it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other except it's not picked up it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other except it's not picked up it
+was not picked up clinically but one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not picked up clinically but one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not picked up clinically but one is
+on the way is going down the tubes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way is going down the tubes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the way is going down the tubes and
+one is not and what we're really seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not and what we're really seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is not and what we're really seeing
+here is not something interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not something interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not something interesting about
+the tumor but something intrinsic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor but something intrinsic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor but something intrinsic about
+the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight
+and so getting at is a very indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so getting at is a very indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so getting at is a very indirect
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+of mortality and it may be very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mortality and it may be very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mortality and it may be very much
+unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated
+can we do better by going directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do better by going directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do better by going directly
+from the gene expression pattern to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gene expression pattern to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gene expression pattern to the
+clinical phenotype of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical phenotype of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical phenotype of interest
+rather than going through this two-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than going through this two-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than going through this two-step
+process where you first cluster the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you first cluster the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process where you first cluster the
+genes without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes without any
+uh knowledge of the phenotype and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knowledge of the phenotype and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knowledge of the phenotype and then
+see how the phenotype is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+can we directly find genes or linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we directly find genes or linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we directly find genes or linear
+combination genes that are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination genes that are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination genes that are highly
+correlated with survival times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with survival times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with survival times
+for example gene a plus 0.5 times gene b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example gene a plus 0.5 times gene b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example gene a plus 0.5 times gene b
+plus time gene c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus time gene c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus time gene c
+equals some probability of survival time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some probability of survival time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals some probability of survival time
+can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+can we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do that
+in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the kind of centering that i described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of centering that i described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of centering that i described
+so in summary how can we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary how can we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in summary how can we use the
+survival times directly to find good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival times directly to find good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival times directly to find good
+predictors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's a fundamental data a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a fundamental data a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a fundamental data a problem
+we have g expression data we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have g expression data we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have g expression data we have
+phenotypic data and we want to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic data and we want to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypic data and we want to find out
+how one predicts the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one predicts the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how one predicts the other
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+if i ask you that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i ask you that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i ask you that question
+you'd say oh zach let's just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say oh zach let's just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say oh zach let's just use
+um linear regression or was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linear regression or was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um linear regression or was this
+logistic regression for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression for instance
+turns out with 20 000 variables it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out with 20 000 variables it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out with 20 000 variables it
+breaks down just does not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down just does not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down just does not work
+and so a nice answer to that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a nice answer to that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a nice answer to that something
+called partially squares now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called partially squares now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called partially squares now what is
+partially squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially squares
+um well let me give you an intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let me give you an intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let me give you an intuitive
+feeling for it i explained to you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for it i explained to you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling for it i explained to you what
+principle components were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle components were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle components were
+principal components being these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components being these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal components being these um
+components that capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that capture
+a large component of the variance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large component of the variance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large component of the variance and
+there's some components are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some components are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some components are orthogonal
+to each other this is like principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other this is like principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other this is like principle
+components but as they relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but as they relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but as they relate
+to a specific outcome variable like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a specific outcome variable like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a specific outcome variable like
+survival so these are principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival so these are principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survival so these are principal
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+are correlated essentially with a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated essentially with a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated essentially with a an
+outcome variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable
+so that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+the problem with partially squares is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with partially squares is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with partially squares is
+that it cannot it does not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cannot it does not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it cannot it does not actually
+allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow you
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+use sensor data it assumes that the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sensor data it assumes that the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use sensor data it assumes that the data
+is complete throughout and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complete throughout and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complete throughout and that's going
+to neatly bias your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neatly bias your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neatly bias your data
+so how do we take advantage of censoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we take advantage of censoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we take advantage of censoring
+now in classical clinical research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in classical clinical research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in classical clinical research in
+medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine
+what you use is something called the cox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use is something called the cox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you use is something called the cox
+model which essentially is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which essentially is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which essentially is a
+probabilistic model it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic model it says
+what is the hazard of dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the hazard of dying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the hazard of dying
+for this population of patients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this population of patients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this population of patients and
+basically imputes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically imputes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically imputes
+for the missing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the missing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the missing data
+fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for a small number of variables or genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small number of variables or genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small number of variables or genes
+you actually can use a cox model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually can use a cox model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually can use a cox model to
+actually figure out essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out essentially
+what would have happened if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened if you had a
+complete data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete data
+but the cox model just like regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cox model just like regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cox model just like regression
+does not work well for tens of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work well for tens of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not work well for tens of thousands
+of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what are we going to do how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to do how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to do how do we get
+to use partially squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use partially squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use partially squares
+to make a long story short and um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a long story short and um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a long story short and um i
+guess i'll post the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i'll post the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i'll post the paper
+to our to my courses website what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our to my courses website what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our to my courses website what you do
+is you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you actually
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+the patient's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patient's
+data using a plus or regression so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using a plus or regression so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data using a plus or regression so that
+you actually transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually transform
+this data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set
+into one with missing data from one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one with missing data from one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one with missing data from one with
+missing data to one with complete data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data to one with complete data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing data to one with complete data
+based on this possible regression but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this possible regression but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this possible regression but
+the problem is now we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is now we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is now we can create
+essentially many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially many more
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+data points essentially and just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points essentially and just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points essentially and just to give
+you an intuition behind it because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an intuition behind it because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an intuition behind it because i
+don't have time to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time to go
+into a full description is this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a full description is this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a full description is this will
+allow us to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to estimate
+the font problem so we know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the font problem so we know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the font problem so we know let's say
+that a patient lasted until this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a patient lasted until this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a patient lasted until this point
+and dropped out of a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dropped out of a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dropped out of a study
+where might they have died what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where might they have died what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where might they have died what can we
+assume based on this prior data so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume based on this prior data so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume based on this prior data so by
+using a plus model we can enter all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a plus model we can enter all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a plus model we can enter all
+these new data points and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new data points and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new data points and so we can
+actually figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out
+precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+well probabilistically i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well probabilistically i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well probabilistically i should say
+what the values were at the various time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the values were at the various time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the values were at the various time
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+and completely in this probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely in this probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and completely in this probabilistic
+sense so now we can apply partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so now we can apply partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so now we can apply partially
+squares so what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so what does that mean
+pragmatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you pronounce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pronounce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pronounce that
+electric chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric chart
+of charging um and uh at all basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charging um and uh at all basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charging um and uh at all basically
+working with todd golub did a study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with todd golub did a study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with todd golub did a study of
+lung cancer which had in fact censored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer which had in fact censored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung cancer which had in fact censored
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+each patient had a survival time and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each patient had a survival time and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each patient had a survival time and it
+was marked whether the data was censored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was marked whether the data was censored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was marked whether the data was censored
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+and the question was could they identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was could they identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was could they identify
+uh different outcomes and the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different outcomes and the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different outcomes and the short
+answer is they were able to identify for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is they were able to identify for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is they were able to identify for
+instance metastatic versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance metastatic versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance metastatic versus
+non-metastatic but a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-metastatic but a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-metastatic but a lot of other
+outcomes that they could not distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that they could not distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes that they could not distinguish
+from one another using these 125 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one another using these 125 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one another using these 125 uh
+samples so we ask ourselves a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so we ask ourselves a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples so we ask ourselves a question
+if we take it took into account using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take it took into account using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take it took into account using
+partially squares on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially squares on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially squares on top of this
+possible model could we actually tease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible model could we actually tease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible model could we actually tease
+apart in a reliable fashion some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart in a reliable fashion some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart in a reliable fashion some
+new phenotypes and the short answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're actually these are p these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually these are p these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually these are p these are
+uncorrected p values whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are uncorrected p values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uncorrected p values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uncorrected p values
+uh but ten to the minus seven even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but ten to the minus seven even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but ten to the minus seven even if
+you do uh correction for multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh correction for multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do uh correction for multiple
+hypothesis testing you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis testing you can see that
+they're actually going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually going to be um
+highly uh significant we're able to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly uh significant we're able to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly uh significant we're able to um
+obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain
+uh components that were highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh components that were highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh components that were highly
+predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive
+from principle from the partial least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from principle from the partial least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from principle from the partial least
+squares analysis highly predictive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares analysis highly predictive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares analysis highly predictive of
+clinical outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical outcome
+where previously you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where previously you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where previously you could not
+and to make that very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make that very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to make that very clear
+these were um a sub uh two groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were um a sub uh two groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were um a sub uh two groups of
+patients that previously were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that previously were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that previously were not
+distinguishable but by using this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable but by using this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishable but by using this method
+we were able to uh distinguish them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to uh distinguish them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to uh distinguish them with
+a p-value of this amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p-value of this amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p-value of this amount
+and provide a very sharp distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provide a very sharp distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provide a very sharp distinction
+between these two groups of patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two groups of patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two groups of patients
+that was actually not resolvable using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually not resolvable using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was actually not resolvable using
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the standard analysis that done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard analysis that done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard analysis that done
+previously and the reason is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and the reason is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and the reason is because
+i just want to bring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to bring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to bring this
+home to you because we were able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to you because we were able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to you because we were able to go
+directly from gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly from gene expression
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the outcome of interest we didn't ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of interest we didn't ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of interest we didn't ask
+ourselves let's cluster the patient data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves let's cluster the patient data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves let's cluster the patient data
+and then see what how the patients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what how the patients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then see what how the patients are
+different after the fact who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different after the fact who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different after the fact who said
+i know the different characters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the different characters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the different characters of the
+patients in this case mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in this case mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients in this case mortality
+what combination of genes best predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of genes best predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what combination of genes best predicts
+that difference and by looking at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference and by looking at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference and by looking at that
+direct signal rather than indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct signal rather than indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct signal rather than indirect
+signal with all complications of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal with all complications of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal with all complications of having
+to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with
+sensory data we're able to separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory data we're able to separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory data we're able to separate out
+very very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very well
+these subgroups of patients so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subgroups of patients so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these subgroups of patients so again
+showing you how by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how by
+using a little bit more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a little bit more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a little bit more sophisticated
+computation we're able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we're able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation we're able to identify
+subgroups of such patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this brings me to the problem set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to the problem set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this brings me to the problem set and
+i want to spend a little bit time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to spend a little bit time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to spend a little bit time to
+make sure you all understand the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you all understand the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you all understand the problem
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i think it's very important for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's very important for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's very important for you to
+get your hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your hands
+um dirty with the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dirty with the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um dirty with the data
+so there's a data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a data set
+that's available at the following url
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available at the following url
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's available at the following url
+and if you just google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just google
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+kungko kohane hazlitt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kungko kohane hazlitt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kungko kohane hazlitt
+uh you'll probably find it but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll probably find it but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll probably find it but that's
+the full url
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full url
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full url
+and um i'll send out to the group uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i'll send out to the group uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um i'll send out to the group uh the
+url um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+url um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+url um
+through our group email and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our group email and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our group email and that's a
+data set from a paper that we published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set from a paper that we published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set from a paper that we published
+i think a year or two ago about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think a year or two ago about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think a year or two ago about
+duchenne's muscle dystrophy duchenne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duchenne's muscle dystrophy duchenne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duchenne's muscle dystrophy duchenne
+muscle muscular dystrophy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle muscular dystrophy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle muscular dystrophy is a
+degenerative disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerative disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerative disease
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muscles
+it's the major cause of what jerry lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the major cause of what jerry lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the major cause of what jerry lewis
+raises money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises money for
+and we have data on the muscles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have data on the muscles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have data on the muscles of
+patients who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients who have
+this disease and people who don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease and people who don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disease and people who don't have
+that disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disease
+and what i want you to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want you to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want you to look at
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that comparison and i want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comparison and i want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comparison and i want you to
+identify those genes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify those genes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify those genes that are
+differentially expressed now if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially expressed now if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially expressed now if you want
+to work in pairs that's fine but no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in pairs that's fine but no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work in pairs that's fine but no more
+than pairs of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pairs of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pairs of you
+and i'd like you to use at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'd like you to use at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'd like you to use at least two
+different tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tests
+one is sam significance analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is sam significance analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is sam significance analysis of
+microarrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays
+the other is the t-test which i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the t-test which i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is the t-test which i hope
+most of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of you know
+there's many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many
+tool kits that you could use to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool kits that you could use to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool kits that you could use to do this
+comparison let me recommend to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison let me recommend to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison let me recommend to you the
+the mev the multiple experiment viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mev the multiple experiment viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mev the multiple experiment viewer
+at tiger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tiger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tiger
+tiger is the institute for genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger is the institute for genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger is the institute for genomic
+research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research
+and at tiger.org so if you google mev at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at tiger.org so if you google mev at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at tiger.org so if you google mev at
+tiger it does many more things than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger it does many more things than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiger it does many more things than just
+these two tests but um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two tests but um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two tests but um i
+recommend it to you for these doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it to you for these doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend it to you for these doing
+these two tests so given these data i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two tests so given these data i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two tests so given these data i
+want you to answer the fun question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to answer the fun question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to answer the fun question
+what is the difference between the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between the top
+ranked 50 genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked 50 genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranked 50 genes
+differentially expressed both up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially expressed both up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially expressed both up and
+down by the two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why are the lists of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the lists of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are the lists of genes
+uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different
+i'd like you to use another program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to use another program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to use another program
+called map finder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called map finder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called map finder
+to classify these genes by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify these genes by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify these genes by their
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and so the output i'm expecting from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the output i'm expecting from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the output i'm expecting from you
+is two sets of differentially expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two sets of differentially expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two sets of differentially expressed
+genes based on these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes based on these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes based on these two different
+methodologies your explanation why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies your explanation why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologies your explanation why these
+sets of genes are are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the classification of these two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the classification of these two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the classification of these two sets
+of genes by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes by um
+functional annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a very simple exercise but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simple exercise but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simple exercise but i
+think it's important because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's important because um
+if i've learned anything about this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i've learned anything about this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i've learned anything about this area
+it's just doing it by yourself a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just doing it by yourself a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just doing it by yourself a few
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opens you your eyes up to how bad the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens you your eyes up to how bad the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opens you your eyes up to how bad the
+data is and what the problems are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is and what the problems are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is and what the problems are and
+analyzing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing it
+and if you're not comfortable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not comfortable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're not comfortable in
+downloading tools then partner with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading tools then partner with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading tools then partner with
+someone in the group who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let me post this on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me post this on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let me post this on the
+website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website
+i'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put
+long will post this on the website and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long will post this on the website and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long will post this on the website and i
+will send an email out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+url
+
+ align:start position:0%
+url
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+url
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's an excellent question it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an excellent question it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an excellent question it's now
+february 24th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+february 24th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+february 24th
+how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about
+uh when's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when's um
+march 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march 15th
+was it can you look up what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it can you look up what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it can you look up what the other
+week that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so march 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so march 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so march 16th
+and please let me know if you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please let me know if you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and please let me know if you're having
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+uh the guy who actually built uh mev is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the guy who actually built uh mev is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the guy who actually built uh mev is
+a friend of mine at tiger so i can kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend of mine at tiger so i can kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a friend of mine at tiger so i can kick
+his butt if it doesn't work for you at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his butt if it doesn't work for you at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his butt if it doesn't work for you at a
+particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H-ym4rSciTM.txt b/H-ym4rSciTM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c98b35526e6159b0d30c242777a3809daa7fbdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H-ym4rSciTM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm just putting in coutelle out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just putting in coutelle out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just putting in coutelle out
+there is probably the most extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probably the most extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is probably the most extreme
+example of governmental willingness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of governmental willingness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of governmental willingness to
+intervene in territories we thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in territories we thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in territories we thought the
+government really wouldn't do right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government really wouldn't do right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government really wouldn't do right so
+and again it's an example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's an example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's an example of this
+national security state doctrine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national security state doctrine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national security state doctrine the
+David Hart talk told us about whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Hart talk told us about whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Hart talk told us about whatever
+is needed for national security we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed for national security we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed for national security we're
+gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do
+however interventionists that it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however interventionists that it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however interventionists that it might
+be and this is a good example so Ruth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this is a good example so Ruth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this is a good example so Ruth
+David very talented former CIA director
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David very talented former CIA director
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David very talented former CIA director
+for science and technology comes up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science and technology comes up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for science and technology comes up with
+the idea of creating this entity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of creating this entity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of creating this entity to
+sponsor IT Research because the CIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor IT Research because the CIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor IT Research because the CIA
+realized it was falling behind it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it was falling behind it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized it was falling behind it wasn't
+part of the IT revolution didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the IT revolution didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the IT revolution didn't
+understand it wasn't a participant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it wasn't a participant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it wasn't a participant and
+yet it was gonna be absolutely critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it was gonna be absolutely critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet it was gonna be absolutely critical
+and of course virtually no day passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course virtually no day passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course virtually no day passes
+without reading in the newspapers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without reading in the newspapers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without reading in the newspapers about
+some late latest cybersecurity set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some late latest cybersecurity set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some late latest cybersecurity set of
+issues so Inc util is set up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so Inc util is set up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues so Inc util is set up as a
+government venture capital firm you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government venture capital firm you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government venture capital firm you know
+a completely unique model and it's aimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely unique model and it's aimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely unique model and it's aimed
+at early-stage technology develop so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at early-stage technology develop so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at early-stage technology develop so you
+know the CI is not new to technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the CI is not new to technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the CI is not new to technology
+development I mean in aerospace the u2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I mean in aerospace the u2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I mean in aerospace the u2
+and sr-71 blackbird are two of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sr-71 blackbird are two of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sr-71 blackbird are two of the most
+famous and spectacular aircraft ever put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous and spectacular aircraft ever put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous and spectacular aircraft ever put
+together they were put together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they were put together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they were put together by
+Lockheed skunk works but in Quito really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lockheed skunk works but in Quito really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lockheed skunk works but in Quito really
+is a is a very different model so norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a very different model so norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a very different model so norm
+Augustine who had been CEO of Lockheed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine who had been CEO of Lockheed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Augustine who had been CEO of Lockheed
+and as the winner of the president's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the winner of the president's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the winner of the president's
+National Medal of Technology by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Medal of Technology by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Medal of Technology by the way
+so great technologist in his own right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great technologist in his own right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great technologist in his own right
+he helps in the founding of this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he helps in the founding of this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he helps in the founding of this and
+they pick a CEO right out of Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick a CEO right out of Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick a CEO right out of Silicon
+Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valley
+and they've got a board with ties to IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've got a board with ties to IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've got a board with ties to IT
+innovators as well as academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators as well as academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovators as well as academic
+researchers and VC firms and tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and VC firms and tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and VC firms and tech
+companies so in-q-tel is allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so in-q-tel is allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so in-q-tel is allowed to
+enter into joint ventures ie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into joint ventures ie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter into joint ventures ie
+in effect it can co-owned the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect it can co-owned the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect it can co-owned the companies
+that it's nurturing to bring along IT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's nurturing to bring along IT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's nurturing to bring along IT
+technologies that the CIA is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that the CIA is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that the CIA is going to be
+interested in it can use sole source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it can use sole source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it can use sole source
+grants it can set up open competitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants it can set up open competitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grants it can set up open competitions
+it can award sole source development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can award sole source development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can award sole source development
+contracts it's got a set of powers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts it's got a set of powers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracts it's got a set of powers here
+that are really quite interventionist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really quite interventionist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really quite interventionist in
+the model and the CIA itself doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and the CIA itself doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and the CIA itself doesn't
+review its business deals it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review its business deals it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review its business deals it's because
+you know it's a bit offshore so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a bit offshore so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a bit offshore so it
+collaborates with the CIA but it's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborates with the CIA but it's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborates with the CIA but it's but
+it's independent of it it has this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of it it has this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's independent of it it has this set
+of characteristics and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characteristics and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characteristics and we're going to
+talk more about these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about these kinds of
+characteristics when we do the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics when we do the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics when we do the great
+groups class the seventh class but agile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups class the seventh class but agile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups class the seventh class but agile
+problem driven solutions focused team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem driven solutions focused team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem driven solutions focused team
+oriented technology aware output measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented technology aware output measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented technology aware output measure
+and innovative these are all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and innovative these are all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and innovative these are all kind of
+character resists the characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character resists the characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character resists the characteristics of
+that in-q-tel likes to say that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in-q-tel likes to say that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in-q-tel likes to say that it's
+capable of and these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of and these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of and these are some of the
+technology areas that and that ink you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology areas that and that ink you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology areas that and that ink you
+tell in its earlier stages worked on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell in its earlier stages worked on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell in its earlier stages worked on so
+a whole suite of IT related and software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole suite of IT related and software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole suite of IT related and software
+related technique capabilities so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related technique capabilities so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related technique capabilities so that's
+the model and it's different so Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and it's different so Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and it's different so Chris
+you want to bring us through it quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a pretty unique situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty unique situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a pretty unique situation
+basically it's kind of pose as a win-win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's kind of pose as a win-win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's kind of pose as a win-win
+like the CIA gets the new tech that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the CIA gets the new tech that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the CIA gets the new tech that they
+are kind of behind in producing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of behind in producing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of behind in producing and then
+these tech companies or Inc you tell has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tech companies or Inc you tell has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tech companies or Inc you tell has
+the opportunity to get exposure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to get exposure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opportunity to get exposure to
+potential big next problems that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential big next problems that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential big next problems that they
+could develop you know commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could develop you know commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could develop you know commercial
+products for so one question that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products for so one question that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products for so one question that was
+posed was are there other such private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed was are there other such private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed was are there other such private
+enterprises funded by the government and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprises funded by the government and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterprises funded by the government and
+if not what is preventing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not what is preventing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if not what is preventing these
+partnerships from happening so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnerships from happening so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnerships from happening so I think
+bill mentioned that this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill mentioned that this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill mentioned that this is a pretty
+unique case so probably I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique case so probably I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique case so probably I don't think
+there's any other such partnerships but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any other such partnerships but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any other such partnerships but
+why is that maybe they're still around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that maybe they're still around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that maybe they're still around
+are they it wasn't made it was similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they it wasn't made it was similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they it wasn't made it was similar
+to dark I remember the DARPA at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dark I remember the DARPA at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dark I remember the DARPA at least in
+the next reading it was something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next reading it was something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next reading it was something that
+was similar oh that's right okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was similar oh that's right okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was similar oh that's right okay so I
+remember that one of the points they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that one of the points they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that one of the points they
+mentioned in this reading there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in this reading there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in this reading there was some
+sort of licensing that corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of licensing that corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of licensing that corporations
+needed to work with the government do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to work with the government do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to work with the government do
+you remember it was like that Farsi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember it was like that Farsi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember it was like that Farsi
+licensing I think it was like level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing I think it was like level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing I think it was like level of
+students at the contracts and now a jido
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at the contracts and now a jido
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at the contracts and now a jido
+works to restructure how that contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to restructure how that contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works to restructure how that contract
+work so that they could encourage like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that they could encourage like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so that they could encourage like
+small companies I didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thanks okay yeah I was just gonna say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks okay yeah I was just gonna say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks okay yeah I was just gonna say I
+think in agency similar to in Utah might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in agency similar to in Utah might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in agency similar to in Utah might
+be a kind of a hard sell because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of a hard sell because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a kind of a hard sell because you
+think about they probably have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about they probably have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about they probably have a pretty
+large employee base and they're privy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large employee base and they're privy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large employee base and they're privy to
+you know information leak and yeah also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know information leak and yeah also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know information leak and yeah also
+it's going kind of directly flying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going kind of directly flying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going kind of directly flying in
+the face of our aversion to industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of our aversion to industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face of our aversion to industrial
+policy so we are picking winners in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so we are picking winners in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy so we are picking winners in this
+case so those two things I think make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so those two things I think make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so those two things I think make it
+really difficult to have other agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult to have other agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really difficult to have other agencies
+like this first obviously that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this first obviously that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this first obviously that's right
+because really if I can you tell is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really if I can you tell is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because really if I can you tell is a
+venture capital firm it's not doing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital firm it's not doing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital firm it's not doing its
+own research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own research
+it's a venture capitalist and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a venture capitalist and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a venture capitalist and it's
+taking positions in companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking positions in companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking positions in companies and
+helping drive those companies towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping drive those companies towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping drive those companies towards
+technology work that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology work that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology work that's going to be
+relevant to concerns that the CIA is got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to concerns that the CIA is got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to concerns that the CIA is got
+sorry Chris go ahead why this would or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Chris go ahead why this would or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Chris go ahead why this would or
+wouldn't work for other agencies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work for other agencies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't work for other agencies because
+personally I'm surprised that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I'm surprised that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I'm surprised that it has
+been such a successful model for the CIA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been such a successful model for the CIA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been such a successful model for the CIA
+of all government agencies on several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all government agencies on several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all government agencies on several
+levels I mean they didn't deal with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I mean they didn't deal with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels I mean they didn't deal with any
+classified worker contracts but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified worker contracts but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified worker contracts but I don't
+understand how such a firm could exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how such a firm could exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how such a firm could exist
+in partnership with an agency that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partnership with an agency that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in partnership with an agency that does
+unclassified work like I don't see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclassified work like I don't see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclassified work like I don't see how
+and then surprise attack that happened I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then surprise attack that happened I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then surprise attack that happened I
+am surprised also a bit like no no they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am surprised also a bit like no no they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am surprised also a bit like no no they
+didn't inky tell at least they yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't inky tell at least they yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't inky tell at least they yeah they
+didn't work on cross pencil so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work on cross pencil so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't work on cross pencil so I'm
+surprised that I think of all agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that I think of all agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised that I think of all agencies
+that I think this model could work for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think this model could work for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think this model could work for a
+surprise that it works for someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that it works for someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that it works for someone who's
+so yeah mentalize it their information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah mentalize it their information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah mentalize it their information
+here Department of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Department of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Department of information
+they're probably they mentioned also oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably they mentioned also oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're probably they mentioned also oh
+they'll definitely people who will raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll definitely people who will raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll definitely people who will raise
+questions concerns and you know ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions concerns and you know ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions concerns and you know ever
+meddling and a funding technologies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meddling and a funding technologies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meddling and a funding technologies the
+thing might specifically PhD didn't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might specifically PhD didn't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing might specifically PhD didn't feel
+like the CIA is just the worst possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the CIA is just the worst possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the CIA is just the worst possible
+yeah I think yeah it's really cool that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think yeah it's really cool that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think yeah it's really cool that
+it works and also kind of shows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and also kind of shows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and also kind of shows that
+like private enterprise driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private enterprise driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private enterprise driven
+government like Prevage price has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government like Prevage price has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government like Prevage price has a
+strong incentive to move quickly but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong incentive to move quickly but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong incentive to move quickly but I
+also think it's a case study in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think it's a case study in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think it's a case study in terms of
+like it was an IT publishing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was an IT publishing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was an IT publishing their
+businesses information in general like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses information in general like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses information in general like
+you know anybody it's kind of better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anybody it's kind of better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know anybody it's kind of better
+than us then we're screwed so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than us then we're screwed so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than us then we're screwed so like
+they're like you really need to win we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like you really need to win we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like you really need to win we
+really I think there's a strong stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think there's a strong stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think there's a strong stress
+to like actually make it work so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like actually make it work so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like actually make it work so there's
+probably a lot of issues and I'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot of issues and I'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a lot of issues and I'll go
+from like a management perspective a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like a management perspective a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like a management perspective a lot
+of times like people say about the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times like people say about the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times like people say about the bad
+things when they write stories about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when they write stories about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things when they write stories about it
+yeah so like their mother I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like their mother I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so like their mother I feel like
+yeah it was like really stressful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was like really stressful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it was like really stressful
+probably like the people from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like the people from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like the people from the
+there's probably gonna be an old Whig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably gonna be an old Whig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probably gonna be an old Whig
+who's like you know we never want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like you know we never want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like you know we never want we
+don't want to do this and there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do this and there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do this and there's like
+no we need to do this so like I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we need to do this so like I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we need to do this so like I think I
+might have been a pretty stressful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been a pretty stressful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been a pretty stressful thing
+I can see how it works but I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see how it works but I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see how it works but I can also
+see how they made it work in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they made it work in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they made it work in such a
+difficult situation and they were still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation and they were still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation and they were still
+able to make it work just that necessity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in order that we get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order that we get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order that we get through
+everything I'm gonna push us ahead on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I'm gonna push us ahead on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I'm gonna push us ahead on
+this one but first just a closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but first just a closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one but first just a closing
+thought Chris on this one I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Chris on this one I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought Chris on this one I think the
+central central idea here that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central central idea here that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central central idea here that you can
+kind of maybe outsource what you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe outsource what you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of maybe outsource what you may be
+a little bit behind in or aren't so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit behind in or aren't so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit behind in or aren't so good
+at is really interesting so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is really interesting so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is really interesting so that's the
+CIA can effectively focus on its core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA can effectively focus on its core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIA can effectively focus on its core
+business which is you know gathering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business which is you know gathering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business which is you know gathering and
+maintaining Intel and this kind of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining Intel and this kind of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining Intel and this kind of goes
+back to our previous discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our previous discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to our previous discussion about
+you know the government choosing winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the government choosing winners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the government choosing winners
+and losers and it's really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losers and it's really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and losers and it's really interesting
+that this case has emerged as like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this case has emerged as like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this case has emerged as like the
+real case that they've chosen a winner a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real case that they've chosen a winner a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real case that they've chosen a winner a
+clear winner here and they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear winner here and they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear winner here and they're actually
+forging a pretty strong public/private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forging a pretty strong public/private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forging a pretty strong public/private
+partnership that seems to work so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership that seems to work so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partnership that seems to work so yeah
+this is a really interesting article and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really interesting article and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really interesting article and
+I wanted to have searched a Mac stud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to have searched a Mac stud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to have searched a Mac stud
+who's our distinguished visitor in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's our distinguished visitor in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's our distinguished visitor in our
+class today just introduce yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today just introduce yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today just introduce yourself
+briefly and maybe Sarah Jane you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and maybe Sarah Jane you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and maybe Sarah Jane you can
+tell the team what some things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the team what some things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the team what some things you're
+working on I work at MIT I run a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on I work at MIT I run a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on I work at MIT I run a program
+called the regional Entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the regional Entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the regional Entrepreneurship
+acceleration program we work with global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration program we work with global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration program we work with global
+regions all over the world to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions all over the world to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions all over the world to accelerate
+their innovation ecosystem so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their innovation ecosystem so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their innovation ecosystem so my
+background I mean I'm not that old but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I mean I'm not that old but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I mean I'm not that old but
+my specialization is in innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my specialization is in innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my specialization is in innovation
+ecosystems specifically my backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems specifically my backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystems specifically my backgrounds
+most directly related to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most directly related to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most directly related to the energy
+space so I worked in the US Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I worked in the US Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I worked in the US Department
+of Energy and I worked for US Senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Energy and I worked for US Senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Energy and I worked for US Senator
+and I worked in the private sector as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I worked in the private sector as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I worked in the private sector as
+well all in relation to energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all in relation to energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all in relation to energy
+innovation ecosystems so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation ecosystems so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation ecosystems so how do you
+cultivate you know how do you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivate you know how do you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultivate you know how do you deal with
+this alley of death and so it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alley of death and so it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this alley of death and so it was so
+interesting being in the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting being in the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting being in the beginning of
+this conversation talking about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation talking about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conversation talking about you know
+not using kind of market terms and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using kind of market terms and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not using kind of market terms and when
+I worked in the federal government we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked in the federal government we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I worked in the federal government we
+were not allowed to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not allowed to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not allowed to say
+commercialization I was like why can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization I was like why can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization I was like why can't
+we just used to like to your point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just used to like to your point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just used to like to your point I
+mean that helps clarify it so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that helps clarify it so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that helps clarify it so it's very
+frustrating so it's really great to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating so it's really great to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating so it's really great to hear
+words did you tuck to market we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words did you tuck to market we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words did you tuck to market we also
+weren't allowed to say marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't allowed to say marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't allowed to say marketing
+marketing was like absolutely not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing was like absolutely not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing was like absolutely not okay
+transfer yeah that's a mangie ever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer yeah that's a mangie ever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer yeah that's a mangie ever it
+was okay congressman you know didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay congressman you know didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was okay congressman you know didn't
+love it but but but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it but but but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love it but but but it's really
+fascinating to hear each of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating to hear each of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating to hear each of you guys
+present are very well versed I'm quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present are very well versed I'm quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present are very well versed I'm quite
+impressed but yeah any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed but yeah any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressed but yeah any questions on that
+front and what I'm doing here at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and what I'm doing here at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and what I'm doing here at MIT and
+I also work within the innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also work within the innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also work within the innovation
+initiative and so I think somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative and so I think somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative and so I think somebody
+mentioned earlier some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier some of the
+educational things related to innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational things related to innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational things related to innovation
+entrepreneurship and business and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship and business and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship and business and being
+able to have multiple skill sets and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have multiple skill sets and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to have multiple skill sets and I
+am interested at some point to hear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am interested at some point to hear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am interested at some point to hear what
+you guys think about the minor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think about the minor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think about the minor and
+innovation and entrepreneurship which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and entrepreneurship which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and entrepreneurship which
+was launched last year maybe some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was launched last year maybe some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was launched last year maybe some of you
+are part of it but but anyway so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of it but but anyway so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are part of it but but anyway so thank
+you all right now we're gonna crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right now we're gonna crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right now we're gonna crash
+through the last couple of readings this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the last couple of readings this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the last couple of readings this
+is a piece I did in 2014 and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece I did in 2014 and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a piece I did in 2014 and essentially
+I began to realize that there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began to realize that there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I began to realize that there were
+different periods at which point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods at which point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different periods at which point we
+began to reorient in the u.s. our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to reorient in the u.s. our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to reorient in the u.s. our
+understanding and they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding and they are the
+organization of our innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of our innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of our innovation system
+towards heaven forbid commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards heaven forbid commercialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards heaven forbid commercialization
+and I you know roughly delineated five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know roughly delineated five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I you know roughly delineated five
+periods the immediate post-war the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods the immediate post-war the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods the immediate post-war the
+Sputnik period the 1980s competitiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik period the 1980s competitiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik period the 1980s competitiveness
+period and then more recently these kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and then more recently these kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and then more recently these kind
+of new potential innovation waves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new potential innovation waves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new potential innovation waves that
+are coming in energy for sure I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in energy for sure I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in energy for sure I think
+but also potentially advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also potentially advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also potentially advanced
+manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing
+and the u.s. essentially had to rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s. essentially had to rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the u.s. essentially had to rethink
+the Vannevar Bush disconnected model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vannevar Bush disconnected model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vannevar Bush disconnected model
+that it brought into place in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it brought into place in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it brought into place in the early
+post-war and create a more connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war and create a more connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war and create a more connected
+model right and each one of these stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right and each one of these stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right and each one of these stages
+kind of presents movement towards more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of presents movement towards more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of presents movement towards more
+connected kinds of systems so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected kinds of systems so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected kinds of systems so the
+post-war period you know you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war period you know you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-war period you know you're familiar
+with you know that's veneer Bush in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know that's veneer Bush in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know that's veneer Bush in
+himself and he creates a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and he creates a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself and he creates a highly
+connected model during the war as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected model during the war as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected model during the war as we've
+discussed and then disconnects it as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and then disconnects it as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and then disconnects it as we
+as we've gone through and talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've gone through and talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've gone through and talked about
+particularly from the Stokes reading at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly from the Stokes reading at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly from the Stokes reading at
+the close of at the close of War two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close of at the close of War two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the close of at the close of War two so
+this is where our great as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where our great as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where our great as we said
+before our you know our great strong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our you know our great strong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our you know our great strong and
+certainly very important basic research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly very important basic research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly very important basic research
+organizations come from and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations come from and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations come from and obviously
+we've talked before we get a lot out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked before we get a lot out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked before we get a lot out of
+that model but Sputnik is an attempt led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model but Sputnik is an attempt led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model but Sputnik is an attempt led
+by the Defense Department but embracing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Defense Department but embracing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the Defense Department but embracing
+other pieces like NASA and NSF to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces like NASA and NSF to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces like NASA and NSF to where
+the Defense Department pushes on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Defense Department pushes on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Defense Department pushes on that
+disconnected model I mean the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected model I mean the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected model I mean the defense
+for me can't take it disconnected model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me can't take it disconnected model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me can't take it disconnected model
+it just won't work it's got to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just won't work it's got to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just won't work it's got to have you
+know fairly rapid movement towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fairly rapid movement towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know fairly rapid movement towards
+actual technology love them and to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual technology love them and to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual technology love them and to make
+stannis system is disconnected it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stannis system is disconnected it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stannis system is disconnected it's not
+going to serve DoD well so DoD in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to serve DoD well so DoD in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to serve DoD well so DoD in the
+course of the Cold War and certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the Cold War and certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of the Cold War and certainly
+this is rampant by 1957 is rebuilding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rampant by 1957 is rebuilding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is rampant by 1957 is rebuilding
+it's much more connected what war to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more connected what war to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more connected what war to
+like kind of system with deep ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of system with deep ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of system with deep ties
+between industry university research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between industry university research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between industry university research
+systems and efforts and the defense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and efforts and the defense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and efforts and the defense in
+the defense lab system so DoD plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense lab system so DoD plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defense lab system so DoD plays a
+pervasive role at every stage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive role at every stage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive role at every stage of the
+pipeline as we talked about previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline as we talked about previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline as we talked about previously
+so if that's the innovation pipeline our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the innovation pipeline our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's the innovation pipeline our
+classic basic research agencies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic basic research agencies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic basic research agencies are
+playing at this stage Reese a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at this stage Reese a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing at this stage Reese a research
+and maybe you're you know into invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you're you know into invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you're you know into invention
+and early stage prototypes maybe into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early stage prototypes maybe into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and early stage prototypes maybe into
+early stage development but that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage development but that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage development but that's it
+whereas the Defense Department as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the Defense Department as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the Defense Department as we've
+talked about will perform the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about will perform the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about will perform the research
+the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development
+fund the prototype fund the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund the prototype fund the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund the prototype fund the
+demonstration funded testbed and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration funded testbed and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration funded testbed and move
+into actual production often creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actual production often creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actual production often creating
+initial markets for new technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial markets for new technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial markets for new technologies
+okay that's the IT story that we'd begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the IT story that we'd begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the IT story that we'd begun
+to tell I'll tell a little more when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell I'll tell a little more when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell I'll tell a little more when we
+talk more about DARPA so DoD has got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about DARPA so DoD has got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about DARPA so DoD has got a
+much more connected system because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more connected system because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more connected system because of
+its potential and it doesn't always play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its potential and it doesn't always play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its potential and it doesn't always play
+a role at every one of these stages but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role at every one of these stages but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role at every one of these stages but
+it potentially plays a role at all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it potentially plays a role at all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it potentially plays a role at all of
+them so it's a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so it's a very different
+organizational model as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model as we've been
+talking about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today
+DARPA comes right out of this funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA comes right out of this funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DARPA comes right out of this funding
+challenge in nineteen it's set up in 58
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge in nineteen it's set up in 58
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge in nineteen it's set up in 58
+Sputnik is 57 President Eisenhower had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik is 57 President Eisenhower had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sputnik is 57 President Eisenhower had
+been completely frustrated that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been completely frustrated that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been completely frustrated that the
+three separate service space programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three separate service space programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three separate service space programs
+were not talking to each other and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not talking to each other and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not talking to each other and not
+sharing ideas each of the services was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing ideas each of the services was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing ideas each of the services was
+pursuing a rival effort to capture what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing a rival effort to capture what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing a rival effort to capture what
+was then known as the higher ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then known as the higher ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then known as the higher ground
+right and put that higher ground project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and put that higher ground project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and put that higher ground project
+into its own procurement program so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into its own procurement program so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into its own procurement program so the
+Army and the Air Force the Navy all had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Army and the Air Force the Navy all had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Army and the Air Force the Navy all had
+their own separate missile programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own separate missile programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own separate missile programs
+Eisenhower wakes up stuck with Sputnik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower wakes up stuck with Sputnik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower wakes up stuck with Sputnik
+appropriately blames the services for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately blames the services for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately blames the services for
+not having undertaken collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having undertaken collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not having undertaken collaboration
+Eisenhower decides I'm taking space away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower decides I'm taking space away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenhower decides I'm taking space away
+from you we're gonna create this DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you we're gonna create this DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you we're gonna create this DARPA
+thing and it's gonna report to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's gonna report to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it's gonna report to the
+Secretary of Defense I'm gonna run it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secretary of Defense I'm gonna run it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secretary of Defense I'm gonna run it as
+a unified program that only lasts a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unified program that only lasts a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unified program that only lasts a few
+months right because there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months right because there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months right because there's a big
+movement to have civilian a civilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement to have civilian a civilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement to have civilian a civilian
+agency lead in space not a military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency lead in space not a military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency lead in space not a military
+agency so then NACA which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency so then NACA which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency so then NACA which was the
+aeronautical research agency that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical research agency that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aeronautical research agency that
+actually boniva Bush had led in 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually boniva Bush had led in 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually boniva Bush had led in 1930s
+which is where he learns as innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where he learns as innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is where he learns as innovation
+organization lessons that becomes NASA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization lessons that becomes NASA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization lessons that becomes NASA
+and becomes aeronautics and space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes aeronautics and space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and becomes aeronautics and space right
+and is essentially created as a round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is essentially created as a round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is essentially created as a round
+the Apollo mission thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apollo mission thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Apollo mission thanks
+previous slide you mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide you mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide you mentioned that the
+deities basically involved in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deities basically involved in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deities basically involved in all these
+steps where this place is like the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps where this place is like the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps where this place is like the deal
+or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not
+why isn't it the opium or the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it the opium or the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why isn't it the opium or the department
+or she doesn't have an surgery I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she doesn't have an surgery I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she doesn't have an surgery I can
+tell us about this but it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about this but it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about this but it doesn't have a
+procurement budget so it doesn't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement budget so it doesn't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement budget so it doesn't buy
+stuff right so DoD buys its stuff right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right so DoD buys its stuff right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right so DoD buys its stuff right
+it will buy the technology advances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will buy the technology advances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will buy the technology advances that
+it's supporting it will buy aircraft it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supporting it will buy aircraft it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supporting it will buy aircraft it
+will buy IT systems it will create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy IT systems it will create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will buy IT systems it will create the
+initial market for the integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial market for the integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial market for the integrated
+circuit for its own computer needs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit for its own computer needs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit for its own computer needs the
+Department ergy doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department ergy doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department ergy doesn't have a
+procurement budget therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement budget therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procurement budget therefore it's
+limited in its ability to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in its ability to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in its ability to do this
+creation of initial markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of initial markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of initial markets and
+undertake support of the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake support of the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertake support of the production
+stage right it's hard look in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage right it's hard look in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage right it's hard look in the end
+the energy technology we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy technology we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy technology we're going to
+talk about it we'll do a whole case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it we'll do a whole case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it we'll do a whole case
+study on energy but you're hopeful sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on energy but you're hopeful sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study on energy but you're hopeful sort
+of satisfy you but in the end we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfy you but in the end we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfy you but in the end we're
+gonna stand up an energy technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stand up an energy technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stand up an energy technology
+revolution in the private sector there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in the private sector there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in the private sector there's
+no pretending that a government contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pretending that a government contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pretending that a government contract
+model is going to achieve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is going to achieve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is going to achieve that
+revolution it's got to get stood up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution it's got to get stood up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution it's got to get stood up in
+the private sector so I don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector so I don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector so I don't think it
+solves our problem right I think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves our problem right I think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves our problem right I think that we
+have to recognize the reality that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recognize the reality that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to recognize the reality that you
+know 12% of the economy is in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 12% of the economy is in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 12% of the economy is in energy
+it's gonna be a civilian sector let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be a civilian sector let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be a civilian sector let's
+figure out how to stay in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to stay in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to stay in those
+technologies up in that civilian sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies up in that civilian sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies up in that civilian sector
+because that's the lasting model I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the lasting model I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the lasting model I mean
+it wouldn't hurt the do ii would buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't hurt the do ii would buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't hurt the do ii would buy
+certain stuff but i you know congress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain stuff but i you know congress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain stuff but i you know congress is
+just not gonna give it the power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not gonna give it the power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not gonna give it the power and
+Sarah Jane's comments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Jane's comments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Jane's comments about the
+unwillingness to talk about God forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwillingness to talk about God forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwillingness to talk about God forbid
+commercialization is symptomatic much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization is symptomatic much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization is symptomatic much
+less deployment much less initial market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less deployment much less initial market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less deployment much less initial market
+creation right so it's a challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation right so it's a challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation right so it's a challenge in
+other organizations third period is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations third period is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other organizations third period is
+around competitiveness so from 1973 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around competitiveness so from 1973 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around competitiveness so from 1973 to
+1991 and we talked about this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 and we talked about this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 and we talked about this in the
+first class the US economy significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class the US economy significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first class the US economy significantly
+slowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed
+and the has this is where the Rust Belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the has this is where the Rust Belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the has this is where the Rust Belt
+comes from right this is the first great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from right this is the first great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from right this is the first great
+job disruption in manufacturing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job disruption in manufacturing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job disruption in manufacturing this is
+Japan's brilliant quality production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan's brilliant quality production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan's brilliant quality production
+model coming to bear against an earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model coming to bear against an earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model coming to bear against an earlier
+model of us mass production and quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of us mass production and quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of us mass production and quality
+production proved the better model right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production proved the better model right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production proved the better model right
+and u.s. GDP growth historically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u.s. GDP growth historically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and u.s. GDP growth historically is
+around the 3 percent level came down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the 3 percent level came down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the 3 percent level came down to
+the 2 percent level u.s. productivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 percent level u.s. productivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 percent level u.s. productivity
+growth historically around the 2 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth historically around the 2 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth historically around the 2 percent
+level comes down at the 1 percent level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level comes down at the 1 percent level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level comes down at the 1 percent level
+lower productivity growth means a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower productivity growth means a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower productivity growth means a lower
+GDP growth this is not a happy time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP growth this is not a happy time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP growth this is not a happy time
+right this is a tough time in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a tough time in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a tough time in the United
+States by the way current growth rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States by the way current growth rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States by the way current growth rate in
+the United States is 2 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States is 2 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States is 2 percent
+productivity rate is 2 1 % comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity rate is 2 1 % comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity rate is 2 1 % comparable
+economic problem economists now call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic problem economists now call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic problem economists now call
+this secular stagnation ok we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this secular stagnation ok we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this secular stagnation ok we had that
+period for an extended period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period for an extended period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period for an extended period of time
+and the US had organized its economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US had organized its economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the US had organized its economy
+around frontier innovation but it missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around frontier innovation but it missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around frontier innovation but it missed
+an innovation wave right and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an innovation wave right and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an innovation wave right and when you
+organize your economy around frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize your economy around frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize your economy around frontier
+innovation and you miss a wave it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and you miss a wave it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and you miss a wave it's a
+problem so in Japan and to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in Japan and to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so in Japan and to some extent
+Germany as well leads this manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany as well leads this manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany as well leads this manufacturing
+revolution a real innovation wave around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution a real innovation wave around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution a real innovation wave around
+quality production the u.s. misses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality production the u.s. misses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality production the u.s. misses the
+wave and has to catch up so in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and has to catch up so in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and has to catch up so in this time
+period to clean the 80s it's trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to clean the 80s it's trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to clean the 80s it's trying to
+rethink its model and figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink its model and figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink its model and figure out how to
+be more competitive with particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more competitive with particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more competitive with particularly
+the economies in Japan and Germany and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economies in Japan and Germany and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economies in Japan and Germany and
+the models that it came up with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models that it came up with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models that it came up with where
+the following so a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following so a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following so a lot of interesting
+things happened that are in effect more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happened that are in effect more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happened that are in effect more
+connected right the government is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected right the government is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected right the government is going
+to be pushing further down the pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pushing further down the pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pushing further down the pipeline
+the bayh-dole act so the government used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bayh-dole act so the government used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bayh-dole act so the government used
+to own the intellectual property rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own the intellectual property rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to own the intellectual property rights
+to federal research the government's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to federal research the government's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to federal research the government's not
+a company so it just went and sat on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company so it just went and sat on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company so it just went and sat on the
+Shelf right Videl Act gives intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf right Videl Act gives intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shelf right Videl Act gives intellectual
+property ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property ownership
+to the universities that are conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the universities that are conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the universities that are conducting
+the research and they in turn share it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and they in turn share it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research and they in turn share it
+with their researchers it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their researchers it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their researchers it makes the
+University an economic actor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University an economic actor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University an economic actor so
+universities have done education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities have done education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities have done education and
+research for a long time suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for a long time suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for a long time suddenly
+they've got an economic stake in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got an economic stake in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got an economic stake in the
+outcomes of their research so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of their research so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of their research so
+increasingly we are drawing universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly we are drawing universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly we are drawing universities
+in to the economic system and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the economic system and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the economic system and having
+them play an economic role whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them play an economic role whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them play an economic role whole new
+development and the bayh-dole act is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and the bayh-dole act is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and the bayh-dole act is not
+the only thing going on here but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing going on here but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing going on here but it's
+one significant part of the story we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one significant part of the story we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one significant part of the story we
+create the manufacturing extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the manufacturing extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the manufacturing extension
+program to bring the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to bring the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to bring the latest
+manufacturing technologies and processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing technologies and processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing technologies and processes
+to small manufacturers so the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to small manufacturers so the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to small manufacturers so the majority
+of US production is done by small firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US production is done by small firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of US production is done by small firms
+and mid-sized firms that have less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mid-sized firms that have less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mid-sized firms that have less than
+500 employees they don't do any Rd they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 employees they don't do any Rd they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 employees they don't do any Rd they
+have a lot of trouble as we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of trouble as we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of trouble as we talked about
+in the manufacturing classes keeping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the manufacturing classes keeping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the manufacturing classes keeping up
+with technology advances so the MEP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technology advances so the MEP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with technology advances so the MEP
+program is an attempt to bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is an attempt to bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is an attempt to bring the
+latest technology advances and process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest technology advances and process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest technology advances and process
+advances to small manufacturers and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances to small manufacturers and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances to small manufacturers and here
+there's an explicit attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an explicit attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an explicit attempt to
+understand what Japan had undertaken in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what Japan had undertaken in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what Japan had undertaken in
+quality manufacturing and translate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality manufacturing and translate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality manufacturing and translate that
+model back to small and mid-sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model back to small and mid-sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model back to small and mid-sized
+manufacturers we create the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers we create the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturers we create the advanced
+technology program at NIST that's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology program at NIST that's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology program at NIST that's now
+over on precisely the reasons we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on precisely the reasons we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over on precisely the reasons we've been
+talking about that was viewed as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that was viewed as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that was viewed as two
+interventionist the Commerce Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventionist the Commerce Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventionist the Commerce Department
+was supporting company research at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supporting company research at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supporting company research at the
+applied level and it was Mutis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied level and it was Mutis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied level and it was Mutis to
+interventionist eventually Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventionist eventually Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventionist eventually Congress
+shuts it down the Small Business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuts it down the Small Business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuts it down the Small Business
+Innovation and research program as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and research program as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation and research program as we
+talked before when you all set up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked before when you all set up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked before when you all set up your
+startups this is the first place you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups this is the first place you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startups this is the first place you're
+going to go for money all right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go for money all right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go for money all right this is
+where you go and you can get up to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go and you can get up to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go and you can get up to about
+a million dollars in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million dollars in two different
+phases to really do startup efforts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases to really do startup efforts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases to really do startup efforts and
+the number of startups that have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of startups that have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of startups that have used
+SBIR money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBIR money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SBIR money
+they all use it it's very critical that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all use it it's very critical that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all use it it's very critical that
+program comes out of this gentle era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program comes out of this gentle era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program comes out of this gentle era
+SEMATECH a DoD that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEMATECH a DoD that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEMATECH a DoD that we've talked about
+briefly earlier today is another program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly earlier today is another program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly earlier today is another program
+also quite interventionist where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quite interventionist where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quite interventionist where
+essentially the government attempts an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the government attempts an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the government attempts an
+advanced manufacturing project in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing project in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced manufacturing project in the
+semiconductor sector so these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor sector so these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor sector so these are all
+program elements that began developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program elements that began developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program elements that began developing
+in this period interestingly we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this period interestingly we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this period interestingly we don't
+have to follow through because Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to follow through because Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to follow through because Japan
+misses the IT revolution that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses the IT revolution that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misses the IT revolution that really
+begins to hit at about 1990 the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to hit at about 1990 the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to hit at about 1990 the u.s.
+leads it we did very well very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads it we did very well very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads it we did very well very quickly
+starting in that 1990s time period one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in that 1990s time period one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in that 1990s time period one
+of the most successful economic periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most successful economic periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most successful economic periods
+in u.s. 20th century 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in u.s. 20th century 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in u.s. 20th century 21st century
+economic history so we forgot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic history so we forgot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic history so we forgot the
+problems we had and of course those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we had and of course those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we had and of course those
+manufacturing problems are now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing problems are now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing problems are now right
+back on us because we didn't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on us because we didn't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on us because we didn't fully
+follow through period for is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through period for is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow through period for is the problem
+of energy innovation we're gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy innovation we're gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy innovation we're gonna do a
+whole class on this so I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class on this so I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole class on this so I'm not gonna
+spend much time on it but energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time on it but energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend much time on it but energy is
+driving the organizational model and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the organizational model and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the organizational model and an
+organization like arpa-e a DARPA within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization like arpa-e a DARPA within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization like arpa-e a DARPA within
+do we explicitly has what Sir Jane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we explicitly has what Sir Jane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we explicitly has what Sir Jane
+reminded us of a tech to market outlook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded us of a tech to market outlook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded us of a tech to market outlook
+it really very much considers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really very much considers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really very much considers the
+possibilities of commercialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of commercialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of commercialization
+before it selects the R&D projects it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it selects the R&D projects it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it selects the R&D projects it's
+going to fund is there a pathway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fund is there a pathway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fund is there a pathway to
+commercialization is it conscious kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization is it conscious kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercialization is it conscious kind
+of a tent here so this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tent here so this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a tent here so this is not a
+curiosity driven boniva bush basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity driven boniva bush basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curiosity driven boniva bush basic
+research agency er II explicitly works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research agency er II explicitly works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research agency er II explicitly works
+with industry for the great bulk of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with industry for the great bulk of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with industry for the great bulk of its
+research portfolio advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research portfolio advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research portfolio advanced
+manufacturing we've talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing we've talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing we've talked about this
+one as well this may be an evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as well this may be an evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as well this may be an evolving
+innovation movement we'll see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation movement we'll see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation movement we'll see what the
+what the current administration wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the current administration wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the current administration wants to
+do with it it's not clear yet so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it it's not clear yet so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it it's not clear yet so those
+are kind of five periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of five periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of five periods
+I'll just recap period one that posed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just recap period one that posed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just recap period one that posed to
+where we move from a wartime connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we move from a wartime connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we move from a wartime connected
+system to a disconnected system and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to a disconnected system and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to a disconnected system and then
+slowly over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly over time
+we've been creating more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been creating more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been creating more and more
+connections in our system so Sputnik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections in our system so Sputnik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections in our system so Sputnik
+creates DARPA and we'll talk you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates DARPA and we'll talk you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates DARPA and we'll talk you know a
+good bit about DARPA I'm just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bit about DARPA I'm just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good bit about DARPA I'm just kind of
+laying the groundwork here on several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying the groundwork here on several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying the groundwork here on several
+topics including this one but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics including this one but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics including this one but a
+reconnection of the whole defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnection of the whole defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconnection of the whole defense
+innovation system Period three around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system Period three around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system Period three around
+competitiveness we do a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness we do a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness we do a series of
+experiments which with one exception all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which with one exception all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments which with one exception all
+of which remain in place and have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which remain in place and have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which remain in place and have been
+pretty successful over time to attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty successful over time to attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty successful over time to attempt
+better connections between industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better connections between industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better connections between industry and
+and the commercialization efforts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the commercialization efforts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the commercialization efforts and
+university research and then the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university research and then the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university research and then the energy
+challenge and advanced manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and advanced manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge and advanced manufacturing
+challenge push us further down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge push us further down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge push us further down that
+pipeline the advanced manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline the advanced manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline the advanced manufacturing
+Institute's and manufacturing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's and manufacturing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's and manufacturing that we
+talked about those bring together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those bring together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about those bring together
+collaborations of private sector firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations of private sector firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations of private sector firms
+government and university researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and university researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and university researchers
+for a collaborative effort around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a collaborative effort around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a collaborative effort around
+developing new advanced technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing new advanced technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing new advanced technologies
+it's not early-stage technology it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not early-stage technology it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not early-stage technology it's
+very applied it's quite late stage a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very applied it's quite late stage a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very applied it's quite late stage a lot
+of development so these are much this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development so these are much this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of development so these are much this is
+the government supporting an effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government supporting an effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the government supporting an effort to
+move much further down the pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move much further down the pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move much further down the pipeline
+towards commercialization of these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards commercialization of these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards commercialization of these new
+technologies who's got this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies who's got this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies who's got this one
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so bringing together these five periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bringing together these five periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so bringing together these five periods
+I thought these were pretty these held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought these were pretty these held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought these were pretty these held
+up pretty well with all the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pretty well with all the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up pretty well with all the readings
+that we've done so far in particular I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done so far in particular I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done so far in particular I
+think the posts were in this one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the posts were in this one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the posts were in this one kind of
+gone over in spades but a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone over in spades but a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone over in spades but a little bit
+newer I think is the period three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer I think is the period three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newer I think is the period three
+through five but particularly if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through five but particularly if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through five but particularly if we
+focus on like ATS competitiveness we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on like ATS competitiveness we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on like ATS competitiveness we see
+that's kind of spurred on a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of spurred on a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of spurred on a little bit
+towards you know with the advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards you know with the advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards you know with the advent of
+semantic and semiconductors and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic and semiconductors and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic and semiconductors and kind of
+missing its innovation late with Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing its innovation late with Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing its innovation late with Japan
+and is there sort of this so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there sort of this so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there sort of this so we want to
+find out here it's like is there an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out here it's like is there an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out here it's like is there an idea
+that globalization sort of brings about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that globalization sort of brings about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that globalization sort of brings about
+kind of new forms so now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of new forms so now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of new forms so now that we have
+this age and pettiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this age and pettiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this age and pettiness
+these periods get a lot shorter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these periods get a lot shorter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these periods get a lot shorter it's
+like the 80s and period floors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 80s and period floors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the 80s and period floors in the
+2000s and now it's an in factoring so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s and now it's an in factoring so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000s and now it's an in factoring so is
+there this opportunity for globalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this opportunity for globalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this opportunity for globalization
+is sort of make these innovation waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of make these innovation waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of make these innovation waves
+may be shorter sort of add more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be shorter sort of add more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be shorter sort of add more and
+making them more compact so more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them more compact so more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making them more compact so more people
+have this opportunity I ready I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this opportunity I ready I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this opportunity I ready I think
+that's an important point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important point because
+actually each one of these stages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually each one of these stages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually each one of these stages are
+driven by external developments landing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by external developments landing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by external developments landing
+on the US economic situation and forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the US economic situation and forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the US economic situation and forcing
+change right so they're just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right so they're just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right so they're just not
+materializing from within these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materializing from within these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materializing from within these are all
+external developments that force the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external developments that force the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external developments that force the US
+response so you make an important point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea that like globalization will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that like globalization will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that like globalization will
+sort of bring more innovation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring more innovation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring more innovation to the
+forefront maybe not just in the US but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefront maybe not just in the US but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forefront maybe not just in the US but
+it sort of Elser as well and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of Elser as well and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of Elser as well and kind of
+make other people respond in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make other people respond in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make other people respond in the way
+that we have immediately it does because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have immediately it does because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have immediately it does because
+if you have more people that are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have more people that are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have more people that are talking
+more people better exchanging ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people better exchanging ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people better exchanging ideas
+through globalization then I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through globalization then I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through globalization then I think that
+more ideas to get produce and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ideas to get produce and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ideas to get produce and people
+have access to resources which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to resources which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to resources which means
+that whatever ideas they come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever ideas they come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whatever ideas they come up with
+they can implement better because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can implement better because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can implement better because
+usually what the bus decisions are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what the bus decisions are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually what the bus decisions are made
+when everybody's like falling along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody's like falling along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody's like falling along the
+same path oh and it's not and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same path oh and it's not and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same path oh and it's not and it's also
+not male it's just one person thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not male it's just one person thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not male it's just one person thing for
+themselves like if you think about Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves like if you think about Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves like if you think about Wall
+Street right and speculation like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street right and speculation like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street right and speculation like that
+once you get you get an echo chamber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get you get an echo chamber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get you get an echo chamber and
+it's like loving the whole Facebook case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like loving the whole Facebook case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like loving the whole Facebook case
+but after the election where everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after the election where everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after the election where everyone's
+saying the same things says usually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the same things says usually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the same things says usually like
+a lot of the vision happens when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the vision happens when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the vision happens when it's
+just wanted to be liked and individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to be liked and individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to be liked and individuals
+think of a different perspective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a different perspective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a different perspective and
+then it goes it back to the community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes it back to the community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes it back to the community so
+if you can have individual figures it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can have individual figures it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can have individual figures it's
+really good but usually what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good but usually what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good but usually what happens is
+like because a Dogma or like just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because a Dogma or like just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because a Dogma or like just the
+way the rules work like there's very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the rules work like there's very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the rules work like there's very few
+get a bit of ideas and it's more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bit of ideas and it's more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bit of ideas and it's more of an
+idea cheaper well that's true but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea cheaper well that's true but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea cheaper well that's true but that's
+been true always right so my thought is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been true always right so my thought is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been true always right so my thought is
+that having a greater access to more do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having a greater access to more do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having a greater access to more do
+more communities that have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more communities that have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more communities that have these
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+and you have more of those birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perhaps I would say getting back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I would say getting back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps I would say getting back to
+Rasheed's original sort of question or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rasheed's original sort of question or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rasheed's original sort of question or
+point I think that we probably are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think that we probably are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think that we probably are
+seeing a contraction of of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a contraction of of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing a contraction of of technology
+waves or these periods and probably due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves or these periods and probably due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves or these periods and probably due
+to just the speed at which information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just the speed at which information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just the speed at which information
+can be transferred so are you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transferred so are you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be transferred so are you that
+financing and mutations and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and mutations and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing and mutations and things
+that's easier now because backing today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier now because backing today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's easier now because backing today
+you know like three or four words day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like three or four words day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like three or four words day
+getting money was a huge problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting money was a huge problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting money was a huge problem for
+another thorn or so now it is it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thorn or so now it is it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thorn or so now it is it's very
+easy to get money and also you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get money and also you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to get money and also you get to
+secure equity because back in the day to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure equity because back in the day to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure equity because back in the day to
+like you would create you could create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would create you could create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would create you could create
+the one of the best technologies and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the best technologies and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the best technologies and you
+would give up you know a third of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give up you know a third of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give up you know a third of your
+company or the full company and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or the full company and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company or the full company and then
+they kicking you out for that so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kicking you out for that so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kicking you out for that so you you
+came up with this innovation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this innovation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this innovation you
+understand technology how to forget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand technology how to forget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand technology how to forget to
+market and now because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and now because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and now because this is the
+person wants to make more money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wants to make more money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wants to make more money they
+kick you out so I mean that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick you out so I mean that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kick you out so I mean that's really
+good opportunity because now it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good opportunity because now it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good opportunity because now it's really
+the technologists who has more power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologists who has more power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technologists who has more power so
+that's why these cycles are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why these cycles are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why these cycles are exactly
+where I guess the point at which I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I guess the point at which I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I guess the point at which I would
+challenge max because think just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge max because think just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge max because think just because
+we have a spring bird a Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spring bird a Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a spring bird a Google
+widespread mind games deserting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread mind games deserting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widespread mind games deserting them
+Cowboys Freitag resources and often our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys Freitag resources and often our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cowboys Freitag resources and often our
+innovation and especially United seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and especially United seeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation and especially United seeds
+is built on imperialism rate dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built on imperialism rate dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is built on imperialism rate dependency
+theory borrowing from Brussels economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory borrowing from Brussels economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory borrowing from Brussels economics
+is one of the reasons why United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons why United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the reasons why United States
+in my post career while governments were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my post career while governments were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my post career while governments were
+able to make such incredible gains in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make such incredible gains in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make such incredible gains in
+particular we saw this with the Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we saw this with the Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we saw this with the Dutch
+East India Company right I think their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East India Company right I think their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East India Company right I think their
+exploitation of Southeast Asia was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation of Southeast Asia was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitation of Southeast Asia was
+exactly what was it anymore enabled them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what was it anymore enabled them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what was it anymore enabled them
+then to promote I guess a Marxist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to promote I guess a Marxist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to promote I guess a Marxist
+society in another lens and then enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in another lens and then enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society in another lens and then enabled
+you know the start of colonization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the start of colonization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the start of colonization in
+the New World and so what we're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New World and so what we're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New World and so what we're seeing
+now especially with the produce here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now especially with the produce here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now especially with the produce here or
+rather innovation you're producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather innovation you're producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather innovation you're producing a
+paradigm is I think going and the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm is I think going and the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm is I think going and the sort
+of detriments that we talked about maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detriments that we talked about maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detriments that we talked about maybe
+three classes ago about the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three classes ago about the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three classes ago about the ways in
+which country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which country
+no understanding covenant innovating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no understanding covenant innovating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no understanding covenant innovating
+there as well is that we may be sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well is that we may be sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as well is that we may be sharing
+all of our ideas but there's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our ideas but there's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our ideas but there's not going
+to be a capture and value economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a capture and value economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a capture and value economically
+or in terms of the practical and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of the practical and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in terms of the practical and get
+staying of technological advances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying of technological advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying of technological advances
+because those resources are not logo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those resources are not logo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those resources are not logo
+we're gonna have to purchase them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to purchase them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to purchase them from
+other countries and if the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries and if the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries and if the United States
+doesn't have access to those resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have access to those resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have access to those resources
+and production and manufacturing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production and manufacturing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production and manufacturing then
+we're going to miss out on the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to miss out on the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to miss out on the benefits
+of having created those ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having created those ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having created those ideas
+domestically and that's what I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically and that's what I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestically and that's what I think is
+so treacherous about the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so treacherous about the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so treacherous about the international
+relationship I guess relations landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I guess relations landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship I guess relations landscape
+that the Trump administration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Trump administration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Trump administration is
+creating for us right and why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating for us right and why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating for us right and why it's
+really important for us to be wary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for us to be wary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important for us to be wary of
+our reputation on the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reputation on the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reputation on the international
+plane because we don't have all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane because we don't have all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane because we don't have all of the
+resources necessary in order to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources necessary in order to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources necessary in order to produce
+and if we destroy our reputation abroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we destroy our reputation abroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we destroy our reputation abroad
+people won't want to work with us and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people won't want to work with us and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people won't want to work with us and if
+they now have the innovation capacity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now have the innovation capacity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they now have the innovation capacity as
+well then what is the future for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what is the future for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then what is the future for
+American innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American innovation
+if imperialism in hegemony does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if imperialism in hegemony does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if imperialism in hegemony does not
+exist for Americans anymore just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for Americans anymore just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist for Americans anymore just said
+what is the interesting thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the interesting thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the interesting thing about
+Trump is he became such a polarizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump is he became such a polarizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trump is he became such a polarizing
+figure that so like it's like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that so like it's like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that so like it's like that's
+just him that's not the US and then too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just him that's not the US and then too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just him that's not the US and then too
+I think you're thinking about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're thinking about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you're thinking about your
+framework is based on the past in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is based on the past in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework is based on the past in terms
+of what's happened and I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happened and I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happened and I think in the
+past has been very much like we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past has been very much like we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past has been very much like we're a
+scarcity society so there's a scarce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity society so there's a scarce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity society so there's a scarce
+amounts of resources so we need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of resources so we need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of resources so we need to take
+from somebody else so there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody else so there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody else so there's been
+there's a philosopher who talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a philosopher who talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a philosopher who talked about
+how we have so many enemies and the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we have so many enemies and the u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we have so many enemies and the u.s.
+commutes when the enemies because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes when the enemies because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutes when the enemies because we
+used to take take take but I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to take take take but I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to take take take but I think what
+will change the next hundred years two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the next hundred years two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change the next hundred years two
+hundred years is that we will kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years is that we will kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years is that we will kind of
+get closer to like a post-scarcity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to like a post-scarcity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to like a post-scarcity
+society scarcity society so that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society scarcity society so that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society scarcity society so that we have
+more resources save people discover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resources save people discover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more resources save people discover a
+better form of energy so we have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better form of energy so we have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better form of energy so we have you
+know assume infinite energy even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know assume infinite energy even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know assume infinite energy even though
+that's ideal assume we have water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ideal assume we have water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ideal assume we have water
+because we figured out these allegations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we figured out these allegations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we figured out these allegations
+we can get enough food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get enough food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get enough food
+assume that now we have automation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that now we have automation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that now we have automation so
+people don't have to work with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have to work with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't have to work with their
+hands so more people can think and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so more people can think and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so more people can think and then
+assume we're expanding and we go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we're expanding and we go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we're expanding and we go into
+space right so now we're also it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so now we're also it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so now we're also it's kind
+of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+like the American period rougher reports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the American period rougher reports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the American period rougher reports
+many other places so the game before was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other places so the game before was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other places so the game before was
+to take and take and take and if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take and take and take and if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take and take and take and if the
+game becomes more to how do you give how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game becomes more to how do you give how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game becomes more to how do you give how
+do you what becomes valuable once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you what becomes valuable once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you what becomes valuable once you
+already it's to have money wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's to have money wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's to have money wouldn't be
+valuable would be respected me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable would be respected me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable would be respected me this
+person got a Nobel Prize this person was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person got a Nobel Prize this person was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person got a Nobel Prize this person was
+did a social initiative that's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a social initiative that's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a social initiative that's just like
+evolution evolution so you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution evolution so you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution evolution so you guys are
+really leading us out here yeah that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leading us out here yeah that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really leading us out here yeah that was
+like for us from a start perspective you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for us from a start perspective you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for us from a start perspective you
+don't think linearly you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think linearly you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think linearly you think
+exponentially so we don't let these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so we don't let these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially so we don't let these
+contractions right so that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions right so that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractions right so that could be a
+reality in terms of you know we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in terms of you know we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality in terms of you know we say that
+if you think about how the past used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about how the past used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about how the past used to
+be like that's nothing yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like that's nothing yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like that's nothing yeah I think
+that's the game of playing like you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the game of playing like you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the game of playing like you do
+probability of these in like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of these in like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of these in like that's
+pretty arty yeah so you might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arty yeah so you might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty arty yeah so you might do that
+any exponential it could be by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any exponential it could be by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any exponential it could be by
+engineering energy and physics yep which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering energy and physics yep which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering energy and physics yep which
+I think offers the opportunity to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think offers the opportunity to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think offers the opportunity to be
+pretty cool and I think arpa-e we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and I think arpa-e we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool and I think arpa-e we can
+show that's on them a little bit now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that's on them a little bit now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that's on them a little bit now I'm
+period for us like looking at these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period for us like looking at these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period for us like looking at these in
+support mental sort of collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support mental sort of collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support mental sort of collaborative
+mechanisms to sort of spur these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to sort of spur these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms to sort of spur these sort of
+short-term like three to five-year like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term like three to five-year like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term like three to five-year like
+very industry focus kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very industry focus kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very industry focus kind of like
+targeted growth periods and so is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted growth periods and so is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted growth periods and so is that
+an idea that we want to kind of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea that we want to kind of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea that we want to kind of take
+back is can we look at you know now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is can we look at you know now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is can we look at you know now that
+we're so interconnected and all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so interconnected and all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so interconnected and all this
+localization that's what we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization that's what we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization that's what we try to
+create can we kind of focus all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create can we kind of focus all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create can we kind of focus all of these
+things in sort of these targeted areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in sort of these targeted areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in sort of these targeted areas
+with any degree of success or are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any degree of success or are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any degree of success or are we
+just kind of playing the game kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of playing the game kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of playing the game kind of
+gambling England so like you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling England so like you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling England so like you're saying
+to focus the defense for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus the defense for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus the defense for example the
+Department of Energy you would say focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Energy you would say focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Energy you would say focus
+it only on one form of energy so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only on one form of energy so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only on one form of energy so let me
+let me take this back so the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take this back so the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take this back so the mechanism
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so the mechanism doesn't mechanism work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mechanism doesn't mechanism work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mechanism doesn't mechanism work
+but the mechanism is basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mechanism is basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the mechanism is basically you have
+this idea for advanced materials right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea for advanced materials right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea for advanced materials right
+and you take a couple of industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take a couple of industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take a couple of industry
+partners the Department of Energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners the Department of Energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners the Department of Energy for
+example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and
+I don't know maybe even international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know maybe even international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know maybe even international
+partner and you kind of make them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and you kind of make them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and you kind of make them all
+work together on advanced materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together on advanced materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work together on advanced materials
+project for three to five years do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for three to five years do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project for three to five years do you
+think all these people can get together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all these people can get together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think all these people can get together
+and work effectively sort of in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work effectively sort of in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work effectively sort of in this
+short time span to produce any degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time span to produce any degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time span to produce any degree of
+success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my first thoughts gonna be here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my first thoughts gonna be here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my first thoughts gonna be here the
+International and partially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International and partially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International and partially because
+science and engineering for plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering for plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and engineering for plasma is
+just made me hard and partially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made me hard and partially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just made me hard and partially because
+I feel that at least my opinion has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel that at least my opinion has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel that at least my opinion has been
+bandaged as effectively as it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandaged as effectively as it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandaged as effectively as it could have
+been it's it was supposed to be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it's it was supposed to be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it's it was supposed to be like the
+best example that I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best example that I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best example that I can think of
+international collaboration trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international collaboration trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international collaboration trying to
+solve a very big problem and it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a very big problem and it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a very big problem and it's more
+than double its budget if it was its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double its budget if it was its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than double its budget if it was its
+first budget and it's like what 10 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first budget and it's like what 10 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first budget and it's like what 10 20
+years behind schedule so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years behind schedule so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years behind schedule so of course
+that's not to say that the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not to say that the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not to say that the approach
+itself effective using international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself effective using international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself effective using international
+resources that's not to say that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that's not to say that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that's not to say that that is
+inherently flawed but I can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently flawed but I can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently flawed but I can't really
+think of any counter examples I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any counter examples I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any counter examples I mean so
+yeah the way I would think that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the way I would think that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the way I would think that a
+businessperson is like this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businessperson is like this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businessperson is like this is a pretty
+common problem as you stress people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common problem as you stress people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common problem as you stress people so
+like I view the case example before of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I view the case example before of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I view the case example before of
+like Silicon Valley and how there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Silicon Valley and how there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Silicon Valley and how there's not
+minorities and there weren't that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minorities and there weren't that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minorities and there weren't that many
+women so like sometimes what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women so like sometimes what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women so like sometimes what you do is
+you actually make the problem be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually make the problem be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually make the problem be very
+like a parent and so the co company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a parent and so the co company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a parent and so the co company
+knows there's a problem in my company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows there's a problem in my company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows there's a problem in my company
+they won't announce it but don't leak a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't announce it but don't leak a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't announce it but don't leak a
+paper and somebody be like oh there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and somebody be like oh there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and somebody be like oh there's a
+real problem and then it was like oh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem and then it was like oh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real problem and then it was like oh we
+need to solve this oh my god there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve this oh my god there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve this oh my god there's all
+this press and you kind of use the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this press and you kind of use the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this press and you kind of use the tool
+they propose and so yeah you can stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propose and so yeah you can stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propose and so yeah you can stretch
+you have the stress in just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the stress in just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the stress in just the right
+way because it's like because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because it's like because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because it's like because people
+like would stay by themselves and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would stay by themselves and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like would stay by themselves and in
+their own little bubble but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own little bubble but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own little bubble but if you
+stress them so it's like oh no we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress them so it's like oh no we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress them so it's like oh no we need
+to do this we need this now like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we need this now like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this we need this now like that's
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually no I'm just gonna say this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no I'm just gonna say this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no I'm just gonna say this I
+think the question that gets beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the question that gets beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the question that gets beyond the
+mechanism itself is of the rpe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism itself is of the rpe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism itself is of the rpe
+is is how do you monitor or evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is how do you monitor or evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is how do you monitor or evaluate
+success so I think to your point some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so I think to your point some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so I think to your point some
+technologies where I take a lot longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where I take a lot longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies where I take a lot longer
+so it's three to four or five-year a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's three to four or five-year a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's three to four or five-year a
+good time horizon and if we keep it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time horizon and if we keep it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time horizon and if we keep it at
+that that's fine but how do we bundle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's fine but how do we bundle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's fine but how do we bundle in
+all these different energy technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different energy technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different energy technologies
+for instance for some maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance for some maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance for some maybe more
+building technologies are going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building technologies are going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building technologies are going to be a
+lot quicker and then some like fewer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot quicker and then some like fewer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot quicker and then some like fewer and
+they're gonna take much longer and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna take much longer and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna take much longer and how
+do you identify the right technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you identify the right technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you identify the right technologies
+or applied research to do in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or applied research to do in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or applied research to do in that
+capacity and how do you evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and how do you evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and how do you evaluate the
+success and that's a tech t'market kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and that's a tech t'market kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and that's a tech t'market kind
+of question is la ligue what are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question is la ligue what are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of question is la ligue what are those
+points of evaluation which is I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of evaluation which is I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of evaluation which is I think I
+did sir you're driving us I think up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did sir you're driving us I think up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did sir you're driving us I think up
+with some additional perceptions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some additional perceptions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some additional perceptions here
+you know given your basic question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given your basic question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know given your basic question
+Rashid what's one of the innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rashid what's one of the innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rashid what's one of the innovation
+organization models that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization models that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization models that we're going to
+use if we're trying to take on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if we're trying to take on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if we're trying to take on these
+bigger tasks in other words it's it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger tasks in other words it's it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger tasks in other words it's it was
+straightforward enough to do a curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward enough to do a curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward enough to do a curiosity
+driven research project and fund one p.i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven research project and fund one p.i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven research project and fund one p.i
+but as if we're moving the model to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as if we're moving the model to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as if we're moving the model to move
+much further down the pipeline right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much further down the pipeline right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much further down the pipeline right
+which is what all these stages represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what all these stages represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what all these stages represent
+what are the organizational mainstay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the organizational mainstay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the organizational mainstay
+models we're gonna use here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we're gonna use here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we're gonna use here and then you
+come to a model like the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a model like the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a model like the manufacturing
+Institute's which can typically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's which can typically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute's which can typically have
+more than 100 companies four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 100 companies four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 100 companies four or five
+major research universities a comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major research universities a comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major research universities a comparable
+number of community colleges if not more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of community colleges if not more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of community colleges if not more
+and potentially one are more federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially one are more federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potentially one are more federal
+agencies and five or six states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and five or six states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and five or six states and
+state economic development organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state economic development organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state economic development organizations
+as someone of the Defense Department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as someone of the Defense Department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as someone of the Defense Department
+describe this to me standing up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this to me standing up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe this to me standing up a
+manufacturing Institute is like standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute is like standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute is like standing
+up a country right compared to funding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a country right compared to funding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a country right compared to funding a
+single PI researcher so these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single PI researcher so these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single PI researcher so these are these
+call for and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for and I think
+is what Rashid is driving us to her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Rashid is driving us to her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what Rashid is driving us to her and
+Sarah's driving us to they call for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah's driving us to they call for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah's driving us to they call for a
+much more complex organizational model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex organizational model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complex organizational model
+because the tasks have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tasks have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the tasks have gotten
+considerably larger and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably larger and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably larger and the number of
+actors that need to be involved is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors that need to be involved is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors that need to be involved is
+gotten considerably larger so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten considerably larger so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten considerably larger so these are
+all kind of lessons learned that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of lessons learned that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kind of lessons learned that I think
+we're gonna have to pull out of the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to pull out of the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to pull out of the kind
+of experiments we're running now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments we're running now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiments we're running now on
+energy and potentially advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and potentially advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and potentially advanced
+manufacturing and really consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and really consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing and really consider the
+models we're using but she do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we're using but she do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we're using but she do you want
+to give us a closing thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a closing thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us a closing thought about this
+reading so I thought this reading was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so I thought this reading was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading so I thought this reading was
+pretty it seemed very dirty bill I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it seemed very dirty bill I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it seemed very dirty bill I would
+say because kind of starting us from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because kind of starting us from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because kind of starting us from the
+beginning at like this post-war system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at like this post-war system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning at like this post-war system
+and kind of walking us all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of walking us all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of walking us all the way
+through now to advanced manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now to advanced manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through now to advanced manufacturing
+that's where the energy gels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the energy gels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the energy gels and
+problems that we have today so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we have today so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we have today so it's
+pretty like I felt like I was in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty like I felt like I was in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty like I felt like I was in class
+sort of like reading through and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like reading through and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like reading through and I had
+to write this because I needed it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this because I needed it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this because I needed it in
+class because there wasn't anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because there wasn't anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because there wasn't anything else
+to cover this entire panoply so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover this entire panoply so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover this entire panoply so that's
+really frankly the reason why I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frankly the reason why I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really frankly the reason why I wrote it
+alright we're now going to jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright we're now going to jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright we're now going to jump to
+another bill reading and this now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bill reading and this now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bill reading and this now we're
+gonna take a deep dive into this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take a deep dive into this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take a deep dive into this whole
+concept of legacy sectors okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of legacy sectors okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of legacy sectors okay and this
+will be foundational as we do some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be foundational as we do some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be foundational as we do some of
+the case studies like an energy like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case studies like an energy like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case studies like an energy like in
+health care obviously publish this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care obviously publish this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care obviously publish this you
+know three years ago you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three years ago you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know three years ago you're probably
+thinking of this you know five years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this you know five years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this you know five years ago
+so I was curious if you could talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was curious if you could talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was curious if you could talk a
+little bit about how maybe develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how maybe develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how maybe develop that
+already or if you've been thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already or if you've been thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already or if you've been thinking about
+when long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when long
+well I learned a lot in these in working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I learned a lot in these in working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I learned a lot in these in working
+on the manufacturing advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the manufacturing advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the manufacturing advanced
+manufacturing initiative the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing initiative the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing initiative the advanced
+manufacturing partnership that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing partnership that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing partnership that the
+president set up and that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president set up and that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president set up and that in the
+production the innovation economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production the innovation economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production the innovation economy
+project in MIT because it really forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in MIT because it really forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in MIT because it really forced
+a lot of thinking about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of thinking about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of thinking about what the
+organizational model was going to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model was going to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational model was going to be and
+in turn I've learned to Menace amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn I've learned to Menace amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in turn I've learned to Menace amount
+about looking at what the department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at what the department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about looking at what the department
+energy has been doing so we'll dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy has been doing so we'll dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy has been doing so we'll dive into
+this in the energy case study but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the energy case study but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the energy case study but
+essentially do e at the front end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do e at the front end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially do e at the front end of the
+innovation the R&D kind of stage has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation the R&D kind of stage has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation the R&D kind of stage has
+created a whole set of new models I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a whole set of new models I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a whole set of new models I mean
+it is a very different agency than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very different agency than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a very different agency than it
+was ten years ago and it's created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ten years ago and it's created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ten years ago and it's created a
+host of kind of new new pieces on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host of kind of new new pieces on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host of kind of new new pieces on the
+innovation front that enable it to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation front that enable it to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation front that enable it to do a
+lot more things so yes they still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more things so yes they still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more things so yes they still have a
+veneer Bush basic research agency you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veneer Bush basic research agency you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veneer Bush basic research agency you
+know the office of science of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the office of science of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the office of science of five
+billion dollar basic research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar basic research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar basic research
+organization but they've got all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but they've got all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but they've got all these
+other pieces on the table now which make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces on the table now which make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pieces on the table now which make
+the mix quite interesting so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix quite interesting so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix quite interesting so you know
+we'll have a chance actually step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a chance actually step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a chance actually step two
+dive into what some of those models look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into what some of those models look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into what some of those models look
+like we'll take a particular look at RPE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we'll take a particular look at RPE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we'll take a particular look at RPE
+which is actually maybe in the chopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually maybe in the chopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually maybe in the chopping
+block in the moment so may turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in the moment so may turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block in the moment so may turn out to
+be an historical lesson but a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an historical lesson but a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an historical lesson but a pretty
+interesting organizational model but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting organizational model but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting organizational model but let
+me do another driver here that forces us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do another driver here that forces us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do another driver here that forces us
+to think about innovation organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about innovation organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about innovation organization
+which is innovation and legacy sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is innovation and legacy sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is innovation and legacy sectors
+so the u.s. is pretty good at doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s. is pretty good at doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s. is pretty good at doing the
+next big thing and standing up new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next big thing and standing up new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next big thing and standing up new
+technologies in frontier territories in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in frontier territories in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies in frontier territories in
+other words in effect we use a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in effect we use a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words in effect we use a metaphor
+we you know take our new technologies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know take our new technologies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know take our new technologies we
+put them into covered wagons we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into covered wagons we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them into covered wagons we go
+across the mountain and we open up a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the mountain and we open up a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the mountain and we open up a new
+technology territory right we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology territory right we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology territory right we do
+frontier innovation and we're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier innovation and we're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frontier innovation and we're pretty
+good at this right there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this right there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at this right there was nothing
+really like computing before computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like computing before computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like computing before computing
+so that would be a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be a good example of
+opening up a whole new territory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up a whole new territory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening up a whole new territory
+the u.s. is not good at bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. is not good at bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. is not good at bringing
+innovation into legacy seekers the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation into legacy seekers the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation into legacy seekers the new
+innovations often have to parachute in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations often have to parachute in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovations often have to parachute in
+and they get shot at on the way down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get shot at on the way down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get shot at on the way down so
+the US tends to do the next big thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US tends to do the next big thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US tends to do the next big thing it
+doesn't tend to go back and fix the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tend to go back and fix the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tend to go back and fix the old
+right that's why the you know driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why the you know driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's why the you know driving
+from Kennedy Airport into Manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Kennedy Airport into Manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Kennedy Airport into Manhattan
+often as kind of a third world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often as kind of a third world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often as kind of a third world
+experience I mean you sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I mean you sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I mean you sometimes you
+think you could lose an axle on your cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could lose an axle on your cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could lose an axle on your cab
+before you get into downtown we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get into downtown we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you get into downtown we don't
+tend to maintain a lot of our existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to maintain a lot of our existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to maintain a lot of our existing
+systems we push on to the next big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we push on to the next big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems we push on to the next big thing
+and that's not bad right that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not bad right that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not bad right that's not a
+bad American tendency but we do pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad American tendency but we do pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad American tendency but we do pay a
+price for it if we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for it if we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for it if we're gonna have to
+bring innovation into these legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring innovation into these legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring innovation into these legacy
+sectors so you know just think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors so you know just think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors so you know just think of the
+healthcare debate we've been having in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare debate we've been having in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare debate we've been having in
+recent months right the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent months right the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent months right the United States
+does biotech it does not go back and fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does biotech it does not go back and fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does biotech it does not go back and fix
+the healthcare delivery system that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthcare delivery system that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the healthcare delivery system that's a
+legacy sector that would be hard we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector that would be hard we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector that would be hard we'd
+rather open a new thing right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather open a new thing right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather open a new thing right so this is
+a problem in our society look every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in our society look every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in our society look every
+society has got these problems it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society has got these problems it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society has got these problems it's hard
+for anybody to innovate no legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody to innovate no legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody to innovate no legacy
+sectors but it's particularly tough here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors but it's particularly tough here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors but it's particularly tough here
+I would argue and the problem is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would argue and the problem is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would argue and the problem is that a
+lot of our big societal problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our big societal problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our big societal problems are
+tied to these legacy sectors we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to these legacy sectors we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied to these legacy sectors we can't
+avoid the innovation challenge in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the innovation challenge in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid the innovation challenge in these
+sectors climate and energy food and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors climate and energy food and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors climate and energy food and
+water the problem we've got of quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the problem we've got of quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the problem we've got of quality
+job creation healthcare delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job creation healthcare delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job creation healthcare delivery
+improving education to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving education to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving education to address
+inequality problems right these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality problems right these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality problems right these are all
+profound societal challenges and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound societal challenges and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound societal challenges and they
+all have to be fixed within legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to be fixed within legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to be fixed within legacy
+sectors and to do this we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and to do this we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and to do this we've got to
+confront these sectors frankly I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront these sectors frankly I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confront these sectors frankly I was
+Chuck Weiss and I my co-author were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck Weiss and I my co-author were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck Weiss and I my co-author were
+amazing we wrote this book there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing we wrote this book there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing we wrote this book there's no
+literature on this there's no literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on this there's no literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on this there's no literature
+in the innovation policy field about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the innovation policy field about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the innovation policy field about
+innovating in legacy sectors it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating in legacy sectors it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovating in legacy sectors it's a
+problem that just hidden absolutely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that just hidden absolutely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that just hidden absolutely in
+plain sight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain sight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain sight
+so how would we do this because we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we do this because we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how would we do this because we need
+to do it one example is the Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it one example is the Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it one example is the Revolution
+and military affairs in the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and military affairs in the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and military affairs in the defense
+sector in the 1990s where we bring a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in the 1990s where we bring a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector in the 1990s where we bring a
+raft of new technologies to bear even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raft of new technologies to bear even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raft of new technologies to bear even
+though the Defense Department is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the Defense Department is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the Defense Department is one of
+the most notorious legacy sectors around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most notorious legacy sectors around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most notorious legacy sectors around
+right how is it the DoD is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is it the DoD is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how is it the DoD is able to
+organize to bring these technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize to bring these technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize to bring these technology
+advances in but we can start to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in but we can start to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in but we can start to see a
+whole set of innovations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of innovations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of innovations that are
+starting to move in what we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move in what we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to move in what we could
+consider legacy sectors so advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider legacy sectors so advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider legacy sectors so advanced
+manufacturing that's manufacturing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing that's manufacturing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing that's manufacturing is
+definitely a legacy sector new energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a legacy sector new energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a legacy sector new energy
+technologies intelligent cars higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies intelligent cars higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies intelligent cars higher
+education for sure as a legacy sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for sure as a legacy sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education for sure as a legacy sector
+and we're starting to see online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting to see online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're starting to see online
+education right commercial space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education right commercial space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education right commercial space so
+there are possibilities here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are possibilities here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are possibilities here we're
+starting to see what some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see what some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to see what some of the
+possibilities might be so learning how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities might be so learning how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities might be so learning how
+to innovate in these sectors is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate in these sectors is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate in these sectors is critical
+what are some of the take-home lessons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the take-home lessons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the take-home lessons
+there are obstacles to innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are obstacles to innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are obstacles to innovation and
+legacy sectors innovation by the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors innovation by the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors innovation by the way is
+not just the kind of shiny new lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the kind of shiny new lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the kind of shiny new lights
+and only the cutting edge there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only the cutting edge there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only the cutting edge there's a lot
+of innovation that needs to land in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation that needs to land in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of innovation that needs to land in
+these legacy sectors that are not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sectors that are not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sectors that are not quite
+as glamorous legacy sectors have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as glamorous legacy sectors have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as glamorous legacy sectors have a lot
+in common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common
+both in the US and abroad so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the US and abroad so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in the US and abroad so there are
+definitional aspects of a legacy sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitional aspects of a legacy sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitional aspects of a legacy sector
+that apply to manufacturing but also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to manufacturing but also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to manufacturing but also to
+healthcare delivery we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare delivery we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare delivery we can find
+commonalities here and in legacy sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities here and in legacy sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities here and in legacy sectors
+and countries here and abroad have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and countries here and abroad have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and countries here and abroad have
+commonalities and the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities and the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonalities and the context of
+innovation can be every bit as important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation can be every bit as important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation can be every bit as important
+as the innovation it's system system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the innovation it's system system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the innovation it's system system
+itself so this class is focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this class is focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this class is focused on the
+innovation system but it's within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system but it's within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system but it's within a
+larger context and I'll explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger context and I'll explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger context and I'll explain what
+that means in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means in a minute
+entrenched legacy sectors resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrenched legacy sectors resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrenched legacy sectors resist
+innovation for example we often provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation for example we often provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation for example we often provide
+incentives to producers that don't align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to producers that don't align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives to producers that don't align
+with societal needs the legacy sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with societal needs the legacy sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with societal needs the legacy sectors
+are defended by a technological economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defended by a technological economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defended by a technological economic
+political so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political so
+and maybe even cultural paradigm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even cultural paradigm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even cultural paradigm right
+so a legacy sector is a castle and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a legacy sector is a castle and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a legacy sector is a castle and it's
+got a rich defense system that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a rich defense system that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a rich defense system that is it
+defends the technology advances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defends the technology advances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defends the technology advances that
+it's encouraged it will defend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's encouraged it will defend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's encouraged it will defend the
+economic models that it's pursued it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic models that it's pursued it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic models that it's pursued it
+will use the political system to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the political system to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use the political system to pursue
+to block change and it uses societal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to block change and it uses societal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to block change and it uses societal and
+educational systems to ensure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational systems to ensure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational systems to ensure that it
+gets staffed up and has a social outlook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets staffed up and has a social outlook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets staffed up and has a social outlook
+that tends to protect it so these legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to protect it so these legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to protect it so these legacy
+sectors tend to share this this common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors tend to share this this common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors tend to share this this common
+kind of paradigm they will resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disruptive innovation and they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive innovation and they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive innovation and they will be
+more accepting of innovations that fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accepting of innovations that fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accepting of innovations that fit
+their own business models and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own business models and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own business models and we'll talk
+about that in a second the features of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second the features of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a second the features of a
+legacy secretary to get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy secretary to get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy secretary to get a little
+definitional and I don't want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitional and I don't want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitional and I don't want to go into
+a lot of details in these but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of details in these but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of details in these but you get
+the idea right now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea right now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea right now these are
+characteristics that will that alike a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that will that alike a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that will that alike a
+legacy sector won't share all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector won't share all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector won't share all these
+characteristics but it will typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics but it will typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics but it will typically
+share many so in the characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share many so in the characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share many so in the characteristics
+side there are often perverse prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there are often perverse prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side there are often perverse prices
+that don't reflect externalities ie like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't reflect externalities ie like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't reflect externalities ie like
+the low cost of gasoline right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cost of gasoline right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low cost of gasoline right there
+will be an established infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an established infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an established infrastructure
+gas stations right massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations right massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations right massive
+infrastructure system it's got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure system it's got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure system it's got to get
+rethought and overcome if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethought and overcome if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethought and overcome if you're going
+to make change there are strong public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make change there are strong public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make change there are strong public
+expectations of low cost of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of low cost of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations of low cost of energy
+United States it's very hard to overcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States it's very hard to overcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States it's very hard to overcome
+these there are often regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are often regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these there are often regulatory
+requirements that block entry of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that block entry of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements that block entry of new
+technology again in the energy space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology again in the energy space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology again in the energy space you
+know good luck in connecting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good luck in connecting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good luck in connecting your
+out-of-state you know new solar system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-state you know new solar system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out-of-state you know new solar system
+with the transmission system across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the transmission system across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the transmission system across a
+series of states you're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of states you're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of states you're gonna have to
+get the state's regulatory systems lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the state's regulatory systems lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the state's regulatory systems lined
+up it's very tough there are career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's very tough there are career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's very tough there are career
+pathways and curricula and universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and curricula and universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and curricula and universities
+that tend to support the existing system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to support the existing system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tend to support the existing system
+all of these there's typically very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these there's typically very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these there's typically very
+limited R&D compared to revenue so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited R&D compared to revenue so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited R&D compared to revenue so in
+the energy sector for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less than 1% of annual revenues is spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of annual revenues is spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of annual revenues is spent
+on our own research and development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our own research and development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our own research and development and
+that energy private-sector an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy private-sector an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy private-sector an
+astonishingly low number for major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly low number for major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishingly low number for major
+industry and there are powerful vested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and there are powerful vested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and there are powerful vested
+interests behind these legacy sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests behind these legacy sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests behind these legacy sectors
+that defend them in terms of I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defend them in terms of I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defend them in terms of I'm not
+going to go into detail about the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into detail about the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go into detail about the market
+about these kind of market imperfections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kind of market imperfections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these kind of market imperfections
+but you know often perverse subsidies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know often perverse subsidies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know often perverse subsidies
+network economy is not appropriate II
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network economy is not appropriate II
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network economy is not appropriate II
+where the developer the technology can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the developer the technology can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the developer the technology can't
+recapture its value there's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapture its value there's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapture its value there's often
+problems of collective action so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of collective action so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of collective action so for
+example it's tough to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's tough to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example it's tough to introduce
+technology advanced into the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advanced into the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advanced into the building
+sector because it's so totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector because it's so totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector because it's so totally
+decentralized they're not major actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized they're not major actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized they're not major actors
+there's just lots and lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just lots and lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just lots and lots and lots of
+little actors so you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little actors so you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little actors so you can't get
+collective action together in a sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action together in a sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action together in a sector
+that's organized like that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's organized like that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's organized like that there's a
+short time horizon for financing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time horizon for financing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time horizon for financing and
+that limits the ability to kind of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limits the ability to kind of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limits the ability to kind of scale
+up new technology advances so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up new technology advances so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up new technology advances so these are
+now in contrast if you're developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast if you're developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in contrast if you're developing a
+technology that is compatible with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is compatible with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that is compatible with the
+legacy sectors paradigm of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors paradigm of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors paradigm of technology
+and business models and so forth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business models and so forth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and business models and so forth right
+then you can do it you can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do it you can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do it you can do it in
+relatively short order so fracking was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short order so fracking was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively short order so fracking was
+adapted with him like really a 15 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted with him like really a 15 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted with him like really a 15 year
+period the original technology advances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the original technology advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period the original technology advances
+came out of the National Labs right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the National Labs right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of the National Labs right
+around things like 3d seismic imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they moved very quickly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they moved very quickly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they moved very quickly because
+fracking fit the existing fossil fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking fit the existing fossil fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking fit the existing fossil fuel
+economy so nicely if you're doing solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so nicely if you're doing solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so nicely if you're doing solar
+you know good luck to you right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know good luck to you right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know good luck to you right it's
+much more complicated adaptation process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated adaptation process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated adaptation process
+so if you're doing disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're doing disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're doing disruptive
+technologies that's where the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that's where the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that's where the problem
+really comes in so we have a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes in so we have a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really comes in so we have a series of
+models of the dynamics of innovation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of the dynamics of innovation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of the dynamics of innovation and
+we've been sort of struggling to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been sort of struggling to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been sort of struggling to see
+these in the course of the classes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the course of the classes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the course of the classes so
+far but as you think about it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but as you think about it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far but as you think about it there's
+really kind of five ways that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of five ways that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of five ways that are going
+to be undertakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be undertakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be undertakes
+innovation right one we've spent a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right one we've spent a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation right one we've spent a lot
+of time last last class in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time last last class in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time last last class in this class
+the pipeline right again the model dump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline right again the model dump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline right again the model dump
+basic research in the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic research in the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic research in the end of the
+pipeline mysterious things happen great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline mysterious things happen great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline mysterious things happen great
+products emerge that's technology push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products emerge that's technology push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products emerge that's technology push
+federal government is is in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government is is in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government is is in effect
+pushing a new kind of technology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing a new kind of technology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing a new kind of technology or
+scientific advance into the pipeline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific advance into the pipeline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific advance into the pipeline and
+hopefully it will emerge from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it will emerge from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it will emerge from the
+pipeline it's a technology push model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline it's a technology push model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline it's a technology push model a
+technology supply model that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology supply model that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology supply model that's the
+dominant model underlying u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant model underlying u.s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant model underlying u.s.
+innovation policy okay but there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation policy okay but there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation policy okay but there's also
+induced innovation remember Vernon Rutan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced innovation remember Vernon Rutan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced innovation remember Vernon Rutan
+came up with this theoretical framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this theoretical framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this theoretical framework
+industry does you know the majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry does you know the majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry does you know the majority of
+innovation in our economy right industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in our economy right industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation in our economy right industry
+will typically see a market niche or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically see a market niche or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will typically see a market niche or a
+market opportunity and we'll move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market opportunity and we'll move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market opportunity and we'll move to
+fill that opportunity typically with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill that opportunity typically with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill that opportunity typically with
+incremental advances not radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental advances not radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental advances not radical
+advances so that is a demand pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances so that is a demand pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances so that is a demand pull
+industries - identifying a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries - identifying a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries - identifying a potential
+demand that can pull the technology into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that can pull the technology into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that can pull the technology into
+the marketplace that's typically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace that's typically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marketplace that's typically what
+industry does but then there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry does but then there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry does but then there's other
+models the extended pipeline we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the extended pipeline we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the extended pipeline we've just
+been talking about today that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about today that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been talking about today that's what the
+Defense Department does it operates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense Department does it operates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Defense Department does it operates at
+every stage of the pipeline so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every stage of the pipeline so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every stage of the pipeline so in
+addition to the pipeline model in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the pipeline model in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the pipeline model in the
+u.s. system we have an extended pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. system we have an extended pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. system we have an extended pipeline
+model in the u.s. system a fourth model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the u.s. system a fourth model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in the u.s. system a fourth model
+is manufacturing lead innovation the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is manufacturing lead innovation the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is manufacturing lead innovation the US
+doesn't do this one right we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do this one right we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't do this one right we didn't
+build this one countries like Germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this one countries like Germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this one countries like Germany
+and Japan do this model Korea Taiwan do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Japan do this model Korea Taiwan do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Japan do this model Korea Taiwan do
+this model China now jumped on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model China now jumped on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model China now jumped on this
+model in other words their innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in other words their innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in other words their innovation
+system is led by the kind of creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is led by the kind of creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is led by the kind of creative
+work the new engineering the new science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the new engineering the new science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the new engineering the new science
+that can lead to produced products right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to produced products right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to produced products right
+it's that product design stage that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that product design stage that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that product design stage that's
+central in a manufacturing lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central in a manufacturing lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central in a manufacturing lead
+innovation system the u.s. never built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system the u.s. never built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system the u.s. never built
+one of these so by creating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these so by creating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these so by creating these
+manufacturing Institute's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing Institute's that's an
+attempt in the u.s. to get this piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt in the u.s. to get this piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt in the u.s. to get this piece
+into our system overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entry into legacy sectors is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry into legacy sectors is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry into legacy sectors is such a
+complex effort that you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex effort that you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex effort that you're not going to
+do one of these innovation organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one of these innovation organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one of these innovation organization
+models you're gonna have to do probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you're gonna have to do probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you're gonna have to do probably
+all of them right when you think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them right when you think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them right when you think about a
+sector as complex as energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector as complex as energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector as complex as energy
+you've probably got to tackle all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably got to tackle all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably got to tackle all of
+these dynamics to get the changes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamics to get the changes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dynamics to get the changes you
+need so that puts a premium on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so that puts a premium on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so that puts a premium on
+innovation organization the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organization the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organization the way in which
+you organize your innovation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you organize your innovation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you organize your innovation system
+right that becomes critical when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that becomes critical when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that becomes critical when you're
+trying to tackle the legacy sector just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tackle the legacy sector just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to tackle the legacy sector just
+as we are having that conversation step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are having that conversation step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are having that conversation step
+that you pushed for how it's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pushed for how it's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you pushed for how it's the new
+ways of organizing or in an hour you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of organizing or in an hour you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of organizing or in an hour you
+know around innovation what are the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know around innovation what are the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know around innovation what are the new
+models if you're trying to innovate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models if you're trying to innovate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models if you're trying to innovate in a
+legacy sector like energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector like energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sector like energy or
+manufacturing you're gonna need new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing you're gonna need new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing you're gonna need new
+models and you're gonna need to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and you're gonna need to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and you're gonna need to think
+about the innovation dynamics it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the innovation dynamics it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the innovation dynamics it kind of
+at each one of these points oh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each one of these points oh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each one of these points oh I don't
+want to forget you need to change agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget you need to change agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to forget you need to change agents
+because legacy sectors will not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because legacy sectors will not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because legacy sectors will not change
+themselves right you can have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right you can have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves right you can have to have
+people prepared to push these legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people prepared to push these legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people prepared to push these legacy
+sectors to adapt change and maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors to adapt change and maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors to adapt change and maybe it's
+political a ship maybe it's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political a ship maybe it's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political a ship maybe it's new
+companies and startups that are gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and startups that are gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and startups that are gonna be
+the change agents maybe it's a new R&D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change agents maybe it's a new R&D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change agents maybe it's a new R&D
+agency maybe it's a mix of all the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency maybe it's a mix of all the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agency maybe it's a mix of all the above
+right but you're gonna need change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you're gonna need change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you're gonna need change
+agents that are prepared to to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents that are prepared to to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents that are prepared to to move
+things in these legacy sectors so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in these legacy sectors so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in these legacy sectors so those
+are the five models some of this calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the five models some of this calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the five models some of this calls
+for us to think about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to think about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to think about what the
+governmental role is right do we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental role is right do we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental role is right do we need a
+more activist governmental role in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more activist governmental role in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more activist governmental role in this
+kind of context what's the process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of context what's the process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of context what's the process and
+this is particularly important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is particularly important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is particularly important because
+this is going to be important in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be important in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be important in your
+papers right so the stuff we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers right so the stuff we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers right so the stuff we're talking
+about here is going to be in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is going to be in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here is going to be in terms of
+launching new technologies this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching new technologies this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launching new technologies this this
+multi-step five-step process is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step five-step process is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-step five-step process is going to
+be something that I'm gonna ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that I'm gonna ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that I'm gonna ask you to
+use as you consider the topics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as you consider the topics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use as you consider the topics you
+develop in your papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in your papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in your papers
+step one I mean you can't innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one I mean you can't innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one I mean you can't innovate
+without innovation so you're gonna need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without innovation so you're gonna need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without innovation so you're gonna need
+stuff right so you're gonna have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right so you're gonna have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff right so you're gonna have to have
+a front-end innovation system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a front-end innovation system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a front-end innovation system that's
+giving you creative stuff to innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you creative stuff to innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you creative stuff to innovate
+with here's some ideas here form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here's some ideas here form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with here's some ideas here form
+critical innovation institutions build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical innovation institutions build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical innovation institutions build
+thinking communities know you gotta have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking communities know you gotta have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking communities know you gotta have
+but gotta have a community that's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but gotta have a community that's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but gotta have a community that's big
+enough to really get a lot of ideas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to really get a lot of ideas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to really get a lot of ideas on
+the table for innovation to occur right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table for innovation to occur right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table for innovation to occur right
+it's Romer right it's it's the prospect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Romer right it's it's the prospect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Romer right it's it's the prospect
+of theory here you've got to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theory here you've got to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theory here you've got to have a
+thinking community that that's it a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking community that that's it a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking community that that's it a big
+enough scale that they can really work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough scale that they can really work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough scale that they can really work
+on creating innovations in the legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on creating innovations in the legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on creating innovations in the legacy
+sector you need to link the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector you need to link the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector you need to link the
+technologists to the operators right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists to the operators right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologists to the operators right
+they can't be in isolation from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be in isolation from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be in isolation from each
+other if you want to implement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if you want to implement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if you want to implement this
+stuff and you can use that Island Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and you can use that Island Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and you can use that Island Bridge
+model we'll talk more about this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we'll talk more about this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model we'll talk more about this next
+week when we talk about innovation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week when we talk about innovation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week when we talk about innovation by
+great groups but you're innovators need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups but you're innovators need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great groups but you're innovators need
+to be connected decision-makers that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be connected decision-makers that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be connected decision-makers that can
+effectuate the changes they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectuate the changes they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectuate the changes they're gonna
+propose some other steps and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose some other steps and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose some other steps and then I'll
+quit and we could do some Q&A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit and we could do some Q&A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit and we could do some Q&A
+step two is each technology is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two is each technology is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two is each technology is going to
+have a different launch path right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different launch path right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different launch path right the
+launch path for batteries for grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch path for batteries for grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch path for batteries for grid
+storage is probably going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage is probably going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage is probably going to be a very
+different launch pass than batteries for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different launch pass than batteries for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different launch pass than batteries for
+transport right launching in the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport right launching in the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport right launching in the utility
+sector versus launching into cars those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector versus launching into cars those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector versus launching into cars those
+are different launch pathways so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different launch pathways so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different launch pathways so you're
+gonna have to think about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to think about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to think about what the
+launch pathway is for your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch pathway is for your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch pathway is for your technology
+that one you want to have enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one you want to have enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one you want to have enter the
+marketplace and then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace and then you're going to
+need to tie support packages to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tie support packages to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tie support packages to those
+launch pathways that fit right that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch pathways that fit right that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch pathways that fit right that are
+relevant to the particular launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the particular launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to the particular launch
+pathways a fourth step is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways a fourth step is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways a fourth step is look at the
+innovation system and the gaps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system and the gaps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system and the gaps in the
+innovation system what are the holes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system what are the holes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system what are the holes in
+the system where are things dying for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system where are things dying for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system where are things dying for
+sure it's the valley of death but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's the valley of death but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's the valley of death but what
+are the other gaps in that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other gaps in that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the other gaps in that system
+because again the valley of death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again the valley of death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again the valley of death is
+only between research and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only between research and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only between research and you know
+and development right you've got all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development right you've got all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development right you've got all
+kinds of other stages to get through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other stages to get through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of other stages to get through to
+all the way up into production what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up into production what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up into production what are
+the gaps in that overall system so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaps in that overall system so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gaps in that overall system so think
+about what the gaps are and then think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the gaps are and then think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the gaps are and then think
+about institutional fixes public or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about institutional fixes public or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about institutional fixes public or
+private or both that fill those gaps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private or both that fill those gaps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private or both that fill those gaps so
+this is kind of a menu of how to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a menu of how to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a menu of how to think
+about bringing innovation and a legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bringing innovation and a legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bringing innovation and a legacy
+sectors and if you all are going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and if you all are going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors and if you all are going to work
+in the energy field that's the king of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy field that's the king of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the energy field that's the king of
+legacy sectors right if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors right if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors right if you want to
+pursue advanced manufacturing that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue advanced manufacturing that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue advanced manufacturing that is a
+big time legacy sector so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time legacy sector so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big time legacy sector so we're gonna
+have to have a much more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a much more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a much more sophisticated
+innovation organization approach we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organization approach we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation organization approach we're
+not going to solve these problems by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to solve these problems by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to solve these problems by you
+know individual awards to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know individual awards to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know individual awards to individual
+investigators it's not gonna work right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators it's not gonna work right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigators it's not gonna work right
+it's not gonna get us there we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna get us there we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna get us there we're gonna
+have to have a whole new delivery system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a whole new delivery system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a whole new delivery system
+for the innovation system let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the innovation system let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the innovation system let's see if
+there's anything else I want to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything else I want to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything else I want to cover
+change agent kind of orchestrates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change agent kind of orchestrates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change agent kind of orchestrates the
+activity here and therefore is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity here and therefore is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity here and therefore is a pretty
+critical player so again this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical player so again this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical player so again this these
+chapters here are pretty important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters here are pretty important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters here are pretty important for
+your paper and that five-step process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper and that five-step process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper and that five-step process
+and understanding the dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding the dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding the dynamics of
+innovation or pieces that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation or pieces that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation or pieces that you're gonna
+need in your paper so a sheet it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in your paper so a sheet it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in your paper so a sheet it's all
+yours this is actually a great place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours this is actually a great place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours this is actually a great place to
+start because I think a lot of us were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start because I think a lot of us were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start because I think a lot of us were
+pretty much in line with what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much in line with what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much in line with what was going
+on understanding what a legacy sector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on understanding what a legacy sector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on understanding what a legacy sector is
+and identifying them we were pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identifying them we were pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and identifying them we were pretty much
+all okay with that where I think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay with that where I think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay with that where I think people
+sort of started to diverge was deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of started to diverge was deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of started to diverge was deciding
+on sort of who would play the role these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of who would play the role these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of who would play the role these
+change agents a lot of people were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change agents a lot of people were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change agents a lot of people were sort
+of looking in their questions to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking in their questions to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking in their questions to figure
+out who would be the best poised in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who would be the best poised in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who would be the best poised in
+certain situations to kind of play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations to kind of play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain situations to kind of play that
+role of a change agent would it change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of a change agent would it change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of a change agent would it change
+for different initiatives and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different initiatives and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different initiatives and I think
+one of the interesting things was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the interesting things was we
+tried to identify sort of this community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to identify sort of this community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to identify sort of this community
+of change agents first we were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change agents first we were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change agents first we were all
+looking for sort of the stinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for sort of the stinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for sort of the stinking
+community for different individuals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for different individuals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community for different individuals so
+just to start off with like who do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to start off with like who do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to start off with like who do you
+think might be able to play a role and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think might be able to play a role and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think might be able to play a role and
+sort of any particular case to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of any particular case to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of any particular case to be to
+sort of change age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of change age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of change age
+for our legacy sector and can be anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a complex question two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complex question two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complex question two different
+answers but I think for an intern to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but I think for an intern to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers but I think for an intern to do
+I think a big thing would be having like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a big thing would be having like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a big thing would be having like
+a breakthrough in a patient it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a breakthrough in a patient it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a breakthrough in a patient it's like
+the main issue right now it's like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main issue right now it's like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main issue right now it's like we
+are worried about climate change or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worried about climate change or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are worried about climate change or like
+solar and solar in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and solar in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar and solar in general it's
+expensive and doesn't really do what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and doesn't really do what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and doesn't really do what we
+need to do the people can the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do the people can the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do the people can the energy
+market like how much is solar it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market like how much is solar it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market like how much is solar it's
+rather small Chris for our energy needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather small Chris for our energy needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather small Chris for our energy needs
+and also the cost so it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the cost so it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the cost so it's hard to
+innovate there but if you can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate there but if you can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate there but if you can come up
+with a much much better than emotion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a much much better than emotion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a much much better than emotion so
+like maybe fusion maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe fusion maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe fusion maybe there's
+something there it'd be the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there it'd be the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something there it'd be the difference
+between if you had to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you had to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between if you had to come up with a
+whole new look for mine system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new look for mine system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new look for mine system right
+first if you you know create the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if you you know create the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first if you you know create the cell
+phone like you might have a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone like you might have a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone like you might have a huge
+opportunity there but the thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity there but the thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity there but the thing that I
+think is important this issue is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is important this issue is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is important this issue is like
+Steve Case the guy who made a o L and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Case the guy who made a o L and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Case the guy who made a o L and
+this would call the third wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would call the third wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would call the third wave
+entrepreneur where it's like the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur where it's like the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur where it's like the thing
+about innovating innovating in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovating innovating in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovating innovating in this
+sector is that you kind of uber rides it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is that you kind of uber rides it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector is that you kind of uber rides it
+in terms of it's already an existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of it's already an existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of it's already an existing
+Society there's already institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society there's already institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society there's already institutions
+that people there's this pathways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people there's this pathways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people there's this pathways for
+this legacy sector so like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this legacy sector so like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this legacy sector so like when you
+innovate in it like the issues gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in it like the issues gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in it like the issues gonna be
+that you tear those down and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tear those down and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you tear those down and these
+people will spend their lives dedicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will spend their lives dedicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will spend their lives dedicate
+themselves to being part of the sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to being part of the sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to being part of the sector
+and just cannibalize it just like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just cannibalize it just like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just cannibalize it just like how do
+you really work with it and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really work with it and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really work with it and that's a
+policy issue was also a whole social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issue was also a whole social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issue was also a whole social
+issue and I think uber has been a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and I think uber has been a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and I think uber has been a good
+kind of preliminary basic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of preliminary basic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of preliminary basic example
+because it's pretty much like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty much like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's pretty much like an
+appetizer or a warm up example but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetizer or a warm up example but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appetizer or a warm up example but like
+if somebody did go up with an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody did go up with an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody did go up with an amazing
+innovation like energy right like fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation like energy right like fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation like energy right like fusion
+that is relatively cheap and won't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relatively cheap and won't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relatively cheap and won't take
+like 10 years so I'm totally accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 years so I'm totally accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 10 years so I'm totally accurate
+right then maybe that's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then maybe that's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then maybe that's something like
+that could happen any other cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen any other cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen any other cells
+medli another good example right almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medli another good example right almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medli another good example right almost
+more disruptive you mentioned gasoline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disruptive you mentioned gasoline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more disruptive you mentioned gasoline
+it would be three but part of what makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be three but part of what makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be three but part of what makes
+you I must get really interesting change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I must get really interesting change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I must get really interesting change
+it it's not just developing electrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not just developing electrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not just developing electrics
+driving the car but the charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the car but the charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the car but the charging
+stations that will call in my house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that will call in my house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations that will call in my house and
+then even connect it to the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even connect it to the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then even connect it to the solar
+roofing that will charge those stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roofing that will charge those stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roofing that will charge those stations
+I think there's a lot of thoughts into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a lot of thoughts into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's a lot of thoughts into
+the basically the launch pathway for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the launch pathway for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basically the launch pathway for for
+that technology that's really good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology that's really good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology that's really good point
+as I think often about the I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I think often about the I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I think often about the I guess the
+energy value gene in the oil and gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy value gene in the oil and gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy value gene in the oil and gas
+industry like a mystery midstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry like a mystery midstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry like a mystery midstream
+downstream and I guess the flow within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and I guess the flow within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and I guess the flow within
+the industry and I feel like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry and I feel like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry and I feel like that is
+essentially creating not only you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially creating not only you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially creating not only you know
+up student change but also many spare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up student change but also many spare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up student change but also many spare
+change and downstream change and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and downstream change and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and downstream change and then
+he's comprehensively taking trained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's comprehensively taking trained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's comprehensively taking trained to
+transform the industry and capture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the industry and capture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the industry and capture all
+of the valley and for himself but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the valley and for himself but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the valley and for himself but I
+definitely think that perhaps or I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely think that perhaps or I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely think that perhaps or I don't
+know maybe able to put this question do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe able to put this question do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe able to put this question do
+you feel like change happens more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like change happens more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel like change happens more for
+change is more feasible at the midstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is more feasible at the midstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is more feasible at the midstream
+and downstream sector because I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstream sector because I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstream sector because I feel
+like upstream is kind of that disruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like upstream is kind of that disruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like upstream is kind of that disruption
+right it's trying to create a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's trying to create a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's trying to create a future
+which shouldn't be Charlie Lange it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shouldn't be Charlie Lange it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shouldn't be Charlie Lange it can
+be difficult to have people adopt but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult to have people adopt but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult to have people adopt but
+then you get stuck to them and trimmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get stuck to them and trimmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get stuck to them and trimmer
+in town streams you want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town streams you want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town streams you want to change
+infrastructure or do you want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure or do you want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure or do you want to change
+consumer patterns step quickly define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer patterns step quickly define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer patterns step quickly define
+upstream that's your that's your endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream that's your that's your endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream that's your that's your endless
+oh yeah I'm sure is just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'm sure is just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'm sure is just like the
+production aspects of it so literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production aspects of it so literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production aspects of it so literally
+like the extraction of natural gas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the extraction of natural gas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the extraction of natural gas in
+the oil so the Derrick's isn't human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil so the Derrick's isn't human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oil so the Derrick's isn't human
+stream is the infrastructure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is the infrastructure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is the infrastructure that's
+created on the transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created on the transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created on the transport
+the railways I'm to the trailers truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the railways I'm to the trailers truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the railways I'm to the trailers truck
+since I didn't downstream is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I didn't downstream is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I didn't downstream is the
+consumer aspects someone suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer aspects someone suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer aspects someone suddenly
+literally the people buying it in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the people buying it in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the people buying it in their
+car at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I think what's interesting about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's interesting about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think what's interesting about this
+and they really an energy but are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really an energy but are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really an energy but are other
+fields and other legacy sectors creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and other legacy sectors creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and other legacy sectors creating
+these thinking communities of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thinking communities of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thinking communities of change
+agents which is kind of like the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents which is kind of like the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents which is kind of like the first
+step is something that you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is something that you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is something that you can't really
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there's if there a way to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there a way to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there a way to sort of
+organically do this because I don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organically do this because I don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organically do this because I don't see
+like getting together the heads of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting together the heads of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting together the heads of all
+the big energy corporations together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big energy corporations together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big energy corporations together in
+a room they're not going to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room they're not going to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a room they're not going to come up with
+anything sort of super radical and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything sort of super radical and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything sort of super radical and so
+there's no kind of enough like it's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no kind of enough like it's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no kind of enough like it's way
+different from like you know before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from like you know before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from like you know before you
+could just get the competency video push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just get the competency video push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just get the competency video push
+in a room and you're gonna get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room and you're gonna get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room and you're gonna get you know
+something crazy out but like now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something crazy out but like now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something crazy out but like now if
+you're looking to innovate in a sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking to innovate in a sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking to innovate in a sector
+you can't really call upon sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really call upon sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't really call upon sort of the
+greatest minds full here and then get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest minds full here and then get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest minds full here and then get
+something out well isn't MIT kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out well isn't MIT kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out well isn't MIT kind of
+trying to create sort of a thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create sort of a thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create sort of a thinking
+group or a space where thinking groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or a space where thinking groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group or a space where thinking groups
+can occur with the engine that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occur with the engine that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occur with the engine that one of
+those sort of your mighty could be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of your mighty could be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of your mighty could be and
+the energy initiative could be seen as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy initiative could be seen as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy initiative could be seen as a
+thought thinking community that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought thinking community that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought thinking community that's not
+simply MIT based it brings in all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply MIT based it brings in all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply MIT based it brings in all kinds
+of people from various sectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people from various sectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people from various sectors and
+places to kind of think through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to kind of think through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places to kind of think through these
+big challenges and the big reports that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big challenges and the big reports that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big challenges and the big reports that
+MIT does are the products of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT does are the products of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT does are the products of these these
+thinking communities as they attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking communities as they attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking communities as they attempt to
+think through a new technology like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through a new technology like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through a new technology like
+solar or like you know the future of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar or like you know the future of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar or like you know the future of the
+grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not really was there like it was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really was there like it was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really was there like it was you
+know affiliated I don't even know how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know affiliated I don't even know how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know affiliated I don't even know how I
+think it was out of offices science was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was out of offices science was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was out of offices science was
+a fossil Cassius Walsh a fossil I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fossil Cassius Walsh a fossil I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fossil Cassius Walsh a fossil I think
+energy doxa fossil energy had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doxa fossil energy had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy doxa fossil energy had the
+relationship but we didn't interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but we didn't interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship but we didn't interact with
+them at all I think that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ensuring that the regulatory framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that the regulatory framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensuring that the regulatory framework
+is there for all of the oil companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there for all of the oil companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there for all of the oil companies
+and the heads of all the oil companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the heads of all the oil companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the heads of all the oil companies
+through get together as a group outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through get together as a group outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through get together as a group outcomes
+outcomes for the energy industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for the energy industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for the energy industry and
+then think cooperatively about what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think cooperatively about what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then think cooperatively about what that
+industrial framework might look like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial framework might look like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial framework might look like and
+obviously those industries that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously those industries that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously those industries that are
+trying to create disruptive innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create disruptive innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create disruptive innovations
+because well I think there's so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well I think there's so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well I think there's so there
+are I think something to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think something to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think something to think about
+each program most applied programs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each program most applied programs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each program most applied programs in
+government have what do you call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government have what do you call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government have what do you call them
+kind of working sessions or they hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of working sessions or they hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of working sessions or they hear
+industry we call oh my god peer-reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry we call oh my god peer-reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry we call oh my god peer-reviewed
+Somnath periods I don't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somnath periods I don't know what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somnath periods I don't know what they
+call but basically where you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but basically where you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but basically where you bring
+together the community of practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the community of practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the community of practice of
+all of all of the people that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all of the people that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all of the people that make sense
+to bring together in solar and batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring together in solar and batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring together in solar and batteries
+or whatever and you have in conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and you have in conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and you have in conversation
+to identify pain points and all of the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify pain points and all of the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify pain points and all of the e
+re does this energy efficiency renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re does this energy efficiency renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re does this energy efficiency renewable
+energy office and I know most other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy office and I know most other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy office and I know most other
+applies programs do as well to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies programs do as well to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies programs do as well to kind of
+do that but I actually think to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but I actually think to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that but I actually think to your
+point about does it really make a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about does it really make a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about does it really make a second
+sense to get all these execs in a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to get all these execs in a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to get all these execs in a room
+are they really gonna move the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they really gonna move the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they really gonna move the ball
+forward it's actually a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it's actually a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward it's actually a really
+interesting question because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question because I think
+we're starting to see more of the execs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see more of the execs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to see more of the execs
+in the room with the midstream and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room with the midstream and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room with the midstream and the
+downstream and all of the to actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and all of the to actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream and all of the to actually be
+innovative you have I can't just see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative you have I can't just see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovative you have I can't just see the
+CEOs of these companies right it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEOs of these companies right it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEOs of these companies right it has to
+actually be different layers as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be different layers as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be different layers as well and
+I think that goes to this they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that goes to this they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that goes to this they can do
+this kind of model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of model but
+so I'm gonna need to if we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna need to if we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna need to if we're gonna get
+out of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here
+I'm gonna need to do a wrap-up of today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna need to do a wrap-up of today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna need to do a wrap-up of today
+and then I want to talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to talk about next
+week's class because you all seven of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's class because you all seven of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week's class because you all seven of
+you will be presenting and I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be presenting and I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be presenting and I just want
+to go through the dynamic so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the dynamic so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through the dynamic so that's
+gonna be a different kind of class so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a different kind of class so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a different kind of class so I
+just wanted to talk about that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to talk about that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to talk about that but
+before we do that Rasheed why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that Rasheed why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we do that Rasheed why don't you
+lay out you know some closing thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out you know some closing thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay out you know some closing thoughts
+for us on this piece yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us on this piece yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us on this piece yeah
+gets you know I was hoping actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you know I was hoping actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you know I was hoping actually
+another question but another idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question but another idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question but another idea that
+you know sort of all everybody had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of all everybody had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of all everybody had was
+identifying policy policymakers to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying policy policymakers to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying policy policymakers to sort
+of give this impetus towards making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give this impetus towards making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give this impetus towards making
+these changes and making these changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes and making these changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these changes and making these changes
+more kind of politically favorable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of politically favorable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kind of politically favorable and
+apparent and it's kind of difficult in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent and it's kind of difficult in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent and it's kind of difficult in
+these legacy sectors because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sectors because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these legacy sectors because I think
+you're facing and you're up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing and you're up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're facing and you're up against
+powerful vested interests and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful vested interests and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful vested interests and I think
+it's just someone people kind of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just someone people kind of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just someone people kind of making
+the case for you know maybe I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for you know maybe I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case for you know maybe I don't have
+you know fusion yet but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fusion yet but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fusion yet but it's kind of
+making it socially applicable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it socially applicable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it socially applicable or
+politically palatable to say like if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically palatable to say like if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politically palatable to say like if we
+invest you know here and get this fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest you know here and get this fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest you know here and get this fusion
+we can sort of make this change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sort of make this change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can sort of make this change that
+would be politically favorable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be politically favorable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be politically favorable for
+everybody and so I think looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and so I think looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and so I think looking at
+policy incentives you have to think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy incentives you have to think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy incentives you have to think a
+little bit bigger than just kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than just kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than just kind of what
+is scientifically or technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scientifically or technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is scientifically or technologically
+possible but I think this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but I think this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but I think this is a great
+piece and this was a great piece for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and this was a great piece for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and this was a great piece for us
+because it encourages us not only like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it encourages us not only like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it encourages us not only like
+think about innovation systems as sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about innovation systems as sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about innovation systems as sort
+of being differentiating you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being differentiating you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being differentiating you can kind of
+do different things but achieve the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different things but achieve the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do different things but achieve the same
+result but also like a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but also like a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but also like a lot of people
+have to sort of buy into and get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of buy into and get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sort of buy into and get on
+board and kind of be coordinated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and kind of be coordinated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and kind of be coordinated in
+their actions to achieve like feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their actions to achieve like feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their actions to achieve like feasible
+and my kind of long-term change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my kind of long-term change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my kind of long-term change because
+we have a lot bigger problems then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot bigger problems then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot bigger problems then we
+did you know 50 review and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know 50 review and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know 50 review and a lot of
+their tie to these ladies and sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tie to these ladies and sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tie to these ladies and sectors
+thank you so I'm gonna do a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so I'm gonna do a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so I'm gonna do a quick
+wrap-up of this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our backdrop was donald stokes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our backdrop was donald stokes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our backdrop was donald stokes and
+pest ors quadrant and that led us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pest ors quadrant and that led us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pest ors quadrant and that led us into
+Brandt's command auerswald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandt's command auerswald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brandt's command auerswald
+right and their underlying the focus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and their underlying the focus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and their underlying the focus of
+innovation policy Frank frankly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation policy Frank frankly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation policy Frank frankly for the
+last 25 years has been on the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 25 years has been on the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 25 years has been on the problem
+that they write about this valley of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they write about this valley of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they write about this valley of
+death problem and how do you get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death problem and how do you get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death problem and how do you get across
+it but one thing I want to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but one thing I want to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but one thing I want to be clear
+about today is the valley of death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is the valley of death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is the valley of death is
+only one piece of a larger innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one piece of a larger innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one piece of a larger innovation
+system which stretch a lot further than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which stretch a lot further than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which stretch a lot further than
+just research and development right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just research and development right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just research and development right and
+we've got to think about the gaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to think about the gaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got to think about the gaps in
+that system overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system overall
+but Brandt's command ours will really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Brandt's command ours will really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Brandt's command ours will really
+lead us into this foundational problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us into this foundational problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us into this foundational problem
+and you know a valley of death is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a valley of death is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know a valley of death is
+essentially a linear view and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a linear view and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a linear view and they also
+point out that hey the system is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that hey the system is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that hey the system is really
+not linear it's more complex than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear it's more complex than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear it's more complex than that
+it's this Darwinian sea Rutan describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Darwinian sea Rutan describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Darwinian sea Rutan describes
+for us this parallel universe we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us this parallel universe we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us this parallel universe we have a
+set of civilian basic research agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of civilian basic research agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of civilian basic research agencies
+and then we have a very differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a very differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a very differently
+organized set of Defense or indi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized set of Defense or indi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized set of Defense or indi
+agencies and mission agencies and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and mission agencies and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies and mission agencies and they
+are very different systems and one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different systems and one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very different systems and one is
+from an organizational point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an organizational point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an organizational point of view
+purposely disconnected the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely disconnected the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely disconnected the other is
+purposely connected and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely connected and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposely connected and they are
+different worlds we have gotten a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different worlds we have gotten a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different worlds we have gotten a lot
+out of that out of that defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that out of that defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that out of that defense
+innovation system we don't normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system we don't normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation system we don't normally
+think about it or talk about it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it or talk about it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it or talk about it but the
+results are quite powerful Glenn Fong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are quite powerful Glenn Fong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are quite powerful Glenn Fong
+told us about the models that DoD uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us about the models that DoD uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us about the models that DoD uses
+when it's actually going to play a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's actually going to play a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's actually going to play a role
+in civilian sectors right and laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in civilian sectors right and laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in civilian sectors right and laid out
+the by-product model the spin-off model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by-product model the spin-off model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by-product model the spin-off model
+the dual use model the industrial based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual use model the industrial based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual use model the industrial based
+models so these are all models the DoD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so these are all models the DoD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so these are all models the DoD
+uses in practice we looked at in-q-tel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in practice we looked at in-q-tel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in practice we looked at in-q-tel
+which in some ways is the most extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in some ways is the most extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in some ways is the most extreme
+model of governmental intervention into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of governmental intervention into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of governmental intervention into
+the private sector because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private sector because it will
+actually play the role of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play the role of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually play the role of being a
+venture capital firm and take ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital firm and take ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture capital firm and take ownership
+positions in companies that it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in companies that it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in companies that it wants to
+encourage innovation in we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage innovation in we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage innovation in we talked about
+the new model innovation agency piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new model innovation agency piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new model innovation agency piece
+essentially the idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea here
+is that the system isn't static it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the system isn't static it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the system isn't static it isn't
+standing still from the time finito Bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still from the time finito Bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing still from the time finito Bush
+created it it has been changing pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created it it has been changing pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created it it has been changing pretty
+dynamically over time and these outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically over time and these outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically over time and these outside
+crises the competitiveness challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises the competitiveness challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises the competitiveness challenge in
+the 1980's the spudnick challenge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980's the spudnick challenge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980's the spudnick challenge of the
+later part of the 50s the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later part of the 50s the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later part of the 50s the energy
+technology challenge now this advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology challenge now this advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology challenge now this advanced
+manufacturing challenge these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing challenge these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing challenge these are all
+external elements that have been driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external elements that have been driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external elements that have been driving
+change in the u.s. system and pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the u.s. system and pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the u.s. system and pushing
+its model to be more more of a connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its model to be more more of a connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its model to be more more of a connected
+model and then the final reading was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then the final reading was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then the final reading was
+about innovation and legacy sectors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovation and legacy sectors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about innovation and legacy sectors as
+we discuss just now many of our deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss just now many of our deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss just now many of our deep
+societal problems are tied up in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal problems are tied up in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal problems are tied up in these
+legacy sectors and these legacy sectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors and these legacy sectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legacy sectors and these legacy sectors
+need innovation and they resist it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need innovation and they resist it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need innovation and they resist it
+inherently in their model and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently in their model and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently in their model and how do you
+think about innovation organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about innovation organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about innovation organization
+that's gonna start to bring new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna start to bring new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna start to bring new
+technology advances new innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advances new innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology advances new innovative
+advances into these legacy sectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances into these legacy sectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances into these legacy sectors that
+they will be disruptive of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be disruptive of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be disruptive of their
+business models how do we start to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models how do we start to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business models how do we start to think
+about that because we're now into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because we're now into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because we're now into that
+project and we need to more much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we need to more much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and we need to more much more
+systemically organize our innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemically organize our innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systemically organize our innovation
+organizational approaches to cope with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational approaches to cope with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational approaches to cope with
+it so that will take that takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that will take that takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that will take that takes us
+through Class six next week is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Class six next week is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Class six next week is gonna be
+a different kind of class because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of class because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different kind of class because you
+guys are gonna own it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are gonna own it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are gonna own it
+much more than Amin owned it so seven of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than Amin owned it so seven of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more than Amin owned it so seven of
+you will be presenters I'm asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be presenters I'm asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be presenters I'm asking that
+and I've got pretty detailed directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got pretty detailed directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got pretty detailed directions
+and describing the class you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describing the class you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describing the class you've got
+questions let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me know
+but divvy up the innovation organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but divvy up the innovation organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but divvy up the innovation organization
+groups you want to present on and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you want to present on and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you want to present on and as we
+discussed a couple a few weeks ago you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a couple a few weeks ago you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a couple a few weeks ago you
+know I'd love to have innovation groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'd love to have innovation groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'd love to have innovation groups
+that were based on other than dead white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were based on other than dead white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were based on other than dead white
+males in the group so somebody can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males in the group so somebody can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+males in the group so somebody can find
+some five and talk to me about them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some five and talk to me about them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some five and talk to me about them I
+may be able to help you on sources if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to help you on sources if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be able to help you on sources if
+you can't that's fine too and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't that's fine too and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't that's fine too and these are
+very interesting groups so it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting groups so it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting groups so it's gonna be
+whichever one you pick these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one you pick these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever one you pick these are very
+interesting stories I think we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stories I think we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stories I think we'll have
+fun with them and the great group model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with them and the great group model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with them and the great group model
+takes us we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes us we've been talking about
+institutional innovation we talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional innovation we talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional innovation we talked a lot
+about that today right innovation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today right innovation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that today right innovation at the
+institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional
+level but innovation belongs to people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but innovation belongs to people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level but innovation belongs to people
+and they organized themselves in groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they organized themselves in groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they organized themselves in groups
+and we have to understand the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to understand the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to understand the dynamics
+of those groups as well okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those groups as well okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those groups as well okay so that's
+what the object of the class is so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the object of the class is so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the object of the class is so I'm
+gonna ask the presenters to do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask the presenters to do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask the presenters to do you know
+three or four slides on your group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four slides on your group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four slides on your group and
+you know tell us what they accomplished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tell us what they accomplished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know tell us what they accomplished
+what they did tell us what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did tell us what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did tell us what the what the
+rules that they followed from the Bennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that they followed from the Bennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that they followed from the Bennis
+and Biederman framework which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Biederman framework which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Biederman framework which is the
+kind of fent one of the several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fent one of the several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fent one of the several
+foundational readings that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational readings that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational readings that everybody
+should read right what were the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read right what were the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read right what were the rules
+that they followed and then what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they followed and then what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they followed and then what are
+what is a new rule or two that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a new rule or two that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a new rule or two that you see
+them doing that's different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doing that's different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them doing that's different than the
+Benison Biederman rule what's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benison Biederman rule what's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benison Biederman rule what's different
+about these you're a particular group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these you're a particular group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these you're a particular group
+that contributes to our thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contributes to our thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contributes to our thinking about
+how great groups operate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H7vyIn6WtOk.txt b/H7vyIn6WtOk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..937fcc6d0ea43adaa2eaa14c9f850505c45f0928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H7vyIn6WtOk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh thank you all very much for making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thank you all very much for making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thank you all very much for making it
+through the snow this morning and I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the snow this morning and I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the snow this morning and I hope
+people's feet are a little bit drier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's feet are a little bit drier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's feet are a little bit drier
+than they were uh yesterday some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they were uh yesterday some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they were uh yesterday some people
+were very sensible and just came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very sensible and just came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were very sensible and just came in
+today uh thank you for for for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh thank you for for for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh thank you for for for making
+the Trek um uh just just a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Trek um uh just just a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Trek um uh just just a reminder
+there were many many people uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many many people uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were many many people uh that
+asked to attend this event that we told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to attend this event that we told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to attend this event that we told
+we told them they couldn't attend we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we told them they couldn't attend we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we told them they couldn't attend we uh
+as a conference committee we had set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a conference committee we had set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a conference committee we had set a
+threshold of 100 people as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of 100 people as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold of 100 people as being the
+maximum number of people that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of people that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum number of people that we could
+actually realistically uh try to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realistically uh try to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realistically uh try to to to
+build something with and unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something with and unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build something with and unlike
+yesterday which was very much sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday which was very much sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday which was very much sort of a
+a data dump where we where we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data dump where we where we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data dump where we where we had the
+the the technology session on networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the technology session on networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the technology session on networks
+and tags and RF and then some deep dives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tags and RF and then some deep dives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tags and RF and then some deep dives
+into some industry adoption in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some industry adoption in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some industry adoption in uh
+healthc Care automotive in uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc Care automotive in uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthc Care automotive in uh uh
+Aerospace and cold chain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace and cold chain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aerospace and cold chain in
+anti-counterfeit uh today is a much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-counterfeit uh today is a much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-counterfeit uh today is a much much
+more open and collaborative uh structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more open and collaborative uh structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more open and collaborative uh structure
+to the sessions in the context that we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sessions in the context that we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the sessions in the context that we'd
+very much like to come out of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like to come out of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much like to come out of this uh
+session with some ideas some areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session with some ideas some areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session with some ideas some areas of
+possible uh research collaboration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh research collaboration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh research collaboration and
+so so if we can go back to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we can go back to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if we can go back to the to the
+basic objectives of our of our gathering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic objectives of our of our gathering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic objectives of our of our gathering
+which was to identify areas for research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to identify areas for research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to identify areas for research
+collaboration to identify the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration to identify the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration to identify the core
+underlying technology areas and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying technology areas and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying technology areas and I think
+yesterday we saw location TR all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we saw location TR all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we saw location TR all the
+many Specialties that are are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Specialties that are are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Specialties that are are involved
+or could be involved in RFID uh but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could be involved in RFID uh but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could be involved in RFID uh but if
+we could use the the format of today to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use the the format of today to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could use the the format of today to
+think about each of you if you're I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about each of you if you're I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about each of you if you're I mean
+there are people here running very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people here running very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people here running very large
+research groups there are people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research groups there are people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research groups there are people here
+running very large companies so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very large companies so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running very large companies so we're
+we're looking to see if we can align on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking to see if we can align on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking to see if we can align on
+you know what what the key research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what the key research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what the key research
+areas are and so that's sort of our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are and so that's sort of our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas are and so that's sort of our our
+U our uh uh Focus today um a a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U our uh uh Focus today um a a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U our uh uh Focus today um a a little
+something on where we're we're where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on where we're we're where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on where we're we're where uh
+where we're taking this next so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're taking this next so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're taking this next so the
+conference committee elected to schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference committee elected to schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference committee elected to schedule
+a follow on uh meeting in conjunction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follow on uh meeting in conjunction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a follow on uh meeting in conjunction uh
+with RFID live Mark Roberti from RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RFID live Mark Roberti from RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RFID live Mark Roberti from RFID
+Journal has rented the space and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal has rented the space and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal has rented the space and has
+offered to make it available to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered to make it available to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered to make it available to the
+group for a follow on meeting so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for a follow on meeting so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group for a follow on meeting so that we
+have a a Target date three months from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a Target date three months from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a Target date three months from
+now to actually you know have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to actually you know have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to actually you know have have
+projects uh uh formulated and uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh uh formulated and uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh uh formulated and uh at the
+auto ID Labs we've been working on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto ID Labs we've been working on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto ID Labs we've been working on a
+collaborative website that we will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative website that we will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative website that we will uh
+share with you a little later on today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you a little later on today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you a little later on today
+uh just uh we taking the six sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just uh we taking the six sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just uh we taking the six sessions
+that were established already so Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were established already so Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were established already so Health
+Care automotive uh Etc uh and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care automotive uh Etc uh and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Care automotive uh Etc uh and we have
+session leaders from the conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session leaders from the conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session leaders from the conference
+committee to to go ahead and Lead those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee to to go ahead and Lead those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee to to go ahead and Lead those
+and for any of you who are not currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for any of you who are not currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for any of you who are not currently
+involved who would like to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved who would like to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved who would like to be involved
+who would like to to to lead research or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to to to lead research or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like to to to lead research or
+sponsor research uh we'd absolutely like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor research uh we'd absolutely like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor research uh we'd absolutely like
+to facilitate that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to facilitate that that
+collaboration so uh uh uh oh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration so uh uh uh oh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration so uh uh uh oh and then
+the the second thing is that uh bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the second thing is that uh bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the second thing is that uh bill
+hardgrave has very kindly offered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardgrave has very kindly offered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardgrave has very kindly offered and
+the conference committee very graciously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference committee very graciously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conference committee very graciously
+accepted to be the co-chair of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted to be the co-chair of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted to be the co-chair of the next
+event that uh so this will be the RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that uh so this will be the RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that uh so this will be the RFID
+academic convocation number two to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic convocation number two to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic convocation number two to be
+held at RFID live and I I do think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held at RFID live and I I do think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held at RFID live and I I do think that
+uh one one of the one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one one of the one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one one of the one of the the
+expectations for that meeting is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for that meeting is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations for that meeting is that we
+won't restrict it to just the few select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't restrict it to just the few select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't restrict it to just the few select
+academic uh major programs but that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic uh major programs but that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic uh major programs but that we
+open this up now because there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this up now because there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this up now because there's just
+been a tremendous amount of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a tremendous amount of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a tremendous amount of interest in
+uh in collaborating U uh together Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in collaborating U uh together Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in collaborating U uh together Bill
+did you want to say something about yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you want to say something about yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you want to say something about yeah
+I just like to to take off on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just like to to take off on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just like to to take off on that and
+uh you know one of the things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know one of the things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know one of the things that that
+I hope you got out of yesterday and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you got out of yesterday and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you got out of yesterday and then
+as we continue on today is that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we continue on today is that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we continue on today is that uh we
+really are seeing a breadth of ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are seeing a breadth of ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are seeing a breadth of ideas and
+topics that are presented here and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that are presented here and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics that are presented here and and
+with the hopes and that's that was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hopes and that's that was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hopes and that's that was our
+intent was to have everybody with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent was to have everybody with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent was to have everybody with a
+takeaway from here and and you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway from here and and you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway from here and and you might not
+be that you you take something away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you you take something away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you you take something away from
+every presentation but just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every presentation but just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every presentation but just from the
+breadth of things out there it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth of things out there it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadth of things out there it's amazing
+at what's being done and that was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's being done and that was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's being done and that was really
+what we were trying to accomplish and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were trying to accomplish and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were trying to accomplish and I
+and I I just have to thank Steve and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I just have to thank Steve and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I just have to thank Steve and and
+the rest of the committee because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the committee because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the committee because I
+think we that's been accomplished and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we that's been accomplished and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we that's been accomplished and
+and we'll see we'll see that here today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see we'll see that here today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see we'll see that here today
+the the next the next one at RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next the next one at RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next the next one at RFID
+Journal live as as that pre-day um U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal live as as that pre-day um U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal live as as that pre-day um U
+convocation we want to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convocation we want to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convocation we want to have that
+opportunity then to start drilling down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity then to start drilling down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity then to start drilling down
+into some of these areas so you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of these areas so you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of these areas so you you know
+we're we're going to have fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to have fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're going to have fewer
+presentations and longer presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and longer presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and longer presentations
+that that give us an opportunity to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that give us an opportunity to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that give us an opportunity to get
+into some of these areas and in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of these areas and in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some of these areas and in more
+detail so that's the plan for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so that's the plan for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so that's the plan for the next
+one and and be looking for some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and be looking for some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and and be looking for some stuff
+and and as Steve said uh you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as Steve said uh you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and as Steve said uh you know we we
+restricted this one we're going to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted this one we're going to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted this one we're going to open
+the next one up it will be a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one up it will be a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one up it will be a competitive
+um uh process of of submitting papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh process of of submitting papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh process of of submitting papers
+and having those things uh uh reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having those things uh uh reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and having those things uh uh reviewed
+and selected and it won't be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selected and it won't be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selected and it won't be just
+restricted to to Academia uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to to Academia uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to to Academia uh you know
+businesses or or technology providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses or or technology providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses or or technology providers
+are are working on Research that want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are working on Research that want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are working on Research that want to
+have an opportunity to present that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an opportunity to present that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an opportunity to present that
+those will be welcome as well right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be welcome as well right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be welcome as well right and
+I I think the the only other thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the the only other thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the the only other thing to
+say about that is subject to the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that is subject to the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about that is subject to the success
+of that event then we would very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that event then we would very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that event then we would very much
+anticipate carrying this to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate carrying this to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate carrying this to our
+colleagues in Europe and our colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in Europe and our colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in Europe and our colleagues
+in Asia and uh uh uh so so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia and uh uh uh so so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia and uh uh uh so so we want to
+make sure that this is an inclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this is an inclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that this is an inclusive
+Global uh research collaboration that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global uh research collaboration that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global uh research collaboration that we
+that we're we're starting and again any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're starting and again any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're we're starting and again any
+ideas you have any things that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you have any things that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you have any things that you'd
+like to do please let us know uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do please let us know uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do please let us know uh so uh
+on on that note the the the way today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on that note the the the way today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on that note the the the way today is
+structured we have the morning dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured we have the morning dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured we have the morning dedicated
+to supply chain and packaging uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply chain and packaging uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to supply chain and packaging uh we'll
+have a a box lunch drop drop by uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a box lunch drop drop by uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a box lunch drop drop by uh here
+in the in the in the in the foyer at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the in the foyer at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the in the in the foyer at at
+noon and so we'll begin right back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon and so we'll begin right back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon and so we'll begin right back in
+with a session on beyond the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a session on beyond the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a session on beyond the supply
+chain and then we have a a pan panel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and then we have a a pan panel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain and then we have a a pan panel of
+senior Executives uh who have agreed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior Executives uh who have agreed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior Executives uh who have agreed to
+to help us work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us work to
+identify you know how we can best best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you know how we can best best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you know how we can best best
+collaborate here to to conclude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate here to to conclude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate here to to conclude the
+session will will end at three because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session will will end at three because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session will will end at three because
+of so that people can get on planes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so that people can get on planes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so that people can get on planes and
+go onto their their next uh uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go onto their their next uh uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go onto their their next uh uh next
+thing so a lot to do in a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so a lot to do in a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so a lot to do in a very short
+amount of time thank you very much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time thank you very much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time thank you very much all
+for your participation uh bill and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your participation uh bill and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your participation uh bill and the
+supply J
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HZLKDC9OSaQ.txt b/HZLKDC9OSaQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2869c76075a62b16e191572dbb416efc77bad2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HZLKDC9OSaQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the stable match problem that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable match problem that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable match problem that we just
+looked at is one example of a bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at is one example of a bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at is one example of a bipartite
+matching problem so the setup with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching problem so the setup with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching problem so the setup with a
+bipartite matching problem is you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite matching problem is you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite matching problem is you've got
+a a simple graph and the vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a simple graph and the vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a simple graph and the vertices are
+split into two groups as in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into two groups as in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into two groups as in the uh
+stable matching problem we can call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching problem we can call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable matching problem we can call them
+the girls and the boys the G and the b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls and the boys the G and the b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls and the boys the G and the b
+um so the definition of a b bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the definition of a b bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the definition of a b bipartite
+graph is a graph where there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a graph where there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is a graph where there are some
+vertices called the left vertices and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices called the left vertices and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices called the left vertices and a
+disjoint set of vertices called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint set of vertices called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint set of vertices called the
+right vertices and every vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vertices and every vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vertices and every vertex is
+either left or right and edges only go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either left or right and edges only go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either left or right and edges only go
+between a left vertex and a right vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a left vertex and a right vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a left vertex and a right vertex
+now in this case the matching problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case the matching problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in this case the matching problem
+that we want to consider is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to consider is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to consider is that uh
+there's a specification that each girl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a specification that each girl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a specification that each girl
+is willing to be paired with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to be paired with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is willing to be paired with certain
+boys um and uh but not all of them so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys um and uh but not all of them so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys um and uh but not all of them so we
+can specify that by adding edges where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can specify that by adding edges where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can specify that by adding edges where
+if this is the first girl in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the first girl in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the first girl in the list
+then she is willing to be paired with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she is willing to be paired with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then she is willing to be paired with
+the second boy and the last boy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second boy and the last boy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second boy and the last boy in the
+that's what those two edges indicate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what those two edges indicate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what those two edges indicate so
+edges are signaling compatibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are signaling compatibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are signaling compatibility
+constraints on matching up the girls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on matching up the girls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on matching up the girls and
+the boys and what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys and what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys and what we're trying to
+accomplish is getting all of the girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish is getting all of the girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish is getting all of the girls
+matched with a unique boy match each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched with a unique boy match each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched with a unique boy match each
+girl to a unique compatible boy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl to a unique compatible boy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl to a unique compatible boy so
+there's an example of a match where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of a match where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example of a match where
+there's one uh highlighted magenta Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one uh highlighted magenta Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one uh highlighted magenta Edge
+out of each girl and they go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of each girl and they go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of each girl and they go to
+different boys so we formally we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different boys so we formally we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different boys so we formally we want a
+bje from from the girls to the boys that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje from from the girls to the boys that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bje from from the girls to the boys that
+is that follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that follows
+edges well let's look at a case where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges well let's look at a case where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges well let's look at a case where uh
+I can't find a match suppose that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't find a match suppose that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't find a match suppose that that
+edge was missing we use that me Edge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge was missing we use that me Edge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge was missing we use that me Edge in
+the match but let's suppose it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match but let's suppose it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match but let's suppose it was not
+there um let's get rid of it and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um let's get rid of it and uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um let's get rid of it and uh what
+we find now is that this last girl no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find now is that this last girl no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find now is that this last girl no
+longer can be match to be to this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer can be match to be to this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer can be match to be to this second
+boy which is what we previously had so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy which is what we previously had so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy which is what we previously had so
+let's try to find some other match and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to find some other match and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to find some other match and
+there isn't any and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't any and the reason is that
+if you look at this group of three girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this group of three girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this group of three girls
+on the left and you look at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and you look at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and you look at all of the
+boys on the right that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys on the right that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boys on the right that they are
+collectively compatible with that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively compatible with that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively compatible with that is one
+of these three girls at least is willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three girls at least is willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these three girls at least is willing
+to be paired with one of the boys on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paired with one of the boys on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be paired with one of the boys on the
+right there are only two boys that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are only two boys that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are only two boys that have
+to be shared among three girls and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shared among three girls and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shared among three girls and that
+is what's example uh what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's example uh what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's example uh what's called a
+bottleneck so we have three girls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck so we have three girls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck so we have three girls and
+collectively they only like two boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively they only like two boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively they only like two boys
+they're just not enough boys to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not enough boys to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just not enough boys to go
+around for these girls that proves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for these girls that proves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around for these girls that proves that
+a match is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a match is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a match is not going to be
+possible um so more generally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um so more generally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um so more generally if you
+have a set s of girls on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set s of girls on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set s of girls on the left and
+you look at the image of s Under The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the image of s Under The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the image of s Under The
+Edge relation that is e of s which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge relation that is e of s which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge relation that is e of s which is
+collectively the set of all of the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively the set of all of the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively the set of all of the boys
+that are compatible with one or more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are compatible with one or more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are compatible with one or more of
+the girls in s then whenever you have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls in s then whenever you have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the girls in s then whenever you have so
+we previously just had an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we previously just had an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we previously just had an example where
+s was three and E of s was two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s was three and E of s was two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s was three and E of s was two and
+because three was greater than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because three was greater than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because three was greater than two
+because s was greater than e of s we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because s was greater than e of s we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because s was greater than e of s we
+were bottlenecked and we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bottlenecked and we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were bottlenecked and we couldn't
+possibly find a match and more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly find a match and more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly find a match and more generally
+the definition of a bottleneck is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a bottleneck is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of a bottleneck is that
+if you have a set where the size of s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a set where the size of s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a set where the size of s is
+greater than the size of the image of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the size of the image of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the size of the image of s
+then that's called a bottleneck and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's called a bottleneck and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's called a bottleneck and the
+first observation we can make is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first observation we can make is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first observation we can make is the
+bottleneck Lemma says that um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck Lemma says that um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck Lemma says that um a
+bottleneck is a set s of girls without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck is a set s of girls without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck is a set s of girls without
+enough boys um and uh if s is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough boys um and uh if s is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough boys um and uh if s is greater
+than e of s that's called a bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e of s that's called a bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e of s that's called a bottleneck
+and when there is one no match is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when there is one no match is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when there is one no match is
+possible obviously yeah so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible obviously yeah so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible obviously yeah so this is a
+reason why there might not be a match is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why there might not be a match is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why there might not be a match is
+that there's a bottleneck now a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a bottleneck now a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a bottleneck now a rather
+deep theorem is conversely if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep theorem is conversely if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep theorem is conversely if there are
+no bottlenecks then in fact there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bottlenecks then in fact there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no bottlenecks then in fact there is a
+match this is known as Halls theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this is known as Halls theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this is known as Halls theorem
+it's not uh obvious although we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh obvious although we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not uh obvious although we'll find
+understandable proof of it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable proof of it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable proof of it and that's
+what we're going to do in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do in the next
+segment
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HgC1l_6ySkc.txt b/HgC1l_6ySkc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46ff4d7e6fde4aa40281f5460464d0a6513d9462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HgC1l_6ySkc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we go with the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go with the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go with the quiz
+review for the third quiz that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for the third quiz that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for the third quiz that's coming
+on Friday so one key point is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday so one key point is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday so one key point is that the
+quiz covers the quiz covers through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz covers the quiz covers through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz covers the quiz covers through
+chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+six chapter 7 on linear Transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six chapter 7 on linear Transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six chapter 7 on linear Transformations
+will appear on the final exam but not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear on the final exam but not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will appear on the final exam but not on
+the quiz so I won't review linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz so I won't review linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz so I won't review linear
+Transformations today but they'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations today but they'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations today but they'll come
+into the full course review on the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the full course review on the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the full course review on the very
+last lecture so today I'm reviewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture so today I'm reviewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture so today I'm reviewing
+chapter six and I'm going to take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six and I'm going to take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six and I'm going to take some
+old exams and I'm always ready to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old exams and I'm always ready to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old exams and I'm always ready to answer
+questions and I thought kind of helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I thought kind of helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I thought kind of helps
+our memories if I write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our memories if I write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our memories if I write down
+the main topics in chapter six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topics in chapter six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main topics in chapter six
+so already on the previous quiz we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already on the previous quiz we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so already on the previous quiz we knew
+how to find igen values and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find igen values and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to find igen values and igen
+vectors well we knew how to find them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors well we knew how to find them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors well we knew how to find them by
+that determinant of a minus Lambda I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant of a minus Lambda I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determinant of a minus Lambda I
+equals z but of course there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z but of course there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z but of course there could be
+shortcuts there could be like useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts there could be like useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcuts there could be like useful
+information about the igen values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the igen values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the igen values that
+that that we can uh speed things up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we can uh speed things up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we can uh speed things up with
+okay then the new stuff starts out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the new stuff starts out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then the new stuff starts out with
+with a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a differential
+equation so I'll I'll do a problem I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'll I'll do a problem I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'll I'll do a problem I'll
+do a differential equation problem first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a differential equation problem first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a differential equation problem first
+then the what's special about symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the what's special about symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the what's special about symmetric
+matrices can we just say that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices can we just say that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices can we just say that in
+words I better write it down though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I better write it down though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I better write it down though
+what's special about symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's special about symmetric matrices
+their igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are real the I values of a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real the I values of a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real the I values of a symmetric
+Matrix always come out real and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix always come out real and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix always come out real and there
+always are enough igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always are enough igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always are enough igen
+vectors even if there're repeated igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors even if there're repeated igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors even if there're repeated igen
+values there are enough igen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there are enough igen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there are enough igen vectors and
+we can choose those IG vectors to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose those IG vectors to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can choose those IG vectors to be
+orthogonal so if a equals a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so if a equals a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so if a equals a transpose
+the big fact will be that we can Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big fact will be that we can Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big fact will be that we can Factor
+it into we can diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into we can diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into we can diagonalize
+it and those igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and those igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and those igen Vector
+Matrix with the igen vectors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with the igen vectors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix with the igen vectors in the
+column can be an orthogonal Matrix so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column can be an orthogonal Matrix so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column can be an orthogonal Matrix so we
+get a q Lambda Q transpose that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a q Lambda Q transpose that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a q Lambda Q transpose that's the
+that that in three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that in three
+symbols expresses a wonderful fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols expresses a wonderful fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols expresses a wonderful fact a
+fundamental fact for symmetric matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact for symmetric matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fact for symmetric matrices
+okay then we went beyond that fact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we went beyond that fact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we went beyond that fact to
+ask about positive definite matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about positive definite matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about positive definite matrices
+when the igen values were positive I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the igen values were positive I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the igen values were positive I'll
+do an example of that similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example of that similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an example of that similar
+matrices that's now we've left left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's now we've left left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices that's now we've left left
+symmetry similar matrices or any Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry similar matrices or any Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry similar matrices or any Square
+matrices but the two matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but the two matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices but the two matrices are
+similar if they're related that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar if they're related that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar if they're related that way and
+what's the key point about similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key point about similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the key point about similar
+matrices somehow those matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices somehow those matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices somehow those matrices are
+representing the same thing in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the same thing in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the same thing in different
+basis in chapter 7even language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in chapter 7even language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in chapter 7even language in
+chapter 6 language what's up with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 6 language what's up with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 6 language what's up with these
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar
+matrices what's the key fact the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what's the key fact the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices what's the key fact the key
+positive fact about similar matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive fact about similar matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive fact about similar matrices
+they have the same igen values same IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same igen values same IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same igen values same IG
+values so if one of them grows the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so if one of them grows the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so if one of them grows the other
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+grows if we if one of them decays to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows if we if one of them decays to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows if we if one of them decays to
+zero the other one decays to zero if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the other one decays to zero if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the other one decays to zero if a
+that was that was or powers of a powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was or powers of a powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was or powers of a powers
+of powers of a will look like powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of powers of a will look like powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of powers of a will look like powers of
+B Because powers of a and powers of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Because powers of a and powers of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B Because powers of a and powers of B
+only differ by an M inverse and an M way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only differ by an M inverse and an M way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only differ by an M inverse and an M way
+on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside
+so if these are similar then B to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these are similar then B to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if these are similar then B to the K
+power is M inverse a to the K power M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is M inverse a to the K power M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is M inverse a to the K power M
+and that's why I say this m it it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I say this m it it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I say this m it it does
+change the igen vectors but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the igen vectors but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the igen vectors but it doesn't
+change the igen value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the igen value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the igen value so
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+lambdas and then finally I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas and then finally I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas and then finally I've got to
+review the point about the SVD the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the point about the SVD the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review the point about the SVD the
+singular value decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition
+okay so that's what's this quiz has got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what's this quiz has got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what's this quiz has got
+to cover and now I'll just take problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover and now I'll just take problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover and now I'll just take problems
+from earlier exams uh starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier exams uh starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier exams uh starting with a
+differential equation okay and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation okay and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation okay and always
+ready for questions so here's an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for questions so here's an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for questions so here's an exam
+from about the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about the year
+zero uh and it has a 3X3 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was and but it's a pretty special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and but it's a pretty special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and but it's a pretty special
+looking Matrix it's got zeros on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Matrix it's got zeros on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking Matrix it's got zeros on the
+diagonal it's got minus ones above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal it's got minus ones above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal it's got minus ones above and
+it's got plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got plus
+ones like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones like
+that so that's the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's the Matrix
+a okay step one is find the well I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay step one is find the well I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay step one is find the well I want
+to solve that equation I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that equation I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve that equation I want to find
+the general solution I haven't given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution I haven't given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution I haven't given you
+a u of zero here so I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u of zero here so I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u of zero here so I'm looking for the
+general solution so now what's the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution so now what's the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution so now what's the form
+of the general solution with with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the general solution with with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the general solution with with three
+arbitrary constants going to be inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constants going to be inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constants going to be inside
+it because those will be used to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because those will be used to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because those will be used to match
+the initial condition so the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition so the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial condition so the general
+form is U at time T is Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is U at time T is Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is U at time T is Su
+multiple of the first special solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the first special solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the first special solution
+the first special solution will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first special solution will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first special solution will be
+growing like the igen value and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing like the igen value and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing like the igen value and it's the
+igen vector so that's a pure exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector so that's a pure exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector so that's a pure exponential
+solution just staying with that igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution just staying with that igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution just staying with that igen
+Vector of course I haven't found yet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of course I haven't found yet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector of course I haven't found yet the
+igen values and igen vectors that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and igen vectors that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values and igen vectors that's
+normally the first job now there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the first job now there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the first job now there'll be a
+second one growing like e to the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one growing like e to the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one growing like e to the Lambda
+2 and a third one growing like e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and a third one growing like e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and a third one growing like e to the
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+3 so we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so we're all
+done well we haven't done anything yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well we haven't done anything yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done well we haven't done anything yet
+actually uh I've got to find the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I've got to find the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh I've got to find the igen
+values and IG vectors and then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and IG vectors and then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and IG vectors and then I would
+match U of Zer by choosing the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match U of Zer by choosing the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match U of Zer by choosing the right
+three constants okay so now I ask ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three constants okay so now I ask ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three constants okay so now I ask ask
+you about the igen values and igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the igen values and igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the igen values and igen
+vectors and you look at this Matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and you look at this Matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and you look at this Matrix then
+what do you see in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see in that
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+um well I guess of course we might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I guess of course we might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well I guess of course we might ask
+ourselves right away is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves right away is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves right away is it
+singular is it singular because if so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular is it singular because if so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular is it singular because if so
+then we really have a head start we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we really have a head start we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we really have a head start we know
+one of the igen values is zero is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the igen values is zero is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the igen values is zero is that
+Matrix singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know would you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know would you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know would you take the
+determinant to find out or do you maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant to find out or do you maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant to find out or do you maybe
+you look at the first row and third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the first row and third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the first row and third row
+and say hey the first row and third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey the first row and third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey the first row and third row
+are just opposite signs they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just opposite signs they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just opposite signs they're they're
+they're linear dependent the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're linear dependent the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're linear dependent the First
+Column and third column are depend it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column and third column are depend it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column and third column are depend it's
+singular so one I value is zero let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so one I value is zero let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so one I value is zero let's
+make that Lambda 1 Lambda one then will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Lambda 1 Lambda one then will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Lambda 1 Lambda one then will
+be zero okay now we've got a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero okay now we've got a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero okay now we've got a couple of
+other IG values to find and I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other IG values to find and I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other IG values to find and I suppose
+the simplest way is to look at a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way is to look at a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way is to look at a minus
+Lambda I so let me just put minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I so let me just put minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I so let me just put minus Lambda
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+here minus On's above ones below but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus On's above ones below but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus On's above ones below but
+actually before I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually before I do
+it so that Matrix is not symmetric for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that Matrix is not symmetric for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that Matrix is not symmetric for
+sure right in fact it's the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right in fact it's the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right in fact it's the very
+opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of
+symmetric that Matrix a transpose how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that Matrix a transpose how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric that Matrix a transpose how is
+transpose connected to a it's negative a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose connected to a it's negative a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose connected to a it's negative a
+it's an anti-symmetric Matrix skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an anti-symmetric Matrix skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an anti-symmetric Matrix skew
+symmetric Matrix and we've met maybe a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix and we've met maybe a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix and we've met maybe a 2
+by two example of skew symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two example of skew symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two example of skew symmetric
+matrices and let me just say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and let me just say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and let me just say what's the
+deal with their igen values they're pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imaginary they'll be on the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary they'll be on the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary they'll be on the imaginary
+axis they'll be some multiple of I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis they'll be some multiple of I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis they'll be some multiple of I if
+it's a an if it's an anti-symmetric skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a an if it's an anti-symmetric skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a an if it's an anti-symmetric skew
+symmetric Matrix so I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix so I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix so I'm looking for
+multiples of I and of course that's 0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of I and of course that's 0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of I and of course that's 0 *
+I that's that's on the imaginary axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's that's on the imaginary axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's that's on the imaginary axis
+but maybe I just do it out here Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe I just do it out here Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe I just do it out here Lambda
+cubed well maybe that's minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed well maybe that's minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed well maybe that's minus Lambda
+cubed and then a zero and a zero a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and then a zero and a zero a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed and then a zero and a zero a zero
+and then maybe I have a plus a Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe I have a plus a Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe I have a plus a Lambda
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+another plus Lambda but those go with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plus Lambda but those go with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plus Lambda but those go with a
+minus sign am I getting minus 2 Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign am I getting minus 2 Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign am I getting minus 2 Lambda
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z so so I'm solving Lambda Cub + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so so I'm solving Lambda Cub + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so so I'm solving Lambda Cub + 2
+Lambda equals 0 so one one root factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda equals 0 so one one root factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda equals 0 so one one root factors
+out Lambda and the other the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Lambda and the other the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Lambda and the other the rest is
+Lambda 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 +
+2 okay this is going the way we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay this is going the way we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay this is going the way we expect
+right because this gives the root Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this gives the root Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this gives the root Lambda
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+zero and this gives the other two Roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this gives the other two Roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this gives the other two Roots
+which are Lambda equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are Lambda equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are Lambda equal
+what the solutions of when is Lambda 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solutions of when is Lambda 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the solutions of when is Lambda 2 +
+2 equal 0 then the igen values those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equal 0 then the igen values those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 equal 0 then the igen values those
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what are
+they they're they're a multiple of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're they're a multiple of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're they're a multiple of I
+they're just square root of 2 I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just square root of 2 I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just square root of 2 I when I
+set when I set this equal to zero I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when I set this equal to zero I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set when I set this equal to zero I have
+Lambda 2 = to minus 2 right to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 = to minus 2 right to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 2 = to minus 2 right to make that
+zero and the roots are < TK of 2 I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the roots are < TK of 2 I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the roots are < TK of 2 I and
+minus the squ < T of two I so now I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the squ < T of two I so now I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the squ < T of two I so now I know
+what those I'll put those in now e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those I'll put those in now e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those I'll put those in now e to
+the 0o t is just a one so I so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0o t is just a one so I so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0o t is just a one so I so I don't
+even just it's just a one this is square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just it's just a one this is square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even just it's just a one this is square
+< TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of
+two I and this is minus < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I and this is minus < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I and this is minus < TK of
+two I so is the solution decaying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I so is the solution decaying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I so is the solution decaying to
+zero is this a completely stable problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is this a completely stable problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is this a completely stable problem
+where the solution is going to zero no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the solution is going to zero no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the solution is going to zero no
+in fact all these things are staying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all these things are staying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all these things are staying the
+same size this thing is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size this thing is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size this thing is getting
+multiplied by this number e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this number e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by this number e to the I
+something T that's a number that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something T that's a number that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something T that's a number that has
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+one and sort of wanders around the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and sort of wanders around the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and sort of wanders around the unit
+circle same for this so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle same for this so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle same for this so that the
+solution doesn't blow up and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution doesn't blow up and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution doesn't blow up and it doesn't
+go to zero okay and to find out what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero okay and to find out what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero okay and to find out what it
+actually is we would have to plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is we would have to plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is we would have to plug in
+initial conditions but actually the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions but actually the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions but actually the next
+question I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I ask
+is when does the solution return to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when does the solution return to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when does the solution return to its
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+value I won't even say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I won't even say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value I won't even say what's the
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+value this is a case in which the the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this is a case in which the the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this is a case in which the the I
+think this this solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this this solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this this solution is
+periodic after at at T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic after at at T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic after at at T equals
+Zer it starts at with C1 C2 and C3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer it starts at with C1 C2 and C3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer it starts at with C1 C2 and C3 and
+then at some value of T it comes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some value of T it comes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at some value of T it comes back to
+that so that's a very special question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's a very special question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's a very special question
+I'm not let's just take three seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not let's just take three seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not let's just take three seconds
+because that special question isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that special question isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that special question isn't
+likely to be on the quiz but it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be on the quiz but it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be on the quiz but it comes
+back to the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the start
+when well whenever we have e to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when well whenever we have e to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when well whenever we have e to the 2
+pii that's one and we've come back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pii that's one and we've come back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pii that's one and we've come back again
+so it comes back to the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period Peri it's periodic when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period Peri it's periodic when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period Peri it's periodic when this
+Square < TK of 2 I shall I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of 2 I shall I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square < TK of 2 I shall I call it
+capital T for the period for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T for the period for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T for the period for that
+particular T if that equals 2 pi I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular T if that equals 2 pi I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular T if that equals 2 pi I then
+then e to this thing is one and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e to this thing is one and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then e to this thing is one and we've
+come around again so the period is T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around again so the period is T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come around again so the period is T is
+determined here cancel the eyes and T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined here cancel the eyes and T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined here cancel the eyes and T is
+pi * time the < TK two so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi * time the < TK two so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi * time the < TK two so that's pretty
+neat we get all the information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat we get all the information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat we get all the information about
+all solutions we haven't fixed on only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all solutions we haven't fixed on only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all solutions we haven't fixed on only
+one particular solution but it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular solution but it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular solution but it comes
+around again so this was probably my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around again so this was probably my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around again so this was probably my
+first chance to say something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first chance to say something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first chance to say something about the
+whole family of anti- symmetric skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family of anti- symmetric skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family of anti- symmetric skew
+symmetric matrices okay and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices okay and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices okay and then finally
+I ask take take two igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask take take two igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ask take take two igen
+vectors again I haven't computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors again I haven't computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors again I haven't computed the
+igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors
+and it turns out they're orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out they're orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out they're orthogonal
+they're orthogonal the ion vectors of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're orthogonal the ion vectors of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're orthogonal the ion vectors of a
+symmetric Matrix or a SK symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix or a SK symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Matrix or a SK symmetric
+Matrix are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal I guess my conscience makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I guess my conscience makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I guess my conscience makes
+me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell
+you what are all the matrices that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are all the matrices that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what are all the matrices that have
+orthogonal igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal igen
+vectors and and symmetric is is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and and symmetric is is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and and symmetric is is the most
+important class that's the one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important class that's the one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important class that's the one we've
+spoken about but let's look let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about but let's look let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken about but let's look let me just
+put put that little fact down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put that little fact down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put that little fact down here
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+X's igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors A Matrix has orthogonal igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors A Matrix has orthogonal igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors A Matrix has orthogonal igen
+vectors the exact Condition it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the exact Condition it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors the exact Condition it's quite
+beautiful that that I can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful that that I can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful that that I can tell you
+exactly when that happens it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when that happens it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when that happens it happens
+when a * a transpose equals a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a * a transpose equals a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a * a transpose equals a transpose
+time a anytime that that's the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a anytime that that's the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a anytime that that's the condition
+for orthogonal Lon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orthogonal Lon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orthogonal Lon
+vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and
+because we're interested in special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're interested in special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're interested in special
+families of vectors tell me the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families of vectors tell me the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+families of vectors tell me the some
+special families that fit this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special families that fit this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special families that fit this is the
+whole requirement that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole requirement that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole requirement that's a pretty
+special requirement most Vector most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special requirement most Vector most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special requirement most Vector most
+matrices have I mean so the average 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have I mean so the average 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices have I mean so the average 3x3
+Matrix has three igen vectors but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has three igen vectors but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has three igen vectors but not
+orthogonal but if it happens to commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but if it happens to commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but if it happens to commute
+with its transposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its transposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its transposed
+then wonderfully the M the igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wonderfully the M the igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wonderfully the M the igen vectors
+are orthogonal now do you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal now do you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal now do you see how
+symmetric matrices pass this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices pass this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrices pass this
+test of course if a transpose equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of course if a transpose equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of course if a transpose equals a
+then both sides are a squ we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both sides are a squ we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both sides are a squ we've got
+it how do anti-symmetric matrices pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do anti-symmetric matrices pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do anti-symmetric matrices pass
+this test if a transpose equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test if a transpose equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test if a transpose equals minus
+a then we've got it again because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then we've got it again because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then we've got it again because we've
+got minus a^2 on both sides so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got minus a^2 on both sides so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got minus a^2 on both sides so those
+that's another group and finally let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another group and finally let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another group and finally let me
+ask you about our other favorite family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about our other favorite family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you about our other favorite family
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal
+matrices do orthogonal matrices pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices do orthogonal matrices pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices do orthogonal matrices pass
+this test if a is a q do they pass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test if a is a q do they pass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test if a is a q do they pass the
+test for orthogonal Ian vectors well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for orthogonal Ian vectors well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test for orthogonal Ian vectors well if
+a is Q an orthogonal Matrix what is Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is Q an orthogonal Matrix what is Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is Q an orthogonal Matrix what is Q
+transpose Q it's I and what is QQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q it's I and what is QQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose Q it's I and what is QQ
+transpose it's I we're talking Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's I we're talking Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose it's I we're talking Square
+matrices here so yes it passes is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here so yes it passes is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices here so yes it passes is the
+test so the special cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so the special cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test so the special cases are
+symmetric anti-symmetric I'll say skew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric anti-symmetric I'll say skew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric anti-symmetric I'll say skew
+symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric and
+orthogonal that's those are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal that's those are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal that's those are the three
+important special classes that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important special classes that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important special classes that that are
+in this family okay that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this family okay that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this family okay that's like a
+comment that uh um could have been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that uh um could have been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that uh um could have been made
+back in uh section 6.4 okay um I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in uh section 6.4 okay um I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in uh section 6.4 okay um I can
+pursue this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue this
+with I I better better pursue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I I better better pursue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with I I better better pursue the
+differential equations although this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations although this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations although this
+question didn't ask it to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question didn't ask it to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question didn't ask it to ask you to
+tell me how would I find this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how would I find this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how would I find this Matrix
+exponential e to the a so can I erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the a so can I erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the a so can I erase
+this I'll I'll just stay with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll I'll just stay with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'll I'll just stay with this
+same how would I find e to the a because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same how would I find e to the a because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same how would I find e to the a because
+how does that come in that's the the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that come in that's the the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that come in that's the the key
+Matrix for differential equation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for differential equation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for differential equation because
+the solution is the solution is U of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is the solution is U of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is the solution is U of T
+is e to the A T U of Z so this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the A T U of Z so this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e to the A T U of Z so this is like
+the the fundamental Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fundamental Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fundamental Matrix that
+multiplies the given function and gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the given function and gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the given function and gives
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+answer and how do we how would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and how do we how would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and how do we how would we
+compute it if we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it if we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it if we wanted
+that we don't always have to find e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't always have to find e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't always have to find e to
+the a because I can go directly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a because I can go directly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a because I can go directly to the
+answer with without any e to the a TS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with without any e to the a TS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer with without any e to the a TS
+but hiding here is an e to the A and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hiding here is an e to the A and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hiding here is an e to the A and how
+would I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I compute
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+well if if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if if a is
+diagonalizable if so I'm now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable if so I'm now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable if so I'm now going to
+put in my usual if if a can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in my usual if if a can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in my usual if if a can be
+diagonalized and everybody remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized and everybody remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized and everybody remembers
+that there is an if there because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an if there because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an if there because it
+might not have enough I vectors this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have enough I vectors this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have enough I vectors this
+example does have enough random matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does have enough random matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does have enough random matrices
+have enough so if we can diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough so if we can diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough so if we can diagonalize
+then we get a nice formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get a nice formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get a nice formula for this
+because an S comes way out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an S comes way out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because an S comes way out at the
+beginning an S inverse comes way out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning an S inverse comes way out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning an S inverse comes way out at
+the end and we only have to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and we only have to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end and we only have to take the
+exponential of Lambda and that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of Lambda and that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of Lambda and that's just a
+diagonal matrix so that's just e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix so that's just e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix so that's just e to the
+lambda1 T these these guys are showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda1 T these these guys are showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda1 T these these guys are showing
+up now in the e to the Lambda n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now in the e to the Lambda n t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now in the e to the Lambda n t
+okay that's a really quick review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a really quick review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a really quick review of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula it's something we can compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's something we can compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula it's something we can compute it
+quickly if we have done the S and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly if we have done the S and Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly if we have done the S and Lambda
+part if we know s and lamb then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part if we know s and lamb then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part if we know s and lamb then it's not
+hard to take that step okay that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to take that step okay that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to take that step okay that's some
+comments on differential equations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on differential equations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on differential equations I
+would like to go on to uh a next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to go on to uh a next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to go on to uh a next
+question that I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I started
+here uh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh and it's
+uh got several parts and I I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got several parts and I I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh got several parts and I I can just
+read it out what we're given is a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it out what we're given is a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it out what we're given is a 3X3
+Matrix and we're told it's I values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we're told it's I values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we're told it's I values
+except one of these is like we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one of these is like we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except one of these is like we don't
+know and we're told the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and we're told the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and we're told the I
+vectors and I want to ask you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and I want to ask you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and I want to ask you about the
+Matrix okay so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so first
+question is the is the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the is the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is the is the Matrix
+diagonalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable
+and I really mean for which for which C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really mean for which for which C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I really mean for which for which C
+because I don't know C so my questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know C so my questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know C so my questions
+will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all
+be for which is is there a condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for which is is there a condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for which is is there a condition on
+C does one C work but but what I your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C does one C work but but what I your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C does one C work but but what I your
+answer should tell me all the C's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should tell me all the C's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer should tell me all the C's that
+work I'm not asking like to for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm not asking like to for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I'm not asking like to for you to
+tell me Well c equal 4 yeah that checks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me Well c equal 4 yeah that checks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me Well c equal 4 yeah that checks
+out I want to know all the C's that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I want to know all the C's that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I want to know all the C's that make
+it diagonalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ible okay what's the deal on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ible okay what's the deal on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ible okay what's the deal on
+diagonalizable we need enough igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable we need enough igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable we need enough igen
+vectors right we don't care what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right we don't care what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right we don't care what those
+igen values are it's igen vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are it's igen vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are it's igen vectors that
+count for diagonalizable and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for diagonalizable and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for diagonalizable and we need
+three independent ones and are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent ones and are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent ones and are those
+three guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three guys
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+Yes actually let's look at them for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes actually let's look at them for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes actually let's look at them for a
+moment what do you see about those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what do you see about those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment what do you see about those three
+vectors right away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors right away
+they're more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more than
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+they're can you see what's why uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're can you see what's why uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're can you see what's why uh those
+three got chosen because it'll come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three got chosen because it'll come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three got chosen because it'll come up
+in the next Parts they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next Parts they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next Parts they
+are they're orthogonal those ion vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're orthogonal those ion vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're orthogonal those ion vectors
+are orthogonal they're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal they're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal they're certainly
+independent so the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the answer to
+diagonalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable
+Is yes all see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is yes all see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is yes all see all
+see doesn't matter C could be a repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see doesn't matter C could be a repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see doesn't matter C could be a repeated
+guy but we've got enough I vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but we've got enough I vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy but we've got enough I vectors so
+that's what we care about okay second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we care about okay second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we care about okay second
+question for which values of c is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the answer to that
+one if we know the same same setup if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we know the same same setup if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we know the same same setup if we
+know that much about it we know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that much about it we know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that much about it we know those
+igen vectors and we've noticed they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and we've noticed they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors and we've noticed they're
+orthogonal then then which C's will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal then then which C's will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal then then which C's will
+work so the I values of that symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the I values of that symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so the I values of that symmetric
+Matrix have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix have to
+be real so all real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real so all real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be real so all real
+C if C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C if C was
+I The Matrix wouldn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I The Matrix wouldn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I The Matrix wouldn't have been
+symmetric but if C is a real number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but if C is a real number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but if C is a real number then
+we've got real I values we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got real I values we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got real I values we've got
+orthogonal I vectors that Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I vectors that Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I vectors that Matrix is
+symmetric okay positive defin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's now this is a subcase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now this is a subcase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's now this is a subcase of
+symmetric so we need c to be real so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so we need c to be real so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so we need c to be real so
+we've got a symmetric Matrix but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a symmetric Matrix but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a symmetric Matrix but we also
+want the thing to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the thing to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the thing to be positive
+definite now we're looking at igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite now we're looking at igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite now we're looking at igen
+values we got a lot of tests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we got a lot of tests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we got a lot of tests for
+positive definite but Ian values if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite but Ian values if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive definite but Ian values if we
+know them is certainly a good quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them is certainly a good quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them is certainly a good quick
+clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean
+test could this Matrix be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test could this Matrix be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test could this Matrix be positive
+definite no no because it's got an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite no no because it's got an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite no no because it's got an igen
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+zero it could be positive semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it could be positive semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it could be positive semi-definite
+you know like constellation price if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like constellation price if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like constellation price if if
+C was greater or equal zero it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C was greater or equal zero it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C was greater or equal zero it would be
+positive semi-definite but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi-definite but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive semi-definite but it's
+not no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no
+semi-definite if I put that comment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite if I put that comment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite if I put that comment in
+in semi definite that the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semi definite that the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in semi definite that the condition
+would be C greater or equal Z then we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be C greater or equal Z then we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be C greater or equal Z then we'd
+be all right okay next part is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all right okay next part is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be all right okay next part is it a
+Markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markoff
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+H is could this Matrix be if I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is could this Matrix be if I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is could this Matrix be if I choose
+the number c correctly a Markoff Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well what do we know about Markoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do we know about Markoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what do we know about Markoff
+matrices mainly we know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices mainly we know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices mainly we know something about
+their igen values one igen value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their igen values one igen value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their igen values one igen value is
+always one and the other IG values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and the other IG values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and the other IG values are
+smaller not larger so an IG value two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller not larger so an IG value two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller not larger so an IG value two
+can't happen so the answer is no not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen so the answer is no not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't happen so the answer is no not a
+that's never a Markoff Matrix okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's never a Markoff Matrix okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's never a Markoff Matrix okay and
+finally could 1 half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally could 1 half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally could 1 half of
+a be a projection Matrix so could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a be a projection Matrix so could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a be a projection Matrix so could it
+could this could this be twice a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this could this be twice a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this could this be twice a
+projection Matrix or let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix or let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix or let me write it
+this way could could a over two be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way could could a over two be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way could could a over two be a
+projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix okay what are projection matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay what are projection matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay what are projection matrices
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+real I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real I
+mean they're symmetric so their IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're symmetric so their IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're symmetric so their IG
+values are real but more than that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are real but more than that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are real but more than that we
+know what those IG values have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what those IG values have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what those IG values have to
+be What do the I values of a projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be What do the I values of a projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be What do the I values of a projection
+Matrix have to be see any any nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix have to be see any any nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix have to be see any any nice
+Matrix we've got we've got an idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we've got we've got an idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we've got we've got an idea about
+its igen values so the igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values so the igen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its igen values so the igen values of
+projection matrices are zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection matrices are zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection matrices are zero and
+one zero and one only because p^2 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero and one only because p^2 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero and one only because p^2 equals
+P let me call this Matrix P so p s = p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P let me call this Matrix P so p s = p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P let me call this Matrix P so p s = p
+so Lambda s equal Lambda CU I values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda s equal Lambda CU I values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda s equal Lambda CU I values of
+p^2 or Lambda squ and we must have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 or Lambda squ and we must have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 or Lambda squ and we must have that
+so Lambda equal 0 or 1 okay now if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda equal 0 or 1 okay now if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda equal 0 or 1 okay now if what
+what value of C will work there so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value of C will work there so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what value of C will work there so then
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+need there are some value that will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need there are some value that will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need there are some value that will work
+and what what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what what will
+work Cals 0 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Cals 0 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work Cals 0 will
+work or what else will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c equal to two because if C is two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equal to two because if C is two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c equal to two because if C is two then
+when we divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we divide by
+two this this I value of two will drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this this I value of two will drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this this I value of two will drop
+to one and and so will the other one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and and so will the other one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and and so will the other one so
+or c equal to two Okay those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or c equal to two Okay those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or c equal to two Okay those are the
+guys that will work and then and was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that will work and then and was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that will work and then and was the
+fact that those ion vectors were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that those ion vectors were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that those ion vectors were
+orthogonal the fact that those igon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal the fact that those igon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal the fact that those igon
+vectors were orthogonal carried us a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors were orthogonal carried us a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors were orthogonal carried us a lot
+of the way here if they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way here if they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way here if they weren't
+orthogonal then symmetric would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal then symmetric would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal then symmetric would have
+been dead positive definite would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dead positive definite would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dead positive definite would have
+been dead projection would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dead projection would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been dead projection would have been
+dead but those I vectors were orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead but those I vectors were orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead but those I vectors were orthogonal
+so it came down to the igen values okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it came down to the igen values okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it came down to the igen values okay
+that's a that was like a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that was like a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a that was like a chance to
+review a lot of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a lot of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review a lot of this
+chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+um so I take the so I jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I take the so I jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I take the so I jump to the
+singular value decomposition then as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition then as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition then as the
+third uh topic for um for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh topic for um for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third uh topic for um for the
+review okay so I'm going to jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so this is the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is the singular value
+decomposition known as to everybody as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition known as to everybody as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition known as to everybody as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+SVD and that's a factorization of a into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD and that's a factorization of a into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD and that's a factorization of a into
+orthogonal time diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+orthogonal and we always call those U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and we always call those U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal and we always call those U
+and sigma and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sigma and V
+transpose okay and the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay and the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay and the key to
+that this is this this is for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is this this is for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is this this is for every
+Matrix every a every a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix every a every a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix every a every a rectangular
+doesn't matter whatever can be has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whatever can be has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whatever can be has has
+this decomposition so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decomposition so it's really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+and the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key to
+it is to look at things like a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to look at things like a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to look at things like a transpose
+a can we remember what happens with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can we remember what happens with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a can we remember what happens with a
+transpose a if I just transpose that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a if I just transpose that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a if I just transpose that I
+get V Sigma transpose U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get V Sigma transpose U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get V Sigma transpose U
+transpose that's multiplying a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's multiplying a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose that's multiplying a which is
+U Sigma V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Sigma V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Sigma V
+transpose and the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is V on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V on the
+outside U transpose U is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside U transpose U is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside U transpose U is the identity
+because it's an orthogonal Matrix so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an orthogonal Matrix so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an orthogonal Matrix so I'm
+just left with Sigma transpose Sigma in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just left with Sigma transpose Sigma in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just left with Sigma transpose Sigma in
+the middle that's a that's a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that's a that's a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle that's a that's a diagonal
+possibly rectangular diagonal by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly rectangular diagonal by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly rectangular diagonal by its
+transpose so the result is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the result is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so the result is this is
+orthogonal diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal so I guess actually this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so I guess actually this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so I guess actually this is
+the SVD for a transpose a here I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD for a transpose a here I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SVD for a transpose a here I see
+orthogonal diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal diagonal
+and orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and orthogonal
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+but little more is happening for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but little more is happening for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but little more is happening for a
+transpose a the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose a the difference
+is the orthogonal guys are the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the orthogonal guys are the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the orthogonal guys are the same it's
+V and V transpose what am I seeing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and V transpose what am I seeing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and V transpose what am I seeing here
+I'm seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing the
+factorization for a symmetric Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization for a symmetric Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization for a symmetric Matrix
+this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symmetric so in a symmetric case U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so in a symmetric case U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so in a symmetric case U is
+the same as v u is the same as V for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as v u is the same as V for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as v u is the same as V for
+this symmetric Matrix and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetric Matrix and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetric Matrix and of course we
+see it happening okay so that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it happening okay so that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it happening okay so that tells us
+right away what these what V is V is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what these what V is V is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away what these what V is V is the
+en Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+en Vector
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+for a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transpose
+a okay now you if you were here when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay now you if you were here when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay now you if you were here when I
+lectured about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectured about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectured about
+this topic when I gave the lecture on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic when I gave the lecture on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic when I gave the lecture on on
+singular value decompositions you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decompositions you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decompositions you'll
+remember that I got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trouble I'm sorry to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble I'm sorry to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble I'm sorry to remember that
+myself but it happened okay how did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself but it happened okay how did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself but it happened okay how did it
+happen I did I was in great shape for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I did I was in great shape for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I did I was in great shape for a
+while cruising along so I found the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while cruising along so I found the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while cruising along so I found the ion
+vectors for a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for a transpose a
+good I found the singular values what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I found the singular values what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I found the singular values what
+were they what were the singular values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they what were the singular values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they what were the singular values
+the singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singular value
+singular value number I for these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value number I for these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value number I for these are
+the guys in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guys in
+Sigma this has this is diagonal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma this has this is diagonal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma this has this is diagonal with the
+number Sigma in it this diagonal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Sigma in it this diagonal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number Sigma in it this diagonal is
+Sigma 1 Sigma 2 up to the rank Sigma R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 Sigma 2 up to the rank Sigma R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 1 Sigma 2 up to the rank Sigma R
+those are the nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the nonzero
+ones so I found those and what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I found those and what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so I found those and what are they
+remind me about that well here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me about that well here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind me about that well here I'm
+seeing them squared so they're squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them squared so they're squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing them squared so they're squares
+are the I values of a transpose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the I values of a transpose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the I values of a transpose a
+good so I just take the square root if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I just take the square root if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so I just take the square root if I
+want the I values of a transpose if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I values of a transpose if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the I values of a transpose if I
+want the sigmas and I know these I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the sigmas and I know these I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the sigmas and I know these I take
+the square root the positive square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root the positive square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root the positive square root
+okay where did I run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where did I run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where did I run into
+trouble well then my final step was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble well then my final step was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble well then my final step was to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+U and I didn't read the book uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I didn't read the book uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and I didn't read the book uh
+so uh I I did something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I I did something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I I did something that was
+practically right but well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically right but well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically right but well I guess
+practically right is not quite the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically right is not quite the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically right is not quite the same
+okay so I thought okay I'll look at a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I thought okay I'll look at a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I thought okay I'll look at a a
+transpose what happened when I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what happened when I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what happened when I looked at
+AA transpose let me just put it here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA transpose let me just put it here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AA transpose let me just put it here and
+then I can conceal it okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can conceal it okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can conceal it okay so here's
+here's AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose so that's U Sigma V transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that's U Sigma V transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so that's U Sigma V transpose
+that's a and then the transpose is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a and then the transpose is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a and then the transpose is V
+Sigma transpose U transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma transpose U transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma transpose U transpose
+fine and then in the middle is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then in the middle is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then in the middle is the
+identity again so it looks great U Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity again so it looks great U Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity again so it looks great U Sigma
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma
+transpose U transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose U transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose U transpose
+fine all good and again the now the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine all good and again the now the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine all good and again the now the igen
+vector now these Columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now these Columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now these Columns of
+U are the igen vector vectors that's U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U are the igen vector vectors that's U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U are the igen vector vectors that's U
+is the igen vector Matrix for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen vector Matrix for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen vector Matrix for this
+guy that was correct so I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that was correct so I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that was correct so I did that
+fine where did something go wrong A A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine where did something go wrong A A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine where did something go wrong A A
+Sign went wrong a sign went wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sign went wrong a sign went wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sign went wrong a sign went wrong
+because and now now I see actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and now now I see actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and now now I see actually
+somebody told me right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class we can't tell from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we can't tell from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we can't tell from this
+description which sign to give the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description which sign to give the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description which sign to give the igen
+vectors if I if this is if these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if I if this is if these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if I if this is if these are the
+igen vectors of this Matrix well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors of this Matrix well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors of this Matrix well if you
+give me an igen vector and I change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an igen vector and I change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me an igen vector and I change all
+its signs you we've still got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its signs you we've still got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its signs you we've still got another
+igen Vector so what I wasn't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector so what I wasn't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector so what I wasn't able to
+determine and I had a 50/50 chance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and I had a 50/50 chance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and I had a 50/50 chance and
+life let me down the signs I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life let me down the signs I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life let me down the signs I just
+happened to pick for the igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to pick for the igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to pick for the igen vectors
+one of them I should have reversed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them I should have reversed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them I should have reversed the
+sign so from this I can't tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so from this I can't tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so from this I can't tell whether
+the IG vector or it negative is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG vector or it negative is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG vector or it negative is the
+right one to use in there so the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one to use in there so the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one to use in there so the right
+way to do it is to having settled on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to having settled on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to having settled on the
+signs the v's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs the v's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs the v's
+also I don't know which sign to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I don't know which sign to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I don't know which sign to choose
+but I choose one I choose one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I choose one I choose one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I choose one I choose one and then
+the then the I should have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the I should have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then the I should have used
+instead I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead I should have
+used the one that tells me what sign to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the one that tells me what sign to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the one that tells me what sign to
+choose the rule that a time a v is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the rule that a time a v is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the rule that a time a v is Sigma
+times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the
+U so having decided on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so having decided on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so having decided on the
+v i multiply by a I'll notice the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i multiply by a I'll notice the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v i multiply by a I'll notice the factor
+Sigma coming out and there'll be a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma coming out and there'll be a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma coming out and there'll be a unit
+Vector there and I now know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector there and I now know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector there and I now know
+which you know what the exactly what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know what the exactly what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know what the exactly what it
+is and and not only up to a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and and not only up to a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and and not only up to a change of
+sign so that's the good and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that's the good and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so that's the good and and of
+course this is the main point about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is the main point about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is the main point about the
+SVD that's the point that we've Diagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD that's the point that we've Diagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD that's the point that we've Diagon
+that's a * The Matrix of of V's equals U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a * The Matrix of of V's equals U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a * The Matrix of of V's equals U
+* the M diagonal matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the M diagonal matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the M diagonal matrix of
+sigmas that's that's the same as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas that's that's the same as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmas that's that's the same as that
+okay so that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's like
+correcting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting
+um the the the wrong sign from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the wrong sign from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the wrong sign from that
+earlier lecture and that would complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lecture and that would complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lecture and that would complete
+that so that's how you would compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's how you would compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's how you would compute the
+SVD now on the quiz am I going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD now on the quiz am I going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD now on the quiz am I going to ask
+well maybe on the final so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe on the final so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe on the final so we've got
+quiz and final ahead uh sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and final ahead uh sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and final ahead uh sometimes you
+might be asked to find the SVD if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be asked to find the SVD if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be asked to find the SVD if I give
+you the Matrix let me come back now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Matrix let me come back now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the Matrix let me come back now to
+the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+or I might give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I might give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I might give you the
+pieces and I might ask you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I might ask you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I might ask you something
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+Matrix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix for
+example suppose I ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose I ask
+you oh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh let's
+say um well I if I tell you what Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um well I if I tell you what Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say um well I if I tell you what Sigma
+is well let's okay let's take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well let's okay let's take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well let's okay let's take one
+example suppose Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose Sigma
+is uh so all all that's how we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so all all that's how we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so all all that's how we would
+compute them but now suppose I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them but now suppose I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute them but now suppose I give you
+these suppose I give you Sigma is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+32 and I tell you that U is has a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and I tell you that U is has a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 and I tell you that U is has a couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+columns and V has a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns
+okay those are orthogonal columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are orthogonal columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are orthogonal columns of
+course because u and v orthogonal i I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because u and v orthogonal i I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course because u and v orthogonal i I'm
+just sort of like getting you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of like getting you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of like getting you to think
+about the SVD because we only had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the SVD because we only had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the SVD because we only had that
+one lecture about it and one homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lecture about it and one homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one lecture about it and one homework
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh what kind of a matrix have I got what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kind of a matrix have I got what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kind of a matrix have I got what
+do I know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know about this
+Matrix all I really know right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all I really know right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix all I really know right now is
+that it's singular values those sigmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's singular values those sigmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's singular values those sigmas
+are three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three and
+two and the only thing interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the only thing interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and the only thing interesting that
+I can see in that is that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see in that is that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see in that is that they're not
+zero I I know that this Matrix is non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I I know that this Matrix is non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I I know that this Matrix is non-
+singular right that that's invertible I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right that that's invertible I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular right that that's invertible I
+don't have any zero I values any zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any zero I values any zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any zero I values any zero
+singular values that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values that's
+invertible there's a typical SVD for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible there's a typical SVD for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible there's a typical SVD for a
+nice 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two non singular invertible good Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two non singular invertible good Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two non singular invertible good Matrix
+if I actually gave you a matrix then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I actually gave you a matrix then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I actually gave you a matrix then
+you'd have to find the U's and the v's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to find the U's and the v's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to find the U's and the v's
+as we just spoke but there now what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we just spoke but there now what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we just spoke but there now what if
+what if the two wasn't a two but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the two wasn't a two but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the two wasn't a two but it was
+well let me make an extreme case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me make an extreme case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me make an extreme case here
+suppose it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus5 that's wrong right away that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 that's wrong right away that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus5 that's wrong right away that's
+not a singular value decomposition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a singular value decomposition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a singular value decomposition right
+the S the singular values are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S the singular values are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S the singular values are not
+negative so that that's not a singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that that's not a singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so that that's not a singular
+value decomposition and forget it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition and forget it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value decomposition and forget it okay
+so let me ask you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me ask you about that
+one what can you tell me about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix it's singular right it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's singular right it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix it's singular right it's got a
+singular Matrix there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular Matrix there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular Matrix there in the
+middle and let's see can you so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and let's see can you so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and let's see can you so okay
+it's singular maybe you can tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular maybe you can tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singular maybe you can tell me
+um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's
+rank what's the rank of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank what's the rank of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank what's the rank of
+a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's
+clearly somebody just say it one thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly somebody just say it one thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly somebody just say it one thanks
+the rank is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rank is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh so the null space what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the null space what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the null space what's the
+dimension of the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of the null
+space one right we've got a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space one right we've got a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space one right we've got a 2X two
+Matrix of rank one so all that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of rank one so all that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix of rank one so all that stuff
+from the beginning of the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning of the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning of the course is
+still with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the dimensions of those fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions of those fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions of those fundamental
+spaces is still Central and a basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces is still Central and a basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces is still Central and a basis for
+them now can you tell me a vector that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now can you tell me a vector that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them now can you tell me a vector that's
+in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the null
+space and then that's that'll be my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then that's that'll be my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and then that's that'll be my last
+point to make about the SVD can you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to make about the SVD can you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to make about the SVD can you tell
+me a vector that's in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space so I'm it's really it's somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm it's really it's somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm it's really it's somehow
+what would I multiply by and get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I multiply by and get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I multiply by and get zero
+here I think the answer is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think the answer is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I think the answer is probably
+V2 I think probably V2 is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 I think probably V2 is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 I think probably V2 is in the null
+space because I think that must be the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because I think that must be the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because I think that must be the I
+Vector going with this zero I value yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector going with this zero I value yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector going with this zero I value yeah
+have a look at that and the and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at that and the and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look at that and the and and I
+could ask you the null space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask you the null space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask you the null space of a
+transpose and I could ask you the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I could ask you the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and I could ask you the column
+space all that stuff everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all that stuff everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space all that stuff everything is
+sitting there in the SVD the SV D takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there in the SVD the SV D takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there in the SVD the SV D takes
+a little more time to compute but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more time to compute but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more time to compute but it
+displays all the good stuff about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays all the good stuff about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays all the good stuff about a
+matrix okay any question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay any question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay any question about the
+SVD uh let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD uh let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SVD uh let
+me keep going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me keep going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me keep going with
+uh uh further topics now let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh further topics now let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh further topics now let's see
+similar matrices we've talked about let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar matrices we've talked about let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar matrices we've talked about let
+let me let me see if I've got another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me see if I've got another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me see if I've got another uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here's a true false so we can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a true false so we can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a true false so we can do that
+uh easily so question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a is
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so matrices like that don't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so matrices like that don't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so matrices like that don't come
+along every day but what can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along every day but what can we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along every day but what can we say
+first about its zigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about its zigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about its zigen
+values actually of course we got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually of course we got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values actually of course we got here
+are two most important classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two most important classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two most important classes of
+matrices and we're looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we're looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and we're looking at the
+intersection so those really are neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection so those really are neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection so those really are neat
+matrices and what can you tell me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and what can you tell me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and what can you tell me about
+the what could the possible igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what could the possible igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what could the possible igen values
+be igen values can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be igen values can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be igen values can
+be what what do I know about the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what what do I know about the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what what do I know about the I
+values of a symmetric Matrix Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a symmetric Matrix Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a symmetric Matrix Lambda
+is real what do I know about the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real what do I know about the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real what do I know about the igen
+values of an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of an orthogonal
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+H maybe nothing but no that can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe nothing but no that can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H maybe nothing but no that can't be
+what do I know about the I values of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I know about the I values of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I know about the I values of an
+orthogonal Matrix well what feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix well what feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix well what feels
+right basing mathematics on just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basing mathematics on just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basing mathematics on just a
+little gut instinct here the I values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gut instinct here the I values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gut instinct here the I values of
+an orthogonal Matrix ought to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal Matrix ought to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orthogonal Matrix ought to have
+magnitude one orthogonal matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one orthogonal matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one orthogonal matrices are
+like rotations they're not changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rotations they're not changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rotations they're not changing the
+length so orthogonal the ion values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so orthogonal the ion values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so orthogonal the ion values are
+one let me just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+why so the Matrix let's let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so the Matrix let's let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so the Matrix let's let's call it
+can I call it Q for orthogonal for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I call it Q for orthogonal for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I call it Q for orthogonal for the
+moment I'm if I look at QX Lambda X how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'm if I look at QX Lambda X how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I'm if I look at QX Lambda X how
+do I see that this thing has magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I see that this thing has magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I see that this thing has magnitude
+one I take the length of both sides this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take the length of both sides this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I take the length of both sides this
+is taking lengths taking lengths this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking lengths taking lengths this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taking lengths taking lengths this is
+whatever the magnitude is times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the magnitude is times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the magnitude is times the
+length of X and what's the length of QX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of X and what's the length of QX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of X and what's the length of QX
+if Q is an orthogonal Matrix this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is an orthogonal Matrix this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is an orthogonal Matrix this is
+something you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you should
+know it's the same as the length of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the same as the length of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's the same as the length of X
+orthogonal matrices don't change lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices don't change lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices don't change lengths
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so Lambda has to be one right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda has to be one right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda has to be one right okay
+that's worth committing to memory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth committing to memory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth committing to memory that
+could show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could show up
+again okay so what's the answer now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so what's the answer now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay so what's the answer now to
+the to to this question what can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to this question what can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to to this question what can the
+igen values be there's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values be there's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values be there's only two
+possibilities and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and they
+are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other one the other possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one the other possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one the other possibility
+is negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative one
+right because these have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because these have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because these have the right
+magnitude and they're real okay okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and they're real okay okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and they're real okay okay uh
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+okay true or false a is sure to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay true or false a is sure to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay true or false a is sure to be
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+definite well this is a great Matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite well this is a great Matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite well this is a great Matrix but
+is it sure to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it sure to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it sure to be positive
+definite no if it could have an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite no if it could have an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite no if it could have an igen
+value minus one it wouldn't be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus one it wouldn't be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus one it wouldn't be positive
+definite true or false it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite true or false it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite true or false it has no
+repeated igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's false too in fact it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false too in fact it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's false too in fact it's going to
+have repeated igen values if it's as big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have repeated igen values if it's as big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have repeated igen values if it's as big
+as 3x3 one of these one of these at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 3x3 one of these one of these at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 3x3 one of these one of these at
+least will have to get repeated sure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least will have to get repeated sure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least will have to get repeated sure so
+it's got repeated I values but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got repeated I values but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got repeated I values but is it
+diagonalizable it's got these many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable it's got these many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable it's got these many many
+repeated IG values if it's 50 by 50 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated IG values if it's 50 by 50 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated IG values if it's 50 by 50 it's
+certainly got a lot of repetitions is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly got a lot of repetitions is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly got a lot of repetitions is it
+diagonalizable yes all symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable yes all symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable yes all symmetric
+matrices all orthogonal matrices can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all orthogonal matrices can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all orthogonal matrices can be
+diagonalized and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized and in
+fact the igen vectors can even be chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the igen vectors can even be chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the igen vectors can even be chosen
+orthogonal so it can be sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so it can be sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal so it can be sort of like
+diagonalized the best way with a Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized the best way with a Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalized the best way with a Q and
+not just any old s okay is it non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any old s okay is it non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any old s okay is it non
+singular is is a symetric orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular is is a symetric orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular is is a symetric orthogonal
+matrix non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular sure orthogonal matrices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular sure orthogonal matrices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular sure orthogonal matrices are
+always non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always non
+singular and obviously we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and obviously we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular and obviously we don't have any
+zero igen values is it sure to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero igen values is it sure to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero igen values is it sure to be
+diagonalizable yes prove that now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable yes prove that now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizable yes prove that now here's
+a final step show that 12 of a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final step show that 12 of a +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final step show that 12 of a +
+I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is
+a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof 12 of a + I is a projection Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh let's see what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I could see two ways to do this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I could see two ways to do this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I could see two ways to do this I
+could check the properties of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could check the properties of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could check the properties of a
+projection Matrix which are what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix which are what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix which are what a
+projection Matrix is symmetric well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix is symmetric well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix is symmetric well
+that's certainly symmetric because a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly symmetric because a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's certainly symmetric because a is
+and what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the other
+property I should Square it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I should Square it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I should Square it and
+hopefully get the same thing back so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully get the same thing back so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully get the same thing back so can
+I do that square and see if I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that square and see if I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do that square and see if I get the
+same thing back so if I Square it I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing back so if I Square it I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing back so if I Square it I'll
+get one4 of a^ 2 + 2 a + I right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one4 of a^ 2 + 2 a + I right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one4 of a^ 2 + 2 a + I right and the
+question is does that agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with P the thing itself 12 a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess I'd like to know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'd like to know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I'd like to know something about
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+squar what is a squar that's our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar what is a squar that's our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar what is a squar that's our problem
+what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s if a is symmetric in orthogonal a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if a is symmetric in orthogonal a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if a is symmetric in orthogonal a is
+symmetric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orthogonal this is what we're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal this is what we're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal this is what we're given
+right it's symmetric and it's orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's symmetric and it's orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's symmetric and it's orthogonal
+so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's a
+s i a s is I because a * a if a a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i a s is I because a * a if a a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s i a s is I because a * a if a a equals
+its own inverse so a * a is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own inverse so a * a is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its own inverse so a * a is the same as
+a * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a * a
+inverse which is I so this a s here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and now we've got it we've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and now we've got it we've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and now we've got it we've got two
+identities over four that's good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities over four that's good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities over four that's good and
+we've got two A's over four that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two A's over four that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two A's over four that's good
+okay so it it turned out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it it turned out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it it turned out to be a
+projection Matrix safely and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix safely and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection Matrix safely and we could
+also have said well what are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have said well what are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have said well what are the igen
+values of this thing what are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this thing what are the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this thing what are the igen
+values of a half a + I if the IG values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a half a + I if the IG values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a half a + I if the IG values
+of a are 1 and minus one what are the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a are 1 and minus one what are the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a are 1 and minus one what are the I
+values of a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a plus
+I just stay with it this last 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just stay with it this last 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just stay with it this last 30 seconds
+here what what are the if if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what are the if if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what what are the if if I know
+these igen values of a and I add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these igen values of a and I add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these igen values of a and I add the
+identity the IG values of a plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the IG values of a plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity the IG values of a plus I
+are 0er and two and then when I divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0er and two and then when I divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 0er and two and then when I divide
+by two the igen values are zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two the igen values are zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two the igen values are zero and one
+so it's symmetric it's got the right IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's symmetric it's got the right IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's symmetric it's got the right IG
+values it's a projection Matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's a projection Matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it's a projection Matrix okay
+you're seeing a lot of stuff about igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a lot of stuff about igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a lot of stuff about igen
+values and special matrixes and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and special matrixes and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and special matrixes and that's
+what the quiz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quiz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quiz is
+about okay so good luck on the quiz for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HgEqXhsIq_g.txt b/HgEqXhsIq_g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f718d79da5c7094f39c2d4f68d1fe5dd6dc35312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HgEqXhsIq_g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2103 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today we're going to
+continue our discussion of
+
+methods of integration.
+
+The method that I'm going to
+describe today handles a whole
+
+class of functions of
+the following form.
+
+You take P (x) / Q (x)
+and this is known
+
+as a rational function.
+
+And all that means is that
+it's a ratio off two
+
+polynomials, which are these
+functions P ( x) and Q ( x).
+
+We'll handle all such functions
+by a method which is
+
+known as partial fractions.
+
+And what this does is, it splits
+P / Q into what you
+
+could call easier pieces.
+
+So that's going to be some
+kind of algebra.
+
+And that's what we're going
+to spend most of
+
+our time doing today.
+
+I'll start with an example.
+
+And all of my examples
+will be illustrating
+
+more general methods.
+
+The example is to integrate the
+function 1 / x - 1 +, say,
+
+3 / x + 2 dx.
+
+That's easy to do.
+
+It's just, we already
+know the answer.
+
+It's ln x - 1 + 3 ln x + 3.
+
+Plus a constant.
+
+So that's done.
+
+So now, here's the difficulty
+that is going to arise.
+
+The difficulty is that I can
+start with this function,
+
+which is perfectly manageable.
+
+And than I can add these
+two functions together.
+
+The way I add fractions.
+
+So that's getting a common
+denominator.
+
+And so that gives me x +
+2 here + 3 ( x - 1).
+
+And now if I combine together
+all of these terms, then
+
+altogether I have 4x +
+2 - 3, that's - 1.
+
+And if I multiply out the
+denominator that's x ^2 + that
+
+2 turned into a 3, that's
+interesting.
+
+Hope there aren't too many more
+of those transformations.
+
+Is there another one here?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, it happened
+earlier on.
+
+Wow that's an interesting
+vibration there.
+
+OK.
+
+Thank you.
+
+So, I guess my 3's were
+speaking to my 2's.
+
+Somewhere in my past.
+OK, anyway, I
+
+think this is now correct.
+
+So the problem is
+the following.
+
+This is the problem with this.
+
+This integral was easy.
+
+I'm calling it easy, we already
+know how to do it.
+
+Over here.
+
+But now over here,
+it's disguised.
+
+It's the same function, but it's
+no longer clear how to
+
+integrate it.
+
+If you're faced with this
+one, you say what am
+
+I supposed to do.
+
+And we have to get around
+that difficulty.
+
+And so what we're going
+to do is we're going
+
+to unwind this disguise.
+
+So we have the algebra problem
+that we have. Oh, wow.
+
+There must be something
+in the water.
+
+Impressive.
+
+Wow.
+
+OK, let's see.
+
+Is 2/3 = 3/2?
+
+Holy cow.
+
+Well that's good.
+
+Well, I'll keep you awake
+today with several other
+
+transpositions here.
+
+So our algebra problem is to
+detect the easy pieces which
+
+are inside.
+
+And the method that we're going
+to use, the one that
+
+we'll emphasize anyway, is one
+algebraic trick which is a
+
+shortcut, which is called
+the cover-up method.
+
+But we're going to talk
+about even more
+
+general things than that.
+
+But anyway, this is where
+we're headed.
+
+Is something called the
+cover-up method.
+
+Alright.
+
+So that's our intro.
+
+And I'll just have to remember
+that 2 is not 3.
+
+I'll keep on repeating that.
+
+So now here I'm going to
+describe to you how we unwind
+
+this disguise.
+
+The first step is,
+we write down the
+
+function we want to integrate.
+
+Which was this.
+
+And now we have to undo the
+first damage that we did.
+
+So the first step is to factor
+the denominator.
+
+And that factors, we happen to
+know the factors, so I'm not
+
+going to carry this out.
+
+But this can be a rather
+difficult step.
+
+But we're going to assume
+that it's done.
+
+For the purposes of
+illustration here.
+
+So I factor the denominator.
+
+And now, the second thing that
+I'm going to do is what I'm
+
+going to call the setup here.
+
+How I'm going to
+set things up.
+
+And I'll tell you what these
+things are more systematically
+
+in a second.
+
+And the setup is that
+I want to somehow
+
+detect what I did before.
+
+And I'm going to write
+some unknowns here.
+
+What I expect is that this will
+break up into two pieces.
+
+One with the denominator x -
+1, and the other with the
+
+denominator x + 2.
+
+So now, my third step is going
+to be to solve for A and B.
+
+And then I'm done,
+if I do that.
+
+That's the complete unwinding
+of this disguise.
+
+And this is where the cover-up
+method comes in handy.
+
+This is this method that
+I'm about to describe.
+
+Now, you can do the algebra in a
+clumsy way, or you can do it
+
+in a quick way.
+
+And we'd like to get efficient
+about the algebra involved.
+
+And so let me show you
+what the first step
+
+in the trick is.
+
+We're going to solve for A by
+multiplying by (x - 1).
+
+Now, notice if you multiply by
+(x - 1) in that equation 2,
+
+what you get is this.
+
+You got 4x - 2 / the
+x - 1's cancel.
+
+You get this on the
+left-hand side.
+
+And on the right-hand side
+you get A. The x
+
+- 1's cancel again.
+
+And then we get this
+extra term.
+
+Which is B/ ( x + 2)( x - 1).
+
+Now, the trick here, and we're
+going to get even better trick
+
+in just a second.
+
+The trick here is that I
+didn't try to clear the
+
+denominators completely.
+
+I was very efficient about
+the way I did it.
+
+It just cleared one factor.
+
+And the result here
+is very useful.
+
+Namely, if I plug in now x =
+1, this term drops out too.
+
+So what I'm going to do now is
+I'm going to plug in x = 1.
+
+And what I get on the left-hand
+side here is 4 - 1
+
+and 1 + 2, and on the
+left-hand side I get
+
+A. That's the end.
+
+This is my formula for A. A
+happens to be equal to 1.
+
+And that's, of course,
+what I expect.
+
+A had better be 1, because the
+thing broke up into 1 / x - 1
+
++ 3 / x + 2.
+
+So this is the correct answer.
+
+There was a question out
+here, which I missed.
+
+STUDENT: Aren't polynomials
+defined as functions with
+
+whole powers, or could
+they be square roots?
+
+PROFESSOR: Are polynomials
+defined as functions with
+
+whole powers, or can they
+be square roots?
+
+That's the question.
+
+The answer is, they only
+have whole powers.
+
+So for instance here I only
+have the power 1 and 0.
+
+Here I have the powers 2, 1
+and 0 in the denominator.
+
+Square roots are no good
+for this method.
+
+Another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Why did
+I say x = 1?
+
+The reason why I said x = 1 was
+that it works really fast.
+
+You can't know this in advance,
+
+that's part of the method.
+
+It just turns out to be
+the best thing to do.
+
+The fastest way of getting at
+the coefficient A. Now the
+
+curious thing, let me
+just pause for a
+
+second before I do it.
+
+If I had plugged x = 1 into the
+original equation, I would
+
+have gotten nonsense.
+
+Because I would've gotten
+0 in the denominator.
+
+And that seems like the most
+horrible thing to do.
+
+The worst possible thing
+to do, is to set x = 1.
+
+On the other hand, what
+we did is a trick.
+
+We multiplied by x - 1.
+
+And that turned the equation
+into this.
+
+So now, in disguise,
+I multiplied by 0.
+
+But that turns out
+to be legitimate.
+
+Because really this equation
+is true for all x except 1.
+
+And then instead of taking
+x = 1, I can really
+
+take x tends to 1.
+
+That's really what I need.
+
+The limit is x goes to one.
+
+The equation is still
+valid then.
+
+So I'm using the worst case, the
+case that looks like it's
+
+dividing by 0.
+
+And it's helping me because it's
+cancelling out all the
+
+information in terms of B. So
+the advantage here is this
+
+cancellation that occurs
+in this part.
+
+So that's the method.
+
+We're going to shorten it much,
+much more in a second.
+
+But let me carry it out for the
+other coefficient as well.
+
+So the other coefficient I'm
+going to solve for B, I'm
+
+going to multiply by x + 2.
+
+And when I do that, I get 4x
+- 1 / x - 1, that's the
+
+left-hand side, the very
+top expression there.
+
+And then down below I get
+A/ ( x - 1)( x + 2).
+
+And then again the
+x + 2's cancel.
+
+So I get B sitting alone.
+
+And now I'm going to
+do the same trick.
+
+I'm going to set x = - 2.
+
+That's the value which
+is going to knock
+
+out this A term here.
+
+So that cancels this
+term completely.
+
+And what we get here all told
+is - 8 - 1 / - 2 - 1 = B. In
+
+other words, B = 3, which
+was also what it
+
+was supposed to be.
+
+B was this number
+3, right here.
+
+Which I'm now not going
+to change to 2.
+
+Because I know that
+it's not 2.
+
+There was a question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Now, this is the method which
+is called cover-up.
+
+But it's really carried out
+much, much faster than this.
+
+So I'm going to review the
+method and I'm going to show
+
+you what it is in general.
+
+So the first step is to factor
+the denominator, Q. That's
+
+what I labeled 1 over there.
+
+That was the factorization of
+the denominator up top.
+
+The second step is what I'm
+going to call the setup.
+
+That's step 2.
+
+And that's where I knew what I
+was aiming for in advance.
+
+And I'm going to have to
+explain to you in every
+
+instance exactly what this
+setup should be.
+
+That is, what the unknowns
+should be and what target,
+
+simplified expression,
+we're aiming for.
+
+So that's the setup.
+
+And then the third step is what
+I'll now call cover-up.
+
+Which is just a very fast way
+of doing what I did on this
+
+last board, which is solving for
+the unknown coefficients.
+
+So now, let me perform
+it for you again.
+
+Over here.
+
+So it's 4x - 1 divided
+by, so this is to
+
+eliminate writing here.
+
+Handwriting it makes
+it much faster.
+
+So this part just factoring the
+denominator, that was 1,
+
+that was step 1.
+
+And then step 2, again,
+is the setup, which is
+
+setting it up like this.
+
+Alright, that's the setup.
+
+And now I claim that without
+writing very much, I can
+
+figure out what A and B are.
+
+Just by staring at this.
+
+So now what I'm going to do is
+I'm just going to think what I
+
+did over there.
+
+And I'm just going to
+do it directly.
+
+So let me show you what the
+method consists of visually.
+
+I'm going to cover up, that is,
+knock out this factor, and
+
+focus on this number here.
+
+And I'm going to plug in the
+thing that makes the 0,
+
+which is x = 1.
+
+So I'm plugging in x = 1.
+
+To this left-hand side.
+
+And what I get is 4 - 1 / 1 +
+2 = A. Now, that's the same
+
+thing I did over there.
+
+I just did it by skipping the
+intermediate algebra step,
+
+which is a lot of writing.
+
+So the cover-up method
+really amounts to
+
+the following thing.
+
+I'm thinking of multiplying
+this over here.
+
+It cancels this and it gets
+rid of everything else.
+
+And it just leaves me with
+A on the right-hand side.
+
+And I have to get rid
+of it on this side.
+
+So in other words, by
+eliminating this, I'm
+
+isolating a on the
+right-hand side.
+
+So the cover-up is that
+I'm covering this and
+
+getting A out of it.
+
+Similarly, I can do the same
+thing with B. It's focused on
+
+the value x = - 2.
+
+And b is what I'm getting
+on the right-hand side.
+
+And then I have to
+cover up this.
+
+So if I cover up that, then
+what's left over with x = - 2
+
+is again, - 8 - 1 / - 2 - 1.
+
+So this is the way the method
+gets carried out in practice.
+
+Writing, essentially,
+the least you can.
+
+Now, when you get to several
+variables, it becomes just way
+
+more convenient to do this.
+
+So now, let me just review
+when cover-up works.
+
+So this cover-up method
+works if Q ( x) has
+
+distinct linear factors.
+
+And, so you need two
+things here.
+
+It has to factor completely, the
+denominator has to factor
+
+completely.
+
+And the degree of the numerator
+has to be strictly
+
+less than the degree
+of the denominator.
+
+I'm going to give you
+an example here.
+
+So, for instance, and this tells
+you the general pattern
+
+of the setup also.
+
+Say you had x ^2 + 3x
++ 8, let's say.
+
+Over (x - 1) ( x - 2)( x + 5).
+
+So here I'm going to
+tell you the setup.
+
+The setup is going to be
+A / (x - 1) + B / (x -
+
+2) + c / x + 5.
+
+And it will always break
+up into something.
+
+So however many factors you
+have, you'll have to put in a
+
+term for each of those.
+
+And then you can find
+each number here by
+
+this cover-up method.
+
+Now we're done with that.
+
+And now we have to go on to the
+algebraic complications.
+
+So would the first typical
+algebraic complication be.
+
+It would be repeated roots
+or repeated factors.
+
+Let me get one that doesn't
+come out to be
+
+extremely ugly here.
+
+So this is what we'll
+call Example 2.
+
+And this is going to work when
+the degree, you always need
+
+that the degree of the numerator
+is less than the
+
+degree of the denominator.
+
+And Q has now repeated
+linear factors.
+
+So let's see which example
+I wanted to show you.
+
+So let's just give this here.
+
+I'll just repeat the
+denominator.
+
+With an extra factor
+like this.
+
+Now, the main thing you need
+to know, since I've already
+
+performed the factorization
+for you.
+
+Already performed Step 1.
+
+This is Step 1 here.
+
+You have to factor things all
+the way, and that's already
+
+been done for you.
+
+And here's what this setup is.
+
+The setup is that it's of
+the form A / (x - 1)
+
++ B / (x - 1) ^2.
+
+We need another term for the
+square here. + C / (x + 2).
+
+In general, if you have more
+powers you just need to keep
+
+on putting in those powers.
+
+You need one for each
+of the powers.
+
+Why does it have to be squared?
+
+OK.
+
+Good question.
+
+So why in the world
+am I doing this?
+
+Let me just give you one hint
+as to why I'm doing this.
+
+It's very, very much like the
+decimal expansion of a number
+
+or, say, the base 2 expansion
+of a number.
+
+So, for, example the number 7/16
+is 0 / 2 + 1 / 2 ^2 + 1/2
+
+^3 +, is that right?
+
+So it's 4/16 + 1/2 ^4.
+
+It's this sort of thing.
+
+And I'm getting this power
+and this power.
+
+If I have higher powers,
+I'm going to have to
+
+have more and more.
+
+So this is what happens
+when I have a 2 ^ 4.
+
+I have to represent
+things like this.
+
+That's what's coming out
+of this piece with the
+
+repetitious here.
+
+Of the powers.
+
+This is just an analogy.
+
+Of what we're doing.
+
+Yeah, another question
+over here.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So this is an example, but it's
+meant to represent the
+
+general case and I will also
+give you a general picture.
+
+For sure, once you have the
+second power here, you'll need
+
+both the first and the second
+power mentioned over here.
+
+And since there's only a first
+power over here I only have to
+
+mention a first power
+over there.
+
+If this were a 3 here, there
+would be one more term which
+
+would be the one for x - 1
+^2 in the denominator.
+
+That's what you just said.
+
+OK, now, what's different about
+this setup is that the
+
+cover-up method, although
+it works, it
+
+doesn't work so well.
+
+It doesn't work quite as well.
+
+The cover-up works for the
+coefficients B and C, not A.
+
+We'll have a quick method for
+the numbers B and C. To figure
+
+out what they are.
+
+But it will be a little slower
+to get to A, which we will do
+
+last. Let me show you
+how it works.
+
+First of all, I'm going to do
+the ordinary cover-up with C.
+
+So for C, I just want
+to do the same old
+
+thing that I did before.
+
+I cover up this, and that's
+going to get rid of all the
+
+junk except for the C term.
+
+So I have to plug x = - 2.
+
+And I get x -- sorry, I get (-2
+) ^2 + 2 in the numerator.
+
+And I get (- 2 - 1)^2
+in the denominator.
+
+Remember I'm covering this up.
+
+So that's all there is on
+the left-hand side.
+
+And on the right-hand side all
+there is C. Everything else
+
+got killed off, because it
+was x - 2 times that.
+
+That's 0 times all
+that other stuff.
+
+And the x - 2 over
+here canceled.
+
+This is the shortcut that I just
+described, and this is
+
+much faster than doing
+all that arithmetic.
+
+And algebra.
+
+So all together this
+is a 6/9, right?
+
+So it's C = 6/9, which is 2/3.
+
+Now, the other one which is easy
+to do, I'm going to do by
+
+the slow method first.
+But you omit a term.
+
+The idea is to cover up
+the other bad factor.
+
+Cover ups, I'll do it both
+the way and the slow way.
+
+I'll do it the fast way first,
+and then I'll show
+
+you the slow way.
+
+The fast way is to
+cover this up.
+
+And then I have to cover
+up everything else.
+
+That gets eliminated.
+
+And that includes everything
+but B. So I
+
+get B on this side.
+
+And I get 1 on that side.
+
+So that's 1 ^2 + 2 / 1 + 2.
+
+So in other words, B = 1.
+
+That was pretty fast, so let
+me show you what arithmetic
+
+was hiding behind that.
+
+What algebra was hiding
+behind it.
+
+What I was really
+doing is this.
+
+In multiplying through by
+x - 1 ^2, so I got this.
+
+So this canceled here, so this
+C just stands alone.
+
+And then I have here C
+/x + 2 (x - 1) ^2.
+
+Notice again, I cleared out
+that 1, this term from the
+
+denominator and sent it over
+to the other side.
+
+Now, what's happening is that
+when I set x = 1 here, this
+
+term is dying.
+
+This term is going away, because
+there's more powers in
+
+the numerator than in
+the denominator.
+
+This is still 0.
+
+And this one is gone also.
+
+So all that's left is B. Now, I
+cannot pull that off with a
+
+single power of x - 1.
+
+I can't expose the A term.
+
+It's the B term that
+I can expose.
+
+Because I can multiply through
+by this thing squared.
+
+If I multiply through by just x
+- 1, what'll happen here is
+
+I won't have canceled
+this (x - 1 )^2.
+
+It's useless.
+
+I still have a 0 in
+the denominator.
+
+I'll have B / 0 when
+I plug in x = 1.
+
+Which I can't use.
+
+Again, the cover-up method is
+giving us B and C, not A.
+
+Now, for the last term, for A,
+I'm going to just have to be
+
+straightforward about it.
+
+And so I'll just suggest
+for A, plug in
+
+your favorite number.
+
+So plug in my favorite number.
+
+Which is x = 0.
+
+And you won't be able to
+plug in x = 0 if you've
+
+already used it.
+
+Here the two numbers we've
+already used are x
+
+= 1 and x = - 2.
+
+But we haven't used x =
+0 yet, so that's good.
+
+I'm going to plug in now x
+= 0 into the equation.
+
+What do I get?
+
+I get 0 ^2 + 2 / (- 1) ^2 *
+2 is equal to, let's see.
+
+A is the thing that
+I don't know.
+
+So it's A / - 1 +, B /
+x - 1 ^2 so B = 1, so
+
+that's 1 / (- 1) ^2.
+
+And then C was 2/3.
+
+2/3 / x + 2.
+
+So that's 0 + 2.
+
+Don't give up at this point.
+
+This is a lot of algebra.
+
+You really have to plug
+in all these numbers.
+
+You make one arithmetic mistake
+and you're always
+
+going to get the wrong answer.
+
+This is very arithmetically
+intensive.
+
+However, it does simplify
+at this point.
+
+We have 2 / 2, that's 1.
+
+Is equal to - A + 1 + 1/3.
+
+So let's see.
+
+A on the other side, this
+becomes A = 1/3.
+
+And that's it.
+
+This is the end.
+
+We've we've simplified
+our function.
+
+And now it's easy to integrate.
+
+Question.
+
+Another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So the question is,
+if x = 0 has already been
+
+used, what do I do?
+
+And the answer is, pick
+something else.
+
+And you said pick
+a random number.
+
+And that's right, except that if
+you really picked a random
+
+number it would be 4.12567843,
+which would be difficult.
+
+What you want to pick is the
+easiest possible number you
+
+can think of.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: If you had, as in
+this sort of situation here.
+
+More powers.
+
+Wouldn't you have
+more variables.
+
+Very good question.
+
+That's absolutely right.
+
+This was a 3 by 3 system in
+disguise, for these three
+
+unknowns, A, B and C. What we
+started with in the previous
+
+problem was two variables.
+
+It's over here, the variables A
+and B. And as the degree of
+
+the denominator goes up, the
+number of variables goes up.
+
+It gets more and more and
+more complicated.
+
+More and more arithmetically
+intensive.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, so.
+
+The question is, how would
+you solve it if
+
+you have two unknowns.
+
+That's exactly the point here.
+
+This is a system
+of simultaneous
+
+equations for unknowns.
+
+And we have little tricks for
+isolating single variables.
+
+Otherwise we're stuck with
+solving the whole system.
+
+And you'd have to solve the
+whole system by elimination,
+
+various other tricks.
+
+I'll say a little more
+about that later.
+
+Now, I have to get one
+step more complicated
+
+with my next example.
+
+My next example is going to
+have a quadratic factor.
+
+So still I'm sticking to the
+degree of the polynomial and
+
+the numerator is less than the
+degree of the polynomial in
+
+the denominator.
+
+And I'm going to take
+the case where Q
+
+has a quadratic factor.
+
+Let me just again illustrate
+this by example.
+
+I have here (x - 1) (x^2 + 1).
+
+I'll make it about as
+easy as they come.
+
+Now, the setup will be slightly
+different here.
+
+Here's the setup.
+
+It's already factored.
+
+I've already done as
+much as I can do.
+
+I can't factor this x^2 + 1 into
+linear factors unless you
+
+know about complex numbers.
+
+If you know about complex
+numbers this method becomes
+
+much easier.
+
+And it comes back to the
+cover-up method.
+
+Which is the way that the
+cover-up method was originally
+
+conceived by heavy side.
+
+But you won't get to
+that until 18.03.
+
+So we'll wait.
+
+This, by the way, is a method
+which is used for integration.
+
+But it was invented to do
+something with Laplace
+
+transforms and inversion
+of certain kinds of
+
+differential equations.
+
+By heavy side.
+
+And so it came much later
+than integration.
+
+But anyway, it's a very
+convenient method.
+
+So here's the set up
+with this one.
+
+Again, we want a term for
+this (x - 1) factor.
+
+And now we're going to also
+have a term with the
+
+denominator x squared plus 1.
+
+But this is the difference.
+
+It's now going to be a first
+degree polynomial.
+
+One degree down from
+the quadratic here.
+
+So this is what I keep
+on calling the setup,
+
+this is number 2.
+
+You have to know that in advance
+based on the pattern
+
+that you see on the
+left-hand side.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question is, if
+the degree of the numerator.
+
+So in this case, if this were
+cubed, and this is matching
+
+with the denominator, which
+is total of degree 3.
+
+The answer is that this
+does not work.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It definitely
+doesn't work.
+
+And we're going to have to
+do something totally
+
+different to handle it.
+
+Which turns out, fortunately,
+to be much easier than this.
+
+But we'll deal with
+that at the end.
+
+Keep this in mind.
+
+This is an easy way to make a
+mistake if you start with a
+
+higher degree numerator.
+
+You'll never get the
+right answer.
+
+So now, so I have
+my setup now.
+
+And now what can I do?
+
+Well, I claim that I can still
+do cover-up for A.
+
+It's the same idea.
+
+I cover this guy up.
+
+And if I really multiply by it
+it would knock everything out
+
+but A. So I cover this up
+and I plug in x = 1.
+
+So I get here 1 ^2 / 1 ^2 + 1 =
+A. In other words, A = 1/2.
+
+Again cover-up is pretty
+fast, as you can see.
+
+It's not too bad.
+
+Now, at this next stage, I want
+to find B and C. And the
+
+best idea is the slow way.
+
+Here, it's not too terrible.
+
+But it's just what we're
+going to do.
+
+Which is to clear the
+denominators completely.
+
+So for B and C, just clear
+the denominator.
+
+That means multiply through
+by that whole business.
+
+Now, when you do that on the
+left-hand side you're
+
+going to get x ^2.
+
+Because I got rid of the
+whole denominator.
+
+On the right-hand side when I
+bring this up, the x - 1 will
+
+cancel with this.
+
+So the a term will
+be A ( x ^2 + 1).
+
+And the Bx + C term will have
+a remaining factor of x - 1.
+
+Because the x ^2 +
+1 will cancel.
+
+Again, the arithmetic here
+is not too terrible.
+
+Now I'm going to do
+the following.
+
+I'm going to look at
+the x ^2 term.
+
+On the left-hand side and
+the right-hand side.
+
+And that will give me one
+equation for B and C. And then
+
+I'm going to do the same thing
+with another term.
+
+The x^2 term on the left-hand
+side, the coefficient is 1.
+
+It's 1 ( x ^2).
+
+On the other side, it's A.
+remember I actually have A. So
+
+I'm going to put it
+in, it's 1/2.
+
+So this is the A term.
+
+And so I get 1/2 ( x ^2).
+
+And then the only other
+x^2 is when this Bx
+
+multiplies this x.
+
+So Bx * x is Bx ^2, so this is
+the other coefficient on x ^2
+
+is B. And that forces
+B to be 1/2.
+
+And last of all, I'm going to
+do the x^ 0 power term.
+
+Or, otherwise known as
+the constant term.
+
+And on the left-hand side,
+the constant term is 0.
+
+There is no constant term.
+
+On the right-hand side there's
+a constant term, 1/2 * 1.
+
+That's 1/2 here.
+
+And then there's another
+constant term, which is this
+
+constant times this - 1.
+
+Which is - C. And so
+the conclusion
+
+here is that C = 1/2.
+
+Another question.
+
+Yeah.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: There's also an x^
+0 power hidden in here.
+
+Sorry, an x ^ 1 , that's what
+you were asking about, sorry.
+
+There's also an x ^ 1 .
+
+The only reason why I didn't
+go to the x^ 1 is that it
+
+turns out with these two
+I didn't need it.
+
+The other thing is that by
+experience, I know that the
+
+extreme ends of the
+multiplication
+
+are the easiest ends.
+
+And the middle terms have tons
+of cross terms. And so I don't
+
+like the middle term as much
+because it always involves
+
+more arithmetic.
+
+So I stick to the lowest and
+the highest terms if I can.
+
+So that was really
+a sneaky thing.
+
+I did that without
+saying anything.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Another
+good question.
+
+Could I just set equals 0?
+
+Absolutely.
+
+In fact, that's equivalent to
+picking out the x^ 0 term.
+
+And you could plug in numbers.
+
+If you wanted.
+
+That's another way of doing
+this besides doing that.
+
+So you can also plug
+in numbers.
+
+Can plug in numbers. x = 0.
+
+Actually, not x = 1,
+right? - 1, 2, etc.
+
+Not 1 just because we've
+already used it.
+
+We won't get interesting
+information out.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So the question
+is, could I have done
+
+it this other way.
+
+With the polynomial, with
+this other one.
+
+Yes, absolutely.
+
+So in other words what I've
+taught you now is two choices
+
+which are equally reasonable.
+
+The one that I picked was the
+one that was the fastest for
+
+this guy and the one that was
+fastest for this one, but I
+
+could've done the other
+way around.
+
+There are a lot of
+ways of solving
+
+simultaneous equations.
+
+Yeah, another question.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The question
+is the following.
+
+So now everybody can understand
+the question.
+
+If this, instead of being x
+^2 + 1, this were x^3 + 1.
+
+So that's an important
+case to understand.
+
+That's a case in which
+this denominator
+
+is not fully factored.
+
+So it's an x^3 + 1, you would
+have to factor out an x + 1.
+
+So that would be a situation
+like this, you have an x^3 +
+
+1, but that's (x + 1)( x^2 +
+x + 1), this kind of thing.
+
+If that's the right, there
+must be a minus
+
+sign in here maybe.
+
+OK, something like this.
+
+Right?
+
+Isn't that what it is?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I think it's right.
+
+But anyway, the point is that
+you have to factor it.
+
+And then you have a linear
+and a quadratic.
+
+So you're always going to be
+faced eventually with linear
+
+factors and quadratic factors.
+
+If you have a cubic, that means
+you haven't factored
+
+sufficiently.
+
+So you're still back
+in Step 1.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: In the
+x^3 + 1 case?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: In the x^3 + 1 case,
+we are out of luck until
+
+we've completed the
+factorization.
+
+Once we've completed the
+factorization, we're going to
+
+have to deal with these two
+factors as denominators.
+
+So it'll be this plus something
+over x + 1 + a Bx +
+
+C type of thing over
+this thing here.
+
+That's what's eventually
+going to happen.
+
+But hold on to that idea.
+
+Let me carry out one
+more example here.
+
+So I've figured out what
+all the values are.
+
+But I think it's also worth it
+to remember now that we also
+
+have to carry out
+the integration.
+
+What I've just shown you is that
+the integral of x ^2 dx
+
+over (x - 1)( x ^2 + 1) is equal
+to, and I've split up
+
+into these pieces.
+
+So what are the pieces?
+
+The pieces are, 1/2, x -
+1 + 1/2 x / x ^2 + 1.
+
+This is the A term.
+
+This is the B term.
+
+And then there's the C term.
+
+So we'd better remember
+that we know how to
+
+antidifferentiate
+these things.
+
+In other words, I want to
+finish the problem.
+
+The others were pretty easy, so
+I didn't bother to finish
+
+my sentence, but here I want
+to be careful and have you
+
+realize that there's something
+a little more to do.
+
+First of all we have the, the
+first one is no problem.
+
+That's this.
+
+The second one actually
+is not too bad either.
+
+This is, by the advanced
+guessing method, my favorite
+
+method, something like the
+logarithm, because that's
+
+what's going to appear
+in the denominator.
+
+And then, if you differentiate
+this, you're going
+
+to get 2x over this.
+
+But here we have 1/2.
+
+So altogether it's
+1/4 of this.
+
+So I fixed the coefficient
+here.
+
+And then the last one, you have
+to think back to some
+
+level of memorization here and
+remember that this is 1/2 the
+
+arc tangent.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Why did
+I go to 1/4?
+
+Because in disguise, for this
+guy, I was thinking d / dx of
+
+ln (x ^2 + 1) = 2x / x^2 + 1.
+
+Because it's the derivative
+of this divided by itself.
+
+This is the derivative
+of ln u is u ' / u.
+
+Ln u' = u' / u.
+
+That was what I applied.
+
+And what I had was 1/2, so I
+need a total of 1/4 to cancel.
+
+So 2/4 is 1/2.
+
+Now I've got to get you out
+of one more deep hole.
+
+And I'm going to save the
+general pattern for next time.
+
+But I do want to clarify
+one thing.
+
+So let's handle this thing.
+
+What if the degree of P is
+bigger than or equal to the
+
+degree of Q. That's the thing
+that I claimed was easier.
+
+And I'm going to describe
+to you how it's done.
+
+Now, in analogy, with numbers
+you might call this an
+
+improper fraction.
+
+That's the thing that should
+echo in your mind when you're
+
+thinking about this.
+
+And I'm just going to do
+it by example here.
+
+Let's see., I cooked up an
+example so that I don't make
+
+an arithmetistic mistake
+along the way.
+
+So there are two or three steps
+that I need to explain.
+
+So here's an example.
+
+The denominator's degree 2,
+the numerator is degree 3.
+
+It well exceeds, so there's
+a problem here.
+
+Our method is not
+going to work.
+
+And the first step that I
+want to carry out is to
+
+reverse Step 1.
+
+That is, I don't want the
+factorization for what I'm
+
+going to do next.
+
+I want it multiplied out.
+
+That means I have to multiply
+through, so I
+
+get x ^2 + x - 2.
+
+I'm back to the starting
+place here.
+
+And now, the next thing that I'm
+going to do is, I'm going
+
+to use long division.
+
+That's how you convert
+an improper
+
+fraction to a proper fraction.
+
+This is something you were
+supposed to learn in, I don't
+
+know, Grade 4, I know.
+
+Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade
+5, Grade 6, etc.
+
+So here's how it works in
+the case of polynomials.
+
+It's kind of amusing.
+
+So we're dividing this
+polynomial into that one.
+
+And so the quotient to first
+order here is x.
+
+That is, that's going to match
+the top terms. So I get
+
+x^3 + x ^2 - 2x.
+
+That's the product.
+
+And now I subtract.
+
+And it cancels.
+
+So we get here - x ^2 + 2x.
+
+That's the difference.
+
+And now I need to divide
+this next term in.
+
+And I need a - 1.
+
+So - 1 times this is
+- x ^2 - x + 2.
+
+And I subtract.
+
+And the x^2's cancel.
+
+And here I get + 3x - 2.
+
+Now, this thing has a name.
+
+This is called the quotient.
+
+And this thing also
+has a name.
+
+This is called the remainder.
+
+And now I'll show you how it
+works by sticking it into the
+
+answer here.
+
+The quotient is x - 1.
+
+And the remainder is, let's
+get down there.
+
+3x - 2 / x ^2 + x - 2.
+
+So the punchline here
+is that this
+
+thing is easy to integrate.
+
+This is easy.
+
+And this one, you can use, now
+you can use cover-up, The
+
+method that we had before.
+
+Because the degree of the
+numerator is now below the
+
+degree of the denominator.
+
+It's now first degree and
+this is second degree.
+
+What you can't do is
+use cover-up to
+
+start out with here.
+
+That will give you
+the wrong answer.
+
+So that's the end for today,
+and see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IeD8VXfqPyQ.txt b/IeD8VXfqPyQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7732e0385ef7b0ac778f2d6ce39643bb5a57568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IeD8VXfqPyQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
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+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
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+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll speak about eye theory visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll speak about eye theory visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll speak about eye theory visual
+visual cortex deep learning networks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex deep learning networks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex deep learning networks the
+kind of background for this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of background for this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of background for this is this
+conceptual framework that we take as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework that we take as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework that we take as a
+guide to present work in vision in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to present work in vision in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide to present work in vision in the
+center the idea that you have a phase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the idea that you have a phase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the idea that you have a phase in
+visual perception essentially up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual perception essentially up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual perception essentially up to the
+first saccade so at a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saccade so at a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saccade so at a hundred
+milliseconds from onset of an image in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds from onset of an image in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds from onset of an image in
+which most of the processing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most of the processing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which most of the processing is
+feed-forward in visual cortex and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward in visual cortex and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward in visual cortex and that
+top-down signals you know I hate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down signals you know I hate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top-down signals you know I hate the
+terms feedback in this case but back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms feedback in this case but back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms feedback in this case but back
+projections going from higher visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections going from higher visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections going from higher visual
+areas like in fraternal cortex back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like in fraternal cortex back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas like in fraternal cortex back to
+v2 and other cortical areas are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 and other cortical areas are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2 and other cortical areas are not
+active in this first hundred millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in this first hundred millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active in this first hundred millisecond
+now all of this is a conjecture based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of this is a conjecture based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all of this is a conjecture based on
+a number of data so it has to be proven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of data so it has to be proven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of data so it has to be proven
+for us is just a motivation a guide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us is just a motivation a guide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us is just a motivation a guide to
+first study feed-forward processing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first study feed-forward processing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first study feed-forward processing in
+as I said the first hundred milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said the first hundred milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said the first hundred milliseconds
+or so and and to think that other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and and to think that other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and and to think that other types
+of theory like generative models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theory like generative models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theory like generative models
+probabilistic inference that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic inference that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic inference that you have
+heard about visual routines have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about visual routines have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about visual routines have heard
+kind of from Shimon are important not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from Shimon are important not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of from Shimon are important not so
+much in the first under millisecond but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the first under millisecond but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the first under millisecond but
+later on especially when feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on especially when feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on especially when feedback
+through back projection but also through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through back projection but also through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through back projection but also through
+movements of the eyes that require new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the eyes that require new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements of the eyes that require new
+images depending on the first one you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images depending on the first one you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images depending on the first one you've
+seen come into play okay so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen come into play okay so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen come into play okay so this is just
+to motivate feed-forward and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate feed-forward and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to motivate feed-forward and of course
+the evidence I I referred to are his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence I I referred to are his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evidence I I referred to are his
+evidence like you have heard from Jim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence like you have heard from Jim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence like you have heard from Jim
+DeCarlo from the physiology there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeCarlo from the physiology there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeCarlo from the physiology there is
+quite a bit of data showing that neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of data showing that neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of data showing that neurons
+in IT become active and selective for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IT become active and selective for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in IT become active and selective for
+what is in the image about 80 or 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in the image about 80 or 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in the image about 80 or 90
+milliseconds after onset of the stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after onset of the stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after onset of the stimulus
+and this basically implied that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this basically implied that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this basically implied that there
+are no big feedback loop from one area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no big feedback loop from one area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no big feedback loop from one area
+to another one it takes 40 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one it takes 40 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one it takes 40 milliseconds
+to get to be one and 10 milliseconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to be one and 10 milliseconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to be one and 10 milliseconds or
+so for each of the next areas so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each of the next areas so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each of the next areas so the
+problem is computer vision computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is computer vision computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is computer vision computational
+vision the guy on the left is David Marr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and here it's really most probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here it's really most probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here it's really most probably a
+lot of object recognition take place is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of object recognition take place is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of object recognition take place is
+the ventral stream from v1 to v2 v4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream from v1 to v2 v4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral stream from v1 to v2 v4 and
+the IT complex and so that's the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT complex and so that's the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IT complex and so that's the back of
+the head as I said it takes 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head as I said it takes 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head as I said it takes 40
+milliseconds for electrical signals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for electrical signals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds for electrical signals to
+come from the eye in the front through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the eye in the front through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from the eye in the front through
+the LGN back to neurons in v1 simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LGN back to neurons in v1 simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LGN back to neurons in v1 simple
+complex cells and then for signals to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells and then for signals to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells and then for signals to go
+from the back to the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back to the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back to the front
+that's the feed-forward part and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the feed-forward part and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the feed-forward part and on the
+bottom right you have seen this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right you have seen this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom right you have seen this picture
+already this is from finessin edited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this is from finessin edited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this is from finessin edited
+recently by Martian it's the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently by Martian it's the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently by Martian it's the size of the
+areas the size of the connection are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the size of the connection are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas the size of the connection are
+roughly proportional to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly proportional to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly proportional to the number of
+neurons and fibers so you see that v1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and fibers so you see that v1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and fibers so you see that v1 is
+as big as with 2 they both have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as with 2 they both have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big as with 2 they both have about
+200 million neurons and before is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 million neurons and before is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 million neurons and before is about
+50 million and infra temporal complex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 million and infra temporal complex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 million and infra temporal complex is
+probably hundred million or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our our brain is about 1 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our our brain is about 1 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our our brain is about 1 million
+flies the fly is around 300,000 neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies the fly is around 300,000 neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies the fly is around 300,000 neurons
+or so a bee is like 1 million and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so a bee is like 1 million and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so a bee is like 1 million and as I
+think Jim DeCarlo mentioned there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jim DeCarlo mentioned there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Jim DeCarlo mentioned there are
+this models that have been developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this models that have been developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this models that have been developed
+since Yubel and reason so that night 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Yubel and reason so that night 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since Yubel and reason so that night 59
+that tried to model feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tried to model feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tried to model feed-forward
+processing from v1 to i.t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing from v1 to i.t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing from v1 to i.t
+and they start with simple and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start with simple and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they start with simple and complex
+cells this s 1 and C 1 simple cells been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this s 1 and C 1 simple cells been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this s 1 and C 1 simple cells been
+essentially equivalent to gabber filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equivalent to gabber filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equivalent to gabber filters
+oriented gabber filters in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented gabber filters in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented gabber filters in different
+positions different orientations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions different orientations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions different orientations and
+then complex cells that put together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then complex cells that put together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then complex cells that put together the
+signals from simple cells of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals from simple cells of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals from simple cells of the same
+orientation preference but different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation preference but different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation preference but different
+position and so have some more position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so have some more position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and so have some more position
+tolerance than simple cells and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance than simple cells and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance than simple cells and then a
+repetition of this basic scheme with as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of this basic scheme with as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of this basic scheme with as
+two cells that are representing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells that are representing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells that are representing more
+complex let's call them features than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex let's call them features than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex let's call them features than
+than lines maybe like combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lines maybe like combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than lines maybe like combination of
+lines and and then see two cells again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and and then see two cells again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and and then see two cells again
+pooling together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling together
+cells of the same preference in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the same preference in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the same preference in order to
+get more more invariance to position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is evidence from the old work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is evidence from the old work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is evidence from the old work of
+human reason about simple and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human reason about simple and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human reason about simple and complex
+cells in v1 so s 1 and C 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in v1 so s 1 and C 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in v1 so s 1 and C 1
+although the morphological identity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the morphological identity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the morphological identity of
+complex simple cells is still an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex simple cells is still an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex simple cells is still an open
+question you know which specific cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know which specific cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know which specific cells
+we can discuss that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can discuss that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can discuss that
+there but for the rest this erratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but for the rest this erratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but for the rest this erratic
+continuing attire in other areas like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing attire in other areas like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing attire in other areas like
+the - and before and IT this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the - and before and IT this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the - and before and IT this is one
+conjecturing model like this and we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecturing model like this and we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecturing model like this and we like
+other ones before us modeled by 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones before us modeled by 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones before us modeled by 15 years
+ago this these different areas we won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this these different areas we won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago this these different areas we won
+with 24 with this kind of model and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 24 with this kind of model and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 24 with this kind of model and the
+reason to do so was not really to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to do so was not really to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to do so was not really to do
+object recognition but was to try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition but was to try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition but was to try to see
+whether I could get the physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I could get the physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I could get the physiological
+properties of a different cells in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a different cells in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of a different cells in such
+a feed for more than the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feed for more than the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feed for more than the ones that
+people have had recorded from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had recorded from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have had recorded from and
+published about and and so it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published about and and so it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published about and and so it and we
+could do that to reproduce property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that to reproduce property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that to reproduce property of
+course some of them we put in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course some of them we put in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course some of them we put in like
+properties of simple and complex cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of simple and complex cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of simple and complex cells
+but other other ones like how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other other ones like how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other other ones like how much
+invariance to position there was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance to position there was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance to position there was in the
+top level we got it out of from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level we got it out of from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top level we got it out of from the
+model consistent with with the data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model consistent with with the data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model consistent with with the data so
+one surprising thing that we had with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one surprising thing that we had with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one surprising thing that we had with
+this model was that although was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model was that although was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model was that although was not
+designed in order to perform a violet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed in order to perform a violet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed in order to perform a violet
+object recognition it did actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition it did actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition it did actually work
+pretty well so the kind of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so the kind of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so the kind of things you
+have to think about this is rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about this is rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think about this is rapid
+categorization you have seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization you have seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization you have seen that
+already and the task is for each image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and the task is for each image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and the task is for each image
+is is there an animal or not and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there an animal or not and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is there an animal or not and you can
+kind of get a feeling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can do that you know in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that you know in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that you know in the real
+experiment you have an image and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you have an image and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you have an image and then a
+mask another image and then you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask another image and then you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask another image and then you can say
+yes there is an image or no there is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is an image or no there is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is an image or no there is not
+this is called rapid categorization it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called rapid categorization it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called rapid categorization it
+was introduced by Moloch Potter and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by Moloch Potter and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by Moloch Potter and more
+recently Simon toured in France used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently Simon toured in France used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently Simon toured in France used it
+and it's a way to force the observer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a way to force the observer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a way to force the observer to
+work in a fit photo mode right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a fit photo mode right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in a fit photo mode right because
+you don't have the time to move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the time to move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the time to move your
+eyes to fixate there is some evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes to fixate there is some evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes to fixate there is some evidence
+that a mask may stop back the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a mask may stop back the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a mask may stop back the back
+projections from working and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections from working and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections from working and so this is
+a situation in which you could compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which you could compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation in which you could compare
+human performance to this feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human performance to this feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human performance to this feed-forward
+models which are not a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which are not a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models which are not a complete
+description of vision anyway because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of vision anyway because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of vision anyway because
+they don't take into account different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't take into account different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't take into account different
+eye fixation and feedbacks and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye fixation and feedbacks and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye fixation and feedbacks and you know
+higher--the processes like like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher--the processes like like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher--the processes like like I said
+probabilistic inference and routines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic inference and routines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic inference and routines
+whatever it happens very likely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens very likely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it happens very likely in
+normal vision which you have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vision which you have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal vision which you have time to
+look around so in this case this D prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around so in this case this D prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around so in this case this D prime
+is a measure of performance while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of performance while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of performance while you
+doing this task and you can see first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this task and you can see first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this task and you can see first of
+all the absolute performance 80% correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the absolute performance 80% correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the absolute performance 80% correct
+on a certain database in this task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a certain database in this task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a certain database in this task
+animal no any more it's similar between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal no any more it's similar between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal no any more it's similar between
+the model and humans and and images that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and humans and and images that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and humans and and images that
+are difficult for for people like images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult for for people like images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are difficult for for people like images
+in which there is a lot of clutter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there is a lot of clutter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which there is a lot of clutter the
+animals are small are also difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are small are also difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are small are also difficult for
+the model and the easy one are easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and the easy one are easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and the easy one are easy for
+both so there is a correlation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so there is a correlation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both so there is a correlation between
+models and humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this does not say that the modern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not say that the modern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does not say that the modern is
+correct of course but it gives a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct of course but it gives a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct of course but it gives a hint
+that models of this type capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that models of this type capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that models of this type capture
+something of what's going on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what's going on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of what's going on in the
+visual pathway and Jim Jim de couleur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual pathway and Jim Jim de couleur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual pathway and Jim Jim de couleur
+spoke about kind of more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about kind of more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoke about kind of more sophisticated
+version of these feed-forward models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of these feed-forward models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of these feed-forward models
+including training with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including training with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including training with with
+backpropagation that gives pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpropagation that gives pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backpropagation that gives pretty good
+results also in terms of agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results also in terms of agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results also in terms of agreement
+between neurons and units in the mode so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between neurons and units in the mode so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between neurons and units in the mode so
+the question is you know why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is you know why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is you know why these
+models work there's very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models work there's very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models work there's very simple
+feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has been you know surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been you know surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been you know surprisingly
+difficult to understand why they work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand why they work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand why they work as
+well as they do when I start working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as they do when I start working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as they do when I start working on
+this kind of things 15 years ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of things 15 years ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of things 15 years ago I
+thought this kind of architecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this kind of architecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this kind of architecture will
+not work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not work and
+but then they worked much better than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they worked much better than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they worked much better than I
+thought and if you believe you know deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and if you believe you know deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and if you believe you know deep
+learning these days which I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning these days which I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning these days which I do
+for instance in performance like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in performance like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance in performance like an
+image net my guess is they work better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image net my guess is they work better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image net my guess is they work better
+than human search because the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than human search because the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than human search because the right
+comparison for humans or an image night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison for humans or an image night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison for humans or an image night
+to be the rapid categorization one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the rapid categorization one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the rapid categorization one so
+the present image is briefly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present image is briefly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present image is briefly because
+that's what the models have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the models have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the models have just one
+image no chance of getting a second view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image no chance of getting a second view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image no chance of getting a second view
+anyway that's a more complex discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's a more complex discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's a more complex discussion
+that has to do also how to model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do also how to model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do also how to model the
+fact that in our eyes in our cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in our eyes in our cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that in our eyes in our cortex
+resolution depends on eccentricity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution depends on eccentricity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution depends on eccentricity and
+the pretty rapidly decaying resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pretty rapidly decaying resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pretty rapidly decaying resolution
+as you go away from the fovea and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go away from the fovea and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go away from the fovea and has
+some significant implications for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some significant implications for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some significant implications for all
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+topics I'll get to that so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics I'll get to that so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics I'll get to that so what I want
+to do today is one way to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today is one way to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today is one way to look at this
+to try to understand how this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand how this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to understand how this kind of
+feed-forward models work this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward models work this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward models work this is a
+series based on trying to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series based on trying to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series based on trying to understand how
+modules that are like simple and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that are like simple and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules that are like simple and complex
+cells and can be iterated in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and can be iterated in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and can be iterated in a
+hierarchical architecture can provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical architecture can provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical architecture can provide a
+signature you know a set of features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature you know a set of features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature you know a set of features
+that are invariant to transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are invariant to transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are invariant to transformations
+observed during development and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed during development and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed during development and at the
+same time keep selectivity you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time keep selectivity you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time keep selectivity you don't
+lose any selectivity to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose any selectivity to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose any selectivity to different
+objects and then I want to see what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then I want to see what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and then I want to see what they
+say about deep convolutional learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about deep convolutional learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about deep convolutional learning
+networks and look at that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and look at that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks and look at that some of the
+beginning of a theory about deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a theory about deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a theory about deep
+learning and then then I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and then then I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning and then then I want to look at
+a couple of predictions particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of predictions particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of predictions particularly
+related to eccentricity dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to eccentricity dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to eccentricity dependent
+resolution coming from my theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution coming from my theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution coming from my theory that
+are interesting for psychophysics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting for psychophysics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting for psychophysics and
+modeling and then you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and then you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling and then you know it's a
+basically garbage time if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically garbage time if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically garbage time if you are
+interested in mathematical details and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in mathematical details and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in mathematical details and
+proofs of theorems and historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of theorems and historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of theorems and historical
+background ok so let's start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background ok so let's start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background ok so let's start with a
+theorem so these are the kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so these are the kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so these are the kind of things
+we want ideally to explain this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want ideally to explain this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want ideally to explain this is
+visual cortex on the left models like H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex on the left models like H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex on the left models like H
+max of feed-forward models and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of feed-forward models and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max of feed-forward models and on the
+right are the deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are the deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right are the deep learning
+convolutional net or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional net or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional net or
+a couple of them which basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of them which basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of them which basically have
+convolutional stages very similar to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional stages very similar to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutional stages very similar to us
+one there and pulling stage is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there and pulling stage is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there and pulling stage is similar
+to c1 but quite a lot of those those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c1 but quite a lot of those those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c1 but quite a lot of those those
+layers so how many of you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so how many of you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers so how many of you know about
+deep learning very badly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so these are the kind of question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the kind of question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the kind of question
+that ideally tries to answer why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideally tries to answer why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideally tries to answer why this
+year is work well you know what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is work well you know what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is work well you know what is
+really visual cortex what is the goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really visual cortex what is the goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really visual cortex what is the goal of
+v12 IT we know a lot about simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v12 IT we know a lot about simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v12 IT we know a lot about simple
+complex cells but again what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells but again what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells but again what is the
+computational goal of this simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational goal of this simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational goal of this simple and
+complex cells why do we have gabart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells why do we have gabart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cells why do we have gabart
+Union in the early areas and why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union in the early areas and why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union in the early areas and why do we
+have quite specific to quite generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite specific to quite generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have quite specific to quite generic
+tuning like in the first visual area but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning like in the first visual area but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuning like in the first visual area but
+quite specific tuning to different types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite specific tuning to different types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite specific tuning to different types
+of objects like faces and bodies higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects like faces and bodies higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of objects like faces and bodies higher
+higher up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the main hypothesis with starting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main hypothesis with starting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main hypothesis with starting a
+theory is that one of the main goal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that one of the main goal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory is that one of the main goal of
+visual cortex is a as an hypothesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex is a as an hypothesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual cortex is a as an hypothesis is
+to compute a set of features a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a set of features a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute a set of features a
+representation of images that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of images that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of images that is
+invariant to transformations that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to transformations that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to transformations that the
+organism has experienced visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism has experienced visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism has experienced visual
+transformations and remain selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and remain selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations and remain selective
+wise invariance important a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise invariance important a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise invariance important a lot of the
+problem of recognizing objects is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of recognizing objects is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of recognizing objects is the
+fact that I can see once you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I can see once you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that I can see once you know
+rosary's face and then the next time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosary's face and then the next time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rosary's face and then the next time is
+the same face but the image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same face but the image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same face but the image is
+completely different for it's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different for it's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different for it's a much
+bigger now because I'm closer or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger now because I'm closer or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger now because I'm closer or the
+illumination is different so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination is different so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination is different so the
+pictures are different and from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are different and from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures are different and from one
+single object you can produce in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single object you can produce in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single object you can produce in this
+way through translation scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through translation scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through translation scaling
+different illumination viewpoint you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different illumination viewpoint you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different illumination viewpoint you can
+produce thousands of different images so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the intuition is that if I could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is that if I could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is that if I could get
+computer description say long vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer description say long vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer description say long vectors of
+features of her face that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of her face that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of her face that does not
+change under these transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change under these transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change under these transformations
+reckoning should be much easier easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reckoning should be much easier easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reckoning should be much easier easier
+means especially that I could learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means especially that I could learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means especially that I could learn to
+recognize an object with much fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize an object with much fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize an object with much fewer
+labeled examples and so here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled examples and so here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled examples and so here on the
+right you have a kind of very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a kind of very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a kind of very simple
+demonstration of what I mean empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of what I mean empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration of what I mean empirical
+demonstration so we have you know at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration so we have you know at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration so we have you know at the
+bottom different cars and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom different cars and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom different cars and different
+planes and there is a linear classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and there is a linear classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes and there is a linear classifier
+which is trained directly on the pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trained directly on the pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is trained directly on the pixel
+very stupid classifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid classifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stupid classifier
+and you train it with one car and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you train it with one car and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you train it with one car and one
+plane this is on the left and two cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is on the left and two cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane this is on the left and two cars
+two planes and then you test on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes and then you test on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two planes and then you test on other
+images and as you can see when is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and as you can see when is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and as you can see when is
+trained with the bottom examples which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained with the bottom examples which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained with the bottom examples which
+are all kind of viewpoints and sizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kind of viewpoints and sizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kind of viewpoints and sizes the
+performance of the classifier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the classifier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the classifier in
+answering is this a car or is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering is this a car or is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering is this a car or is this a
+plane is 50 percentage chance that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is 50 percentage chance that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is 50 percentage chance that's not
+a lower net or on the other hand suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower net or on the other hand suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower net or on the other hand suppose
+I have a norcold which is I I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a norcold which is I I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a norcold which is I I will
+conjecture its visual cortexes actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture its visual cortexes actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture its visual cortexes actually
+that gives you a feature vectors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a feature vectors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a feature vectors for
+each image which is invariant to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each image which is invariant to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each image which is invariant to this
+transformation so it's like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so it's like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so it's like having
+images of cars in the this line be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of cars in the this line be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images of cars in the this line be
+they're all in the same position same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the same position same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in the same position same
+illumination and so on and the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and so on and the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illumination and so on and the same for
+the for the planes and I repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the planes and I repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the planes and I repeat this
+experiment I use one pair one car one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I use one pair one car one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I use one pair one car one
+plane to train or two cars two planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to train or two cars two planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to train or two cars two planes
+and I see immediately that the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see immediately that the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see immediately that the when
+tested the new images this classifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested the new images this classifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested the new images this classifier is
+close to 90% so much better so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 90% so much better so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 90% so much better so you know
+correcting having invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting having invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correcting having invariant
+representation can help a lot that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation can help a lot that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation can help a lot that's the
+empirical simple demonstration and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical simple demonstration and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical simple demonstration and you
+can prove theorems saying the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove theorems saying the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove theorems saying the same thing
+that if you have an invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have an invariant
+representation you can have a much lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can have a much lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you can have a much lower
+sample complexity which means you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample complexity which means you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample complexity which means you can
+you you need much fewer labeled example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you need much fewer labeled example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you need much fewer labeled example
+to train a classifier to achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train a classifier to achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to train a classifier to achieve a
+certain level of accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level of accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain level of accuracy
+so how can you compute an invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can you compute an invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can you compute an invariant
+representation there are many ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation there are many ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation there are many ways to do
+it but I'll describe you one which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I'll describe you one which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I'll describe you one which I
+think is attractive because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is attractive because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is attractive because it's
+neurophysiological e very plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurophysiological e very plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurophysiological e very plausible
+so the basic assumption I'm making here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic assumption I'm making here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic assumption I'm making here
+is that neurons are kind of very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that neurons are kind of very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that neurons are kind of very slow
+devices they don't do well a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices they don't do well a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices they don't do well a lot of
+things one of the things they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the things they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one of the things they do
+probably best is high-dimensional dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably best is high-dimensional dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably best is high-dimensional dot
+products and the reason is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and the reason is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and the reason is that you have
+you have a dendritic tree and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dendritic tree and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dendritic tree and in
+cortical neurons you have between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical neurons you have between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical neurons you have between
+thousand and ten thousand synapses so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and ten thousand synapses so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and ten thousand synapses so
+you have between thousand ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have between thousand ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have between thousand ten thousand
+inputs and each input get essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and each input get essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs and each input get essentially
+multiplied by the weight of the synapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the weight of the synapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the weight of the synapse
+which can be changed during learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be changed during learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be changed during learning
+it's plastic and then the postsynaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plastic and then the postsynaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plastic and then the postsynaptic
+depolarization or hyperpolarization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depolarization or hyperpolarization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depolarization or hyperpolarization so
+the electrical changes to the synapse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical changes to the synapse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrical changes to the synapse is
+get also mated in the soma so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get also mated in the soma so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get also mated in the soma so you have
+some I X I your inputs WI are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I X I your inputs WI are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some I X I your inputs WI are your
+synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses
+that's a dot product and this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dot product and this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dot product and this happens
+kind of automatically within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of automatically within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of automatically within a
+millisecond so it's one of the few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond so it's one of the few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond so it's one of the few
+things that neurons do well it's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that neurons do well it's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that neurons do well it's I think
+one of the distinctive features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the distinctive features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the distinctive features of
+neurons of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the brain
+relative to our electronic components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to our electronic components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to our electronic components
+that in the in each neuron in each unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in each neuron in each unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the in each neuron in each unit
+in the brain there are about 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain there are about 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain there are about 10,000
+wires getting in or out whereas it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires getting in or out whereas it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires getting in or out whereas it in
+you know in transistors or logical units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in transistors or logical units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in transistors or logical units
+in our computers the number of wires is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our computers the number of wires is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our computers the number of wires is
+more like 3 or 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 3 or 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like 3 or 4
+so this is this is the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is the assumption that
+this kind of dog products is easy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of dog products is easy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of dog products is easy to do
+and and so this is suggest this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is suggest this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so this is suggest this kind of
+algorithm for computing invariants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for computing invariants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for computing invariants
+suppose you are a baby in the crib you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you are a baby in the crib you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you are a baby in the crib you
+are playing with a toy it's bike and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing with a toy it's bike and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are playing with a toy it's bike and you
+are rotating it for instance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rotating it for instance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rotating it for instance for
+simplicity we'll do more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity we'll do more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity we'll do more complex
+arrangement the unsupervised learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement the unsupervised learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement the unsupervised learning
+that you need to do at this point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to do at this point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to do at this point is
+just to store the movie of what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to store the movie of what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to store the movie of what happened
+to your toy so for instance suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your toy so for instance suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your toy so for instance suppose you
+get a perfect rotation this is a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a perfect rotation this is a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a perfect rotation this is a movie
+up there there are eight frames you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there there are eight frames you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there there are eight frames you
+store those and you keep them forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so when you see a new image it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so when you see a new image it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so when you see a new image it
+could be rosary space or this fish and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be rosary space or this fish and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be rosary space or this fish and I
+want to compute feature vectors which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute feature vectors which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute feature vectors which is
+invariant to rotation even if I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to rotation even if I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to rotation even if I never
+seen the fish rotated what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the fish rotated what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the fish rotated what I do is I
+compute a dot product of the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a dot product of the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a dot product of the image of
+the fish with each one of the frames and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish with each one of the frames and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fish with each one of the frames and
+so I get eight numbers and the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get eight numbers and the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I get eight numbers and the claim is
+that these eight numbers not their order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these eight numbers not their order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these eight numbers not their order
+but the numbers are invariant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the numbers are invariant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the numbers are invariant to
+rotation of the fish so if I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the fish so if I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the fish so if I see the
+fish now in a different rotation angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish now in a different rotation angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish now in a different rotation angles
+or it's a vertical I'll still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's a vertical I'll still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's a vertical I'll still get the
+same eight numbers in a different order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eight numbers in a different order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same eight numbers in a different order
+probably you could have these are eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you could have these are eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you could have these are eight
+numbers as I said they are invariant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as I said they are invariant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers as I said they are invariant to
+rotation of of the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of of the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of of the fish
+there are various quantities that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various quantities that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various quantities that you
+can use to represent compactly the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to represent compactly the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to represent compactly the fact
+that they are the same independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are the same independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are the same independent of
+rotation for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation for instance
+the probability distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution the
+istagram of these values does not depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+istagram of these values does not depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+istagram of these values does not depend
+on the order and so if you make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order and so if you make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order and so if you make an
+Instagram it should be independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram it should be independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instagram it should be independent of
+rotation invariant to rotation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation invariant to rotation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation invariant to rotation or
+moments of the histogram like the VAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the histogram like the VAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of the histogram like the VAR
+they average the variance the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they average the variance the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they average the variance the moment of
+order infinity and and for instant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order infinity and and for instant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order infinity and and for instant the
+equation for computing an Instagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for computing an Instagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for computing an Instagram is
+written there you'll have the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there you'll have the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there you'll have the dot
+product of the image the fish with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the image the fish with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the image the fish with one
+template the by-the-by TK you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template the by-the-by TK you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template the by-the-by TK you have
+several template not just one and Gi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several template not just one and Gi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several template not just one and Gi is
+the element of the rotation group so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of the rotation group so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element of the rotation group so you
+get various rotation of simply because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get various rotation of simply because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get various rotation of simply because
+you have observed that you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have observed that you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have observed that you don't need to
+know it's a rotation group you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a rotation group you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a rotation group you don't
+need to compute that these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute that these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute that these are just
+images that you have stored and this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that you have stored and this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that you have stored and this and
+Delta can be like different thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta can be like different thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta can be like different thresholds
+of simple cells and Sigma could be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple cells and Sigma could be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple cells and Sigma could be just
+a threshold function for instance as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold function for instance as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold function for instance as it
+turns out of describe later and some is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out of describe later and some is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out of describe later and some is
+the pooling I'll describe later this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pooling I'll describe later this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pooling I'll describe later this but
+Sigma the nonlinearities can be in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the nonlinearities can be in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma the nonlinearities can be in fact
+almost anything this is very robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anything this is very robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost anything this is very robust to
+different choices of the non-linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices of the non-linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choices of the non-linearity
+and the pool here are some examples in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pool here are some examples in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pool here are some examples in
+which now the transformation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now the transformation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now the transformation is
+translation that you have observed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation that you have observed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation that you have observed for
+the bike and if I compute a histogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bike and if I compute a histogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bike and if I compute a histogram
+from the more than eight frames in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the more than eight frames in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the more than eight frames in this
+case I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I get the
+right Instagram for the fish and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Instagram for the fish and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Instagram for the fish and you can
+see the right histogram does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the right histogram does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the right histogram does not change
+even if the image of the fish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the image of the fish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the image of the fish is
+translated same for the blue Instagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated same for the blue Instagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated same for the blue Instagram
+which is the set of feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set of feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the set of feature
+corresponding to the cat also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the cat also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the cat also it's
+invariant to translation but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to translation but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant to translation but it's
+different from the right one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the right one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the right one so this
+these quantities the instagrams can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities the instagrams can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities the instagrams can be
+invariant of course but also selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant of course but also selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant of course but also selective
+which is what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you want
+in order to have selectivity as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have selectivity as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have selectivity as high as
+you want you need more than one template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you need more than one template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want you need more than one template
+and some results about how many what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some results about how many what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some results about how many what you
+need I can go into more details of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I can go into more details of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I can go into more details of this
+but essentially you need the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially you need the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but essentially you need the number of
+templates of templates like the bike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates of templates like the bike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates of templates like the bike in
+the original example that is logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original example that is logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original example that is logarithmic
+in the number of images you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of images you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of images you want to
+separate so for instance suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so for instance suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so for instance suppose you
+want to be able to distinguish thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to distinguish thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to distinguish thousand
+faces or thousand objects then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces or thousand objects then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces or thousand objects then the
+number of templates you need is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of templates you need is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of templates you need is in the
+order of log thousand so does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of log thousand so does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of log thousand so does not
+increase so much yeah so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so much yeah so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase so much yeah so there are two
+two things one it is you implied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one it is you implied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things one it is you implied the
+reason I spoke about rotation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I spoke about rotation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I spoke about rotation on the
+image plane because rotation is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image plane because rotation is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image plane because rotation is is a
+compact group so you know you you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact group so you know you you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact group so you know you you never
+get out you come back in the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out you come back in the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out you come back in the translation
+you can go in principle mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in principle mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go in principle mathematically
+to plus infinity or minus infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity or minus infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus infinity or minus infinity of
+course does not make sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course does not make sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course does not make sense but
+mathematically this means that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically this means that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically this means that it's a
+little bit more difficult to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more difficult to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more difficult to prove the
+same results in the case of translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same results in the case of translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same results in the case of translation
+and scale but we can do it that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scale but we can do it that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scale but we can do it that first
+point the second one the combinatorics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the second one the combinatorics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the second one the combinatorics
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+transformation turns out that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation turns out that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation turns out that that one
+approach to this is to have what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to this is to have what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to this is to have what the
+visual system seems to have in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system seems to have in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual system seems to have in which you
+have relatively small ranges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have relatively small ranges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have relatively small ranges of
+invariance at different stages so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance at different stages so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance at different stages so that
+you know first stage say in v1 you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first stage say in v1 you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first stage say in v1 you are
+pulling by the complex cells over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling by the complex cells over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling by the complex cells over a
+small range of translations and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range of translations and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small range of translations and probably
+scale and then at the second stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and then at the second stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and then at the second stage you
+have a larger range I'll come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger range I'll come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a larger range I'll come to that
+later but it's a very interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but it's a very interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but it's a very interesting point
+I'm not going to this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to this these are
+technical extension this partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical extension this partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical extension this partially
+observable groups is these non compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable groups is these non compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable groups is these non compact
+groups the non group transformation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the non group transformation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the non group transformation are
+this approximate invariant to rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate invariant to rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approximate invariant to rotations
+in 3d or changes of expression and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d or changes of expression and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d or changes of expression and so on
+and then what happens when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what happens when you have a
+hierarchy of just modules now say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of just modules now say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of just modules now say
+briefly something about each one one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly something about each one one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly something about each one one is
+that if you look at the templates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the templates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at the templates that
+give you simultaneous so what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you simultaneous so what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you simultaneous so what you want
+to do we want to get scale and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we want to get scale and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we want to get scale and position
+invariants and suppose you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants and suppose you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariants and suppose you want
+templates that maximize the simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates that maximize the simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates that maximize the simultaneous
+change of invariance to scale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of invariance to scale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of invariance to scale and
+position it turns out that Gabor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it turns out that Gabor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it turns out that Gabor
+templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+templates
+gabber filters are I want to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabber filters are I want to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabber filters are I want to do that so
+that maybe one computational reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe one computational reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe one computational reason for
+why gabber filters are a good thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why gabber filters are a good thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why gabber filters are a good thing to
+do in in processing image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in in processing image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in in processing image
+so for forgetting approximately good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for forgetting approximately good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for forgetting approximately good
+invariance to known group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance to known group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance to known group
+transformations you need to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations you need to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations you need to have some
+conditions but the main one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but the main one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions but the main one is that
+template must transform in a similar way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template must transform in a similar way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template must transform in a similar way
+to the object you want to compute like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the object you want to compute like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the object you want to compute like
+faces and for for this properties to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and for for this properties to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces and for for this properties to be
+true for a hierarchy of modules so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a hierarchy of modules so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for a hierarchy of modules so this
+think of this inverted triangle like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this inverted triangle like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this inverted triangle like a
+set of simple cells at the base and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of simple cells at the base and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of simple cells at the base and one
+complex cell the red circle at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cell the red circle at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cell the red circle at the top
+and so the architecture that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the architecture that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the architecture that we're
+looking at is you know simple complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is you know simple complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at is you know simple complex
+this would be like v1 next week another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like v1 next week another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be like v1 next week another
+simple complex module this is all v1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple complex module this is all v1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple complex module this is all v1 and
+then you have v2 in the second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have v2 in the second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have v2 in the second layer
+that is getting input from v1 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is getting input from v1 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is getting input from v1 and you
+repeat the same thing but from the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the same thing but from the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the same thing but from the on
+the output this is exactly like a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output this is exactly like a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output this is exactly like a deep
+learning network it's like visual cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning network it's like visual cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning network it's like visual cortex
+where you have different stages and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have different stages and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have different stages and the
+effective receptive fields increases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective receptive fields increases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective receptive fields increases as
+you go up as you see here so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up as you see here so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up as you see here so this would
+be the effect the increase in spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the effect the increase in spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the effect the increase in spatial
+pooling so invariance and also as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling so invariance and also as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pooling so invariance and also as I
+mentioned not drawn here but is scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned not drawn here but is scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned not drawn here but is scale
+pulling over size scale and you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling over size scale and you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling over size scale and you can show
+that if if the following is true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if the following is true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if the following is true that
+misses this animated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that what you need to have an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what you need to have an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what you need to have an a
+number of different networks subtly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different networks subtly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different networks subtly the
+ones I described have this property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I described have this property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I described have this property of
+covariance so suppose you have an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance so suppose you have an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance so suppose you have an object
+that translates in the image okay what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates in the image okay what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that translates in the image okay what I
+need is that the neural activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that the neural activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that the neural activity in the
+red circles at the first level also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circles at the first level also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circles at the first level also
+translate this is covariance so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this is covariance so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this is covariance so what
+happens is the four is suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the four is suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is the four is suppose the
+object is smaller than those receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is smaller than those receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is smaller than those receptive
+fields in this the drawing is as big but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in this the drawing is as big but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields in this the drawing is as big but
+suppose is smaller then if we translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose is smaller then if we translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose is smaller then if we translate
+within one of the those receptive fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one of the those receptive fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within one of the those receptive fields
+going from one point to another because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one point to another because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one point to another because
+each one is invariant to translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is invariant to translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one is invariant to translations
+within the receptive field is pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the receptive field is pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the receptive field is pulling
+over them translation with the receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them translation with the receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them translation with the receptive
+field will give the same output you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will give the same output you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will give the same output you will
+have invariance right there but suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have invariance right there but suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have invariance right there but suppose
+you have one image and then the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one image and then the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one image and then the next one
+the object moved to different receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moved to different receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moved to different receptive
+fields or get out of the receptive field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields or get out of the receptive field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields or get out of the receptive field
+then you don't have invariance at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have invariance at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't have invariance at the
+first layer but if you have covariant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first layer but if you have covariant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first layer but if you have covariant so
+then the neural activity moves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the neural activity moves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the neural activity moves that
+layer above you may have invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer above you may have invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer above you may have invariance
+under the receptive field so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the receptive field so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the receptive field so in other
+words in this construction if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in this construction if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words in this construction if you have
+this covariance property then at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this covariance property then at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this covariance property then at some
+point in the network one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the network one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the network one of these
+receptive fields will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that yeah the the argument is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah the the argument is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that yeah the the argument is you
+know suppose up suppose I have an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose up suppose I have an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose up suppose I have an object
+like they said I have an image and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they said I have an image and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they said I have an image and then
+the object I have another image in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object I have another image in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object I have another image in which
+the object is here okay so obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is here okay so obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is here okay so obviously the
+response at this level the response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at this level the response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response at this level the response of
+this cell will change because before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell will change because before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell will change because before we
+saw this this object now there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this this object now there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this this object now there is this
+other sense of sees that so the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sense of sees that so the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sense of sees that so the response
+has changed you don't have invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed you don't have invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has changed you don't have invariant
+however if you look at what happens say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you look at what happens say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however if you look at what happens say
+at the top right circle there the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top right circle there the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top right circle there the top
+red circle will see some activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circle will see some activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red circle will see some activity in the
+first image here because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first image here because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first image here because it was
+activated through this and we see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated through this and we see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated through this and we see in the
+second case we'll see some activity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case we'll see some activity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case we'll see some activity over
+there which should be equivalent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which should be equivalent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which should be equivalent and
+under this receptive fields translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this receptive fields translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under this receptive fields translations
+will give rise to the same signature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give rise to the same signature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give rise to the same signature and
+then this big receptive field you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this big receptive field you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this big receptive field you have
+invariance for translation within it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance for translation within it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance for translation within it so
+the argument is that if you either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that if you either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument is that if you either you
+have invariance at one layer because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have invariance at one layer because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have invariance at one layer because the
+object just move within it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object just move within it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object just move within it and then you
+are done it's in variant and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done it's in variant and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done it's in variant and everything
+else is invariant or you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is invariant or you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else is invariant or you don't have
+invariance in this layer but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance in this layer but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance in this layer but you will
+have it at some layer above so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it at some layer above so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it at some layer above so in a
+sense you know if you go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know if you go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know if you go back to this
+I'll make this point later but if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make this point later but if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make this point later but if you go
+back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to this algorithm the basic idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this algorithm the basic idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this algorithm the basic idea is that
+you want to have invariance to rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have invariance to rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have invariance to rotation
+and so you pull you Everage over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you pull you Everage over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you pull you Everage over the
+rotations but suppose you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations but suppose you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations but suppose you want to have
+invariance um we want to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance um we want to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance um we want to have an
+estimate of rotation but you you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of rotation but you you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of rotation but you you're not
+interested in identity then what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in identity then what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in identity then what you do
+you don't pull over rotation you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't pull over rotation you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't pull over rotation you pull
+over different objects at one rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over different objects at one rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over different objects at one rotation
+so you can you can do both right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can do both right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can do both right yeah
+physiological you know we had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological you know we had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological you know we had done
+experiments long ago in 80 which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments long ago in 80 which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments long ago in 80 which in
+DeCarlo Gaborik rhymin and from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeCarlo Gaborik rhymin and from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DeCarlo Gaborik rhymin and from the same
+population of neurons we could read out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of neurons we could read out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of neurons we could read out
+identity object identity invariant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity object identity invariant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity object identity invariant to
+scale and position and we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and position and we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and position and we could also
+read out position invariant to identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out position invariant to identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out position invariant to identity
+and same population I'm not saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same population I'm not saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same population I'm not saying the
+same neuron but the same population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same neuron but the same population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same neuron but the same population of
+200 neurons and and so you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 neurons and and so you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 neurons and and so you can imagine
+that you could have different situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have different situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have different situations
+one could be some of the neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could be some of the neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could be some of the neurons and
+only conveying position and some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only conveying position and some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only conveying position and some other
+are completely invariant and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely invariant and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely invariant and when you
+read out with a classifier to work or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out with a classifier to work or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read out with a classifier to work or
+you have neurons that are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have neurons that are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have neurons that are already
+combining this information because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining this information because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining this information because the
+channels so amid either way ok let me do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so amid either way ok let me do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels so amid either way ok let me do
+this and then we can take a break I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we can take a break I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we can take a break I want
+to make the connection with simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the connection with simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the connection with simple and
+complex cell we already mention this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know is this set of operations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this set of operations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this set of operations you
+can think of the this Sigma dot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the this Sigma dot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of the this Sigma dot product
+and that this is a simple cell so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is a simple cell so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that this is a simple cell so this
+is a dot product of the image with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dot product of the image with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dot product of the image with the
+receptive field of the simple sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field of the simple sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field of the simple sign
+that's what these parentheses is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these parentheses is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what these parentheses is you
+have a bias or a threshold and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bias or a threshold and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bias or a threshold and the
+non-linearity could be the spiking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity could be the spiking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity could be the spiking
+non-linearity could be as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity could be as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity could be as I said
+rectifier neurons don't generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier neurons don't generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier neurons don't generate
+negative spikes so all of this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative spikes so all of this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative spikes so all of this is very
+plausible biologically and the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible biologically and the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible biologically and the simple
+cell will simply pull take the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will simply pull take the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will simply pull take the sum over
+the different simple cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what I mentioned before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I mentioned before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I mentioned before that
+meaning how it can be almost anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want to mention something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to mention something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to mention something that
+could be interesting for physiology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interesting for physiology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interesting for physiology is
+from the point of view of this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of this algorithm
+this may be a solution to this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be a solution to this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be a solution to this problem
+that has been around for 30 years or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been around for 30 years or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been around for 30 years or so
+which is that humor and vigil and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that humor and vigil and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that humor and vigil and other
+physiologist after them identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologist after them identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiologist after them identified
+simple and complex cells in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and complex cells in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and complex cells in terms of
+their physiological properties they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their physiological properties they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their physiological properties they
+couldn't see from where they recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see from where they recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't see from where they recording
+but there were cells that behaved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were cells that behaved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were cells that behaved in
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+simple cells had the smaller receptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cells had the smaller receptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cells had the smaller receptive
+field the complex cell had larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the complex cell had larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the complex cell had larger
+receptive field the complex cells were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field the complex cells were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field the complex cells were
+more invariant and then physiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more invariant and then physiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more invariant and then physiologist
+today are using criterion which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are using criterion which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are using criterion which the
+complex cell is more nonlinear than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cell is more nonlinear than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex cell is more nonlinear than the
+simple cell now from the point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cell now from the point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cell now from the point of view
+of the theory the real difference is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theory the real difference is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theory the real difference is one
+is doing the pooling the complex cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing the pooling the complex cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing the pooling the complex cells
+the simple cell is not and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple cell is not and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple cell is not and the the
+puzzle is that despite these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle is that despite these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle is that despite these
+physiological difference they were never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological difference they were never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological difference they were never
+able to say this type of pyramid or cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this type of pyramid or cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say this type of pyramid or cell
+is a simple and this type of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple and this type of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple and this type of parameters
+that are complex and part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are complex and part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are complex and part of the reason
+could be that may be simple and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that may be simple and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that may be simple and complex
+cells are the same size so that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are the same size so that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are the same size so that that the
+operation can be done on the same side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation can be done on the same side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation can be done on the same side
+if you look at the theory what may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the theory what may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the theory what may
+happen is is that you have one dendrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is is that you have one dendrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is is that you have one dendrite
+play the role of a simple cell you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the role of a simple cell you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the role of a simple cell you have
+inputs synaptic weights so this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs synaptic weights so this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs synaptic weights so this could
+give rise for instance to a gabber like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise for instance to a gabber like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise for instance to a gabber like
+receptive field and then and this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field and then and this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptive field and then and this other
+dendrites to another simple cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites to another simple cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites to another simple cell
+Singapore like in a different slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore like in a different slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore like in a different slightly
+different position in the in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position in the in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position in the in the image
+plane in the retina you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the retina you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in the retina you need the
+nonlinearities and they maybe instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities and they maybe instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities and they maybe instead
+than the out up of the Celtic maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the out up of the Celtic maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the out up of the Celtic maybe
+so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+voltage and time-dependent conductances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and time-dependent conductances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and time-dependent conductances
+in in the dendrites in the meantime we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the dendrites in the meantime we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the dendrites in the meantime we
+know the pyramidal cells in visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pyramidal cells in visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pyramidal cells in visual
+cortex have this nonlinear is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex have this nonlinear is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex have this nonlinear is like
+almost having spike generation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost having spike generation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost having spike generation in the
+dendrites and then the soma will submit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites and then the soma will submit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites and then the soma will submit
+everything this is what the complex cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is what the complex cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything this is what the complex cell
+is doing and if one of the cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing and if one of the cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing and if one of the cell is
+computing something like an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing something like an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing something like an average
+which is one of the moments of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the moments of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the moments of a
+distribution then the non-linearity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then the non-linearity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then the non-linearity will
+not even be needed and then physiologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even be needed and then physiologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even be needed and then physiologist
+using the criteria they use this day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the criteria they use this day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the criteria they use this day I
+would classify that cell simple even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would classify that cell simple even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would classify that cell simple even if
+from the point of view of the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the point of view of the theory
+still complex so anyway that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still complex so anyway that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still complex so anyway that's a
+proposed machinery that comes comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed machinery that comes comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed machinery that comes comes from
+the theory does everything that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory does everything that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory does everything that we need
+and the tool will say simple and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tool will say simple and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tool will say simple and complex
+cells could be one one seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JM8vAGReKkc.txt b/JM8vAGReKkc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb3cb980d21339d5e09c669ca7ce4e5eddf38e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JM8vAGReKkc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever wondered how all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever wondered how all the
+chemical elements are made then join me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical elements are made then join me
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are lifting all the status secrets
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand the cosmic origin of the
+chemical elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+astronomers collect data and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers collect data and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers collect data and when you
+want to work with the oldest stars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work with the oldest stars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work with the oldest stars and
+you want to determine a common chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to determine a common chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to determine a common chemical
+composition you have to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition you have to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition you have to use the
+technique of structure osku beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectroscopy means that we split up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy means that we split up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy means that we split up the
+light into a rainbow colors and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into a rainbow colors and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light into a rainbow colors and because
+we are looking for stars with very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking for stars with very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking for stars with very weak
+absorption lines in the in the variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption lines in the in the variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption lines in the in the variant
+we need to stretch out the light real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to stretch out the light real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to stretch out the light real
+bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad
+to get to a data quality level that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a data quality level that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a data quality level that that
+is sufficient for our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient for our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficient for our work
+now if you want to split up your light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to split up your light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to split up your light
+over so many colors you really need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so many colors you really need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so many colors you really need a
+big glass a big telescope in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big glass a big telescope in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big glass a big telescope in order to
+collect enough light that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect enough light that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect enough light that there is
+enough light enough photons left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough light enough photons left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough light enough photons left over
+for every single color in the rainbow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single color in the rainbow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every single color in the rainbow
+and I use the Magellan telescope in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use the Magellan telescope in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use the Magellan telescope in
+Chile it has a six point five meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chile it has a six point five meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chile it has a six point five meter
+mirror and it's a beautiful telescope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and it's a beautiful telescope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and it's a beautiful telescope
+you know like going observing very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like going observing very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like going observing very much
+but most people really can't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most people really can't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most people really can't understand
+what it means when I say I go observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means when I say I go observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means when I say I go observing
+well what it means is I fly to Chile the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what it means is I fly to Chile the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what it means is I fly to Chile the
+telescope is located in the Atacama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope is located in the Atacama
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope is located in the Atacama
+Desert 2500 meters up and one has to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desert 2500 meters up and one has to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desert 2500 meters up and one has to fly
+to Santiago first and then to Savina and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Santiago first and then to Savina and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Santiago first and then to Savina and
+then from there it's two hours with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there it's two hours with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from there it's two hours with a
+car opt into the mountains and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car opt into the mountains and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car opt into the mountains and then when
+you get there you see the mountains you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there you see the mountains you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get there you see the mountains you
+see a little telescope glistening in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little telescope glistening in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little telescope glistening in the
+Sun actually there are two telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun actually there are two telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun actually there are two telescopes
+there the twin telescopes I use mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the twin telescopes I use mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the twin telescopes I use mostly
+just one of them sometimes I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them sometimes I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one of them sometimes I use the
+other one too and one time actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one too and one time actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one too and one time actually I
+use them both that was exciting but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them both that was exciting but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them both that was exciting but at
+the same time I had to run back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I had to run back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time I had to run back and
+forth between the two to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between the two to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between the two to make sure that
+everything is working properly and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is working properly and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is working properly and what
+what you have when you get there is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have when you get there is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have when you get there is that
+I have a beautiful mountain landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a beautiful mountain landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a beautiful mountain landscape
+and of course at night you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course at night you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course at night you have the
+beautiful dark sky above you and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful dark sky above you and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful dark sky above you and the
+stars are so bright all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars are so bright all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars are so bright all together and
+they make up the Milky Way that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make up the Milky Way that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make up the Milky Way that actually
+I used to walk outside and I didn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to walk outside and I didn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to walk outside and I didn't need
+to bring a flashlight there was no moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a flashlight there was no moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring a flashlight there was no moon
+but the Milky Way band in the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Milky Way band in the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Milky Way band in the southern
+hemisphere it's so bright that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere it's so bright that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere it's so bright that you can
+just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just walk
+you wouldn't run into a tree or a car on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't run into a tree or a car on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't run into a tree or a car on
+whatever and I could almost imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and I could almost imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and I could almost imagine that
+I would see the shadow from the Milky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would see the shadow from the Milky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would see the shadow from the Milky
+Way slide I could have just imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way slide I could have just imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Way slide I could have just imagined
+that but the fact that I actually was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the fact that I actually was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the fact that I actually was in
+this position that I said like oh can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position that I said like oh can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position that I said like oh can I
+see my shadow from the from the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my shadow from the from the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see my shadow from the from the night
+sky that's just fantastic in itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky that's just fantastic in itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky that's just fantastic in itself so
+in the following I want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following I want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following I want to show you a
+few videos that I have taken at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few videos that I have taken at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few videos that I have taken at the
+telescopes to give you a little insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes to give you a little insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes to give you a little insight
+into what it means what this observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what it means what this observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what it means what this observing
+means and how we collect data but I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and how we collect data but I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and how we collect data but I also
+want to share with you what the night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share with you what the night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share with you what the night
+sky looks like because it is just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky looks like because it is just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky looks like because it is just too
+beautiful and words really can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and words really can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and words really can't
+describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JZHBa-rLrBA.txt b/JZHBa-rLrBA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57f538fcddad7e6375fb607385e50e01a168d568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JZHBa-rLrBA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2603 @@
+Today starts a two-lecture
+sequence on the topic of
+
+hashing, which is a really great
+technique that shows up in a lot
+
+of places.
+So we're going to introduce it
+
+through a problem that comes up
+often in compilers called the
+
+symbol table problem.
+And the idea is that we have a
+
+table S holding n records where
+each record, just to be a little
+
+more explicit here.
+So each record typically has a
+
+bunch of, this is record x.
+x is usually a pointer to the
+
+actual data.
+So when we talk about the
+
+record x, what it usually means
+some pointer to the data.
+
+And in the data,
+in the record,
+
+so this is a record,
+there is a key called a key of
+
+x.
+In some languages it's key,
+
+it's x dot key or x arrow key,
+OK, are other ways that that
+
+will be denoted in some
+languages.
+
+And there's usually some
+additional data called satellite
+
+data, which is carried around
+with the key.
+
+This is also true in sorting,
+but usually you're sorting
+
+records.
+You're not sorting individual
+
+keys.
+And so the idea is that we have
+
+a bunch of operations that we
+would like to do on this data on
+
+this table.
+So we want to be able to insert
+
+an item x into the table,
+which just essentially means
+
+that we update the table by
+adding the element x.
+
+We want to be able to delete an
+item from the table --
+
+-- so removing the item x from
+the set and we want to be able
+
+to search for a given key.
+So this returns the value x
+
+such that key of x is equal to
+k, where it returns nil if
+
+there's no such x.
+So be able to insert items in,
+
+delete them and also look to
+see if there's an item that has
+
+a particular key.
+So notice that delete doesn't
+
+take a key.
+Delete takes a record.
+
+OK, so if you want to delete
+something of a particular key
+
+and you don't happen to have a
+pointer to it,
+
+you have to say let me search
+for it and then delete it.
+
+So these, whenever you have a
+set operations,
+
+where operations that change
+the set like in certain delete,
+
+we call it a dynamic set.
+So these two operations make
+
+the set dynamic.
+It changes over time.
+
+Sometimes you want to build a
+fixed data structure.
+
+It's going to be a static set.
+All you're going to do is do
+
+things like look it up and so
+forth.
+
+But most often,
+it turns out that in
+
+programming and so forth,
+we want to have the set be
+
+dynamic.
+Want to be able to add elements
+
+to it, delete elements to it and
+so forth.
+
+And there may be other
+operations that modify the set,
+
+modify membership in the set.
+So the simplest implementation
+
+for this is actually often
+overlooked.
+
+I'm actually surprised how
+often people use more
+
+complicated data structures when
+this simple data structure will
+
+work.
+It's called a direct access
+
+table.
+Doesn't always work.
+
+I'll give the conditions where
+it does.
+
+So it works when the keys are
+drawn from our small
+
+distribution.
+So suppose the keys are drawn
+
+from a set U of m elements.
+OK, zero to m minus one.
+
+And we're going to assume the
+keys are distinct.
+
+So the way a direct access
+table works is that you set up
+
+an array T --
+
+-- from zero to m minus one to
+represent the dynamic set S --
+
+-- such that T of k is going to
+be equal to x if x is in the set
+
+and its key is k and nil
+otherwise.
+
+So you just simply have an
+array and if you have a record
+
+whose key is some value k,
+the key is 15 say,
+
+then slot 15 if the element is
+there has the element.
+
+And if it's not in the set,
+it's nil.
+
+Very simple data structure.
+OK, insertion.
+
+Just go to that location and
+set the value to the inserted
+
+value.
+For deletion,
+
+just remove it from there.
+And to look it up,
+
+you just index it and see
+what's in that slot.
+
+OK, very simple data structure.
+All these operations,
+
+therefore, take constant time
+in the worst case.
+
+But as a practical matter,
+the places you can use this
+
+strategy are pretty limited.
+What's the issue of limitation
+
+here?
+Yes.
+
+OK, so that's a limitation
+surely.
+
+But there's actually a more
+severe limitation.
+
+Yeah.
+What does that mean,
+
+it's hard to draw?
+
+No.
+Yeah.
+
+m minus one could be a huge
+number.
+
+Like for example,
+suppose that I want to have my
+
+set drawn over 64 bit values.
+OK, the things that I'm storing
+
+in my table is a set of 64-bit
+numbers.
+
+And so, maybe a small set.
+Maybe we only have a few
+
+thousand of these elements.
+But they're drawn from a 64-bit
+
+value.
+Then this strategy requires me
+
+to have an array that goes from
+zero to 2 to the 64th minus one.
+
+How big is 2^64 minus one?
+Approximately?
+
+It's like big.
+It's like 18 quintillion or
+
+something.
+I mean, it's zillions literally
+
+because it's like it's beyond
+the illions we normally use.
+
+Not a billion or a trillion.
+It's 18 quintillion.
+
+OK, so that's a really big
+number.
+
+So, or even worse,
+suppose the keys were drawn
+
+from character strings,
+so people's names or something.
+
+This would be an awful way to
+have to represent it.
+
+Because most of the table would
+be empty for any reasonable set
+
+of values you would want to
+keep.
+
+So the idea is we want to try
+to keep something that's going
+
+to keep the table small,
+while still preserving some of
+
+the properties.
+And that's where hashing comes
+
+in.
+So hashing is we use a hash
+
+function H which maps the keys
+randomly.
+
+And I'm putting that in quotes
+because it's not quite at
+
+random.
+Into slots table T.
+
+So we call each of the array
+indexes here a slot.
+
+So you can just sort of think
+of it as a big table and you've
+
+got slots in the table where
+you're storing your values.
+
+And so, we may have a big
+universe of keys.
+
+Let's call that U.
+And we have our table over here
+
+that we've set up that has --
+
+-- m slots.
+
+And so we actually have then a
+set that we're actually going to
+
+try to represent S,
+which is presumably a very
+
+small piece of the universe.
+And what we'll do is we'll take
+
+an element from here and map it
+to let's say to there and take
+
+another one and we apply the
+hash function to the element.
+
+And what the hash function is
+going to give us is it's going
+
+to give us a particular slot.
+Here's one that might go up
+
+here.
+Might have another one over
+
+here that goes down to there.
+And so, we get it to distribute
+
+the elements over the table.
+So what's the problem that's
+
+going to occur as we do this?
+So far, I've been a little bit
+
+lucky.
+What's the problem potentially
+
+going to be?
+
+Yeah, when two things are in S,
+more specifically,
+
+get assigned to the same value.
+So I may have a guy here and he
+
+gets mapped to the same slot
+that somebody else has already
+
+been mapped to.
+And when this happens,
+
+we call that a collision.
+
+So we're trying to map these
+things down into a small set but
+
+we could get unlucky in our
+mapping, particularly if we map
+
+enough of these guys.
+They're not going to fit.
+
+So when a record --
+
+-- to be inserted maps to an
+already occupied slot --
+
+-- a collision occurs.
+
+OK.
+So looks like this method's no
+
+good.
+But no, there's a pretty simple
+
+thing we can do.
+What should we do when two
+
+things map to the same slot?
+If we want to represent the
+
+whole set, but you can't lose
+any data, can't treat it like a
+
+cache.
+In a cache what you do is it
+
+uses a hashing scheme,
+but in a cache,
+
+you just kick it out because
+you don't care about
+
+representing a set precisely.
+But in a hash table you're
+
+programming, you often want to
+make sure that the values you
+
+have are exactly the values in
+the sets so you can tell whether
+
+something belongs to the set or
+not.
+
+So what's a good strategy here?
+Yeah.
+
+Create a list for each slot and
+just put all the elements that
+
+hash to the same slot into the
+list.
+
+And that's called resolving
+collisions by chaining.
+
+And the idea is to link records
+in the same slot --
+
+-- into a list.
+So for example,
+
+imagine this is my hash table
+and this for example is slot i.
+
+I may have several things that
+are, so I'm going to put the key
+
+value --
+
+-- have several things that may
+have been inserted into this
+
+table that are elements of S.
+And what I'll do is just link
+
+them together.
+OK, so nil pointer here.
+
+And this is the satellite data
+and these are the keys.
+
+So if they're all linked
+together in slot i,
+
+then the hash function applied
+to 49 has got to be equal to the
+
+hash function of 86 is equal to
+the hash function of 52,
+
+which equals what?
+
+There's only one thing I
+haven't.
+
+i.
+Good.
+
+Even if you don't understand
+it, your quizmanship should tell
+
+you.
+He didn't mention i.
+
+That's equal to i.
+So the point is when I hash 49,
+
+the hash of 49 produces me some
+index in the table,
+
+say i, and everything that
+hashes to that same location is
+
+linked together into a list
+OK.
+
+Every record.
+Any questions about what the
+
+mechanics of this.
+I hope that most of you have
+
+seen this, seen hashing,
+basic hashing in 6.001,
+
+right?
+They teach it in?
+
+They used to teach it 6.001.
+Yeah.
+
+OK.
+Some people are saying maybe.
+
+They used to teach it.
+Good.
+
+So let's analyze this strategy.
+The analysis.
+
+We'll first do worst case.
+
+So what happens in the worst
+case?
+
+With hashing?
+Yeah, raise your hand so that I
+
+could call on you.
+Yeah.
+
+Yeah, all hash keys,
+well all, all the keys in S.
+
+I happen to pick a set S where
+my hash function happens to map
+
+them all to the same value.
+That would be bad.
+
+So every key hashes to the same
+slot.
+
+And so, therefore if that
+happens, then what I've
+
+essentially built is a fancy
+linked list for keeping this
+
+data structure.
+All this stuff with the tables,
+
+the hashing,
+etc., irrelevant.
+
+All that matters is that I have
+a long linked list.
+
+And then how long does an
+access take?
+
+How long does it take me to
+insert something or well,
+
+more importantly,
+to search for something.
+
+Find out whether something's in
+there.
+
+In the worst case.
+Yeah, it takes order n time.
+
+Because they're all just a
+link, we just have a linked
+
+list.
+So access takes data n time if
+
+as we assume the size of S is
+equal to n.
+
+So from a worst case point of
+view, this doesn't look so
+
+attractive.
+And we will see data structures
+
+that in worst case do very well
+for this problem.
+
+But they don't do as good as
+the average case of hashing.
+
+So let's analyze the average
+case.
+
+In order to analyze the average
+case, I have to,
+
+whenever you have averages,
+whenever you have probability,
+
+you have to state your
+assumptions.
+
+You have to say what is the
+assumption about the behavior of
+
+the system.
+And it's very hard to do that
+
+because you don't know
+necessarily what the hash
+
+function is.
+Well, let's imagine an ideal
+
+hash function.
+What should an ideal hash
+
+function do?
+
+Yeah, map the keys essentially
+at random to a slot.
+
+Should really distribute them
+randomly.
+
+So we call this the assumption
+--
+
+-- of simple uniform hashing.
+
+And what it means is that each
+key k in S is equally likely --
+
+-- to be hashed to any slot in
+T and we're actually have to
+
+make an independence assumption.
+Independent of where other
+
+records, other keys are hashed.
+
+So we're going to make this
+assumption and includes n an
+
+independence assumption.
+That if I have two keys the
+
+odds that they're hashed to the
+same place is therefore what?
+
+What are the odds that two keys
+under this assumption are hashed
+
+to the same slot,
+if I have, say,
+
+m slots?
+One over m.
+
+What are the odds that one key
+is hashed to slot 15?
+
+One over m.
+Because they're being
+
+distributed, but the odds in
+particular two keys are hashed
+
+to the same slot,
+one over m.
+
+So let's define.
+Is there a question?
+
+No.
+OK.
+
+The load factor of a hash table
+with n keys at m slots to be
+
+alpha which is equal to n over
+m, which is also if you think
+
+about it, just the average
+number of keys per slot.
+
+So alpha is the average number
+of keys per, we call it the load
+
+factor of the table.
+OK.
+
+How many on average keys do I
+have?
+
+So the expected,
+we'll look first at
+
+unsuccessful search time.
+So by unsuccessful search,
+
+I mean I'm looking for
+something that's actually not in
+
+the table.
+It's going to return nil.
+
+I look for a key that's not in
+the table.
+
+It's going to be what?
+It's going to be order.
+
+Well, I have to do a certain
+amount of work just to calculate
+
+the hash function and so forth.
+It's going to be order at least
+
+one plus, then I have to search
+the list and on average how much
+
+of the list do I have to search?
+
+What's the cost of searching
+that list?
+
+On average.
+If I'm searching at random.
+
+If I'm searching for a key
+that's not in the table.
+
+Whichever one it is,
+I got to search to the end of
+
+the list, right?
+So what's the average cost over
+
+all the slots in the table?
+Alpha.
+
+Right?
+Alpha.
+
+That's the average length of a
+list.
+
+So this is essentially the cost
+of doing the hash and then
+
+accessing the slot and that is
+just the cost of searching the
+
+list.
+
+So the expected unsuccessful
+search time is proportional
+
+essentially to alpha and if
+alpha's bigger than one,
+
+it's order alpha.
+If alpha's less than one,
+
+it's constant.
+
+So when is the expected search
+time --
+
+-- equal to order one?
+
+So when is this order one?
+
+Simple questions,
+by the way.
+
+I only ask simple questions.
+Some guys ask hard questions.
+
+Yeah.
+Or in terms first we'll get
+
+there in two steps,
+OK.
+
+In terms of alpha,
+it's when?
+
+When alpha is constant.
+If alpha in particular is.
+
+Alpha doesn't have to be
+constant.
+
+It could be less than constant.
+It's O of one,
+
+right.
+OK, or equivalently,
+
+which is what you said,
+if n is O of m.
+
+OK, which is to say if the
+number of elements in the table
+
+is order, is upper bounded by a
+constant times n.
+
+Then the search cost is
+constant.
+
+So a lot of people will tell
+you oh, a hash table runs in
+
+constant search time.
+OK, that's actually wrong.
+
+It depends upon the load factor
+of the hash table.
+
+And people have made
+programming errors based on that
+
+misunderstanding of hash tables.
+Because they have a hash table
+
+that's too small for the number
+of elements they're putting in
+
+there.
+Doesn't help.
+
+The number may in fact will
+grow with the,
+
+since this is one plus n over
+m, it actually grows with n.
+
+So unless you make sure that m
+keeps up with n,
+
+this doesn't stay constant.
+Now it turns out for a
+
+successful search,
+it's also one plus alpha.
+
+And for that you need to do a
+little bit more mathematics
+
+because you now have to
+condition on searching for the
+
+items in the table.
+But it turns out it's also one
+
+plus alpha and that you can read
+about in the book.
+
+And also, there's a more
+rigorous proof of this.
+
+I sort of have glossed over the
+expectation stuff here,
+
+doing sort of a more intuitive
+proof.
+
+So both of those things you
+should look for in the book.
+
+So this is one reason why
+hashing is such a popular
+
+method, is it basically lets you
+represent a dynamic set with
+
+order one cost per operation,
+constant cost per operation,
+
+inserting, deleting and so
+forth, as long as the table that
+
+you're keeping is not much
+smaller than the number of items
+
+that you're putting in there.
+And then all the operations end
+
+up being constant time.
+But it depends upon,
+
+strongly upon this assumption
+of simple uniform hashing.
+
+And so no matter what hash
+function you pick,
+
+I can always find a set of
+elements that are going to hash,
+
+that that hash function is
+going to hash badly.
+
+I just could generate a whole
+bunch of them and look to see
+
+where the hash function takes
+them and in the end pick a whole
+
+bunch that hash to the same
+place.
+
+We're actually going to see a
+way of countering that,
+
+but in practice people
+understand that most programs
+
+that need to use things aren't
+really reverse engineering the
+
+hash function.
+And so, there's some very
+
+simple hash functions that seem
+to work fairly well in practice.
+
+So in choosing a hash function
+--
+
+-- we would like it to
+distribute
+
+-- keys uniformly into slots
+and we also would like that
+
+regularity in the key
+distributions --
+
+-- should not affect
+uniformity.
+
+For example,
+a regularity that you often see
+
+is that all the keys that are
+being inserted are even numbers.
+
+Somebody happens to have that
+property of his data,
+
+that they're only inserting
+even numbers.
+
+In fact, on many machines,
+since they use byte pointers,
+
+if they're sorting things that
+are for example,
+
+indexes to arrays or something
+like that, in fact,
+
+they're numbers that are
+typically divisible by four.
+
+Or by eight.
+So you don't want regularity in
+
+the key distribution to affect
+the fact that you're
+
+distributing slots.
+So probably the most popular
+
+method that's used just for a
+quick hash function is what's
+
+called the division method.
+
+And the idea here is that you
+simply let h of k for a key
+
+equal k modulo m,
+where m is the number of slots
+
+in your table.
+
+And this works reasonably well
+in practice, but you want to be
+
+careful about your choice of
+modulus.
+
+In other words,
+it turns out it doesn't work
+
+well for every possible size of
+table you might want to pick.
+
+Fortunately when you're
+building hash tables,
+
+you don't usually care about
+the specific size of the table.
+
+If you pick it around some
+size, that's probably fine
+
+because it's not going to affect
+their performance.
+
+So there's no need to pick a
+specific value.
+
+In particular,
+you don't want to pick --
+
+-- m with a small divisor --
+
+-- and let me illustrate why
+that's a bad idea for this
+
+particular hash function.
+
+I should have said small
+divisor d.
+
+So for example --
+
+-- if D is two,
+in other words m is an even
+
+number, and it turns out that we
+have the situation I just
+
+mentioned, all keys are even,
+what happens to my usage of the
+
+hash table?
+So I have an even slot,
+
+even number of slots,
+and all the keys that the user
+
+of the hash table chooses to
+pick happen to be even numbers,
+
+what's going to happen in terms
+of my use of the hash table?
+
+Well, in the worst case,
+they are always all going to
+
+point in the same slot no matter
+what hash function I pick.
+
+But here, let's say that,
+in fact, my hash function does
+
+do a pretty good job of
+distributing,
+
+but I have this property.
+What's a property that's going
+
+to have no matter what set of
+keys I pick that satisfies this
+
+property?
+What's going to happen to the
+
+hash table?
+So, I have even number,
+
+mod an even number.
+What does that say about the
+
+hash function?
+It's even, right?
+
+I have an even number mod.
+It's even.
+
+So, what's going to happen to
+my use of the table?
+
+Yeah, you're never going to
+hash anything to an odd-numbered
+
+slot.
+You wasted half your slots.
+
+It doesn't matter what the key
+distribution is.
+
+OK, as long as they're all
+even, OK, that means the odds
+
+slots are never used.
+OK, an extreme example,
+
+here's another example,
+imagine that m is equal to two
+
+to the r.
+In other words,
+
+all its factors are small
+divisors, OK?
+
+In that case,
+if I think about taking k mod
+
+n, OK, the hash doesn't even
+depend on all the bits of k,
+
+OK?
+So, for example,
+
+suppose I had one...,
+and r equals six,
+
+OK, so m is two to the sixth.
+So, I take this binary number,
+
+mod two to the sixth,
+what's the hash value?
+
+If I take something mod a power
+of two, what does it do?
+
+So, I hash this function.
+This is k, OK,
+
+in binary.
+And I take it mod two to the
+
+sixth.
+Well, if I took it mod two,
+
+what's the answer?
+What's this number mod two?
+
+Zero, right.
+OK, what's this number mod
+
+four?
+One zero.
+
+What is it mod two to the
+sixth?
+
+Yeah, it's just these last six
+bits.
+
+This is H of k.
+OK, when you take something mod
+
+a power of two,
+all you're doing is taking its
+
+low order bits.
+OK, mod two to the r,
+
+you are taking its r low order
+bits.
+
+So, the hash function doesn't
+even depend on what's up here.
+
+So, that's a pretty bad
+situation because generally you
+
+would like a very common
+regularity that you'll see in
+
+data is that all the low order
+bits are the same,
+
+and all the high order bits
+differ, or vice versa.
+
+So, this particular is not a
+very good one.
+
+So, good heuristics for this is
+to pick m to be a prime,
+
+not too close to a power of two
+or ten because those are the two
+
+common bases that you see
+regularity in the world.
+
+A prime is sometimes
+inconvenient,
+
+however.
+But generally,
+
+it's fairly easy to find
+primes.
+
+And there's a lot of nice
+theorems about primes.
+
+So, generally what you do,
+if you're just coding up
+
+something and you know what it
+is, you can pick a prime out of
+
+a textbook or look it up on the
+web or write a little program,
+
+or whatever,
+and pick a prime.
+
+Not too close to a power of two
+or ten, and it will probably
+
+work pretty well.
+It will probably work pretty
+
+well.
+So, this is a very popular
+
+method, the division method.
+OK, but the next method we are
+
+going to see is actually usually
+superior.
+
+The reason people do this is
+because they can write in-line
+
+in their code.
+OK, but it's not usually the
+
+best method.
+And the reason is because
+
+division, one of the reasons is
+division tends to take a lot of
+
+cycles to compute on most
+computers compared with
+
+multiplication or addition.
+OK, in fact,
+
+it's usually done with taking
+several multiplications.
+
+So, the next method is actually
+generally better,
+
+but none of the hash function
+methods that we are talking
+
+about today are,
+in some sense,
+
+provably good hash functions.
+OK, so for the multiplication
+
+method, the nice thing about it
+is just essentially requires
+
+multiplication to do.
+And, for that is,
+
+also, we are going to assume
+that the number of slots is a
+
+power of two which is also often
+very convenient.
+
+OK, and for this,
+we're going to assume that the
+
+computer has w bit words.
+So, it would be convenient on a
+
+computer with 32 bits,
+or 64 bits, for example.
+
+OK, this would be very
+convenient.
+
+So, the hash function is the
+following.
+
+h of k is equal to A times k
+mod, two to the w,
+
+right shifted by w minus r.
+OK, so the key part of this is
+
+A, which has chosen to be an odd
+integer in the range between two
+
+to the w minus one and two to
+the w.
+
+OK, so it's an odd integer that
+the full width of the computer
+
+word.
+OK, and what you do is multiply
+
+it by whatever your key is,
+by this funny integer.
+
+And, then take it mod two to
+the w.
+
+And then, you take the result
+and right shift it by this fixed
+
+amount, w minus r.
+So, this is a bit wise right
+
+shift.
+OK, so let's look at what this
+
+does.
+But first, let me just give you
+
+a couple of tips on how you
+pick, or what you don't pick for
+
+A.
+So, you don't pick A too close
+
+to a power of two.
+And, it's generally a pretty
+
+fast method because
+multiplication mod two to the w
+
+is faster than division.
+And the other thing is that a
+
+right shift is fast,
+especially because this is a
+
+known shift.
+OK, you know it before you are
+
+computing the hash function.
+Both w and r are known in
+
+advance.
+So, the compiler can often do
+
+tricks there to make it go even
+faster.
+
+So, let's do an example to
+understand how this hash
+
+function works.
+So, we will have,
+
+in this case,
+a number of slots will be
+
+eight, which is two to the
+three.
+
+And, we'll have a bizarre word
+size of seven bits.
+
+Anybody know any seven bit
+computers out there?
+
+OK, well, here's one.
+So, A is our fixed value that's
+
+used for hashing all our keys.
+And, in this case,
+
+let's say it's 1011001.
+So, that's A.
+
+And, I take in some value for k
+that I'm going to multiply.
+
+So, k is going to be 1101011.
+So, that's my k.
+
+And, I multiply them.
+What I multiply two,
+
+each of these is the full word
+width.
+
+You can view it as the full
+word width of the machine,
+
+in this case,
+seven bits.
+
+So, in general,
+this would be like a 32 bit
+
+number, and my key,
+I'd be multiplying two 32 bit
+
+numbers, for example.
+OK, and so, when I multiply
+
+that out, I get a 2w bit answer.
+So, when you multiply two w bit
+
+numbers, you get a 2w bit
+answer.
+
+In this case,
+it happens to be that number,
+
+OK?
+So, that's the product part,
+
+OK?
+And then we take it mod two to
+
+the w.
+Well, what mod two to the w
+
+says is that I'm just taking,
+ignoring the high order bits of
+
+this product.
+So, all of these are ignored,
+
+because, remember that if I
+take something,
+
+mod, a power of two,
+that's just the low order bits.
+
+So, I just get these low order
+bits as being the mod.
+
+And then, the right shift
+operation, and that's good also,
+
+by the way, because a lot of
+machines, when I multiply two 32
+
+bit numbers, they'll have an
+instruction that gives you just
+
+the 32 lower bits.
+And, it's usually an
+
+instruction that's faster than
+the instruction that gives you
+
+the full 64 bit answer.
+OK, so, that's very convenient.
+
+And, the second thing is,
+then, that I want just the,
+
+in this case,
+three bits that are the high
+
+order bits of this word.
+So, this ends up being my H of
+
+k.
+And these end up getting
+
+removed by right shifting this
+word over.
+
+So, you just right shift that
+in, zeros come in,
+
+in a high order bit,
+and you end up getting that
+
+value of H of k.
+OK, so to understand what's
+
+going on here,
+why this is a pretty good
+
+method, or what's happening with
+it, you can imagine that one way
+
+to think about it is to think of
+A as being a binary fraction.
+
+So, imagine that the decimal
+point is here,
+
+sorry, the binary point,
+OK, the radix point is here.
+
+Then when I multiply things,
+I'm just taking,
+
+the binary point ends up being
+there.
+
+OK, so if you just imagine that
+conceptually,
+
+we don't have to actually put
+this into the hardware because
+
+we just do what the hardware
+does.
+
+But, I can imagine that it's
+there, and that it's here.
+
+And so, what I'm really taking
+is the fractional part of this
+
+product if I treat A as a
+fraction of a number.
+
+So, we can certainly look at
+that as sort of a modular wheel.
+
+So, here I have a wheel where
+this is going to be,
+
+that I'm going to divide into
+eight parts, OK,
+
+where this point is zero.
+And then, I go around,
+
+and this point is then one.
+And, I go around,
+
+and this point is two,
+and so forth,
+
+so that all the integers,
+if I wrap it around this unit
+
+wheel, all the integers lined up
+at the zero point here,
+
+OK?
+And then, we can divide this
+
+into the fractional pieces.
+So, that's essentially the zero
+
+point.
+This is the one eighth,
+
+because we are dividing into
+eight, two, three,
+
+four, five, six,
+seven.
+
+So, if I have one times A,
+in this case,
+
+I'm basically saying,
+well, one times A,
+
+if I multiply,
+is basically going around to
+
+about there, five and a half I
+think, right,
+
+because one times A is about
+five and a half,
+
+OK, or five halves of 5.5
+eighths, essentially.
+
+So, it takes me about to there.
+That's A.
+
+And, if I do 2^A,
+that continues around,
+
+and takes me up to about,
+where?
+
+About, a little past three,
+about to there.
+
+So, that's 2^A.
+OK, and 3^A takes me,
+
+then, around to somewhere like
+about there.
+
+So, each time I add another A,
+it's taking me another A's
+
+distance around.
+And, the idea is that if A is,
+
+for example,
+odd, and it's not too close to
+
+a power of two,
+then what's happening is sort
+
+of throwing it into another slot
+on a different thing.
+
+So, if I now go around,
+if I have k being very big,
+
+then k times A is going around
+k times.
+
+Where does it end up?
+It's like spinning a wheel of
+
+fortune or something.
+OK, it ends somewhere.
+
+OK, and so that's basically the
+notion.
+
+That's basically the notion,
+that it's going to end up in
+
+some place.
+So, you're basically looking
+
+at, where does ka end up?
+Well, it sort of whirls around,
+
+and ends up at some point.
+OK, and so that's why that
+
+tends to be a fairly good one.
+But, these are only heuristic
+
+methods for hashing,
+because for any hash function,
+
+you can always find a set of
+keys that's going to make it
+
+operate badly.
+So, the question is,
+
+well, what do you use in
+practice?
+
+OK, the second topic that I
+want to tie it,
+
+so, we talked about resolving
+collisions by chaining.
+
+OK, there's another way of
+resolving collisions,
+
+which is often useful,
+which is resolving collisions
+
+by what's called open
+addressing.
+
+OK, and the idea is,
+in this method,
+
+is we have no storage for
+links.
+
+So, when I result by chaining,
+I'd need an extra linked field
+
+in each record in order to be
+able to do that.
+
+Now, that's not necessarily a
+big overhead,
+
+but for some applications,
+I don't want to have to touch
+
+those records at all.
+OK, and for those,
+
+open addressing is a useful way
+to resolve collisions.
+
+So, the idea is,
+with open addressing,
+
+is if I hash to a given slot,
+and the slot is full,
+
+OK, what I do is I just hash
+again with a different hash
+
+function, with my second hash
+function.
+
+I check that slot.
+OK, if that slot is full,
+
+OK, then I hash again.
+And, I keep this probe
+
+sequence, which hopefully is a
+permutation so that I'm not
+
+going back and checking things
+that I've already checked until
+
+I find a place to put it.
+And, if I got a good probe
+
+sequence that I will hopefully,
+then, find a place to put it
+
+fairly quickly.
+OK, and then to search,
+
+I just follow the same probe
+sequence.
+
+So, the idea,
+here, is we probe the table
+
+systematically until an empty
+slot is found,
+
+OK?
+And so, we can extend that by
+
+looking as if the sequence of
+hash functions were,
+
+in fact, a hash function that
+took two arguments:
+
+a key and a probe step.
+In other words,
+
+is it the zero of one our first
+one?
+
+It's the second one,
+etc.
+
+So, it takes two arguments.
+So, H is then going to map our
+
+universe of keys cross,
+our probe number into a slot.
+
+So, this is the universe of
+keys.
+
+This is the probe number.
+And, this is going to be the
+
+slot.
+Now, as I mentioned,
+
+the probe sequence should be
+permutation.
+
+In other words,
+it should just be the numbers
+
+from zero to n minus one in some
+fairly random order.
+
+OK, it should just be
+rearranged.
+
+And the other thing about open
+addressing is that you don't
+
+have to worry about n chaining
+is that the table may actually
+
+fill up.
+So, you have to have that the
+
+number of elements in the table
+is less than or equal to the
+
+table size, the number of slots
+because the table may fill up.
+
+And, if it's full,
+you're going to probe
+
+everywhere.
+You are never going to get a
+
+place to put it.
+And, the final thing is that in
+
+this type of scheme,
+deletion is difficult.
+
+It's not impossible.
+There are schemes for doing
+
+deletion.
+But, it's basically hard
+
+because the danger is that you
+remove a key out of the table,
+
+and now, somebody who's doing a
+probe sequence who would have
+
+hit that key and gone to find
+his element now finds that it's
+
+an empty slot.
+And he says,
+
+oh, the key I am looking for
+probably isn't there.
+
+OK, so you have that issue to
+deal with.
+
+So, you can delete things but
+keep them marked,
+
+and there's all kinds of
+schemes that people have for
+
+doing deletion.
+But it's difficult.
+
+It's messy compared to
+chaining, where you can just
+
+remove the element out of the
+chain.
+
+So, let's do an example --
+
+-- just so that we make sure
+we're on the same page.
+
+So, we'll insert a key.
+k is 496.
+
+OK, so here's my table.
+And, I've got some values in
+
+it, 586, 133,
+204, 481, etc.
+
+So, the table looks like that;
+the other places are empty.
+
+So, on my zero step,
+I probe H of 496,
+
+zero.
+OK, and let's say that takes me
+
+to the slot where there's 204.
+And so, I say,
+
+oh, there's something there.
+I have to probe again.
+
+So then, I probe H of 496,
+one.
+
+Maybe that maps me there,
+and I discover,
+
+oh, there's something there.
+So, now, I probe H of 496,
+
+two.
+Maybe that takes me to there.
+
+It's empty.
+So, if I'm doing a search,
+
+I report nil.
+If I'm doing in the insert,
+
+I put it there.
+And then, if I'm looking for
+
+that value, if I put it there,
+then when I'm looking,
+
+I go through exactly the same
+sequence.
+
+I'll find these things are
+busy, and then,
+
+eventually, I'll come up and
+discover the value.
+
+OK, and there are various
+heuristics that people use,
+
+as well, like keeping track of
+the longest probe sequence
+
+because there's no point in
+probing beyond the largest
+
+number of probes that need to be
+done globally to do an
+
+insertion.
+OK, so if it took me 5,
+
+5 is the maximum number of
+probes I ever did for an
+
+insertion.
+A search never has to look more
+
+than five, OK,
+and so sometimes hash tables
+
+will keep that auxiliary value
+so that it can quit rather than
+
+continuing to probe until it
+doesn't find something.
+
+OK, so, search is the same
+probe sequence.
+
+And, if it's successful,
+it finds the record.
+
+And, if it's unsuccessful,
+you find a nil.
+
+OK, so it's pretty
+straightforward.
+
+So, once again,
+as with just hash functions to
+
+begin with, there are a lot of
+ideas about how you should form
+
+a probe sequence,
+ways of doing this effectively.
+
+OK, so the simplest one is
+called linear probing,
+
+and what you do there is you
+have H of k comma i.
+
+You just make that be some H
+prime of k, zero plus i mod m.
+
+Sorry, no prime there.
+OK, so what happens is,
+
+so, the idea here is that all
+you are doing on the I'th probe
+
+is, on the zero'th probe,
+you look at H of k zero.
+
+On probe one,
+you just look at the slot after
+
+that.
+Probe two, you look at the slot
+
+after that.
+So, you're just simply,
+
+rather than sort of jumping
+around like this,
+
+you probe there and then just
+find the next one that will fit
+
+in.
+OK, so you just scan down mod
+
+m.
+So, if you hit the bottom,
+
+you go to the top.
+OK, so the I'th one,
+
+so that's fairly easy to do
+because you don't have to
+
+recomputed a full hash function
+each time.
+
+All you have to do is add one
+each time you go because the
+
+difference between this and the
+previous one is just one.
+
+OK, so you just go down.
+Now, the problem with that is
+
+that you get a phenomenon of
+clustering.
+
+If you get a few things in a
+given area, then suddenly
+
+everything, everybody has to
+keep searching to the end of
+
+those things.
+OK, so that turns out not to be
+
+one of the better schemes,
+although it's not bad if you
+
+just need to do something quick
+and dirty.
+
+So, it suffers from primary
+clustering, where regions of the
+
+hash table get very full.
+And then, anything that hashes
+
+into that region has to look
+through all the stuff that's
+
+there.
+OK, so: long runs of filled
+
+slots.
+OK, there's also things like
+
+quadratic clustering,
+where you basically make this
+
+be, instead of adding one each
+time, you add i each time.
+
+OK, but probably the most
+effective popular scheme is
+
+what's called double hashing.
+And, you can do statistical
+
+studies.
+People have done statistical
+
+studies to show that this is a
+good scheme, OK,
+
+where you let H of k,
+i, let me do it below here
+
+because I have for them.
+So, H of k, i is equal to an
+
+H_1 of k plus i times H_2 of k.
+So, you have two hash functions
+
+on m.
+You have two hash functions,
+
+H_1 of k and H_2 of k.
+OK, so you compute the two hash
+
+functions, and what you do is
+you start by just using H_1 of k
+
+for the zero probe,
+because here,
+
+i, then, will be zero.
+OK.
+
+Then, for the probe number one,
+OK, you just add H_2 of k.
+
+For probe number two,
+you just add that hash function
+
+amount again.
+You just keep adding H_2 of k
+
+for each successive probe you
+make.
+
+So, it's fairly easy;
+you compute two hash functions
+
+up front, OK,
+or you can delay the second
+
+one, in case.
+But basically,
+
+you compute two up front,
+and then you just keep adding
+
+the second one in.
+You start at the location of
+
+the first one,
+and keep adding the second one,
+
+mod m, to determine your probe
+sequences.
+
+So, this is an excellent
+method.
+
+OK, it does a fine job,
+and you usually pick m to be a
+
+power of two here,
+OK, so that you're using,
+
+usually people use this with
+the multiplication method,
+
+for example,
+so that m is a power of two,
+
+and H_2 of k you force to be
+odd.
+
+OK, so we don't use and even
+value there, because otherwise
+
+for any particular key,
+you'd be skipping over.
+
+Once again, you would have the
+problem that everything could be
+
+even, or everything could be odd
+as you're going through.
+
+But, if you make H_2 of k odd,
+and m is a power of two,
+
+you are guaranteed to hit every
+slot.
+
+OK, so let's analyze this
+scheme.
+
+This turns out to be a pretty
+interesting scheme to analyze.
+
+It's got some nice math in it.
+So, once again,
+
+in the worst case,
+hashing is lousy.
+
+So, we're going to analyze
+average case.
+
+OK, and for this,
+we need a little bit stronger
+
+assumption than for chaining.
+And, we call it the assumption
+
+of uniform hashing,
+which says that each key is
+
+equally likely,
+OK, to have any one of the m
+
+factorial permutations as its
+probe sequence,
+
+independent of other keys.
+
+And, the theorem we're going to
+prove is that the expected
+
+number of probes is,
+at most, one over one minus
+
+alpha if alpha is less than one,
+OK,
+
+that is, if the number of keys
+in the table is less than number
+
+of slots.
+OK, so we're going to show that
+
+the number of probes is one over
+one minus alpha.
+
+So, alpha is the load factor,
+and of course,
+
+for open addressing,
+we want the load factor to be
+
+less than one because if we have
+more keys than slots,
+
+open addressing simply doesn't
+work, OK, because you've got to
+
+find a place for every key in
+the table.
+
+So, the proof,
+we'll look at an unsuccessful
+
+search, OK?
+So, the first thing is that one
+
+probe is always necessary.
+OK, so if I have n over m,
+
+sorry, if I have n items stored
+in m slots, what's the
+
+probability that when I do that
+probe I get a collision with
+
+something that's already in the
+table?
+
+What's the probability that I
+get a collision?
+
+Yeah?
+Yeah, n over m,
+
+right?
+So, with probability,
+
+n over m, we have a collision
+because my table has got n
+
+things in there.
+I'm hashing,
+
+at random, to one of them.
+OK, so, what are the odds I hit
+
+something, n over m?
+And then, a second probe is
+
+necessary.
+OK, so then,
+
+I do a second probe.
+And, with what probability on
+
+the second probe do I get a
+collision?
+
+So, we're going to make the
+assumption of uniform hashing.
+
+Each key is equally likely to
+have any one of the m factorial
+
+permutations as its probe
+sequence.
+
+So, what is the probability
+that on the second probe,
+
+OK, I get a collision?
+
+Yeah?
+If it's a permutation,
+
+you're not, right?
+Something like that.
+
+What is it exactly?
+So, that's the question.
+
+OK, so you are not going to hit
+the same slot because it's going
+
+to be a permutation.
+Yeah?
+
+That's exactly right.
+n minus one over m minus one
+
+because I'm now,
+I've essentially eliminated
+
+that slot that I hit the first
+time.
+
+And so, I have,
+now, and there was a key there.
+
+So, now I'm essentially
+looking, at random,
+
+into the remaining n minus one
+slots where there are
+
+aggregately n minus one keys in
+those slots.
+
+OK, everybody got that?
+OK, so with that probability,
+
+I get a collision.
+That means that I need a third
+
+probe necessary,
+OK?
+
+And, we keep going on.
+OK, so what is it going to be
+
+the next time?
+Yeah, it's going to be n minus
+
+two over m minus two.
+So, let's note,
+
+OK, that n minus i over m minus
+i is less than n over m,
+
+which equals alpha,
+OK?
+
+So, n minus i over m minus i is
+less than n over m.
+
+And, the way you can sort of
+reason that is that if n is less
+
+than m, I'm subtracting a larger
+fraction of n when I subtract i
+
+than I am subtracting a fraction
+of m.
+
+OK, so therefore,
+n minus i over m minus i is
+
+going to be less than n over m.
+OK, so, or you can do the
+
+algebra.
+I think it's always helpful
+
+when you do algebra to sort of
+think about it sort of
+
+quantitatively as well,
+you know, qualitatively what's
+
+going on.
+So, the expected number of
+
+probes is, then,
+going to be equal to,
+
+it's going to be equal to
+because we're going to need some
+
+space, well, we have one which
+is forced because we've got to
+
+do one probe,
+plus with probability n over m,
+
+I have to do another probe plus
+with probability of n over m
+
+minus one I have to do another
+probe up until I do one plus one
+
+over m minus n.
+OK, so each one is cascading
+
+what's happened.
+In the book,
+
+there is a more rigorous proof
+of this using indicator random
+
+variables.
+I'm going to give you the short
+
+version.
+OK, so basically,
+
+this is my first probe.
+With probability n over m,
+
+I had to do a second one.
+And, the result of that is that
+
+with probability n minus one
+over m minus one,
+
+I have to do another.
+And, with probability n over
+
+two minus m over two,
+I have to do another,
+
+and so forth.
+So, that's how many probes I'm
+
+going to end up doing.
+So, this is less than or equal
+
+to one plus alpha.
+There's one plus alpha times
+
+one plus alpha times one plus
+alpha, OK, just using the fact
+
+that I had here.
+OK, and that is less than or
+
+equal to one plus I just
+multiply through here.
+
+Alpha plus alpha squared plus
+alpha cubed plus k.
+
+I can just take that out to
+infinity.
+
+It's going to bound this.
+OK, does everybody see the math
+
+there?
+OK, and that is just the sum,
+
+I, equals zero to infinity,
+alpha to the I,
+
+which is equal to one over one
+minus alpha using your familiar
+
+geometric series bound.
+OK, and there's also,
+
+in the textbook,
+an analysis of the successful
+
+search, which,
+once again, is a little bit
+
+more technical because you have
+to worry about what the
+
+distribution is that you happen
+to have in the table when you
+
+are searching for something
+that's already in the table.
+
+But, it turns out it's also
+bounded by one over one minus
+
+alpha.
+So, let's just look to see what
+
+that means.
+So, if alpha is less than one
+
+is a constant,
+it implies that it takes order
+
+one probes.
+OK, so if alpha is a constant,
+
+it takes order one probes.
+OK, but it's helpful to
+
+understand what's happening with
+the constant.
+
+So, for example,
+if the table is 50% full,
+
+so alpha is a half,
+what's the expected number of
+
+probes by this analysis?
+Two, because one over one minus
+
+a half is two.
+If I let the table fill up to
+
+90%, how many probes do I need
+on average?
+
+Ten.
+So, you can see that as you
+
+fill up the table,
+the cost is going dramatically,
+
+OK?
+And so, typically,
+
+you don't let the table get too
+full.
+
+OK, you don't want to be
+pushing 99.9% utilization.
+
+Oh, I got this great hash table
+that's got full utilization.
+
+It's like, yeah,
+and it's slow.
+
+It's really,
+really slow,
+
+OK, because as alpha approaches
+one, the time is approaching and
+
+essentially m,
+or n.
+
+Good.
+So, next time,
+
+we are going to address head-on
+in what was one of the most,
+
+I think, interesting ideas in
+algorithms.
+
+We are going to talk about how
+you solve this problem that no
+
+matter what hash function you
+pick, there's a bad set of keys.
+
+OK, so next time we're going to
+show that there are ways of
+
+confronting that problem,
+very clever ways.
+
+And we use a lot of math for it
+so will be a really fun lecture.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KTzFk1s2ymE.txt b/KTzFk1s2ymE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd72b6dcfce1c2ab7256a62494daab34c1b3956a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KTzFk1s2ymE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16256 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right uh I guess I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right uh I guess I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right uh I guess I'll
+get started so all right cool so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started so all right cool so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started so all right cool so okay so
+before I get into any hands I wanted do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into any hands I wanted do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get into any hands I wanted do
+this is really loud all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really loud all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really loud all right
+um before I get to any hands I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I get to any hands I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I get to any hands I wanted to
+sort of talk about tournaments versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about tournaments versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about tournaments versus
+cash games since I haven't really made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash games since I haven't really made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash games since I haven't really made
+the distinction yet so essentially okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction yet so essentially okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinction yet so essentially okay
+so this is a big chart with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a big chart with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a big chart with all the
+differences so when you guys play in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so when you guys play in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so when you guys play in the
+things online those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things online those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things online those are called
+tournaments so in a tournament you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments so in a tournament you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments so in a tournament you sort
+of buy in for a fixed amount of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of buy in for a fixed amount of play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of buy in for a fixed amount of play
+chips in this case it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips in this case it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips in this case it's not that
+relevant it's like one play dollar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant it's like one play dollar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant it's like one play dollar and
+then you get uh for coming in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get uh for coming in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get uh for coming in the top
+20% around you're going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% around you're going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% around you're going to get some
+amount of uh play chips paid out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh play chips paid out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh play chips paid out to you
+and like if you win you get the most um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like if you win you get the most um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like if you win you get the most um
+and if you just barely make it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just barely make it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just barely make it you'll
+probably make back like two play chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably make back like two play chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably make back like two play chips
+so you'll profit One play chip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll profit One play chip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll profit One play chip or
+something so that that's how tournaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that that's how tournaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so that that's how tournaments
+work and that's sort of what throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that's sort of what throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and that's sort of what throughout
+this class so far I sort of assumed all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so far I sort of assumed all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so far I sort of assumed all
+the all the hands are taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the hands are taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the hands are taken from
+tournaments um so there is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments um so there is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments um so there is a different
+way to play poker and a lot of you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to play poker and a lot of you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to play poker and a lot of you might
+have actually been introduced to Poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually been introduced to Poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually been introduced to Poker
+like this you know so you have like sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know so you have like sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know so you have like sort
+of a home game where there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a home game where there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a home game where there's just a
+bunch of friends you're playing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of friends you're playing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of friends you're playing at
+someone's house and you you all buy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's house and you you all buy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's house and you you all buy in
+for some amount of play chips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some amount of play chips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some amount of play chips and
+basically you can play and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can play and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can play and you can
+people can join and stop anytime they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can join and stop anytime they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can join and stop anytime they
+can if you lose all of your play chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you lose all of your play chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can if you lose all of your play chips
+you can just buy in for more you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just buy in for more you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just buy in for more you don't
+it's not like tournaments where once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like tournaments where once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like tournaments where once
+you're out you're eliminated and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out you're eliminated and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out you're eliminated and you can
+never go back into that tournament um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go back into that tournament um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go back into that tournament um in
+cash games you can buy in whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash games you can buy in whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash games you can buy in whenever you
+know you can like hit and run people you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can like hit and run people you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can like hit and run people you
+can come try to make a bit of money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come try to make a bit of money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come try to make a bit of money and
+then just leave as soon as you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just leave as soon as you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just leave as soon as you make a
+bit um so so okay so what what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um so so okay so what what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um so so okay so what what are the
+main differences so I sort of wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main differences so I sort of wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main differences so I sort of wanted to
+highlight the differences between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the differences between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the differences between the
+two typ of games and talk about why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two typ of games and talk about why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two typ of games and talk about why we
+mostly choose tournaments in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly choose tournaments in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly choose tournaments in this class
+so okay so everyone knows the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so everyone knows the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so everyone knows the definition
+of like what what a tournament is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what what a tournament is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what what a tournament is what a
+cash game is uh so okay so let me talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash game is uh so okay so let me talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash game is uh so okay so let me talk a
+bit more about um so what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about um so what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about um so what are some
+differences so in cash games usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so in cash games usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so in cash games usually the
+stakes are fixed um so usually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes are fixed um so usually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakes are fixed um so usually you know
+it'll say we're playing for like one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll say we're playing for like one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll say we're playing for like one one
+one play dollar two play dollars or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one play dollar two play dollars or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one play dollar two play dollars or
+something like that um whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that um whereas in
+tournaments I'm sure as you've noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments I'm sure as you've noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments I'm sure as you've noticed
+the lines keep going up right the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines keep going up right the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines keep going up right the blinds
+start 1020 in your tournaments and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start 1020 in your tournaments and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start 1020 in your tournaments and then
+they become 2040 and then like 4080 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become 2040 and then like 4080 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they become 2040 and then like 4080 or
+30 60 I think there's actually there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 60 I think there's actually there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 60 I think there's actually there's a
+1530 level I think so it's 1530 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1530 level I think so it's 1530 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1530 level I think so it's 1530 and then
+2040 and then 2550 and and it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2040 and then 2550 and and it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2040 and then 2550 and and it keeps
+going up right so and the reason this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up right so and the reason this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up right so and the reason this is
+the case is so that eventually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case is so that eventually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case is so that eventually the
+tournament ends because if the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament ends because if the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament ends because if the blinds
+don't go up the tournament will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go up the tournament will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go up the tournament will take
+forever to end um all right so what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to end um all right so what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to end um all right so what's a
+big factor about tournaments versus cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big factor about tournaments versus cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big factor about tournaments versus cash
+games is in tournaments you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is in tournaments you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games is in tournaments you have no
+control over your table you just join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over your table you just join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over your table you just join
+the tournament and you're put at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tournament and you're put at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tournament and you're put at some
+table and you just got to do your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you just got to do your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you just got to do your best
+at the table you're place at and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the table you're place at and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the table you're place at and the
+fact that there's not this much metag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's not this much metag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that there's not this much metag
+gaming I think is one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaming I think is one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaming I think is one of the reasons
+it's much easier to analyze poker hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to analyze poker hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to analyze poker hands
+in terms of tournaments because in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of tournaments because in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of tournaments because in cash
+games you know if you're at the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know if you're at the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know if you're at the cash
+game and everyone's really really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and everyone's really really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and everyone's really really good
+you could just choose I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just choose I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just choose I don't want to
+play in this cash game anymore I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in this cash game anymore I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play in this cash game anymore I'm just
+losing my money and you could choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing my money and you could choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing my money and you could choose to
+stand up and lead and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and lead and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and lead and there's a lot of
+decisions of this form so and so so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of this form so and so so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions of this form so and so so it's
+it's there's more metag gaming required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's more metag gaming required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's more metag gaming required
+um and in tournaments the general goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in tournaments the general goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in tournaments the general goal
+is to survive right you're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to survive right you're just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to survive right you're just trying
+to get eliminated as late as possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get eliminated as late as possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get eliminated as late as possible to
+maximize your payout whereas in cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your payout whereas in cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize your payout whereas in cash
+games a lot of it comes down to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games a lot of it comes down to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games a lot of it comes down to you know
+if there's one bad player at the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one bad player at the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one bad player at the table
+you're trying to Target that specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to Target that specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to Target that specific
+player you're trying to do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player you're trying to do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player you're trying to do everything
+you can to get in hands against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to get in hands against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can to get in hands against that
+player and exploit them and win a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and exploit them and win a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player and exploit them and win a lot of
+money against them and risk a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money against them and risk a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money against them and risk a lot and
+stuff like that so um and yeah so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so um and yeah so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that so um and yeah so so
+there there's less focus on the math of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's less focus on the math of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's less focus on the math of
+Poker and more focus on specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker and more focus on specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poker and more focus on specifically
+targeting certain players uh tournaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting certain players uh tournaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting certain players uh tournaments
+there's frequent but fixed losses so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's frequent but fixed losses so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's frequent but fixed losses so you
+know so if we were playing tournaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if we were playing tournaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if we were playing tournaments
+for real money how it works is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real money how it works is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for real money how it works is you know
+most of the time right like 80% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time right like 80% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time right like 80% of
+players don't get paid anything back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players don't get paid anything back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players don't get paid anything back
+from the tournament so when you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tournament so when you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tournament so when you play
+tournaments most of the time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments most of the time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments most of the time you're
+going to lose even if you're really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose even if you're really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lose even if you're really good
+you're not going to win more than 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to win more than 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to win more than 50% of
+the time so you're going to lose lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so you're going to lose lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so you're going to lose lose
+lose lose lose and then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose lose lose and then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose lose lose and then you're going to
+get a big win and then win a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a big win and then win a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a big win and then win a lot and
+then it's going to be lose lose lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be lose lose lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to be lose lose lose
+lose and you're going to win a lot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and you're going to win a lot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and you're going to win a lot right
+it's sort of like playing the lottery um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like playing the lottery um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of like playing the lottery um
+whereas cash games anything can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas cash games anything can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas cash games anything can happen
+you can lose a lot if you're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose a lot if you're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can lose a lot if you're having a
+bad day and you decide not to quit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad day and you decide not to quit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad day and you decide not to quit you
+could lose all your money buy back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lose all your money buy back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could lose all your money buy back in
+lose all your money buy back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all your money buy back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all your money buy back in
+eventually lose all the money in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually lose all the money in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually lose all the money in your
+bank account right that could happen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account right that could happen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account right that could happen um
+you could also win a lot so anything can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also win a lot so anything can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also win a lot so anything can
+happen um but in some sense tournaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um but in some sense tournaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um but in some sense tournaments
+is more variant so like when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more variant so like when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more variant so like when I was
+talking in the first class about the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in the first class about the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking in the first class about the law
+of large numbers and reaching the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large numbers and reaching the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of large numbers and reaching the long
+run it does overall in some sense take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it does overall in some sense take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it does overall in some sense take
+longer if you're playing tournaments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer if you're playing tournaments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer if you're playing tournaments um
+because in tournaments it's you do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tournaments it's you do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in tournaments it's you do need
+to occasionally get the big score in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occasionally get the big score in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occasionally get the big score in the
+tournament it's like sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament it's like sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament it's like sort of like
+winning a lottery to to make back all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning a lottery to to make back all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning a lottery to to make back all
+your money and if you don't then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money and if you don't then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money and if you don't then you
+won't make back all your money um yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make back all your money um yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make back all your money um yeah I
+I argue that tournaments I think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I argue that tournaments I think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I argue that tournaments I think are
+more fun there's they're more exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun there's they're more exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun there's they're more exciting
+if you make it far in a tournament you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make it far in a tournament you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make it far in a tournament you
+know eventually it comes down to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eventually it comes down to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know eventually it comes down to just
+two of you it's pretty exciting uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you it's pretty exciting uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you it's pretty exciting uh also
+tournaments have a wider range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments have a wider range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments have a wider range of
+situations so in cash games you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so in cash games you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so in cash games you know
+usually it'll be a fixed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it'll be a fixed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it'll be a fixed number of
+players at the table and players will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players at the table and players will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players at the table and players will
+have a similar number of big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar number of big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar number of big blinds
+because whenever you lose a bunch of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever you lose a bunch of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever you lose a bunch of big
+blinds you can always just buy back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds you can always just buy back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds you can always just buy back in
+and get those big blinds back by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get those big blinds back by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get those big blinds back by putting
+more money on the table whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money on the table whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more money on the table whereas in
+tournaments we have to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments we have to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments we have to learn how to
+handle I think interesting mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle I think interesting mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle I think interesting mathematical
+situations where you have like one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you have like one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you have like one big
+blind how do I play it optimally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind how do I play it optimally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind how do I play it optimally and
+stuff like that um the last thing is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um the last thing is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that um the last thing is if
+you play at a casino though one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play at a casino though one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you play at a casino though one another
+good thing about tournaments is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about tournaments is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing about tournaments is
+relatively the casino makes a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively the casino makes a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively the casino makes a lot less
+from tournaments than cash games cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tournaments than cash games cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tournaments than cash games cash
+games just as a fraction of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games just as a fraction of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games just as a fraction of how much
+money you wager the the casino takes way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you wager the the casino takes way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you wager the the casino takes way
+more compared to tournaments um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compared to tournaments um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compared to tournaments um
+tournaments what the casino what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments what the casino what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments what the casino what the
+house takes is very small okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house takes is very small okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house takes is very small okay so so
+those are sort of the main differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are sort of the main differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are sort of the main differences
+but I did want to sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did want to sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did want to sort of uh
+comprehensively go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensively go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensively go through the
+differences because you know if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because you know if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because you know if you do
+decide to play poker these are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to play poker these are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to play poker these are the two
+essentially the two ways to play it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the two ways to play it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the two ways to play it so I
+wanted to make sure everyone was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure everyone was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make sure everyone was well
+aware of these the differences um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these the differences um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of these the differences um so
+yeah so why why I chose tournaments for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why why I chose tournaments for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so why why I chose tournaments for
+the class I think it's there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class I think it's there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class I think it's there's less
+metagaming I think it's more exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metagaming I think it's more exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metagaming I think it's more exciting
+I'm mostly a tournament player myself I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mostly a tournament player myself I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm mostly a tournament player myself I
+have played cash for cash games for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played cash for cash games for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played cash for cash games for
+extended periods during my career um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended periods during my career um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended periods during my career um
+yeah there's a wider range of scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a wider range of scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a wider range of scenarios
+and I think it's more applicable I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's more applicable I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's more applicable I think
+um you know like the MIT Poker Club I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like the MIT Poker Club I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like the MIT Poker Club I
+the the event they're running in January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the event they're running in January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the event they're running in January
+is a tournament because tournaments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tournament because tournaments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tournament because tournaments are
+exciting um okay so are are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting um okay so are are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting um okay so are are there any
+questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chart okay cool okay so yeah so our club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart okay cool okay so yeah so our club
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart okay cool okay so yeah so our club
+actually has both I mean for the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has both I mean for the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has both I mean for the points
+only tournaments count but if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only tournaments count but if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only tournaments count but if you look
+at this uh this thing above then uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh this thing above then uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh this thing above then uh I
+the works now oh no I have to draw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the works now oh no I have to draw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the works now oh no I have to draw on
+here okay so yeah if you if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so yeah if you if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so yeah if you if you look
+there then these are the cash tables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then these are the cash tables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then these are the cash tables and
+you could in theory sit down there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could in theory sit down there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could in theory sit down there and
+play for play money and if you do lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for play money and if you do lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for play money and if you do lose
+all your play money in those cash tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your play money in those cash tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your play money in those cash tables
+to a shark in the class and you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a shark in the class and you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a shark in the class and you have no
+more play money and you can't join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more play money and you can't join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more play money and you can't join
+tournaments you can always refill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments you can always refill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments you can always refill your
+play money and join the tournaments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play money and join the tournaments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play money and join the tournaments so
+that's why it's called play money um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's called play money um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's called play money um
+okay so but yeah only tournaments count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but yeah only tournaments count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but yeah only tournaments count
+for standing and if you want to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standing and if you want to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for standing and if you want to see the
+standings you have to um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standings you have to um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standings you have to um you have
+to oh I see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh I see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to oh I see the
+annotate got it clear so so yeah you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate got it clear so so yeah you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotate got it clear so so yeah you see
+the you got to click the blue arrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you got to click the blue arrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you got to click the blue arrow and
+then you can see the standings some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can see the standings some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can see the standings some
+people ask me about this so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask me about this so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people ask me about this so if you want
+to see your standings how many points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see your standings how many points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see your standings how many points
+everyone has how many points you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has how many points you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has how many points you have
+you can click that you can click there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click that you can click there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can click that you can click there
+okay all right so let's get into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's get into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so let's get into some
+poker hands now um you know that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker hands now um you know that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker hands now um you know that being
+said I highlighted all these differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I highlighted all these differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I highlighted all these differences
+about cash games and tournaments but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cash games and tournaments but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cash games and tournaments but
+good poker is essentially good poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good poker is essentially good poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good poker is essentially good poker
+like if you're good at one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're good at one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're good at one you're
+probably good at the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good at the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good at the other the
+difference is still rather small it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is still rather small it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is still rather small it's
+more based on like you know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more based on like you know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more based on like you know how much
+risk do I want to take what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk do I want to take what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk do I want to take what kind of
+schedule do I want to play on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule do I want to play on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule do I want to play on that
+determines which one you choose to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines which one you choose to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines which one you choose to play
+rather than like am I better at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like am I better at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like am I better at
+tournaments or cash games like at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments or cash games like at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments or cash games like at least
+once your's except at the very top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once your's except at the very top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once your's except at the very top
+levels there you know there really is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there you know there really is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there you know there really is no
+difference between like there's no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between like there's no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between like there's no such
+thing as a cashing specialist except at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a cashing specialist except at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a cashing specialist except at
+the very very top where it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very very top where it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very very top where it's possible
+you're the the best cash game players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the the best cash game players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the the best cash game players
+are are good at Cash games compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are good at Cash games compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are good at Cash games compared to
+the best tournament Players but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best tournament Players but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best tournament Players but like
+when you're just starting out if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're just starting out if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're just starting out if you're
+good at one you're good at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at one you're good at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at one you're good at the other
+essentially all right cool so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all right cool so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all right cool so uh so
+today I'm going to talk about some pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about some pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'm going to talk about some pre
+flop play so last class I focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop play so last class I focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop play so last class I focused on
+post flop play the first class I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post flop play the first class I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post flop play the first class I talked
+a bit about what hands you should open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about what hands you should open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit about what hands you should open
+with pre flop but I didn't really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pre flop but I didn't really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with pre flop but I didn't really say
+that much about playing pre flop but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about playing pre flop but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about playing pre flop but
+it's sort of the most one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the most one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of the most one of the most
+important parts of the hand because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parts of the hand because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important parts of the hand because it
+determines what cards are playing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what cards are playing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines what cards are playing for
+the rest of the hand so okay so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the hand so okay so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the hand so okay so first of
+all I wanted to run through sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I wanted to run through sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I wanted to run through sort of some
+numbers um it's good to have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um it's good to have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers um it's good to have a sense of
+these you don't have to memorize all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you don't have to memorize all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you don't have to memorize all of
+these but it's good to have a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but it's good to have a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but it's good to have a reasonable
+idea of equities of specific hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of equities of specific hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of equities of specific hands
+versus specific hands when you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus specific hands when you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus specific hands when you get it
+all in prea so and I sort of classified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in prea so and I sort of classified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in prea so and I sort of classified
+this to make this roughly easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make this roughly easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make this roughly easier to
+memorize so okay so the biggest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize so okay so the biggest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize so okay so the biggest example
+so so the first example which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first example which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the first example which is sort of
+the dream situation is you have a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dream situation is you have a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dream situation is you have a bigger
+pair against a smaller pair right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair against a smaller pair right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair against a smaller pair right what's
+the best situation that you can be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best situation that you can be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best situation that you can be given
+pre- flop in poker it's so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- flop in poker it's so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- flop in poker it's so what's the
+best hand you can have it's Aces right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best hand you can have it's Aces right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best hand you can have it's Aces right
+but you don't want aces in for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want aces in for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't want aces in for everyone
+else you have three2 offsuit CU they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you have three2 offsuit CU they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you have three2 offsuit CU they're
+just going to fold right so you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to fold right so you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to fold right so you want
+Aces and you want someone else to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aces and you want someone else to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aces and you want someone else to have
+kinges um one of my screen names is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinges um one of my screen names is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinges um one of my screen names is
+actually uh please give me Ace a against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh please give me Ace a against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh please give me Ace a against
+king king or something on a site because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king king or something on a site because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king king or something on a site because
+it really is the best situation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is the best situation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is the best situation you can
+hope for um because they're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for um because they're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope for um because they're going to put
+all their money in with Kings and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their money in with Kings and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their money in with Kings and you're
+so roughly when you have a bigger pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly when you have a bigger pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roughly when you have a bigger pair
+against a smaller pair you're an 8020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a smaller pair you're an 8020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a smaller pair you're an 8020
+favorite so you win four fths of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite so you win four fths of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite so you win four fths of the
+time um and the edge dwindles a bit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um and the edge dwindles a bit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um and the edge dwindles a bit as
+you get to like 33 versus 22 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to like 33 versus 22 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to like 33 versus 22 because
+there's a higher chance both pairs will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a higher chance both pairs will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a higher chance both pairs will
+be counterfeited like the board can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be counterfeited like the board can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be counterfeited like the board can come
+66 778 or something and then pocket 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 778 or something and then pocket 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66 778 or something and then pocket 3 is
+ties pocket Deuces okay and an equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties pocket Deuces okay and an equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ties pocket Deuces okay and an equally
+good situation is one pair against zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good situation is one pair against zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good situation is one pair against zero
+overcards so Ace a against Ace King off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcards so Ace a against Ace King off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcards so Ace a against Ace King off
+is also a very good situation you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a very good situation you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a very good situation you're
+actually 93% there because you dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 93% there because you dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 93% there because you dominate
+their Ace so there's very few ways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Ace so there's very few ways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Ace so there's very few ways for
+them to win um pocket aces against 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to win um pocket aces against 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to win um pocket aces against 65
+suited this is actually the hand that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited this is actually the hand that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited this is actually the hand that's
+best against Aces other than Aces itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best against Aces other than Aces itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best against Aces other than Aces itself
+is 65 suited and that's Asus is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 65 suited and that's Asus is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 65 suited and that's Asus is only
+77.5% but it's still you know ludicrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77.5% but it's still you know ludicrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+77.5% but it's still you know ludicrous
+um so pocket Jacks against 109 suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so pocket Jacks against 109 suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so pocket Jacks against 109 suited
+81.7% so some rough numbers you know 109
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81.7% so some rough numbers you know 109
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81.7% so some rough numbers you know 109
+suited is pretty good but pocket Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited is pretty good but pocket Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited is pretty good but pocket Jack
+sort of crushes it because having Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of crushes it because having Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of crushes it because having Two
+Jacks blocks a lot of their straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacks blocks a lot of their straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacks blocks a lot of their straight
+outs um pocket Queens against 74 off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs um pocket Queens against 74 off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outs um pocket Queens against 74 off is
+very cuz 74 off is not suited not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cuz 74 off is not suited not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cuz 74 off is not suited not
+connected and the best you can do pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and the best you can do pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and the best you can do pre
+flop is actually King King versus King 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop is actually King King versus King 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop is actually King King versus King 2
+off um yeah if you have pocket kings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um yeah if you have pocket kings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um yeah if you have pocket kings
+against King du off I think I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against King du off I think I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against King du off I think I think
+that's the highest Equity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest Equity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the highest Equity you can
+possibly get it in Pre flop uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get it in Pre flop uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly get it in Pre flop uh is
+94.6% and pocket kings against King to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94.6% and pocket kings against King to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94.6% and pocket kings against King to
+sued is 89 points so look how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued is 89 points so look how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued is 89 points so look how much
+better King to suited does then King to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better King to suited does then King to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better King to suited does then King to
+off against king king um the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off against king king um the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off against king king um the fact that
+you it's easier to make a flush is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's easier to make a flush is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's easier to make a flush is so
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+um we'll talk more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll talk more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll talk more about this
+later okay the next few categories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay the next few categories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay the next few categories so
+one pair against a pair against one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair against a pair against one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair against a pair against one
+overcard so you're still a favorite but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcard so you're still a favorite but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcard so you're still a favorite but
+less big of a favorite instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less big of a favorite instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less big of a favorite instead of an
+8020 you're a 7030 so queen queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 you're a 7030 so queen queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8020 you're a 7030 so queen queen
+against Ace jack off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Ace jack off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Ace jack off is
+71.7% queen queen against Ace Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71.7% queen queen against Ace Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71.7% queen queen against Ace Jack
+suited is a bit worse um queen queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited is a bit worse um queen queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited is a bit worse um queen queen
+against Ace Queen suited is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Ace Queen suited is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Ace Queen suited is actually
+much worse than queen queen against Ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse than queen queen against Ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse than queen queen against Ace
+Jack suited I think this is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack suited I think this is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack suited I think this is a bit
+counterintuitive at least because so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive at least because so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive at least because so
+with against Ace Jack suited I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with against Ace Jack suited I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with against Ace Jack suited I always
+thought you know they have more outs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know they have more outs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know they have more outs
+they can hit three Jacks but it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can hit three Jacks but it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can hit three Jacks but it actually
+turns out the fact that they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the fact that they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the fact that they have a
+queen to prevent you from hitting three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen to prevent you from hitting three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen to prevent you from hitting three
+of a kind in this situation they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind in this situation they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a kind in this situation they've
+already hit an ace is actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hit an ace is actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already hit an ace is actually a lot
+more bant so so so yeah so Queens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bant so so so yeah so Queens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bant so so so yeah so Queens is
+much worse against Ace Queen than a Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse against Ace Queen than a Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse against Ace Queen than a Jack
+and yeah pocket eight against Ace two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah pocket eight against Ace two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah pocket eight against Ace two
+off 70 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off 70 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off 70 um
+70.2% pocket 3es against Ace two off is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70.2% pocket 3es against Ace two off is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70.2% pocket 3es against Ace two off is
+a bit worse because once again small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit worse because once again small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit worse because once again small
+pairs can get counterfeited when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs can get counterfeited when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs can get counterfeited when you go
+all and pre- flop okay um a similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and pre- flop okay um a similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all and pre- flop okay um a similarly
+good situation which is a 7030 is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good situation which is a 7030 is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good situation which is a 7030 is when
+you're quote dominating the other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quote dominating the other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quote dominating the other person
+so dominating means one of your cards is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dominating means one of your cards is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dominating means one of your cards is
+the same but the other card is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but the other card is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but the other card is different
+and yours is higher okay so Ace King off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yours is higher okay so Ace King off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yours is higher okay so Ace King off
+against Ace Queen suited pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Ace Queen suited pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Ace Queen suited pretty good
+situation to get an imp poer you're 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to get an imp poer you're 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to get an imp poer you're 70
+you're 70% if you're suited and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 70% if you're suited and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 70% if you're suited and they're
+not then you're 75% if neither of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then you're 75% if neither of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not then you're 75% if neither of you
+are suited it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suited it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are suited it's
+74% um yeah Ace King off versus King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74% um yeah Ace King off versus King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74% um yeah Ace King off versus King
+Queen off you're you're actually a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen off you're you're actually a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen off you're you're actually a bit
+better um even though King so Ace King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um even though King so Ace King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better um even though King so Ace King
+off against Ace Queen off you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off against Ace Queen off you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off against Ace Queen off you're
+74.4% Ace King off versus King Queen off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74.4% Ace King off versus King Queen off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74.4% Ace King off versus King Queen off
+you're 74.8% and you're a bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 74.8% and you're a bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 74.8% and you're a bit better
+because because it's harder to tie with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's harder to tie with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because it's harder to tie with
+the ace so when you both have an ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ace so when you both have an ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ace so when you both have an ace
+it's possible the board will come with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible the board will come with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible the board will come with
+two pairs and then so like 66 778 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pairs and then so like 66 778 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pairs and then so like 66 778 and
+then both of you will have two pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both of you will have two pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both of you will have two pairs of
+sixes and sevens with the ace kicker but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes and sevens with the ace kicker but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes and sevens with the ace kicker but
+that's less likely to happen if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less likely to happen if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less likely to happen if they
+they don't have like if your bottom card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have like if your bottom card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have like if your bottom card
+is their top card instead of your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their top card instead of your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their top card instead of your top
+card being their top card um one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card being their top card um one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card being their top card um one thing
+to keep in mind is Ace five off against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind is Ace five off against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind is Ace five off against
+Ace 2 off is barely a favorite at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace 2 off is barely a favorite at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace 2 off is barely a favorite at all so
+it's nowhere near as good as Ace Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nowhere near as good as Ace Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nowhere near as good as Ace Queen
+off against Ace jack off um anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off against Ace jack off um anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off against Ace jack off um anyone have
+an idea why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea why that
+is draw right exactly yeah so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw right exactly yeah so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is draw right exactly yeah so so the
+five and two are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and two are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and two are going to get
+counterfeited the the five kicker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeited the the five kicker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterfeited the the five kicker is
+going to get counterfeited a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get counterfeited a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get counterfeited a lot more
+often because if four cards on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often because if four cards on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often because if four cards on the board
+come that's higher than five the five is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come that's higher than five the five is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come that's higher than five the five is
+going to be irrelevant so so yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be irrelevant so so yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be irrelevant so so yeah that
+that's a good thing to remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing to remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing to remember all
+right so look let's look at some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so look let's look at some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so look let's look at some more
+numbers okay this is one thing that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay this is one thing that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay this is one thing that I've
+always thought is really cool two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought is really cool two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought is really cool two
+overcards versus a pair is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcards versus a pair is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcards versus a pair is actually very
+close to a 50/50 for the most part um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a 50/50 for the most part um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a 50/50 for the most part um
+East King suited against pocket twos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East King suited against pocket twos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East King suited against pocket twos is
+49.9% I actually showed you in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.9% I actually showed you in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49.9% I actually showed you in the first
+class if if they don't have a two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if if they don't have a two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if if they don't have a two of
+your suit then it's actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suit then it's actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your suit then it's actually like
+50.1% so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.1% so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50.1% so um
+Ace King off versus pocket twos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King off versus pocket twos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King off versus pocket twos is
+47.4% note that 109 suited against TW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47.4% note that 109 suited against TW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+47.4% note that 109 suited against TW
+against pocket twos is actually a 54%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against pocket twos is actually a 54%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against pocket twos is actually a 54%
+favorite um it's it's much better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite um it's it's much better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite um it's it's much better than
+Ace King against pocket twos because 109
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King against pocket twos because 109
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King against pocket twos because 109
+can make a lot more straights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a lot more straights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a lot more straights and
+flushes and the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushes and the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flushes and the fact that you know
+you're making a pair of 10 instead of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a pair of 10 instead of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making a pair of 10 instead of A
+Pair of Aces isn't that relevant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pair of Aces isn't that relevant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pair of Aces isn't that relevant is
+irrelevant when the thing you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant when the thing you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant when the thing you're trying
+to beat is a pair of deices um Ace King
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat is a pair of deices um Ace King
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat is a pair of deices um Ace King
+offers his pocket Queens is only 43% um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers his pocket Queens is only 43% um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers his pocket Queens is only 43% um
+even though people call it a coin flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though people call it a coin flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though people call it a coin flip
+it's actually much worse than a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much worse than a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually much worse than a coin
+flip so um yeah this is actually one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip so um yeah this is actually one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip so um yeah this is actually one of
+the things that first things that Drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that first things that Drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that first things that Drew
+me to Holden when I found this out I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to Holden when I found this out I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to Holden when I found this out I was
+curious you know I was wondering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you know I was wondering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious you know I was wondering the
+person who invented the rules of Holden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who invented the rules of Holden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who invented the rules of Holden
+did they invent it so that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they invent it so that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they invent it so that this is a
+50/50 or did was it just by coincidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 or did was it just by coincidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 or did was it just by coincidence
+that it's about a 50/50 but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about a 50/50 but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about a 50/50 but I think it's
+very cool that it turns out to be a 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool that it turns out to be a 5050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cool that it turns out to be a 5050
+um okay so okay so the last case is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so okay so the last case is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so okay so the last case is you
+know there's some weird cases where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some weird cases where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some weird cases where all
+four cards are different roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cards are different roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cards are different roughly
+speaking when all four cards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking when all four cards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking when all four cards are
+different the the guy with the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the the guy with the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the the guy with the highest
+card is going to be a 60/40 I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is going to be a 60/40 I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card is going to be a 60/40 I mean this
+is very rough because it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very rough because it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very rough because it's hard to
+Encompass all the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass all the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Encompass all the different types of
+scenarios under the same umbrella but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios under the same umbrella but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios under the same umbrella but um
+roughly the thing that matters is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the thing that matters is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the thing that matters is having
+the highest card so okay so let's see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest card so okay so let's see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest card so okay so let's see so
+AB versus CD which means you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB versus CD which means you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB versus CD which means you have two
+cards above their two cards um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards above their two cards um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards above their two cards um you know
+you can be as good as 67.7% if it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be as good as 67.7% if it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be as good as 67.7% if it's like
+Ace King off versus queen 7 off because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King off versus queen 7 off because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King off versus queen 7 off because
+Queen 7even off has no straight outs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen 7even off has no straight outs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen 7even off has no straight outs and
+no flush outs um yeah AC versus BD it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no flush outs um yeah AC versus BD it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no flush outs um yeah AC versus BD it's
+about 6C versus 40 um ad versus BC it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6C versus 40 um ad versus BC it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 6C versus 40 um ad versus BC it
+can be as low as 50/50 so ace2 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be as low as 50/50 so ace2 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be as low as 50/50 so ace2 off
+against 109 suited is only 51.6% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against 109 suited is only 51.6% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against 109 suited is only 51.6% so
+that's sort of the worst case for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the worst case for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the worst case for uh for
+high for like ad versus BC okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high for like ad versus BC okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high for like ad versus BC okay so you
+can look through those numbers more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look through those numbers more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look through those numbers more on
+the slides and you can um you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides and you can um you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides and you can um you can also
+get it yourself on poker stove or a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it yourself on poker stove or a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it yourself on poker stove or a lot
+of websites you can compute the equities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of websites you can compute the equities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of websites you can compute the equities
+of a hand versus another but it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hand versus another but it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hand versus another but it's good
+to have some rough ideas of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some rough ideas of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some rough ideas of these
+categories you know one isn't an 8020
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you know one isn't an 8020
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you know one isn't an 8020
+when am I a 41 favorite when am I a 7030
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when am I a 41 favorite when am I a 7030
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when am I a 41 favorite when am I a 7030
+favorite when am I a 50/50 when am I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite when am I a 50/50 when am I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite when am I a 50/50 when am I a
+6040 okay so one thing that I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6040 okay so one thing that I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6040 okay so one thing that I hope you
+sort of got from these numbers is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of got from these numbers is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of got from these numbers is that
+suited matters a lot when you're behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited matters a lot when you're behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited matters a lot when you're behind
+and matters not that much when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matters not that much when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and matters not that much when you're
+ahead so if you look at these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so if you look at these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead so if you look at these numbers
+the gain in equity of Ace King suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain in equity of Ace King suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gain in equity of Ace King suited
+when Ace King sorry the gain of equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Ace King sorry the gain of equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Ace King sorry the gain of equity
+of Ace King when Ace King is suited is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ace King when Ace King is suited is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ace King when Ace King is suited is
+only 1% you only increase your Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 1% you only increase your Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 1% you only increase your Equity
+from 74.4 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 74.4 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 74.4 to
+75.4 um but if Ace Queen is suited then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75.4 um but if Ace Queen is suited then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75.4 um but if Ace Queen is suited then
+the equity of Ace King drops by 4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity of Ace King drops by 4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity of Ace King drops by 4%
+instead of 1% right and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1% right and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 1% right and the reason
+essentially is if your hand is bad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is if your hand is bad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is if your hand is bad you
+need as many ways as possible to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as many ways as possible to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as many ways as possible to try to
+get lucky and being suited is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lucky and being suited is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lucky and being suited is one of
+them but if your hand is already very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if your hand is already very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but if your hand is already very
+good you just really need your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you just really need your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you just really need your opponent
+to not get lucky and you being Suited is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not get lucky and you being Suited is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not get lucky and you being Suited is
+only going to be relevant if they first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be relevant if they first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only going to be relevant if they first
+you know they first hit a pair to beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they first hit a pair to beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they first hit a pair to beat
+you and then you need to hit a flush to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then you need to hit a flush to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then you need to hit a flush to
+to beat them so that's one thing to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat them so that's one thing to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to beat them so that's one thing to keep
+in mind so like with Ace King the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so like with Ace King the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so like with Ace King the
+difference between suited and unsuited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between suited and unsuited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between suited and unsuited
+doesn't matter that much but with a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that much but with a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that much but with a hand
+like 98 being suited is way better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 98 being suited is way better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 98 being suited is way better than
+being not suited and suited is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not suited and suited is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not suited and suited is also
+important for implied odds as I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for implied odds as I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for implied odds as I talked
+about last class because you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last class because you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last class because you can make
+much better decisions you swap if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better decisions you swap if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better decisions you swap if your
+hand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is
+suited okay so um so okay yeah so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited okay so um so okay yeah so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited okay so um so okay yeah so that's
+the roughly some uh hand equities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roughly some uh hand equities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roughly some uh hand equities to
+remember okay so now I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so now I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember okay so now I'm going to talk
+about some pre flop allins so going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some pre flop allins so going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some pre flop allins so going all
+in pref flop so okay so this class most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pref flop so okay so this class most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pref flop so okay so this class most
+of this class okay this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class okay this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class okay this is going to be a
+bit boring maybe these are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit boring maybe these are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit boring maybe these are not really
+highlight real plays and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight real plays and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight real plays and you know the
+this is about like routine making good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about like routine making good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is about like routine making good
+decisions that increase your pre-f flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that increase your pre-f flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that increase your pre-f flop
+Equity by a couple of percent that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity by a couple of percent that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equity by a couple of percent that will
+but it's really these boring decisions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really these boring decisions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's really these boring decisions I
+think that make your win rate not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that make your win rate not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that make your win rate not the
+occasional brilliant thing that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional brilliant thing that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional brilliant thing that you see
+on TV so you know so if your goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV so you know so if your goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on TV so you know so if your goal is to
+get on TV then studying this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on TV then studying this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on TV then studying this is maybe
+pointless but if your goal is to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless but if your goal is to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointless but if your goal is to you
+know make expectancy w win money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make expectancy w win money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make expectancy w win money
+essentially then it's really the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially then it's really the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially then it's really the simple
+boring decisions that affect whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring decisions that affect whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring decisions that affect whether you
+win not the one time crazy Bluff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win not the one time crazy Bluff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win not the one time crazy Bluff you
+pulled off against Phil Ivy that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled off against Phil Ivy that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled off against Phil Ivy that makes
+you a winner so okay so okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a winner so okay so okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a winner so okay so okay so let's
+talk about this a bit so so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this a bit so so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this a bit so so the main
+thing is one thing is don't be afraid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is one thing is don't be afraid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is one thing is don't be afraid to
+go all and pre- flop I mean I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all and pre- flop I mean I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all and pre- flop I mean I didn't
+really stress this yet but one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stress this yet but one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stress this yet but one thing I
+tend to see people do is you're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to see people do is you're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to see people do is you're too
+afraid to put all your money in Pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid to put all your money in Pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid to put all your money in Pre flop
+because uh you would think it's gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you would think it's gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh you would think it's gambling
+or something or it's like you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something or it's like you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something or it's like you know it's
+it is a lot of luck I mean you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a lot of luck I mean you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a lot of luck I mean you know you
+essentially put your tournament life you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially put your tournament life you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially put your tournament life you
+let it ride on a coin flip so it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it ride on a coin flip so it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it ride on a coin flip so it does
+seem scary um but the things to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem scary um but the things to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem scary um but the things to remember
+essentially is when late in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is when late in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is when late in the
+tournament the anties and blinds are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament the anties and blinds are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament the anties and blinds are so
+big and if you ever can win the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and if you ever can win the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and if you ever can win the blinds
+by going on in that's such a large gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going on in that's such a large gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going on in that's such a large gain
+relative to what you risk and also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what you risk and also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to what you risk and also just
+any two cards have a chance against any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two cards have a chance against any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two cards have a chance against any
+other two pre FL so what was the rule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two pre FL so what was the rule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two pre FL so what was the rule I
+said so the rule I said in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so the rule I said in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so the rule I said in the first
+class is when the effective stack size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is when the effective stack size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is when the effective stack size
+is less than 12 big blinds when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 12 big blinds when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than 12 big blinds when there's
+anties then just go all in if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anties then just go all in if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anties then just go all in if you're
+going to play the hand at all and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play the hand at all and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play the hand at all and if
+there's no antes then you need to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no antes then you need to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no antes then you need to be a
+bit you need to be a bit um shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you need to be a bit um shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you need to be a bit um shorter
+because you don't want to risk 12 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't want to risk 12 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't want to risk 12 big
+blinds when there's no antes so you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds when there's no antes so you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds when there's no antes so you only
+want to risk like 10 big blinds without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to risk like 10 big blinds without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to risk like 10 big blinds without
+anes but this was the rule that outlined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes but this was the rule that outlined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anes but this was the rule that outlined
+in the first class roughly on when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first class roughly on when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first class roughly on when you
+can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on
+in and um one thing I wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and um one thing I wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and um one thing I wanted to talk
+about to before we get to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to before we get to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to before we get to the first
+example is this from the small blind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is this from the small blind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is this from the small blind so
+in the first class I said your button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first class I said your button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first class I said your button
+opening range is similar to your small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening range is similar to your small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening range is similar to your small
+blind opening range and why was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind opening range and why was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind opening range and why was this
+even though from the small blind right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though from the small blind right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though from the small blind right
+so it's when it's folded to to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's when it's folded to to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's when it's folded to to you in
+the small blind you only have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind you only have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small blind you only have to get
+through one more player whereas when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one more player whereas when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one more player whereas when
+it's folded to you on the button you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's folded to you on the button you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's folded to you on the button you
+need to get through two more players so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get through two more players so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get through two more players so
+it seems like you could play a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like you could play a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like you could play a lot more
+hands from the small blind and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands from the small blind and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands from the small blind and another
+advantage of playing from the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of playing from the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of playing from the small
+blind is you've already put in half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is you've already put in half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is you've already put in half a
+blind so the amount you got to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so the amount you got to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so the amount you got to put in
+the amount more you got to put in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount more you got to put in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount more you got to put in to
+play the pot is less is half a blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the pot is less is half a blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the pot is less is half a blind
+less but we said that being in position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but we said that being in position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less but we said that being in position
+right especially we sell this last cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right especially we sell this last cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right especially we sell this last cost
+being in position is so important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in position is so important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in position is so important that
+the fact that you're in position on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're in position on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you're in position on the
+button and not in position on the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and not in position on the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and not in position on the small
+blind meant about balanced out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind meant about balanced out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind meant about balanced out the
+advantages of playing hands from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of playing hands from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of playing hands from the
+small blind so we said you know roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind so we said you know roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind so we said you know roughly
+speaking you should be similarly willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you should be similarly willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you should be similarly willing
+to to raise hands from the button and ra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to raise hands from the button and ra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to raise hands from the button and ra
+raise hands from the small BL um but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise hands from the small BL um but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise hands from the small BL um but for
+all inss position doesn't matter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inss position doesn't matter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all inss position doesn't matter right
+if all the money goes in the pot free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the money goes in the pot free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the money goes in the pot free
+flop then who gets to act last postl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop then who gets to act last postl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop then who gets to act last postl
+doesn't matter because there's no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because there's no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter because there's no more
+actions to make post slop so for allins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions to make post slop so for allins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions to make post slop so for allins
+your small blind Allin range can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your small blind Allin range can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your small blind Allin range can be a
+lot wider than your button all in range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot wider than your button all in range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot wider than your button all in range
+and furthermore I think the threshold of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore I think the threshold of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore I think the threshold of
+how many bets you can have to go all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bets you can have to go all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many bets you can have to go all in
+is a lot higher because even with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot higher because even with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot higher because even with like
+15 even with 20 big blinds I often go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 even with 20 big blinds I often go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 even with 20 big blinds I often go
+all in from the small blind if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in from the small blind if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in from the small blind if I know
+the big blinds are competent player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blinds are competent player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blinds are competent player
+because from the button I would pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because from the button I would pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because from the button I would pretty
+much very rely go on for 20 big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much very rely go on for 20 big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much very rely go on for 20 big blinds
+because I'm not that sad if I just raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not that sad if I just raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm not that sad if I just raise
+it to 2.25 and let them call because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to 2.25 and let them call because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to 2.25 and let them call because I
+get to play the rest of the hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play the rest of the hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to play the rest of the hand in
+position but from the smalla line when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but from the smalla line when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position but from the smalla line when I
+know that if they call I'm playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if they call I'm playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if they call I'm playing the
+hand out of position I really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out of position I really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand out of position I really want to
+avoid this situation so going on in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this situation so going on in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this situation so going on in for
+a huge amount from the small blind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount from the small blind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount from the small blind is
+usually okay since there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually okay since there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually okay since there's only one
+player behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player behind
+anyway okay so so okay so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so so okay so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay so so okay so let's look at
+a sample situation and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample situation and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample situation and I'm going to
+first analyze it theoretically and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first analyze it theoretically and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first analyze it theoretically and then
+I'll try to go through a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to go through a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to go through a bunch of
+examples so okay so do we go all in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so okay so do we go all in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so okay so do we go all in or
+fold here and let's suppose we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold here and let's suppose we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold here and let's suppose we're
+reasoning exploitative right so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning exploitative right so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning exploitative right so this was
+uh level two thinking not level three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh level two thinking not level three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh level two thinking not level three
+thinking so if we're reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so if we're reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking so if we're reasoning
+exploitatively what we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitatively what we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitatively what we're asking
+ourselves is essentially right what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves is essentially right what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves is essentially right what's
+EXP exploitative thinking we put our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXP exploitative thinking we put our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EXP exploitative thinking we put our
+opponent we model our opponent give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent we model our opponent give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent we model our opponent give them
+a probability distribution and then play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability distribution and then play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability distribution and then play
+in a way that maximizes our expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that maximizes our expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that maximizes our expectation
+relative to the beige and uh probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the beige and uh probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the beige and uh probability
+distribution we put on our opponent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we put on our opponent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we put on our opponent so
+you know we can ask yourself is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can ask yourself is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we can ask yourself is the big
+blind a gamly player is it likely here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind a gamly player is it likely here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind a gamly player is it likely here
+or she will call with a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she will call with a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or she will call with a wide range of
+hands how crazy have I been playing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands how crazy have I been playing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands how crazy have I been playing you
+know will he give me any credit if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will he give me any credit if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will he give me any credit if I go
+all in um suppose the pay pay bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in um suppose the pay pay bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in um suppose the pay pay bubble
+doesn't matter so suppose it's far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter so suppose it's far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter so suppose it's far from
+you know having to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know having to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know having to try to
+survive to make the next pay increase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive to make the next pay increase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive to make the next pay increase or
+whatever so okay so let's so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so okay so let's so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever so okay so let's so let's do
+this what do we think he's calling um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do we think he's calling um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what do we think he's calling um
+okay so this okay so I want to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this okay so I want to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this okay so I want to see what
+the what you guys think so does someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you guys think so does someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what you guys think so does someone
+want to give me a hand that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give me a hand that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give me a hand that you think
+he's calling or definitely calling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's calling or definitely calling or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's calling or definitely calling or
+definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not
+calling you can give me a no-brainer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you can give me a no-brainer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling you can give me a no-brainer I
+just want people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want people
+to someone's okay so what's the hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone's okay so what's the hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to someone's okay so what's the hand
+he's obviously not calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's obviously not calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's obviously not calling
+okay good 27 off what's the hand who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good 27 off what's the hand who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good 27 off what's the hand who's
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+calling okay good pocket aces okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling okay good pocket aces okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling okay good pocket aces okay so
+let's try to zero in a bit more okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to zero in a bit more okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to zero in a bit more okay so
+let's um okay don't don't worry so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um okay don't don't worry so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's um okay don't don't worry so okay
+so tell me what hands do you think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me what hands do you think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me what hands do you think he
+might be calling that are a bit worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be calling that are a bit worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be calling that are a bit worse
+than pocket aces what okay what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pocket aces what okay what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than pocket aces what okay what do you
+think he he is a smallest pocket pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he he is a smallest pocket pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think he he is a smallest pocket pair
+he's calling or what okay let's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's calling or what okay let's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's calling or what okay let's if
+you're not sure let me ask you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure let me ask you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not sure let me ask you what's
+the smallest pocket pair you would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest pocket pair you would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest pocket pair you would call
+if you don't know anything about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know anything about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know anything about this
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blind so it's it's 15 big blinds it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so it's it's 15 big blinds it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so it's it's 15 big blinds it's
+it's a 15 big blind all one um okay who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 15 big blind all one um okay who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a 15 big blind all one um okay who
+would call pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call pocket
+fives okay who would PA call pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives okay who would PA call pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fives okay who would PA call pocket
+twos okay um who would call uh Ace s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos okay um who would call uh Ace s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos okay um who would call uh Ace s
+suited okay who would call uh Queen jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited okay who would call uh Queen jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited okay who would call uh Queen jack
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+suit okay um okay so okay so I guess we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit okay um okay so okay so I guess we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit okay um okay so okay so I guess we
+have a rough idea of okay so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rough idea of okay so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a rough idea of okay so since
+assuming you're playing at someone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you're playing at someone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming you're playing at someone in
+this class so let's just say we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so let's just say we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class so let's just say we look at
+that sample to sort of guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sample to sort of guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sample to sort of guess what
+they're calling so okay so I had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling so okay so I had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're calling so okay so I had this
+range um maybe it's a bit more ambitious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um maybe it's a bit more ambitious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range um maybe it's a bit more ambitious
+than what people put up their hands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what people put up their hands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what people put up their hands for
+so I I said they would call with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I said they would call with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I said they would call with any
+pocket pair any Ace um King 10 off suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket pair any Ace um King 10 off suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket pair any Ace um King 10 off suit
+king8 suit so this is what I said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king8 suit so this is what I said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king8 suit so this is what I said they
+would call with which is 25% of hands um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call with which is 25% of hands um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would call with which is 25% of hands um
+okay so maybe in reality they call with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe in reality they call with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe in reality they call with
+even less maybe in reality they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less maybe in reality they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less maybe in reality they only
+call 20% 15% of hands but but this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 20% 15% of hands but but this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 20% 15% of hands but but this just
+further emphasizes my point so um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further emphasizes my point so um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further emphasizes my point so um okay
+so so we assume they call 25% let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we assume they call 25% let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we assume they call 25% let's
+say Okay so let's do the math let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay so let's do the math let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Okay so let's do the math let's now
+assume we have 108
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have 108
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we have 108
+offit okay so let's do the math against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit okay so let's do the math against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit okay so let's do the math against
+this um oh sorry so what is the equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um oh sorry so what is the equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um oh sorry so what is the equity
+of 108 offit against their 25% range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 108 offit against their 25% range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 108 offit against their 25% range so
+when we get called we're not doing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get called we're not doing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get called we're not doing so
+well cuz they're only calling 25% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cuz they're only calling 25% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cuz they're only calling 25% of
+hands so their hand is going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so their hand is going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands so their hand is going to be good
+when they call um we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they call um we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they call um we're only
+36% okay so let's do the math so 75% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36% okay so let's do the math so 75% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36% okay so let's do the math so 75% of
+the time they're going to fold and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they're going to fold and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they're going to fold and we're
+going to win 2.5 big blinds right why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win 2.5 big blinds right why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to win 2.5 big blinds right why is
+it 2.5 big blinds it's it's there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 2.5 big blinds it's it's there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 2.5 big blinds it's it's there's the
+there's the big blind that we're winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the big blind that we're winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the big blind that we're winning
+right there's a small blind that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a small blind that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a small blind that we're
+winning and then there's um there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and then there's um there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning and then there's um there's the
+one big blind from the anties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big blind from the anties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one big blind from the anties that
+were're winning right and and it's 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were're winning right and and it's 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were're winning right and and it's 2.5
+we count the small blind because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count the small blind because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we count the small blind because even
+though we put in the small blind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we put in the small blind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we put in the small blind the
+fact that you put it in the pot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you put it in the pot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that you put it in the pot it
+doesn't matter who put it in the pot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter who put it in the pot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter who put it in the pot the
+fact that it's already in the pot means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's already in the pot means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's already in the pot means
+we're winning the money right that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're winning the money right that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're winning the money right that makes
+sense okay so 25% of the time he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so 25% of the time he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so 25% of the time he's going
+to call and then when this happens 36%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and then when this happens 36%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call and then when this happens 36%
+of the time we're going to win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time we're going to win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time we're going to win the
+all-in and we're going to win 16.5 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-in and we're going to win 16.5 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-in and we're going to win 16.5 big
+blinds because we're going to win the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds because we're going to win the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds because we're going to win the
+1.5 we're going to win the small blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 we're going to win the small blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 we're going to win the small blind
+the anties plus his entire 15 big blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anties plus his entire 15 big blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anties plus his entire 15 big blind
+stack 64% of the time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack 64% of the time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack 64% of the time we're going to
+lose and we're going to lose 14 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and we're going to lose 14 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose and we're going to lose 14 and a
+half big blinds is which is how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half big blinds is which is how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half big blinds is which is how much we
+wagered to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagered to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wagered to do this
+on so you can do the calculation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you can do the calculation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so you can do the calculation and
+we're it's actually very positive we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's actually very positive we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's actually very positive we're
+making an expectation an entire big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an expectation an entire big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making an expectation an entire big
+blind by going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind by going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind by going all
+in okay so now let's suppose we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so now let's suppose we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so now let's suppose we had a
+worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+hand um so let's suppose we had 32 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um so let's suppose we had 32 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um so let's suppose we had 32 off
+suit okay um we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit okay um we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit okay um we can do the same
+calculation again the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation again the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation again the only thing that
+changed is now we only have 28% Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed is now we only have 28% Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed is now we only have 28% Equity
+instead of 36% Equity um so 32 offsuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 36% Equity um so 32 offsuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 36% Equity um so 32 offsuit
+is actually a worse hand than 72 offit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a worse hand than 72 offit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a worse hand than 72 offit
+for a lot of all-in purposes because 72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of all-in purposes because 72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of all-in purposes because 72
+off suit is like the worst poker hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is like the worst poker hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is like the worst poker hand
+against uh range of strong hands but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh range of strong hands but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against uh range of strong hands but
+against a range of any two cards 32 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a range of any two cards 32 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a range of any two cards 32 off
+is actually worse than 72 off because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually worse than 72 off because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually worse than 72 off because
+seven high is relevant if they have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven high is relevant if they have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven high is relevant if they have like
+six High um okay so the anyways so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six High um okay so the anyways so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six High um okay so the anyways so so
+you do the calculation and you find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the calculation and you find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the calculation and you find that
+this is still an excellent play it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still an excellent play it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still an excellent play it's so
+going on with 3-2 offit is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with 3-2 offit is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with 3-2 offit is actually not
+a crazy bad play it looks like a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy bad play it looks like a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy bad play it looks like a crazy
+bad play on paper and okay and I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad play on paper and okay and I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad play on paper and okay and I'll tell
+you in reality it is a crazy bad play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in reality it is a crazy bad play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in reality it is a crazy bad play
+but um but according to this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but according to this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but according to this calculation
+it's actually not a crazy bad play you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not a crazy bad play you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not a crazy bad play you
+you're actually earning 0.42 big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually earning 0.42 big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually earning 0.42 big blinds
+okay so so what's wrong what's wrong why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what's wrong what's wrong why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so what's wrong what's wrong why
+is why does our calculation say 32 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why does our calculation say 32 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why does our calculation say 32 off
+is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play and there's no mistake in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and there's no mistake in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and there's no mistake in the
+calculation it's not because of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's not because of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's not because of a
+mistake in the calculation because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in the calculation because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in the calculation because of
+the high probability that he's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high probability that he's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high probability that he's not going
+to call you right exactly okay good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call you right exactly okay good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call you right exactly okay good yeah
+so basically remember we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically remember we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically remember we did this
+calculation using level two reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using level two reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation using level two reasoning
+exploitative thinking right we built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative thinking right we built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative thinking right we built a
+model for him and if our model was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for him and if our model was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for him and if our model was
+correct then actually 32 offit is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct then actually 32 offit is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct then actually 32 offit is a good
+Allin but so so what this is showing us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allin but so so what this is showing us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allin but so so what this is showing us
+is actually the point is if our model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the point is if our model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the point is if our model is
+correct then they're making a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct then they're making a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct then they're making a mistake
+then then he's making a mistake by only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then he's making a mistake by only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then he's making a mistake by only
+calling 25% of hands it's just too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling 25% of hands it's just too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling 25% of hands it's just too small
+fraction it's too too small a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction it's too too small a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction it's too too small a fraction
+of hands to call with so I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands to call with so I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands to call with so I guess the
+lesson sort of is you know so so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson sort of is you know so so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson sort of is you know so so when I
+took the poll around the class you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the poll around the class you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the poll around the class you guys
+wanted to call you even less than 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to call you even less than 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to call you even less than 25%
+right like 25% still includes ace2 offit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like 25% still includes ace2 offit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like 25% still includes ace2 offit
+and still includes hands like um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still includes hands like um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still includes hands like um let's
+see again it still includes hands like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again it still includes hands like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again it still includes hands like
+queen king 10 off suit Queen 10 suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen king 10 off suit Queen 10 suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queen king 10 off suit Queen 10 suited
+King 8 suited so um so you know so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King 8 suited so um so you know so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King 8 suited so um so you know so even
+25% is sort of too low in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% is sort of too low in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% is sort of too low in the sense that
+it allows a small blind to shove any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows a small blind to shove any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows a small blind to shove any two
+cards uh shove means all in shove any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards uh shove means all in shove any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards uh shove means all in shove any
+two cards profitably um and in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cards profitably um and in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cards profitably um and in reality
+it might be even lower if people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be even lower if people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be even lower if people were
+being truthful when they put up their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being truthful when they put up their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being truthful when they put up their
+hand for what they're calling with right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand for what they're calling with right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand for what they're calling with right
+so so basically my point is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically my point is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so basically my point is I think
+people are too afraid to go all in Pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are too afraid to go all in Pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are too afraid to go all in Pre
+flop going all and pre flop is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop going all and pre flop is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop going all and pre flop is um is
+fine basically uh and you know so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine basically uh and you know so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine basically uh and you know so let's
+suppose we're the big blind now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're the big blind now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we're the big blind now and
+we're considering adding Queen jack off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering adding Queen jack off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering adding Queen jack off
+to our calling range so you know so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our calling range so you know so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our calling range so you know so I'm
+saying okay you're making the mistake as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay you're making the mistake as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay you're making the mistake as
+a big blind of only calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind of only calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind of only calling
+25% but um but what's wrong with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% but um but what's wrong with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% but um but what's wrong with my
+reasoning right the thing that's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning right the thing that's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning right the thing that's wrong
+with my reasoning is that's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my reasoning is that's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my reasoning is that's only a
+mistake from a level three reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake from a level three reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake from a level three reasoning
+point of view right that's only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view right that's only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view right that's only a
+mistake in that it's not theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in that it's not theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in that it's not theoretically
+optimal because in theory the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal because in theory the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal because in theory the small
+blind could shove any two cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind could shove any two cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind could shove any two cards
+profitably but if the small blind isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitably but if the small blind isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitably but if the small blind isn't
+actually shoving any two cards then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shoving any two cards then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shoving any two cards then
+maybe this is actually the optimal range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is actually the optimal range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is actually the optimal range
+to call like if the small blind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call like if the small blind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call like if the small blind is
+shoving too small then maybe 25% is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoving too small then maybe 25% is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoving too small then maybe 25% is the
+optimal strategy for the big blind from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal strategy for the big blind from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal strategy for the big blind from
+that point of view so right so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point of view so right so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point of view so right so we can do
+a calculation with Queen Jack so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation with Queen Jack so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation with Queen Jack so let's
+assume the small blind only only shoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the small blind only only shoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the small blind only only shoves
+top 25% of hands instead of 100% then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 25% of hands instead of 100% then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 25% of hands instead of 100% then
+your Equity is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Equity is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Equity is only
+42% and what Equity do we need to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42% and what Equity do we need to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+42% and what Equity do we need to call
+all in uh we need to call 14 big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in uh we need to call 14 big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in uh we need to call 14 big blinds
+right we need to call 14 big blinds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to call 14 big blinds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we need to call 14 big blinds and
+if we call the pot will be 31 so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we call the pot will be 31 so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we call the pot will be 31 so we need
+14 over 31 which is about 45% Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 over 31 which is about 45% Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 over 31 which is about 45% Equity
+only we only have 42 so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we only have 42 so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only we only have 42 so we actually
+shouldn't call anymore um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't call anymore um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't call anymore um so you know
+it's possible the big blind's play is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible the big blind's play is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible the big blind's play is
+correct but the point is someone's play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but the point is someone's play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but the point is someone's play
+isn't correct so um so I also wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't correct so um so I also wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't correct so um so I also wanted
+this example to give you another idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example to give you another idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example to give you another idea of
+what sort of optimal Nash equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of optimal Nash equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of optimal Nash equilibrium
+play is so okay so I'm going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play is so okay so I'm going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play is so okay so I'm going to sort of
+so let's draw a chart of um what is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a chart of um what is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's draw a chart of um what is in
+Game Theory called like an itera best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Game Theory called like an itera best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Game Theory called like an itera best
+response okay so how this works is I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay so how this works is I fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response okay so how this works is I fix
+a strategy for one player I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy for one player I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strategy for one player I take the
+best strategy for the other player at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best strategy for the other player at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best strategy for the other player at
+exploiting the strategy and then I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting the strategy and then I fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploiting the strategy and then I fix
+that strategy and I come back to so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategy and I come back to so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strategy and I come back to so I
+fix a strategy for the big blind which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a strategy for the big blind which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a strategy for the big blind which
+is only call 25% of hands and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only call 25% of hands and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only call 25% of hands and then I
+asked myself what what's the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked myself what what's the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked myself what what's the best way
+for the small blind to exploit this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the small blind to exploit this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the small blind to exploit this well
+it's to shove 100% of hands right by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to shove 100% of hands right by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to shove 100% of hands right by the
+calculation um okay so now if the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um okay so now if the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um okay so now if the small
+blind is fixed on this strategy what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is fixed on this strategy what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is fixed on this strategy what's
+the best way for the big blind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way for the big blind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way for the big blind to
+exploit this well is to call with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this well is to call with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this well is to call with
+anything basically because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything basically because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything basically because you know
+they're shoving anything so it's to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shoving anything so it's to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shoving anything so it's to call
+with a very wide range say like 67% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very wide range say like 67% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a very wide range say like 67% of
+hands and you know so once the big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and you know so once the big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and you know so once the big big
+blind is calling too much how does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is calling too much how does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is calling too much how does the
+small blind blind exploit this well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind blind exploit this well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind blind exploit this well well
+now they tighten up right they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they tighten up right they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they tighten up right they only
+shove their good hands and that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove their good hands and that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove their good hands and that's fine
+because they're getting paid off very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're getting paid off very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're getting paid off very
+often when they shove their good hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when they shove their good hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when they shove their good hands
+but once the small blind realizes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once the small blind realizes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once the small blind realizes to
+shove only their good hands then the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove only their good hands then the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove only their good hands then the big
+blind's like oh crap I shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind's like oh crap I shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind's like oh crap I shouldn't be
+calling 67% anymore I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling 67% anymore I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling 67% anymore I'm going to call
+less 30% so overall let me draw sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less 30% so overall let me draw sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less 30% so overall let me draw sort of
+a diagram of how it's going to work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagram of how it's going to work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagram of how it's going to work so
+um okay so you can see right 0 100 small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you can see right 0 100 small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you can see right 0 100 small
+blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so essentially how it works is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially how it works is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially how it works is okay
+so let me just put some markers okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just put some markers okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just put some markers okay so
+how it's going to start out is the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to start out is the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's going to start out is the big
+blind calls 25% right which is here 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind calls 25% right which is here 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind calls 25% right which is here 25%
+and then the small blind to exploit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the small blind to exploit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the small blind to exploit this
+shoves 100% then the big blind goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoves 100% then the big blind goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoves 100% then the big blind goes to
+call 67% and then the small blind will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 67% and then the small blind will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 67% and then the small blind will
+respond by shoving 40% these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond by shoving 40% these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond by shoving 40% these numbers are
+approximate right then the small blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate right then the small blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate right then the small blind
+will shove too little and then the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shove too little and then the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shove too little and then the big
+blind will sort a call too little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind will sort a call too little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind will sort a call too little and
+then it'll essentially go here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll essentially go here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll essentially go here and then
+go here uh and then go here and and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here uh and then go here and and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here uh and then go here and and then
+go here okay so essentially the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here okay so essentially the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here okay so essentially the point is
+it's going to converge it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to converge it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to converge it's going to
+zero in on this blue line okay on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in on this blue line okay on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in on this blue line okay on these
+blue lines and the thing that it zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue lines and the thing that it zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue lines and the thing that it zeros
+in on is basically called What's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on is basically called What's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on is basically called What's called
+the Nash equilibrium so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium so you can actually
+compute the Nash equilibrium with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Nash equilibrium with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the Nash equilibrium with the
+computer in this case um which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in this case um which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer in this case um which is what I
+did and this is what the Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and this is what the Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and this is what the Nash
+equilibrium is so the the optimal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is so the the optimal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is so the the optimal thing
+to do do is for the small blind to sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do do is for the small blind to sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do do is for the small blind to sh
+about 66.8% of hands and the big blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 66.8% of hands and the big blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 66.8% of hands and the big blind
+to call about 38.5% of hands so um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call about 38.5% of hands so um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call about 38.5% of hands so um and I
+think if you play like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you play like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you play like you know
+reasonably like reasonable Stakes online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably like reasonable Stakes online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably like reasonable Stakes online
+poker tournaments nowadays this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker tournaments nowadays this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker tournaments nowadays this is what
+most people know how to do cuz most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people know how to do cuz most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people know how to do cuz most
+people will have a computer program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will have a computer program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will have a computer program that
+can do this calculation for them um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this calculation for them um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this calculation for them um but
+it it's quite loose essentially um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's quite loose essentially um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's quite loose essentially um for
+so remember the situation was 15 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the situation was 15 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the situation was 15 big
+blinds there are antes and you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds there are antes and you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds there are antes and you're in the
+small blind you should be shoving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind you should be shoving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small blind you should be shoving
+2/3 of hands roughly and the big blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 of hands roughly and the big blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 of hands roughly and the big blind
+should be calling almost 40% of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be calling almost 40% of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be calling almost 40% of hands
+and this is this is the ranges and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is the ranges and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is the ranges and as
+you can see the small blind can shove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the small blind can shove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the small blind can shove
+four three suited so suited is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three suited so suited is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three suited so suited is very
+important but if your hand is unsuited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but if your hand is unsuited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but if your hand is unsuited
+then um 76 offit is a shove but oh 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um 76 offit is a shove but oh 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um 76 offit is a shove but oh 65
+off suit is a shove too but like 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is a shove too but like 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off suit is a shove too but like 95
+offit is not a shove because it says 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit is not a shove because it says 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit is not a shove because it says 96
+off plus which means 95 off is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off plus which means 95 off is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off plus which means 95 off is not a
+sh so okay so it's so it's always a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh so okay so it's so it's always a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sh so okay so it's so it's always a good
+idea to know the Nash ranges for prea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know the Nash ranges for prea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to know the Nash ranges for prea
+because even if you're trying to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you're trying to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you're trying to exploit
+your opponent you want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent you want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent you want to make sure
+you're never going too far off from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going too far off from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going too far off from the
+optimal play because whenever you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play because whenever you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal play because whenever you get
+too far off you could potentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far off you could potentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far off you could potentially be
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+exploited and so yeah but I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited and so yeah but I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited and so yeah but I mean you
+don't have to do exactly this I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do exactly this I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do exactly this I'm not
+saying everyone should do exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying everyone should do exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying everyone should do exactly this
+right if you think you're smarter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you think you're smarter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you think you're smarter than
+your opponent and you have a good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent and you have a good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent and you have a good model
+than your opponent like if you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your opponent like if you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your opponent like if you think the
+big blind is calling way fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind is calling way fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind is calling way fewer than
+38.5% of hands then you can go in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38.5% of hands then you can go in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38.5% of hands then you can go in with a
+lot more than 66.8% of hands just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than 66.8% of hands just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than 66.8% of hands just make
+sure if you do decide to try to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you do decide to try to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure if you do decide to try to exploit
+your opponent you do the exploitation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent you do the exploitation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent you do the exploitation in
+the right direction um like if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction um like if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right direction um like if they're
+calling too little then you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling too little then you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling too little then you need to
+shove a lot if they're calling too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove a lot if they're calling too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove a lot if they're calling too much
+then you need to shove very little that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to shove very little that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to shove very little that
+makes sense every with to everyone right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense every with to everyone right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense every with to everyone right
+that's the that's the right direction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the right direction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the right direction to
+exploit your opponent and similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit your opponent and similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit your opponent and similarly if
+the opponent is shoving too much then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opponent is shoving too much then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opponent is shoving too much then
+you're going to call a lot and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to call a lot and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to call a lot and if
+they're shoving too little then you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shoving too little then you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're shoving too little then you then
+you call very little as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call very little as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call very little as well
+um okay but yeah but what's good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but yeah but what's good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay but yeah but what's good about
+the Nash equilibrium strategy is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium strategy is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium strategy is you
+know you can't be exploited you know no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't be exploited you know no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't be exploited you know no
+matter what they do the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they do the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what they do the optimal
+basically the reason why this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the reason why this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the reason why this is this is
+called the convergence point is be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the convergence point is be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the convergence point is be
+because if the small blind is shoving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the small blind is shoving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the small blind is shoving
+66.8% the best for the big blind to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.8% the best for the big blind to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+66.8% the best for the big blind to do
+against that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that is
+38.5% and the best to shove against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38.5% and the best to shove against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38.5% and the best to shove against
+38.5% calling range is 66.8 so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38.5% calling range is 66.8 so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38.5% calling range is 66.8 so it
+essentially converges um that's why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially converges um that's why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially converges um that's why it's
+called an equilibrium so so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an equilibrium so so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called an equilibrium so so hopefully
+this gives you a better uh a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you a better uh a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you a better uh a more
+concrete example for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example for those of you who
+haven't seen like what a Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen like what a Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen like what a Nash
+equilibrium is exactly um of what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is exactly um of what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is exactly um of what I mean
+by like Optimal level three reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like Optimal level three reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like Optimal level three reasoning
+play okay so that's enough of that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay so that's enough of that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play okay so that's enough of that okay
+so now let's go to some concrete ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go to some concrete ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's go to some concrete ranges
+so okay so now you can ask me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so now you can ask me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so now you can ask me you know
+how do we learn these ranges right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we learn these ranges right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we learn these ranges right I
+showed you the Nash range for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the Nash range for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the Nash range for one
+specific situation but right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific situation but right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific situation but right the
+situations you can you can enumerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations you can you can enumerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations you can you can enumerate
+there's going to be a lot right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lot right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lot right so I
+showed you the range for small blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the range for small blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the range for small blind
+versus big blind and there's 15 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus big blind and there's 15 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus big blind and there's 15 big
+blinds right but what if it's 14 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds right but what if it's 14 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds right but what if it's 14 big
+blinds what if it's 13 big blinds right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds what if it's 13 big blinds right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds what if it's 13 big blinds right
+what if it's 10 big blinds with no anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's 10 big blinds with no anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's 10 big blinds with no anti
+um so essentially It's a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so essentially It's a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so essentially It's a combination of
+memorization understanding Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization understanding Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization understanding Theory and
+then like extrapolation slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like extrapolation slash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like extrapolation slash
+interpolation so okay so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation so okay so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolation so okay so let me just
+show you a few more we can just so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few more we can just so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a few more we can just so just
+to give you a rough idea this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a rough idea this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a rough idea this is where
+the memorization SL interpolation comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memorization SL interpolation comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memorization SL interpolation comes
+in because if you have a few Bas lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because if you have a few Bas lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because if you have a few Bas lines
+to go off of you can sort of um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go off of you can sort of um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go off of you can sort of um you can
+sort of use rules that theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use rules that theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of use rules that theoretically
+make sense to extrapolate right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to extrapolate right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to extrapolate right so
+here's button 10 big blinds um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's button 10 big blinds um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's button 10 big blinds um
+43.9% and this is roughly the hands oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43.9% and this is roughly the hands oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43.9% and this is roughly the hands oh
+sorry does is it clear what this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry does is it clear what this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry does is it clear what this range
+of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands
+means I guess I never really explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I guess I never really explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I guess I never really explained
+um basically like uh s means suited o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically like uh s means suited o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically like uh s means suited o
+means off suit and plus just means any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means off suit and plus just means any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means off suit and plus just means any
+hand that where like the denominations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that where like the denominations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand that where like the denominations
+are strictly higher uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strictly higher uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strictly higher uh
+if you don't know exactly what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know exactly what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't know exactly what it means
+it's not a huge deal but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a huge deal but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a huge deal but uh but
+roughly but roughly you you want to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly but roughly you you want to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly but roughly you you want to sort
+of know what this is like what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what this is like what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what this is like what this is
+saying so there's a few weird cases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so there's a few weird cases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so there's a few weird cases but
+roughly you know if it says Ace X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly you know if it says Ace X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly you know if it says Ace X Plus
+that means any Ace any hand with an ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means any Ace any hand with an ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means any Ace any hand with an ace
+suited or unsuited you can go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited or unsuited you can go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited or unsuited you can go all
+um so okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so okay so
+43.9% okay so right so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43.9% okay so right so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43.9% okay so right so in terms of
+extrapolation and interpolation let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation and interpolation let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation and interpolation let's
+just make sure everyone gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure everyone gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make sure everyone gets the
+directions right so if I move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right so if I move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions right so if I move from
+button to the cut off does the does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button to the cut off does the does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button to the cut off does the does the
+fraction of hands go upward or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of hands go upward or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of hands go upward or
+down down down right um so the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down down right um so the fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down down right um so the fraction
+of hands goes down because from the cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands goes down because from the cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands goes down because from the cut
+off there's more players to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there's more players to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off there's more players to get through
+right so you you need a better hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you need a better hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you need a better hand you
+can't right so the fraction of hands you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't right so the fraction of hands you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't right so the fraction of hands you
+can shove those down right that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shove those down right that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can shove those down right that makes
+sense to everyone so make sure you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to everyone so make sure you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to everyone so make sure you get
+the direction right um so okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction right um so okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction right um so okay and then
+what if the number of big blinds goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the number of big blinds goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if the number of big blinds goes up
+or down so let's say it's let's say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down so let's say it's let's say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down so let's say it's let's say it's
+15 big blinds um I guess 15 is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 big blinds um I guess 15 is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 big blinds um I guess 15 is sort of
+too much to go all in with but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much to go all in with but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much to go all in with but let's say
+it's okay let's say it's 12 big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let's say it's 12 big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay let's say it's 12 big blinds
+does someone have a guess what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone have a guess what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone have a guess what the
+percentage might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be you just have to get the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you just have to get the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you just have to get the direction
+right what someone yeah yeah okay 40%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what someone yeah yeah okay 40%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what someone yeah yeah okay 40%
+that that's about right that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's about right that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's about right that's about
+right basically so it Go the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically so it Go the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right basically so it Go the percentage
+will go down a bit and what if you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down a bit and what if you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go down a bit and what if you only
+have five big blinds does someone want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five big blinds does someone want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have five big blinds does someone want
+to say guess the percentage 60 60 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say guess the percentage 60 60 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say guess the percentage 60 60 yeah
+that's about right okay so yeah so try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about right okay so yeah so try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about right okay so yeah so try
+to get the try get the directions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the try get the directions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the try get the directions right
+if you have a few Baseline points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a few Baseline points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a few Baseline points and
+and if you can get the directions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can get the directions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you can get the directions right
+that's a very important First Step um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important First Step um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very important First Step um
+okay so here's another data point I cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another data point I cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's another data point I cut
+off seven big blinds um it's 38.8% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off seven big blinds um it's 38.8% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off seven big blinds um it's 38.8% so
+notice that the cut off this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the cut off this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the cut off this situation
+compared to the first one your one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the first one your one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the first one your one
+position worse cuz you're cut off into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position worse cuz you're cut off into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position worse cuz you're cut off into a
+button but you're risking a lot less you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button but you're risking a lot less you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button but you're risking a lot less you
+only have seven big lines but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have seven big lines but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have seven big lines but the
+percentage is still going down so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage is still going down so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage is still going down so I
+think I said this first class as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said this first class as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I said this first class as well
+the position matters a lot more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position matters a lot more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position matters a lot more than the
+number of big blinds because for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of big blinds because for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of big blinds because for the
+number of big blinds even though you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of big blinds even though you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of big blinds even though you're
+in some sense risking a lot more as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense risking a lot more as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense risking a lot more as you
+have more big blinds it's also harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more big blinds it's also harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more big blinds it's also harder to
+get called if I go all in for 10 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get called if I go all in for 10 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get called if I go all in for 10 big
+blinds they're going to fold a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds they're going to fold a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds they're going to fold a lot more
+then if I go all in for seven big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I go all in for seven big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I go all in for seven big blinds
+so that's why the position actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the position actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why the position actually
+matters a lot more than how many bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot more than how many bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters a lot more than how many bets
+okay so low Jack that's so that's hijack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so low Jack that's so that's hijack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so low Jack that's so that's hijack
+minus one so that's two over from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so that's two over from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so that's two over from the
+cut off it's only 20 10 big blinds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off it's only 20 10 big blinds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off it's only 20 10 big blinds is
+only 23.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 23.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 23.4
+%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+%
+um but it's still nothing not nothing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still nothing not nothing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's still nothing not nothing so
+under the gun nanded with three big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun nanded with three big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun nanded with three big
+blinds it's actually pretty high it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds it's actually pretty high it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds it's actually pretty high it's
+24.1% okay uh so you can go look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.1% okay uh so you can go look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24.1% okay uh so you can go look at
+those on your own you can also calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those on your own you can also calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those on your own you can also calculate
+on your own in certain websites and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own in certain websites and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own in certain websites and uh
+yeah so this will roughly give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this will roughly give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this will roughly give you an
+idea of the shape of the graph so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the shape of the graph so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the shape of the graph so this
+is under the gun allins it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under the gun allins it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is under the gun allins it's a bit
+approximated but with 15 big blinds I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated but with 15 big blinds I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated but with 15 big blinds I
+know I recommended with 15 big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I recommended with 15 big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I recommended with 15 big blinds
+not to go all in and I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go all in and I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go all in and I think that's a
+good recommendation but let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good recommendation but let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good recommendation but let's say you
+told the computer they were forced to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told the computer they were forced to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told the computer they were forced to go
+all in with 15 big blinds and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in with 15 big blinds and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in with 15 big blinds and they had
+to calculate the Nash equilibrium this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the Nash equilibrium this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the Nash equilibrium this
+is what it would spit out it would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it would spit out it would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it would spit out it would say
+you go on with these this 6.2% and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on with these this 6.2% and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on with these this 6.2% and with
+10 big blinds it's 13.4 with five big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 big blinds it's 13.4 with five big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 big blinds it's 13.4 with five big
+blinds it's 33.3 so it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds it's 33.3 so it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds it's 33.3 so it actually
+increases quite a lot um for for under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases quite a lot um for for under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases quite a lot um for for under
+the gun for under the gun the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun for under the gun the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun for under the gun the amount of
+uh the fraction of hands you can wager
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fraction of hands you can wager
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the fraction of hands you can wager
+as a function of how many big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of how many big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of how many big blinds
+actually goes up quite a lot question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes up quite a lot question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes up quite a lot question
+yeah for example if you're uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example if you're uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for example if you're uh you have
+15 big blinds and you get an ass Ace uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 big blinds and you get an ass Ace uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 big blinds and you get an ass Ace uh
+jack off suited M uh and what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack off suited M uh and what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack off suited M uh and what would
+be by how much would you raise oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be by how much would you raise oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be by how much would you raise oh I
+would raise to like two big blinds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would raise to like two big blinds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would raise to like two big blinds or
+2.25 big blind that's it very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 big blind that's it very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 big blind that's it very little
+yeah yeah very for all hands I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah very for all hands I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah very for all hands I
+essentially raise do 2.25 big blinds it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially raise do 2.25 big blinds it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially raise do 2.25 big blinds it
+goes from 2.25 big blinds to all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 2.25 big blinds to all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from 2.25 big blinds to all in
+right yeah no middle range right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no middle range right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah no middle range right right
+there's no in between yeah so the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no in between yeah so the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no in between yeah so the reason
+essentially is um there's okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is um there's okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially is um there's okay so let's
+say you raised to five big BLS right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you raised to five big BLS right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you raised to five big BLS right the
+this is essentially equivalent to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially equivalent to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is essentially equivalent to an
+all- in except worse so why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all- in except worse so why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all- in except worse so why is it
+equivalent to an all in because if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to an all in because if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to an all in because if your
+opponent has pocket aces or like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent has pocket aces or like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent has pocket aces or like a good
+hand not necessarily pocket aces they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand not necessarily pocket aces they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand not necessarily pocket aces they're
+going to go all in and pretty much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all in and pretty much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go all in and pretty much you
+have you have to call I mean okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to call I mean okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have to call I mean okay if you
+knew they had exactly pocket aces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they had exactly pocket aces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they had exactly pocket aces you
+could fold but it's possible for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fold but it's possible for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fold but it's possible for them to
+play a balanc strategy where they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a balanc strategy where they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a balanc strategy where they could
+have pocket aces or Ace King or pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket aces or Ace King or pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pocket aces or Ace King or pocket
+fens or or whatever and you're forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fens or or whatever and you're forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fens or or whatever and you're forced to
+call anyway so essentially if you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call anyway so essentially if you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call anyway so essentially if you make
+it any more than 2.25 big blinds you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any more than 2.25 big blinds you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any more than 2.25 big blinds you put
+in enough chips that your opponent can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enough chips that your opponent can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in enough chips that your opponent can
+just play a strategy that forces you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play a strategy that forces you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play a strategy that forces you to
+go all in when they want to and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all in when they want to and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all in when they want to and so it's
+basically strictly worse than just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically strictly worse than just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically strictly worse than just going
+all in yourself yeah yeah good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in yourself yeah yeah good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in yourself yeah yeah good question
+um but but yeah with 15 big blinds I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but yeah with 15 big blinds I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but yeah with 15 big blinds I
+would recommend just raising small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend just raising small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would recommend just raising small
+although I don't think going all in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't think going all in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't think going all in is
+the end of the world uh yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the world uh yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the world uh yeah okay so
+this is roughly what the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roughly what the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is roughly what the shape of the
+curve looks like so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve looks like so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve looks like so here's another
+example um so for for hijack from 15 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so for for hijack from 15 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so for for hijack from 15 big
+blinds to 10 big blinds it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds to 10 big blinds it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds to 10 big blinds it actually
+changes very little uh I guess it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very little uh I guess it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very little uh I guess it
+changes somewhat but 23.4% to 28% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes somewhat but 23.4% to 28% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes somewhat but 23.4% to 28% and
+then with five big blinds it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with five big blinds it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then with five big blinds it goes up
+very fast so as the number of big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so as the number of big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so as the number of big blinds
+goes down it increases a lot but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down it increases a lot but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down it increases a lot but the
+difference but the change from 15 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but the change from 15 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but the change from 15 to 10
+isn't that much I guess under the gind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that much I guess under the gind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that much I guess under the gind
+it's a lot but for hijack it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot but for hijack it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot but for hijack it's not that
+much so just give just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so just give just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so just give just give you some
+ideas you know I don't expect everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you know I don't expect everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas you know I don't expect everyone
+to do this perfectly I I'm trying I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this perfectly I I'm trying I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this perfectly I I'm trying I gave
+you AIT bit of data points just try your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you AIT bit of data points just try your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you AIT bit of data points just try your
+best to do extrapolate a lot to try your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to do extrapolate a lot to try your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to do extrapolate a lot to try your
+best to extrapolate SL interpolate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to extrapolate SL interpolate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to extrapolate SL interpolate um
+you know if you if you're off by a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you if you're off by a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you if you're off by a lot
+that's fine the biggest thing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine the biggest thing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine the biggest thing is just
+try not to get the direction wrong you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to get the direction wrong you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to get the direction wrong you
+know like don't think if I have if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like don't think if I have if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like don't think if I have if I'm
+one position worse I can shove more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position worse I can shove more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one position worse I can shove more
+hands or something so um okay a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands or something so um okay a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands or something so um okay a few more
+pointers about going all in Pre flop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers about going all in Pre flop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointers about going all in Pre flop so
+here this is definitely a good play I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is definitely a good play I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is definitely a good play I
+think so you have pocket fors from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so you have pocket fors from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so you have pocket fors from
+hijack you have 15 big blindes which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hijack you have 15 big blindes which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hijack you have 15 big blindes which is
+more than what I said you should go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what I said you should go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than what I said you should go all
+in with but I think but going on is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with but I think but going on is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with but I think but going on is a
+good play instead of just raising to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good play instead of just raising to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good play instead of just raising to two
+two times the big blind because small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the big blind because small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two times the big blind because small
+pairs while having good impli odds when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs while having good impli odds when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs while having good impli odds when
+when very deep um so in the last class I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when very deep um so in the last class I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when very deep um so in the last class I
+talked about set minining I said small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about set minining I said small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about set minining I said small
+pairs are great when you have like 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are great when you have like 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs are great when you have like 100
+big blinds because you can try to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds because you can try to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds because you can try to hit
+three of a kind and just win a massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of a kind and just win a massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of a kind and just win a massive
+amount of money when you do but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money when you do but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money when you do but they
+actually have terrible implied odds when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have terrible implied odds when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have terrible implied odds when
+it's like 20 big blinds deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 20 big blinds deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 20 big blinds deep
+because because you only hit three of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you only hit three of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because you only hit three of a
+kind one 18 of the time when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind one 18 of the time when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind one 18 of the time when you do the
+total effective sack size is not enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total effective sack size is not enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total effective sack size is not enough
+for you to recoup your losses and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to recoup your losses and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to recoup your losses and when
+you don't you're just always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you're just always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't you're just always going to be
+sitting there with a pair of fours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there with a pair of fours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there with a pair of fours and
+there's always going to be higher cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be higher cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always going to be higher cards
+on the board it's going to be like Ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board it's going to be like Ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board it's going to be like Ace
+Jack 10 and you're always playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack 10 and you're always playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jack 10 and you're always playing a
+guessing game does my opponent have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing game does my opponent have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing game does my opponent have a
+better pair and you just can't make good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better pair and you just can't make good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better pair and you just can't make good
+decisions so so that's why with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so so that's why with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so so that's why with small
+with small pairs just going on even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small pairs just going on even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small pairs just going on even for
+a lot of big blinds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of big blinds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of big blinds is
+reasonable um so yeah here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable um so yeah here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable um so yeah here's another
+example queen8 suited you normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example queen8 suited you normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example queen8 suited you normally you
+wouldn't go all in with that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't go all in with that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't go all in with that you you
+normally would just fold under the gun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would just fold under the gun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally would just fold under the gun
+if you had a lot of chips but with only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a lot of chips but with only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had a lot of chips but with only
+five big blinds going all in is fine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five big blinds going all in is fine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five big blinds going all in is fine um
+another Factor that's actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Factor that's actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Factor that's actually sort of
+relevant here is this is sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here is this is sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here is this is sort of a a
+higher level thing but it's good to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level thing but it's good to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level thing but it's good to keep
+in mind is when you're under the gun in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is when you're under the gun in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind is when you're under the gun in
+some sense you have the least to lose by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you have the least to lose by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense you have the least to lose by
+busting the tournament so by going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busting the tournament so by going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busting the tournament so by going all
+in you're risking busting the tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're risking busting the tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're risking busting the tournament
+but so this is not true in a cash game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this is not true in a cash game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this is not true in a cash game
+but in a tournament it's true I you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a tournament it's true I you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a tournament it's true I you want
+to go all in from under the gun when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go all in from under the gun when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go all in from under the gun when
+you're really really short um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really really short um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really really short um you have
+very little lose to lose by busting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little lose to lose by busting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little lose to lose by busting the
+tournament because if you don't bust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament because if you don't bust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament because if you don't bust the
+tournament the next hand you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament the next hand you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournament the next hand you're you're
+the big blind which really really sucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blind which really really sucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big blind which really really sucks
+so even though you busted the tournament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though you busted the tournament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though you busted the tournament
+you busted the tournament in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you busted the tournament in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you busted the tournament in a situation
+where the next hand you would have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the next hand you would have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the next hand you would have had
+to pay the blind which is one fifth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the blind which is one fifth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the blind which is one fifth of
+your stack in this case so going on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack in this case so going on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stack in this case so going on is
+okay um Ace two suited is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um Ace two suited is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um Ace two suited is another
+example of a hand that's pretty good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a hand that's pretty good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a hand that's pretty good to
+go all in with because if they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all in with because if they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all in with because if they have a
+better Ace you're still suited so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Ace you're still suited so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better Ace you're still suited so you
+have chances of catching up and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chances of catching up and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chances of catching up and the fact
+that you you remove an ace like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you remove an ace like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you remove an ace like there's
+less Aces out there for them to have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Aces out there for them to have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less Aces out there for them to have is
+is quite relevant actually um the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite relevant actually um the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite relevant actually um the fact
+that there's three Aces out there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's three Aces out there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's three Aces out there for
+them to make a good hand to call you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make a good hand to call you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to make a good hand to call you
+with and them being four um everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and them being four um everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and them being four um everyone
+know what I mean by that so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean by that so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I mean by that so if you have
+an ace there's one less Ace out there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace there's one less Ace out there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ace there's one less Ace out there to
+go around um yeah so we go I'll go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around um yeah so we go I'll go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go around um yeah so we go I'll go all
+in here okay um and yeah here we have 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here okay um and yeah here we have 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here okay um and yeah here we have 17
+and a half big blinds from the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half big blinds from the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half big blinds from the button
+but I think going all in with ace4 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think going all in with ace4 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think going all in with ace4 off
+is fine basically so it's a lot it's 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine basically so it's a lot it's 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine basically so it's a lot it's 17
+and 17 and A2 big blinds but once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 17 and A2 big blinds but once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 17 and A2 big blinds but once again
+ax offit is has terrible imply dos um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax offit is has terrible imply dos um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax offit is has terrible imply dos um it
+also like protects your small pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like protects your small pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also like protects your small pair of
+shs a bit so uh so you know when I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs a bit so uh so you know when I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shs a bit so uh so you know when I said
+this pocket 2's hand this sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pocket 2's hand this sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pocket 2's hand this sorry this
+pocket Four's hand I said you can go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket Four's hand I said you can go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket Four's hand I said you can go all
+in for 15 big blinds but what's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for 15 big blinds but what's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for 15 big blinds but what's one
+problem if you follow the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you follow the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you follow the strategy
+exactly it's whenever you do this your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's whenever you do this your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's whenever you do this your
+opponent knows you have like pocket twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent knows you have like pocket twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent knows you have like pocket twos
+or pocket 3es right then like what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pocket 3es right then like what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pocket 3es right then like what can
+they do they can like call with 109
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do they can like call with 109
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do they can like call with 109
+suited which is not a good hand like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited which is not a good hand like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited which is not a good hand like 10
+high against a 15 big blind shove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high against a 15 big blind shove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high against a 15 big blind shove
+shouldn't be possible but they can so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be possible but they can so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be possible but they can so if
+you also do this with like ASX it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also do this with like ASX it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also do this with like ASX it
+protects protects you a bit um yeah with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects protects you a bit um yeah with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protects protects you a bit um yeah with
+76 suited I think it's also Al okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited I think it's also Al okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited I think it's also Al okay this
+is a similar story you pocket Deuces um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar story you pocket Deuces um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a similar story you pocket Deuces um
+76 suited has great imply dogs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited has great imply dogs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited has great imply dogs when
+you're like 100 bets deep and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like 100 bets deep and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like 100 bets deep and making
+straights and flushes is very relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straights and flushes is very relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straights and flushes is very relevant
+but um when you're only 20 bets deep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um when you're only 20 bets deep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um when you're only 20 bets deep and
+you're just trying to make a big pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to make a big pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just trying to make a big pair
+essentially small cards just aren't good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially small cards just aren't good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially small cards just aren't good
+at making big pairs can't make big pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at making big pairs can't make big pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at making big pairs can't make big pairs
+so um once again going on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um once again going on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um once again going on is
+acceptable okay uh so oh yeah one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable okay uh so oh yeah one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable okay uh so oh yeah one thing
+to watch out for is I actually swept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch out for is I actually swept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch out for is I actually swept
+this under rug in the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under rug in the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this under rug in the last couple of
+slides but in all these cases I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides but in all these cases I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides but in all these cases I showed
+you there's actually a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's actually a pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's actually a pretty big
+disincentive to go all in um does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disincentive to go all in um does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disincentive to go all in um does anyone
+see what it is by by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it is by by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what it is by by looking at the
+stack sizes so so they've always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack sizes so so they've always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack sizes so so they've always been
+the same actually but does someone see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same actually but does someone see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same actually but does someone see a
+pretty big disincentive yeah vinent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big disincentive yeah vinent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big disincentive yeah vinent
+other people have much larger Stacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have much larger Stacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people have much larger Stacks
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+you uh right although actually I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh right although actually I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh right although actually I should
+say this other people having much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this other people having much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this other people having much larger
+stacks and it is actually an incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks and it is actually an incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacks and it is actually an incentive
+to go all in um the reason being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go all in um the reason being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go all in um the reason being
+it's it's possible like let's say you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's possible like let's say you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's possible like let's say you go
+all in and then someone calls and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in and then someone calls and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in and then someone calls and then
+another guy like re raises all in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guy like re raises all in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another guy like re raises all in and
+the first guy who called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy who called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first guy who called
+folded then what would happen is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded then what would happen is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded then what would happen is you're
+still all in and if you win the pot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still all in and if you win the pot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still all in and if you win the pot you
+now triple up instead of double up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now triple up instead of double up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now triple up instead of double up and
+you still only have to beat one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still only have to beat one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still only have to beat one
+hand did that make sense everyone I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand did that make sense everyone I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand did that make sense everyone I can
+draw it out if it didn't make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it out if it didn't make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it out if it didn't make sense so
+like so you you go on in for 5,400 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you you go on in for 5,400 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so you you go on in for 5,400 so
+let's say this guy calls for 5,400 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this guy calls for 5,400 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this guy calls for 5,400 uh
+let me is a different Cod this guy calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me is a different Cod this guy calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me is a different Cod this guy calls
+for 5400 and then let's say this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5400 and then let's say this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 5400 and then let's say this guy
+goes all in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all in for
+12,000 and then this guy folds which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,000 and then this guy folds which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,000 and then this guy folds which he
+shouldn't be doing because he definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be doing because he definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be doing because he definitely
+has oxic call but let's say he does fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has oxic call but let's say he does fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has oxic call but let's say he does fold
+then the situation is great because how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the situation is great because how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the situation is great because how
+the rules work is now the pot so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules work is now the pot so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules work is now the pot so now
+this guy is going to get back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going to get back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is going to get back um
+6600 and the PO but but 5400 of his is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6600 and the PO but but 5400 of his is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6600 and the PO but but 5400 of his is
+still in the middle and essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the middle and essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the middle and essentially
+there's this 5400 this 5400 and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this 5400 this 5400 and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this 5400 this 5400 and your
+5400 and your only against his hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5400 and your only against his hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5400 and your only against his hand and
+if you win you get all the money so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you win you get all the money so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you win you get all the money so so
+you actually triple up instead of double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually triple up instead of double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually triple up instead of double
+up so that's actually a good incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that's actually a good incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so that's actually a good incentive
+um but but yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but but yeah that's a good
+observation so yeah like because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so yeah like because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation so yeah like because you're
+going all in is profitable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all in is profitable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all in is profitable because
+there's a high probability other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high probability other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high probability other people
+folding but if like two people call or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding but if like two people call or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding but if like two people call or
+three people call you get uh like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people call you get uh like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people call you get uh like a lot
+of people can call and then your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people can call and then your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people can call and then your your
+odds are not very good when they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds are not very good when they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds are not very good when they call
+right right so yeah that is Rel yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so yeah that is Rel yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so yeah that is Rel yeah so
+multiple people can call but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple people can call but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple people can call but uh the
+national ranges that I presented do take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national ranges that I presented do take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national ranges that I presented do take
+that into account so um like the Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account so um like the Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into account so um like the Nash
+ranges the Nash calculations do take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the Nash calculations do take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the Nash calculations do take
+into account that multiple people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that multiple people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that multiple people can
+call um you have to look carefully at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um you have to look carefully at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um you have to look carefully at
+the stack sizes uh yeah Big L only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack sizes uh yeah Big L only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack sizes uh yeah Big L only have
+21 right good good uh damn I wish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 right good good uh damn I wish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 right good good uh damn I wish I
+brought one of those gift certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought one of those gift certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought one of those gift certificates
+okay um I still have some but okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I still have some but okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um I still have some but okay so
+right so this is actually very relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually very relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually very relevant
+and I S this under the rug but uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I S this under the rug but uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I S this under the rug but uh let me
+clear The annotation the big blind only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear The annotation the big blind only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear The annotation the big blind only
+has four BS only has four big blinds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four BS only has four big blinds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four BS only has four big blinds in
+this situation um and they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation um and they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation um and they're basically
+guaranteed to call you know that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to call you know that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to call you know that's not a
+terrible result for you because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible result for you because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible result for you because there's
+a good chance they just have absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good chance they just have absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good chance they just have absolute
+trash and Queen Seven suited is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash and Queen Seven suited is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trash and Queen Seven suited is better
+than them but it's still worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than them but it's still worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than them but it's still worse than
+being able to steal the big blind for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to steal the big blind for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to steal the big blind for
+free so the fact that the big blind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so the fact that the big blind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free so the fact that the big blind is
+so short here that they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short here that they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so short here that they're basically
+almost guaranteed to call maybe they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost guaranteed to call maybe they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost guaranteed to call maybe they'll
+fold like 32 off suit is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold like 32 off suit is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold like 32 off suit is really really
+bad for you cuz your chances of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for you cuz your chances of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad for you cuz your chances of just
+winning down the taking down the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning down the taking down the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning down the taking down the blinds
+without having to win an Allin is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to win an Allin is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to win an Allin is a lot
+lower do that make sense to everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower do that make sense to everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower do that make sense to everyone so
+so it's hard to do when you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to do when you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to do when you're just
+starting out but it's good to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out but it's good to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting out but it's good to pay
+attention to all the different stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to all the different stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to all the different stack
+sizes and if there's someone behind like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and if there's someone behind like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes and if there's someone behind like
+someone in the blinds who's very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the blinds who's very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the blinds who's very short
+and who's almost guaranteed to go all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's almost guaranteed to go all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who's almost guaranteed to go all in
+then you should be a lot lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should be a lot lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should be a lot lot less
+incentivized to try to steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized to try to steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivized to try to steal the
+blinds um yeah all right guys I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds um yeah all right guys I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds um yeah all right guys I'm going
+to get started again all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started again all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get started again all right so
+uh okay so I'm going to give you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so I'm going to give you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so I'm going to give you a few
+more going to give you a few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more going to give you a few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more going to give you a few more
+examples of sort of extrapolation I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of sort of extrapolation I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of sort of extrapolation I know
+this is a bit boring but to be honest I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit boring but to be honest I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit boring but to be honest I
+think you know this is less exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know this is less exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know this is less exciting
+than you know playing post swop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know playing post swop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you know playing post swop and
+reading your opponent and trying to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your opponent and trying to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading your opponent and trying to like
+read what cards they have and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what cards they have and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read what cards they have and trying to
+make tricky Bluffs but really in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tricky Bluffs but really in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make tricky Bluffs but really in in
+tournaments the the best skill you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments the the best skill you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tournaments the the best skill you can
+have when just learning just starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when just learning just starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when just learning just starting
+out is knowing when to go all in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is knowing when to go all in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is knowing when to go all in because
+if you you know even if you're pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know even if you're pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you you know even if you're pretty
+good at it versus very good at it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at it versus very good at it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at it versus very good at it the
+fact that because most hands just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that because most hands just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that because most hands just come
+down to going all in Pre flop if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to going all in Pre flop if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to going all in Pre flop if you can
+increase your like Equity every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your like Equity every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your like Equity every time you
+do this by like even 1% that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by like even 1% that's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by like even 1% that's a huge
+you know that's a huge gain in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a huge gain in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a huge gain in terms of
+how profitable of a player you'll be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how profitable of a player you'll be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how profitable of a player you'll be so
+so yeah it's a bit boring but just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's a bit boring but just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah it's a bit boring but just try
+to bear with me this is like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bear with me this is like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bear with me this is like the most
+important skill in tournaments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skill in tournaments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important skill in tournaments
+essentially um okay so I wrote down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um okay so I wrote down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially um okay so I wrote down on
+this graph sort of the most number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph sort of the most number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph sort of the most number of
+big blinds I'm willing to risk all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds I'm willing to risk all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds I'm willing to risk all in
+from for all in for from each position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for all in for from each position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from for all in for from each position
+so I want to sort of illustrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to sort of illustrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to sort of illustrate a
+concept these MERS are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept these MERS are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept these MERS are actually quite
+ambitious by the way um I think I made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious by the way um I think I made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambitious by the way um I think I made
+this maybe four years ago when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe four years ago when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe four years ago when I was
+trying to play exploitatively against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to play exploitatively against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to play exploitatively against
+the fact that the average player was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the average player was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the average player was too
+tight the average player was not willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight the average player was not willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight the average player was not willing
+to call often enough um so you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call often enough um so you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call often enough um so you would be
+able to shove more hands than Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to shove more hands than Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to shove more hands than Nash
+because most players don't call enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most players don't call enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because most players don't call enough
+nowadays I think people are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays I think people are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays I think people are getting
+closer to Nash so you can't really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to Nash so you can't really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to Nash so you can't really be
+this ambitious anymore like all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ambitious anymore like all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ambitious anymore like all these
+numbers should go down a bit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should go down a bit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers should go down a bit you
+shouldn't be going on for that many bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be going on for that many bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be going on for that many bets
+but nonetheless I'm the the graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless I'm the the graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless I'm the the graphs
+illustrate the same point so I roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the same point so I roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate the same point so I roughly
+so I wrote down in Black how many bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote down in Black how many bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote down in Black how many bets
+I'm willing to risk from each position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to risk from each position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm willing to risk from each position
+uh with A4 offsuit so notice that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with A4 offsuit so notice that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with A4 offsuit so notice that from
+the button it's huge it's 22 but under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button it's huge it's 22 but under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the button it's huge it's 22 but under
+the gun is a lot smaller it's only seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun is a lot smaller it's only seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gun is a lot smaller it's only seven
+and roughly um roughly it decreases as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly um roughly it decreases as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly um roughly it decreases as
+like as like a 1 overx curb as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as like a 1 overx curb as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as like a 1 overx curb as like a
+inverse curve and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse curve and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse curve and that's sort of
+intuitive because you know if you shove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive because you know if you shove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive because you know if you shove
+from the button you need to be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button you need to be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button you need to be like the
+the best out of third three hands so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best out of third three hands so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best out of third three hands so
+it's like one over three and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one over three and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like one over three and then you
+got to be the best out of four so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be the best out of four so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be the best out of four so it's
+like one over four and then one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over four and then one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over four and then one over
+five one over six Etc so so the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one over six Etc so so the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five one over six Etc so so the graph is
+roughly I mean I don't know let's say 88
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly I mean I don't know let's say 88
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly I mean I don't know let's say 88
+over number of hands remaining I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over number of hands remaining I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over number of hands remaining I I don't
+know something like that um but okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like that um but okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like that um but okay but
+I want to show you a similar curve with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a similar curve with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a similar curve with
+76 suited um so okay what do you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited um so okay what do you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited um so okay what do you notice
+about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curves much more linear than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves much more linear than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves much more linear than the other
+one right so this this one is very curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so this this one is very curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so this this one is very curve
+this one is like 1 overx I I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is like 1 overx I I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is like 1 overx I I mean this
+one is maybe there's like a okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is maybe there's like a okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is maybe there's like a okay this
+one it's a lot flatter right it's 9.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a lot flatter right it's 9.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it's a lot flatter right it's 9.5
+under the gun which is more than 7.7 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun which is more than 7.7 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun which is more than 7.7 for
+ace4 but ace4 it's uh ace4 it's it's 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace4 but ace4 it's uh ace4 it's it's 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace4 but ace4 it's uh ace4 it's it's 22
+from the button whereas for 76 it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button whereas for 76 it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the button whereas for 76 it's only
+19 um so the the thing is these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 um so the the thing is these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 um so the the thing is these two
+hands are a bit different so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are a bit different so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands are a bit different so with
+essentially with ace4 off there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially with ace4 off there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially with ace4 off there it's
+actually like it's a hand that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like it's a hand that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like it's a hand that does
+poorly against good hands but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly against good hands but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly against good hands but well
+against Bad hands because against a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Bad hands because against a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Bad hands because against a bad
+hand your ace high is going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand your ace high is going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand your ace high is going to be good
+and against a good hand you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and against a good hand you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and against a good hand you're always
+going to be dominated like if they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dominated like if they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dominated like if they call
+with an ace Jack or like a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an ace Jack or like a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an ace Jack or like a pair of
+sevens you're going to be a 370 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens you're going to be a 370 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sevens you're going to be a 370 right
+whereas with 76 even if they have Aces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with 76 even if they have Aces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas with 76 even if they have Aces
+you're it's I mean it's bad but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's I mean it's bad but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're it's I mean it's bad but like
+it's the best hand against Aces but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best hand against Aces but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the best hand against Aces but
+basically 76 you're going to be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 76 you're going to be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically 76 you're going to be better
+on average you know if they call with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you know if they call with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average you know if they call with
+Ace King it's not a good situation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King it's not a good situation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace King it's not a good situation but
+it's much better than if you had A4 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much better than if you had A4 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much better than if you had A4 um
+whereas you whereas um if they have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you whereas um if they have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you whereas um if they have like
+82 offit which is a terrible hand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 offit which is a terrible hand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+82 offit which is a terrible hand that
+actually theoretically is ahead of yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually theoretically is ahead of yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually theoretically is ahead of yours
+so what's the most important thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the most important thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the most important thing about
+76 suited when going on with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited when going on with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 suited when going on with it
+essentially it's having a lot of chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's having a lot of chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's having a lot of chips
+it's having a large stack because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's having a large stack because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's having a large stack because you
+just really want to you you want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really want to you you want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really want to you you want them to
+fold all their trash hands and it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold all their trash hands and it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold all their trash hands and it's good
+when they're not going to call you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not going to call you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're not going to call you very
+often so you want to have a lot of bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so you want to have a lot of bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often so you want to have a lot of bets
+whereas for Ace 4 the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for Ace 4 the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for Ace 4 the most important
+thing is you know you don't mind if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you know you don't mind if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is you know you don't mind if they
+call as long as they call with a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call as long as they call with a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call as long as they call with a bad
+hand so the most important thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so the most important thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand so the most important thing you
+want with ace four is you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with ace four is you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want with ace four is you want to have
+you want to be later in position so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be later in position so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be later in position so that
+you're against fewer hands so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're against fewer hands so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're against fewer hands so that
+there's a less of a chance that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a less of a chance that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a less of a chance that someone
+behind is going to pick up Ace Jack or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind is going to pick up Ace Jack or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind is going to pick up Ace Jack or
+pocket tense so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket tense so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket tense so when you're
+extrapolating sl interpolating try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating sl interpolating try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating sl interpolating try to
+remember this principle so yeah so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this principle so yeah so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this principle so yeah so with
+like a suited connector hand it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a suited connector hand it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a suited connector hand it matters
+a lot more how many bets you have you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more how many bets you have you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more how many bets you have you um
+where is with with like a hand with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is with with like a hand with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is with with like a hand with two
+unsuited but sort of big cards like ace4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuited but sort of big cards like ace4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuited but sort of big cards like ace4
+offit King 8 offit Queen I guess Queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit King 8 offit Queen I guess Queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offit King 8 offit Queen I guess Queen
+seven offsuit or whatever the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven offsuit or whatever the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven offsuit or whatever the thing that
+matters most is having few players left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters most is having few players left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters most is having few players left
+to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behind Okay uh okay so I talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind Okay uh okay so I talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind Okay uh okay so I talked a lot
+about how do you initiate allins from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you initiate allins from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do you initiate allins from
+pre flop uh so what about calling other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop uh so what about calling other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop uh so what about calling other
+people's allins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's allins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's allins
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so okay so yeah so one other so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so yeah so one other so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so yeah so one other so another
+thing that I sometimes see people do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I sometimes see people do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I sometimes see people do is
+fold with ridiculously good odds pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold with ridiculously good odds pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold with ridiculously good odds pre
+flop um and similarly how you can shove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop um and similarly how you can shove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop um and similarly how you can shove
+any two cards pre- flop you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two cards pre- flop you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two cards pre- flop you can also
+call a lot pre flop because you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a lot pre flop because you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a lot pre flop because you'll
+always have some equ um so yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have some equ um so yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have some equ um so yeah it's
+difficult to have less than 30% Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to have less than 30% Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to have less than 30% Equity
+pre- flop no matter what your cards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- flop no matter what your cards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre- flop no matter what your cards are
+unless your opponent is like has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless your opponent is like has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless your opponent is like has a
+really strong range like they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong range like they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really strong range like they're really
+tight and you know they have like Jack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight and you know they have like Jack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight and you know they have like Jack
+plus and Ace King or something uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and Ace King or something uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and Ace King or something uh it's
+difficult have less than 30% Equity if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult have less than 30% Equity if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult have less than 30% Equity if
+you have an ace in your hand right cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an ace in your hand right cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an ace in your hand right cuz I
+cuz if you have an ace then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if you have an ace then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz if you have an ace then you're
+either going to have an overcard at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to have an overcard at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either going to have an overcard at
+least to their pair or be dominated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to their pair or be dominated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to their pair or be dominated but
+both of those are still 307s only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are still 307s only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those are still 307s only if
+they have aces are you actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have aces are you actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have aces are you actually in
+really bad situation um so okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad situation um so okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad situation um so okay so I
+just wanted to show you a hand here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to show you a hand here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to show you a hand here that
+looks maybe a bit like bad play to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks maybe a bit like bad play to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks maybe a bit like bad play to some
+of you but I think it's very reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you but I think it's very reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you but I think it's very reasonable
+reasonable play so okay so we have 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable play so okay so we have 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable play so okay so we have 98
+suited we have 15 big blinds so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited we have 15 big blinds so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited we have 15 big blinds so we don't
+go all in right which is fine we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all in right which is fine we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all in right which is fine we make it
+1,600 and then it's folded to the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,600 and then it's folded to the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,600 and then it's folded to the big
+blind but the big blind goes all in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind but the big blind goes all in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind but the big blind goes all in uh
+for 10 big blinds for for for 10 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 big blinds for for for 10 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 big blinds for for for 10 big
+blinds so you know so normally if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds so you know so normally if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds so you know so normally if the
+big blind had covered us if they had 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind had covered us if they had 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind had covered us if they had 15
+big blinds you would probably fold this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you would probably fold this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you would probably fold this
+because you have nine High um You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have nine High um You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have nine High um You
+probably you don't have enough odds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you don't have enough odds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you don't have enough odds to
+call but in this specific case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but in this specific case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but in this specific case the
+effective sack size is not 15 big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sack size is not 15 big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sack size is not 15 big blinds
+right they only have 10 big blinds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they only have 10 big blinds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they only have 10 big blinds so
+the effective stack size is 10 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective stack size is 10 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective stack size is 10 big
+blinds so if you do the math when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds so if you do the math when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds so if you do the math when the
+effective sack size is only um 10 big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sack size is only um 10 big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective sack size is only um 10 big
+blinds you basically you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds you basically you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds you basically you have enough
+equity to call um like even if they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity to call um like even if they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity to call um like even if they had
+12 big blinds maybe it's very borderline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 big blinds maybe it's very borderline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 big blinds maybe it's very borderline
+but even if they have 12 big lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if they have 12 big lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even if they have 12 big lines
+roughly speaking you have enough equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking you have enough equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking you have enough equity
+to call right this is sort of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call right this is sort of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call right this is sort of the same
+calculation as me saying if you have 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as me saying if you have 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as me saying if you have 12
+or less big blinds and you raise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less big blinds and you raise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less big blinds and you raise and
+someone goes all in you basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone goes all in you basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone goes all in you basically have
+to call this is sort of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call this is sort of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call this is sort of a similar
+calculation it's it's the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's it's the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's it's the same thing you
+rais someone went all in the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais someone went all in the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rais someone went all in the it's
+effectively 12 big blinds and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively 12 big blinds and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively 12 big blinds and you can
+call so this is a totally reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so this is a totally reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call so this is a totally reasonable
+play and then you just call okay um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and then you just call okay um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and then you just call okay um if
+you do the math you need 37% Equity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the math you need 37% Equity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the math you need 37% Equity to
+call it's possible in some like Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's possible in some like Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it's possible in some like Corner
+cases you can convince yourself that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you can convince yourself that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you can convince yourself that you
+don't have 37% Equity but for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have 37% Equity but for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have 37% Equity but for the most
+part I see a lot more of like bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I see a lot more of like bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I see a lot more of like bigger
+Mistakes by people folding this spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mistakes by people folding this spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mistakes by people folding this spot
+like if you call you're never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you call you're never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you call you're never really
+making a huge mistake okay fine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a huge mistake okay fine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a huge mistake okay fine if
+they're like sort of tight maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like sort of tight maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like sort of tight maybe you
+only had 35% equity and you and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had 35% equity and you and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had 35% equity and you and you
+needed 37 you made a small mistake but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed 37 you made a small mistake but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed 37 you made a small mistake but
+there are situations similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are situations similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are situations similar to this
+where you might have like 45% equity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have like 45% equity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have like 45% equity and
+you only need 37% Equity so it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need 37% Equity so it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need 37% Equity so it's a huge
+mistake um folding can be a big mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake um folding can be a big mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake um folding can be a big mistake
+but calling is rely like a huge mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but calling is rely like a huge mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but calling is rely like a huge mistake
+when it's 12 big lines or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's 12 big lines or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's 12 big lines or
+less so yeah so any hand that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so yeah so any hand that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so yeah so any hand that we would
+raise here in the first place we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise here in the first place we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise here in the first place we
+probably would have enough equity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have enough equity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have enough equity to
+call like you know if I had 72 offit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call like you know if I had 72 offit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call like you know if I had 72 offit
+here I probably would not call but but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I probably would not call but but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I probably would not call but but I
+would not raise here with 72 off suit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not raise here with 72 off suit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not raise here with 72 off suit so
+any hand that you would have chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hand that you would have chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any hand that you would have chosen to
+open here which is about like 30% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open here which is about like 30% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open here which is about like 30% of
+hands or 25% of hands I think you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands or 25% of hands I think you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands or 25% of hands I think you can
+call okay uh here's another situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay uh here's another situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call okay uh here's another situation
+that we sort of talked about already you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we sort of talked about already you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we sort of talked about already you
+have four big blinds and you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four big blinds and you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four big blinds and you have to pay
+a big blind basically you pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind basically you pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind basically you pretty much
+have to play close to any two cards in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play close to any two cards in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play close to any two cards in
+this spot um if you do the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot um if you do the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot um if you do the calculation
+right you only need to call I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you only need to call I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you only need to call I mean
+calling is equivalent to going all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is equivalent to going all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is equivalent to going all in
+sort of like if you go all in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like if you go all in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like if you go all in you know
+you're getting called cuz they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting called cuz they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting called cuz they're going
+to have um they're going to have almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have um they're going to have almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have um they're going to have almost
+41 odds which is so they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 odds which is so they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+41 odds which is so they're going to
+call um so essentially the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um so essentially the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call um so essentially the calculation
+is do I want to wager my entire stack on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I want to wager my entire stack on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I want to wager my entire stack on
+this hand and you're risking three big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hand and you're risking three big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hand and you're risking three big
+blinds for a total pot of N9 and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds for a total pot of N9 and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds for a total pot of N9 and a half
+big blinds so essentially you only need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds so essentially you only need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds so essentially you only need
+30% Equity to call and 30% Equity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% Equity to call and 30% Equity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% Equity to call and 30% Equity is
+very easy to have pre flop essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to have pre flop essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to have pre flop essentially
+so um yeah so basically you have to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yeah so basically you have to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um yeah so basically you have to play
+any two cards Queen a off is way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two cards Queen a off is way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two cards Queen a off is way more
+than good enough um yeah so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than good enough um yeah so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than good enough um yeah so this is
+basically the calculation I just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the calculation I just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the calculation I just went
+through and yeah like here I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and yeah like here I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and yeah like here I think I
+would probably play 95% of hands I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably play 95% of hands I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would probably play 95% of hands I think
+I'll fold like 32 off suit 4 two off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll fold like 32 off suit 4 two off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll fold like 32 off suit 4 two off
+suit but I'll probably play any hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit but I'll probably play any hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suit but I'll probably play any hand
+with a card that's like 10 or higher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a card that's like 10 or higher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a card that's like 10 or higher and
+I'll probably play every suited hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably play every suited hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll probably play every suited hand
+um okay so let's talk a bit about R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's talk a bit about R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let's talk a bit about R
+raising all in Pre flop now so in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising all in Pre flop now so in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising all in Pre flop now so in all
+the situations I showed you were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situations I showed you were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situations I showed you were just
+about going all in and someone calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going all in and someone calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about going all in and someone calling
+pre flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre flop
+um so yeah so oh yeah so okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so oh yeah so okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah so oh yeah so okay so I
+wanted to show you know so yeah don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you know so yeah don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you know so yeah don't do
+this don't call Pre flop I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't call Pre flop I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't call Pre flop I already
+talked about this but especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this but especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this but especially when
+you have 10 big blinds don't so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 10 big blinds don't so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 10 big blinds don't so once
+again here don't just raise when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here don't just raise when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here don't just raise when you
+only have 10 big blinds if that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 10 big blinds if that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 10 big blinds if that's less
+than 12 so you can go all in um yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 12 so you can go all in um yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 12 so you can go all in um yeah so
+you basically either want to go all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically either want to go all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically either want to go all in
+or fold um so but I want to start talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fold um so but I want to start talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fold um so but I want to start talk
+about ra now so okay so why is this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ra now so okay so why is this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ra now so okay so why is this so
+bad but this is okay when we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but this is okay when we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but this is okay when we have more
+big blinds so now we have everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds so now we have everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds so now we have everyone has
+uh everyone has uh 19 19 and a half big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everyone has uh 19 19 and a half big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh everyone has uh 19 19 and a half big
+blinds so why is this okay the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds so why is this okay the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds so why is this okay the main
+reason is because um so in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because um so in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because um so in the first
+case right so I talked about this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so I talked about this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case right so I talked about this if you
+get caught if someone goes all in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get caught if someone goes all in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get caught if someone goes all in you
+basically you have to call anyway so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have to call anyway so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have to call anyway so you
+might as well go all on yourself because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well go all on yourself because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well go all on yourself because
+you're not getting away if they pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting away if they pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not getting away if they pick up
+a good hand uh so that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good hand uh so that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good hand uh so that's the same
+calculation um okay I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um okay I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um okay I'm just going to
+skip that part that it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that part that it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that part that it's the same
+calculation essentially it's a saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation essentially it's a saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation essentially it's a saying
+there's there's no point to not go on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no point to not go on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's no point to not go on in
+because if someone else goes on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if someone else goes on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if someone else goes on we're
+going to we're essentially roped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're essentially roped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're essentially roped into
+calling anyway so the second case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling anyway so the second case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling anyway so the second case we can
+get out we can fold okay so let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out we can fold okay so let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out we can fold okay so let's keep
+this in mind right so in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind right so in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in mind right so in this case we
+can definitely fold so so we can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely fold so so we can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely fold so so we can do the
+calculation um in this case we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um in this case we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation um in this case we need to
+call 17 big blinds to win a total po of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 17 big blinds to win a total po of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 17 big blinds to win a total po of
+40.5 we need 42% equity and we almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40.5 we need 42% equity and we almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40.5 we need 42% equity and we almost
+certainly don't have this because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't have this because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't have this because we
+raised from early position they went all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised from early position they went all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised from early position they went all
+in against an early position raise so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in against an early position raise so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in against an early position raise so
+they probably have a good hand um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably have a good hand um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they probably have a good hand um we're
+almost certainly going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so so let's look at whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so so let's look at whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so so let's look at whether
+we call or R so for Rea sizing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call or R so for Rea sizing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call or R so for Rea sizing okay so
+now let's put ourselves in his shoes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's put ourselves in his shoes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's put ourselves in his shoes if
+he's Rising sort of the same principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Rising sort of the same principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Rising sort of the same principles
+apply when you're re raising so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply when you're re raising so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply when you're re raising so the
+advantage of reising to a small size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of reising to a small size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of reising to a small size is
+that you know what if it's deep enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what if it's deep enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what if it's deep enough
+where he could R ra and we we could like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could R ra and we we could like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could R ra and we we could like
+forit go R ra again and go all in then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forit go R ra again and go all in then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forit go R ra again and go all in then
+they could fold if they were intending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could fold if they were intending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could fold if they were intending
+to do that um the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that um the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that um the advantage of
+re-raising to a large size is you deny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-raising to a large size is you deny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-raising to a large size is you deny
+your opponent the odds to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent the odds to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent the odds to call
+profitably and once again if you if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitably and once again if you if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitably and once again if you if your
+R size would cause you to commit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R size would cause you to commit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R size would cause you to commit a
+critical portion of your stack such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical portion of your stack such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical portion of your stack such that
+you can't escape you're going to go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't escape you're going to go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't escape you're going to go all
+in anyway then you might as well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in anyway then you might as well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in anyway then you might as well just
+rise all in so it's essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise all in so it's essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise all in so it's essentially the same
+principle but uh let's see this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but uh let's see this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but uh let's see this in
+action so uh so so yeah so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so uh so so yeah so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action so uh so so yeah so this is what
+you want to do um and I see some players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do um and I see some players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do um and I see some players
+doing this which is fine because I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this which is fine because I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this which is fine because I've
+never really explained this in class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really explained this in class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really explained this in class but
+if someone raises let's say to 2,000 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone raises let's say to 2,000 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone raises let's say to 2,000 you
+don't really want to just click the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to just click the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want to just click the
+raise button this is what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise button this is what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise button this is what would happen
+if you click the raise button because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you click the raise button because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you click the raise button because he
+raised 1,200 from 800 to 2,000 so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised 1,200 from 800 to 2,000 so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised 1,200 from 800 to 2,000 so if you
+click the raise button this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the raise button this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click the raise button this is the
+minimum amount you can raise you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum amount you can raise you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum amount you can raise you can
+raise it to 2,000 plus 12200 but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to 2,000 plus 12200 but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to 2,000 plus 12200 but if you
+look at the odds you're giving him it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the odds you're giving him it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the odds you're giving him it's
+actually ludicrous right they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ludicrous right they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ludicrous right they have to
+call 1,200 uh so they have to they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 1,200 uh so they have to they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 1,200 uh so they have to they have
+to call 12200 and the pot will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call 12200 and the pot will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call 12200 and the pot will be the
+pot will be 55200 uh 60 4 essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot will be 55200 uh 60 4 essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot will be 55200 uh 60 4 essentially
+7200 so yeah so it's 6 to1 right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7200 so yeah so it's 6 to1 right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7200 so yeah so it's 6 to1 right they
+got to call 12200 into a pot of uh 7200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to call 12200 into a pot of uh 7200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to call 12200 into a pot of uh 7200
+so this size is basically way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this size is basically way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this size is basically way too
+small so how big do you want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so how big do you want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so how big do you want to make it
+um so roughly speaking you want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so roughly speaking you want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so roughly speaking you want to make
+it uh 2.5 times they're open I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh 2.5 times they're open I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh 2.5 times they're open I think
+that's a reasonable rule if there I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable rule if there I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reasonable rule if there I mean
+there's a lot of factors that can affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of factors that can affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of factors that can affect
+this but if you're not sure what to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you're not sure what to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but if you're not sure what to do a
+reasonable rule for reising pre flop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule for reising pre flop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule for reising pre flop is
+2. five times what the original guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. five times what the original guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. five times what the original guy
+raised if you're out of position you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised if you're out of position you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised if you're out of position you
+might want to raise a bit more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to raise a bit more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to raise a bit more because
+there's more incentive of them to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more incentive of them to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more incentive of them to call
+if they can play in position post swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can play in position post swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they can play in position post swap
+but um but I think in this specific spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but I think in this specific spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but I think in this specific spot
+this 5,000 is a good size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5,000 is a good size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 5,000 is a good size
+okay uh I'm going to skip this slide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I'm going to skip this slide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I'm going to skip this slide so
+uh but in this case actually so uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in this case actually so uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in this case actually so uh can
+we see our stack size okay so our stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see our stack size okay so our stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see our stack size okay so our stack
+size is only is only 20,000 so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is only is only 20,000 so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is only is only 20,000 so in this
+case I think going on it's a bit big so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think going on it's a bit big so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I think going on it's a bit big so
+you know so the thing is if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the thing is if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the thing is if you're going
+to Reas it's the same principle again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Reas it's the same principle again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Reas it's the same principle again
+where if you're if the amount you R raed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you're if the amount you R raed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if you're if the amount you R raed
+to is sort of like more than a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is sort of like more than a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is sort of like more than a quarter
+of your stack which sort of means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your stack which sort of means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your stack which sort of means you're
+sort of committed and you can't escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of committed and you can't escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of committed and you can't escape
+um then you might as well just go all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you might as well just go all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then you might as well just go all in
+yourself so I'd say in this hand if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so I'd say in this hand if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so I'd say in this hand if if
+you had like less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had like less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had like less than
+18,000 I would I would just go all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18,000 I would I would just go all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18,000 I would I would just go all in
+cuz you can't really Escape um even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you can't really Escape um even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you can't really Escape um even in
+this specific case where you have 20,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific case where you have 20,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific case where you have 20,000
+I don't think it's terrible to just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's terrible to just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's terrible to just go
+all in instead of making it only 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in instead of making it only 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in instead of making it only 5,000
+cuz it's pretty hard to fold a hand as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's pretty hard to fold a hand as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's pretty hard to fold a hand as
+good as Ace King even if you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as Ace King even if you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as Ace King even if you make it
+5,000 and then he goes on for 20,000 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 and then he goes on for 20,000 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 and then he goes on for 20,000 so
+but I think 20,000 is enough that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think 20,000 is enough that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think 20,000 is enough that you
+can make it 5,000 and you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it 5,000 and you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it 5,000 and you know you can
+do this with your good hands you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with your good hands you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this with your good hands you can
+also do this with your bad hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do this with your bad hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do this with your bad hands
+sometimes as a bluff to balance it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as a bluff to balance it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes as a bluff to balance it out
+and you can fold you do have a bluff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can fold you do have a bluff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can fold you do have a bluff and
+he goes on in so so yeah that's roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on in so so yeah that's roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on in so so yeah that's roughly
+the sizing you want to make it prea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizing you want to make it prea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sizing you want to make it prea and
+okay and another thing I want to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and another thing I want to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and another thing I want to say is
+why is calling a preat raise okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is calling a preat raise okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is calling a preat raise okay so I
+so I said in the first class if no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said in the first class if no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said in the first class if no one
+has entered the pot and you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has entered the pot and you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has entered the pot and you're just
+attacking the blinds you always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking the blinds you always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacking the blinds you always want to
+raise um you always want to raise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise um you always want to raise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise um you always want to raise to
+give yourself a chance to win the blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself a chance to win the blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself a chance to win the blinds
+for free you don't want the blinds to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you don't want the blinds to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free you don't want the blinds to be
+able to see the flop for free but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see the flop for free but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see the flop for free but if
+someone has already raised I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has already raised I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has already raised I think it's
+okay to call I mean the hand like Ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to call I mean the hand like Ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to call I mean the hand like Ace
+King is sort of too good but if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King is sort of too good but if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King is sort of too good but if you had
+Ace Jack suited or Ace Queen suited I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace Jack suited or Ace Queen suited I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ace Jack suited or Ace Queen suited I
+think like just calling is fine um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like just calling is fine um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like just calling is fine um so
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+this um so it's because the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so it's because the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um so it's because the reason why
+in the first case you there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case you there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first case you there's no real
+advantage to uh not raising like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to uh not raising like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage to uh not raising like just
+calling is because the big blind if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is because the big blind if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is because the big blind if they
+big blind has a good hand they can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind has a good hand they can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blind has a good hand they can still
+raise anyway so it doesn't matter but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise anyway so it doesn't matter but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise anyway so it doesn't matter but in
+this case there is an huge incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there is an huge incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there is an huge incentive to
+not re right what is the huge incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not re right what is the huge incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not re right what is the huge incentive
+here it's uh so let me go back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's uh so let me go back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's uh so let me go back here
+what's the huge incentive to just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the huge incentive to just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the huge incentive to just call
+for 2,000 instead of makeing it 5,000 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2,000 instead of makeing it 5,000 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 2,000 instead of makeing it 5,000 is
+if you make 5,000 if you make it 5,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make 5,000 if you make it 5,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make 5,000 if you make it 5,000
+then you give him the option to go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you give him the option to go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you give him the option to go all
+in right this is a huge difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right this is a huge difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right this is a huge difference in
+the in the case where you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the case where you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the case where you're just
+raising the big blind they can't go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the big blind they can't go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the big blind they can't go all
+in but here you're giving him an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but here you're giving him an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in but here you're giving him an option
+so that's why you just want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you just want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why you just want to call
+sometimes so that they can't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so that they can't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes so that they can't have the
+option of going all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of going all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of going all in
+okay so this is a good example so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a good example so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a good example so it's
+uh so this is now a different scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is now a different scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this is now a different scenario
+but it's very deep the blinds are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very deep the blinds are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's very deep the blinds are only
+2550 and players have like 8,000 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2550 and players have like 8,000 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2550 and players have like 8,000 which
+is I guess 160 big blinds um and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I guess 160 big blinds um and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I guess 160 big blinds um and here
+calling is definitely a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is definitely a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is definitely a positive
+expectancy play because you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy play because you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy play because you're in
+position it's very very deep there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's very very deep there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's very very deep there's a
+lot of money still to play for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money still to play for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of money still to play for and
+you're in position for all the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in position for all the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in position for all the rest of
+the hand which is great um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand which is great um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand which is great um this is a
+good play um so if you raised in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good play um so if you raised in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good play um so if you raised in this
+spot it could lead to disaster right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it could lead to disaster right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot it could lead to disaster right so
+what what happens here is you raise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens here is you raise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens here is you raise and
+then now hijack minus one the guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now hijack minus one the guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now hijack minus one the guy who
+originally raised they now have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally raised they now have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally raised they now have an
+option to R ra again which is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to R ra again which is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option to R ra again which is what they
+do and now it's just terrible we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and now it's just terrible we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and now it's just terrible we
+basically have to fold we could call if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to fold we could call if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to fold we could call if
+we're feeling lucky but um we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're feeling lucky but um we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're feeling lucky but um we basically
+have to fold and I I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fold and I I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fold and I I mean I think
+calling is actually in reality a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is actually in reality a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling is actually in reality a
+reasonable play but basically it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable play but basically it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable play but basically it's a
+much worse situation than this one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse situation than this one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much worse situation than this one where
+we just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just called
+um so that's a demonstration so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a demonstration so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's a demonstration so if
+someone's already raised you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's already raised you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone's already raised you can just
+call I'm going to talk more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I'm going to talk more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I'm going to talk more about this
+next class as well like a pre- flop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class as well like a pre- flop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class as well like a pre- flop
+strategy against someone who's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy against someone who's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy against someone who's already
+raised but that's one thing to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised but that's one thing to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised but that's one thing to keep in
+mind um another thing I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um another thing I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um another thing I want to go
+through quickly is how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through quickly is how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through quickly is how to deal with
+colors so I've said that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so I've said that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors so I've said that you should
+never be just calling the pot when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be just calling the pot when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be just calling the pot when the
+pot hasn't been raised but people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot hasn't been raised but people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot hasn't been raised but people will
+inevitably make this mistake and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably make this mistake and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably make this mistake and usually
+if someone you know if it's folded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone you know if it's folded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone you know if it's folded to
+someone no one's entered the pot yet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone no one's entered the pot yet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone no one's entered the pot yet and
+someone just calls we call the term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just calls we call the term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone just calls we call the term in
+poker is a limper which is a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker is a limper which is a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker is a limper which is a bit of a
+derogatory term Um poker actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derogatory term Um poker actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derogatory term Um poker actually has a
+lot of derogatory terms which is a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of derogatory terms which is a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of derogatory terms which is a bit
+unfortunate but I sort of have the tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but I sort of have the tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate but I sort of have the tough
+uh decision of you know either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decision of you know either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decision of you know either you
+making up my own terminology but then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up my own terminology but then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making up my own terminology but then if
+you like go into the poker rules no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like go into the poker rules no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like go into the poker rules no one
+understands what you're saying or I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what you're saying or I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what you're saying or I use
+the same terminology which is derogatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same terminology which is derogatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same terminology which is derogatory
+but um okay so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um okay so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um okay so we're just going to
+talking limpers um either way so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking limpers um either way so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking limpers um either way so so you
+need to be prepared and raise their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be prepared and raise their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be prepared and raise their
+lumps but you do need to change your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumps but you do need to change your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumps but you do need to change your
+raise size if there's lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise size if there's lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise size if there's lump
+so so let's say normally when it's deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's say normally when it's deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's say normally when it's deep
+uh you decide you raise three big blinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you decide you raise three big blinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you decide you raise three big blinds
+which is which is fine I mean I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is fine I mean I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is fine I mean I said
+raise the 2.25 but I think it's fine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the 2.25 but I think it's fine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the 2.25 but I think it's fine if
+you raise the three it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise the three it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you raise the three it doesn't matter
+that much when it's deep like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much when it's deep like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much when it's deep like you can
+raise the three to play bigger pots but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the three to play bigger pots but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the three to play bigger pots but
+if there's a lot of limpers ahead then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a lot of limpers ahead then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a lot of limpers ahead then
+you want to make it more than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it more than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make it more than three
+because you're because there's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're because there's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're because there's already
+money in the pot so if you only raise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the pot so if you only raise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in the pot so if you only raise it
+to three you're actually giving them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three you're actually giving them too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three you're actually giving them too
+good of odds to call so let's say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of odds to call so let's say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of odds to call so let's say in
+this case I only make it three if I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I only make it three if I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I only make it three if I only
+make it 150 then um you know by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it 150 then um you know by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it 150 then um you know by the time
+it's folded to the last guy their odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's folded to the last guy their odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's folded to the last guy their odds
+of calling are going to be they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calling are going to be they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calling are going to be they have to
+put in 100 into a pot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in 100 into a pot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in 100 into a pot of
+375 right so that's like 3.75 to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 right so that's like 3.75 to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+375 right so that's like 3.75 to one
+odds so that's too good so roughly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds so that's too good so roughly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds so that's too good so roughly the
+the odds the rule is take whatever size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds the rule is take whatever size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odds the rule is take whatever size
+you were going to raise to and then add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to raise to and then add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to raise to and then add
+a big blind for each limper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind for each limper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big blind for each limper this
+essentially makes it so that the odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially makes it so that the odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially makes it so that the odds
+are the same as before so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same as before so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same as before so in this case
+if you were you were going to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were you were going to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were you were going to make it
+three I would make it 3 + 1+ 1 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I would make it 3 + 1+ 1 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I would make it 3 + 1+ 1 plus one
+cuz there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz there's three
+lers okay um and of course like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lers okay um and of course like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lers okay um and of course like you know
+if you only have 15 big blinds then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have 15 big blinds then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only have 15 big blinds then in
+this case instead of raising it to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case instead of raising it to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case instead of raising it to six
+big blinds you might as well just go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you might as well just go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big blinds you might as well just go all
+in right the the fact that you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right the the fact that you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right the the fact that you only
+raise to six big blinds instead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise to six big blinds instead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise to six big blinds instead of going
+all in is predicated on you having at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in is predicated on you having at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in is predicated on you having at
+least like 25 to start the hand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least like 25 to start the hand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least like 25 to start the hand or
+something where it's enough to escape if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where it's enough to escape if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where it's enough to escape if
+uh if they go if something weird happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if they go if something weird happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if they go if something weird happens
+after okay uh I'm going to finish off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after okay uh I'm going to finish off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after okay uh I'm going to finish off
+sort of showing you some more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of showing you some more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of showing you some more simple
+pre-op situations I think so the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-op situations I think so the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-op situations I think so the theme
+of this class is sort of you know being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class is sort of you know being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this class is sort of you know being
+boring oh I'm sorry about the slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring oh I'm sorry about the slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring oh I'm sorry about the slide uh
+uh so being boring being simple just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so being boring being simple just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so being boring being simple just
+playing on simple probabilities and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing on simple probabilities and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing on simple probabilities and uh
+using calculators is you know can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using calculators is you know can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using calculators is you know can get
+you very far in poker and you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very far in poker and you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very far in poker and you know I I
+will go through you know crazy Bluffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through you know crazy Bluffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through you know crazy Bluffs
+and exciting hand reads and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exciting hand reads and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exciting hand reads and stuff like
+that as well but this class I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well but this class I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well but this class I sort of
+wanted to stress the simple things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to stress the simple things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to stress the simple things that
+I think are good um so okay so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are good um so okay so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are good um so okay so so you
+know here this is a situation uh so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here this is a situation uh so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here this is a situation uh so here
+you have 43 suited I'm uh your you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 43 suited I'm uh your you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 43 suited I'm uh your you're
+too scared to go all in can I raise do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too scared to go all in can I raise do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too scared to go all in can I raise do
+two big blinds as an alternative oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big blinds as an alternative oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two big blinds as an alternative oh so
+you're the button okay so the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the button okay so the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the button okay so the button
+only has eight big blinds they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has eight big blinds they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has eight big blinds they started
+the hand with 1600 and um they they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand with 1600 and um they they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand with 1600 and um they they make
+it 400 with only 1,200 behind so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 400 with only 1,200 behind so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 400 with only 1,200 behind so I want
+to show you why this can go wrong okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you why this can go wrong okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you why this can go wrong okay
+why is it bad if you don't follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it bad if you don't follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it bad if you don't follow the
+Allin rule because now let's say the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allin rule because now let's say the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Allin rule because now let's say the big
+blind has four three suited well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind has four three suited well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind has four three suited well if you
+went all in for eight big blinds they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all in for eight big blinds they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all in for eight big blinds they'd
+have to fold their four high but um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fold their four high but um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fold their four high but um yeah
+okay I'm not going to run through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not going to run through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not going to run through the
+calculation again but the problem is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation again but the problem is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation again but the problem is now
+if you only make it two big wies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only make it two big wies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only make it two big wies they
+can actually call your small Rays at 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually call your small Rays at 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually call your small Rays at 43
+suited and they have 4.5 to1 odds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited and they have 4.5 to1 odds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suited and they have 4.5 to1 odds and
+that's definitely good enough odds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely good enough odds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely good enough odds for
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so so essentially um so if our hand has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so essentially um so if our hand has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so essentially um so if our hand has
+40% Equity against his ra range then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% Equity against his ra range then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40% Equity against his ra range then
+it's going to be plus EV so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be plus EV so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be plus EV so essentially
+they're going to call um and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to call um and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to call um and they're not
+going to raise the 43 suited so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to raise the 43 suited so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to raise the 43 suited so
+basically they so the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they so the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they so the fact that we
+didn't go all in gives them an option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go all in gives them an option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go all in gives them an option
+here with their good hands they can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with their good hands they can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with their good hands they can go
+all in and rope us into getting all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in and rope us into getting all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in and rope us into getting all in
+anyway when we're the button and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway when we're the button and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway when we're the button and with
+their bad hands like 43 suited that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bad hands like 43 suited that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bad hands like 43 suited that they
+don't want to go all in with they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go all in with they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go all in with they can
+still call and see a flop but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still call and see a flop but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still call and see a flop but the point
+is we're essentially so yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're essentially so yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're essentially so yeah this is
+essentially their strategy you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially their strategy you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially their strategy you can read
+it I'm not going to read through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm not going to read through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm not going to read through the
+slide now but um the point is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide now but um the point is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide now but um the point is we're
+giving them an opportunity to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them an opportunity to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them an opportunity to make a
+better play than they otherwise could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better play than they otherwise could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better play than they otherwise could
+have if we just went all in the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we just went all in the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if we just went all in the choice
+is theirs they either call or they fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theirs they either call or they fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theirs they either call or they fold
+but here they essentially they can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here they essentially they can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here they essentially they can take
+their best hands they want to get it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their best hands they want to get it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their best hands they want to get it all
+in with and go all in and we call or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with and go all in and we call or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with and go all in and we call or
+with their with their worst hands like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their with their worst hands like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their with their worst hands like
+43 suited that can still call to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 suited that can still call to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+43 suited that can still call to see a
+flop they can call and see a flop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop they can call and see a flop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flop they can call and see a flop and
+we're just letting them realize a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just letting them realize a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just letting them realize a lot
+more Equity than we need to so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Equity than we need to so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Equity than we need to so you know
+so let's say okay fine if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say okay fine if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say okay fine if you want to
+get around that you can make it 800 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that you can make it 800 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around that you can make it 800 and
+you know if we make it 800 it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we make it 800 it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we make it 800 it's it's
+more or less equivalent so if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less equivalent so if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less equivalent so if they were
+going to fold then they were still going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fold then they were still going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fold then they were still going
+to fold if they were going to re raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold if they were going to re raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold if they were going to re raise
+all in then we're still going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in then we're still going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in then we're still going to call
+and then you know it's mostly equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's mostly equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know it's mostly equivalent
+I'd say in this exact situation making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say in this exact situation making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say in this exact situation making
+it if you raised to 800 it's pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you raised to 800 it's pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you raised to 800 it's pretty much
+the same as making it, 1600 but on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as making it, 1600 but on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as making it, 1600 but on some
+off chance it's still possible you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off chance it's still possible you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off chance it's still possible you're
+giving them a free option like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them a free option like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving them a free option like you know
+like maybe they're better play with 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe they're better play with 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe they're better play with 43
+it is still to just call and then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still to just call and then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is still to just call and then if the
+Flop comes really really bad for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flop comes really really bad for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flop comes really really bad for them
+like Ace Ace King maybe that's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ace Ace King maybe that's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Ace Ace King maybe that's not even
+that bad but like 987 or something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad but like 987 or something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bad but like 987 or something I
+don't know um they could they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know um they could they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know um they could they could
+maybe fold so basically I think just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe fold so basically I think just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe fold so basically I think just
+keeping it simple is good and um so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it simple is good and um so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping it simple is good and um so one
+okay so one concept I'll finish on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one concept I'll finish on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one concept I'll finish on is
+there's this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this idea of
+um okay so I have talked about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I have talked about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so I have talked about you know
+all this stuff I'm saying about letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff I'm saying about letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff I'm saying about letting
+them go all giving them the option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go all giving them the option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them go all giving them the option is
+bad but you know what if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but you know what if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad but you know what if you think
+they're so stupid that if you give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so stupid that if you give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so stupid that if you give them
+the extra option they're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra option they're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extra option they're actually going
+to make a mistake and and um giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mistake and and um giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a mistake and and um giving them
+strictly fewer options is actually um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly fewer options is actually um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly fewer options is actually um is
+actually bad you actually just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bad you actually just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bad you actually just want to
+give them more options even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them more options even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them more options even though it's
+free options because they might make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free options because they might make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free options because they might make a
+mistake so um okay so so this is slid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so um okay so so this is slid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so um okay so so this is slid
+singing from from a while ago but Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing from from a while ago but Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singing from from a while ago but Bill
+Chen sort of gave a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chen sort of gave a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chen sort of gave a very good
+theoretical example of this but uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical example of this but uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical example of this but uh so
+Bill Chen he might give a guest lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Chen he might give a guest lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Chen he might give a guest lecture
+the last lecture we haven't decided yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we haven't decided yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture we haven't decided yet
+but he might come and speak uh to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he might come and speak uh to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he might come and speak uh to for
+the last lecture of the class this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture of the class this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture of the class this year
+he he wrote the book called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wrote the book called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he wrote the book called The
+mathematics of Poker he's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of Poker he's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of Poker he's one of the
+like World experts on sort of the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like World experts on sort of the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like World experts on sort of the math
+behind poker he's a like he's a math PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind poker he's a like he's a math PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind poker he's a like he's a math PhD
+he's currently a Trader at sesah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's currently a Trader at sesah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's currently a Trader at sesah
+International Group anyways so so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Group anyways so so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International Group anyways so so yeah
+this is what Bill Chen calls a sucker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what Bill Chen calls a sucker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what Bill Chen calls a sucker
+bet and sort of when when you see your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet and sort of when when you see your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet and sort of when when you see your
+opponent do this you should almost be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent do this you should almost be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent do this you should almost be a
+bit offended like I sometimes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit offended like I sometimes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit offended like I sometimes this
+occasionally like very rarely happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally like very rarely happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally like very rarely happen
+happens but when it does happen like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but when it does happen like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens but when it does happen like I'm
+I'm sometimes very confused because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sometimes very confused because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sometimes very confused because my
+opponent shouldn't be doing this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent shouldn't be doing this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent shouldn't be doing this so
+maybe they're they're stupid and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're they're stupid and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they're they're stupid and you
+know they didn't go on because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they didn't go on because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they didn't go on because they're
+stupid and they're actually giving me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid and they're actually giving me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid and they're actually giving me a
+free option but maybe I'm actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free option but maybe I'm actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free option but maybe I'm actually the
+stupid one maybe they think I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid one maybe they think I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid one maybe they think I'm so
+stupid that if they gave me the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid that if they gave me the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid that if they gave me the free
+option I'm going to make a mistake so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option I'm going to make a mistake so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option I'm going to make a mistake so
+you know so like if you do get in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so like if you do get in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so like if you do get in a
+situation like this it's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this it's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like this it's it's actually
+sort of an interesting theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an interesting theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an interesting theoretical
+question I think like if you're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think like if you're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I think like if you're sitting
+in exactly big blind shoes you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly big blind shoes you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly big blind shoes you know you
+saw like let's say you know the button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw like let's say you know the button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw like let's say you know the button
+is a competent player too this makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a competent player too this makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a competent player too this makes it
+worse right if you know the button is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse right if you know the button is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse right if you know the button is a
+competent player then you're saying uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent player then you're saying uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent player then you're saying uh I
+guess this sort of this sort of reveals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this sort of this sort of reveals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this sort of this sort of reveals
+what they think of me if they're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think of me if they're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think of me if they're giving
+me a free option to see the Flop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a free option to see the Flop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a free option to see the Flop here
+with 43 suited they must think I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 43 suited they must think I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 43 suited they must think I'm going
+to mess it up so bad that they'd rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess it up so bad that they'd rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess it up so bad that they'd rather
+give me this free option than not um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me this free option than not um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me this free option than not um but
+yeah but it's an interesting concept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's an interesting concept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's an interesting concept to
+think about and sometimes it does happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and sometimes it does happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about and sometimes it does happen
+another sort of example of a sucker bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of example of a sucker bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of example of a sucker bet
+is uh I guess I was talking about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I guess I was talking about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I guess I was talking about last
+class on the Flop or even on the turn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on the Flop or even on the turn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on the Flop or even on the turn or
+whatever you never really want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you never really want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you never really want to like
+bet a very small fraction of the pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet a very small fraction of the pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet a very small fraction of the pot
+like if the pot is 100 and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the pot is 100 and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the pot is 100 and then your
+opponent checks to you and you bet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent checks to you and you bet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent checks to you and you bet a
+dollar into do 100 you know it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar into do 100 you know it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar into do 100 you know it doesn't
+it's not a real bet it's $1 into 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a real bet it's $1 into 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a real bet it's $1 into 100
+it's essentially an Epsilon bet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially an Epsilon bet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's essentially an Epsilon bet it's
+essentially a zero bet but what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a zero bet but what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a zero bet but what does it
+do it gives your opponent a free option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it gives your opponent a free option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it gives your opponent a free option
+right now they can check raise you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they can check raise you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now they can check raise you like
+if they now it's saying okay I bet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they now it's saying okay I bet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they now it's saying okay I bet a
+dollar now you have a second chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar now you have a second chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar now you have a second chance to
+bet on the Flop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on the Flop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on the Flop right
+you you check the Flop but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you check the Flop but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you check the Flop but I'm going to
+bet a dollar and do 100 and now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet a dollar and do 100 and now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet a dollar and do 100 and now if you
+want to make it 50 you can you can rra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it 50 you can you can rra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it 50 you can you can rra
+my $1 back to 50 and now if you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my $1 back to 50 and now if you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my $1 back to 50 and now if you want you
+can and if you think your opponent's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and if you think your opponent's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and if you think your opponent's
+going to make a mistake you can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a mistake you can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a mistake you can try to
+do this it is it is a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this it is it is a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this it is it is a very specific
+exploitative strategy but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative strategy but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploitative strategy but it's
+interesting in that it's so obvious as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in that it's so obvious as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in that it's so obvious as
+an exploitative strategy so anyways okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exploitative strategy so anyways okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exploitative strategy so anyways okay
+I I think it's I think it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think it's I think it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think it's I think it's an
+interesting uh theoretical thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh theoretical thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh theoretical thing okay
+yeah so I guess okay so I think one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I guess okay so I think one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I guess okay so I think one a
+few more examples once again you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more examples once again you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more examples once again you know
+these are all simple hands but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all simple hands but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all simple hands but I just
+wanted to show you I just wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you I just wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you I just wanted to show
+you there's the only way you can mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's the only way you can mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's the only way you can mess up
+this hand is by not going all in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hand is by not going all in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hand is by not going all in you
+only have 15 big blinds someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 15 big blinds someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have 15 big blinds someone's
+already raised a lot you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already raised a lot you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already raised a lot you know you don't
+really want to try to do something cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to try to do something cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to try to do something cute
+like slow playing especially you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like slow playing especially you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like slow playing especially you know if
+you had aces maybe slow playing is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had aces maybe slow playing is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had aces maybe slow playing is okay
+but with just ace King any hand is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with just ace King any hand is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with just ace King any hand is so
+much a hoodie against you and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a hoodie against you and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a hoodie against you and you know
+you just want to go all in uh here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to go all in uh here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just want to go all in uh here's an
+example where someone someone in a late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where someone someone in a late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where someone someone in a late
+position raises and you have a pair you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position raises and you have a pair you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position raises and you have a pair you
+can go all in and this is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go all in and this is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go all in and this is pretty good
+because you do pretty well against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you do pretty well against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you do pretty well against the
+reveng that calls you um yeah so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveng that calls you um yeah so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveng that calls you um yeah so so this
+is this is a pretty good playoff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a pretty good playoff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a pretty good playoff and
+I'll talk more about this in future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about this in future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk more about this in future
+classes but if you're defending your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but if you're defending your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes but if you're defending your
+blinds often with small pairs re raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds often with small pairs re raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blinds often with small pairs re raising
+all in even if it's for a lot of bets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in even if it's for a lot of bets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in even if it's for a lot of bets is
+a reasonable play because you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable play because you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable play because you because
+the hand they might even fold pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand they might even fold pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hand they might even fold pocket
+threes pocket fours I think it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes pocket fours I think it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes pocket fours I think it's it's
+quite likely um I I think yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely um I I think yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite likely um I I think yeah I think
+the Nash equilibrium is to fold pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium is to fold pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nash equilibrium is to fold pocket
+threes pocket fours if you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes pocket fours if you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes pocket fours if you have enough
+chips but when they do call you even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips but when they do call you even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips but when they do call you even if
+they have a hand like a king you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a hand like a king you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a hand like a king you still
+have 50% Equity right so small pairs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50% Equity right so small pairs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 50% Equity right so small pairs are
+pretty good at just re raising all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at just re raising all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good at just re raising all in
+against late position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against late position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against late position
+steals uh yeah so all in here is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals uh yeah so all in here is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals uh yeah so all in here is good
+and yeah okay so the last example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah okay so the last example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah okay so the last example is
+also easy it's essentially saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also easy it's essentially saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also easy it's essentially saying so
+under the gun raises hijack minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun raises hijack minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the gun raises hijack minus one
+calls you have a great hand on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you have a great hand on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls you have a great hand on the
+button and only 20 big blinds you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and only 20 big blinds you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and only 20 big blinds you know
+you just go all in there's no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go all in there's no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just go all in there's no reason to
+be cute and make it like 8,000 unless I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cute and make it like 8,000 unless I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cute and make it like 8,000 unless I
+guess unless you were trying to sucker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess unless you were trying to sucker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess unless you were trying to sucker
+your opponent um and yeah okay I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent um and yeah okay I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent um and yeah okay I'm going
+to I'm going to stop here and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to stop here and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm going to stop here and then so
+next class I'm going to maybe I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class I'm going to maybe I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class I'm going to maybe I I'll
+maybe run through a tournament history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe run through a tournament history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe run through a tournament history
+next class like I'll show you guys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class like I'll show you guys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class like I'll show you guys a
+history of me playing a tournament and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of me playing a tournament and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of me playing a tournament and
+try to discuss some of those decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to discuss some of those decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to discuss some of those decisions
+that'll be one of the next next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be one of the next next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be one of the next next few
+classes all right cool thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LMSTMBX_2F4.txt b/LMSTMBX_2F4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38571d2c3292b05543d6c401bc85752f96a75bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LMSTMBX_2F4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we will be talking about a new topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be talking about a new topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will be talking about a new topic
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+and uh that's polymers um and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's polymers um and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's polymers um and we're
+going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start
+by talking about there's what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about there's what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by talking about there's what i want to
+do is cover two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is cover two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is cover two
+ways that we humans make polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we humans make polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we humans make polymers
+and uh uh and the first way has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and the first way has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and the first way has to do
+with something called a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something called a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something called a radical
+so that's why i want to start our story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i want to start our story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i want to start our story
+and what is a radical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is a radical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is a radical okay
+well a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a molecule that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecule that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a molecule that has
+one or more unpaired electrons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more unpaired electrons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more unpaired electrons okay
+so one or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one or more
+unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but
+as you can imagine if i've got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine if i've got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine if i've got an
+unpaired electron it's kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron it's kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron it's kind of like a
+broken bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bond
+you know it's kind of like a broken bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of like a broken bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of like a broken bond
+that's a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a radical
+and and you could also imagine that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you could also imagine that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you could also imagine that a
+broken bond wants to not be broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bond wants to not be broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken bond wants to not be broken
+right so so it's going to try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it's going to try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it's going to try to find
+something to bond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to bond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to bond to
+and that's why we got radicals all in us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we got radicals all in us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we got radicals all in us
+all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time
+some sometimes they're important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes they're important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sometimes they're important but
+sometimes they can cause a lot of harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they can cause a lot of harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they can cause a lot of harm
+right and that's why if you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's why if you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's why if you eat
+blueberries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueberries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueberries
+then you get these things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get these things called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get these things called
+antioxidants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antioxidants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antioxidants
+right and antioxidants that's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and antioxidants that's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and antioxidants that's just one
+of many many types of antioxidants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many types of antioxidants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many many types of antioxidants
+what do they do they go and they give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do they go and they give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do they go and they give
+these radicals what they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radicals what they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these radicals what they need
+what they're looking for an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're looking for an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're looking for an electron
+they give them an electron and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give them an electron and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give them an electron and they
+don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind
+they don't become radical themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't become radical themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't become radical themselves
+they just simply stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just simply stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just simply stop
+the radical from being radical now why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radical from being radical now why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radical from being radical now why
+does this matter well we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this matter well we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this matter well we're gonna see
+what that means for polymers but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means for polymers but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means for polymers but let's
+make a radical so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a radical so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a radical so
+imagine and i'm going to go lewis on us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine and i'm going to go lewis on us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine and i'm going to go lewis on us
+because i want to see the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to see the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i want to see the electrons
+i'm going to go lewis so imagine i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go lewis so imagine i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go lewis so imagine i've
+got methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got methane
+well methane looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well methane looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well methane looks like this
+nice and happy oh the octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and happy oh the octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and happy oh the octet
+ah but now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but now i
+introduce a chlorine atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a chlorine atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a chlorine atom
+so i've got now chlorine and chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got now chlorine and chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've got now chlorine and chlorine
+is is hungry chlorine wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is hungry chlorine wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is hungry chlorine wants
+to fill its octet by itself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill its octet by itself right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill its octet by itself right
+and so what does it do it's like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does it do it's like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does it do it's like well
+you know i'm powerful i'm strong i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm powerful i'm strong i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm powerful i'm strong i'm
+just going to grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to grab
+from methane it sees methane and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from methane it sees methane and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from methane it sees methane and it's
+like okay you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay you give me
+one of your electrons how about that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your electrons how about that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your electrons how about that as
+a deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here we go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we go and
+here we go and it takes it in the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go and it takes it in the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go and it takes it in the form
+of the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen
+and so we got this like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we got this like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we got this like this
+and like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like this okay
+oh the chlorine got really happy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the chlorine got really happy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the chlorine got really happy but
+look at what happened to the methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happened to the methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what happened to the methane
+but it lost an electron and a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it lost an electron and a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it lost an electron and a hydrogen
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+and it has an unpaired electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has an unpaired electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has an unpaired electron
+that electron is not hap i mean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is not hap i mean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron is not hap i mean you know
+it just wants to bond to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just wants to bond to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just wants to bond to something
+that's all you can't blame it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you can't blame it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you can't blame it
+don't we all want that the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we all want that the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we all want that the problem is
+that this really needs it badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really needs it badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this really needs it badly
+right and so this is called so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is called so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so this is called so what we
+did is we took chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is we took chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is we took chlorine
+and we combined it with with methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we combined it with with methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we combined it with with methane
+and we made what's called a methyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made what's called a methyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we made what's called a methyl
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+so this is called that's called a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called that's called a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called that's called a free
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay or in this case it's methyl because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or in this case it's methyl because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or in this case it's methyl because
+that's what the chemistry is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the chemistry is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the chemistry is it's a
+methyl radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl radical
+as we'll see you can make radicals out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see you can make radicals out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we'll see you can make radicals out
+of lots of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of stuff
+just yeah take a hydrogen and electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah take a hydrogen and electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just yeah take a hydrogen and electron
+have a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a free
+unpaired electron left and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron left and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron left and it's a
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+i could start with ethane and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could start with ethane and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could start with ethane and make
+an ethyl radical c2h5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethyl radical c2h5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethyl radical c2h5
+right with a dot that dot is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with a dot that dot is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with a dot that dot is the
+unpaired electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron
+and so on and so on and that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on and that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on and that's what you
+know so if you have free radicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if you have free radicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so if you have free radicals
+and they come along and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come along and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they come along and there's some
+other molecule it's not going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other molecule it's not going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other molecule it's not going to be this
+one but maybe there's something like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but maybe there's something like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but maybe there's something like an
+antioxidant in those blueberries it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antioxidant in those blueberries it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antioxidant in those blueberries it's
+going to come along and be like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come along and be like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come along and be like you know
+i got electrons i could give you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got electrons i could give you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got electrons i could give you here
+have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one
+i see how needy you are i see how badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see how needy you are i see how badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i see how needy you are i see how badly
+you want one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want one
+you can take one of mine and i'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take one of mine and i'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take one of mine and i'll be
+fine i'll be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine i'll be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine i'll be fine
+right or maybe we'll form a bond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or maybe we'll form a bond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or maybe we'll form a bond with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+those are antioxidants but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are antioxidants but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are antioxidants but that's not
+the topic the topic is we're making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic the topic is we're making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topic the topic is we're making this
+new material called the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material called the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material called the polymer
+so how does that work well for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does that work well for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does that work well for to
+understand that we got to make a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that we got to make a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that we got to make a radical
+out of a special case we got to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a special case we got to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a special case we got to make a
+radical out of a double bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical out of a double bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical out of a double bonded
+molecule right so now i'm going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right so now i'm going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule right so now i'm going from
+methane to the double bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane to the double bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane to the double bonded
+ethene now hang on let me put this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethene now hang on let me put this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethene now hang on let me put this up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the case of a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the case of a double bond
+something very important happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important happens
+something very important happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important happens
+and and the reason is that i've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason is that i've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason is that i've got two
+bonds i've got two bonds not one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds i've got two bonds not one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds i've got two bonds not one well
+that's what double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what double bond
+that is what double bond means right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what double bond means right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what double bond means right and
+but i can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can now
+because i've got a double bond i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've got a double bond i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i've got a double bond i can do
+something very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very important
+i can do something very important when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do something very important when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can do something very important when i
+turn that molecule into a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that molecule into a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that molecule into a radical
+something special happens so what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special happens so what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special happens so what i'm
+going to do is i'm not going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is i'm not going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is i'm not going to call it
+chlorine i'm going to just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine i'm going to just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine i'm going to just call it
+r dot and because now we're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot and because now we're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r dot and because now we're making a
+polymer and this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and this is called
+well it's got different names it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's got different names it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's got different names it's
+called radical or sometimes you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called radical or sometimes you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called radical or sometimes you'll see
+it as addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as addition
+polymerization and this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization and this is the first
+kind of polymer i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of polymer i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of polymer i want to talk about
+and so i'm going to you saw how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm going to you saw how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm going to you saw how it
+worked with chlorine i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with chlorine i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with chlorine i'm just going to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+i got something called r and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got something called r and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got something called r and it's called
+a radical initiator and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical initiator and i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radical initiator and i'm going to
+draw the dot there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the dot there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the dot there
+right just like i had the dot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like i had the dot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right just like i had the dot on
+chlorine this is going to be the radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine this is going to be the radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine this is going to be the radical
+initiator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiator
+radical initiator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical initiator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical initiator
+and i'm going to now bring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to now bring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to now bring this
+to my double bonded molecule that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my double bonded molecule that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my double bonded molecule that's the
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key
+key is in the double bond so watch what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is in the double bond so watch what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is in the double bond so watch what
+happens okay so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so first
+here's what happens i've got r with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what happens i've got r with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what happens i've got r with its
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+plus and again i'm going to go lewis i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and again i'm going to go lewis i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and again i'm going to go lewis i'm
+going to have all those electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have all those electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have all those electrons in the
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+spelled out for you with dots all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled out for you with dots all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelled out for you with dots all right
+so r plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r plus
+c two pairs of electrons in there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c two pairs of electrons in there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c two pairs of electrons in there you
+see that there's my double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's my double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that there's my double bond
+right okay and here are the hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and here are the hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and here are the hydrogens
+i'm not going to draw them every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw them every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to draw them every time
+those sticks have hydrogens on the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sticks have hydrogens on the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sticks have hydrogens on the ends
+okay but now see watch what happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now see watch what happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now see watch what happens so
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this radical like the chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radical like the chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radical like the chlorine
+it sees this electron and it says aha i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees this electron and it says aha i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees this electron and it says aha i
+can take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take you
+i can take you right now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take you right now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can take you right now this
+and and i will be happy if i take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i will be happy if i take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i will be happy if i take this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this double bonded molecule can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this double bonded molecule can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this double bonded molecule can't really
+stop it from happening so the radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it from happening so the radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it from happening so the radical
+now can bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can bond
+to the carbon over here right it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon over here right it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the carbon over here right it's got
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+those are those two two hydrogens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those two two hydrogens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those two two hydrogens that
+were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there
+yeah but now watch what happens now i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but now watch what happens now i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but now watch what happens now i've
+got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got here
+here here and then i've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and then i've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here and then i've got this
+and i've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at that but now this is a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that but now this is a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that but now this is a radical
+because this has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has an
+unpaired electron this has an unpaired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron this has an unpaired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpaired electron this has an unpaired
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+and so often what we'll do is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so often what we'll do is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so often what we'll do is we'll
+write this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this you know
+well we'll often just write it i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll often just write it i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll often just write it i'm just
+going to rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rewrite it
+just because then it gets us in the mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because then it gets us in the mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because then it gets us in the mood
+for what's going to happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's going to happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what's going to happen next
+as a single bond with the two hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a single bond with the two hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a single bond with the two hydrogens
+and the radical sitting there i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radical sitting there i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the radical sitting there i just
+took this unpaired electron and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this unpaired electron and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took this unpaired electron and put it
+out in the end there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the end there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the end there
+that's a radical again and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a radical again and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a radical again and i
+haven't broken the bond that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't broken the bond that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't broken the bond that's the key
+the double bond allowed a radical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double bond allowed a radical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double bond allowed a radical to
+come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in
+take an electron make a new radical out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an electron make a new radical out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an electron make a new radical out
+of the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole thing
+and remain stable that's what the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remain stable that's what the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remain stable that's what the double
+bond gave me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond gave me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond gave me right
+so if i go to step two what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i go to step two what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i go to step two what happens
+well if i go to step two well now i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i go to step two well now i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i go to step two well now i've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+this r that's sitting here all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r that's sitting here all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r that's sitting here all right and
+i've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got these
+uh here and i've got i'll put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here and i've got i'll put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here and i've got i'll put them in
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+and there oh but see this is in a bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there oh but see this is in a bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there oh but see this is in a bucket
+a bucket of these ch4 c2h4 molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bucket of these ch4 c2h4 molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bucket of these ch4 c2h4 molecules
+they're all over the place and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the place and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all over the place and now this
+is gonna see so we're gonna do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna see so we're gonna do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna see so we're gonna do that
+and this is gonna see another one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gonna see another one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gonna see another one let's
+put that one in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that one in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that one in here
+here we go a double bond nice and happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go a double bond nice and happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go a double bond nice and happy
+floating along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating along
+and this radical version of it sees it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this radical version of it sees it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this radical version of it sees it
+and it says nope i need that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says nope i need that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says nope i need that electron
+thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+and so you get this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get this right
+single bond single bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bond single bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bond single bond
+and we'll just put it out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just put it out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just put it out here
+and so now how many did i have two four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now how many did i have two four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now how many did i have two four
+and here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's another one
+and there it is and i've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is and i've got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there it is and i've got another
+radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical
+i've got another radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thing stays radical until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing stays radical until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing stays radical until
+it finds another r dot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this just goes on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this just goes on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this just goes on and on
+and on this is a new radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this is a new radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on this is a new radical
+new radical and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new radical and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new radical and each
+time it finds a double bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it finds a double bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it finds a double bonded
+c2h4 molecule it can take it add it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2h4 molecule it can take it add it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2h4 molecule it can take it add it to
+the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain
+add it to the chain sometimes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to the chain sometimes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to the chain sometimes this is
+called chain polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chain polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called chain polymerization
+addition polymerization radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition polymerization radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition polymerization radical
+polymerization you see it's all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization you see it's all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization you see it's all the same
+you see how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how it works
+because i'm making a chain and i keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm making a chain and i keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm making a chain and i keep on
+adding the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding the same
+building block the same molecule that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block the same molecule that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building block the same molecule that's
+really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important
+right the same molecule and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the same molecule and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the same molecule and then
+etc okay etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc okay etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc okay etc
+what how how long is it cetera well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how how long is it cetera well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how how long is it cetera well
+typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+polymers go on for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers go on for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers go on for a long time
+we're talking a minimum of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking a minimum of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking a minimum of a hundred
+times a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a hundred
+you might be able to draw that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to draw that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be able to draw that you know
+all the way down maybe down to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down maybe down to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down maybe down to there
+but a lot of polymers go to a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of polymers go to a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of polymers go to a hundred
+thousand or a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or a million
+chain links a million right that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain links a million right that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain links a million right that makes
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+this class of materials extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of materials extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of materials extremely
+unique and we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique and we're going to talk about
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+in the next you know over the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next you know over the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next you know over the next uh
+well during this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well during this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well during this week
+a couple well what i want to do is give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple well what i want to do is give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple well what i want to do is give
+you a couple reasons why they're unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple reasons why they're unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a couple reasons why they're unique
+and then we're going to go into my why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go into my why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to go into my why
+this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we started with was a monomer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started with was a monomer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we started with was a monomer in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+we started with ethylene or ethene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with ethylene or ethene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with ethylene or ethene and
+so here was our monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here was our monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here was our monomer
+okay and what we ended up with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we ended up with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we ended up with is
+a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and in this case you know it it's oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this case you know it it's oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in this case you know it it's oh
+boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy
+i'll draw it straight like i did there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here we go here we go this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go here we go this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go here we go this is the
+polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+okay but see we don't i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but see we don't i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but see we don't i don't want to
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+a you know a hundred thousand carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a hundred thousand carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a hundred thousand carbon
+letters on my page you can you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters on my page you can you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters on my page you can you can't
+blame polymer chemist for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame polymer chemist for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blame polymer chemist for that
+and so what we do is we have a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we do is we have a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we do is we have a notation
+where if if this was the monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if if this was the monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where if if this was the monomer
+one poly many mer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one poly many mer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one poly many mer
+c2h4 okay then then what you do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2h4 okay then then what you do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2h4 okay then then what you do is you
+take the monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the monomer
+and you write it in a special way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it in a special way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it in a special way to
+show that it's become a polymer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's become a polymer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that it's become a polymer and you
+put the monomer inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the monomer inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the monomer inside
+right inside oh let's just write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right inside oh let's just write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right inside oh let's just write those
+hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens
+explicitly why not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly why not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly why not okay
+there they are they were there too okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are they were there too okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they are they were there too okay
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+okay but now what you do is you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now what you do is you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now what you do is you put a
+parenthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis
+and and then to show that it's a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then to show that it's a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then to show that it's a polymer
+this bond comes out the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond comes out the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bond comes out the edge
+right and that shows i had this monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that shows i had this monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that shows i had this monomer
+now notice this is the same as a monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice this is the same as a monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice this is the same as a monomer
+but a single bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a single bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a single bond
+why because it that double bond to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it that double bond to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because it that double bond to keep
+on making it radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making it radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on making it radical
+i changed them all into single bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i changed them all into single bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i changed them all into single bonds
+each time i made the chain longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time i made the chain longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time i made the chain longer
+right so this and then we put an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this and then we put an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this and then we put an n
+because it could repeat n times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could repeat n times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could repeat n times and
+that's a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a polymer
+so the the chain bonds are sticking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the chain bonds are sticking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the chain bonds are sticking out
+of the edges like that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edges like that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the edges like that of the
+parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses
+yeah polymer chemists aren't as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah polymer chemists aren't as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah polymer chemists aren't as you know
+the crystallographers you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallographers you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystallographers you don't want to
+upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset
+polymer chemists are fine so you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chemists are fine so you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chemists are fine so you know if
+you if you put brackets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you put brackets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you put brackets there
+yeah they're okay with it it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're okay with it it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're okay with it it's not so
+bad parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad parentheses
+brackets the main thing is those bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets the main thing is those bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets the main thing is those bonds
+that are polymerizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are polymerizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are polymerizing
+those bonds that are that are forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds that are that are forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds that are that are forming
+the chain have to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain have to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain have to come out
+of the parentheses and then the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parentheses and then the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parentheses and then the little
+end there is how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there is how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end there is how many times
+okay so a couple of things we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a couple of things we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a couple of things we can talk
+about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right
+so monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so monomer
+well one thing a couple of things so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing a couple of things so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing a couple of things so the
+molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight
+is going to be high it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be high it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be high it's going to be
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically
+and again you know thousands of grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know thousands of grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you know thousands of grams
+per mole because it's a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole because it's a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole because it's a mole
+of the molecule this is a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule this is a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule this is a molecule
+this is a molecule it's just a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a molecule it's just a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a molecule it's just a very very
+long chain molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so polymer people and bio people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so polymer people and bio people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so polymer people and bio people
+they like using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like using
+so they like using daltons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they like using daltons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they like using daltons
+one dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals one gram per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one gram per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one gram per mole
+why switch to daltons i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why switch to daltons i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why switch to daltons i don't know
+but this it's just a unit thing so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this it's just a unit thing so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this it's just a unit thing so don't
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+confused a dalton is a grand primal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a dalton is a grand primal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused a dalton is a grand primal a
+kilo dalton is a thousand grams per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo dalton is a thousand grams per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo dalton is a thousand grams per mole
+right okay so you know we can say like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so you know we can say like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so you know we can say like a
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+a a d a maybe they just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a d a maybe they just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a d a maybe they just like
+the symbol d a or k d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol d a or k d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symbol d a or k d
+a for kilo dollars this is grams for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for kilo dollars this is grams for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for kilo dollars this is grams for a
+mole thousands of grams okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole thousands of grams okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole thousands of grams okay but
+now it's easy but one long chain if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's easy but one long chain if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's easy but one long chain if i
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+the molecular weight right in grams per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular weight right in grams per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular weight right in grams per
+mole then i kind of also could know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole then i kind of also could know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole then i kind of also could know how
+long it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it is
+right you know back and forth it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know back and forth it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know back and forth it's just
+a molecule it's just that this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule it's just that this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule it's just that this is a very
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+big molecule and so sometimes you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecule and so sometimes you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big molecule and so sometimes you'll see
+it called a macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called a macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called a macro
+molecule macro it's huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a long chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a long chain
+i want you just think about how this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you just think about how this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you just think about how this the
+length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is
+length is on the order of i'll spell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is on the order of i'll spell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is on the order of i'll spell it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+microns right just think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns right just think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns right just think about it
+we've been talking about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about a lot of
+different materials in this class we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials in this class we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different materials in this class we've
+talked about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about you know
+a lot of different solid materials right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different solid materials right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different solid materials right
+i got perfect crystals crystals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got perfect crystals crystals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got perfect crystals crystals with
+defects amorphous materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects amorphous materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects amorphous materials
+molecular solids this is another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular solids this is another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular solids this is another class
+of solid but you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid but you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid but you can really
+start to think about why this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about why this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about why this is so
+different because if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because if this thing
+is a is a hundred thousand or a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a hundred thousand or a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is a hundred thousand or a million
+units long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units long
+that strand is is a very long piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strand is is a very long piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strand is is a very long piece of
+spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaghetti
+and that means that that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that that different
+things can happen and that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen and that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen and that's one of the
+reasons why polymers are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why polymers are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why polymers are so
+uh interesting and can be so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting and can be so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh interesting and can be so useful
+and so if you think about taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you think about taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you think about taking it
+longer this isn't even we're not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer this isn't even we're not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer this isn't even we're not even
+close to how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to how long
+you know this is still just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is still just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is still just a little
+longer but what i'm showing you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but what i'm showing you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer but what i'm showing you is
+something important if i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important if i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important if i've got
+you know spaghetti that's that long you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know spaghetti that's that long you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know spaghetti that's that long you
+better believe it can tangle up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better believe it can tangle up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better believe it can tangle up
+and so when you think about one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you think about one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you think about one of these
+strands or maybe a couple of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands or maybe a couple of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands or maybe a couple of them
+they're gonna usually often not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna usually often not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna usually often not always
+you can make crystals out of polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make crystals out of polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make crystals out of polymers
+but a lot of times they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of times they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a lot of times they're going to
+tangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangle
+because they're just so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're just so long
+and the degree of the length by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degree of the length by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the degree of the length by the way
+that's another thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another thing right
+degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+polymerization ah why was my o so big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization ah why was my o so big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization ah why was my o so big
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+i don't know it was it was a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know it was it was a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know it was it was a moment
+i'm feeling it with the o and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm feeling it with the o and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm feeling it with the o and that's the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+of mer yeah it's a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mer yeah it's a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mer yeah it's a polymer
+mer units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer units and
+and that's per polymer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's per polymer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's per polymer and
+this is average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is average
+average because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you can imagine it's very i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine it's very i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine it's very i'm going
+out to a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to a million
+did i hit a million or did i get 990 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i hit a million or did i get 990 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did i hit a million or did i get 990 uh
+thousand or did i get a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or did i get a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or did i get a million
+a million and ten 10. it's not you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million and ten 10. it's not you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a million and ten 10. it's not you don't
+control the length exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the length exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the length exactly
+and so the degree of polymerization is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the degree of polymerization is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the degree of polymerization is a
+number that is the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that is the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that is the average
+right it's it's the average it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's the average it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's the average it's the
+same as the molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the molecular weight
+it's an average because the strands have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an average because the strands have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an average because the strands have
+a distribution and we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution and we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution and we'll talk about that
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+on wednesday now i just want to get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday now i just want to get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday now i just want to get down
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+some polymer insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polymer insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some polymer insights
+okay so we got things like molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got things like molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we got things like molecular
+weight degree of polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight degree of polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight degree of polymerization
+right now these are very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now these are very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now these are very long
+and so you can imagine that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that it's going
+you know it's kind of like glasses right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of like glasses right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's kind of like glasses right
+when we dig glasses these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we dig glasses these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we dig glasses these are really
+long chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chains
+you can imagine as a liquid that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine as a liquid that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine as a liquid that might
+be pretty viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty viscous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pretty viscous
+right that might be pretty viscous you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that might be pretty viscous you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that might be pretty viscous you
+could also imagine that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also imagine that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also imagine that when you
+solidify it it might be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify it it might be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidify it it might be pretty
+disordered or maybe crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered or maybe crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disordered or maybe crystalline
+right you kind of might have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you kind of might have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you kind of might have some
+similarities with glass again we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities with glass again we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities with glass again we'll talk
+about that more wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more wednesday
+well the one thing i want to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the one thing i want to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the one thing i want to highlight
+now is that what can happen because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that what can happen because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that what can happen because it's
+so long is that you can literally get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long is that you can literally get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so long is that you can literally get
+what you can literally get like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can literally get like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can literally get like one
+polymer chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain
+that finds itself wanting to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finds itself wanting to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that finds itself wanting to form a
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+literally like in the middle of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like in the middle of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like in the middle of itself
+and then it's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's like okay
+i can stack and form a nice crystal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can stack and form a nice crystal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can stack and form a nice crystal all
+but now i can't again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i can't again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i can't again
+and now oh look i think i can pack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now oh look i think i can pack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now oh look i think i can pack in
+nicely as a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely as a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely as a crystal
+and now i can't again and it just goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can't again and it just goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i can't again and it just goes
+you could i could i'm really enjoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could i could i'm really enjoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could i could i'm really enjoying
+this i could just keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i could just keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i could just keep going
+that's one polymer strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one polymer strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one polymer strand
+and it would keep going it literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would keep going it literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would keep going it literally
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+because it's like a hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like a hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's like a hundred thousand
+units long so you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units long so you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units long so you can imagine that
+polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+just one strand of a polymer can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one strand of a polymer can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one strand of a polymer can be
+incredibly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly complicated
+because it might have some regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might have some regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might have some regions that
+are crystalline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are crystalline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are crystalline
+and some that are amorphous and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that are amorphous and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some that are amorphous and by the
+way we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we know
+that the crystalline region will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the crystalline region will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the crystalline region will be very
+different right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right
+this is going to have the lowest volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to have the lowest volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to have the lowest volume
+per mole so this will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole so this will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole so this will have
+maybe this will be the hardest maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this will be the hardest maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this will be the hardest maybe
+it'll be the most brittle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the most brittle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be the most brittle
+right so that that does it crystallize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that does it crystallize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that that does it crystallize
+does it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it not
+that's going to be something that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be something that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be something that's very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+how much of it crystallizes right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it crystallizes right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of it crystallizes right a
+micron by the way the length is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron by the way the length is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron by the way the length is also
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+that's like visible light wavelength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like visible light wavelength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like visible light wavelength so
+optical properties will depend on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical properties will depend on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical properties will depend on these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+right and so what you have is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what you have is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what you have is this
+this new form of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new form of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new form of matter
+that we have in the last 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in the last 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have in the last 50 years
+engineered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered and
+understood more and more how to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood more and more how to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood more and more how to control
+and and just while you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just while you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just while you know so
+we're talking about uh you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about uh you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about uh you know this
+addition polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition polymerization
+this list goes on and on and on now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list goes on and on and on now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list goes on and on and on now
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+now so what is this list well these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what is this list well these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so what is this list well these are
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+i want you to notice here monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to notice here monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to notice here monomer
+okay this is the polymer name this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the polymer name this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the polymer name this is
+the monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monomer
+here's the polymer they should have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the polymer they should have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the polymer they should have put
+parentheses there we'll excuse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses there we'll excuse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses there we'll excuse that
+because you can feel that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can feel that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can feel that those are
+going outside of the parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going outside of the parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going outside of the parentheses
+or brackets right and then here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brackets right and then here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or brackets right and then here's the
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+so what did we just do we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we just do we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did we just do we just did
+polyethylene polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene polyethylene
+is right there that's the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there that's the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there that's the polymer
+polyethylene there's the monomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene there's the monomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyethylene there's the monomer
+right there's the polymer now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the polymer now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's the polymer now notice
+something about every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about every single one of
+these monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these monomers
+there it is they've all got that double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is they've all got that double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it is they've all got that double
+bond that double bonded carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that double bonded carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that double bonded carbon
+so when i put a radical initiator in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i put a radical initiator in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i put a radical initiator in a
+soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soup
+of those monomers i can form polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those monomers i can form polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those monomers i can form polymer
+chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains
+right i can form polymer chains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can form polymer chains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can form polymer chains and
+those are the polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the polymers
+you make and notice they all start you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make and notice they all start you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make and notice they all start you
+know these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are the same
+unit repeating over and over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit repeating over and over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit repeating over and over and over
+again and notice the flexibility here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and notice the flexibility here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and notice the flexibility here
+right so in polyethylene which is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in polyethylene which is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in polyethylene which is one of
+the simplest cases is the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest cases is the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest cases is the most common
+polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer
+these are just a few uses now if i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just a few uses now if i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just a few uses now if i just
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+you know one of those hydrogens off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of those hydrogens off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one of those hydrogens off of
+one of the two carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the two carbons
+right there's polyethylene up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's polyethylene up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's polyethylene up there
+right if i just take one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i just take one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i just take one of the
+hydrogens off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens off
+and instead i put a benzene ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead i put a benzene ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead i put a benzene ring
+right so now i've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i've got this
+and oh boy did i draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh boy did i draw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh boy did i draw that
+yeah it's okay here's my hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's okay here's my hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's okay here's my hydrogens
+coming off of the benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off of the benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off of the benzene
+there you go there you go and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go there you go and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go there you go and there
+and there and oh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and oh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and oh good
+i've drawn polystyrene haven't i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've drawn polystyrene haven't i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've drawn polystyrene haven't i
+no i have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i have not
+because you gotta come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you gotta come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you gotta come out
+that's a polymer now it's a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a polymer now it's a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a polymer now it's a polymer
+i came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well that's pretty all i did is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's pretty all i did is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well that's pretty all i did is i
+just took the polyethylene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took the polyethylene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took the polyethylene
+and i and i put a benzene ring there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and i put a benzene ring there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and i put a benzene ring there and
+i get styrofoam if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get styrofoam if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get styrofoam if i
+if i put air through it as i make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put air through it as i make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put air through it as i make it
+processing or i can make all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing or i can make all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing or i can make all sorts of
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+out of it that's polystyrene that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that's polystyrene that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it that's polystyrene that's
+polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene
+this is why polymers have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why polymers have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why polymers have been
+have become such an incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become such an incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have become such an incredibly important
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and enormous part of our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enormous part of our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enormous part of our lives
+because you can see if i just change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see if i just change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see if i just change the
+monomer i just change one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer i just change one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomer i just change one thing
+in one molecule and then get a bucket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one molecule and then get a bucket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one molecule and then get a bucket of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+i might completely change the solid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might completely change the solid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might completely change the solid that
+comes out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of it
+but all sorts of things are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all sorts of things are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all sorts of things are going to
+change you can imagine that just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you can imagine that just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you can imagine that just the way
+the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain
+folds up on itself like that maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds up on itself like that maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folds up on itself like that maybe the
+way the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the chain
+comes and talks to another chain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and talks to another chain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes and talks to another chain or
+maybe a part of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a part of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a part of itself
+when i say talk and i'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say talk and i'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say talk and i'm talking about
+chemistry i mean bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry i mean bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry i mean bond
+is it van der waals the the surface area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it van der waals the the surface area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it van der waals the the surface area
+is enormous here the surface area of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous here the surface area of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enormous here the surface area of one
+mile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile
+we did this right we looked at boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this right we looked at boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did this right we looked at boiling
+points as you get a little longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as you get a little longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points as you get a little longer
+a little longer to like c-12 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little longer to like c-12 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little longer to like c-12 this is
+this is see hundreds of thousands so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is see hundreds of thousands so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is see hundreds of thousands so so
+the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount
+of bonding london dispersion is enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonding london dispersion is enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bonding london dispersion is enormous
+right that's one of the reasons these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's one of the reasons these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's one of the reasons these
+can be very strong but the tunability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very strong but the tunability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very strong but the tunability is
+also enormous because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enormous because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enormous because
+i can just swap in a different group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just swap in a different group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can just swap in a different group
+here and polymerize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is why this was so exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is why this was so exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is why this was so exciting
+when it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was
+you know polymers were first made really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know polymers were first made really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know polymers were first made really
+in the 40s and 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 40s and 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 40s and 50s
+they really started coming into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really started coming into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really started coming into the
+market in the 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in the 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in the 70s
+on mass and i want to now i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mass and i want to now i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mass and i want to now i want to
+tell you why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to start with a commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with a commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with a commercial
+this is a this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is an
+ad on television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad on television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad on television
+uh by pepsi in 1978 and i thought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by pepsi in 1978 and i thought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by pepsi in 1978 and i thought this
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+a nice way to start my why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to start my why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way to start my why this matters
+it's only 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pepsi cola's new 2-liter plastic bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and besides being tough pepsicola's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and besides being tough pepsicola's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and besides being tough pepsicola's new
+2-liter plastic bottle is 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-liter plastic bottle is 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2-liter plastic bottle is 25
+lighter than glass it's tough and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than glass it's tough and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than glass it's tough and light
+tough and light now apart from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and light now apart from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and light now apart from some
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+potential differences you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential differences you may have
+noticed with today's times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed with today's times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed with today's times
+um that was the key that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was the key that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that was the key that was one of the
+keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys
+right so so they could make pepsi could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so they could make pepsi could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so they could make pepsi could
+and coke coca-cola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coke coca-cola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coke coca-cola
+could make bottles that were lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make bottles that were lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make bottles that were lighter
+than glass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than glass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than glass but
+not break that was a very big deal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not break that was a very big deal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not break that was a very big deal that
+was a very big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very big deal
+right and they really started in a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they really started in a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they really started in a lot
+of ways they started the revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways they started the revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways they started the revolution
+right of of plastics and polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of of plastics and polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of of plastics and polymers
+in uh in commercial products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh
+if you if you fast forward to today i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you fast forward to today i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you fast forward to today i
+just want to show you how bottles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you how bottles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to show you how bottles are
+made right that's a two liter bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made right that's a two liter bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made right that's a two liter bottle
+here is a two liter bottle making plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a two liter bottle making plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a two liter bottle making plant
+and and i think it's always interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i think it's always interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i think it's always interesting
+to see how what you're buying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how what you're buying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how what you're buying is
+actually made right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made right so here's
+here's just a little shortcut almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a little shortcut almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a little shortcut almost
+instantly thanks to a built-in cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly thanks to a built-in cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly thanks to a built-in cooling
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these preforms are now on their way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these preforms are now on their way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these preforms are now on their way to
+becoming single serving juice bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming single serving juice bottles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming single serving juice bottles
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this is another plastic injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another plastic injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another plastic injection
+molding machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molding machine
+it uses the same method to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the same method to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses the same method to make
+pre-forms for a different model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-forms for a different model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-forms for a different model
+one and a half to two liter bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the preforms next stop is a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preforms next stop is a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preforms next stop is a machine
+called a reheat stretch blow molder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a reheat stretch blow molder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a reheat stretch blow molder
+in a matter of seconds it heats each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a matter of seconds it heats each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a matter of seconds it heats each
+preform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preform
+just enough to make the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough to make the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough to make the plastic
+malleable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malleable
+then inserts a rod to stretch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inserts a rod to stretch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then inserts a rod to stretch the
+preform lengthwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preform lengthwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preform lengthwise
+while at the same time blowing in air at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at the same time blowing in air at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at the same time blowing in air at
+extremely high pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high pressure
+this forces the preform into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forces the preform into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forces the preform into a
+bottle-shaped mold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle-shaped mold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle-shaped mold
+cold water circulates within the mold to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold water circulates within the mold to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold water circulates within the mold to
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+okay so so the reason i want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the reason i want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so the reason i want to show you
+this is just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just that
+it just gives you a sense of the pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just gives you a sense of the pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just gives you a sense of the pace
+the pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace
+now the pace is connected to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pace is connected to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the pace is connected to the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+and the chemistry and it's it's things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemistry and it's it's things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the chemistry and it's it's things
+that you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already know
+right when we did stress strain curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we did stress strain curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when we did stress strain curves
+one of the whole regions of it is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the whole regions of it is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the whole regions of it is called
+plastic deformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic deformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic deformation
+these are plastics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are plastics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are plastics so
+one of the big advantages of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big advantages of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the big advantages of these
+things is you can make like a small mold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is you can make like a small mold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is you can make like a small mold
+like you do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you do first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you do first
+and then that can be doled out into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that can be doled out into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that can be doled out into
+different processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different processes
+and and in a matter of less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in a matter of less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and in a matter of less than a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+with a little heat a little pressure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little heat a little pressure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little heat a little pressure it
+can be made into any bottle you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made into any bottle you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be made into any bottle you want
+and then the next one and the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one and the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one and the next one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+well let's see we buy i'm gonna write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see we buy i'm gonna write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see we buy i'm gonna write a
+couple of things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things here
+uh let's see we buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see we buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see we buy
+as humans one million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of those bottles plastic bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody want to give me a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to give me a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to give me a unit
+per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we buy a million globally per minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we buy a million globally per minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we buy a million globally per minute
+now yeah and the thing is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah and the thing is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah and the thing is if you're
+talking about plastic bottles 91
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about plastic bottles 91
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about plastic bottles 91
+of them are not recycled 91 are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are not recycled 91 are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are not recycled 91 are not
+recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled
+um and so my why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so my why this matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so my why this matters
+um you know it's it's it's going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's it's it's going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know it's it's it's going to turn
+a little dark right now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little dark right now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little dark right now because
+the thing is if you compare with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is if you compare with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is if you compare with what
+nature does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are nature's polymers and i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nature's polymers and i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are nature's polymers and i will
+talk about them on friday a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about them on friday a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about them on friday a little bit
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+and you can say well nature's had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say well nature's had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can say well nature's had
+millions of years to work on this sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years to work on this sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years to work on this sure
+nature is the world's greatest polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is the world's greatest polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is the world's greatest polymer
+engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+we are all polymers we are all polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are all polymers we are all polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are all polymers we are all polymers
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+of different types amino acids sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types amino acids sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types amino acids sugars
+cellulose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellulose
+right keratin nature does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right keratin nature does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right keratin nature does this
+in so many ways and of course by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many ways and of course by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so many ways and of course by
+definition these are biodegradable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition these are biodegradable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition these are biodegradable
+right now that's what nature makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's what nature makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's what nature makes
+here's what we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we make
+now these are this is a beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are this is a beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are this is a beach
+that's a coastline right and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a coastline right and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a coastline right and there's a
+lot of places where you can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of places where you can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of places where you can get some
+data i like our world and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data i like our world and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data i like our world and data
+you guys can take a look at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can take a look at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys can take a look at that and
+many other resources here's a beach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other resources here's a beach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other resources here's a beach
+here is a guy it's hard to see but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a guy it's hard to see but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a guy it's hard to see but he's
+actually in a boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a boat
+that's a boat right uh so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a boat right uh so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a boat right uh so that's all
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+um and of course um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of course um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and of course um uh
+then there's there's you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's there's you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's there's you know a lot of
+information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on
+lately on things like how how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately on things like how how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately on things like how how much of
+this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff
+uh animals are eating and there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh animals are eating and there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh animals are eating and there's also
+a lot of pictures that are sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pictures that are sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of pictures that are sometimes
+difficult to see where animals get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see where animals get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see where animals get stuck
+in a piece of plastic for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a piece of plastic for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a piece of plastic for example and
+that can lead to death or deformity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to death or deformity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to death or deformity as
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+um and and so you know the thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so you know the thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and so you know the thing is that
+uh we have to think very carefully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have to think very carefully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have to think very carefully about
+what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing
+and we have not done that with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have not done that with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have not done that with with
+regard to polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard to polymers
+we have not done that at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not done that at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have not done that at all
+right and just to give you a couple more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just to give you a couple more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just to give you a couple more
+numbers right here's a chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right here's a chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right here's a chart
+this is how how polymers are used today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packaging is 40 40 of plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging is 40 40 of plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packaging is 40 40 of plastic
+produced today is in packaging and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced today is in packaging and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced today is in packaging and the
+thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is
+um that sorry 40 of the pa of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sorry 40 of the pa of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that sorry 40 of the pa of the
+plastics are used only once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics are used only once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics are used only once
+and then thrown away we all know that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then thrown away we all know that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then thrown away we all know that we
+drink a bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink a bottle
+of plastic you know a bottle of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic you know a bottle of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plastic you know a bottle of water
+out of plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of plastic
+or all the way back to the 70s right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all the way back to the 70s right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all the way back to the 70s right the
+pepsi and the coke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi and the coke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsi and the coke
+and we throw it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the thing is that that most of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that that most of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that that most of that
+a lot of that most of that winds up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that most of that winds up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of that most of that winds up in
+the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oceans
+and it takes about a half a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes about a half a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes about a half a thousand
+years 500 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 500 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 500 years
+to decompose so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decompose so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decompose so um
+so let's see a couple more numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see a couple more numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see a couple more numbers so
+first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all
+only only seven percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only seven percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only seven percent
+of all plastic is recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you know coca-cola and pepsi could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know coca-cola and pepsi could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know coca-cola and pepsi could
+recycle could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycle could
+use a lot more recycled plastic one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot more recycled plastic one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a lot more recycled plastic one of
+the main reasons they don't is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reasons they don't is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main reasons they don't is the
+the containers wouldn't be see-through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the containers wouldn't be see-through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the containers wouldn't be see-through
+and we can't have that right as can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't have that right as can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't have that right as can
+as consumers we have we got to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consumers we have we got to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as consumers we have we got to see it
+it's got to be this beautiful clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be this beautiful clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be this beautiful clear
+uh container but um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh container but um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh container but um but
+as i said no most most of what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said no most most of what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said no most most of what's not
+recycled winds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled winds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycled winds up
+in the oceans and and let's see um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oceans and and let's see um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the oceans and and let's see um
+uh in 2050 here's here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2050 here's here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in 2050 here's here's one
+in 2050 uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2050 uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2050 uh the
+plastic in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will equal in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will equal in the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will equal in the ocean
+will equal the weight of all fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will equal the weight of all fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will equal the weight of all fish
+okay that includes whales and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that includes whales and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that includes whales and you know
+large sea animals everyone um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sea animals everyone um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sea animals everyone um
+now the thing is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is that um
+let's see many of these plastics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see many of these plastics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see many of these plastics like
+like polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like polystyrene
+there's an example right they decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example right they decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example right they decompose
+and and so when they're large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so when they're large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so when they're large
+large there's a chance to collect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large there's a chance to collect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large there's a chance to collect them
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+but the sunlight out in the ocean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sunlight out in the ocean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sunlight out in the ocean you
+know they float up to the top or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they float up to the top or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they float up to the top or they
+get currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get currents
+you know that mix them and the sunlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that mix them and the sunlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that mix them and the sunlight
+the uv energy from the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uv energy from the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uv energy from the sun
+decomposes them now eventually so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes them now eventually so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposes them now eventually so they
+get smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get smaller
+and smaller and smaller and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and smaller and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller and smaller and eventually
+they get really tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get really tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get really tiny
+those are called microplastics you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are called microplastics you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are called microplastics you say
+well why is that bad because it's toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why is that bad because it's toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well why is that bad because it's toxic
+for one thing polystyrene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing polystyrene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing polystyrene
+is toxic the styrene molecule is toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toxic the styrene molecule is toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is toxic the styrene molecule is toxic
+it's a carcinogen right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a carcinogen right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a carcinogen right it's a
+carcinogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carcinogen
+people who eat seafood in some studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who eat seafood in some studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who eat seafood in some studies
+are estimated to be eating 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are estimated to be eating 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are estimated to be eating 11
+000 pieces of microplastic a year right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 pieces of microplastic a year right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 pieces of microplastic a year right
+that's what they're ingesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're ingesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're ingesting
+today so you know so this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you know so this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so you know so this is the this
+you know this is the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the problem we're
+making these single use products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these single use products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these single use products
+single use put it in recycling because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single use put it in recycling because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single use put it in recycling because
+i'm a good citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a good citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a good citizen
+but nine out of 10 times it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nine out of 10 times it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nine out of 10 times it doesn't
+matter because it's not getting recycled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because it's not getting recycled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because it's not getting recycled
+oh and then it goes in the ocean where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then it goes in the ocean where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then it goes in the ocean where
+it stays for 500 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays for 500 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stays for 500 years
+there's a plastic bottle right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plastic bottle right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plastic bottle right there's
+fishing lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing lines
+so so this is the problem we should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the problem we should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the problem we should not
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+using things on the minute time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using things on the minute time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using things on the minute time scale
+that then take a half a thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then take a half a thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then take a half a thousand years
+to decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decompose
+and are uh extremely toxic when they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are uh extremely toxic when they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are uh extremely toxic when they do
+right this is clearly a problem um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is clearly a problem um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is clearly a problem um
+now there are there's a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are there's a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are there's a lot of people
+working on this and thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this and thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on this and thinking about this
+not enough and i want to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough and i want to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough and i want to tell you about
+a book that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a book that um
+that i read when it came out a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i read when it came out a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i read when it came out a long time
+ago it's a wonderful book and i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it's a wonderful book and i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago it's a wonderful book and i got
+re-exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-exam
+introduced to it last week um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to it last week um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to it last week um
+it's by david mckay who unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by david mckay who unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by david mckay who unfortunately
+passed away recently but he wrote this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed away recently but he wrote this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed away recently but he wrote this
+book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called
+sustainable energy without the hot air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy without the hot air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable energy without the hot air
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and i highly recommend you read this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i highly recommend you read this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i highly recommend you read this if
+you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't
+it's free it's a free download without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free it's a free download without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's free it's a free download without
+hotair.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotair.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotair.com
+because he just goes through sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he just goes through sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he just goes through sort of
+simply the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the math
+and and the reason i'm bringing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason i'm bringing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason i'm bringing this to
+your attention he doesn't really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention he doesn't really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your attention he doesn't really talk
+about plastics he talks about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plastics he talks about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about plastics he talks about energy
+is is i love this uh discussion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is i love this uh discussion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is i love this uh discussion in
+chapter 19.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 19.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 19.
+chapter 19 is titled every big helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 19 is titled every big helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 19 is titled every big helps
+and he says if everyone does a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says if everyone does a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he says if everyone does a little
+we'll achieve only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll achieve only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll achieve only a little
+but that is true we have this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is true we have this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is true we have this way of
+talking about these crises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these crises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these crises
+in little bits because it makes us feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little bits because it makes us feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little bits because it makes us feel
+better and it makes companies feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and it makes companies feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and it makes companies feel
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+you talk about this but the plastics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about this but the plastics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about this but the plastics in
+straws has gotten a lot of press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and companies kind of do their part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies kind of do their part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies kind of do their part
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+although although starbucks is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although although starbucks is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although although starbucks is kind of
+funny because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny because they
+replaced all plastic straws with paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced all plastic straws with paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced all plastic straws with paper
+straws encased in plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straws encased in plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straws encased in plastic
+that's actually more than the plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually more than the plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually more than the plastic
+straws to begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straws to begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straws to begin with
+single-use plastic again but anyway you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-use plastic again but anyway you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-use plastic again but anyway you
+know they're trying they walk away they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're trying they walk away they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're trying they walk away they
+say we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we tried
+no because that's doing a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because that's doing a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because that's doing a little
+the plastic in the ocean is 0.03 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic in the ocean is 0.03 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plastic in the ocean is 0.03 percent
+from straws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from straws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from straws
+right there's so much more we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's so much more we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's so much more we have to do
+we can't think little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't think little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't think little
+about problems like this we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't do that um now there are some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that um now there are some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that um now there are some big
+projects there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects there
+this is one that's gotten some attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that's gotten some attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that's gotten some attention
+this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called
+ocean cleanup now they've gotten a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean cleanup now they've gotten a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean cleanup now they've gotten a lot
+of attention they've got these rigs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention they've got these rigs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attention they've got these rigs out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+that could collect some of this plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could collect some of this plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could collect some of this plastic
+in the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ocean
+uh and it's it's at least thinking big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's it's at least thinking big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's it's at least thinking big
+um there's a lot of bold claims that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of bold claims that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of bold claims that
+they're making a lot of bold claims a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making a lot of bold claims a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making a lot of bold claims a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+hype um but at least it's an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype um but at least it's an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype um but at least it's an attempt to
+do something big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something big
+one of the limitations here though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the limitations here though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the limitations here though is
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+technology can't go below a centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can't go below a centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology can't go below a centimeter
+it can't go below it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't go below it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't go below it's not going to
+collect below a centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect below a centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect below a centimeter
+but but if there are some studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if there are some studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if there are some studies that
+estimate that 90 of the plastic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that 90 of the plastic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that 90 of the plastic in the
+ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocean
+already is below a centimeter and and 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is below a centimeter and and 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is below a centimeter and and 60
+70 percent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 percent of that
+has already sunk right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already sunk right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already sunk right
+talk about the need to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the need to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the need to think about this
+in a big way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a big way
+this is a very big problem and i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very big problem and i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very big problem and i hope
+that more and more people get excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more and more people get excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more and more people get excited
+about trying to tackle it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to tackle it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to tackle it
+in big ways not little ways okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in big ways not little ways okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in big ways not little ways okay
+oh that was my why this matters nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that was my why this matters nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that was my why this matters nice and
+happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy
+nice and happy why because we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and happy why because we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and happy why because we're going
+to solve these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems
+that's why we have to we have no choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mentioned there are two ways to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned there are two ways to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mentioned there are two ways to make
+plastics that i want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics that i want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastics that i want to talk about
+i want to talk about the second way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first way is is called radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first way is is called radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first way is is called radical
+polymerization because i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization because i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization because i take
+one mer and then i make it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mer and then i make it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mer and then i make it into
+a really long chain the second way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really long chain the second way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really long chain the second way
+and that right there is nylon by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that right there is nylon by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that right there is nylon by the way
+nylon can't be made that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon can't be made that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon can't be made that way
+nylon can't be made that way and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon can't be made that way and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nylon can't be made that way and and
+here's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the reason
+because in the second way of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the second way of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the second way of making
+polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+we take two different types of mers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take two different types of mers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take two different types of mers and
+this way is called condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is called condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way is called condensation
+condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a different way of forming very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different way of forming very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different way of forming very
+very long chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long chains
+right so on wednesday we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on wednesday we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so on wednesday we'll talk about
+what you can do with these chains how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with these chains how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do with these chains how
+you can modify the properties kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can modify the properties kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can modify the properties kind of
+like we did with glass you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with glass you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we did with glass you know we
+talked about the fundamentals of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fundamentals of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the fundamentals of glass
+and then we talked about engineering it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about engineering it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talked about engineering it
+on wednesday we'll talk about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday we'll talk about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday we'll talk about how to
+engineer the properties of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer the properties of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer the properties of these
+polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers
+but right now i want to just focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now i want to just focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now i want to just focus on
+how to make them and so in condensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make them and so in condensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make them and so in condensation
+polymerization the goal is also to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization the goal is also to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization the goal is also to make
+these super long strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these super long strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these super long strands
+but you do it with two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do it with two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you do it with two different
+starting molecules and no initiator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting molecules and no initiator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting molecules and no initiator
+right so how does that work well i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does that work well i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how does that work well i'll
+take a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a a
+i'll take it i'll get to nylon in a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take it i'll get to nylon in a sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll take it i'll get to nylon in a sec
+but first let's just take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first let's just take something
+called the dicarboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dicarboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dicarboxylic acid
+and what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to do is i'm going to
+leave a box inside and i'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a box inside and i'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a box inside and i'm going to say
+that could be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be something
+right that could be something but i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could be something but i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could be something but i know
+that on that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on that something
+i've got this i've got a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got this i've got a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got this i've got a carbon
+oxygen and hydrogen and on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and hydrogen and on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and hydrogen and on this side
+i've got the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the same thing
+okay oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh
+all right so i've got the same thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i've got the same thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i've got the same thing on
+both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides
+that's a dicarboxylic acid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dicarboxylic acid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a dicarboxylic acid it's
+carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid
+okay now on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now on this side
+i'm going to have another myrrh and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have another myrrh and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to have another myrrh and it's
+going to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different
+and this one i'm also going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one i'm also going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one i'm also going to have a
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+and on and over here because then tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and over here because then tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on and over here because then tight
+i've got nh2 and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got nh2 and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got nh2 and over here
+i've got nh2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got nh2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got nh2 and
+h2 emphasizing the n is what's connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 emphasizing the n is what's connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h2 emphasizing the n is what's connected
+to the box there that's why i drew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the box there that's why i drew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the box there that's why i drew it
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way
+and that's called an amine this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called an amine this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's called an amine this is an
+amine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine and
+and this is called a diamine so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called a diamine so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called a diamine so this is
+a diamine dicarboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diamine dicarboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diamine dicarboxylic acid
+right and what happens is when those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what happens is when those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what happens is when those two
+molecules so the box can be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the box can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box can be
+can be whatever for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if if it's got those ends to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if it's got those ends to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if if it's got those ends to it
+if it's got the carboxylic acid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's got the carboxylic acid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's got the carboxylic acid and the
+amine right so on the one hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine right so on the one hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine right so on the one hand the
+molecules got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules got
+these groups on the end and on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups on the end and on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these groups on the end and on the other
+hand it's got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's got these
+then what happens when i put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens when i put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens when i put them in
+solution together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution together
+well what happens is these two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is these two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what happens is these two pieces
+react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+these two pieces react and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces react and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces react and so what you
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+is let's see you got c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see you got c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's see you got c
+here's my box there okay there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my box there okay there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my box there okay there's the
+o down there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's see okay oh now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see okay oh now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see okay oh now here's the
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+on this side oh boy i'm going to run out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side oh boy i'm going to run out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side oh boy i'm going to run out
+of room and i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room and i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of room and i don't want to
+so i'm going to move over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to move over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to move over here
+and recycle these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recycle these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recycle these
+these boards so that i can draw it nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boards so that i can draw it nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boards so that i can draw it nice
+and big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now
+what happens okay so these are reacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so now what do i have so i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now what do i have so i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so now what do i have so i have
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+uh double bond o okay this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh double bond o okay this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh double bond o okay this is my
+carboxylic acid there's the box from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid there's the box from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylic acid there's the box from the
+left-hand molecule the one on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand molecule the one on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand molecule the one on the left
+there here's another c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here's another c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here's another c
+double bond o but look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond o but look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bond o but look at what's
+happened i've formed a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened i've formed a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened i've formed a carbon
+nitrogen link okay we'll talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen link okay we'll talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen link okay we'll talk about that
+in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second
+and then here's another box that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's another box that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's another box that came
+from the the amine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the amine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the amine
+and this is n h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is n h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is n h
+okay and then there'd be like another h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there'd be like another h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then there'd be like another h
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and there'd be another h yes another o h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'd be another h yes another o h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there'd be another h yes another o h
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah nh2 so i got that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah nh2 so i got that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah nh2 so i got that back
+and what's happened what's happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happened what's happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happened what's happened is
+i've made water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made water
+i've made water plus i've connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made water plus i've connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made water plus i've connected
+these two molecules together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two molecules together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two molecules together
+right so so if i if i want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if i if i want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so if i if i want to be
+complete about it i got to add a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete about it i got to add a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete about it i got to add a water
+molecule because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule because that's what
+happened in the middle here the o-h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the middle here the o-h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the middle here the o-h
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+saw the h on the nh2 group and it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the h on the nh2 group and it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the h on the nh2 group and it said
+hey i want to make water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey i want to make water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey i want to make water
+can i do that and then the carbon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i do that and then the carbon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i do that and then the carbon and
+and the nitrogen were like you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nitrogen were like you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nitrogen were like you know what
+let me check it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me check it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me check it out
+internally let me check out my lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally let me check out my lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally let me check out my lewis
+structure and it's like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it's like yeah
+you can take the oh and the h and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take the oh and the h and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take the oh and the h and make
+water because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water because then
+we could connect and form this bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could connect and form this bond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could connect and form this bond here
+and that bond is called an amide link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that kind and so i formed a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that kind and so i formed a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that kind and so i formed a kind
+of bond between these two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bond between these two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bond between these two molecules
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+a covalent bond and this polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covalent bond and this polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covalent bond and this polymer
+is a class of polymers called polyamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you can see now okay i've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see now okay i've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can see now okay i've given
+off some water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off some water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off some water
+condensation polymerization but i'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation polymerization but i'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation polymerization but i'm also
+now ready i've got my carboxylic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready i've got my carboxylic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready i've got my carboxylic acid
+and my nh my amine groups there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my nh my amine groups there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my nh my amine groups there
+ready to go again right so if this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go again right so if this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to go again right so if this side
+finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds
+another one of these it can attach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these it can attach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of these it can attach and
+react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+and if this side finds another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this side finds another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this side finds another one of
+those it can attach and react and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it can attach and react and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those it can attach and react and it
+keeps going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going
+and going and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going
+in much the same way it's just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much the same way it's just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much the same way it's just now
+instead of a radical instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a radical instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a radical instead of
+initiating it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiating it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiating it by
+by tearing an electron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tearing an electron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tearing an electron out
+i simply have brought together two types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i simply have brought together two types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i simply have brought together two types
+of molecules that want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules that want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules that want to
+in in giving up water react and form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in giving up water react and form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in giving up water react and form a
+bond that's very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that's very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that's very powerful
+it's very powerful because i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very powerful because i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very powerful because i can do
+i i can now when i say i said this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i can now when i say i said this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i can now when i say i said this can
+have whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whatever
+inside so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so now
+it's a different way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different way of thinking about
+it right before we had the myrrh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right before we had the myrrh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right before we had the myrrh
+and i could make the murder whatever i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could make the murder whatever i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i could make the murder whatever i
+want just keep a double bond somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want just keep a double bond somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want just keep a double bond somewhere
+and i can make a polymer that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can make a polymer that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can make a polymer that's a lot of
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+now instead of keeping a double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of keeping a double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead of keeping a double bond
+just keep these amine and carboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep these amine and carboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep these amine and carboxylic
+acid groups there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid groups there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid groups there
+and i can put anything inside the boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can put anything inside the boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can put anything inside the boxes
+that i want again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want again
+massive tunability and and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive tunability and and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive tunability and and one of the
+funnest things to do is a nylon rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnest things to do is a nylon rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funnest things to do is a nylon rope
+pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull
+um we couldn't do it apparently it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we couldn't do it apparently it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we couldn't do it apparently it's a
+little dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dangerous
+um oh nylon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh nylon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh nylon
+is when the box winds up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the box winds up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the box winds up having
+carbon chain in it six carbon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and when this has six carbon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when this has six carbon atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when this has six carbon atoms
+and this has six carbon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's called nylon six six which some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called nylon six six which some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called nylon six six which some
+of you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you may have seen
+right so you so you get nylon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you so you get nylon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you so you get nylon
+6 6 or sometimes it's just called 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 6 or sometimes it's just called 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 6 or sometimes it's just called 66
+it's six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's six
+carbon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the boxes well you can imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the boxes well you can imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the boxes well you can imagine you
+can make six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make six
+eight four six you can play right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight four six you can play right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight four six you can play right you
+can put lots of things in those boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put lots of things in those boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put lots of things in those boxes
+the nylon rope pull is such a cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nylon rope pull is such a cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nylon rope pull is such a cool thing
+i had to show you a video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to show you a video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had to show you a video
+here's what you got you got one molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you got you got one molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what you got you got one molecule
+in solution on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in solution on the top
+you tell it's a slightly lighter liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell it's a slightly lighter liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell it's a slightly lighter liquid
+and the other one on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one on the bottom
+the amines on one side these carboxylic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amines on one side these carboxylic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amines on one side these carboxylic
+acids on the other this is nylon so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids on the other this is nylon so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids on the other this is nylon so the
+box is six carbon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is six carbon atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is six carbon atoms
+now what's happening at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's happening at the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's happening at the interface
+at the interface this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interface this reaction is
+occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring
+so what i can do and i'll play this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i can do and i'll play this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i can do and i'll play this is
+you can or what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can or what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can or what this
+person can do ah is put a little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can do ah is put a little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can do ah is put a little piece
+of glass stirrer in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass stirrer in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass stirrer in there
+okay and pull nylon out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and pull nylon out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and pull nylon out
+so watch watch how he does this okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch watch how he does this okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so watch watch how he does this okay so
+you get it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it started
+there's a piece of solid coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece of solid coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a piece of solid coming out of
+two liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two liquids
+okay what's happening as he pulls it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's happening as he pulls it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's happening as he pulls it
+more is reacting in forming more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is reacting in forming more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more is reacting in forming more
+of these chains and you can just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these chains and you can just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these chains and you can just keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+and going and going what's so cool about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going what's so cool about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going and going what's so cool about
+this is you're literally creating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you're literally creating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you're literally creating this
+solid with functionality that's tunable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid with functionality that's tunable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid with functionality that's tunable
+out of these two liquid bats it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these two liquid bats it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these two liquid bats it's all
+happening at the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the interface
+where the two molecules the amine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two molecules the amine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two molecules the amine and
+the carboxylic acid can see each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylic acid can see each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carboxylic acid can see each other
+there you can see i wish you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can see i wish you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can see i wish you didn't have
+the text there but look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text there but look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text there but look at that
+you're pulling a polymer right out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling a polymer right out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pulling a polymer right out of
+the interface between two liquids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface between two liquids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface between two liquids
+that's how nylon is made and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how nylon is made and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how nylon is made and again
+this had an incredible impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had an incredible impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had an incredible impact
+on on so many applications i thought i'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on so many applications i thought i'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on so many applications i thought i'd
+show you this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this one
+that's the first line in new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first line in new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first line in new york
+to buy stockings nylon stockings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy stockings nylon stockings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy stockings nylon stockings and
+it's going on and on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going on and on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going on and on and on
+of course then there are a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course then there are a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course then there are a few other
+applications too like parachutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications too like parachutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications too like parachutes
+um and many many many more because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and many many many more because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and many many many more because again
+it's a whole other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a whole other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a whole other way
+of making polymers now i'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making polymers now i'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making polymers now i'll talk more
+about this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this on
+wednesday but in your goody bag you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday but in your goody bag you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday but in your goody bag you've
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+old school fun um and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old school fun um and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old school fun um and we'll talk about
+this in the context of the things we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the context of the things we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the context of the things we're
+going to learn more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn more
+about polymers and polymer engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polymers and polymer engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about polymers and polymer engineering
+see you guys on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LjqUV6vqwkg.txt b/LjqUV6vqwkg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41c39400bdc979d06f2efd32e357ff4283a9bfee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LjqUV6vqwkg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back so in this session we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back so in this session we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back so in this session we're
+going to look at unit step and impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at unit step and impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at unit step and impulse
+responses so in this question we ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so in this question we ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so in this question we ask you
+to find the unit impulse response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the unit impulse response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the unit impulse response to
+these two equation x dot plus 2X F of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equation x dot plus 2X F of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equation x dot plus 2X F of T
+and 2x dot dot + 27x dot oops it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2x dot dot + 27x dot oops it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2x dot dot + 27x dot oops it should
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a
+seven + 7 x dot + 3x = F of T in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven + 7 x dot + 3x = F of T in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven + 7 x dot + 3x = F of T in the
+second part you're asked to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part you're asked to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part you're asked to find the
+unit step response for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step response for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step response for the first
+equation so here the key points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here the key points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here the key points are
+really to remember what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to remember what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to remember what do we mean by
+unit impulse and unit step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse and unit step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse and unit step response
+which initial conditions correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which initial conditions correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which initial conditions correspond to
+these responses and what functions of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these responses and what functions of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these responses and what functions of f
+of T do you choose in each case so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T do you choose in each case so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T do you choose in each case so why
+don't you pause the video and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you pause the video and work
+through this problem and I'll be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back welcome back so let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back so let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back welcome back so let's look at a
+the equation a so the unit impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation a so the unit impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation a so the unit impulse
+response is simply and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is simply and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is simply and I'm going to
+write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this
+down unit impulse response is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down unit impulse response is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down unit impulse response is simply the
+solution to the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem to our differential equation x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to our differential equation x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to our differential equation x
+do plus 2X that we're given with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do plus 2X that we're given with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do plus 2X that we're given with the
+forcing in a Delta function of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing in a Delta function of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing in a Delta function of magnitude
+one with rest initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means in this case that X of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means in this case that X of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means in this case that X of 0
+equals to Z x of 0 minus is equal to Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z x of 0 minus is equal to Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to Z x of 0 minus is equal to Z
+so how do we go about solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we go about solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we go about solving this
+equation so here first of all let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here first of all let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so here first of all let's look
+at what this means this equation could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what this means this equation could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what this means this equation could
+be modeling for example the quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modeling for example the quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be modeling for example the quantity of
+radioactive chemical in a tank and delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive chemical in a tank and delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive chemical in a tank and delta
+T here means that we're we are giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here means that we're we are giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T here means that we're we are giving a
+high disturbance on a very short time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high disturbance on a very short time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high disturbance on a very short time on
+this system so for example dumping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system so for example dumping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system so for example dumping a
+huge amount of chemical in that tank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of chemical in that tank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount of chemical in that tank and
+then just letting the system evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just letting the system evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then just letting the system evolve
+after dumping all that chemical in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dumping all that chemical in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after dumping all that chemical in the
+tank so really what we could see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank so really what we could see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank so really what we could see is that
+the Delta could be identified to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta could be identified to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta could be identified to to the
+x dot which is the highest derivative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot which is the highest derivative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot which is the highest derivative in
+the system and that would then mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and that would then mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and that would then mean that
+we have a jump in the second highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a jump in the second highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a jump in the second highest
+derivative which would be an X so delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which would be an X so delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which would be an X so delta
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump in
+X and what do I mean by that is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what do I mean by that is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what do I mean by that is that we
+have we we had rest initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we we had rest initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we we had rest initial conditions
+initially now we have to go into a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially now we have to go into a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially now we have to go into a jump
+where the quantity in the tank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the quantity in the tank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the quantity in the tank was
+raised to one which is basically uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to one which is basically uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to one which is basically uh the
+magnitude on the right hand side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude on the right hand side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude on the right hand side and the
+fact that we have no coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have no coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we have no coefficients for
+the highest derivative in the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest derivative in the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest derivative in the system so
+basically we can solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can solve this equation
+by solving the equivalent problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x dot + 2x = to 0 which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot + 2x = to 0 which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x dot + 2x = to 0 which is just the
+homogeneous part with our new initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions X of 0 minus equal to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions X of 0 minus equal to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions X of 0 minus equal to 1 and
+so here clearly from before we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here clearly from before we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here clearly from before we saw that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+solution would be a decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would be a decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution would be a decaying exponential
+we would have Conant integration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have Conant integration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have Conant integration here
+which would be just one given our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be just one given our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be just one given our new
+initial condition so this would be valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition so this would be valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition so this would be valid
+for t l than zero and given that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for t l than zero and given that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for t l than zero and given that we
+started from rest initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from rest initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from rest initial conditions
+prior to the disturbance introduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to the disturbance introduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to the disturbance introduced by
+the Delta we could also write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta we could also write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta we could also write
+this with a U of T step function if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a U of T step function if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with a U of T step function if we
+were to consider T in R so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to consider T in R so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to consider T in R so if you want
+to look at how would the solution would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at how would the solution would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at how would the solution would
+look like we would have basically rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we would have basically rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like we would have basically rest
+initial conditions and then a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions and then a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions and then a jump
+introduced by our forcing and after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by our forcing and after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced by our forcing and after that
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+decaying exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential
+and a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a jump
+here to New initial condition of one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to New initial condition of one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to New initial condition of one so
+let's move to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move to the second
+problem now we're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now we're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now we're dealing with the
+second order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order differential
+equation 2 x do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 2 x do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 2 x do
+dot 7 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot 7 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot 7 x
+dot +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot +
+3x = F of T and we are asked again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x = F of T and we are asked again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x = F of T and we are asked again to
+seek the unit and pulse response to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek the unit and pulse response to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seek the unit and pulse response to this
+problem so the unit impulse response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the unit impulse response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the unit impulse response is
+simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution of 2 x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of 2 x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of 2 x dot
+dot + 7 x dot + 3x equals again the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 7 x dot + 3x equals again the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot + 7 x dot + 3x equals again the unit
+impulse means that we're just kicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse means that we're just kicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse means that we're just kicking
+the system with an Impulse or Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system with an Impulse or Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system with an Impulse or Delta
+function and we're starting from rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're starting from rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we're starting from rest
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+conditions so here let's just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so here let's just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so here let's just look at
+what could this be modeling so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could this be modeling so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could this be modeling so this
+could be just basically Newton Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just basically Newton Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be just basically Newton Second
+Law with an acceleration and forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law with an acceleration and forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law with an acceleration and forces
+applied to the system for example it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the system for example it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the system for example it
+could be a mass with uh hanged on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a mass with uh hanged on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a mass with uh hanged on a
+spring with certain damping due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring with certain damping due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring with certain damping due to this
+term and this Delta here would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this Delta here would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this Delta here would have
+basically the units corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the units corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the units corresponding to a
+force that would be felt by the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that would be felt by the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that would be felt by the highest
+order term in the integral which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term in the integral which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order term in the integral which could
+correspond to the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the acceleration
+multiplied for example by a mass of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied for example by a mass of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied for example by a mass of of
+two so really the Delta introduces can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so really the Delta introduces can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so really the Delta introduces can
+be identified to the highest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identified to the highest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be identified to the highest order
+derivative which means that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which means that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative which means that we would
+have a discontinuity from 0 to one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discontinuity from 0 to one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discontinuity from 0 to one on
+the derivative one degree lower so in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative one degree lower so in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative one degree lower so in x
+dot and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discontinuity on the second highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity on the second highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity on the second highest
+derivative and what I mean by that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and what I mean by that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and what I mean by that is
+that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jump from our original initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from our original initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump from our original initial
+conditions of X do 0 minus equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of X do 0 minus equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of X do 0 minus equal to
+0 to new initial conditions X do of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to new initial conditions X do of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to new initial conditions X do of 0
+minus = 1 12 where did this 1/2 come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus = 1 12 where did this 1/2 come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus = 1 12 where did this 1/2 come
+from it came from the fact that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from the fact that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from the fact that I have a
+factor of two in front of the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two in front of the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two in front of the highest
+order derivative so if I'm identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivative so if I'm identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order derivative so if I'm identifying
+this with Delta then integration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with Delta then integration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with Delta then integration of this
+term would give me x dot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term would give me x dot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term would give me x dot that
+corresponds to the jump from0 to 1/ two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the jump from0 to 1/ two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the jump from0 to 1/ two
+SO2 so that's it come from and each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO2 so that's it come from and each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO2 so that's it come from and each time
+that you would have a coefficient front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have a coefficient front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have a coefficient front
+of your highest order derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your highest order derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your highest order derivative
+associated with the Delta on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Delta on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the Delta on the right
+you would have a jump of one over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have a jump of one over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have a jump of one over that
+coefficient okay so from this point what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient okay so from this point what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient okay so from this point what
+are we solving what do we need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we solving what do we need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we solving what do we need to solve
+to get the unit impulse response it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the unit impulse response it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the unit impulse response it's
+equivalent to solving our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system where we can then get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta with our new initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions do equals 1/2 and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions do equals 1/2 and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions do equals 1/2 and of course
+here I didn't mention but the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I didn't mention but the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I didn't mention but the initial
+condition on x0 minus one because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on x0 minus one because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on x0 minus one because we
+need two initial conditions for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two initial conditions for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two initial conditions for this
+second order derivative would still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order derivative would still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order derivative would still be
+zero as the discontinuity would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as the discontinuity would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as the discontinuity would not be
+felt by the the function X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt by the the function X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt by the the function X
+itself so we can go ahead and solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so we can go ahead and solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so we can go ahead and solve this
+problem so we we use the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we we use the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we we use the characteristic
+polinomial as we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this characteristic polinomial would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characteristic polinomial would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this characteristic polinomial would
+have a discriminant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discriminant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discriminant of
+25 which give us simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 which give us simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 which give us simple
+roots that we can compute so it be Min -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots that we can compute so it be Min -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roots that we can compute so it be Min -
+7 plus or minus the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 plus or minus the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 plus or minus the square root of the
+discriminant over over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four so we have two Roots - 7 - 5 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we have two Roots - 7 - 5 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so we have two Roots - 7 - 5 over 4
+-2 over 4 which is -3 - 7 + 5 over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 over 4 which is -3 - 7 + 5 over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 over 4 which is -3 - 7 + 5 over 4
+which just gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just gives us
+-2 so we can write down the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 so we can write down the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 so we can write down the solution to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem as C1 exponential the root that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as C1 exponential the root that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem as C1 exponential the root that
+we just found minus 3T plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just found minus 3T plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just found minus 3T plus C2
+exponential the other root minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential the other root minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential the other root minus
+12 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of
+T now to get C1 C2 we need to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now to get C1 C2 we need to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now to get C1 C2 we need to take into
+account the initial conditions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the initial conditions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the initial conditions so the
+first one tells tell us that X at 0 is z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one tells tell us that X at 0 is z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one tells tell us that X at 0 is z
+so that will give us C1 + C2 = to 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will give us C1 + C2 = to 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will give us C1 + C2 = to 0 so
+basically C2 = minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically C2 = minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically C2 = minus
+C1 and the second initial condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and the second initial condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and the second initial condition
+tells us that the derivative is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the derivative is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the derivative is zero so
+that giv us minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giv us minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that giv us minus 3
+C1 minus 12 C2 equals to zero here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 minus 12 C2 equals to zero here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 minus 12 C2 equals to zero here we
+have that C2 is equal to minus C1 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that C2 is equal to minus C1 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that C2 is equal to minus C1 so we
+can just factor out everything and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just factor out everything and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just factor out everything and we
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+3 minus 12 oops sorry here it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 minus 12 oops sorry here it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 minus 12 oops sorry here it should be
+1/2 our new modified initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition equals
+to2 and here we would have fifth half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 and here we would have fifth half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 and here we would have fifth half
+equal to 1/2 so C2 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1/ equals minus C1 and so plugging in C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ equals minus C1 and so plugging in C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ equals minus C1 and so plugging in C1
+and C2 in this formula would give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 in this formula would give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 in this formula would give us the
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution with C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution with C2
+exponential minus 12 T minus exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 12 T minus exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 12 T minus exponential
+minus 3T and all of this remember we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3T and all of this remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 3T and all of this remember we're
+solving for T larger than zero in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for T larger than zero in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for T larger than zero in our
+modified system with our new initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified system with our new initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified system with our new initial
+conditions so this is for T larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so this is for T larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so this is for T larger than
+zero and again here if we wanted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and again here if we wanted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and again here if we wanted to just
+write it for T and or R then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it for T and or R then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it for T and or R then we would
+could just add the step function U of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just add the step function U of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just add the step function U of T
+that would just signify that we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just signify that we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just signify that we took
+rest initial conditions before x equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest initial conditions before x equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest initial conditions before x equal 0
+minus okay so that ends the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so that ends the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay so that ends the first part
+so now quickly for the second part we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now quickly for the second part we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now quickly for the second part we're
+asked to find the unit step response the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to find the unit step response the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to find the unit step response the
+unit um yeah the unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um yeah the unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit um yeah the unit step
+response to the first system so the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the first system so the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the first system so the unit
+step response is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to our original OD problem x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to our original OD problem x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to our original OD problem x
+dot plus 2X but now F of T is the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus 2X but now F of T is the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot plus 2X but now F of T is the step
+function hence the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hence the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function hence the step
+here with still rest initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with still rest initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with still rest initial
+definitions so really the step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so really the step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so really the step function
+is just zero everywhere before 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero everywhere before 0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero everywhere before 0 minus
+and it takes the value of one after and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes the value of one after and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes the value of one after and
+so basically we can just solve again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can just solve again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we can just solve again for
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive the modified differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the modified differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the modified differential
+equation with you taking just the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with you taking just the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation with you taking just the value
+of one and here we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get similar Roots it would be a minus 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get similar Roots it would be a minus 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get similar Roots it would be a minus 2T
+but then we would have a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we would have a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we would have a constant
+integration to worry about and a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to worry about and a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to worry about and a new
+particular solution a lucky guess would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution a lucky guess would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution a lucky guess would
+just be a constant and that would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a constant and that would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a constant and that would give
+us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a
+1/2 from one over two okay so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 from one over two okay so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 from one over two okay so then we
+would just need to seek the C1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just need to seek the C1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just need to seek the C1 that
+would give us X of T equals to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us X of T equals to zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give us X of T equals to zero at
+zero because in this case we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because in this case we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because in this case we don't need
+to modify the initial conditions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the initial conditions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to modify the initial conditions they
+still remain the same rest initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remain the same rest initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remain the same rest initial
+conditions and so we would get here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so we would get here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and so we would get here just
+C1 equal minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh equals minus one2 sorry and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals minus one2 sorry and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals minus one2 sorry and so we
+would have 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 1 minus
+exponential minus 2T so just here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 2T so just here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus 2T so just here
+something I forgot to mention what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I forgot to mention what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I forgot to mention what could
+this be modeling so this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be modeling so this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be modeling so this could be
+modeling if I go back to my analogy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling if I go back to my analogy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling if I go back to my analogy of
+the the radioactive chemical in the tank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radioactive chemical in the tank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radioactive chemical in the tank
+this would be telling me that after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be telling me that after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be telling me that after a
+certain time I start inputting at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time I start inputting at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time I start inputting at a
+steady rate at a constant rate of UFT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady rate at a constant rate of UFT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady rate at a constant rate of UFT of
+one per unit of time the amount in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per unit of time the amount in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one per unit of time the amount in the
+tank and then looking at how the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and then looking at how the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tank and then looking at how the system
+evolves to that so there's no abrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves to that so there's no abrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves to that so there's no abrupt
+change that introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that introduces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that introduces a
+discontinuity uh so just to conclude I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity uh so just to conclude I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity uh so just to conclude I
+just want to sketch this solution just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sketch this solution just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to sketch this solution just
+so that you see the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you see the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you see the difference between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+two and here what we have uh again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and here what we have uh again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and here what we have uh again I
+could have introduced my UFT here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have introduced my UFT here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have introduced my UFT here if I
+want T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want T in
+R so here we have again A solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so here we have again A solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so here we have again A solution that
+is zero before it's there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero before it's there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero before it's there's no
+discontinuity it's still zero at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity it's still zero at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity it's still zero at zero
+minus and then we have basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then we have basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then we have basically a
+solution that is growing until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is growing until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that is growing until it
+reaches an ASM toote of 1/2 when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches an ASM toote of 1/2 when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches an ASM toote of 1/2 when this
+exponential goes to zero and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential goes to zero and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential goes to zero and so you can
+see that it's a smooth transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's a smooth transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's a smooth transition
+because I just started inputting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just started inputting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just started inputting the
+amount of the chemical in the tank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the chemical in the tank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the chemical in the tank and
+non in a non abrupt way so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non in a non abrupt way so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non in a non abrupt way so this
+concludes this session and the key here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes this session and the key here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes this session and the key here
+was to really remember what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to really remember what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to really remember what do we mean
+by initial by the unit step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by initial by the unit step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by initial by the unit step response
+what type of f of T are we talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of f of T are we talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of f of T are we talking about
+what initial conditions do we need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what initial conditions do we need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what initial conditions do we need and
+same thing for the unit false response
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MPRKc4UPoJk.txt b/MPRKc4UPoJk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0103d2806c5faf6c60dc247c571f745e86606028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MPRKc4UPoJk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditional probabilities our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities our
+probabilities associated with a revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with a revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities associated with a revised
+model that takes into account some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that takes into account some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that takes into account some
+additional information about the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about the outcome
+of a probabilistic experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a probabilistic experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a probabilistic experiment the
+question is how to carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how to carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how to carry out this
+revision of our model we will give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of our model we will give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of our model we will give a
+mathematical definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical definition of conditional
+probabilities but first let us motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but first let us motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities but first let us motivate
+this definition by examining a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition by examining a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition by examining a simple
+concrete example consider a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example consider a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example consider a probability
+model with twelve equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with twelve equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with twelve equally likely
+possible outcomes and so each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes and so each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes and so each one of
+them has probability equal to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has probability equal to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has probability equal to one over
+twelve we will focus on two particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve we will focus on two particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve we will focus on two particular
+events event a and B two subsets of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events event a and B two subsets of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events event a and B two subsets of the
+sample space event a has five elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space event a has five elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space event a has five elements
+so its probability is five over twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its probability is five over twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so its probability is five over twelve
+and event B has six elements so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and event B has six elements so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and event B has six elements so it has
+probability six over twelve suppose now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability six over twelve suppose now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability six over twelve suppose now
+that someone tells you that event B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone tells you that event B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone tells you that event B has
+occurred but tells you nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred but tells you nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred but tells you nothing more
+about the outcome how should the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the outcome how should the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the outcome how should the model
+change first those outcomes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change first those outcomes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change first those outcomes that are
+outside event B are no longer possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside event B are no longer possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside event B are no longer possible
+so we can either eliminate them as was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can either eliminate them as was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can either eliminate them as was
+done in this picture or we might keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this picture or we might keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in this picture or we might keep
+them in the picture but assign them zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the picture but assign them zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the picture but assign them zero
+probability so that they cannot occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that they cannot occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that they cannot occur
+how about the outcomes inside the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the outcomes inside the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the outcomes inside the event
+B so we are told that one of these has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we are told that one of these has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we are told that one of these has
+occurred now these six outcomes inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred now these six outcomes inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred now these six outcomes inside
+the event B were equally likely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event B were equally likely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event B were equally likely in the
+original model and there is no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model and there is no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model and there is no reason to
+change the relative probabilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the relative probabilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the relative probabilities so
+they should remain equally likely in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should remain equally likely in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should remain equally likely in the
+revised model as well so each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised model as well so each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised model as well so each one of
+them should have now probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them should have now probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them should have now probability one
+over six since there are six of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six since there are six of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six since there are six of them and
+this is a revised model the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a revised model the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a revised model the conditional
+probability law zero probability two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law zero probability two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law zero probability two
+outcomes outside B and probability one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes outside B and probability one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes outside B and probability one
+over six tweaks to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six tweaks to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over six tweaks to our
+the outcomes that is inside the event B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes that is inside the event B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes that is inside the event B
+let us right now this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us right now this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us right now this down
+mathematically we will use this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically we will use this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically we will use this notation
+to describe the conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the conditional probability
+of an event a given that some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an event a given that some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an event a given that some other
+event B is known to have occurred we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B is known to have occurred we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event B is known to have occurred we
+read this expression as probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this expression as probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this expression as probability of a
+given B so what are these conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B so what are these conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B so what are these conditional
+probabilities in our example so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in our example so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in our example so in the
+new model where these outcomes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new model where these outcomes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new model where these outcomes are
+equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely
+we note that event a can occur in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we note that event a can occur in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we note that event a can occur in two
+different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways
+each one of them has probability 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them has probability 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them has probability 1 over
+6 so the probability of event a is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 so the probability of event a is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 so the probability of event a is 2
+over 6 which is the same as 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 which is the same as 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 which is the same as 1/3
+how about event B well B consists of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about event B well B consists of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about event B well B consists of six
+possible outcomes each with her ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes each with her ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes each with her ability
+1 over 6 so event B in this revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 6 so event B in this revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 6 so event B in this revised
+model should have probability equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model should have probability equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model should have probability equal to 1
+of course this is just saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is just saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is just saying the
+obvious given that we already know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious given that we already know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious given that we already know that
+B has occurred the probability that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has occurred the probability that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has occurred the probability that B
+occurs in this new model should be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in this new model should be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in this new model should be equal
+to 1 how about now if the sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 how about now if the sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 how about now if the sample space
+does not consist of equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not consist of equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not consist of equally likely
+outcomes but instead we are given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but instead we are given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes but instead we are given the
+probabilities of different pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of different pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of different pieces of the
+sample space as in this example notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space as in this example notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space as in this example notice
+here that the probabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the probabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that the probabilities are
+consistent with what was used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what was used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with what was used in the
+original example so this part of a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example so this part of a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example so this part of a that
+lies outside B has probability 3 over 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies outside B has probability 3 over 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies outside B has probability 3 over 12
+but in this case I'm not telling you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case I'm not telling you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case I'm not telling you how
+that probability is made up I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is made up I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability is made up I'm not
+telling you that it consists of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that it consists of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that it consists of three
+equally likely outcomes all I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely outcomes all I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely outcomes all I'm telling
+you that the collective probability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the collective probability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the collective probability in
+this region is 3 over 12 the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region is 3 over 12 the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region is 3 over 12 the total
+probability of a is again 5 over 12 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a is again 5 over 12 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a is again 5 over 12 as
+before the total probability of B is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the total probability of B is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the total probability of B is 2
+plus 4 equals 612 exactly as before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 equals 612 exactly as before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 equals 612 exactly as before so
+it's a sort of similar situation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of similar situation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of similar situation as
+before how should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before how should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before how should we
+eyes are probabilities and create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are probabilities and create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes are probabilities and create
+construct conditional probabilities once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct conditional probabilities once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct conditional probabilities once
+we are told that event B has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that event B has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are told that event B has occurred
+first this relation should remain true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this relation should remain true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first this relation should remain true
+once we are told that B has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we are told that B has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we are told that B has occurred
+then B is certain to occur so it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B is certain to occur so it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B is certain to occur so it should
+have conditional probability equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditional probability equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditional probability equal to
+one how about the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how about the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one how about the conditional
+probability of a given that B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given that B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a given that B has
+occurred well we can reason as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred well we can reason as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred well we can reason as follows
+in the original model and if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original model and if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the original model and if we just
+look inside event B those outcomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside event B those outcomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look inside event B those outcomes that
+make event a to happen had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make event a to happen had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make event a to happen had the
+collective probability which was 1/3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective probability which was 1/3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective probability which was 1/3 of
+the total probability assigned to B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability assigned to B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability assigned to B so
+out of the overall probability assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the overall probability assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the overall probability assigned
+to B one third of that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B one third of that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B one third of that probability
+corresponds to outcomes in which event a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to outcomes in which event a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to outcomes in which event a
+is happening so therefore if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening so therefore if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening so therefore if I tell you
+that B has occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B has occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B has occurred
+I should assign probability equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should assign probability equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should assign probability equal to one
+third that event a is also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third that event a is also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third that event a is also going to
+happen so that even that B happened the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so that even that B happened the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so that even that B happened the
+conditional probability of a given B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a given B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of a given B
+should be equal to one third by now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to one third by now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to one third by now we
+should be satisfied that this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be satisfied that this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be satisfied that this approach
+is a reasonable way of constructing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reasonable way of constructing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reasonable way of constructing
+conditional probabilities but now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities but now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities but now let us
+translate our reasoning into a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate our reasoning into a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate our reasoning into a formula
+so we wish to come up with the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we wish to come up with the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we wish to come up with the formula
+that gives us the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the conditional
+probability of an event given another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an event given another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of an event given another
+event the particular formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event the particular formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event the particular formula that
+captures our way of thinking has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our way of thinking has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our way of thinking has
+motivated before is the following out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated before is the following out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated before is the following out of
+the total probability assigned to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability assigned to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total probability assigned to B
+which is this we ask the question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this we ask the question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this we ask the question which
+fraction of that probability is assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of that probability is assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of that probability is assigned
+to outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to outcomes
+under which event a also happens so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which event a also happens so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which event a also happens so we
+are living inside event B but within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are living inside event B but within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are living inside event B but within
+that event we look at those outcomes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event we look at those outcomes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event we look at those outcomes for
+which event a also happens so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which event a also happens so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which event a also happens so this is
+the intersection of a and B and we asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of a and B and we asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of a and B and we asked
+out of the total probability of B what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the total probability of B what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the total probability of B what
+fraction of that probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of that probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of that probability is
+allocated to that intersection of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to that intersection of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated to that intersection of a with
+B so this formula this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this formula this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so this formula this definition
+captures our intuition of what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our intuition of what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our intuition of what we did
+before to construct conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to construct conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to construct conditional
+probabilities in our particular example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in our particular example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities in our particular example
+let us check that the definition in dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us check that the definition in dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us check that the definition in dye
+indeed does what it's supposed to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed does what it's supposed to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed does what it's supposed to do in
+this example the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example the probability of the
+intersection was 2 over 12 and the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection was 2 over 12 and the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection was 2 over 12 and the total
+probability of B was 6 over 12 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B was 6 over 12 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B was 6 over 12 which
+gives us 1/3 which is the answer that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us 1/3 which is the answer that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us 1/3 which is the answer that we
+had gotten intuitively a little earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten intuitively a little earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had gotten intuitively a little earlier
+at this point let me also make a comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point let me also make a comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point let me also make a comment
+that this definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this definition of conditional
+probabilities make sense only if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities make sense only if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities make sense only if we do
+not attempt to divide by 0 that is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attempt to divide by 0 that is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attempt to divide by 0 that is only
+if the event B on which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the event B on which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the event B on which were
+conditioning has positive probability if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning has positive probability if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning has positive probability if
+B if an event B has zero probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if an event B has zero probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B if an event B has zero probability
+then conditional probabilities given B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then conditional probabilities given B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then conditional probabilities given B
+will be left undefined and one final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be left undefined and one final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be left undefined and one final
+comment this is a definition it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this is a definition it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment this is a definition it's not a
+theorem what does that mean it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem what does that mean it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem what does that mean it means
+that there is no question whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no question whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no question whether this
+equality is correct or not it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality is correct or not it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality is correct or not it's just a
+definition there's no issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition there's no issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition there's no issue of
+correctness the earlier argument that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness the earlier argument that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctness the earlier argument that we
+gave was just a motivation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave was just a motivation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave was just a motivation of the
+definition we try to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we try to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition we try to figure out what the
+definition should be if we want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition should be if we want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition should be if we want to have
+a certain intuitive and meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain intuitive and meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain intuitive and meaningful
+interpretation of the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of the conditional
+probabilities let us now continue with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us now continue with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us now continue with a
+simple example
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MlBL7hSUeWE.txt b/MlBL7hSUeWE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3409c2cd55ae4d4e91bcf8f98135046244619797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MlBL7hSUeWE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello so with this recording i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello so with this recording i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello so with this recording i'd like to
+introduce a topic of flavor symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a topic of flavor symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a topic of flavor symmetry
+what do we mean by that so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean by that so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we mean by that so when the
+neutron was discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron was discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron was discovered
+it was noted that the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was noted that the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was noted that the mass of the
+neutron is very close to the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is very close to the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is very close to the mass of the
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+and so it seems like those two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it seems like those two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it seems like those two particles
+are somehow related even so the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somehow related even so the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are somehow related even so the electric
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+is different the proton charged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different the proton charged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different the proton charged the
+neutron is neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is neutral
+and you can see here that the masses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here that the masses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see here that the masses are
+really very very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very very close
+about 1 mb or 1 different in mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 mb or 1 different in mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 mb or 1 different in mars
+so heisenberg proposed and that was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heisenberg proposed and that was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heisenberg proposed and that was in
+the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1930s
+to regard them as two states of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regard them as two states of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regard them as two states of the same
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+they were really so different that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really so different that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were really so different that you
+could you know think that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know think that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you know think that they are
+basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same
+just you know a rotation from one into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know a rotation from one into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know a rotation from one into
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+and that's exactly what he did um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what he did um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what he did um
+considering them as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering them as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering them as one
+particle a nucleon nucleon um where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a nucleon nucleon um where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a nucleon nucleon um where the
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+you know is um described as a duplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is um described as a duplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is um described as a duplet
+with you know an up to plate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know an up to plate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know an up to plate and the
+neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron
+has a down loopbed similar to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a down loopbed similar to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a down loopbed similar to you know
+an up quark and a down quark an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an up quark and a down quark an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an up quark and a down quark an electron
+in neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in neutrino
+later on those particles were not known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on those particles were not known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on those particles were not known
+at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+so he introduces a new concept so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he introduces a new concept so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he introduces a new concept so-called
+isospin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin
+or strong isospin where he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or strong isospin where he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or strong isospin where he's doing
+exactly this he labels the proton up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this he labels the proton up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this he labels the proton up
+and he labels the neutron down so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he labels the neutron down so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he labels the neutron down so so far
+we haven't done anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't done anything but
+you know introduced new neighbor labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know introduced new neighbor labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know introduced new neighbor labels
+for new part four for particles new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new part four for particles new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new part four for particles new
+particles of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles of the time
+but now if you assume that the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if you assume that the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now if you assume that the strong
+force is invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is invariant
+under rotations in this isospin space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under rotations in this isospin space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under rotations in this isospin space
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+you know when you flip the neutron into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you flip the neutron into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when you flip the neutron into
+a proton and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proton and vice versa
+those rotations are invariant uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rotations are invariant uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rotations are invariant uh the
+strong forces invariant under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong forces invariant under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong forces invariant under those
+rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations
+um that means or it follows directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that means or it follows directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that means or it follows directly
+that the isospin is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the isospin is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the isospin is conserved
+in all strong interactions so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all strong interactions so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all strong interactions so that is
+what really the conclusion is of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really the conclusion is of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really the conclusion is of this
+introduction of those new labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of those new labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of those new labels
+is that isospin is conserved under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that isospin is conserved under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that isospin is conserved under
+strong interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong interactions
+so this was proposed in the 1930s again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was proposed in the 1930s again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was proposed in the 1930s again
+you know we noticed this symmetry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we noticed this symmetry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we noticed this symmetry in
+nature and from that symmetry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and from that symmetry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature and from that symmetry a
+conservation of um follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of um follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of um follows
+even so and we can conclude uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so and we can conclude uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even so and we can conclude uh
+you know physics um cross-sections or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physics um cross-sections or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know physics um cross-sections or
+ratios of cross-sections from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of cross-sections from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios of cross-sections from it
+without understanding in this case qcd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without understanding in this case qcd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without understanding in this case qcd
+is from interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from interaction
+this is quite very fascinating and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quite very fascinating and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is quite very fascinating and you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+just apply this concept now to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apply this concept now to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just apply this concept now to other
+particles for example the pion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for example the pion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for example the pion
+the pion has an isospin or one and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion has an isospin or one and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pion has an isospin or one and there
+are three pions or three states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three pions or three states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three pions or three states
+the zero state the upstate and the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero state the upstate and the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero state the upstate and the down
+states which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states which is
+pi plus the pi zero and the y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi plus the pi zero and the y minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi plus the pi zero and the y minus
+um in general you can conclude that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general you can conclude that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general you can conclude that the
+multiplicity of your particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of your particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of your particles
+um you know as you see the neutron of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know as you see the neutron of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know as you see the neutron of
+the proton the pipe cluster pi zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton the pipe cluster pi zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton the pipe cluster pi zero and
+minus um the multiplicity is two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um the multiplicity is two times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um the multiplicity is two times
+the isospin plus one isospin equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isospin plus one isospin equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the isospin plus one isospin equal one
+means that the three particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the three particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the three particles
+as part of the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the representation
+so far so good so later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good so later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so good so later
+you know this this concept was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this concept was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this concept was you know
+moved to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved to other
+new particles many new particles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particles many new particles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particles many new particles were
+introduced and produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced and produced
+in the emergent accelerators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emergent accelerators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the emergent accelerators and
+experiments on the market and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on the market and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on the market and people
+tried to classify them in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to classify them in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to classify them in those
+um by their by their isospin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by their by their isospin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by their by their isospin
+gelman and nishiyama empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelman and nishiyama empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelman and nishiyama empirically
+observed that there is a relation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that there is a relation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that there is a relation with
+schwarz this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schwarz this equation here
+which is that the charge if you assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the charge if you assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the charge if you assign
+the maximum value i3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value i3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value i3
+the third component of your isospin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third component of your isospin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third component of your isospin to
+the member of the multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the member of the multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the member of the multiplet
+is the highest charged in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest charged in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the highest charged in the previous
+example was either the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was either the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was either the proton
+or the pi plus then the charge of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the pi plus then the charge of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the pi plus then the charge of this
+particle follows from the isospin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle follows from the isospin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle follows from the isospin
+the barrier number and the strangeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier number and the strangeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the barrier number and the strangeness
+we looked at barrio number and strangers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at barrio number and strangers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at barrio number and strangers
+before with as a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with as a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with as a reminder
+strangeness is the number of strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness is the number of strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangeness is the number of strange
+quarks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks in
+in the barrier of the mason and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the barrier of the mason and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the barrier of the mason and the
+buyer number is simply the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer number is simply the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer number is simply the number of
+variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants
+so if you just look at this as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just look at this as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you just look at this as for
+example for this pion case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this pion case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this pion case
+we had the isospin equal one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the isospin equal one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the isospin equal one
+bio number equals zeros changes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio number equals zeros changes zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bio number equals zeros changes zero
+which follows that the maximum charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follows that the maximum charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follows that the maximum charge
+involved is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved is one
+which is the charge of the positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the charge of the positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the charge of the positively
+charged power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged power
+so fast because this was impurity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast because this was impurity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast because this was impurity
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+but once you then later discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you then later discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you then later discover
+and develop a chord model this is set in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop a chord model this is set in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and develop a chord model this is set in
+the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s
+um you can reduce this equation directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can reduce this equation directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can reduce this equation directly
+from the assignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the assignment of
+isospin to quarks which is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin to quarks which is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isospin to quarks which is rather
+fascinating again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating again
+you don't understand the physics fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand the physics fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand the physics fully
+but just from the symmetry you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just from the symmetry you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just from the symmetry you can and
+empirically you can deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically you can deduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically you can deduce
+information about physical systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about physical systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about physical systems
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+if you try to now extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to now extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try to now extend
+this idea of either spin to a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of either spin to a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of either spin to a complete
+to the complete crop model you find we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the complete crop model you find we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the complete crop model you find we
+find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that
+the symmetry starts to be broken it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry starts to be broken it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the symmetry starts to be broken it
+already starts to be broken slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already starts to be broken slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already starts to be broken slightly
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you
+include strangeness or strange quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include strangeness or strange quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include strangeness or strange quarks
+but it's badly broken when you include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's badly broken when you include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's badly broken when you include
+charm bottom on top and the reason can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm bottom on top and the reason can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm bottom on top and the reason can
+be seen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the up quark and the down quark both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up quark and the down quark both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up quark and the down quark both of
+the particles making up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles making up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles making up
+ions and the neutron and the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and the neutron and the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and the neutron and the proton
+and even if you include strain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you include strain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you include strain the
+difference in mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in mass
+is not very large so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very large so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not very large so you know the
+symmetry the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry the particles
+you know really look like they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really look like they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really look like they're the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+particle in a different state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a different state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a different state of the
+same particle well when you introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same particle well when you introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same particle well when you introduce
+other quarks heavier clocks charm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quarks heavier clocks charm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quarks heavier clocks charm on
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+you find that the mass differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the mass differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the mass differences are
+so large that the symmetries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so large that the symmetries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so large that the symmetries are
+programmed so this concept starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed so this concept starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed so this concept starts
+failing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing
+because of the large mass differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the large mass differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the large mass differences
+because the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the symmetry
+is broken all right so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is broken all right so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is broken all right so from here
+we now go to discrete symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now go to discrete symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now go to discrete symmetries
+and again from the obser observation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again from the obser observation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again from the obser observation of
+those symmetries you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symmetries you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those symmetries you can reduce
+physics without fully understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+underlyings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlyings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlyings
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N74V4CBO0sk.txt b/N74V4CBO0sk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bf0242d2e4f59c0ec65c55a047c0a5d351e2ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N74V4CBO0sk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2197 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today I'd
+like to tackle a problem on pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tackle a problem on pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to tackle a problem on pseudo
+inverses so given a matrix a which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses so given a matrix a which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses so given a matrix a which is
+not Square so it's just one and two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Square so it's just one and two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Square so it's just one and two uh
+first what is its pseudo inverse so A+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is its pseudo inverse so A+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what is its pseudo inverse so A+
+uh I'm using to denote the pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm using to denote the pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm using to denote the pseudo
+inverse then secondly compute A+ a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse then secondly compute A+ a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse then secondly compute A+ a and a
+A+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+
+and then thirdly if x is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then thirdly if x is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then thirdly if x is in the null
+space of a what is a plus a acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a what is a plus a acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a what is a plus a acting on
+X and uh lastly if x is in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh lastly if x is in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and uh lastly if x is in the column
+space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+transpose what is a plus a x so I'll let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what is a plus a x so I'll let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose what is a plus a x so I'll let
+you think about this problem for a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this problem for a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this problem for a bit
+and I'll be back in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back okay so let's
+take a look at this problem uh now first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this problem uh now first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at this problem uh now first
+off what is a pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what is a pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off what is a pseudo
+inverse well we Define the pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well we Define the pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well we Define the pseudo
+inverse using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse using the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SVD so in actuality this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new now we note that because a is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new now we note that because a is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new now we note that because a is not
+Square uh the regular inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh the regular inverse of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square uh the regular inverse of a
+doesn't NE necessarily exist however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't NE necessarily exist however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't NE necessarily exist however we
+do know that the SVD exists for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that the SVD exists for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know that the SVD exists for every
+Matrix a whether it's rectangular or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a whether it's rectangular or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a whether it's rectangular or not
+or sorry whether it's square or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry whether it's square or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry whether it's square or not so
+how do we compute the SVD of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we compute the SVD of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we compute the SVD of a matrix
+well let's just recall that the SVD of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just recall that the SVD of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just recall that the SVD of a
+matrix has the form of U Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has the form of U Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix has the form of U Sigma
+V uh transpose where u and v are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh transpose where u and v are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh transpose where u and v are
+orthogonal matrices and sigma is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices and sigma is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal matrices and sigma is uh a
+matrix with uh positive values along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with uh positive values along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with uh positive values along the
+diagonal or zeros along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal or zeros along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal or zeros along the
+diagonal and uh let let's just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and uh let let's just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and uh let let's just take a
+look at the dimensions of these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the dimensions of these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the dimensions of these matrices
+for a second so we know that a is a 1x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second so we know that a is a 1x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second so we know that a is a 1x
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+Matrix and uh the way to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and uh the way to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and uh the way to figure out what
+the dimensions of these matrices are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions of these matrices are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions of these matrices are uh
+I usually always start with the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually always start with the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually always start with the center
+Matrix Sigma and sigma is always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Sigma and sigma is always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix Sigma and sigma is always going
+to have the same dimensions as a so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same dimensions as a so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same dimensions as a so it's
+going to be a 1x two Matrix u and v are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a 1x two Matrix u and v are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a 1x two Matrix u and v are
+always Square matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Square matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always Square matrices
+so to make this multiplication work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make this multiplication work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to make this multiplication work out
+we need V to have two and because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need V to have two and because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need V to have two and because it's
+square has to be 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square has to be 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square has to be 2 by
+two and likewise U has to be 1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and likewise U has to be 1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and likewise U has to be 1 by
+one so we now have the dimensions of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we now have the dimensions of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we now have the dimensions of uh
+U Sigma and V and note because Sigma or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Sigma and V and note because Sigma or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U Sigma and V and note because Sigma or
+because U is a 1ex one Matrix the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U is a 1ex one Matrix the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U is a 1ex one Matrix the only
+orthogonal 1ex one Matrix is just one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal 1ex one Matrix is just one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal 1ex one Matrix is just one so
+U we already know is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we already know is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we already know is just going to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Matrix the identity matx Matrix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the identity matx Matrix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix the identity matx Matrix which is
+a 1ex one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1ex one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1ex one
+Matrix okay now how do we compute V and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay now how do we compute V and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay now how do we compute V and
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we can take a transpose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can take a transpose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can take a transpose in
+a and if we do that we end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if we do that we end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if we do that we end up getting
+the Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix
+V uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma uh transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma uh V
+transpose and this Matrix is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and this Matrix is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and this Matrix is going to be
+a square Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square Matrix
+where the diagonal elements are squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the diagonal elements are squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the diagonal elements are squares
+of the singular values so Computing V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the singular values so Computing V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the singular values so Computing V
+and uh the values uh along Sigma just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the values uh along Sigma just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the values uh along Sigma just
+boil down to diagonalizing a transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to diagonalizing a transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boil down to diagonalizing a transpose
+a uh so what is a transpose a well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh so what is a transpose a well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh so what is a transpose a well in
+our case it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our case it's 1
+two time 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two which gives us 1 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which gives us 1 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which gives us 1 2 2
+4 and note that that uh the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and note that that uh the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and note that that uh the second row
+is just a constant multiple uh times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a constant multiple uh times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a constant multiple uh times the
+first row now what this means is uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row now what this means is uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row now what this means is uh we
+have a zero aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a zero aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a zero aen
+value so we already know that Lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so we already know that Lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so we already know that Lambda 1
+is going to be zero so one of the aen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero so one of the aen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be zero so one of the aen
+values of this Matrix is zero and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this Matrix is zero and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of this Matrix is zero and of
+course when we square root it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when we square root it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course when we square root it this is
+going to give us a singular value Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us a singular value Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us a singular value Sigma
+which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also
+zero and this this is generally a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this this is generally a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this this is generally a case
+uh when we have um a sigma which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we have um a sigma which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when we have um a sigma which is not
+Square we typically always have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square we typically always have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square we typically always have zero
+singular values now to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values now to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular values now to compute the
+second aan value well we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second aan value well we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second aan value well we already know
+how to compute the a values of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute the a values of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to compute the a values of a matrix
+so I'm just going to tell you what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to tell you what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just going to tell you what it is
+the second one is Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is Lambda is
+5 and if we just take a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and if we just take a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and if we just take a quick
+look what the corresponding igen Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what the corresponding igen Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what the corresponding igen Vector
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be to Lambda is 5 it's going to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to Lambda is 5 it's going to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to Lambda is 5 it's going to uh
+satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this
+equation so we can take the a vector U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we can take the a vector U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we can take the a vector U
+to be 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 and
+two however remember that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two however remember that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two however remember that when we
+compute the a vectors for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the a vectors for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the a vectors for this
+orthogonal Matrix V they always have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix V they always have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal Matrix V they always have to
+have a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unit
+length and this Vector right now doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and this Vector right now doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and this Vector right now doesn't
+have a unit length we have to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unit length we have to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a unit length we have to divide by
+the length of this Vector which in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this Vector which in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of this Vector which in our
+case is 1 overun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 1 overun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is 1 overun
+5 and if I go back to the Lambda equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and if I go back to the Lambda equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and if I go back to the Lambda equals
+z case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z case
+uh we also have another I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we also have another I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we also have another I
+Vector which I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector which I'll just
+State you can actually compute it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you can actually compute it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you can actually compute it uh
+quite quickly just by noting that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly just by noting that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly just by noting that it has
+to be orthogonal to this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal to this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be orthogonal to this I
+Vector two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector two and
+one okay so what this means is a has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what this means is a has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what this means is a has a
+singular value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value
+decomposition which looks like one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition which looks like one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition which looks like one so
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+U times Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U times Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U times Sigma
+which is going to beunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to beunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to beunk
+5 0 remember that uh the first Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 0 remember that uh the first Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 0 remember that uh the first Sigma is
+actually the square root of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the square root of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the square root of the a
+value times a matrix which looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times a matrix which looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times a matrix which looks like
+now we have to order the AUG values up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to order the AUG values up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to order the AUG values up
+in the correct order because five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the correct order because five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the correct order because five
+appears in the First Column we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the First Column we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears in the First Column we have to
+take this uh Vector to be in the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh Vector to be in the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this uh Vector to be in the First
+Column as well so this is 1 overun 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column as well so this is 1 overun 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Column as well so this is 1 overun 5
+this is 2 overun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 -2 overun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 -2 overun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 -2 overun
+5 and 1 overun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and 1 overun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 and 1 overun
+5 and now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V but the singular value is V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but the singular value is V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but the singular value is V the
+singular value decomposition is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular value decomposition is defined
+by a v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose okay so this gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so this gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose okay so this gives us a
+representation for a and now once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for a and now once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for a and now once we
+have the SVD of a how do we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the SVD of a how do we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the SVD of a how do we actually
+compute A+ or uh the pseudo inverse of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just
+note if a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note if a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note if a was
+invertible then the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible then the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible then the inverse of
+a in terms of the SVD would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in terms of the SVD would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in terms of the SVD would
+be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be V
+transpose times the inverse of Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh sorry this is not V transpose this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this is not V transpose this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh sorry this is not V transpose this is
+just V so it' be V Sigma inverse U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose and uh when when a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and uh when when a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and uh when when a is
+invertible uh Sigma inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible uh Sigma inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible uh Sigma inverse
+exists so in our case uh Sigma inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so in our case uh Sigma inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so in our case uh Sigma inverse
+doesn't necessarily exist because Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily exist because Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily exist because Sigma
+note this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note this is
+Sigma Sigma is root five and zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Sigma is root five and zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Sigma is root five and zero so we
+have to construct an uh a pseudo inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to construct an uh a pseudo inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to construct an uh a pseudo inverse
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+Sigma so the way that we do that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so the way that we do that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so the way that we do that is we
+take one over each singular value and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one over each singular value and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one over each singular value and we
+take the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma so when a is not invertible we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so when a is not invertible we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so when a is not invertible we can
+still construct a pseudo inverse by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still construct a pseudo inverse by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still construct a pseudo inverse by
+taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking
+V uh Sigma an approximation for Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh Sigma an approximation for Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V uh Sigma an approximation for Sigma
+inverse which in our case is going be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which in our case is going be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which in our case is going be
+one over the singular value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the singular value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the singular value and
+zero so note how uh where Sigma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so note how uh where Sigma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so note how uh where Sigma is
+invertible we take the inverse and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible we take the inverse and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible we take the inverse and then
+we fill in zeros in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill in zeros in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fill in zeros in the other
+areas times U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transposed and we can work this out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed and we can work this out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposed and we can work this out we
+get 1 overun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5 1 - 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 1 overun 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and If I multiply things out I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and If I multiply things out I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and If I multiply things out I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+two okay so this is an approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so this is an approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so this is an approximation for
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+inverse which is the pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which is the pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which is the pseudo
+inverse okay so this finishes up part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so this finishes up part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse okay so this finishes up part
+one and I'll start on part two in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'll start on part two in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'll start on part two in a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now that we've just computed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we've just computed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now that we've just computed a
+plus uh the pseudo inverse of a we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh the pseudo inverse of a we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh the pseudo inverse of a we're
+going to investigate some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to investigate some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to investigate some properties of
+uh the pseudo inverse okay so for part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pseudo inverse okay so for part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the pseudo inverse okay so for part
+two we need to compute a uh time A+ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we need to compute a uh time A+ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we need to compute a uh time A+ and
+A+ time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A+ time
+a okay so we can just go ahead and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so we can just go ahead and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so we can just go ahead and do
+this so a A+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so a A+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so a A+
+you can do uh fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do uh fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do uh fairly
+quickly 15 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly 15 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly 15 one
+two and when we multiply it out we get 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and when we multiply it out we get 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and when we multiply it out we get 1
++ 4 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 4 /
+5 is 1 so we just get uh the 1ex one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is 1 so we just get uh the 1ex one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 is 1 so we just get uh the 1ex one
+Matrix which is one the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is one the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix which is one the identity
+Matrix and uh secondly if we take A+ *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and uh secondly if we take A+ *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and uh secondly if we take A+ *
+a we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we're going to get
+1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1
+2 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * 1
+2 and we can just fill in this Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and we can just fill in this Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and we can just fill in this Matrix is
+1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1
+2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay and uh this concludes part two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh this concludes part two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh this concludes part two so
+now uh let's take a look at uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let's take a look at uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let's take a look at uh what
+happens when a vector X is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a vector X is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a vector X is in the null
+space of a and then secondly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a and then secondly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a and then secondly what
+happens when X is in the column space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when X is in the column space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when X is in the column space of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+transpose so for part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so for part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so for part
+three uh let's assume X is in the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh let's assume X is in the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh let's assume X is in the null
+space of a well what's the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a well what's the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a well what's the null space of
+a we can quickly check that the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can quickly check that the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we can quickly check that the null
+space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is a constant times any Vector uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a constant times any Vector uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is a constant times any Vector uh
+minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2
+one okay so that's the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so that's the null
+space so if x is for example I E if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so if x is for example I E if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so if x is for example I E if we
+take X is equal to -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+21 and we were to say multiply it by A+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a acting on X we see that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a acting on X we see that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a acting on X we see that we get
+zero and this isn't very surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this isn't very surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this isn't very surprising
+because well if x is in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well if x is in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well if x is in the null space
+of a we know that a acting on X is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a we know that a acting on X is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a we know that a acting on X is going
+to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that no matter what Matrix uh A+ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that no matter what Matrix uh A+ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that no matter what Matrix uh A+ is
+when we multiply by zero we'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply by zero we'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply by zero we'll always
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay and then
+lastly uh let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly uh let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly uh let's take a look at the
+column space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transpose well a transposes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well a transposes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well a transposes one
+two so it's any constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's any constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's any constant times the
+vector one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and specifically if we were to take say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically if we were to take say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically if we were to take say
+x is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two we can work out a plus a acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we can work out a plus a acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we can work out a plus a acting on
+the vector one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so we have
+1 1 2 2 1 so recall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 2 2 1 so recall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 2 2 1 so recall this
+is a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus
+a and if we multiply it on the vector 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if we multiply it on the vector 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and if we multiply it on the vector 1
+two we get 1 + 4 is five divid five so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we get 1 + 4 is five divid five so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we get 1 + 4 is five divid five so
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+1 2 + 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 + 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 + 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry I copied the Matrix down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry I copied the Matrix down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh sorry I copied the Matrix down so
+it's 2 plus uh 8 which is 10 divid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 plus uh 8 which is 10 divid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 2 plus uh 8 which is 10 divid
+5 is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we see that at the end we recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that at the end we recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see that at the end we recover
+the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so in general if we take a plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in general if we take a plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in general if we take a plus a
+acting on X where X is in uh the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on X where X is in uh the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on X where X is in uh the column
+space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+transpose we always recover X at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we always recover X at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose we always recover X at the end
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+day so intuitively what is this Matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so intuitively what is this Matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so intuitively what is this Matrix a
+plus a do well if x is in the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a do well if x is in the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a do well if x is in the null space
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+it just uh kills it we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just uh kills it we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just uh kills it we just get
+zero If X is not in the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero If X is not in the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero If X is not in the null space of
+a then we just get X back so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then we just get X back so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then we just get X back so it's
+essentially the identity Matrix acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the identity Matrix acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the identity Matrix acting
+on X whenever X is uh in the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X whenever X is uh in the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on X whenever X is uh in the column
+space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of a
+transpose now specifically if a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose now specifically if a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose now specifically if a is
+invertible then a doesn't have a null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible then a doesn't have a null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible then a doesn't have a null
+space so what that means is when a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so what that means is when a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so what that means is when a is
+invertible a plus a recovers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible a plus a recovers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible a plus a recovers the
+identity because when we multiply it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity because when we multiply it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity because when we multiply it on
+any Vector we get that Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector we get that Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector we get that Vector
+back okay so I'd like to conclude here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so I'd like to conclude here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so I'd like to conclude here
+and uh I'll see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N867pCLaz04.txt b/N867pCLaz04.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27eab37de4a39ed65911b4ce1dd8e2c251d3d953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N867pCLaz04.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+4.614 is a course that
+
+I meant to have it as an
+introduction to Islamic
+
+cultures, and I am using it in a
+plural in here,
+
+through looking at one specific
+kind of architecture which,
+
+of course, would be the most
+related to what we would call
+
+Islamic culture,
+which is the religious
+
+architecture of those cultures.
+And I am using it in the plural
+
+because I do not want to convey
+the image that what we are
+
+looking at is a monolithic
+culture from beginning to end
+
+and it is the same in every
+place that professes Islam as a
+
+religion or that accepts Islam
+as a religion.
+
+So it is really a survey course
+that tries to use architecture,
+
+and a specific kind of
+architecture,
+
+in order to introduce to the
+undergraduate and to the
+
+uninitiated the idea of what
+makes a society or a culture an
+
+Islamic society or an Islamic
+culture through their religious
+
+practices within religious
+spaces and through their tastes
+
+and their favorite forms and
+decorative patterns and so on in
+
+these religious spaces.
+And what is the symbolic
+
+meaning and perhaps actually
+most of the religious meaning of
+
+these spaces and these
+decorative patterns,
+
+these structural solutions.
+Where are the influences coming
+
+from?
+How did this these cultures
+
+interact with each other or with
+cultures that are external to
+
+the Islamic world?
+How did these affect the
+
+development of the Islamic
+architecture of these cultures,
+
+and how, vice versa,
+sometimes they affected the
+
+cultures outside?
+The structure of 4.614 and the
+
+way it has developed over the
+years, although actually from
+
+the beginning I wanted it to be
+that way, there is a history and
+
+the history of architecture
+class.
+
+A typical session would start
+with me setting the tone for the
+
+period that we are in.
+So I would tell them about the
+
+major events of that period,
+who was doing what in terms of
+
+the important people because,
+of course, actually for
+
+pre-modern history we know more
+about the rulers than we know
+
+about the rule.
+So there is an introduction of
+
+which dynasty is ruling,
+where did they come from,
+
+what kind of culture they came
+from, what kind of idea and
+
+ideals they were looking for.
+And then we start introducing
+
+the monuments.
+And the monuments are
+
+introduced in relationship to
+their historic context and also
+
+in relationship to the continuum
+that is Islamic architecture.
+
+That is in every session I try
+to relate what they are looking
+
+at to something that they have
+either looked at before or
+
+something that I assume,
+and sometimes I assume
+
+mistakenly, that they know
+about.
+
+4.614 is actually marked as a
+HASD class here at MIT which is,
+
+in a sense, a core curriculum
+in the humanities that is
+
+available for all the
+undergraduate students to take
+
+as a fulfillment of their
+humanities requirement.
+
+So it comes with a set of rules
+with it about how you expect
+
+students to progress in a class.
+And students are expected to
+
+produce between 20 and 25 pages
+of writing that are divided
+
+among four or five exercises.
+And they are supposed to take
+
+part in discussions related to
+specific topics within the
+
+class.
+And, at the end of the class,
+
+there is an exam.
+These are the three methods of
+
+evaluation.
+And the other aspect that I use
+
+in the evaluation is actually my
+exams are usually designed so
+
+that they are not a reflection
+of how much material the
+
+students have managed to
+memorize but how much ideas they
+
+have managed to internalize.
+The other thing that I try to
+
+do is actually,
+although it is a historic
+
+class, and I do want it to
+remain fully ensconced within
+
+the history of Islamic religion
+and cultures,
+
+I try to bring in current
+affairs into the class where I
+
+bring in parallels by drawing
+the student's attention.
+
+For example,
+now in Iraq,
+
+people are getting used to the
+names of the Iraqi cities.
+
+And we look at a few monuments
+in there, so I immediately make
+
+the contact in there and make
+the connection between what is
+
+happening in those cities today
+the students have heard about
+
+and what happened,
+say, in the 7th or 8th century
+
+in the same city.
+4.614 is a course that is part
+
+of the courses that are
+sponsored and introduced into
+
+the Department of Architecture
+by the Aga Khan Program for
+
+Islamic Architecture.
+Which is a program endowed by
+
+the Aga Khan in 1979 to
+basically promote and support
+
+the teaching and research on
+Islamic architecture within the
+
+Department of Architecture.
+4.614, in particular,
+
+is a rather successful class
+because it is a survey class,
+
+because it introduces a whole
+tradition from beginning to end.
+
+And because,
+as opposed to the usual class
+
+of survey of Islamic
+architecture in departments of
+
+art history, they usually stop
+with the last wave of grand
+
+monuments of Islamic tradition.
+I would say,
+
+for example,
+the 17th century Mughal
+
+architecture of India is where
+they stopped because what
+
+happened after is usually
+considered to be something that
+
+is much more influenced by the
+development in the West,
+
+especially in Europe.
+But I stopped,
+
+actually, with mosques that
+were built two years ago,
+
+three years ago,
+stuff like that.
+
+And I relate them to the first
+mosque that is now 1,500 years
+
+old.
+So I actually create a living
+
+tradition in the mind of the
+student.
+
+And, in a sense,
+this is the mark of the success
+
+of the class.
+One thing that I learned from
+
+having taught this course for
+all these years,
+
+and actually that is reflected
+in the way the course has been
+
+introduced on OCW,
+is less is better.
+
+Initially, of course,
+when I started teaching the
+
+course, I wanted to show as many
+buildings as possible.
+
+I wanted to touch upon as many
+areas as possible.
+
+Ultimately, I realized that if
+I can actually spend half an
+
+hour speaking about a small
+building and trying to show the
+
+students the intricacy of its
+architecture and its decoration
+
+and try to connect its very
+specific context,
+
+like what happened in the year
+of its building and stuff like
+
+that, the students will have a
+much better appreciation of the
+
+architecture than if you showed
+them ten buildings each with
+
+like ten slides and say,
+look, we covered now the
+
+Umayyad periods,
+for example.
+
+The students will come out of
+the class and say we have no
+
+idea what he was talking about.
+I am showing you how it is
+
+better to appreciate looking at
+buildings, understanding
+
+buildings within their context,
+relating them to their history,
+
+seeing them as a product of
+their history,
+
+but I don't want you to
+actually come out of the class
+
+and sort of like say the Umayyad
+period, one, two,
+
+three, four,
+five, six, seven,
+
+eight, nine,
+ten, these are the most famous
+
+buildings.
+This is not a Jeopardy program.
+
+It is actually a learning
+experience.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/O0NRIVUG2d0.txt b/O0NRIVUG2d0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b393d46763e7d26b29a110d4bd7eeb252837157b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/O0NRIVUG2d0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay why don't we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't we get
+started um so just to I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um so just to I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started um so just to I'm going to start
+today by recapping our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today by recapping our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today by recapping our discussion of
+magnetics and Transformers and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics and Transformers and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics and Transformers and we're
+going to expand on it I'll just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand on it I'll just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to expand on it I'll just remind
+you that the sections of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the sections of the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that the sections of the textbook
+principles of Power Electronics second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of Power Electronics second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of Power Electronics second
+edition that this is in is chapters 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition that this is in is chapters 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition that this is in is chapters 18
+and then some of the material I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of the material I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of the material I'm going
+to talk today about today is in chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk today about today is in chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk today about today is in chapters
+19 through 19.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 through 19.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 through 19.4
+point1 okay so that's one thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 okay so that's one thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point1 okay so that's one thing the
+other thing I'd like to remind you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I'd like to remind you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing I'd like to remind you is
+now we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have
+assessments which are effectively short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments which are effectively short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments which are effectively short
+little mini quizzes um just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini quizzes um just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mini quizzes um just to remind
+you of the guidelines you're not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the guidelines you're not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of the guidelines you're not allowed
+to discuss them with anybody else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss them with anybody else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss them with anybody else and
+the only assistance that the core staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only assistance that the core staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only assistance that the core staff
+can give you is really to answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you is really to answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you is really to answer the
+same kinds of questions that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of questions that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kinds of questions that we would
+answer in an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in an exam
+okay and for the most part feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for the most part feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for the most part feel free to
+direct your any questions you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct your any questions you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct your any questions you know
+clarifications just to me directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifications just to me directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifications just to me directly
+preferably by email instead of Piaza but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably by email instead of Piaza but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferably by email instead of Piaza but
+I'll try to respond to both um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to respond to both um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to respond to both um but
+that's just to clarify that so unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just to clarify that so unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just to clarify that so unlike
+homeworks where you guys are welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks where you guys are welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks where you guys are welcome to
+collaborate ask the Tas or teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate ask the Tas or teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate ask the Tas or teaching
+staff anything you want um please just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff anything you want um please just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff anything you want um please just
+uh direct D mainly direct those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct D mainly direct those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct D mainly direct those
+questions to me although the other staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to me although the other staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to me although the other staff
+can answer as well okay so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer as well okay so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can answer as well okay so first of all
+any questions before we get going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it'll be it'll come up on canvas or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it'll be it'll come up on canvas or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it'll be it'll come up on canvas or
+grade scope I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess okay so and by the way these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay so and by the way these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay so and by the way these are
+not designed like if you're spending 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not designed like if you're spending 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not designed like if you're spending 12
+hours solving this problem you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours solving this problem you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours solving this problem you you know
+it's not intended to be that way they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not intended to be that way they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not intended to be that way they're
+supposed to be short relatively short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be short relatively short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be short relatively short
+kinds of things to to check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things to to check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things to to check your
+understanding on the topic and usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding on the topic and usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding on the topic and usually
+the assessment number is kind of aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assessment number is kind of aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assessment number is kind of aligned
+with the material of the homework number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material of the homework number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the material of the homework number
+so assessment one covers sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assessment one covers sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assessment one covers sort of the
+material in homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in homework
+one okay so let's uh continue talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so let's uh continue talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so let's uh continue talking
+about Transformers or multi-winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Transformers or multi-winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Transformers or multi-winding
+magnetic components we said last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic components we said last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic components we said last time
+that if I took you know some core with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I took you know some core with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I took you know some core with a
+permeability and a core cross-section a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability and a core cross-section a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability and a core cross-section a
+length of core and I put two windings on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of core and I put two windings on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of core and I put two windings on
+it one with N1 turns and N1 with n two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one with N1 turns and N1 with n two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one with N1 turns and N1 with n two
+turns okay I would mainly get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns okay I would mainly get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns okay I would mainly get if
+especially if this is a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if this is a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if this is a very high
+permeability core I would get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability core I would get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability core I would get kind of
+flux and flux density traveling around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and flux density traveling around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and flux density traveling around
+inside the core um but I might also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the core um but I might also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the core um but I might also have
+some flux that links winding one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flux that links winding one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flux that links winding one but
+doesn't make it over to winding two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it over to winding two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make it over to winding two and
+links winding two but doesn't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links winding two but doesn't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links winding two but doesn't make it
+over to winding one now when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to winding one now when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to winding one now when the
+permeability of the core is really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability of the core is really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability of the core is really high
+the amount these other components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount these other components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount these other components
+matter is less but nonetheless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is less but nonetheless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is less but nonetheless we
+incorporated them then what we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated them then what we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated them then what we did was
+we created a magnetic circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a magnetic circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created a magnetic circuit
+model okay and then worked back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and then worked back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and then worked back to what
+the flux linkages were for these two MMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux linkages were for these two MMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux linkages were for these two MMF
+sources and from that you can work back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and from that you can work back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and from that you can work back
+to what the you know the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the you know the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the you know the derivative of
+the flux linkage is the voltage and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux linkage is the voltage and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux linkage is the voltage and we
+can work back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work back to the
+relationships between the voltages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the voltages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between the voltages and
+the currents at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the currents at the two
+terminals okay and that worked out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals okay and that worked out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals okay and that worked out to
+look like an inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like an inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like an inductance
+Matrix right so if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so if you have an
+inductance that's kind of one param
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance that's kind of one param
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance that's kind of one param
+that models everything if you have a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that models everything if you have a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that models everything if you have a two
+Port structure two inputs two out or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port structure two inputs two out or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port structure two inputs two out or you
+know two different terminal pairs um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two different terminal pairs um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know two different terminal pairs um
+then you get a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a 2X two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a 2X two
+Matrix okay and the Matrix turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and the Matrix turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and the Matrix turns out to
+be symmetric as you can see we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetric as you can see we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be symmetric as you can see we derived
+this in class okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in class okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in class okay and the
+interpretation and then we took this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and then we took this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation and then we took this one
+step further and we kind of went quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further and we kind of went quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further and we kind of went quickly
+we said okay this inductance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay this inductance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay this inductance Matrix
+describes the terminal relations I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the terminal relations I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the terminal relations I get
+ideally between this voltage and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally between this voltage and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally between this voltage and this
+volt this voltage in current and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt this voltage in current and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt this voltage in current and this
+voltage in current okay and I made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in current okay and I made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in current okay and I made the
+argument of class that we can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of class that we can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument of class that we can make a
+circuit model for this okay so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model for this okay so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model for this okay so here is
+the circuit model this is what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit model this is what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit model this is what we would
+consider a physically based circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a physically based circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a physically based circuit
+model for the system and what did we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the system and what did we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for the system and what did we say
+we said okay well firstly let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay well firstly let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said okay well firstly let's let's
+ignore the external leakage fluxes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the external leakage fluxes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the external leakage fluxes that
+are going outside of the core okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going outside of the core okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going outside of the core okay if I
+have only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only the
+yellow flux component okay if the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow flux component okay if the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow flux component okay if the core
+is infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinitely
+permeable the flux density in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeable the flux density in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeable the flux density in the
+core is um simply you know related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is um simply you know related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is um simply you know related to
+the flux and hence the volt seconds at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux and hence the volt seconds at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux and hence the volt seconds at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+windings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings
+okay and so those would perfectly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so those would perfectly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so those would perfectly you
+know the volts voltage here and voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the volts voltage here and voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the volts voltage here and voltage
+here would be scaled versions of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be scaled versions of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be scaled versions of one
+another because they're all just linking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another because they're all just linking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another because they're all just linking
+the same uh flux okay scaled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh flux okay scaled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same uh flux okay scaled by the
+number of turns all right um but what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns all right um but what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns all right um but what we
+said was well you know H in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was well you know H in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was well you know H in the
+core is equal to B over mu in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is equal to B over mu in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core is equal to B over mu in the core
+right so if mu in the core is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if mu in the core is infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if mu in the core is infinite
+then H is zero and hence we don't store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then H is zero and hence we don't store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then H is zero and hence we don't store
+any energy in the core but if mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy in the core but if mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any energy in the core but if mu is
+finite or not too big then what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite or not too big then what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite or not too big then what happens
+is we get some H field in the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we get some H field in the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we get some H field in the core and
+b.h is the energy density in the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b.h is the energy density in the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b.h is the energy density in the core
+and we store energy in the pH physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we store energy in the pH physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we store energy in the pH physical
+core and the way that pops into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and the way that pops into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and the way that pops into the
+circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit
+model OKAY is through this inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY is through this inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model OKAY is through this inductance
+that appears across the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears across the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appears across the ideal
+Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer
+okay and so this basically the differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this basically the differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so this basically the differ in
+having infinite permeability where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having infinite permeability where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having infinite permeability where you
+have no energy storage or equivalent an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no energy storage or equivalent an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no energy storage or equivalent an
+infinite magnetizing inductance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite magnetizing inductance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite magnetizing inductance that
+carries no current is I get a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries no current is I get a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries no current is I get a finite
+magnetizing inductance that has a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance that has a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetizing inductance that has a a
+current that ends up being a mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that ends up being a mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current that ends up being a mismatch
+between the I ideal turns ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the I ideal turns ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the I ideal turns ratio of the
+Transformer or the ideal transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer or the ideal transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer or the ideal transformation
+ratio of an ideal Transformer okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of an ideal Transformer okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of an ideal Transformer okay and
+this magnetizing inductance is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnetizing inductance is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this magnetizing inductance is really
+the reason why we can't apply DC right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we can't apply DC right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why we can't apply DC right
+because I can only have some finite flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can only have some finite flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can only have some finite flux
+density before the Transformer saturates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density before the Transformer saturates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density before the Transformer saturates
+okay then we said okay because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we said okay because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we said okay because I have
+flux that links winding one but may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that links winding one but may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that links winding one but may not
+make it over to winding two I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it over to winding two I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it over to winding two I get some
+leakage inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage inductance
+on this side and because I have flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side and because I have flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side and because I have flux
+linking winding two that doesn't link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking winding two that doesn't link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linking winding two that doesn't link
+lining one I have some leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining one I have some leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lining one I have some leakage
+inductance on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance on this
+side and basically 12 L leakage 1 i1 2ar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and basically 12 L leakage 1 i1 2ar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and basically 12 L leakage 1 i1 2ar
+is precisely the energy that's stored in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the energy that's stored in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the energy that's stored in
+Space by the magnetic field associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by the magnetic field associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Space by the magnetic field associated
+with leakage flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leakage flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with leakage flux
+one and likewise 12 Lage 2 I2 squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and likewise 12 Lage 2 I2 squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and likewise 12 Lage 2 I2 squared is
+precisely the energy that's sort out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the energy that's sort out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the energy that's sort out in
+space of fields that link winding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of fields that link winding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of fields that link winding two
+but do not link winding one all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do not link winding one all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but do not link winding one all right so
+these basically you know if I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basically you know if I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these basically you know if I have some
+ideal transformation ratio you know I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal transformation ratio you know I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal transformation ratio you know I'll
+call this V1 Prime and this is V2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this V1 Prime and this is V2 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this V1 Prime and this is V2 Prime
+right which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which would
+be exactly proportional to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly proportional to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly proportional to one another
+by the turns ratio of the Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the turns ratio of the Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the turns ratio of the Transformer
+the leakage inductances cause some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage inductances cause some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage inductances cause some
+mismatch okay so first of all any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch okay so first of all any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch okay so first of all any
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this model is sort of a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this model is sort of a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this model is sort of a standard
+physical model for two- winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model for two- winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model for two- winding
+Transformer and these parasitics each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and these parasitics each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and these parasitics each
+represent something very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent something very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent something very specific
+physically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um the other thing I will note about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I will note about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other thing I will note about
+this is that we can get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that we can get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that we can get these
+parameters right of the circuit model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right of the circuit model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right of the circuit model
+and how do I know the circuit model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I know the circuit model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I know the circuit model is
+correct well if you go back and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct well if you go back and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct well if you go back and find the
+relationships between V1 and V2 using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between V1 and V2 using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between V1 and V2 using
+the circuit model it'll turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit model it'll turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit model it'll turn into
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+this okay so long as you use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so long as you use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so long as you use these
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+okay so what this says is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this says is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what this says is that this
+circuit model can represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model can represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model can represent this
+inductance Matrix and the inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix and the inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix and the inductance
+Matrix map represents the the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix map represents the the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix map represents the the terminal
+relationships of the device okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships of the device okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships of the device okay
+neglecting loss and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting loss and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting loss and everything
+else I didn't say this last time but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I didn't say this last time but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I didn't say this last time but you
+can also also go naturally relate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also also go naturally relate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also also go naturally relate the
+circuit model parameters back to l11 l22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model parameters back to l11 l22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model parameters back to l11 l22
+and the mutual inductance LM and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mutual inductance LM and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mutual inductance LM and again
+you'll just see that this representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just see that this representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just see that this representation
+and this representation are precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this representation are precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this representation are precisely
+the same as long as you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as long as you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as long as you have the right
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+okay and then the last thing I'll note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last thing I'll note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the last thing I'll note
+is you ought to be careful whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you ought to be careful whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you ought to be careful whenever
+you're doing your own anal analysis like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing your own anal analysis like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing your own anal analysis like
+this to recognize that you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to recognize that you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to recognize that you have to be
+careful about relating remember the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about relating remember the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about relating remember the the
+flux that's of interest for the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's of interest for the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's of interest for the flux
+linkage to relate to voltage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage to relate to voltage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage to relate to voltage on the
+electrical side is related to the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical side is related to the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical side is related to the flux
+coming out of the positive terminal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the positive terminal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the positive terminal of
+the MMF Source okay so you got to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MMF Source okay so you got to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MMF Source okay so you got to pay
+attention to your signs especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to your signs especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to your signs especially when
+you have multiple windings and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple windings and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple windings and that
+comes back to representing lens's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to representing lens's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back to representing lens's
+law okay so let me stop there and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law okay so let me stop there and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law okay so let me stop there and just
+ask if there's any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that was a lightning review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was a lightning review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was a lightning review of
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+class okay what I'd like to do today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay what I'd like to do today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay what I'd like to do today is
+expand out our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand out our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand out our discussion of
+Transformers in a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers in a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformers in a couple different
+directions one relates to how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one relates to how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one relates to how we might
+model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model a
+Transformer okay this circuit model as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay this circuit model as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay this circuit model as I
+said is a physically based model okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is a physically based model okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is a physically based model okay in
+that every parasitic component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every parasitic component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every parasitic component
+represents some physical energy stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents some physical energy stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents some physical energy stored
+somewhere in space in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in space in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in space in the
+device okay and that's mostly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device okay and that's mostly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device okay and that's mostly what we
+want to do I mean that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do I mean that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do I mean that would be a
+typical thing we'd want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thing we'd want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical thing we'd want to understand
+okay but recognize that in terms of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but recognize that in terms of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but recognize that in terms of if
+all I cared about was matching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I cared about was matching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I cared about was matching the
+terminal relations I just wanted a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal relations I just wanted a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal relations I just wanted a black
+box inside inside my white box there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box inside inside my white box there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box inside inside my white box there
+right that Ma mapped voltage and current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that Ma mapped voltage and current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that Ma mapped voltage and current
+terminal Port one and voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal Port one and voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal Port one and voltage and
+current Port two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Port two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current Port two
+um what that's captured by is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what that's captured by is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what that's captured by is that's
+fully captured by this inductance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully captured by this inductance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully captured by this inductance Matrix
+description okay now how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description okay now how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description okay now how many
+independent parameters does my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent parameters does my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent parameters does my
+inductance Matrix description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have really has three parameters right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really has three parameters right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have really has three parameters right
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+l11 l22 and then LM because an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 l22 and then LM because an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 l22 and then LM because an
+inductance Matrix because a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix because a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix because a magnetic
+component like this is a reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component like this is a reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component like this is a reciprocal
+element it's the Matrix describing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element it's the Matrix describing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element it's the Matrix describing it
+ends up having to be symmetric and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up having to be symmetric and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up having to be symmetric and you
+can see that you know these two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you know these two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you know these two elements
+it's not just random that they ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just random that they ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just random that they ended up
+being the same thing they they H it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same thing they they H it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same thing they they H it has
+to turn out that way okay because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out that way okay because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out that way okay because of
+reciprocity well um how many independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity well um how many independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocity well um how many independent
+parameters does my circuit model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters does my circuit model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters does my circuit model
+have well um if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well um if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well um if I
+picked physical turns ratios right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked physical turns ratios right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked physical turns ratios right I
+know I had you know 10 turns on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had you know 10 turns on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I had you know 10 turns on the
+primary and 20 turns on the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary and 20 turns on the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary and 20 turns on the secondary
+and I pick one to two as the turns ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pick one to two as the turns ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pick one to two as the turns ratio
+of the ideal Transformer well then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ideal Transformer well then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ideal Transformer well then this
+has just the right amount right it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l11 I'm sorry has L leakage one L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 I'm sorry has L leakage one L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 I'm sorry has L leakage one L
+leakage 2 and the magnetizing inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage 2 and the magnetizing inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage 2 and the magnetizing inductance
+and I could have put the magnetizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could have put the magnetizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could have put the magnetizing
+either on the primary and the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either on the primary and the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either on the primary and the secondary
+and scaled it in the right way okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scaled it in the right way okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scaled it in the right way okay but
+it as long as I'm using the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as long as I'm using the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as long as I'm using the physical
+term turns ratio has the right amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term turns ratio has the right amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term turns ratio has the right amount of
+parameters there's a one toone mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's a one toone mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters there's a one toone mapping
+between the two models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two models
+okay however you might not always want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however you might not always want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay however you might not always want
+to use the physical turns ratio I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the physical turns ratio I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the physical turns ratio I might
+walk up to you and say hand you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up to you and say hand you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk up to you and say hand you the
+Transformer you know here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer you know here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer you know here's this
+Transformer I bought it on Digi key um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I bought it on Digi key um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I bought it on Digi key um
+come back with the model for it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back with the model for it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back with the model for it but
+you're not allowed to cut it apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to cut it apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to cut it apart
+because it's expensive and I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's expensive and I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's expensive and I don't want
+to you know I don't want to break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know I don't want to break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know I don't want to break it
+well how do you know what the turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you know what the turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you know what the turn
+actual turns ratio like phys the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual turns ratio like phys the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual turns ratio like phys the number
+of wires on each side are well you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wires on each side are well you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wires on each side are well you don't
+right so in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in terms of this
+model the turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the turns
+ratio is also a parameter so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is also a parameter so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is also a parameter so in this
+circuit model I really have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model I really have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model I really have four
+parameters I can fiddle with and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I can fiddle with and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I can fiddle with and if I
+knew this one to be the physical one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew this one to be the physical one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew this one to be the physical one
+then all the other things turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the other things turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the other things turn into
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+okay but in terms of modeling things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in terms of modeling things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but in terms of modeling things I
+could always go back and choose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always go back and choose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always go back and choose some
+non-physical value and still create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-physical value and still create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-physical value and still create a
+circuit model that correctly matched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model that correctly matched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model that correctly matched the
+inductance matrix model because here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance matrix model because here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance matrix model because here I
+have four parameters there I only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four parameters there I only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four parameters there I only have
+three and in fact sometimes we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in fact sometimes we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and in fact sometimes we do that
+we may do that because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may do that because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may do that because we don't
+know some parameter like this one or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some parameter like this one or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some parameter like this one or we
+may do it for convenience purposes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may do it for convenience purposes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may do it for convenience purposes and
+what I'm doing is I'm throwing out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is I'm throwing out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is I'm throwing out the
+knowledge of where energy is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of where energy is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of where energy is being
+stored exactly and I'm just coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored exactly and I'm just coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored exactly and I'm just coming up
+that something that mathematically gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that mathematically gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something that mathematically gives
+me the right terminal relations okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the right terminal relations okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the right terminal relations okay so
+why might I do that so I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might I do that so I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why might I do that so I might
+argue that I could create a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that I could create a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that I could create a circuit
+model that was really just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was really just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was really just like this
+La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La
+lb um an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer uh I don't know what I used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer uh I don't know what I used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer uh I don't know what I used
+I I think I just did NX to NY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+LC and I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC and I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC and I would call
+this V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V1 and
+i1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and this
+V2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and
+I2 okay and now you know if I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay and now you know if I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay and now you know if I put this
+in a black box I can just say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a black box I can just say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a black box I can just say okay I'm
+not going to worry about whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry about whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry about whether this
+physically represents things but now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically represents things but now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically represents things but now I
+have four parameters to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can use those four parameters any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can use those four parameters any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can use those four parameters any
+way I want well what might I do maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I want well what might I do maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I want well what might I do maybe I
+might just want to say you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just want to say you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just want to say you know it's
+easy me to for me to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy me to for me to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy me to for me to think about the
+voltage scaling for a one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage scaling for a one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage scaling for a one to one
+Transformer right the ideal Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer right the ideal Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer right the ideal Transformer
+in the middle here has some turns ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle here has some turns ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle here has some turns ratio
+on it maybe I just make that one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it maybe I just make that one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it maybe I just make that one to one
+right if I do that I can then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I do that I can then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I do that I can then just
+create a model that has a one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a model that has a one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a model that has a one to one
+Transformer even if my real device does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer even if my real device does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer even if my real device does
+not okay I could could create a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay I could could create a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay I could could create a circuit
+model where I force this parameter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where I force this parameter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where I force this parameter I
+arbitrarily pick this to be 1:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily pick this to be 1:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily pick this to be 1:
+one and then I say I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I say I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I say I'm going to have
+three other parameters that now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other parameters that now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three other parameters that now I'm
+going to pick those three parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick those three parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick those three parameters to
+match the terminal relations what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the terminal relations what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match the terminal relations what would
+I get in this case what I would get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get in this case what I would get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get in this case what I would get is
+l11 minus LM would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 minus LM would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 minus LM would be
+L LM would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L LM would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L LM would be
+lb and l22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb and l22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb and l22
+minus LM would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus LM would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus LM would be
+LC okay so the nice thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC okay so the nice thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LC okay so the nice thing about this
+circuit model is if I had if I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model is if I had if I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model is if I had if I know the
+inductance Matrix and all I know is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix and all I know is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix and all I know is the
+inductance Matrix this is a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix this is a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix this is a perfectly
+good model for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good model for a
+Transformer the parameters may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer the parameters may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer the parameters may not
+represent anything physical but it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent anything physical but it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent anything physical but it still
+gives me the right relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the right relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the right relationships between
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+i1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and
+V2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this is a trick that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a trick that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is a trick that's often
+played to make circuits easier to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played to make circuits easier to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played to make circuits easier to think
+about and then I can go remap it if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then I can go remap it if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then I can go remap it if I'm
+actually designing a Transformer I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designing a Transformer I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually designing a Transformer I can
+go remap it and get the actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go remap it and get the actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go remap it and get the actual physical
+model but I don't need to use a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but I don't need to use a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but I don't need to use a physical
+model all the time this is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all the time this is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all the time this is sometimes
+called the t- model or they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the t- model or they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the t- model or they're all
+called the te- model but this is the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the te- model but this is the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the te- model but this is the T
+model with this is one: one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with this is one: one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with this is one: one okay
+um there are other choices we might also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other choices we might also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are other choices we might also
+make and we'll see an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and we'll see an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and we'll see an example of that
+shortly okay so any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's start talking about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's start talking about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's start talking about um
+constraints on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on the
+parameters right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right I
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+um I have three independent parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have three independent parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I have three independent parameters
+but can be the parameters be anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can be the parameters be anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can be the parameters be anything I
+want well no that can't not for a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well no that can't not for a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well no that can't not for a real
+device anyways let's just start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device anyways let's just start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device anyways let's just start thinking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um if I just handed you an inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I just handed you an inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I just handed you an inductor
+L right you know I offshelf real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L right you know I offshelf real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L right you know I offshelf real
+inductor what can I say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor what can I say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor what can I say about the
+inductance of this thing well I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of this thing well I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of this thing well I would
+argue that in a real inductor at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that in a real inductor at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that in a real inductor at least
+large signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large signal
+wise um the inductance has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise um the inductance has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise um the inductance has to be
+positive why is that because if I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive why is that because if I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive why is that because if I apply
+a positive voltage right so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive voltage right so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive voltage right so suppose I
+applied a step in voltage here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied a step in voltage here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied a step in voltage here's
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+right um or here's V1 what should i1 do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um or here's V1 what should i1 do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um or here's V1 what should i1 do
+well when I step the voltage from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I step the voltage from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when I step the voltage from 0 to
+one i1 should go from zero and ramp up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i1 should go from zero and ramp up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i1 should go from zero and ramp up
+right and since V is positive and I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since V is positive and I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and since V is positive and I is
+positive I've got energy going into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I've got energy going into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I've got energy going into this
+device right and this slope di DT is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right and this slope di DT is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device right and this slope di DT is 1
+over l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right what H what would happen if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what H what would happen if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what H what would happen if the
+inductance was negative if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance was negative if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance was negative if the
+inductance was negative instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance was negative instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance was negative instead of doing
+this it would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it would do
+this right this would be one over L it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right this would be one over L it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right this would be one over L it
+would be sloping down because L's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sloping down because L's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be sloping down because L's
+negative so this is L less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so this is L less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so this is L less than
+zero um and energy voltage times current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um and energy voltage times current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um and energy voltage times current
+would be negative and energy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be negative and energy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be negative and energy would be
+coming out so I'd apply a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out so I'd apply a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out so I'd apply a positive
+voltage and my inductor would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and my inductor would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and my inductor would start
+squirting energy back at me right I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirting energy back at me right I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squirting energy back at me right I'd
+love to have one of those things I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have one of those things I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have one of those things I could
+make quite a bit of money off that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make quite a bit of money off that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make quite a bit of money off that but
+unfortunately conservation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately conservation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately conservation of energy
+kind of tells me I can't get that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tells me I can't get that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tells me I can't get that at
+least large signal okay um so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least large signal okay um so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least large signal okay um so what we
+what do we know about an inductor we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about an inductor we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about an inductor we
+know the inductance is a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the inductance is a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the inductance is a practical
+matter the indu inductance has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the indu inductance has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the indu inductance has to be
+positive for anything going to wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for anything going to wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for anything going to wind up
+with wires and cores right that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wires and cores right that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wires and cores right that doesn't
+have a source of energy inside it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a source of energy inside it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a source of energy inside it okay
+well what could I say about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what could I say about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what could I say about my
+Transformer parameters well you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer parameters well you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer parameters well you can kind
+of make a similar argument right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make a similar argument right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make a similar argument right uh
+because what I really did here was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I really did here was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I really did here was I
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+DT is equal to 1 over l v v right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 over l v v right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is equal to 1 over l v v right that's
+the argument I just made about my signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument I just made about my signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the argument I just made about my signal
+terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal
+inductor okay what could I say about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay what could I say about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor okay what could I say about my
+inductance Matrix if I have a two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix if I have a two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix if I have a two-
+terminal device what I get is a v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal device what I get is a v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal device what I get is a v is
+equal to LD DT right this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to LD DT right this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to LD DT right this equation here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+simply um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply um
+v a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v a vector
+equation is equal to l where this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is equal to l where this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is equal to l where this is an
+inductance Matrix times I where that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix times I where that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix times I where that's a
+vector of currents right so it's I dot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of currents right so it's I dot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of currents right so it's I dot I
+should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say
+DT right I can do the same thing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right I can do the same thing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT right I can do the same thing and I
+could write okay that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write okay that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write okay that means that
+DDT of i1 and I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of i1 and I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of i1 and I2
+is equal to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to l
+inverse uh times the voltage of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh times the voltage of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse uh times the voltage of vectors
+V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V2 right and what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right and what does that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 right and what does that look like
+this is going to look like the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to look like the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to look like the inverse
+of that Matrix so that would be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix so that would be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Matrix so that would be one over
+the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant
+l11 l22 minus LM 2quared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 l22 minus LM 2quared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 l22 minus LM 2quared
+time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh
+l22 l11 minus LM minus LM times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 l11 minus LM minus LM times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 l11 minus LM minus LM times the
+vector of voltages V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of voltages V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of voltages V1
+V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2
+okay so this is the i1 I2 DT suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the i1 I2 DT suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the i1 I2 DT suppose I
+made V2 negative which would be basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made V2 negative which would be basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made V2 negative which would be basic uh
+V2 Z which would be me dropping a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 Z which would be me dropping a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 Z which would be me dropping a short
+on the secondary side and then I apply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the secondary side and then I apply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the secondary side and then I apply a
+voltage over here what should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage over here what should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage over here what should happen
+well the same thing if I have a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same thing if I have a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the same thing if I have a short
+over here and I apply a voltage over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and I apply a voltage over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and I apply a voltage over
+here I just saw to see some inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just saw to see some inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I just saw to see some inductance
+there right and I should see energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right and I should see energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right and I should see energy
+ramping up into it well that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up into it well that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping up into it well that only
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+l22 is a positive number because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 is a positive number because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 is a positive number because that's
+the inductance measured on the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductance measured on the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductance measured on the secondary
+side with the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with the primary
+open this thing has to be a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this thing has to be a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this thing has to be a positive
+number or another way to put it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or another way to put it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or another way to put it is this
+inductance Matrix has to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix has to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix has to be positive
+semidefinite okay so what I get as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite okay so what I get as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semidefinite okay so what I get as a
+requirement that LM the magnitude of LM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that LM the magnitude of LM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement that LM the magnitude of LM
+has to be less than the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than the square root of
+l11 l22 for any physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 l22 for any physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 l22 for any physical
+Transformer okay in the more winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay in the more winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay in the more winding
+case that we'll see it just means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we'll see it just means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that we'll see it just means the
+Matrix has to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix has to be positive
+semi-finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-finite
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+sometimes we Define a coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we Define a coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we Define a coupling
+coefficient K and K is defined as equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient K and K is defined as equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient K and K is defined as equal
+to LM over the root of l11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LM over the root of l11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to LM over the root of l11
+l22 okay LM being equal to the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 okay LM being equal to the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 okay LM being equal to the square
+root of l11 l22 just as basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of l11 l22 just as basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of l11 l22 just as basically
+perfect coupling what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect coupling what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect coupling what does that mean
+that means there is essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there is essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there is essentially no
+leakage flux all the flux in the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage flux all the flux in the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage flux all the flux in the primary
+is linking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linking the
+secondary okay um so K is sometimes used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary okay um so K is sometimes used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary okay um so K is sometimes used
+to say sort of in some sense how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say sort of in some sense how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say sort of in some sense how much
+leakage is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage is in the
+Transformer okay but more broadly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay but more broadly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay but more broadly what
+we can say is yeah I've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say is yeah I've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say is yeah I've got three
+parameters l11 l22 and LM but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters l11 l22 and LM but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters l11 l22 and LM but there's
+some limits on what you can get in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some limits on what you can get in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some limits on what you can get in terms
+of their relationships in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um let's start to expand upon this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start to expand upon this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's start to expand upon this right
+we did we started with an inductor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we started with an inductor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did we started with an inductor which
+is basically a one terminal device a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a one terminal device a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a one terminal device a one
+port device then we did a Transformer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port device then we did a Transformer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port device then we did a Transformer a
+basic Transformer which is a two Port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic Transformer which is a two Port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic Transformer which is a two Port
+device but we're not really limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device but we're not really limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device but we're not really limited to
+only two ports we can have as many ports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two ports we can have as many ports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two ports we can have as many ports
+as we want and as we as we'll see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we want and as we as we'll see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we want and as we as we'll see we
+often do okay so let's think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do okay so let's think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do okay so let's think about what
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+happen um if I have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um if I have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um if I have more
+ports okay and it turns out now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports okay and it turns out now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ports okay and it turns out now
+naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally
+because um you have more terminal pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you have more terminal pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um you have more terminal pairs
+there's many more ways you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more ways you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more ways you could
+configure things right but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configure things right but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configure things right but I'm just
+going to show you two that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you two that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you two that are sort of
+very uh basic versions and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh basic versions and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh basic versions and what I'm
+going to show you is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you is sort of the
+equivalent of the ideal transfer model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the ideal transfer model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the ideal transfer model
+for these two basic versions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two basic versions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two basic versions that are
+very common okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common okay
+um suppose I did this all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose I did this all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose I did this all I
+did in sort of to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in sort of to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in sort of to create this
+Transformer is I took something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer is I took something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer is I took something that
+sort of had one winding on and I added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of had one winding on and I added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of had one winding on and I added a
+second winding on the core path well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second winding on the core path well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second winding on the core path well
+what happens if I add a third winding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I add a third winding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I add a third winding on
+the core path right so I could say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core path right so I could say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core path right so I could say okay
+here is um here's my Transformer here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um here's my Transformer here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is um here's my Transformer here's
+my core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my core
+right and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll
+have N1 turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'll have N2 turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and notice
+that positive voltage here throws flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive voltage here throws flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive voltage here throws flux
+around the core this way so I have a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the core this way so I have a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the core this way so I have a DOT
+here likewise by the right hand rule I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here likewise by the right hand rule I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here likewise by the right hand rule I
+have a DOT over here let me add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a DOT over here let me add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a DOT over here let me add one
+more um here's I'll have N3 turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um here's I'll have N3 turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um here's I'll have N3 turns on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'll have
+I3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 and
+B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3
+okay well what would be the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what would be the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well what would be the magnetic
+circuit model for this thing if this had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model for this thing if this had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit model for this thing if this had
+you know some reluctance of the core um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some reluctance of the core um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some reluctance of the core um
+it would look like this I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like this I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like this I would have
+N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i1 N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 N2
+I2 and N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I3 okay and then I would have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 okay and then I would have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 okay and then I would have some
+reluctance of the core which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctance of the core which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctance of the core which is equal to
+length of the core over mu of the core a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the core over mu of the core a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the core over mu of the core a
+of the core right and then I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core right and then I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core right and then I would have
+some flux in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flux in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some flux in the
+core which is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right so all I've done is added one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so all I've done is added one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so all I've done is added one
+more MMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more MMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more MMF
+Source okay what would be the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source okay what would be the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source okay what would be the terminal
+relations to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations to this
+thing okay well if I if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay well if I if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay well if I if I do this
+approximation I'm pretending there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I'm pretending there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation I'm pretending there's no
+leakage flux at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage flux at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage flux at
+all okay that means that um Lambda 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay that means that um Lambda 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay that means that um Lambda 1 is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+N1 F core Lambda 2 is equal to N2 F core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 F core Lambda 2 is equal to N2 F core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 F core Lambda 2 is equal to N2 F core
+Lambda 3 is equal to N3 F core right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 3 is equal to N3 F core right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 3 is equal to N3 F core right so
+what I get is then fi core is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is then fi core is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is then fi core is equal to
+Lambda 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda 1 over
+N1 which equal to Lambda 2 over N2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 which equal to Lambda 2 over N2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 which equal to Lambda 2 over N2 which
+is equal to Lambda 3 over N3 or if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Lambda 3 over N3 or if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Lambda 3 over N3 or if I
+differentiated this what I would get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated this what I would get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated this what I would get is
+V1 over N1 has to equal V2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 over N1 has to equal V2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 over N1 has to equal V2 over
+N2 which is equal to V3 over N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 which is equal to V3 over N3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 which is equal to V3 over N3
+okay so what I've got here is by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I've got here is by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I've got here is by adding
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+um by adding my third winding I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by adding my third winding I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by adding my third winding I get
+another just another scale voltage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another just another scale voltage right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another just another scale voltage right
+and we often do that because we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we often do that because we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we often do that because we often
+want some ratiometric sets of voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some ratiometric sets of voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some ratiometric sets of voltages
+that our Transformer might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our Transformer might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our Transformer might
+create okay what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create okay what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create okay what about the
+currents well let me do the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents well let me do the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents well let me do the simplest
+case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here
+If U core goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If U core goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If U core goes to
+infinity or or actually let me just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or or actually let me just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or or actually let me just do
+magnetic circuit kvl around this Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic circuit kvl around this Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic circuit kvl around this Loop
+right what I get is N1 i1 plus N2 I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I get is N1 i1 plus N2 I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what I get is N1 i1 plus N2 I2
+plus N3 I3 that's some of these voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus N3 I3 that's some of these voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus N3 I3 that's some of these voltages
+must equal fi core R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+core everybody buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core everybody buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core everybody buy
+that okay well if the reluctance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay well if the reluctance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay well if the reluctance of the
+core equals zero or equivalently that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core equals zero or equivalently that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core equals zero or equivalently that's
+because the permeability went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the permeability went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the permeability went to
+Infinity so the reluctance of the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the reluctance of the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so the reluctance of the core
+is zero then the right hand side of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero then the right hand side of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero then the right hand side of this
+becomes zero and at reluctance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes zero and at reluctance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes zero and at reluctance of the
+core goes to zero what I get is N1 i1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core goes to zero what I get is N1 i1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core goes to zero what I get is N1 i1 +
+N2 I2 + N3 I3 is equal to zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 I2 + N3 I3 is equal to zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 I2 + N3 I3 is equal to zero okay so
+the voltage relationship just scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage relationship just scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage relationship just scales
+from you know 2 to three but the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know 2 to three but the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you know 2 to three but the current
+relationship doesn't Okay the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship doesn't Okay the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship doesn't Okay the current
+relationship just says the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship just says the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship just says the sum of the
+NIS into the windings have to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIS into the windings have to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIS into the windings have to be zero
+and what that turns out to mean is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that turns out to mean is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that turns out to mean is all
+the energy flowing in two the ports must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy flowing in two the ports must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy flowing in two the ports must
+come out the third of the port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out the third of the port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out the third of the port
+instantaneously for this idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously for this idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously for this idealized
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what would I get if I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would I get if I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would I get if I started
+including parasitics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including parasitics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including parasitics
+so what would I get if I started having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would I get if I started having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would I get if I started having
+a a nonzero reluctance or I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a nonzero reluctance or I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a nonzero reluctance or I started
+having leakage fluxes from the windings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having leakage fluxes from the windings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having leakage fluxes from the windings
+that kind of thing well what I would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing well what I would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing well what I would get
+is instead of a 2X two inductance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of a 2X two inductance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instead of a 2X two inductance Matrix
+I would get a 3X3 inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get a 3X3 inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get a 3X3 inductance
+Matrix okay and that would capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and that would capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay and that would capture the
+parasitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasitic
+Behavior this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior this
+version this idealized version we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version this idealized version we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version this idealized version we might
+often draw this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often draw this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often draw this way
+okay I'll have multiple windings all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll have multiple windings all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll have multiple windings all
+Illustrated on the same core so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated on the same core so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated on the same core so if you
+see this symbol and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this symbol and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this symbol and this is
+N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1
+N2 N3 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 N3 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 N3 with
+V1 V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 V2
+V3 that's what this is the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 that's what this is the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 that's what this is the ideal
+relations for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations for this
+structure okay where all the windings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay where all the windings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay where all the windings
+are Illustrated on this single core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Illustrated on this single core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Illustrated on this single core
+path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and
+because U we can talk about which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U we can talk about which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because U we can talk about which way
+each of these windings currents into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these windings currents into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these windings currents into
+each of these windings throw flux around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these windings throw flux around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these windings throw flux around
+the core we can draw the dots of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core we can draw the dots of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core we can draw the dots of the
+individual windings and you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual windings and you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual windings and you see this
+like this okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what would happen if I included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would happen if I included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what would happen if I included
+nonideal I'd surround this thing perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonideal I'd surround this thing perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonideal I'd surround this thing perhaps
+one way to do it is I could surround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it is I could surround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do it is I could surround
+this thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing with
+um additional inductances to match what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um additional inductances to match what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um additional inductances to match what
+the parasitics do we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parasitics do we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parasitics do we'll talk more about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions so let's think about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's think about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's think about other
+possibilities however okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities however okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities however okay this is
+perhaps the most common way to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most common way to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps the most common way to build a
+three- winding or five winding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three- winding or five winding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three- winding or five winding or
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+Transformer okay where what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay where what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer okay where what we're going
+to get is a bunch of voltages at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is a bunch of voltages at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is a bunch of voltages at the
+terminals that are ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals that are ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals that are ideally
+ratiometrically related because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratiometrically related because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratiometrically related because that's
+the most common thing of what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common thing of what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common thing of what we want
+we'll see um next week um cases where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see um next week um cases where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see um next week um cases where we
+might want to do that for converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that for converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that for converter
+design purposes okay but it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design purposes okay but it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design purposes okay but it's not the
+only thing you could do imagine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you could do imagine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing you could do imagine this
+alternative structure this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative structure this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative structure this might be
+series I might call this series wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I might call this series wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series I might call this series wound
+they're all wound on the same series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all wound on the same series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all wound on the same series
+core path what if I did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core path what if I did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core path what if I did something
+instead of that suppose I did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that suppose I did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of that suppose I did something
+like this suppose I built a core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this suppose I built a core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this suppose I built a core
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+that looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay and I put you know here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and I put you know here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay and I put you know here's
+winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding
+one and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and here's
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+i1 here's winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two D2
+I2 and here's winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three B3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three B3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three B3
+I3 so my drawing is not very good here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 so my drawing is not very good here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 so my drawing is not very good here
+but what you can see is now I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see is now I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can see is now I have three
+legs and each leg has his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and each leg has his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legs and each leg has his own
+winding that means that the flux going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding that means that the flux going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding that means that the flux going
+through this here or the flux linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this here or the flux linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this here or the flux linkage
+here isn't directly related to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here isn't directly related to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here isn't directly related to these two
+flux linkages or it's not one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux linkages or it's not one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux linkages or it's not one to one
+it's not just scaled because here I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just scaled because here I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just scaled because here I only
+had sort of one flux path going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of one flux path going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sort of one flux path going around
+the corner ideally you know here was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner ideally you know here was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner ideally you know here was my
+flux path right there's only one flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux path right there's only one flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux path right there's only one flux
+path right here you know there's a flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path right here you know there's a flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path right here you know there's a flux
+path here and a different one here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here and a different one here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here and a different one here and a
+different one here and I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one here and I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one here and I get some
+constraints but they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints but they're not the same
+fluxes what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes what does that
+mean in terms of the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in terms of the terminal
+relationships well here's a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships well here's a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships well here's a magnetic
+circuit that I could draw for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that I could draw for this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that I could draw for this thing
+I could say okay uh maybe I will have N1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say okay uh maybe I will have N1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could say okay uh maybe I will have N1
+i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1
+and some reluctance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some reluctance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some reluctance
+one here's some reluctance is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's some reluctance is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here's some reluctance is sort of
+the middle path reluctance 2 and N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle path reluctance 2 and N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle path reluctance 2 and N2
+I2 and here's the right half and N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I3 and I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 and I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 and I could have
+F1 5 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 5 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 5 2 and
+53 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would be the terminal relations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the terminal relations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the terminal relations to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+guy well in this case if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well in this case if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well in this case if I
+ignore leakage flux right what do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore leakage flux right what do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore leakage flux right what do I know
+about these three fluxes well all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these three fluxes well all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these three fluxes well all these
+three fluxes come up into this top node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fluxes come up into this top node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fluxes come up into this top node
+and the fluxes must add to zero right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fluxes must add to zero right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fluxes must add to zero right so
+what I get is 51 + 5 2+ 53 has to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is 51 + 5 2+ 53 has to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get is 51 + 5 2+ 53 has to equal
+zero by magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero by magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero by magnetic
+K right there no magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right there no magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K right there no magnetic
+charge well that means that Lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge well that means that Lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge well that means that Lambda 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+N1 plus Lambda 2 over N2 plus Lambda 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 plus Lambda 2 over N2 plus Lambda 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 plus Lambda 2 over N2 plus Lambda 3
+over N3 has to equal zero right or if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N3 has to equal zero right or if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N3 has to equal zero right or if I
+differentiate this qu equation what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this qu equation what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this qu equation what I'm
+going to get is V1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is V1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is V1 over
+N1 plus V2 over N2 plus V3 over N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 plus V2 over N2 plus V3 over N3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 plus V2 over N2 plus V3 over N3
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z okay so I no longer get the voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so I no longer get the voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z okay so I no longer get the voltages
+on the winding scaling what I get is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the winding scaling what I get is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the winding scaling what I get is the
+sum of the scaled voltages have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the scaled voltages have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the scaled voltages have to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay what can I say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what can I say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what can I say about the
+currents well if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents well if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents well if I
+let reluctance one reluctance two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let reluctance one reluctance two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let reluctance one reluctance two and
+reluctance three go to zero right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctance three go to zero right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reluctance three go to zero right if I
+assume I have infinite permeability core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I have infinite permeability core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume I have infinite permeability core
+then all I get get is these three MMF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all I get get is these three MMF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all I get get is these three MMF
+sources and if I'm going to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and if I'm going to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and if I'm going to avoid
+infinite fluxes in the core what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite fluxes in the core what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite fluxes in the core what would
+that require that would require that N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require that would require that N3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require that would require that N3
+I3 N2 I2 and N1 i1 equal each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 N2 I2 and N1 i1 equal each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 N2 I2 and N1 i1 equal each other
+right so I would get N1 i1 = N2 I2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I would get N1 i1 = N2 I2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I would get N1 i1 = N2 I2 is
+equal to N3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to N3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to N3
+I3 okay so in this parallel wound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 okay so in this parallel wound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 okay so in this parallel wound
+Transformer structure or parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer structure or parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer structure or parallel
+magnetic paths instead of series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic paths instead of series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic paths instead of series
+magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paths the currents in the winding scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths the currents in the winding scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths the currents in the winding scale
+equally ideally and the voltage the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally ideally and the voltage the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally ideally and the voltage the sum
+of the scaled voltages adds to zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scaled voltages adds to zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scaled voltages adds to zero it's
+exactly the Dual of this structure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the Dual of this structure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the Dual of this structure in
+fact these are structural dual so s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these are structural dual so s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these are structural dual so s
+between series and parallel so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between series and parallel so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between series and parallel so you get
+dual relationships between voltages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual relationships between voltages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual relationships between voltages and
+currents any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents any questions about
+that sure it's not uh intuitive why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sure it's not uh intuitive why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sure it's not uh intuitive why you
+relance for each Source instead of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relance for each Source instead of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relance for each Source instead of them
+on the between the two sources on so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the between the two sources on so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the between the two sources on so you
+four well I just sort of yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well I just sort of yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four well I just sort of yeah that's a
+good question I sort of just said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I sort of just said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I sort of just said okay
+let me take this first section like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take this first section like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take this first section like
+maybe this section of the core and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this section of the core and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this section of the core and
+describe one reluctance that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe one reluctance that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe one reluctance that this
+windings on and let me ascribe a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings on and let me ascribe a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings on and let me ascribe a section
+second section of the core like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second section of the core like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second section of the core like
+here that this is wound on and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this is wound on and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this is wound on and then the
+third section of the core is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third section of the core is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third section of the core is over here
+and that's the third reluctance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the third reluctance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the third reluctance you
+could break it up a different way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could break it up a different way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could break it up a different way but
+that's a one way you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one way you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one way you could think about
+it so I've got sort of three windings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've got sort of three windings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've got sort of three windings
+and three flux pipes that are all going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three flux pipes that are all going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three flux pipes that are all going
+between the top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the top and the
+bottom does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+um this structure is less used than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this structure is less used than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this structure is less used than the
+other structure but it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structure but it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structure but it's actually quite
+widely used why because there's certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used why because there's certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used why because there's certain
+cases where maybe I have different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where maybe I have different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where maybe I have different parts
+of my circuit and I want to force them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my circuit and I want to force them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my circuit and I want to force them
+to all have the same current so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all have the same current so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all have the same current so if I
+have N1 equal N2 n equal N3 I can force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N1 equal N2 n equal N3 I can force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have N1 equal N2 n equal N3 I can force
+currents to split and or be matched so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents to split and or be matched so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents to split and or be matched so
+if I want to match voltages that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to match voltages that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to match voltages that's a
+great Transformer structure if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Transformer structure if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Transformer structure if I want to
+force currents to be matched this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force currents to be matched this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force currents to be matched this is a
+great Transformer structure okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Transformer structure okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great Transformer structure okay just
+depends what you want to do and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you want to do and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you want to do and of
+course with many windings there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with many windings there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with many windings there's all
+kinds of stuff you can do there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff you can do there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of stuff you can do there's not
+there's all kinds of magnetic structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of magnetic structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of magnetic structures
+you can and might build for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and might build for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can and might build for different
+applications I should say by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications I should say by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications I should say by the way
+however notice that there's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however notice that there's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however notice that there's because
+there's no single flux path there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no single flux path there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no single flux path there's not
+really a good way to indicate the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good way to indicate the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good way to indicate the dot
+convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here there's something where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's something where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's something where the
+currents into the winding scale but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents into the winding scale but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents into the winding scale but we
+don't usually represent those with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually represent those with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't usually represent those with
+thoughts um people usually draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts um people usually draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts um people usually draw the
+structure or they do something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or they do something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or they do something else
+there's not a really perfect schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a really perfect schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a really perfect schematic
+widely accepted schematic relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely accepted schematic relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely accepted schematic relationship
+between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk
+about the non ideal this is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the non ideal this is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the non ideal this is these are
+the equivalent of Ideal Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of Ideal Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of Ideal Transformer
+relationship ship for a three winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship ship for a three winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship ship for a three winding
+Transformer you could extend that for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer you could extend that for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer you could extend that for n
+windings if I had n windings on one core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings if I had n windings on one core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windings if I had n windings on one core
+or n parallel core sections you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n parallel core sections you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or n parallel core sections you just
+expand those relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand those relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand those relationships
+naturally okay uh what would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally okay uh what would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally okay uh what would I
+get um if I included parasitics I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um if I included parasitics I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get um if I included parasitics I would
+get a 3X3 inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 3X3 inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 3X3 inductance
+Matrix right so what do I get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so what do I get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix right so what do I get in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+um what what I would get in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what I would get in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what I would get in the general
+case is uh V1 V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is uh V1 V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is uh V1 V2
+V3 is equal to some inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 is equal to some inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V3 is equal to some inductance
+Matrix um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix um
+l11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11
+l22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22
+l33 because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l33 because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l33 because it's
+reciprocal I would have um a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal I would have um a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal I would have um a symmetric
+Matrix okay so what I would have is l21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so what I would have is l21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix okay so what I would have is l21
+would equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would equal
+l12 l31 would equal l13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 l31 would equal l13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 l31 would equal l13
+and L 32 would equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L 32 would equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L 32 would equal
+l23 okay times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l23 okay times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l23 okay times
+DDT of i1 I2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of i1 I2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DDT of i1 I2
+I3 maybe I'd write it as i1 I2 I3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 maybe I'd write it as i1 I2 I3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 maybe I'd write it as i1 I2 I3
+dot okay so this is V is equal to l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so this is V is equal to l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot okay so this is V is equal to l
+Matrix I dot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I dot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix I dot or
+DT okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many independent parameters do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent parameters do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many independent parameters do I
+have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure six yes um right I have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure six yes um right I have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure six yes um right I have my
+three self- inductances those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three self- inductances those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three self- inductances those
+self-inductances are this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-inductances are this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-inductances are this is the
+inductance at Port one with nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance at Port one with nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance at Port one with nothing else
+connected to it so I just measured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it so I just measured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to it so I just measured it
+like it was an inductor from one port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was an inductor from one port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it was an inductor from one port
+with everything else open circuited I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything else open circuited I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything else open circuited I
+get all one one same thing for measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all one one same thing for measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all one one same thing for measuring
+l22 same thing for measuring Port 3 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 same thing for measuring Port 3 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l22 same thing for measuring Port 3 then
+I have l21 which is equal l12 l31 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have l21 which is equal l12 l31 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have l21 which is equal l12 l31 which
+is equal l13 and l32 which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal l13 and l32 which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal l13 and l32 which is equal to
+l23 so if I have a single inductor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l23 so if I have a single inductor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l23 so if I have a single inductor I
+have one free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one free
+parameter if I have a 2X two I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter if I have a 2X two I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter if I have a 2X two I have
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+parameters if I have a 3X3 I have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if I have a 3X3 I have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters if I have a 3X3 I have six
+parameters what would happen if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters what would happen if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters what would happen if I had a
+four winding Transformer in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four winding Transformer in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four winding Transformer in the general
+case well I had add a V4 and an i4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well I had add a V4 and an i4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case well I had add a V4 and an i4 and
+then I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd
+have um basically in add one more bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um basically in add one more bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um basically in add one more bottom
+row of independent parameters four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of independent parameters four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of independent parameters four
+parameters and I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I'd have
+10 okay so it turns out that an N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay so it turns out that an N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay so it turns out that an N
+winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer ends up with n * n + 1 / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer ends up with n * n + 1 / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer ends up with n * n + 1 / 2
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters right so it's 1 3 6 10 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right so it's 1 3 6 10 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right so it's 1 3 6 10 and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+okay that gets kind of ugly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that gets kind of ugly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that gets kind of ugly kind of
+quick but that's the way it is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick but that's the way it is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick but that's the way it is that's
+the sort of the general case and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the general case and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the general case and this
+inductance Matrix still for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix still for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix still for the same
+reason I said it has to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I said it has to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I said it has to be positive
+semi-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-definite
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so now what might I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now what might I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so now what might I
+want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay
+um I might want the equivalent I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I might want the equivalent I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I might want the equivalent I've
+already said okay I have an inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said okay I have an inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said okay I have an inductance
+Matrix and if I come up to my device and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and if I come up to my device and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and if I come up to my device and
+I sort of uh sort of measure V1 and i1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of uh sort of measure V1 and i1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of uh sort of measure V1 and i1
+and have all the other i z i open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have all the other i z i open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have all the other i z i open
+circuit I can get l11 I can do a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I can get l11 I can do a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit I can get l11 I can do a bunch
+of measurements on my device and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements on my device and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements on my device and figure
+out what these independent parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what these independent parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what these independent parameters
+are that can be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that can be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that can be tricky
+okay if you don't do it carefully you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you don't do it carefully you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you don't do it carefully you'll
+get stuff that's not quite right but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff that's not quite right but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff that's not quite right but you
+can get the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the terminal
+relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships
+okay and so I can always get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I can always get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so I can always get the
+inductance matrix by doing measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance matrix by doing measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance matrix by doing measurements
+on a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+device how would I get a circuit model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device how would I get a circuit model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device how would I get a circuit model
+what would my circuit model look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would my circuit model look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would my circuit model look
+like well that's a trickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well that's a trickier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well that's a trickier
+question it's possible to do a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's possible to do a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question it's possible to do a physical
+model like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like
+this model okay with actual physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model okay with actual physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model okay with actual physical
+parameters but that turns out to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but that turns out to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but that turns out to very
+often be quite tricky and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often be quite tricky and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often be quite tricky and as you can see
+this already has uh a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already has uh a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already has uh a bunch of
+parameters to it but what might we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to it but what might we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to it but what might we do
+suppose I wanted to just say hey I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted to just say hey I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I wanted to just say hey I'm not
+going to worry about getting a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about getting a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about getting a physical
+model just give me a model that has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just give me a model that has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model just give me a model that has just
+enough independent parameters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough independent parameters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough independent parameters to
+represent the the thre port or four port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the the thre port or four port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the the thre port or four port
+or five port Network I have okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five port Network I have okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five port Network I have okay now
+there's in general a lot of ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in general a lot of ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's in general a lot of ways you
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+that I'm going to show you one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to show you one that I
+particularly like um it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like um it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly like um it's called the
+extended candle lever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended candle lever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended candle lever
+model um it's by no means the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um it's by no means the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um it's by no means the only way
+to do it but it's a very clean means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but it's a very clean means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but it's a very clean means of
+doing it okay so when we do circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it okay so when we do circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it okay so when we do circuit
+modeling for all kinds of devices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for all kinds of devices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling for all kinds of devices we
+often use the extended Cal lever model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use the extended Cal lever model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often use the extended Cal lever model
+and it goes a little bit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes a little bit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes a little bit like this
+um suppose I had a one terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose I had a one terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um suppose I had a one terminal
+device okay maybe I would come up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device okay maybe I would come up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device okay maybe I would come up here
+and I'd say okay here's my one terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd say okay here's my one terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'd say okay here's my one terminal
+device the inductance and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device the inductance and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device the inductance and I'm going
+to maybe I'll just draw this with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe I'll just draw this with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe I'll just draw this with a
+ground reference here for Simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground reference here for Simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground reference here for Simplicity
+this is my inductance L but maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my inductance L but maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my inductance L but maybe I'll
+call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it
+l11 and I'm going to use little l11 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 and I'm going to use little l11 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l11 and I'm going to use little l11 to
+distinguish it from my IND inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it from my IND inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish it from my IND inductance
+Matrix value right but if I just had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix value right but if I just had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix value right but if I just had a
+single device with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single device with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single device with sort of
+V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and
+i1 I'd need one parameter that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 I'd need one parameter that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 I'd need one parameter that I'm going
+to call Little l11 which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Little l11 which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call Little l11 which is just the
+inductance of that one turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of that one turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance of that one turn
+winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding
+right so I have one parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have one parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I have one parameter
+here that captures what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want how many more parameters would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how many more parameters would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how many more parameters would I
+need in general to model a two a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in general to model a two a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in general to model a two a two
+port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port
+device two winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer three right so I somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer three right so I somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer three right so I somehow
+need to extend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to extend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to extend this
+model so that I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so that I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so that I would have
+um two additional free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two additional free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two additional free
+parameters and if I want to keep it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and if I want to keep it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and if I want to keep it as
+simple as possible I want only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as possible I want only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as possible I want only two
+additional free parameters and again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional free parameters and again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional free parameters and again I'm
+stepping back and saying I don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back and saying I don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping back and saying I don't care if
+they're physical parameters I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're physical parameters I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're physical parameters I just want
+them to be um capture the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be um capture the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to be um capture the terminal
+relations to the device okay so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations to the device okay so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations to the device okay so maybe I
+would come up and say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come up and say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would come up and say okay
+um I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to go
+add uh one more Le one more inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh one more Le one more inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add uh one more Le one more inductance
+I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call this
+l12 okay and then I'm going to add an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 okay and then I'm going to add an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l12 okay and then I'm going to add an
+ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Transformer and give it a um trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and give it a um trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer and give it a um trans
+information ratio 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ratio 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ratio 1 to
+N2 okay and then I'll call this V2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I2 okay so now this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so now this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 okay so now this structure
+has a second parameter and a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a second parameter and a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a second parameter and a third
+parameter does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter does that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter does that make sense everybody
+so clearly I have three parameters here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly I have three parameters here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clearly I have three parameters here
+if I pick the parameters right I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick the parameters right I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pick the parameters right I can
+match a 2X two inductance Matrix does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a 2X two inductance Matrix does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match a 2X two inductance Matrix does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everybody what is this model well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what is this model well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody what is this model well this
+model how does this model and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how does this model and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model how does this model and just
+recognize this is connected here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this is connected here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this is connected here I'm
+just drawing it for Simplicity that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing it for Simplicity that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing it for Simplicity that way
+this model is just like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is just like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is just like this
+model except that all I've done is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model except that all I've done is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model except that all I've done is I've
+made L leakage one zero so then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made L leakage one zero so then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made L leakage one zero so then I have
+this this is one inductance and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is one inductance and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is one inductance and then I
+took L leakage 2 and I put it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took L leakage 2 and I put it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took L leakage 2 and I put it on the
+other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the
+Transformer so my three parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer so my three parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer so my three parameters are
+this the turns ratio and this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the turns ratio and this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the turns ratio and this guy and
+I've set this one to zero so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've set this one to zero so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've set this one to zero so it's a
+non-physical thing but it gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-physical thing but it gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-physical thing but it gives me the
+right set of parameters to model any 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right set of parameters to model any 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right set of parameters to model any 2
+by two so that's sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two so that's sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two so that's sometimes called the
+candal lever model the so named because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candal lever model the so named because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candal lever model the so named because
+um you have this sort of L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have this sort of L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have this sort of L of
+inductances okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's fine I've got three total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's fine I've got three total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's fine I've got three total
+parameters I can model any two winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I can model any two winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I can model any two winding
+Transformer that way they're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer that way they're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer that way they're not going
+to be physical parameters and I by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be physical parameters and I by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be physical parameters and I by the
+way I should have warned you before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I should have warned you before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I should have warned you before you
+know if I have this model for a 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have this model for a 2X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have this model for a 2X
+two okay what I know is that all of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay what I know is that all of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay what I know is that all of L
+leakage one L mu1 and L leakage 2 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage one L mu1 and L leakage 2 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage one L mu1 and L leakage 2 all
+have to be positive inductances why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be positive inductances why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be positive inductances why
+because they each represent some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they each represent some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they each represent some energy
+stored in space right so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in space right so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in space right so those are
+physical values of inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical values of inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical values of inductance
+representing physical energy storage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing physical energy storage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing physical energy storage and
+this turns ratio is the physical turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns ratio is the physical turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns ratio is the physical turn
+turns ratio if I do anything else if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratio if I do anything else if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns ratio if I do anything else if I
+use you know if I arbitrarily pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you know if I arbitrarily pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use you know if I arbitrarily pick one
+of these models there's no guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these models there's no guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these models there's no guarantee
+that the inductances in my parameter end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inductances in my parameter end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inductances in my parameter end
+up being positive or anything else right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being positive or anything else right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being positive or anything else right
+they're going to be whatever they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be whatever they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be whatever they need
+to be to match the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to match the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to match the terminal
+Behavior okay so you can easily get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay so you can easily get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay so you can easily get you
+know some negative inductance value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some negative inductance value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some negative inductance value in
+your model if you're not using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model if you're not using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model if you're not using a
+physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical
+model all right and so don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right and so don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right and so don't get
+concerned if you see that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned if you see that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned if you see that and that's
+just because you're trying to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're trying to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because you're trying to pick
+parameters to really match what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to really match what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to really match what the
+inductance Matrix description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix description
+does okay and whatever those circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay and whatever those circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does okay and whatever those circuit
+parameters turn out to be you'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters turn out to be you'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters turn out to be you'll get the
+right inductance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right inductance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right inductance Matrix
+description okay so this is great for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description okay so this is great for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description okay so this is great for a
+two winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two winding
+Transformer I have three parameters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I have three parameters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I have three parameters for
+my two winding Transformer how many do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two winding Transformer how many do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my two winding Transformer how many do I
+need for my three winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for my three winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for my three winding
+Transformer I need six total that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I need six total that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformer I need six total that means
+I need three new ones right so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need three new ones right so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need three new ones right so if I'm
+going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add
+on sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of
+a V3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a V3 and
+I3 I need three more parameters so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 I need three more parameters so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I3 I need three more parameters so what
+do I add on I add on one Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I add on I add on one Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I add on I add on one Transformer
+ratio as a parameter one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio as a parameter one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio as a parameter one to
+N3 so here's one new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 so here's one new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N3 so here's one new
+parameter and now I need two more well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and now I need two more well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and now I need two more well I
+can model the other two just with um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model the other two just with um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can model the other two just with um an
+inductance from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance from here to
+here which I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I'll call
+l23 and inductance from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l23 and inductance from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l23 and inductance from here to
+here which I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which I'll call
+l13 and that gives me my six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l13 and that gives me my six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l13 and that gives me my six
+parameters and I connect tie this one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I connect tie this one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I connect tie this one to
+the same reference point okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reference point okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reference point okay so you can
+kind of see where this is going every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see where this is going every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see where this is going every
+time I want to add a new ter a New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want to add a new ter a New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want to add a new ter a New
+Port I add in one Transformer with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port I add in one Transformer with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Port I add in one Transformer with some
+trans transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans transformation
+ratio and then a leakage quote unquote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and then a leakage quote unquote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and then a leakage quote unquote
+leakage to each other internal node in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage to each other internal node in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage to each other internal node in
+the circuit and I can expand out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit and I can expand out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit and I can expand out and
+I'll always have exactly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll always have exactly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll always have exactly the right
+number of parameters to match uh the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parameters to match uh the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parameters to match uh the N
+byn inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byn inductance
+Matrix does that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm sort of running out of time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sort of running out of time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sort of running out of time but
+what I'll tell you about this model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll tell you about this model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll tell you about this model and
+the details are all in the text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details are all in the text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details are all in the text
+okay the nice thing about this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the nice thing about this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the nice thing about this model is
+firstly it turns out there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly it turns out there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly it turns out there's always a
+set of measurements you can do on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of measurements you can do on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of measurements you can do on your
+circuit that will reveal directly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that will reveal directly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit that will reveal directly what
+these uh ratios are so for example I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ratios are so for example I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh ratios are so for example I can
+find l11 just by open circuiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find l11 just by open circuiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find l11 just by open circuiting
+everything and measuring the inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and measuring the inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and measuring the inductance
+at this port if I put a voltage here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this port if I put a voltage here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this port if I put a voltage here and
+I measure all the voltages the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measure all the voltages the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measure all the voltages the other
+terminals that gives N2 N3 and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals that gives N2 N3 and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminals that gives N2 N3 and so forth
+there's a set of measurements I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of measurements I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a set of measurements I can do
+that'll always reveal these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll always reveal these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll always reveal these parameters
+so if I want to create a model for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to create a model for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to create a model for a
+physical device I can do that it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical device I can do that it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical device I can do that it also
+turns out that all these parameters can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that all these parameters can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that all these parameters can
+be directly related back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be directly related back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be directly related back to the
+inductance Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix
+values okay and I put the equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay and I put the equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay and I put the equations in
+there and it's and I exactly how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's and I exactly how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's and I exactly how you do
+it but the nice thing is if I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the nice thing is if I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the nice thing is if I have an
+inductance Matrix description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance Matrix description of the
+thing I wanted I can create a circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted I can create a circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I wanted I can create a circuit
+model that has that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that has that this is a
+non-physical circuit model but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-physical circuit model but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-physical circuit model but it
+matches the terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches the terminal
+relationships so I'm out of time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so I'm out of time we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships so I'm out of time we've
+sort of expanded from inductance to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of expanded from inductance to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of expanded from inductance to n
+winding magnetic structures are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding magnetic structures are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winding magnetic structures are there
+any questions before we wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay have a great day and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay have a great day and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay have a great day and we'll see
+you tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OAOec-To-84.txt b/OAOec-To-84.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..114de196f9f86bb1312963a667392540000fc053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OAOec-To-84.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3969 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+I guess we'll get started.
+
+Last time, we were talking
+about auditory cortex,
+
+and the tonotopic fields
+in auditory cortex,
+
+the non-tonotopic fields.
+
+Any questions about that first
+lecture on auditory cortex?
+
+We're going to continue
+on cortex today, and talk
+
+about some areas of cortex in
+a specialized mammal, the bat.
+
+It's where a lot
+of excellent work
+
+has been done on auditory
+cortex that really
+
+shows-- very nicely--
+how neurons respond,
+
+at least, to the selective
+stimuli that are emitted
+
+and listened to by the bat.
+
+So we'll be talking
+about bat echolocation.
+
+We'll start out by defining
+the different groups of bats,
+
+and talk about who
+discovered bat echolocation.
+
+The discovery was made
+just a few miles from here.
+
+We'll talk about what the
+signals a bat's look like,
+
+in terms of what they look
+like on a spectrogram.
+
+Then we'll talk about
+the specializations
+
+for processing the emitted
+pulse and the return
+
+echo in several bat
+cortical fields.
+
+In the second half
+of today's lecture,
+
+we'll be revisiting
+speech sounds.
+
+We had a little bit of
+that at the very beginning
+
+of my lectures.
+
+We'll talk about
+speech spectrograms.
+
+And then we'll talk about
+cortical processing of speech
+
+and language, especially
+in the human, where
+
+we have a lot that is known
+about processing of language.
+
+OK.
+
+So we'll start out
+with bat echolocation.
+
+These are some pretty
+pictures of bats.
+
+Oh, I also have
+some announcements
+
+now that everybody's here.
+
+So, on Wednesday's class,
+meet at the Massachusetts Eye
+
+and Ear Infirmary, if
+you haven't already
+
+gotten an email.
+
+So, for a lab tour, we meet at
+the Massachusetts Eye and Ear
+
+Infirmary.
+
+And there are directions
+to get there from here.
+
+You just get on the Red Line,
+going inbound, toward Boston.
+
+Get off one stop later,
+at the Charles stop.
+
+And then you're going to the
+Massachusetts Eye and Ear
+
+Infirmary.
+
+So a lot of people get
+that confused, of course,
+
+with the big behemoth right
+next door , Mass General.
+
+So Mass.
+
+Eye and Ear's a
+different building.
+
+It's a different hospital.
+
+But But it's clearly marked.
+
+The directions are on the
+website, so just follow them.
+
+So the lab tour will be within
+the regular class period,
+
+so 2:35 to 4:00.
+
+We're not going to go
+beyond that because people
+
+have commitments after that.
+
+And we'll-- depending on
+how many people show up,
+
+it's likely we'll divide
+into groups and cycle through
+
+several demonstrations that I
+have prepared for you there.
+
+OK.
+
+So questions about that?
+
+So we meet at Mass.
+
+Eye and Ear on Wednesday.
+
+At that time, the
+assignments are due.
+
+So we talked a little bit about
+the assignment a few weeks ago,
+
+when we talked about
+the Jeffers model.
+
+And you can send me the
+assignments by email
+
+or give me a typed
+printed version.
+
+And the idea is that I'll
+look them over and then
+
+hand them back to you
+at the review session.
+
+And we'll talk about
+the assignments ,
+
+and what I consider
+the right answers.
+
+So we did a little switch
+for the review sessions.
+
+So we should put
+this on the website,
+
+if it isn't already there.
+
+But next week, Monday, we have
+two review sessions scheduled.
+
+The one on Monday will
+now be the one on vision.
+
+And so Doctor Schiller is
+going to come and review
+
+the vision part of
+the course on Monday.
+
+And then I'll be back
+a week from Wednesday.
+
+And we'll do the
+audition review.
+
+And we'll return your
+assignments then, ?
+
+OK?
+
+So that's what's
+happening next week.
+
+Any questions on that?
+
+OK.
+
+So here are the nice
+pictures of bats.
+
+They're beautiful animals.
+
+They have specializations,
+of course, for hearing.
+
+They have large pinnae, right?
+
+Much, much larger
+than other animals,
+
+especially for their size.
+
+They have very small eyes.
+
+And their visual systems
+are not well developed.
+
+They of course have wings.
+
+So these are flying animals.
+
+And many of them
+have noseleaves.
+
+So here's a nose
+cartilage that's
+
+very well developed because
+these animals emit sound.
+
+Their echolocation
+pulse is emitted.
+
+And some of the sound
+comes out of the mouth.
+
+But some of it comes
+out of the nose.
+
+And this noseleaf tends
+to focus the sound forward
+
+because that's where the bat
+is interested at detecting
+
+some kind of a target,
+like the insect prey
+
+that most of these bats eat.
+
+So I should backtrack
+and say that we're really
+
+talking about three
+types of bats.
+
+We're talking about echolocating
+bats, of which there
+
+are two varieties that I'll
+tell you about it in a minute.
+
+And we're also not going to talk
+about non-echolocating bats.
+
+And sometimes, these
+non-echolocating bats
+
+are called fruit-eating bats.
+
+They are also flying mammals.
+
+But they have big eyes.
+
+They have relatively
+small pinnae.
+
+And they navigate around
+like birds and other mammals,
+
+using their visual system.
+
+So they don't echolocate.
+
+So you have
+non-echolocating bats
+
+that we're not
+going to talk about.
+
+We have echolocating bats
+that we will talk about.
+
+It's starting to get confusing
+with all these groups.
+
+In fact, bats are a very
+successful group of mammals.
+
+Supposedly, there
+are more species
+
+of bats than all other
+mammals combined.
+
+It's and amazingly
+successful group of mammals.
+
+And mostly because
+echolocation has opened up
+
+a whole new vista for bats.
+
+Not only can they fly around,
+but they can do so at night--
+
+in total darkness--
+and find prey,
+
+their targets, their insects.
+
+So instead of
+being fruit eating,
+
+these echolocating
+bats are carnivorous.
+
+Most of them eat insects
+that they catch on the wing.
+
+So flying insects.
+
+But there are
+gleaning bats that eat
+
+insects on the forest floor.
+
+There are vampire bats
+that cut little holes
+
+in the top of mammals and lap
+up the blood that comes out.
+
+There are fish eating
+bats that eat fish.
+
+There are a whole
+variety types of bats.
+
+But most of them eat insects
+that they catch on the wing.
+
+And we'll have a
+demonstration of that.
+
+So these are insect
+eating bats here.
+
+This one I want to
+point out its name for.
+
+This one is called-- in the
+middle left, right here--
+
+megaderma lyra.
+
+So mega means big.
+
+Derma means skin, ?
+
+right?
+
+It's so named because
+of it's big skin here.
+
+And lyra refers to
+lyrical, or musical,
+
+or something that sings, OK?
+
+So these bats are singing.
+
+Let's look at the types
+of singing that they do.
+
+And this display
+shows the two types
+
+of signals that are
+emitted by the two
+
+big groups of echolocating bats.
+
+The first I want to start
+with is the simplest.
+
+It's called an FM bat.
+
+An FM-- you have
+an FM radio that
+
+stands for frequency
+modulated, or Fm.
+
+OK?
+
+And in this graph of the FM
+bat's echolocating signal--
+
+this graph is called
+a spectrogram--
+
+and it plots the
+frequency on the y-axis
+
+and as a function of
+time on the x-axis.
+
+And this echolocating
+pulse is the thing
+
+that the bat is emitting.
+
+It's producing and emitting.
+
+And the reason it's
+frequency modulated is it
+
+starts at a high frequency
+and modulates down
+
+to a lower frequency.
+
+And here's another one.
+
+And here's another one.
+
+Now, if there's a
+target out there,
+
+some distance from the bat,
+this pulse that goes out
+
+will be reflected
+off the target.
+
+And then it will come back to
+the bat in the form of an echo
+
+sometime later.
+
+OK?
+
+So the bat-- in this
+case the FM bat--
+
+gets information, number
+one, if there's an echo,
+
+there's a target out there.
+
+And number two, the time
+between the pulse and the echo
+
+is an indication of the distance
+the target is from the bat,
+
+right?
+
+Because the sound has to go
+from the bat, to the target,
+
+and then from the
+target back to the bat.
+
+And we know that the
+sound velocity in air
+
+is about 340 meters per second.
+
+So knowing that
+velocity, and knowing
+
+the time between the pulse and
+the echo, we-- and the bat--
+
+can get information
+of how far away
+
+the target is from the bat.
+
+Now, a couple of things
+I want to comment here
+
+on this spectrogram.
+
+Number one, the frequency axis.
+
+You might not be able to see
+it, but it starts at zero
+
+and then quickly
+jumps to 30 kilohertz.
+
+And then there's
+60, 90, and 120.
+
+So those are very
+high sound frequency.
+
+And so, in the early days
+and to a certain extent
+
+still, those frequencies
+would be called ultrasonic.
+
+And there's no real
+good reason for that,
+
+except that we're humans.
+
+And everything is important
+with respect to humans.
+
+And our upper limit of
+frequency, as you well
+
+know-- if you're a
+very young human--
+
+ends at about 20 kilohertz.
+
+And most of us, who are in
+our middle or older ages,
+
+aren't hearing anything
+above 10 kilohertz.
+
+So all these frequencies
+emitted by the bat,
+
+and the echoes coming
+back, are beyond the range
+
+of human hearing.
+
+And in that sense,
+they're ultrasonic.
+
+So you can't go out and say, oh.
+
+I heard a bat, or
+at least in terms
+
+of the echolocating signals
+that the bats are emitting.
+
+There are some
+sounds that bats emit
+
+that are communication sounds.
+
+And those are in
+the human frequency
+
+range to a certain extent.
+
+But almost all the
+echolocating signals
+
+are well above the upper
+limit of our hearing range.
+
+Now, another thing that you
+can see from this spectrogram
+
+is that there's a big
+delay between this pulse
+
+and this echo, OK?
+
+The target is pretty far away.
+
+Generally, bats
+head toward targets.
+
+And this has been
+shown many times
+
+in behavioral experiments,
+especially if they're hungry.
+
+OK?
+
+And as the bat gets closer
+and closer to the target,
+
+obviously the time between the
+pulse and the returning echo
+
+gets shorter.
+
+And, as you can probably
+see from this spectrogram,
+
+there are a lot more
+pulses emitted per time
+
+when the bat gets
+close to the target
+
+because the bat is interested
+in getting a lot of information
+
+when it gets close.
+
+Another reason that the bat
+doesn't emit very many pulses
+
+when it's far away
+from the target
+
+is, if you emitted a pulse
+before the echo returned,
+
+you could get confused
+between the outgoing pulse
+
+and the returning echo.
+
+So typically, bats tend to
+increase their pulse rate
+
+a lot more as they get
+closer to their target.
+
+OK?
+
+And I'm going to show you
+a demonstration of that.
+
+I'm sure we'll
+convince you of that.
+
+So this is the type of bat
+we have here in New England.
+
+Examples of this are a little
+brown bat or the big brown bat.
+
+And if anybody has seen
+bats-- have you guys seen bats
+
+flying around at night?
+
+Yeah?
+
+Where do you see them?
+
+In your bedroom?
+
+Underneath-- [LAUGHTER] it's
+where I've seen some recently,
+
+which is a little scary.
+
+Well, this view graph
+says it hunts in open air.
+
+Where has anybody seen them?
+
+I sometimes see them
+if I'm out canoeing
+
+on a lake at night,
+or in the evening.
+
+Any other places?
+
+On golf courses, for example.
+
+And those are all
+sensible, if you will,
+
+places for the bat to hunt
+because they're very open
+
+situations.
+
+And there isn't a whole bunch
+of clutter, if you will,
+
+that will return
+echoes to the bat.
+
+If there's a moth or a
+mosquito out there-- it
+
+might be the only
+thing out there
+
+above the surface of
+the lake, and that's
+
+very interesting to the bat
+because it has one target.
+
+It doesn't have a million leaves
+of the forest, if you will,
+
+to get confused.
+
+It gets one echo, it knows
+there's one target out there.
+
+It goes and swoops out there.
+
+And it possibly eats the
+target, if it's an insect.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me give you
+some other examples
+
+of some information on FM bats.
+
+First, I want to
+point your attention
+
+to who discovered
+echolocating bats.
+
+And I have his book here.
+
+This is Donald Griffin's book.
+
+It's called Listening
+In the Dark.
+
+And I'll write his
+name on the board.
+
+And I'd like to do just a
+short reading from his book.
+
+Then I'll pass it around.
+
+So this is the
+section where he talks
+
+about this discovery of
+bats' ultrasonic sounds.
+
+So he writes, "during my
+undergraduate years at Harvard
+
+College, when I was actively
+engaged in banding bats
+
+to study their
+migration--" So bats here,
+
+about this time of year, start
+flying south like birds do.
+
+He says, "I was familiar only
+with the generally held view
+
+that bats felt with their wings
+the proximity of obstacles."
+
+that was how people thought
+they navigated around, by touch.
+
+"Several friends suggested
+that I experiment
+
+with the ability of my
+bats to avoid obstacles."
+
+Blah, blah, blah.
+
+"I decided that I should contact
+a professor in the Harvard
+
+physics department.
+
+That was Professor GW Pierce,
+inventor of the Pierce circuit
+
+for the stabilization of
+radio frequency oscillator.
+
+Pierce had developed almost
+the only apparatus then
+
+in existence that could
+detect and generate
+
+a wide range of sounds
+lying above the audio range.
+
+That is from 20,000 to almost
+100,000 cycles per second.
+
+With some trepidation, I
+approached Professor Pierce
+
+in the winter of 1938
+with the suggestion
+
+that we use his apparatus
+to listen to my bats.
+
+I found him eager to
+try the experiment,
+
+particularly since
+he was already
+
+engaged in extensive studies
+of the high frequency
+
+sounds of insects.
+
+When I first brought
+a cage full of bats,
+
+myotis lucifugus--" OK,
+that's the little brown bat--
+
+"to Pierce's lab
+and held the cage
+
+in front of the
+parabolic horn, we
+
+were surprised and delighted to
+hear a medley of raucous noises
+
+from the loudspeaker."
+
+So Griffin, as an
+undergraduate, discovered
+
+that bats emitted
+ultrasonic stimuli, OK?
+
+And he went on to pursue a
+lifetime of research on bats.
+
+While he was still
+an undergraduate,
+
+he designed some
+experiments to see
+
+if the bats could use this
+echolocation to avoid objects.
+
+And so he took a room,
+turned out all the lights
+
+so the bats could
+only use other senses.
+
+And he noticed that
+they would fly around.
+
+And he didn't have a very
+extensive equipment budget,
+
+so for objects, he went to the
+store that sold piano wire.
+
+And he strung piano
+wire from the ceiling
+
+to the floor of the room.
+
+And he let the bats fly around.
+
+And he knew that if something
+touched the piano wire,
+
+he could hear a little
+sound of the wire vibrating.
+
+And he had to go
+down in diameter,
+
+to piano wire that was
+the thickness of the width
+
+of a human hair,
+before the bats finally
+
+started touching the wire.
+
+They could detect objects
+even sub-millimeter in size.
+
+So their sense of echolocation
+was really well developed,
+
+and very good.
+
+It could detect
+very tiny targets.
+
+So that was one of his first,
+and foremost, experiments.
+
+Now, I have some demonstrations.
+
+And some of them are from
+Griffin's original work.
+
+And so, in these
+demonstrations, you
+
+have a movie of the bat flying.
+
+And the target, this
+time, is a small food item
+
+that's thrown up.
+
+I think it's a mealworm.
+
+So the investigator
+throws up the mealworm.
+
+And the bat catches it.
+
+And on the audio
+part of the track,
+
+you'll hear some popping.
+
+And I think that's a stroboscope
+that's illuminating the image.
+
+You will also hear
+a little chirp.
+
+And they're pretty
+high frequency.
+
+But that is the bat
+echolocating pulse going out.
+
+It's detected by
+microphone, and transformed
+
+from the high frequencies
+down into lower frequencies
+
+in your audio range,
+so you can hear it.
+
+OK?
+
+And notice that,
+number one, when
+
+the bat gets close to the
+target, the chirps increase
+
+in frequency.
+
+And number two,
+when the bat eats
+
+the target, the
+chirps stop, right?
+
+Because unlike you or me,
+they can't talk and eat
+
+at the same time.
+
+So those chirps are the
+bat echolocating pulse.
+
+Here's the bat.
+
+Here's the target coming up.
+
+In that case, as
+sometimes happens,
+
+the bat missed the target.
+
+So it's falling away.
+
+Here's the target coming up.
+
+In this case, the bat caught
+it in the tip of its wing.
+
+And it brings the wing
+in toward its mouth.
+
+And it eats the target.
+
+And it starts pulsing
+again after it's
+
+swallowed the target.
+
+And there, I think it caught
+it right in its mouth,
+
+without having to use its wings.
+
+OK.
+
+So these are some other films
+that I won't go through.
+
+But they were some
+experiments that Griffin
+
+did, testing the ability of
+bats-- and certain species--
+
+to actually catch fish.
+
+And he was mystified about
+this because-- as we've
+
+talked about--
+sound and air, when
+
+it comes to a fluid boundary,
+mostly reflects off.
+
+So it seemed unimaginable
+that the bat echolocating
+
+pulse could go under
+the water and would
+
+be reflected of the fish.
+
+So what he figured out
+later is that, when
+
+there is a smooth
+surface of the water,
+
+the bats did not
+seem interested.
+
+But when the fish
+came up and rippled
+
+the surface of the water,
+that was what the bats we're
+
+actually detecting,
+the little ripples
+
+on the surface of the water--
+just as you see them visually.
+
+There's some videos of
+bats catching fish here.
+
+Bats hanging out.
+
+Bats flying in rooms.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+Now this last part of the demo
+is from more modern experiments
+
+in which the bat
+approaches a target.
+
+In this case, the target
+is somewhere here.
+
+And it's tethered.
+
+The target is fixed.
+
+This is a spectrogram of
+the bat echolocating pulse.
+
+And this is the bat
+flying, in slow motion,
+
+to catch the target.
+
+And you can see the
+tremendous increase
+
+in pulse repetition rate.
+
+As it eats the target,
+it stops vocalizing.
+
+And now it starts again.
+
+And this'll be
+repeated at least once.
+
+So here's another run.
+
+Here's the bat
+spectrogram down here.
+
+And here's the bat coming in.
+
+Here is the target, right there.
+
+I guess I'd better stop that.
+
+OK.
+
+And so that second demo is
+from Doctor Cynthia Moss,
+
+who used to be at Harvard.
+
+And now she's at the
+University of Maryland.
+
+And she does extensive
+work on bat echolocation.
+
+And so I think it clearly
+shows the increase
+
+in pulse repetition rate as the
+bat gets close to the target.
+
+Any questions on that?
+
+OK.
+
+So those were all the first
+kind of bat I talked about,
+
+the FM bat.
+
+And now, let's get into
+the second group of bats.
+
+And this group is
+called CFFM bats.
+
+OK.
+
+And these are completely
+different species of bats.
+
+They are new world CFFM bats
+and old world CFFM bats.
+
+It probably has
+evolved several times.
+
+The echolocating pulse and
+echo are completely different,
+
+compared to the FM bat.
+
+So in the case of the
+mustache bat, which
+
+is an example of CFFM bat,
+this is the spectrogram.
+
+Again, frequency on the
+y-axis and time on the x-axis.
+
+But in this case, instead of
+the pulse sweeping downward,
+
+or a frequency modulated
+very downward-- almost
+
+like a chirp-- instead, the
+pulse is a constant frequency.
+
+So the CF stands for
+constant frequency.
+
+That just means the
+frequency is staying
+
+constant as a function of time.
+
+And that's this
+flat section here.
+
+In the case of bat sounds,
+just like human speech sounds,
+
+there are many harmonics.
+
+There's the first harmonic.
+
+That's called CF1.
+
+There's the second harmonic,
+an octave above, CF2.
+
+There's a third harmonic, CF3.
+
+And there's a fourth
+harmonic, CF4.
+
+And it's conventional on this
+kind of spectrogram display
+
+to illustrate the sounds
+that have the most
+
+energy with the
+boldest marking here.
+
+So CF2 is the one that has the
+highest sound pressure level.
+
+And so that's the darkest here.
+
+These other ones, especially
+CF1 and CF4, are lower in level.
+
+They're not as intense.
+
+And so they're not as
+black on this display.
+
+And in this display of the FM
+bat, the pulse is very intense.
+
+And the echo is, of
+course, much reduced.
+
+Echolocating pulses
+can be 110 dB,
+
+if you measure them
+right at the bat's mouth.
+
+They can be very intense.
+
+And, of course, the bat
+contracts its middle ear
+
+muscles to prevent those
+kinds of intense stimuli
+
+from damaging its own ears.
+
+And then it relaxes the
+muscles when the echo comes by,
+
+and its hearing is fine.
+
+OK.
+
+So at the end of the CF portion,
+this echo-locating pulse.
+
+There is a little FM sweep.
+
+OK.
+
+So you can appreciate,
+maybe, that there's
+
+an FM1, a little FM2
+sweep, a little FM3
+
+sweep, and a little Fm4 sweep.
+
+And it's thought that this
+bat uses the FM of the pulse,
+
+and the FM of the
+return echo, to get
+
+a measure of the distance that
+the target is from the bat.
+
+OK.
+
+It if comes back
+in 10 milliseconds,
+
+and you know the
+sound of velocity
+
+is 340 meters per second,
+you can figure out
+
+how close that is.
+
+And this bat can
+do that, as well.
+
+Now, what's going on
+with this CF part?
+
+Well, as you can see
+on the spectrogram,
+
+the CF of the pulse
+is not exactly
+
+the same as the CF of the echo.
+
+OK.
+
+The echo has shifted up to be
+a little higher in frequency
+
+in each case.
+
+Now, how can
+frequencies be shifted?
+
+Well, it has to do
+with the Doppler shift.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is a shift in, in
+this case, sound frequency.
+
+But you can have a Doppler
+shift for any kind of wave.
+
+For example, you can have a
+Doppler shift for light waves.
+
+If you've studied
+the Big Bang theory
+
+of the origin of the universe,
+there's a big explosion, right?
+
+Everything exploded out and
+is moving far away from us.
+
+So you look at the light
+coming from a star that's
+
+moving away from you.
+
+It's actually shifted a little
+bit to longer wavelengths,
+
+toward the more reddish
+hues, because it's
+
+moving away from you.
+
+So Doppler shifts have to
+do with wave sources that
+
+are moving relative
+to the receiver,
+
+or the receiver moving
+relative to the emitter.
+
+Another example of a Doppler
+shift, this time for sound,
+
+would be if you were in the
+grandstand of a race track,
+
+and the race cars were
+going around a big oval.
+
+OK.
+
+And you hear the sound
+of their engines.
+
+As the race car comes toward
+you, along the straight away,
+
+it sounds like it's
+higher in pitch
+
+because it's moving toward you.
+
+As it passes you and then
+starts to move away from you,
+
+it sounds like it's
+lower in pitch.
+
+So the thing you'd
+hear would be [BUZZING]
+
+as each race car went by you.
+
+So, as the race car is here, and
+you're the observer listening
+
+here, it emits-- let's
+say-- a pulse of sound.
+
+OK.
+
+This might be the peak
+of the wave front,
+
+if it were just a
+sinusoid, let's say.
+
+Now, by the time a race
+car coming toward you
+
+has emitted the next peak,
+the race car's actually moved.
+
+OK.
+
+So the peak is here.
+
+And the next peak is emitted.
+
+And it's very close together.
+
+If the race car is
+moving away from you,
+
+it emits one peak of sound.
+
+And then by the time it
+emits the next peak of sound,
+
+it's moved a little
+away from you.
+
+The peaks are farther apart.
+
+And we know the sound source
+that has a quick oscillation
+
+sounds like a high frequency.
+
+And the sound source that
+has a very slow oscillation
+
+sounds like a low frequency.
+
+So Doppler shifts are
+positive, higher frequencies
+
+for objects making
+sound moving toward you.
+
+And Doppler shifts are low,
+or negative, in frequency.
+
+They make lower
+frequencies if the object
+
+is moving away from you.
+
+It's just the physical
+characteristics
+
+of sound coupled with movement.
+
+OK.
+
+In the case of these positive
+Doppler shifted echoes,
+
+we know either that
+the object that
+
+has been reflecting the echo
+is moving toward the bat
+
+or, conversely, that
+the bat has been flying
+
+toward the object that
+is emitting the echo.
+
+So a positive
+Doppler shift means
+
+things are getting
+closer together.
+
+And a negative
+Doppler shift would
+
+be things are going
+farther apart.
+
+So not only does the
+bat, from its FM sweep,
+
+get an indication of how far
+it is away from the target.
+
+But by its Doppler
+shifted CF part,
+
+it gets an idea of the
+relative motion of the target.
+
+Why is that important?
+
+These types of bats,
+instead of hunting
+
+in open air-- like
+the FM bats we
+
+have-- these are tropical bats.
+
+And they hunt in
+dense vegetation,
+
+like the tropical rain forests.
+
+And there are millions
+of objects around.
+
+There are leaves.
+
+There's vines.
+
+There's lots of clutter here.
+
+What the bat is interested
+in is not stationary clutter.
+
+Presumably, things that are
+Doppler shifted all the same.
+
+But something that is
+moving in all this clutter.
+
+It's very interested
+in moving objects
+
+because that's a
+life form, perhaps.
+
+And just imagine the
+kind of a Doppler shift
+
+that would be made
+by a moth, first
+
+beating its wing toward
+you, if you were the bat.
+
+And then beating its wing
+downward, and away, from you.
+
+OK.
+
+That's a very complicated
+positive and negative Doppler
+
+shift that the bat would
+pick up on its return echo.
+
+And that would be a very
+interesting target to the bat.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: And how do they
+tell that the difference is
+
+when they're moving versus
+if the object is [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: They don't care.
+
+All they care about is that
+they might be getting thousands
+
+of Doppler shifted echoes from
+the targets in front of them.
+
+Let's say they're flying toward
+a whole bunch of tropical rain
+
+forest vegetation.
+
+There are going to be thousands
+of positive Doppler shifted
+
+echoes.
+
+And then something is moving
+away from them, or toward them,
+
+faster than the background.
+
+All they care is that.
+
+It's Doppler shifted different
+relative to the background.
+
+They're just looking
+for something special.
+
+That is, something that's moving
+relative to the background.
+
+Any other questions on that?
+
+So you can, of course,
+design sonar systems.
+
+Submarine sonar systems work by
+sending out a pulse of sound,
+
+and listening for the echo.
+
+And most of the kinds
+of sonar systems
+
+that we have send out a
+ping, which is a frequency
+
+swept signal, and
+listen for the echo.
+
+Because it's mostly interested
+in the distance from a target,
+
+and whether there's
+a target out there.
+
+This is a very unusual type
+of echolocation, or sonar,
+
+if you will.
+
+Now why am I bringing this up?
+
+Well, it's very
+interesting because the bat
+
+gets two queues
+instead of just one.
+
+Also because a lot of work on
+bat cortex has used CFFM bats.
+
+And one of the most popular
+has been the so-called mustache
+
+bat, I believe because
+it has a noseleaf that's
+
+between its upper lip--
+it looks like a mustache--
+
+and its nostrils.
+
+So it's called the mustache bat.
+
+And a lot of this
+work has been done
+
+by a researcher, who is
+still active, at Washington
+
+University in Saint Louis.
+
+And his name is Nobua Suga.
+
+And he was the first,
+really, to work successfully
+
+on the bat auditory cortex.
+
+A lot of his work comes from
+the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.
+
+And before I explain this
+bottom part of this slide,
+
+let me just go on and show
+you the kinds of experiments
+
+that Suga did.
+
+And here's one from one of
+his publications in the 1980s.
+
+So Suga's work was innovative
+because he played around--
+
+well, first he rationalized, OK.
+
+I could try any sound
+system I'd like to.
+
+I could try clicks.
+
+I could try pure tones.
+
+I could try noise.
+
+I could try speech.
+
+I could try-- but why don't
+I try what the bat listens to
+
+over and over?
+
+It listens to a pulse.
+
+And then a little
+bit later, an echo.
+
+And this turned out to be
+a very, very wise choice,
+
+as we'll see in a minute.
+
+Secondly, about the
+time of the 1970s
+
+and '80s, speech
+researchers in human speech
+
+were using synthesized speech.
+
+Of course, we all know what
+synthesized speech is now.
+
+But back then, it
+was very novel.
+
+And Suga says, well, I'm
+going to use synthesized bat
+
+echolocating calls.
+
+And here is an example
+of a synthesized pulse.
+
+So this is for the mustache bat.
+
+And this looks like CF1-FM1,
+CF2-FM2, and CF3-FM3.
+
+So he's just using
+three harmonics.
+
+So one thing about
+synthesized calls
+
+is you can do things like
+dispense with one harmonic,
+
+if you want to, easily take
+it out, and put it an echo.
+
+So here's a pulse.
+
+And here's an echo.
+
+It's a little bit
+Doppler shifted.
+
+You can look at the no response
+to the pulse, and to the echo.
+
+And this lower
+trace is a histogram
+
+from a single neuron
+in the auditory cortex
+
+of the echolocating bat to
+a pulse, and to an echo.
+
+There's not much response.
+
+Suga found that when
+you play a pulse
+
+and, a short time later, an
+echo, you get a huge response.
+
+And that's what's
+indicated here.
+
+So this is the
+pulse-echo combination.
+
+And these are
+synthesized stimuli.
+
+And you can read in
+the original paper,
+
+it looks like it's
+not given here,
+
+exactly what the delay is
+between the pulse and the echo.
+
+But Suga tried various
+pulse-echo delays.
+
+And he found that cortical
+neurons, in many cases,
+
+were very sensitive
+to the exact delay
+
+between the pulse and the echo.
+
+So they were, if you
+will, delay tuned.
+
+And that's indicated
+here, in the first bullet.
+
+"The neuron pictured above
+responds little to--" blah,
+
+blah, blah. "--pulse
+of an echo alone.
+
+But vigorously to a
+pulse followed by an echo
+
+at certain delay.
+
+In this case, 9.3
+milliseconds is
+
+the best delay for this neuron."
+
+So this is a delay tuned neuron.
+
+Once Suga did recordings from
+different parts of the bat
+
+cortex, he found that the
+best delay was actually
+
+mapped along the
+surface of the cortex.
+
+So here is some of his
+work from the 1990s,
+
+showing you maps of best
+delays, and other properties,
+
+in the bat auditory cortex.
+
+So here is a side view
+of the bat cortex.
+
+This is looking
+at the left side.
+
+This is the front, where
+the olfactory areas are.
+
+Way in the back would
+be the occipital cortex.
+
+And our old friend,
+the auditory cortex,
+
+is in the temporal region,
+on the side of the brain,
+
+just like it was in the cat.
+
+And like it is in the human.
+
+And here is A1.
+
+And this rectangle
+here is expanded here.
+
+And some of Suga's
+maps are shown.
+
+This part right here--
+the biggest part--
+
+is cortical field A1, which,
+as we've seen in other animals,
+
+is the tonotopically
+organized field.
+
+And it's tonotopically
+organized in this bat.
+
+And these numbers and lines
+are the ISO frequency laminae.
+
+So remember, the
+experiment here is
+
+to go in and sample at a
+specific place in the cortex,
+
+and find the
+characteristic frequency
+
+for neurons in that column.
+
+And then move the
+electrode a little bit.
+
+Do the same.
+
+Get the tuning curve.
+
+Get the CF for those neurons.
+
+And so on and so forth.
+
+And build up a map here.
+
+So just like in the
+cat, posterior areas
+
+are tuned to low CF.
+
+Low CFs in the bat
+are 20 kilohertz.
+
+We're dealing with very,
+very high frequencies.
+
+As you go more rostrally, the
+CFs get increasingly high.
+
+And at the very rostral end of
+A1, the CF is 100 kilohertz.
+
+Extremely high.
+
+And everything looks
+exactly like other mammals,
+
+except for this huge area
+right in the middle of A1.
+
+And almost all of
+the neurons here
+
+are tuned to between
+61 and 66 kilohertz.
+
+And you should perk up
+your ears a little bit
+
+because that is where
+the most intense harmonic
+
+of echolocating pulse is,
+right around 61 kilohertz.
+
+And a lot of the Doppler
+shifted echoes are just
+
+going to be a little
+bit above that.
+
+If the bat is flying
+toward the target,
+
+this region goes up
+then to 66 kilohertz.
+
+So then there is an expanded
+region of the A1 of the bat
+
+that's tuned to a very important
+frequency for the echolocating
+
+signal.
+
+And, at first, this was
+called an acoustic fovea.
+
+Because if you go down into
+lower nuclei of the bat
+
+pathway, and if you actually
+go into the cochlea,
+
+you find an expanded region
+of the cochlea devoted
+
+to these same frequencies.
+
+That is, you go along
+the basilar membrane,
+
+starting at the
+most apical regions,
+
+and you march down them.
+
+When you get to the
+61 kilohertz place,
+
+there's a lot of cochlea
+devoted to processing that area.
+
+And so the fovea,
+the eyes, where
+
+you have lots of receptor cells
+packed in to a certain part.
+
+And this is where you have a
+lot of hair cells packed in,
+
+or expanded region of
+the basilar membrane,
+
+where lots of hair
+cells processing
+
+this small range of frequencies.
+
+So this is very much
+different from other mammals.
+
+And the cochlea of this CFFM
+bat is also very different.
+
+Now, we were talking
+about delay to neurons.
+
+And Suga found a very
+interesting area near A1
+
+in which there is a
+mapping for best delay.
+
+And that's indicated here.
+
+And the best delays are marching
+from short to longer best
+
+delays, as these
+arrows go along here.
+
+Now they're marked
+FM1, FM2, FM3.
+
+So what does all that mean?
+
+So Suga found that with his
+synthesized pulses and echoes,
+
+he could dissect this
+rather complicated
+
+pulse-echo constellation
+into smaller parts.
+
+And here's an example of
+a stimulus where you have,
+
+it looks like, CF2-FM2, CF3-FM3.
+
+And you have the
+echo for CF1-FM1,
+
+and the echo for CF3-FM3.
+
+And that hardly gave any
+response to the neurons.
+
+Here's an example where you
+have only CF1-FM1 for the pulse,
+
+and only CF2-FM2 for the echo.
+
+And it gave a big response.
+
+And you could do even more.
+
+You can strip off
+everything except the FM1
+
+and the echo FM2.
+
+And you get a big
+response from the neuron.
+
+So this type of
+neuron, then, would
+
+be called an FM1-FM2
+best delay neuron.
+
+FM1 is the pulse.
+
+FM2 is the echo.
+
+And with a certain
+delay between those two,
+
+you get as big a response as
+with the whole constellation
+
+of pulse and echo.
+
+And those neurons were located
+in this specific region, called
+
+FM1-FM2.
+
+And their delays were
+mapped along this axis,
+
+with delays going from
+0.4 to 18 milliseconds.
+
+And knowing the
+velocity of sound,
+
+you can convert that
+to a target range
+
+of between 7 and
+310 centimeters.
+
+That's how far the
+target was from the bat
+
+at that specific best delay.
+
+Suga also found some
+other best delay regions.
+
+For example, FM2, FM3,
+so on and so forth
+
+in other adjacent
+parts of cortex.
+
+And this is really
+beautiful work,
+
+showing specializations for
+cortical neuron response.
+
+And for showing mappings
+for those specializations
+
+in the bat cortex.
+
+We don't really have any data
+anywhere near as beautiful
+
+on non-echolocating mammalian
+cortex that show specialization
+
+for specific features of sound
+stimuli as we do like this
+
+in the bat cortex.
+
+And this is really
+beautiful work.
+
+This is Nobel Prize
+deserving work
+
+because it really shows us
+what this bat cortex is doing.
+
+It's responding to specific
+features of the pulse.
+
+And the return echo delay
+a specific delay later.
+
+So it's very beautiful work.
+
+Let me just mention
+one other region here.
+
+Suga showed nearby, a
+region where the neurons are
+
+specialized to
+certain combinations
+
+of the constant
+frequency of the echo.
+
+And then he showed
+a Doppler shifted
+
+constant [INAUDIBLE]
+pulse and CF of the echo.
+
+So this is the CFCF
+region right over here.
+
+Yeah, question.
+
+AUDIENCE: In the last diagram--
+
+PROFESSOR: This one
+or the one before?
+
+AUDIENCE: This one right here.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: The last graph,
+like the middle bottom.
+
+PROFESSOR: This guy?
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is that the
+neuron is responding, like,
+
+before the onset frequency?
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+know why that is.
+
+There's some clue to that, as to
+why this stimulus starts here.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I don't know the answer to that.
+
+Let's see if it says
+anything in the caption.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I don't know why that is.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I'll have to dig out the
+paper and figure that out.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+So one thing that's gone
+on after Sugo's early work
+
+on these specializations
+has asked the question,
+
+is this really happening
+in the auditory cortex?
+
+Or is the cortex just
+merely a reflection
+
+of some beautiful processing at
+a lower level of the pathway?
+
+And to a certain extent,
+best delay sensitivity
+
+is found at lower levels.
+
+For example, the
+inferior colliculus
+
+has some best
+delay tuned neurons
+
+in the echolocating bat.
+
+So it probably has more
+in the auditory cortex.
+
+But they can arise at
+the inferior colliculus.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's what I wanted to
+say about bat echolocation.
+
+And now I'm going to move on and
+spend the last part of today's
+
+class talking about
+speech sounds.
+
+So we had this particular
+slide in an earlier lecture,
+
+I think the very first
+lecture that I gave,
+
+talking about what
+speech sounds are.
+
+So speech sounds, obviously,
+are formed in humans
+
+by the vocal cords,
+or vocal folds,
+
+closing and opening during
+airflow from the lungs
+
+to the upper vocal tract.
+
+And this closing and
+opening of the glottis
+
+gives rise to the
+so-called glottal pulses.
+
+When the vocal cords are closed,
+there's no airflow coming out.
+
+But when they open,
+there's turbulent airflow
+
+and it makes a sound.
+
+So these are pulses.
+
+And they have a whole bunch
+of different frequencies.
+
+So this is the wave form
+as a function of time.
+
+Sound pressure is
+a function of time.
+
+And this is the spectrum showing
+the different frequencies
+
+that are formed.
+
+There's a whole bunch
+of different frequencies
+
+in your glottal pulses.
+
+It's very complicated.
+
+To form different
+speech sounds, you
+
+do things with your
+upper vocal tract.
+
+In this case of vowels,
+you position the muscles
+
+so that your upper vocal tract
+forms filters that enhance
+
+and decrease some of
+these frequencies.
+
+And after you apply the filter
+function of the vocal tract
+
+to this glottal pulse spectrum,
+you get this type of spectrum
+
+where there are certain peaks.
+
+And in the production
+of a vowel,
+
+these peaks are at
+different frequencies.
+
+So, for this example,
+the vowel "eh" in hit,
+
+you have a very low peak, and
+a couple of high peaks up here.
+
+These pacer called formants.
+
+And they're labeled by Fs.
+
+So we went over this before.
+
+So there's F1 here,
+F2, and F3 here.
+
+And certain cochlear implant
+processors, of course.
+
+Try to look at the
+acoustic spectrum,
+
+and pick off these formants.
+
+And they present a lot
+of electrical stimuli
+
+to electrodes that correspond
+to them in the cochlea.
+
+This one we have a
+lot of stimulation
+
+at these low
+frequency electrodes,
+
+which would be apical
+in the cochlear implant.
+
+And then in the
+intermediate electrodes,
+
+they completely shut them
+down, even if there's
+
+a little bit of
+background noise.
+
+And then they would present a
+lot of stimuli at the position
+
+corresponding to F2 and F3.
+
+And that's an effort to
+decrease background noise, which
+
+is always a big
+problem in listening
+
+to any kind of
+acoustic wave form.
+
+But especially if you
+have a cochlear implant.
+
+So this vowel, "ah,"
+in the word "call"
+
+has two formants very
+low in frequency.
+
+And one in the middle frequency.
+
+It sounds very
+different, of course.
+
+And your vocal tract
+position is very different.
+
+And this volume, which is
+"oo," as in the word cool,
+
+has three fairly evenly
+spaced formants here.
+
+Your vocal tract is yet
+in a different position.
+
+And you interpret this
+as yet a different vowel.
+
+Now that's a display that's
+not very conventional.
+
+Much more conventional is to
+look at a speech spectrogram.
+
+So this is very similar
+to what we've just
+
+looked at for bat
+echolocating pulses.
+
+This spectrogram is a graph
+on the y-axis of frequencies.
+
+And now these are more
+normal sonic, if you will,
+
+frequencies.
+
+These are well within the
+human range, of course,
+
+going from 0 to 7
+kilohertz on this axis.
+
+This is a time axis here.
+
+And again, the higher
+in level, the darker the
+
+display in the spectrogram.
+
+So there's some really
+dark bands here.
+
+And there's some very light
+stuff here, and here, and here.
+
+And this is the utterance-- "Joe
+took father's shoe bench out."
+
+OK, and that's what
+the sound looks
+
+like when you make
+that utterance.
+
+So the spectrogram plots the
+frequencies of speech sounds
+
+over time.
+
+What we've talked
+about-- up until now--
+
+are voiced segments,
+which are mostly vowels.
+
+So in this utterance, you
+have a bunch of vowels here.
+
+Here's a nice one, "ah"
+in the word father's.
+
+And you can quite clearly
+see there's a nice band here
+
+that would be F1.
+
+That would be about
+at 500 kilohertz.
+
+And F2 is about at 1 kilohertz.
+
+F3 would be about
+at 2 kilohertz.
+
+And there's a fourth
+formant about 3 kilohertz.
+
+And that's the very beautiful
+vowel, "ah" as in father.
+
+Here's another one.
+
+"Joe."
+
+So "oh." "Oh" is a vowel
+where, in this case,
+
+there's a beautiful
+stable formant here.
+
+But here is a formant
+that's transitioning
+
+from higher frequency,
+maybe about 1.5 kilohertz,
+
+down to below 1 kilohertz.
+
+So it's Joe.
+
+And there's a
+higher formant here.
+
+OK.
+
+So those are the vowels, or
+the so-called voiced segments.
+
+And voicing just
+means that there's
+
+a constant outflow of sound
+coming through the vocal tract.
+
+And you can make
+these sounds forever.
+
+You can say, ahhhhhhh.
+
+And you can just keep
+going if you want to.
+
+Of course, you don't
+in normal speech.
+
+Now for consonants,
+there are several types.
+
+And these are generally
+called unvoiced segments.
+
+Mostly consonants are
+intervals containing
+
+bands of frequencies,
+swept frequencies,
+
+and silent intervals.
+
+So for example, one
+of the consonants
+
+here is F in the word fathers.
+
+And right before, at the
+beginning of the sound F,
+
+you go, which is
+no sound, right?
+
+You close your lips.
+
+You keep sound from coming out.
+
+And you finally
+go, father, right?
+
+And that's what's
+happening right here.
+
+So that's a stop consonant.
+
+You stop the vocal tract
+before you let it go.
+
+And the vowel T, as in took,
+is another stop consonant.
+
+So you're not doing
+anything at the beginning.
+
+And finally, you go, took.
+
+Right?
+
+When you let go, and
+emit the sound of took,
+
+you have a very
+complex frequency band.
+
+That's generally
+high frequencies.
+
+2 kilohertz in this case,
+up beyond 7 kilohertz.
+
+There's that explosion
+of sound right
+
+at the beginning of the
+consonant T, as and took.
+
+OK.
+
+Now there been a lot of
+course studies on speech
+
+coding in the auditory nerve
+and the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And one of the findings
+shouldn't be too surprising
+
+at all.
+
+You have auditory nerve fibers
+that have tuning curves, right?
+
+We've been over tuning
+curves many times before.
+
+So tuning curve is a
+graph of sound pressure
+
+level for a response.
+
+There's a sound frequency here.
+
+And then a 1 kilohertz CF.
+
+The CF for this tuning
+curve would be 1 kilohertz,
+
+let's say.
+
+And a 10 kilohertz CF
+might look like that.
+
+OK.
+
+So you can explore the responses
+of 1 kilohertz auditory nerve
+
+fibers and 10 kilohertz
+auditory nerve fibers
+
+to this type of stimulus.
+
+And obviously, the
+1 kilohertz fibers
+
+are going to be very active.
+
+During portions
+of this utterance,
+
+for example, there's
+a lot of 1 kilohertz
+
+in this "oh" second
+formant here.
+
+So the 1 kilohertz fiber's going
+to respond like crazy there.
+
+In the vowel "ah," there's a
+big 1 kilohertz band there.
+
+The 1 kilohertz fiber is
+going to respond a lot there.
+
+It's not going to
+respond here or here.
+
+But it's going to respond a lot
+at the end of the "out" sound.
+
+OK.
+
+The 10 kilohertz fiber is
+kind of out of luck, right?
+
+Its way up here.
+
+It's off the axis.
+
+But notice the tail of
+this 10 kilohertz fiber.
+
+If I had drawn it a
+little bit further
+
+it would be extending
+past 1 kilohertz.
+
+So it's certainly going to
+respond, right, in here,
+
+as long as the sound
+level is high enough.
+
+If you keep the sound level
+of this utterance low,
+
+down here, then the frequency
+is obviously down here.
+
+That 10 kilohertz fiber
+is not going to respond.
+
+But if you boost the
+sound level, such
+
+that you're in the tail
+of the tuning curve,
+
+this 10 kilohertz CF fiber
+is going to start to respond.
+
+For example, response to these
+frequencies here, this 4, 5,
+
+and 6 kilohertz.
+
+Maybe the 7
+kilohertz can respond
+
+to things like the consonants,
+if the sound level is high
+
+enough so that it's
+within its response areas.
+
+So there's clear CF processing
+of this type of speech signal
+
+at the auditory nerve and
+in the cochlear nucleus.
+
+There's also phase locking.
+
+For example, these
+lower frequencies
+
+are within the frequency
+range where there's really
+
+good phase locking for
+the auditory nerve.
+
+Remember, phase locking
+falls off above 1 kilohertz.
+
+And by about 3
+kilohertz, there's
+
+not much phase locking at all.
+
+But many of these voiced,
+or vowel, segments
+
+are going to have
+low frequencies.
+
+And they're going to
+be good phase locking
+
+in the auditory nerve
+or cochlear nucleus.
+
+So that's just sort of a review.
+
+Think about the auditory
+nerve response to these speech
+
+signals because clearly,
+the auditory nerve
+
+is going to respond
+very nicely, in terms
+
+of what its CFs tell it to.
+
+Now, there's been a lot
+of interesting work.
+
+Of course, I don't have time to
+get into much speech processing
+
+and language representation.
+
+But I just wanted to
+show you some things that
+
+relate quite nicely to what
+we've just gone through
+
+for echolocation.
+
+Here are some synthesized
+speech stimuli.
+
+OK.
+
+And you can do this very
+nicely on your computer.
+
+This is a spectrogram of
+the synthesized sound.
+
+Frequency is on the
+y-axis and time,
+
+in this case in milliseconds,
+the very quick stimulus
+
+is on the x-axis.
+
+And there are several
+harmonics, very much
+
+like we had for the CF
+echolocating bat sound.
+
+And there's some regions
+of constant frequency.
+
+And there are
+clearly some regions
+
+of frequency modulation, very
+much like the bat echolocating
+
+signal that we just went over.
+
+Except that now the
+modulated part of the signal
+
+is in the front
+instead of at the back
+
+like it was for the bat.
+
+And so right here,
+on the third formant,
+
+is a very interesting transition
+that's not shown in black.
+
+It's shown in white.
+
+Because in the work of Liberman
+and Mattingly from the 1980s,
+
+they studied this so-called
+formant transition.
+
+So the format here
+is the vowel "ah."
+
+And you have these three
+formants, 1, 2, and 3.
+
+And the transition
+leading up into that
+
+is either the consonant
+D or the consonant G.
+
+It's when it's coming down.
+
+It's the combination "da."
+but when this third formant
+
+transition is instead going
+up, it's the consonant "gah."
+
+completely different speech
+sound, "da" versus "gah."
+
+No one would ever mistake them.
+
+Right.
+
+And so what Liberman and
+Mattingly did was they
+
+varied this transition
+into the third formant.
+
+Instead of just having one
+like that, or one like this,
+
+they sloped it any
+number of degrees.
+
+All right.
+
+And when it goes, I think
+when it's falling, it's "da."
+
+And when it's rising, it's
+"gah" if I'm not mistaken.
+
+So what would you expect if
+it was right in the middle?
+
+Well, you could expect anything.
+
+But actually, the
+observation is,
+
+as you move this
+formant transition over,
+
+subjects do not report
+something that's
+
+in between "gah" and "da."
+
+Instead, all of a
+sudden, they quickly
+
+shift from "gah" to "da."
+
+All of a sudden.
+
+And there's a very sharp
+boundary in the shift.
+
+And the subjects never report
+something that's intermediate.
+
+So this is an example of
+putting the speech sound, which
+
+can be modulating continuously,
+into two sharply defined
+
+perceptual categories.
+
+Either "gah" or either "da."
+
+But nothing in between.
+
+No gradual slope in between.
+
+It's just one or the other.
+
+This gave rise to the idea
+of categorical perception
+
+of speech sounds.
+
+The other thing they could
+do is do things like this.
+
+Present the black stimuli to
+one ear and the white stimuli
+
+to the other ear.
+
+And you get the perception,
+then, of a speech sound.
+
+If you don't present any
+formant transition at all,
+
+what would you expect to happen?
+
+Well, what actually happens is
+you do hear something ambiguous
+
+if there's actually no
+formant transition at all.
+
+If there's a formant
+transition, in one ear
+
+and the rest of the
+sound to the other ear,
+
+you hear the complete
+speech sound.
+
+If you just present this formant
+transition and nothing else,
+
+you just hear a little
+chirp, a little speech sound.
+
+But you add that to
+the rest, and you
+
+get an unambiguous or
+categorical "da" or "gah."
+
+OK.
+
+These are beautiful
+series of experiments
+
+by Alvin Liberman in the 1980s.
+
+Now, in cortex, the
+interesting question,
+
+then, if you pull an
+analogy between bat signals
+
+and human signals,
+we've had spectrograms
+
+from the two which are
+not that much different.
+
+The question is, do we
+have specialized neurons
+
+in our cortices that are
+sensitive to specific features
+
+of those signals?
+
+For example, features are things
+like whether these two formants
+
+are close together,
+whether there's
+
+a formant sweep going
+down or going up.
+
+Do we have specific,
+if you will,
+
+feature detectors
+in the human cortex?
+
+We don't know that.
+
+What we do know
+clearly is that there
+
+are areas that are very
+selective for language
+
+and speech stimuli in
+the cortex of humans.
+
+So in the cortex
+of humans, we've
+
+talked about there
+being a primary auditory
+
+cortex in the
+temporal lobe here.
+
+And we had the little
+model that showed you
+
+that there was a Heschl's gyrus.
+
+And that is the site of
+primary auditory cortex, or A1,
+
+in humans.
+
+All around that region,
+an area that's sometimes
+
+called perisylvian cortex.
+
+And it gets its name from
+this big sylvian fissure,
+
+if you will, that divides
+the temporal lobe down here
+
+from the rest of the brain,
+especially the parietal lobe.
+
+All around this
+perisylvian cortex
+
+is associated with
+language processing.
+
+And how do we know that?
+
+Well, of course,
+imaging studies.
+
+But in the beginning,
+the early pathologists
+
+like Broca and Wernicke,
+who studied patients
+
+who had lesions in the
+cortex, mostly from strokes.
+
+But sometimes from
+other injuries.
+
+It showed that lesions in
+this region of the brain
+
+left patients with deficits
+in language processing,
+
+especially with a
+deficit called aphasia.
+
+OK?
+
+Disorders of comprehending
+or producing spoken language
+
+are known as aphasia.
+
+And these aphasias are
+often classified into types.
+
+If you're a neurology resident,
+or you do your medical rotation
+
+in neurology, you
+will see patients
+
+with so-called Broca's aphasia.
+
+And this, originally, was
+brought to light by Broca.
+
+We saw such patients
+with lesions
+
+in this part of the brain.
+
+That's come to be
+known as Broca's area.
+
+That's part of the
+frontal cortex, the lower
+
+frontal cortex,
+near motor areas.
+
+And the clinical manifestation
+is a major disturbance
+
+in speech production, with
+sparse or halting speech.
+
+It's often misarticulated,
+missing function words,
+
+and parts of words.
+
+So this is clearly a problem
+with producing speech.
+
+Sometimes this is
+called motor aphasia.
+
+Wernicke is another
+early physician
+
+who saw patients with
+damaged cortices.
+
+He saw some of them with
+damage to this region,
+
+in the caudal temporal lobe
+and associated parietal lobe.
+
+It's an area which has become
+known as Wernicke's area.
+
+And here, the
+clinical manifestation
+
+is completely different.
+
+In this case, the production
+of speech is fine.
+
+But it's a major disturbance
+in auditory comprehension.
+
+OK.
+
+So you ask the patient something
+and they cannot understand you.
+
+But they have fluent
+speech production.
+
+It's fluent speech
+with maybe disturbances
+
+of the sounds and
+structures of the words.
+
+But the major deficit is in
+the auditory comprehension,
+
+language comprehension.
+
+So the question,
+then, has always been,
+
+is this Broca's
+area the motor area
+
+for production of
+speech and language?
+
+And is this Wernicke's
+area the area
+
+for comprehension of speech?
+
+And clearly, this is a
+very simplistic idea,
+
+in what would be called
+the localizational idea.
+
+I'm not sure if
+that word is here.
+
+But if you're a so-called
+localization proponent,
+
+you would say each
+little part of the cortex
+
+has its own function.
+
+And they do that independently
+of all the other areas.
+
+So the Broca's area is
+involved in producing speech.
+
+And Wernicke's area is
+responsible for comprehending
+
+speech.
+
+And this is clearly
+from imaging studies
+
+that we know now is a very
+simplistic view, and probably
+
+an incorrect view.
+
+It's more likely this
+whole of perisylvian cortex
+
+contributes to
+language processing.
+
+And so people who
+subscribe to that theory
+
+would be called holistic.
+
+They'd have the holistic
+view of processing in cortex.
+
+And we'll go over the imaging
+studies in just a minute.
+
+One thing I want
+to make sure to say
+
+is that language processing is
+clearly a cortical phenomenon.
+
+That is, if you have
+injury to the cortex
+
+in these specific areas,
+you're likely to have aphasia.
+
+If you have injuries to the
+brain stem, to the thalamus,
+
+you are much less likely to
+have any kind of aphasia.
+
+So clearly, the
+cortex is the place
+
+where language is processed.
+
+Another thing about cortex
+and language processing
+
+is that it's usually lateralized
+into one hemisphere or another,
+
+OK?
+
+So if you're right handed,
+usually your language
+
+is processed in your
+opposite hemifield,
+
+in the left cortical area.
+
+And so how is that known?
+
+Well, if you have a stroke
+patient whose right handed,
+
+they have a lesion
+in the left cortex.
+
+They show up with aphasia.
+
+If they have a lesion
+in the right cortex,
+
+there's minimal effect on
+their language functions.
+
+Another way is by the
+so-called Wada test.
+
+So people who are getting ready
+to have cortical neurosurgery--
+
+so why would you ever want to
+have cortical neurosurgery?
+
+Anybody?
+
+So another big disease in the
+cortex is epilepsy, right?
+
+Epilepsy is uncontrolled
+activity, usually starting
+
+in the cortex.
+
+Of course, the first line
+of attack is by medication.
+
+But some epileptic
+patients have epilepsy
+
+that is not controlled
+by medication.
+
+And they have seizures
+every half hour.
+
+And it's pretty
+much intractable.
+
+So the last line of attack,
+then, by the neurosurgeons
+
+is to try to go into the cortex
+and find the part of the cortex
+
+where the epileptic
+focus begins.
+
+And then they'd lesion that.
+
+And this is a
+successful treatment.
+
+But if the surgeon goes in and
+lesions part of the language
+
+areas, you have a patient
+that wakes up as an aphasic.
+
+That's not a happy patient.
+
+So the surgeons do lots of
+tests before such surgery.
+
+And one is to try to figure out
+which hemisphere is processing
+
+the language.
+
+So they do the Wada test.
+
+Has anybody heard
+of the Wada test?
+
+OK.
+
+They take the patient, of
+course, and-- if they're smart
+
+and they plan ahead,
+the patient is seated.
+
+OK?
+
+And they have a carotid
+artery on the left side,
+
+and a carotid artery
+on the right side.
+
+And into the carotid
+artery is injected
+
+a quick acting
+barbiturate anesthetic.
+
+On one side, that carotid
+artery feeds one hemisphere
+
+of the cortex and not the other.
+
+So the patient is seated
+because the patient
+
+is likely to slump
+because they're
+
+going to have some
+motor problems.
+
+And the patient might fall
+over if they were standing up.
+
+But in the test, the
+patient is supposed
+
+to recite from reading
+or from memory.
+
+And the anesthetic is injected.
+
+And as soon as that anesthetic
+hits the hemisphere that's
+
+processing language, the
+patient stops reciting.
+
+That's if they injected
+on the correct side.
+
+If they injected
+on the other side,
+
+the patient keeps
+reading, keeps reciting.
+
+So that's the Wada test.
+
+Language function is
+mostly in one hemisphere
+
+in right handed individuals
+In left handers,
+
+things are a little
+bit different.
+
+Left handed
+individuals sometimes
+
+have the opposite
+hemispheric dominance.
+
+Sometimes they have
+language function
+
+distributed bilaterally.
+
+Sometimes they have
+language function
+
+in the same side as
+their handedness.
+
+OK.
+
+But for this, I'm talking
+about right handers, OK?
+
+Here's some very
+interesting work
+
+looking at the language
+areas in people.
+
+In postmortem, material has
+been done by Al Galaburda.
+
+So he's at Beth Israel
+Deaconess Hospital now.
+
+And he looked at
+the left hemisphere
+
+and the right hemispheres.
+
+And he looked at the very,
+of course, closely associated
+
+language areas,
+especially right near A1.
+
+And so here is-- you can't see
+them on a side view like this--
+
+but if you cut off the top of
+the cortex, which you can do.
+
+This is postmortem material.
+
+You look down on the superior
+surface of the temporal lobe,
+
+you see these views here.
+
+And the area that's just caudal
+to the primary auditory cortex
+
+is called the plenum temporally.
+
+And there are clearly some
+left-right asymmetries
+
+in that region of the brain
+that almost certainly relate
+
+to language processing
+in that area.
+
+OK?
+
+So there are
+anatomical asymmetries
+
+in the perisylvian regions.
+
+And so this is the first
+time in our course,
+
+now, where right and left
+makes a big difference.
+
+All along, we said
+it doesn't matter
+
+if we simulated the right
+ear or the left ear.
+
+And here, clearly, there
+is a dominant hemisphere
+
+for language.
+
+Now finally,
+imaging studies have
+
+shown us a great deal about
+the cortical processing
+
+of language.
+
+And here's data from a pet
+study, in which the subjects
+
+are listening to
+language stimuli.
+
+And these happen to be
+French speaking subjects.
+
+So the last condition
+is a story in French.
+
+And obviously, the subjects
+understood the story.
+
+They could tell you
+what was going on.
+
+And these are, by the way,
+right handed subjects.
+
+And here's the imaging of the
+areas in the left hemisphere,
+
+which would be expected to
+be the dominant hemisphere
+
+for language.
+
+And this is in the
+other hemisphere,
+
+which shows a lot
+less activation.
+
+The activation in the areas
+where the subjects were
+
+listening to language
+they understood
+
+is the superior temporal
+area, superior temporal gyrus.
+
+That's including the temporal
+pole here, in purple.
+
+You can't see the
+yellow very well.
+
+But believe there's a
+lot of activation here.
+
+This blue area, labeled
+IFG inferior frontal gyrus,
+
+this is Broca's area.
+
+And why does it light up
+if Broca's area is only
+
+a motor area?
+
+It's clearly involved
+in motor functions.
+
+But here is imaging results from
+subjects just listening, not
+
+producing language, where
+Broca's area lights up.
+
+It's activated on
+the dominant side,
+
+just in the listening task.
+
+Contrast that to when the
+subjects were listening
+
+to a story in a language
+that they did not understand,
+
+this language is called Tamil.
+
+And none of the
+subjects could speak it.
+
+There's hardly any
+activation in the original.
+
+There's a little bit
+of yellow activation
+
+near the primary
+auditory cortex.
+
+It's pretty symmetric,
+left to right.
+
+And that's just
+what you'd expect
+
+if you were, for example,
+given pure tones or noise.
+
+This is a nice control because,
+presumably, this language
+
+has about the same
+frequency content.
+
+And other factors are fairly
+similar between these two
+
+languages.
+
+The one difference
+is the subjects
+
+were not perceptually aware
+of what they were learning
+
+about in the story, in the
+case of the unfamiliar.
+
+These intermediate
+conditions, some
+
+of them having pseudo words
+and anomalous sentences,
+
+didn't light up the language
+areas to a great degree.
+
+But listening to a list, in this
+case, of French words-- which
+
+the subjects were familiar
+to-- again, showed activation.
+
+I'll point out to
+you in Broca's area
+
+in the dominant hemisphere, in
+these right handed subjects.
+
+So again, clearly,
+just a listening task
+
+can light up Broca's area.
+
+And so that is a
+very clear example.
+
+I'll show you that
+these so-called motor
+
+areas, like Broca's
+area, are involved
+
+in listening and cortex
+processing of language stimuli.
+
+It's not just involved in
+motor production of speech,
+
+even though what we call
+clinically Broca's aphasia
+
+has a major disturbance
+in speech production.
+
+OK.
+
+And one final thing
+to leave you with.
+
+Broca's area tends to
+light up, in this case,
+
+in fairly simple stimuli.
+
+But it tends to light
+up in other studies,
+
+like in cases where
+the substances have
+
+difficult grammar
+or complex meaning.
+
+And so the subjects,
+you can imagine,
+
+are really listening
+hard and trying
+
+to figure out the meaning
+of a sentence that
+
+has a complicated grammar.
+
+I think we've all
+written such senses.
+
+We've all tried to read
+them from other writers.
+
+And it takes a lot of brain
+power, then, to decode that,
+
+and figure out the meaning.
+
+And maybe that's
+what happens here.
+
+Broca's area's called
+in when the task gets
+
+more difficult than just
+a simple list of words.
+
+In this case, it lit up.
+
+And in other studies, it's
+clearly showing more activation
+
+when the task gets
+more difficult.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're out of time.
+
+I can take a question or two.
+
+And just a reminder,
+class meets at Mass.
+
+Eye and Ear on Wednesday
+for the lab tour.
+
+So I'll see you over there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PJFW3Vrv-5w.txt b/PJFW3Vrv-5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82a8e14234b04ade8277cb7352b74ae269edae03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PJFW3Vrv-5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1974 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so kinetics we're
+continuing with today.
+
+We talked on Wednesday about
+first order kinetics and we'll
+
+do a brief review
+of some of that.
+
+And we're going to talk about
+second order kinetics.
+
+Today we're going to come back
+up and talk about chemical
+
+equilibrium, which is something
+I love to do to
+
+review things that we've
+talked about before.
+
+And we're going to start in on
+reaction mechanisms. So, I
+
+thought I would mention, some of
+you have may have seen the
+
+activity in the Infinite
+Corridor, but today is world
+
+AIDS day, and today a lot of the
+compounds that are being
+
+used to treat HIV were actually
+designed based on
+
+making inhibitors to enzymes.
+
+And so, to design those
+pharmaceuticals, people had to
+
+understand the reaction
+mechanism of the enzyme, and
+
+enzymes, of course, are
+catalysts in the body.
+
+So, knowledge of what medical
+individuals needed to know to
+
+design these inhibitors to treat
+HIV are actually a lot
+
+from this unit that we're going
+to be talking about.
+
+So, we'll be talking about
+reaction mechanisms, and we're
+
+also going to be talking about
+enzyme catalysis, which were
+
+key points in being able to
+come up with some of the
+
+current treatments
+against HIV.
+
+All right, so just a little
+review from last Wednesday.
+
+We talked about first
+order half life.
+
+We talked about first order
+kinetics, we came up with an
+
+integrated first order
+rate law, and we also
+
+talked about half life.
+
+And you told me last time that
+an example of first order half
+
+life is radioactivity, which
+we're going to be talking
+
+about today.
+
+So, just a little review from
+last time, you have your first
+
+order integrated rate law, and
+the half life is defined as
+
+the time it takes for half of
+the original material to go
+
+away, and half life is
+abbreviated t 1/2, that's the
+
+symbol for half life, so the
+time for half of the original
+
+material to go away.
+
+If you plug original material
+divided by 2 in there, then
+
+the original material a to the
+o for original, drops out and
+
+you come up with this equation
+of the natural log of 1/2
+
+equals minus k t 1/2,
+and k is, of
+
+course, our rate constant.
+
+And so, then we can take the
+natural log of a 1/2 and we
+
+get a value.
+
+Rearranging that, you get
+half life equals 0 .
+
+6 9 3 1 over k.
+
+And so you told me last time for
+this plot for first order
+
+half life, each half life,
+half of the original
+
+material goes away.
+
+So, one example of a first order
+half life process is
+
+radioactive decay.
+
+And the reason why this is a
+first order process is because
+
+the decay of the nucleus is
+independent of the number of
+
+surrounding nuclei that
+has been decayed.
+
+So it's independent of
+the original starting
+
+concentration, and since it's
+independent, notice that's a
+
+blank in your notes, since it's
+independent, then that
+
+makes it a first
+order process.
+
+So, we can apply first order
+integrated rate laws to
+
+radioactive decay.
+
+So here were some of the
+equations we had last time.
+
+We had, this is a different
+expression of the first order
+
+rate law where the material,
+concentration material of
+
+material a, at some particular
+time equals the original
+
+concentration, e to the minus k
+t, where you have your rate
+
+constant and the time that has
+elapsed, and we also just
+
+talked about first order half
+lifes with this equation here.
+
+So, we can use those same
+equations, but often you don't
+
+see it in terms of concentration
+of a, you
+
+usually see these expressions in
+terms of either the number
+
+of nuclei or a different a,
+which is a for activity.
+
+So instead of concentration,
+we're talking about the number
+
+of nuclei that have decay
+or capital N.
+
+So, we can write this same
+expression, but now using N
+
+instead of concentration of a,
+same thing, number of nuclei
+
+equal the original number of
+nuclei, e, to the minus k t,
+
+where k is our rate constant,
+or in this case decay
+
+constant, and t is time.
+
+So, with chemical kinetics,
+we're usually talking about
+
+the change in concentration of
+things over time, but with
+
+nuclear kinetics, we're talking
+about the number of
+
+decay events, the number of
+nuclei that have decayed.
+
+And so, here with nuclear
+kinetics, we measure these
+
+events using a Geiger counter.
+
+So this can measure radiation,
+and I'm going to come around
+
+and just check the room.
+
+And so, the gasket's ionized
+and then you
+
+hear different clicks.
+
+See if you can hear the clicks
+as I come around.
+
+So let's just see if we have
+any problems over here.
+
+Oh, maybe a little bit.
+
+No, this is fine.
+
+There's always a little bit of
+radioactivity, it's all fine.
+
+So, this is a Geiger counter,
+which will measure nuclear
+
+kinetics, it will measure
+radioactivity.
+
+And my lab has this particular
+one, because we use x-rays in
+
+our experiments.
+
+OK, we'll leave this on low
+just to check things
+
+out as we go along.
+
+All right, so we do have
+a term, A, that we talk
+
+about in this unit.
+
+Instead of concentration
+of A, it's activity.
+
+And so, activity here, sort of
+the decay rate, is also called
+
+activity, capital A, and so this
+is equal to the change in
+
+the number of nuclei or our
+decay constant times the
+
+number of nuclei.
+
+And people will often talk
+about the activity of
+
+particular radioactive
+compounds.
+
+So, because activity is
+proportional to the number of
+
+nuclei, you can also take this
+expression and write it as
+
+this expression.
+
+So you can have either the
+number of nuclei equal the
+
+original number of nuclei, e to
+the k t, or you can do it
+
+in terms of activity -- that the
+activity at some time is
+
+equal to the original activity,
+e to the minus k t.
+
+So, all of these equations can
+be re-written in this way.
+
+So, let's talk a minute
+about units.
+
+All right, so the activity for
+units, the new activity is Bq,
+
+Becquerel. and that,
+actually is named
+
+after a French person.
+
+Henry was his first name,
+and my French
+
+pronunciation is not very good.
+
+This is the current unit.
+
+It's equal to one radioactive
+disintegration per second.
+
+The older unit, which you may
+be familiar with, is called
+
+the Curie, and that is 3 .
+
+7 times 10 to the 10
+disintegrations per second.
+
+Does anyone want to guess,
+the Curie unit, who
+
+that was named after?
+
+STUDENT: Marie Curie?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it was named
+after her husband actually,
+
+Pierre Curie.
+
+And I actually always assume,
+because Marie is actually more
+
+famous than her husband.
+
+But she, Marie Curie won two
+Nobel prizes, so we shouldn't
+
+feel too sorry for her.
+
+Her husband shared the first
+Nobel Prize with her in, I
+
+think it was 1903, but then in
+1906 he was killed in a road
+
+accident, run over by something
+that was crossing
+
+the street.
+
+So he did not share the second
+Nobel Prize, because by the
+
+time that came around about
+1911, he had passed away.
+
+So, at first, we had the Curie,
+but then that turned
+
+out to be a really big number.
+
+And so, when you were talking
+about sort of safe units for
+
+workers to be exposed to, if
+they were being exposed to
+
+things 10 to the 10, that really
+isn't very healthy.
+
+So they wanted to have sort
+of a much smaller unit.
+
+And so I guess that Marie Curie
+at that point talked
+
+about how her husband would feel
+about having the Curie
+
+not being the standard unit,
+but I guess she was OK with
+
+it, because if we had kept that
+same unit, then people
+
+would have been using it and it
+would of had to of been a
+
+really, really small number,
+because it was sort of picked
+
+to be set up to something that
+was too large, and she didn't
+
+want her husband's name
+apparently associated with a
+
+sort of an infinitesimally small
+quantity of something.
+
+So, the Curie was sort
+of done away with.
+
+And Henry Becquerel, who was
+one of the people who
+
+discovered radioactivity and
+shared that first Nobel Prize,
+
+had the unit named after him.
+
+And I always ask the freshman
+chemistry class that as they
+
+go through MIT, if they ever
+discover a unit that is named
+
+after a female scientist,
+to please come
+
+back and let me know.
+
+This was the one I thought
+was named after a female
+
+scientist, but as it
+turns out, it was
+
+actually Pierre Curie.
+
+So, if you hear of any,
+please let me
+
+know for future reference.
+
+So, the current unit you'll
+be using is Bq here for
+
+radioactivity.
+
+So, you're not responsible for
+knowing all the different
+
+types of radioactivity.
+
+When you're working problems,
+you can always get this
+
+information.
+
+I'll just mention that a number
+of different kinds of
+
+radioactivity, some involve
+a mass change, some do not
+
+involve a mass change.
+
+So, alpha decay, this isn't
+actually in your notes,
+
+there's a reference to
+where the table is.
+
+You're not responsible for
+memorizing it, so I didn't put
+
+it in the notes.
+
+An alpha decay is equivalent to
+a helium 4 nucleus, so you
+
+lose two protons,
+two neutrons, so
+
+that's a big mass change.
+
+Whereas say a beta decay
+involves a loss of electrons,
+
+so there's no mass change
+associated with that.
+
+So just to be aware that there
+are these differences in
+
+different types of radiation.
+
+There's also really big
+differences in terms of half
+
+lives of radioactive isotopes,
+and again, this information
+
+would be given to you on a test
+or a problem-set, so you
+
+don't have to memorize it.
+
+So, this table is similar to
+one in your book, and the
+
+point here is just how different
+half lifes can be.
+
+So the abbreviation a here
+is year, d is day.
+
+So you see some of these half
+lifes are in multiple years,
+
+some of them are days, so there
+are big differences in
+
+terms of the half life of some
+of these radioactive isotopes.
+
+Some of them stay around
+for a really, really,
+
+really, really long time.
+
+So, I thought I would share
+with you a poem about half
+
+lifes today.
+
+And this was written by a former
+graduate student at
+
+MIT, Mala Radhakrishnan, and
+she is now a professor at
+
+Wellesley college right here in
+Wellesley, Massachusetts.
+
+So, her poem entitled "Days of
+our half lives," is from her
+
+collection of chemistry poetry,
+"Chemistry for the
+
+Couch Potato." And this
+particular poem involves the
+
+uranium 238 decay series.
+
+So, here we go.
+
+"Days of our half lives.
+
+My dearest love, I writing
+you to tell you all
+
+that I've been through.
+
+I've changed my whole identity,
+but loved, I can not
+
+pretend to be.
+
+When I was uranium 238, you
+were on my case to start
+
+losing weight.
+
+For 5 billion years I'd hoped
+and I prayed, and finally I
+
+had an alpha decay.
+
+Two protons, two neutrons went
+right out the door, and now I
+
+was thorium 234.
+
+But my nucleus was still unfit
+for your eyes, not positive
+
+enough for it's large size.
+
+But this time my half life was
+really not very long, because
+
+my will to change was
+quite strong.
+
+It took just a month, not even
+a millennium, to beta decay
+
+into protactinium.
+
+But you still rejected
+me right off the bat,
+
+protactinium, who's
+heard of that?
+
+So, beta decay, I did much more
+to become uranium 234.
+
+Myself again, but a new isotope,
+you still weren't
+
+satisfied, but I
+still had hope.
+
+Three alpha decays, it was hard,
+but I stayed on through
+
+thorium, through radium,
+and then radon.
+
+I thought I would finally please
+you, my mass was a
+
+healthy 222, but you said,
+although I like your mass, I
+
+do not want to be with
+a noble gas.
+
+You had a point, I wasn't
+reactive, so in order to
+
+please you, I stayed
+proactive.
+
+A few days later I found you
+and said, two more alpha
+
+decays and now I am lead.
+
+You shook your head, you
+were not too keen on my
+
+mass number of 214.
+
+I had a bad experience with that
+mass before, an unstable
+
+acitone walked right
+out the door.
+
+So in order to change, I went
+away, but all I could do was
+
+just beta decay.
+
+My hopes and my dreams started
+to go under, because beta
+
+decays don't change
+a mass number.
+
+To bismuth, then polonium, I
+hoped and I beckoned, my half
+
+life was 164 micro seconds.
+
+And then finally I alpha decayed
+and then I was lead
+
+with the prize worthy
+mass of 210.
+
+I've got to admit I was getting
+quite tired, my
+
+patience with you had
+nearly expired.
+
+You were more demanding than
+any I dated, and much of my
+
+energy had already
+been liberated.
+
+But you still weren't happy,
+but you had a fix, I really
+
+like the number of 206, So I
+waited for years until the
+
+day, which began with another
+beta decay, and then one more,
+
+and finally in the
+end I alpha-ed to
+
+lead 206, my friend.
+
+To change any further I wouldn't
+be able, no longer
+
+active, but happily stable.
+
+It took me billions of years
+to do, and look how I've
+
+changed and all just for you.
+
+And wait, what did you say?
+
+You've gotten so old that
+I'd rather be with a
+
+young lass of gold?
+
+Well, I give up, we're
+through, my pumpkin.
+
+Shouldn't all my effort be
+counting for something?
+
+Well, you won't be able to rule
+me any more, because I'm
+
+leaving you, not for
+one atom, but four.
+
+That's right, when you were
+away defusing, I met some
+
+chlorines that I found
+quite amusing.
+
+So we're going to form lead c l
+4, and you won't be hearing
+
+from me any more.
+
+See, over the years I've grown
+quite wise, I've learned that
+
+love is about compromise.
+
+You still have half of your half
+lives to live, so now you
+
+go out there, it's your
+turn to give."
+
+And that is "The days of our
+half lives." So, Mala takes
+
+great effort to make sure that
+all her poetry not only
+
+rhymes, but it is chemically
+correct.
+
+So, it's a good way to review
+material to read "Chemistry
+
+from the Couch Potato."
+
+All right, so let's do an
+example now and think about
+
+how things will change
+over time.
+
+So we have an example, we want
+to know the original activity,
+
+and the activity after 17 years
+
+of a sample of plutonium.
+
+So let's take a look at how
+we'll do this problem.
+
+So first, given the information
+up there, the
+
+first thing we want
+to do is find the
+
+original number of nuclei.
+
+So first, capital N o, the
+original number of nuclei.
+
+So, we're given information
+about grams, so we have 0 .
+
+5 grams. And now if we want to
+know the number of nuclei,
+
+what's the first thing
+I have to do?
+
+Convert from grams to what?
+
+STUDENT: Moles.
+
+PROFESSOR: Moles, right.
+
+And here we want to use the
+molecular mass that's given to
+
+us in the form of
+that isotope.
+
+So here, we are given
+information about 239, and so
+
+that's the number we want to
+use in our conversions.
+
+So we can convert that over,
+but that's going to give us
+
+moles, so how do we go from
+moles to molecules?
+
+Avagadro's number, 6.022
+times 10 to the 23.
+
+This time we're going to talk
+about it in terms of nuclei
+
+per mole, and so that's going
+to give us 1.3 times
+
+10 to the 21 nuclei.
+
+OK, so now we know the original
+number of nuclei.
+
+The next thing we're going
+to want to do is find k.
+
+And k is our rate constant for
+decay or our decay constant.
+
+So what do we know about k for
+a first order process?
+
+We know the equation for what?
+
+For first order half
+life, right.
+
+So that's o .
+
+6 9 3 1 over t 1/2.
+
+And in this problem we were
+given, the half life, and
+
+often you will be given the half
+life or you can look it
+
+up, and so we can put that
+in, so we have 0 .
+
+6 9 3 1 over 7 .
+
+6 times 10 to the 11 seconds.
+
+And we can calculate our
+constant, which is 9 .
+
+1 times 10 to the minus
+13 per second.
+
+So now we were asked to find the
+original activity and the
+
+activity after 17 years.
+
+So, first we'll find the
+original activity, and the
+
+original activity is going to be
+equal to our rate constant
+
+times our original
+number of nuclei.
+
+So we've just solved for both of
+these, so we can plug these
+
+in, so we had 9 .
+
+1 times 10 the minus 13 per
+second times the number of
+
+nuclei, 1 .
+
+3 times 10 to the 21
+nuclei, equals 1 .
+
+2 times 10 to the 9, and what
+are the units here?
+
+It's just like a hum, it's
+hard to understand.
+
+STUDENT: Nuclei per second.
+
+PROFESSOR: Nuclei per second,
+which is the same as what?
+
+That's equal to something
+else.
+
+Yup, so that's the same as the
+Becquerel or the Bq, so it's
+
+defined as nuclei per second,
+or number of disintegrations
+
+per second.
+
+All right, so let's
+do the last one.
+
+OK, so now after 17 years, so
+now we can say that the
+
+activity at some time is equal
+to the original activity, e to
+
+the minus k t, and we can put
+in the activity that we just
+
+found, which is 1 .
+
+2 times 10 to the 9 Bq, times e
+to the minus k, which is 9 .
+
+1 times 10 to the minus 13 per
+second times 17 years, which
+
+in seconds is 5 .
+
+4 times 10 to the 8 second.
+
+So here, we want to make sure
+that our units are going to
+
+cancel, and this is where
+people often run into
+
+problems. They'll plug in 17
+years, and then a rate
+
+constant, which was calculated
+in seconds, and things will
+
+not cancel appropriately.
+
+So make sure that you get your
+units consistent so that your
+
+seconds are going to cancel.
+
+And so this term, if we do the
+math out here with the number
+
+significant figures, we find
+that that equals 1.2
+
+times 10 to 9 Bq.
+
+That term is insignificant
+in our problem.
+
+So, the original radioactivity
+and the activity after 17
+
+years are the same in terms of
+the significant figures.
+
+And so, I choose this problem to
+emphasize a problem that we
+
+have, and that is radioactive
+waste.
+
+It takes a very long time for
+some compounds to decay.
+
+And so you have to think about
+storing radioactive waste, and
+
+think about a container
+that will outlast
+
+that radioactive waste.
+
+And how do you know that the
+container is going to outlast
+
+the radioactive waste.
+
+You can't really do an
+experiment because the time
+
+involved in doing the
+experiment, anyone who designs
+
+the container won't be alive by
+the time you're concerned
+
+about whether the container is
+going to be stable or not.
+
+So taking radioactivity
+is an issue.
+
+You heard some in the
+presidential campaign about
+
+whether both candidates believe
+in nuclear energy or
+
+not, and I think that both of
+them said, it needs to be
+
+considered, we need to have
+everything on the table.
+
+If we're going to have a real
+uniform energy policy, we need
+
+to think about everything.
+
+So, issues of radioactive
+waste and how to handle
+
+radioactivity safely are going
+to come back as being current,
+
+important topics.
+
+And so these may be topics
+that you will, in your
+
+lifetime, have to deal with,
+either as a scientist trying
+
+to come up with new
+technologies, or as a citizen
+
+deciding whether having a
+radioactive plant in your
+
+hometown is a good
+idea or not.
+
+A lot of people are happy about
+nuclear energy, as long
+
+as the power plants are nowhere
+located near them.
+
+But, these are things that
+you'll have to face, and you
+
+probably will be voting on this
+in the future, if not
+
+dealing with it directly.
+
+So that's how you do
+a problem in this.
+
+All right, so let's talk
+about a medical use of
+
+radioactivity.
+
+Radioactivity can definitely
+be our friend, as well as
+
+something to be concerned
+about.
+
+And I think I mentioned this in
+the first day of class, one
+
+of the ways that the Chemistry
+Department has moved to being
+
+the number one ranked Chemistry
+Department of U.S.
+
+News and World Report over the
+years, is a little extra money
+
+that came in from the work of
+-- a patent from Professor
+
+Alan Davidson that we were
+able to do some pretty
+
+exciting things with that
+money over the years.
+
+So I always like to mention
+all the great money-making
+
+discoveries that occurred using
+511-1 material, and this
+
+is another example.
+
+So, he used an isotope of
+technetium, and it's being
+
+used organ scanning, bone scans,
+it's one of the leading
+
+ones for heart imaging.
+
+It's also been used recently
+in breast cancer.
+
+It's estimated 7 million uses
+annually in the U.S. And so,
+
+this was patented as cardiolite,
+and it's really
+
+just very simple chemistry.
+
+So you're using a d block metal,
+an isotope of a d block
+
+metal, which has your
+exciting d orbitals.
+
+And what did he do, he made a
+coordination complex with that
+
+metal, an isotope of it, and
+he found ligands, cyanide
+
+ligands, those are pretty
+common ligands.
+
+You've seen a lot of
+coordination complexes with
+
+cyanide ligands, and he tried
+different ligands to get the
+
+desired properties of stability
+and solubility, and
+
+that's all it was.
+
+So he used some knowledge of
+radioactivity, knowledge of
+
+inorganic chemistry -- he was
+an inorganic chemist, he's
+
+retired now.
+
+And simple coordination
+chemistry, and made an
+
+enormous amount of money for
+MIT, and particularly, the
+
+Chemistry Department,
+and also, this has
+
+saved a lot of lives.
+
+So, imaging is something
+that chemists
+
+do a lot of, actually.
+
+Not just imaging for cancer or
+imaging of organs, but also
+
+imaging of live cells to try
+to understand how the cell
+
+works when it's healthy.
+
+And so recently, Professor Alice
+Ting, in the Chemistry
+
+Department, received an NIH
+pioneer award, NIH is National
+
+Institutes of Health, and
+started giving these pioneer
+
+awards for people coming up with
+very innovative ideas,
+
+the kind of innovative ideas
+that most people would not
+
+want to fund, because there's
+a good chance it might not
+
+work, but if it did, it
+would be spectacular.
+
+So she received one of these
+awards for trying to develop
+
+technology to image
+protein-protein interactions
+
+in living cells, which is
+something that people would
+
+really, really love
+to be able to do.
+
+And so she is involved in
+developing technology.
+
+So developing of imaging tools
+is something that a lot of
+
+chemists do, it's a very popular
+area in chemistry.
+
+And if it's something that
+you're interested in, there's
+
+definitely a lot of people
+around that you could think
+
+about working with for
+a UROP position.
+
+OK, so that is first order.
+
+And now let's go on and talk
+about second order
+
+integrated rate laws.
+
+And we're going to have a little
+derivation for you, I
+
+always like to warn people that
+it's coming, because all
+
+of a sudden equations are coming
+in and out, and you
+
+just want to know where these
+equations are coming from.
+
+So, as we talked about last
+time, this is an expression
+
+for rate law.
+
+You have your rate constant,
+your concentration of
+
+something, a, and it's raised
+to a coefficient, and here
+
+that coefficient is 2,
+indicating it's a
+
+second order process.
+
+So if there's nothing
+up there, that's 1.
+
+And then 2, and again, the order
+of the reaction can be
+
+positive, negative, it can be
+integers, it can be fractions.
+
+But this is second order,
+so we have 2.
+
+Now, as we did with the first
+order expression, we're going
+
+to separate our concentration
+terms and our time terms. So
+
+we're going to bring our
+concentration term over to one
+
+side, another concentration term
+here, and we're going to
+
+have our rate constant and our
+time term on the other side.
+
+And now we're going to
+integrate, because it is an
+
+integrated rate law.
+
+So we can integrate from the
+original concentration of a to
+
+the concentration of a at some
+time, t, and then we'll also
+
+integrate from zero time
+to that time, t,
+
+on the other side.
+
+Now, I'm going to take this
+expression and just bring it
+
+up to the top of the page,
+so that's the exact same
+
+expression, nothing
+has happened.
+
+And now we're going to
+solve that integral.
+
+So we can solve that integral,
+and if you want to look at
+
+these -- the back of your
+textbook has all of these
+
+conversions, if you want
+to look at them.
+
+So, we're going to solve that
+integral, now we have minus
+
+parentheses 1 over the
+concentration of a at some
+
+time, t, minus 1 over the
+original concentration
+
+equals minus k t.
+
+We can get rid of some
+of these minus signs.
+
+So we're going to bring the
+concentration of time, t, over
+
+on this side, we have our k t,
+and now we have this other
+
+term, the original concentration
+term is on the
+
+other side, and this is
+expressed in a certain way
+
+that gives you the equation
+for a straight line.
+
+And again, kinetics, you need
+experimental data for
+
+kinetics, and so when you
+measure your data, you plot
+
+your data, and so there's a lot
+of equations for straight
+
+lines that you have, because
+it's all about trying to plot
+
+data, and figure out what the
+order is experimentally.
+
+So, here's an equation for a
+straight line, and we can plot
+
+this, and you can tell me what
+the intercept of this line is.
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+Yup, so all of you know how to
+analyze the equation for a
+
+straight line.
+
+So, here we have 1 over the
+original concentration, and
+
+then our slope is equal
+to what here? k.
+
+So, you can plot your data as
+your concentration of a
+
+changes with time.
+
+You can plot the data, and if
+the data, if it's plotted as 1
+
+over the concentration of a
+versus time and it gives you a
+
+straight line, that's consistent
+with it being a
+
+second order process.
+
+So, in terms of second order
+half life, we talked about
+
+first order half life, and for
+any half life, it's just the
+
+time it takes for half of the
+original material to go away.
+
+So we can rewrite this and
+take a to the t, and
+
+substitute in the original
+concentration divided by 2,
+
+and then we can have t have a
+special name t 1/2, so that's
+
+the half life.
+
+And now we can just simplify
+this expression.
+
+We can bring the 2 up here,
+and now we can combine our
+
+concentration terms
+on the side.
+
+So we take 2, we bring
+this over, minus 1.
+
+And that simplifies 1 over the
+concentration of the original
+
+material here.
+
+And now we can solve for it
+in terms of the half life.
+
+So the half life for a second
+order process equals 1 over k
+
+times the original concentration
+of the material.
+
+So, a second order half life
+depends on the starting
+
+concentration.
+
+So that's very different from
+a first order half life
+
+process where concentration
+term cancels out entirely.
+
+So for a first order process,
+the concentration of the
+
+original material does not
+affect the half life, or for
+
+radioactive decay, the original
+number of nuclei --
+
+it's independent of how
+many nuclei were
+
+around at the time.
+
+But for second order process,
+the starting concentration
+
+does matter.
+
+So again, chemistry
+is experimental.
+
+And so what you would be doing
+in a lab, you would be trying
+
+to figure out what the order of
+the reaction is, and so you
+
+could try out your data.
+
+You say I don't know if it's
+first or second order, so for
+
+a first order plot, you're
+going to be plotting the
+
+natural log of your
+concentrations versus time,
+
+and if second order, you plot
+1 over the concentration
+
+versus time.
+
+And so you could plot your data
+and see that oh, look at
+
+this, it fits a straight line
+really well if I plot it as 1
+
+over the concentration.
+
+If I plot it as the natural
+log versus time, the data
+
+doesn't fit a straight
+line at all.
+
+So this is not a first order
+process, this is much more
+
+consistent with a second
+order process.
+
+So again, figuring out where
+something is first order or
+
+second order is done
+experimentally.
+
+All right.
+
+Now we're going to talk
+about kinetics
+
+and equilibrium constants.
+
+So, I always get very excited,
+as you know, when we come back
+
+to equilibrium constants, so am
+always very happy at this
+
+time in the course when we
+can relate kinetics and
+
+equilibrium constants.
+
+So, at equilibrium, another
+way to think about what's
+
+happening at equilibrium, is
+that the rate of the forward
+
+reaction and the rate of the
+reverse reaction are equal to
+
+each other.
+
+So, we can now talk about big
+letter K, which is our
+
+equilibrium constant again,
+and our little letter k's,
+
+which our rate constant.
+
+So the equilibrium constant for
+a chemical reaction a plus
+
+b equals c plus d is going to
+be equal to what, what do I
+
+put on the top?
+
+Concentration of? c, and
+concentration of d, right.
+
+So our products, and at
+the bottom we put our
+
+concentration of our reactants,
+or a and b.
+
+Now, we can also think about
+this reaction in terms of
+
+little rate constants.
+
+So we have small letter k 1 on
+top, and small letter k to the
+
+minus 1 on the bottom.
+
+So, the forward reaction, the
+rate of forward reaction is
+
+going to be equal to k 1 times
+the concentration of a and the
+
+concentration of b.
+
+And on the bottom, our rate is
+going to be equal to the
+
+little rate constant, so for the
+reverse reaction it's the
+
+reverse rate constant, k minus
+1, and in the reverse
+
+direction, our reactants are the
+products for the forward
+
+direction, or c and d.
+
+So, here we have these rates,
+and at equilibrium, those
+
+rates are going to be equal.
+
+So at equilibrium, little k 1, a
+times b is going to be equal
+
+to little k minus 1
+times c times d.
+
+And at equilibrium we had c d
+over a b is equal to then k 1
+
+over k minus 1, so if we just
+rearrange this expression and
+
+move the rate constants to one
+side and concentration terms
+
+to the other side, this
+expression is the same as this
+
+expression, and we also know
+what this expression is equal
+
+to, which is our big K. So,
+therefore, our equilibrium
+
+constant equals the rate
+constant for the forward
+
+reaction over the rate constant
+
+for the reverse direction.
+
+And so here is an expression
+that compares equilibrium
+
+constants with rate constants.
+
+So now, let's think about
+what is true about this.
+
+So our equilibrium constant,
+then, is the ratio or the
+
+forward rate over the
+reverse rate for
+
+these elementary reactions.
+
+And if we think about rate
+constants in kinetics terms,
+
+if k is greater than 1, if there
+are more products than
+
+reactants at equilibrium,
+what's true about k
+
+1 and k minus 1?
+
+Is k 1 greater than or
+less than k minus 1?
+
+Right.
+
+So the forward rate constant
+is greater than the reverse
+
+rate constant.
+
+And if K, big equilibrium
+constant, K is less than 1, if
+
+at equilibrium there are more
+reactants than products, what
+
+is true about this
+relationship?
+
+It would be less than.
+
+So, you can think about
+equilibrium constants now in
+
+terms of rate constants, which
+we'll be doing a lot on
+
+Wednesday, too.
+
+All right.
+
+So let me introduce you to a
+couple of more terms in the
+
+last few minutes.
+
+So reactions don't usually occur
+in one step, but occur
+
+in a series of steps.
+
+Each step is called an
+elementary reaction.
+
+So, the overall reaction, the
+order and the rate law, can be
+
+derived from the stoichiometry
+for an overall reaction, you
+
+can't use the stoichiometry,
+but for an elementary
+
+reaction you can.
+
+So, for an elementary reaction,
+say one step in the
+
+reaction mechanism, that step
+occurs exactly as written so
+
+you can use stoichiometry.
+
+And that's going to be handy in
+coming up with mechanisms.
+
+So, let's just look at one
+example very briefly.
+
+So here we have the
+decomposition of ozone, which
+
+is another environmental issue
+that you will be faced with in
+
+your lifetime.
+
+So this is the overall reaction,
+and you can't use
+
+the stoiciomery to figure out
+the order of the reaction, but
+
+if you divide it up into
+elementary reaction steps,
+
+then you can use the stoiciomery
+to write the rate
+
+law for each step of
+that reaction.
+
+So, the first step here is
+a unimolecular step.
+
+You have one thing going to two
+things, and molecularity
+
+is the number of reactant
+molecules the come together to
+
+form product.
+
+So, unimolecular you just have
+one thing that's forming some
+
+kind of product.
+
+What do you think it's called
+if you have two
+
+things forming a product?
+
+Bimolecular.
+
+These are good little one or two
+point questions on a test,
+
+they're not very hard,
+they should be pretty
+
+easy to think about.
+
+So, we have unimolecular,
+examples would be some kind of
+
+decomposition or radioactive
+decay.
+
+Bimolecular, two reactants
+coming
+
+together to form products.
+
+And termolecular is three
+reactants coming together to
+
+form a product, and
+that's rare.
+
+And you can remember that it's
+rare if you think about how
+
+you would hold three tennis
+balls in your hand and have
+
+them all come together at the
+same time to form product,
+
+that is a difficult
+thing to do.
+
+Two things coming together
+is easy,
+
+bimolecular is very common.
+
+Termolecular not very common,
+that they'd all come together
+
+at the same time to
+form a product.
+
+All right, so we can write rate
+laws for each step here.
+
+For the first step here, the
+rate would be equal to a k --
+
+I don't have the k written up
+here, but there's always going
+
+to be a little k
+over the arrow.
+
+So, k times the reactant
+would be here.
+
+For bimolecular, again,
+assume a k over there.
+
+What's that rate going
+to be equal to?
+
+OK, let's just take 10
+more seconds since
+
+class is almost over.
+
+Yup, so it's this one
+right down here.
+
+So we have the rate
+is equal to k
+
+times these two reactants.
+
+You can sum up the steps and
+get the overall reactants.
+
+Notice that o is an
+intermediate, it's formed
+
+here, decayed here.
+
+It goes away, and so o doesn't
+appear in the overall
+
+expression.
+
+So we're going to talk
+a lot about reaction
+
+intermediates next time.
+
+And also, remember that you
+can't prove reaction
+
+mechanisms to be correct,
+they're just consistent with
+
+the data that you have.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PnPIqh7Frlw.txt b/PnPIqh7Frlw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d3c1fd653932b1c6768132f5e8e7e6882e33455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PnPIqh7Frlw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu well let's see so before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well let's see so before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu well let's see so before we
+actually start reviewing for the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start reviewing for the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start reviewing for the test
+I'm going to I still have to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I still have to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to I still have to tell you a
+few small things because I promise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few small things because I promise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few small things because I promise to
+say a few words about what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a few words about what's the
+difference you know more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you know more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference you know more precisely
+what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference
+between curl being zero and a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between curl being zero and a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between curl being zero and a field
+being a gradient field and why we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a gradient field and why we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a gradient field and why we had
+this assumption that our Vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption that our Vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this assumption that our Vector field
+had to be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be defined
+everywhere for a field with Cur zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for a field with Cur zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere for a field with Cur zero to
+actually be conservative for our test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be conservative for our test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be conservative for our test
+for gradient fields to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gradient fields to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for gradient fields to be
+valid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so more about the validity of grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sphere and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so we've seen the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we've seen the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we've seen the statement of
+green spum in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forms both of them have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms both of them have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms both of them have to do with
+comparing a line integral along a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing a line integral along a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing a line integral along a closed
+curve to a double integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to a double integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to a double integral over the
+region inside en Clos by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside en Clos by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region inside en Clos by the
+curve so one of them says the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so one of them says the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so one of them says the line
+integral for the work done by a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the work done by a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the work done by a vector
+field along a closed curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field along a closed curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field along a closed curve
+counterclockwise is equal to the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise is equal to the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise is equal to the double
+integral of the curl of the field over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the curl of the field over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the curl of the field over
+the enclosed region and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enclosed region and the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enclosed region and the other one
+says the total flux out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the total flux out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the total flux out of
+Orion so the flux through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orion so the flux through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orion so the flux through the
+curve is equal to the double integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is equal to the double integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is equal to the double integral of
+dience of the field in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dience of the field in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dience of the field in the
+region so in both cases we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so in both cases we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so in both cases we need the
+vector field to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field to be
+defined not only I mean the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined not only I mean the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined not only I mean the left hand
+side makes sense if a vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side makes sense if a vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side makes sense if a vector field is
+just defined on the curve because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined on the curve because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just defined on the curve because it's
+just a line integral on C we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line integral on C we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a line integral on C we don't care
+what happens inside but for the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens inside but for the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens inside but for the right
+hand side to make sense and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side to make sense and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side to make sense and therefore
+for the equality to make sense we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equality to make sense we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equality to make sense we need
+the vector field to be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field to be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field to be defined
+everywhere inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere inside the
+region so I said if there's you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so I said if there's you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so I said if there's you know a
+point somewhere in here where my Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point somewhere in here where my Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point somewhere in here where my Vector
+field is not defined then it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is not defined then it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is not defined then it doesn't
+work and actually we've seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and actually we've seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and actually we've seen that
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+so this only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works if
+F and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere in the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the region
+R otherwise we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R otherwise we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R otherwise we're in
+trouble okay so we've seen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example that if I gave you the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that if I gave you the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that if I gave you the vector
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+minus y i + XJ over X2 + y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y i + XJ over X2 + y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y i + XJ over X2 + y^
+2 so that's the same Vector field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so that's the same Vector field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so that's the same Vector field that
+was on that problem set a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on that problem set a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on that problem set a couple of
+weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+then well f is not defined at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well f is not defined at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well f is not defined at the
+origin but it's defined everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but it's defined everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but it's defined everywhere else
+and wherever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wherever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wherever it's
+defined its Cur is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we have a closed curve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a closed curve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have a closed curve in the
+plane well there's two situations one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well there's two situations one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well there's two situations one is
+you know if it does not enclose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it does not enclose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it does not enclose the
+origin then yes we can apply green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin then yes we can apply green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin then yes we can apply green
+theorem and it will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us that it's equal to the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it's equal to the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that it's equal to the double
+integral in here of curl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in here of curl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in here of curl
+F da a which will be zero because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F da a which will be zero because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F da a which will be zero because this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero however if I have a curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero however if I have a curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero however if I have a curve that
+encloses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin let's say like this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin let's say like this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin let's say like this for
+example then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I cannot use the same method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I cannot use the same method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I cannot use the same method
+because the curl where the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curl where the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the curl where the vector field
+and it Cur are not defined at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it Cur are not defined at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it Cur are not defined at the origin
+and in fact you know that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you know that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact you know that you know
+ignoring the problem and saying well Cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the problem and saying well Cur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the problem and saying well Cur
+is still zero everywhere would give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still zero everywhere would give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still zero everywhere would give you
+the wrong answer because we've seen an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer because we've seen an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer because we've seen an
+example we've seen that along the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we've seen that along the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we've seen that along the unit
+circle the total work is 2 pi not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the total work is 2 pi not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the total work is 2 pi not
+zero so we can't use green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however we can't use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we can't use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we can't use it
+directly so there's an extended version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so there's an extended version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly so there's an extended version
+of green theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of green theorem
+for that tells you the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that tells you the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that tells you the following
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+well it tells me that even though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tells me that even though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it tells me that even though I
+can't do things for just this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do things for just this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do things for just this region
+enclosed by C Prime I can still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by C Prime I can still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed by C Prime I can still do
+things for the region in between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the region in between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for the region in between two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+curves okay so let me show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so let me show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so let me show you what I
+have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind so let's say that I have my curve C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so let's say that I have my curve C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so let's say that I have my curve C
+Prime where's my yellow choke oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime where's my yellow choke oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime where's my yellow choke oh
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so I have this curve C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this curve C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have this curve C
+Prime and I can't apply green theorem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and I can't apply green theorem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and I can't apply green theorem to
+the region inside it but let's cut out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside it but let's cut out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region inside it but let's cut out a
+smaller think so let me call that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller think so let me call that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller think so let me call that curve
+so that one I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that one I'm going to make
+going clockwise you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I can say well sorry let me change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can say well sorry let me change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can say well sorry let me change
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+mind strcture is not very well prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind strcture is not very well prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind strcture is not very well prepared
+that's because my Vitor isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because my Vitor isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because my Vitor isn't
+strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so okay so let's say we have C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay so let's say we have C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay so let's say we have C
+Prime and C Prime Prime both going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and C Prime Prime both going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and C Prime Prime both going
+counterclockwise then I claim that green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise then I claim that green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise then I claim that green
+theorem still applies and tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem still applies and tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem still applies and tells
+me that the line integral along c Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that the line integral along c Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that the line integral along c Prime
+minus the line integral along c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the line integral along c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the line integral along c
+Prime is equal to the double integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to the double integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is equal to the double integral of
+the region in between so here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's this region with a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+curve and well in our case that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and well in our case that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and well in our case that will
+turn out to be zero because Cur is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so this doesn't tell us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this doesn't tell us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this doesn't tell us what
+each of these two line integrals is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these two line integrals is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these two line integrals is but
+actually tells us that they are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells us that they are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells us that they are equal to
+each other and so by Computing one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so by Computing one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and so by Computing one you
+can see actually that for this Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually that for this Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually that for this Vector
+field if you take any curve that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if you take any curve that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field if you take any curve that goes
+counterclockwise around the origin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise around the origin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise around the origin you
+will get 2 pi no matter what the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get 2 pi no matter what the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get 2 pi no matter what the curve
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do you get to this and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you get to this and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do you get to this and you know
+why is this not like conceptually a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not like conceptually a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this not like conceptually a new
+theorem well just think of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem well just think of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem well just think of you know the
+following thing I'm not going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing I'm not going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following thing I'm not going to do it
+on top of that because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that because it's going to be
+messy if I draw too many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy if I draw too many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy if I draw too many things
+but so here I have my C Prime here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so here I have my C Prime here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so here I have my C Prime here I
+have C Prime let me actually make a slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C Prime let me actually make a slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have C Prime let me actually make a slit
+that will connect them to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will connect them to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will connect them to each other
+like this okay so now if I take see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so now if I take see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay so now if I take see I
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+form a single closed curve that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a single closed curve that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a single closed curve that will
+enclose all of this region well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose all of this region well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclose all of this region well with
+kind of an Infinity thin slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an Infinity thin slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an Infinity thin slit
+here count counterclockwise and so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here count counterclockwise and so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here count counterclockwise and so see
+if I go counterclockwise around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go counterclockwise around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go counterclockwise around this
+region basically I go counterclockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region basically I go counterclockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region basically I go counterclockwise
+along the outer curve then I go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the outer curve then I go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the outer curve then I go along
+the Slate then I go clockwise along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Slate then I go clockwise along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Slate then I go clockwise along the
+inside curve then back along the slate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside curve then back along the slate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside curve then back along the slate
+and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm
+done so if I take the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so if I take the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so if I take the line integral
+along this big curve consisting of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this big curve consisting of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this big curve consisting of all
+these pieces now I can apply GRE theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces now I can apply GRE theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces now I can apply GRE theorem
+to that because it is a usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that because it is a usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that because it is a usual
+counterclockwise curve that goes around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise curve that goes around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise curve that goes around
+the region where my field is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where my field is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where my field is well
+defined see I've eliminated the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined see I've eliminated the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined see I've eliminated the origin
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+picture and so the Total Line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is equal
+to the integral along c Prime guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral along c Prime guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral along c Prime guess the
+outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer
+one then I need to also have what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I need to also have what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I need to also have what I do
+along the inner side and the inner side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the inner side and the inner side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the inner side and the inner side
+is going to be cble prime but going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be cble prime but going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be cble prime but going
+backwards because now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards because now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards because now I'm going
+clockwise on C Prime so that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise on C Prime so that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise on C Prime so that I'm going
+counterclockwise around the Shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise around the Shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise around the Shaded
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus well of course there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well of course there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus well of course there will be
+contributions from the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the line integral
+along this white segment but I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this white segment but I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this white segment but I do it
+twice once each way so they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so the white segments cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the white segments cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the white segments cancel
+out you should you probably shouldn't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you should you probably shouldn't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you should you probably shouldn't in
+your notes write down white segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes write down white segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your notes write down white segments
+because probably they're not white on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because probably they're not white on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because probably they're not white on
+your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your paper
+but hopefully you get get you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully you get get you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hopefully you get get you get the
+meaning of what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of what I'm trying to
+say okay so basically that tells you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so basically that tells you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so basically that tells you you
+can still play tricks with green sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still play tricks with green sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still play tricks with green sphere
+and when the region has holes in it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the region has holes in it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the region has holes in it just
+you have to be careful and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be careful and you know
+somehow subtract some other curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow subtract some other curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow subtract some other curve so
+that together things will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together things will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together things will work
+out um there's a similar thing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um there's a similar thing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um there's a similar thing with the
+Divergence Theorem of course with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem of course with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence Theorem of course with you
+know with um flux and double integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with um flux and double integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with um flux and double integral of
+div F you can apply exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div F you can apply exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+div F you can apply exactly the same
+argument okay so basically you can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay so basically you can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument okay so basically you can apply
+green theum for a region that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theum for a region that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green theum for a region that has
+several boundary curves you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several boundary curves you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several boundary curves you just have to
+be careful that the outer boundary must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful that the outer boundary must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful that the outer boundary must
+go counterclockwise the inner boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go counterclockwise the inner boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go counterclockwise the inner boundary
+either goes clockwise or you put a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sign okay and a last cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+note so a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we say that a region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a region in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that a region in the
+plane sorry I should say a connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane sorry I should say a connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane sorry I should say a connected
+region in the plane so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means so connected means it consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so connected means it consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so connected means it consists of
+a single piece okay so connected you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single piece okay so connected you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single piece okay so connected you
+know there's a single piece this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a single piece this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a single piece this these
+two guys together are not connected but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys together are not connected but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys together are not connected but
+if I join them then this is a connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I join them then this is a connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I join them then this is a connected
+region um we say is simply we say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um we say is simply we say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um we say is simply we say it's
+Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if any closed curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any closed curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any closed curve in
+it okay so I need to give a name to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so I need to give a name to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so I need to give a name to my
+origion let's say R any closed curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origion let's say R any closed curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origion let's say R any closed curve in
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounce no sorry if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interior of any closed curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R is also contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R so concretely what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so concretely what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so concretely what does that mean that
+means the region R does not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the region R does not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the region R does not have any
+holes inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes inside
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe I should draw two pictures to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should draw two pictures to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I should draw two pictures to
+explain what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean so this guy here is Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while this guy here is not Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this guy here is not Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this guy here is not Simply
+Connected because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected because if I
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+curve that's a curve inside my region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's a curve inside my region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's a curve inside my region
+but you know the piece that it bouns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the piece that it bouns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know the piece that it bouns is
+not actually entirely contained in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually entirely contained in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually entirely contained in my
+region and so why is that relevant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and so why is that relevant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and so why is that relevant well
+if you know that your vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that your vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know that your vector field is
+defined everywhere in a Simply Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere in a Simply Connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere in a Simply Connected
+region then you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region then you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region then you don't have to worry
+about this question of you know can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question of you know can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this question of you know can I
+apply green theorem to the inside you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply green theorem to the inside you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply green theorem to the inside you
+know it's automatically okay because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's automatically okay because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's automatically okay because if
+you have a closed curve then the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a closed curve then the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a closed curve then the vector
+field is I mean if the vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is I mean if the vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is I mean if the vector field is
+defined on the curve it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the curve it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the curve it will also
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inside okay so if the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a vector
+field is defined and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable um is Simply Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apply when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fi I mean of course provided that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi I mean of course provided that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi I mean of course provided that we do
+it on a curve where the vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a curve where the vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a curve where the vector field is
+defined I mean otherwise your line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined I mean otherwise your line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined I mean otherwise your line
+integral doesn't make sense so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral doesn't make sense so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral doesn't make sense so there's
+nothing to compute but if you have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to compute but if you have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to compute but if you have you
+know so again the argument would be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so again the argument would be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so again the argument would be well
+if a vector field is defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a vector field is defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a vector field is defined on the
+curve it's also defined inside so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's also defined inside so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's also defined inside so we're
+happy and see so the problem with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and see so the problem with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and see so the problem with a
+vector field here is precisely that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field here is precisely that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field here is precisely that its
+domain of definition is not Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of definition is not Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of definition is not Simply
+Connected because there's a hole namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected because there's a hole namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected because there's a hole namely
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+origin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay
+so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy domain of
+definition which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is
+plane minus the origin with the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+removed is not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected and so that's why you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and so that's why you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected and so that's why you have
+this line integral that makes perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line integral that makes perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line integral that makes perfect
+sense but you can't apply grein theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but you can't apply grein theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but you can't apply grein theorem
+to it so now what does that mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so now what does that mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so now what does that mean in
+particular well we've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular well we've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular well we've seen this
+Criterion that if a curl if a curl of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion that if a curl if a curl of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion that if a curl if a curl of a
+vector field is zero and it's defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field is zero and it's defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field is zero and it's defined in
+the entire plane then the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire plane then the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire plane then the vector field
+is conservative and it's a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conservative and it's a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conservative and it's a gradient
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and the argument to prove that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument to prove that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the argument to prove that is
+precisely to use green theorum so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely to use green theorum so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely to use green theorum so in
+fact the correct you know the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the correct you know the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the correct you know the actual
+optimal statement you can make is if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal statement you can make is if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal statement you can make is if a
+vector field is defined in a Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field is defined in a Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field is defined in a Simply
+Connected region and its Cur is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected region and its Cur is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected region and its Cur is zero
+then it's a gradient field so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a gradient field so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a gradient field so let me
+just write that down for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know so the correct statement I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the correct statement I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so the correct statement I mean the
+previous one we've SE SC is also correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one we've SE SC is also correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one we've SE SC is also correct
+but this one is somehow better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one is somehow better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one is somehow better and
+closer to what exactly is needed if Cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to what exactly is needed if Cur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to what exactly is needed if Cur
+f is zero and the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition where f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined is Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connected
+then f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then f is
+conservative and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative and that means
+also it's a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's a gradient
+field that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+okay any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NOP okay some good news what I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOP okay some good news what I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NOP okay some good news what I've just
+said here won't come up on the test on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here won't come up on the test on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here won't come up on the test on
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay still it's stuff that you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still it's stuff that you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still it's stuff that you should be
+aware of generally speaking because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of generally speaking because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of generally speaking because it
+will be useful say on the next week's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful say on the next week's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful say on the next week's
+problem set and maybe on the final it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and maybe on the final it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and maybe on the final it
+would be you know there won't be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know there won't be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be you know there won't be any
+really really complicated things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really complicated things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really complicated things
+probably but there might be some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably but there might be some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably but there might be some you
+know you might need to be at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might need to be at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might need to be at least
+vaguely aware of this issue of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely aware of this issue of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely aware of this issue of things
+being Simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being Simply
+Connected okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by the way I mean this is also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I mean this is also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way I mean this is also like
+somehow the starting point of topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the starting point of topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the starting point of topology
+which is you know the branch of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know the branch of math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know the branch of math
+that studies the shapes of regions so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that studies the shapes of regions so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that studies the shapes of regions so in
+particular you can try to distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you can try to distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you can try to distinguish
+domains in the planes by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in the planes by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in the planes by looking at
+whether they're Simply Connected or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're Simply Connected or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're Simply Connected or not
+and what kinds of features they have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kinds of features they have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what kinds of features they have in
+terms of how you can join points what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how you can join points what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of how you can join points what
+kinds of Curves exist in them and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Curves exist in them and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of Curves exist in them and since
+that's the branch of M math in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the branch of M math in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the branch of M math in which I
+work I thought I should tell you a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I thought I should tell you a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I thought I should tell you a bit
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now back
+to reviewing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reviewing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reviewing for the
+exam so we're going to well I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so we're going to well I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so we're going to well I'm going to
+basically list topics and if time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically list topics and if time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically list topics and if time
+permits I will say a few things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits I will say a few things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits I will say a few things about
+problems from practice exam 3B I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems from practice exam 3B I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems from practice exam 3B I'm
+hoping that you have it or your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that you have it or your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping that you have it or your neighbor
+has it or you can somehow get it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it or you can somehow get it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it or you can somehow get it anyway
+given time I'm not sure how much I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time I'm not sure how much I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time I'm not sure how much I will
+say about the problems in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the problems in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the problems in there
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay
+so the main thing to know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main thing to know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main thing to know about this
+exam is how to set up and evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam is how to set up and evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam is how to set up and evaluate
+double integrals and line integrals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrals and line integrals okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integrals and line integrals okay
+if you know how to do these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know how to do these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know how to do these two things
+then you're in much better shape than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in much better shape than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in much better shape than if
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so the first thing we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so the first thing we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so the first thing we've
+seen okay so just to write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen okay so just to write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen okay so just to write it down
+there's two main objects and it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two main objects and it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two main objects and it's kind
+of important to not confuse them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important to not confuse them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of important to not confuse them with
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other okay there's double integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay there's double integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay there's double integral of
+regions of some quantity da and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of some quantity da and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions of some quantity da and the
+other one is some a line integral along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is some a line integral along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one is some a line integral along
+a curve of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve of a vector
+field f.d or f. n DS depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field f.d or f. n DS depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field f.d or f. n DS depending on
+whether it's work or flux that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's work or flux that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's work or flux that we're
+trying to do and so we should know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do and so we should know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do and so we should know how
+to set up these things and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up these things and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up these things and how to
+evaluate them and roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them and roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them and roughly
+speaking in this one you start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking in this one you start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking in this one you start by
+drawing a picture of a region then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a picture of a region then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a picture of a region then
+deciding which way you will integrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which way you will integrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding which way you will integrate it
+could be DX Dy Dy DX RDR D Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be DX Dy Dy DX RDR D Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be DX Dy Dy DX RDR D Theta and
+then you will set up the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will set up the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will set up the bounds
+carefully by slicing it and studying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully by slicing it and studying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully by slicing it and studying how
+the bounds for the inner variable depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds for the inner variable depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bounds for the inner variable depend
+on the outer variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first topic will be setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first topic will be setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first topic will be setting up
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+integrals and so remember Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so remember Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so remember Okay so
+maybe I should make this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicit we want to draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit we want to draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit we want to draw a picture of
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R
+and take slices in the chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take slices in the chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take slices in the chosen
+way so that we get an iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral okay so let's do just a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example so if I look at problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if I look at problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if I look at problem one
+on example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says well it says to look at the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well it says to look at the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well it says to look at the line
+integral from 0 to 1 line integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 line integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 1 line integral from
+X to 2x of possibly something but Dy DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to 2x of possibly something but Dy DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to 2x of possibly something but Dy DX
+and it says let's look at how we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says let's look at how we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says let's look at how we would
+set this up the other way around by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this up the other way around by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this up the other way around by
+exchanging X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we should get to something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should get to something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we should get to something that will
+be the same integral DX dy I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same integral DX dy I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same integral DX dy I mean if you
+have a function of X and Y then it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function of X and Y then it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function of X and Y then it will
+be the same function but of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same function but of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same function but of course the
+bounds change so how do we exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds change so how do we exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds change so how do we exchange the
+order of integration well the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration well the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration well the only way
+to do it consistently is to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it consistently is to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it consistently is to draw a
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+so let's see what does this mean here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what does this mean here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what does this mean here it
+means we integrate from y = x to y = 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we integrate from y = x to y = 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we integrate from y = x to y = 2x
+X between 0 and 1 so we should draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X between 0 and 1 so we should draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X between 0 and 1 so we should draw a
+picture U the lower Bound for y is y = x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture U the lower Bound for y is y = x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture U the lower Bound for y is y = x
+so let's draw y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x that seems to be here and we'll go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that seems to be here and we'll go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that seems to be here and we'll go up
+to y =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y =
+2x which is a line also but with bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x which is a line also but with bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x which is a line also but with bigger
+slope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and
+then right so for each value of x my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right so for each value of x my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right so for each value of x my
+region will go from X to 2X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well and I do this for all values of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I do this for all values of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and I do this for all values of X
+that go from Z to xal 1 so I stop at x =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go from Z to xal 1 so I stop at x =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go from Z to xal 1 so I stop at x =
+1 which is here and then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which is here and then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 which is here and then my
+region is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is something like
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this point here in case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this point here in case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this point here in case you're
+wondering well when xals 1 Y is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering well when xals 1 Y is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering well when xals 1 Y is one and
+that point here is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point here is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point here is 1
+two okay any questions about that so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay any questions about that so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay any questions about that so far
+okay so that's somehow that's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's somehow that's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's somehow that's the first
+kill you know when you see an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you know when you see an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill you know when you see an integral
+how to figure out what it means how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to figure out what it means how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to figure out what it means how to
+draw the region and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the region and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the region and then there's the
+converse scale which is given the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse scale which is given the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converse scale which is given the region
+how to set up the integral for it so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set up the integral for it so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to set up the integral for it so if
+we want to set it up instead DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set it up instead DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to set it up instead DX
+Dy then that means we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy then that means we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy then that means we are going to
+actually look at the converse question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the converse question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at the converse question
+which is for a given value of y what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for a given value of y what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is for a given value of y what is
+the range of values of X okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of values of X okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of values of X okay so if we
+fix y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix y
+well where do we enter the region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where do we enter the region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where do we enter the region and
+where do we leave it so we seem to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we leave it so we seem to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we leave it so we seem to enter
+on this side and we seem to leave on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side and we seem to leave on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side and we seem to leave on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+side at least that seems to be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side at least that seems to be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side at least that seems to be true for
+the first few values of Y that I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few values of Y that I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few values of Y that I choose
+but hey if I take a larger value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hey if I take a larger value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hey if I take a larger value of y
+then I will enter on this side and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will enter on this side and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will enter on this side and I
+will leave on this vertical side not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave on this vertical side not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave on this vertical side not on
+that one so I seem to have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so I seem to have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one so I seem to have two different
+things going on okay the place where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on okay the place where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on okay the place where I
+enter my region is always y = 2x which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter my region is always y = 2x which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter my region is always y = 2x which
+is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same
+as X = Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/2 so X seems to always start at y/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two but where I leave could be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but where I leave could be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but where I leave could be either
+xal y or here xals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal y or here xals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xal y or here xals
+1 and that depends on the value of y so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that depends on the value of y so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that depends on the value of y so
+in fact I have toak this into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I have toak this into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact I have toak this into two
+different integrals I have to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different integrals I have to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different integrals I have to treat
+separately the case where Y is between 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately the case where Y is between 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately the case where Y is between 0
+and one and between 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and between 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and between 1 and
+two so what I do in that case is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just make two integrals so I say both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make two integrals so I say both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make two integrals so I say both of
+them start at y / two but in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them start at y / two but in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them start at y / two but in the first
+case we'll stop at xal y in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll stop at xal y in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we'll stop at xal y in the second
+case we'll stop at xal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now what are the values of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now what are the values of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now what are the values of Y
+for each case well the first case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each case well the first case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each case well the first case is
+when Y is between zero and one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Y is between zero and one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Y is between zero and one the
+second case is when Y is between one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case is when Y is between one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case is when Y is between one and
+two which I guess this picture now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which I guess this picture now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which I guess this picture now is
+completely unreadable but hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unreadable but hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unreadable but hopefully
+you've been following what's been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been following what's been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been following what's been going
+on or else you can see it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or else you can see it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or else you can see it in the
+solutions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the
+problem and so that's our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so that's our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so that's our final
+answer okay any questions about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay any questions about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay any questions about how to
+set up integrals in XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates no okay who feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates no okay who feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates no okay who feels
+comfortable with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with this kind of
+problem okay good I'm happy to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay good I'm happy to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay good I'm happy to see the
+vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast
+majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority
+so the bad news is we have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bad news is we have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bad news is we have to be able to
+do it not only in XY coordinates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it not only in XY coordinates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it not only in XY coordinates but
+also in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates so when you go to Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so when you go to Polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so when you go to Polar
+coordinates basically all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates basically all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates basically all you have to
+remember on the side of the integrant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on the side of the integrant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember on the side of the integrant is
+that X becomes R cosine Theta y becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X becomes R cosine Theta y becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X becomes R cosine Theta y becomes
+R sin Theta and DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R sin Theta and DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R sin Theta and DX
+Dy becomes Rd D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy becomes Rd D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy becomes Rd D
+Theta in terms of how you slice through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in terms of how you slice through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta in terms of how you slice through
+your region well you will be integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your region well you will be integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your region well you will be integrating
+first over R so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over R so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first over R so that
+means what you're doing is you're fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what you're doing is you're fixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what you're doing is you're fixing
+a value of theta and for that value OFA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of theta and for that value OFA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a value of theta and for that value OFA
+you ask yourself for what range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask yourself for what range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask yourself for what range of
+values of R am I going to be inside my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R am I going to be inside my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of R am I going to be inside my
+region so if my region looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so if my region looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so if my region looks like this
+then for this value of theta I would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for this value of theta I would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for this value of theta I would go
+from zero to whatever this distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to whatever this distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero to whatever this distance is
+and of course I have to find how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I have to find how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I have to find how this
+distance depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance depends on
+Theta and then I will find the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then I will find the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then I will find the extreme
+values of theta now of course if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta now of course if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta now of course if the
+region is really looking like this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is really looking like this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is really looking like this then
+you're not going to do it in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do it in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to do it in polar
+coordinates but if it's like you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but if it's like you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates but if it's like you know a
+circle or a half circle or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle or a half circle or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle or a half circle or things like
+that then even if a problem doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then even if a problem doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then even if a problem doesn't tell
+you do it in polar coordinates you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in polar coordinates you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in polar coordinates you might
+want to seriously consider it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to seriously consider it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to seriously consider it okay so
+that's I mean I'm not going to do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean I'm not going to do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I mean I'm not going to do it but
+problem two in the practice exam is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two in the practice exam is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two in the practice exam is a
+good example of doing something in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of doing something in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example of doing something in polar
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so in terms of things that we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of things that we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in terms of things that we do with
+polar with double integrals there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar with double integrals there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar with double integrals there's a
+few formulas that I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few formulas that I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few formulas that I'd like you to
+remember about you know applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about you know applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember about you know applications
+that we've seen of double integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen of double integrals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen of double integrals so
+quantities that we can compute with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we can compute with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that we can compute with
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals include things like the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals include things like the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals include things like the area
+of the region its mass if it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the region its mass if it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the region its mass if it has a
+density uh the average value of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh the average value of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh the average value of some
+function for example the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for example the average value
+of the X and Y coordinates which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X and Y coordinates which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the X and Y coordinates which we call
+the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of
+mass are moments of inertia so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass are moments of inertia so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass are moments of inertia so these are
+just formulas to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the area of the
+region is the double integral of just da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is the double integral of just da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is the double integral of just da
+if you if it helps you one da if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if it helps you one da if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if it helps you one da if you
+want you're integrating the function one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you're integrating the function one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you're integrating the function one
+um you have to remember formulas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to remember formulas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to remember formulas for
+mass for the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass for the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass for the average
+value of a function f bar in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xar Y Bar which is the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass and uh the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia particular so the polar moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia particular so the polar moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia particular so the polar moment
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+inertia which is moment of inertia about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia which is moment of inertia about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia which is moment of inertia about
+the origin okay so that's double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay so that's double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay so that's double
+integral of X2 + y^2 dens City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of X2 + y^2 dens City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of X2 + y^2 dens City
+da but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da but
+also moments of inertia about the X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also moments of inertia about the X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also moments of inertia about the X and
+Y axis which are given by you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y axis which are given by you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y axis which are given by you know just
+taking one of these guys um don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one of these guys um don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking one of these guys um don't worry
+about moment of inertia about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moment of inertia about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moment of inertia about an
+arbitrary line I won't ask you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary line I won't ask you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary line I won't ask you for
+moment of iner about some weird line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of iner about some weird line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of iner about some weird line or
+something like that okay um but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay um but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay um but these
+you should know now what if you somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know now what if you somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know now what if you somehow
+you know in the spare of the moment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the spare of the moment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the spare of the moment you
+forget what's the formula for moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what's the formula for moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget what's the formula for moment of
+inertia well I mean I prefer if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia well I mean I prefer if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia well I mean I prefer if you know
+but if you have you know a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have you know a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have you know a complete
+blank in your memory there will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank in your memory there will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank in your memory there will still be
+partial credit for setting up the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial credit for setting up the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial credit for setting up the bounds
+and everything else else okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else else okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything else else okay so you
+know the general role with the exam will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the general role with the exam will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the general role with the exam will
+be you know if you're stuck in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know if you're stuck in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know if you're stuck in a
+calculation or if you're missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation or if you're missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation or if you're missing a
+little piece of a puzzle try to do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of a puzzle try to do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece of a puzzle try to do as
+much as you can in particular try to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can in particular try to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can in particular try to at
+least set up the bounds of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least set up the bounds of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least set up the bounds of the integral
+there will be partial credit for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always so while we at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so while we at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so while we at it
+about ground rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ground rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ground rules
+um you know how about evaluation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how about evaluation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know how about evaluation you
+know how about evaluating integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how about evaluating integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how about evaluating integral
+so once you've set it up you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you've set it up you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you've set it up you know you
+have to sometimes compute it well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sometimes compute it well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to sometimes compute it well first
+of all check you know just in case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all check you know just in case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all check you know just in case the
+problem says set up but do not evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says set up but do not evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem says set up but do not evaluate
+then don't waste your time evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then don't waste your time evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then don't waste your time evaluating
+it um if a problem says to compute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um if a problem says to compute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um if a problem says to compute it
+then you know you have to compute it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you have to compute it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know you have to compute it um
+so what kinds of integration techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kinds of integration techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what kinds of integration techniques
+do you need to know so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to know so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to know so you need to
+know you must know well how to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you must know well how to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you must know well how to integrate
+the usual functions you know like one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual functions you know like one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual functions you know like one /
+X or x to the N or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or x to the N or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X or x to the N or um
+exponential s cosine things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential s cosine things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential s cosine things like that
+okay so the usual integrals you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the usual integrals you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the usual integrals you must
+know what I will call Easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trigonometry okay I don't want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry okay I don't want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometry okay I don't want to give
+you a complete list if you and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a complete list if you and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a complete list if you and the more
+you ask me about which ones are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask me about which ones are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask me about which ones are on the
+list the more I will add to the list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the more I will add to the list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the more I will add to the list so
+um but you know those that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know those that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know those that you know that
+you should know you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know you should
+know those that you think you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those that you think you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know those that you think you shouldn't
+know you don't have to know because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't have to know because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't have to know because I
+will say well of course I will say soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say well of course I will say soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say well of course I will say soon
+um you should know also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitution you know how to set u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you know how to set u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution you know how to set u
+equals something and then Co this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something and then Co this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals something and then Co this
+becomes U * du and um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes U * du and um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes U * du and um so you know
+substitution method yes what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution method yes what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution method yes what do you mean
+e what do I mean by easy trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e what do I mean by easy trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e what do I mean by easy trigonometric
+well certainly you should know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well certainly you should know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well certainly you should know how to
+integrate s you should know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate s you should know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate s you should know how to
+integrate cosine you should be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate cosine you should be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate cosine you should be aware
+that sin square plus cosine Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sin square plus cosine Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sin square plus cosine Square
+simplifies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies to
+one um and you should be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and you should be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um and you should be aware of
+General things like that I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General things like that I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General things like that I would like
+you to know maybe the double angle sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know maybe the double angle sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know maybe the double angle sign
+2X and cosine 2X know what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and cosine 2X know what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and cosine 2X know what these
+are uh and you know the kinds of easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh and you know the kinds of easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh and you know the kinds of easy
+things you can do with that also things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with that also things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with that also things
+that you know involve substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know involve substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know involve substitution
+setting like U equals sin t or U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting like U equals sin t or U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting like U equals sin t or U equal
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+T I mean let me instead you know give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I mean let me instead you know give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I mean let me instead you know give an
+example of hard Tri that you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of hard Tri that you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of hard Tri that you don't need
+to know and then I will answer okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and then I will answer okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and then I will answer okay so
+not needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+Thursday doesn't mean that I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday doesn't mean that I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday doesn't mean that I don't want
+you to know them I would love you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know them I would love you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to know them I would love you to
+know you know every single integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know every single integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know every single integral
+formula but that shouldn't be your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but that shouldn't be your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but that shouldn't be your top
+priority so you don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority so you don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority so you don't need to know
+things like hard trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like hard trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like hard trigonometric
+ones so let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so let me give you an
+example okay so if I ask you to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so if I ask you to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so if I ask you to you know
+do this one then actually I will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this one then actually I will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this one then actually I will give
+you you know maybe like the I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know maybe like the I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know maybe like the I will
+reprint the formula from the notes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprint the formula from the notes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprint the formula from the notes or
+something like that okay so that one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so that one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so that one uh
+you don't need to know Al I would love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know Al I would love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to know Al I would love
+if you happen to know it but if you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you happen to know it but if you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you happen to know it but if you need
+it it will be given to you uh so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will be given to you uh so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will be given to you uh so these
+kinds of things that you cannot compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that you cannot compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that you cannot compute
+by any easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any easy
+method um and integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um and integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um and integration by
+parts I believe that I've successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I believe that I've successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts I believe that I've successfully
+test solved all the problems without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test solved all the problems without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test solved all the problems without
+doing any single integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any single integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any single integration by
+parts uh again in general it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts uh again in general it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts uh again in general it's something
+that I would like you to know but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like you to know but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would like you to know but you
+know if it shouldn't be your top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it shouldn't be your top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it shouldn't be your top
+priority for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority for this
+week okay so you had a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or inverse trigonometric functions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverse trigonometric functions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inverse trigonometric functions um
+let's say the most easy ones I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the most easy ones I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the most easy ones I would
+like you to know the easiest inverse TRG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to know the easiest inverse TRG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to know the easiest inverse TRG
+functions but not much okay okay so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but not much okay okay so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but not much okay okay so be
+aware that these functions exist uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that these functions exist uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that these functions exist uh but
+it's not a top priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should say the more I tell you I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say the more I tell you I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say the more I tell you I don't
+need you to know uh the more you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to know uh the more you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you to know uh the more you know
+your physics and other teachers might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physics and other teachers might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your physics and other teachers might
+complain that oh these guys don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that oh these guys don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that oh these guys don't know
+how to integrate so try not to forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to integrate so try not to forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to integrate so try not to forget
+everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh uh no no here I just mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh uh no no here I just mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh uh no no here I just mean like
+for evaluating just a single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for evaluating just a single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for evaluating just a single variable
+integral I will get to I will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I will get to I will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I will get to I will get to
+change of variables in jacoban soon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables in jacoban soon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of variables in jacoban soon but
+I'm thinking of this as a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking of this as a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking of this as a different
+topic you know you know what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic you know you know what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic you know you know what I mean by
+this one is if I'm asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is if I'm asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is if I'm asking you to
+integrate I don't know what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I don't know what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate I don't know what's a good
+example 0 to 1 tdt over square root of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 0 to 1 tdt over square root of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 0 to 1 tdt over square root of 1
++ t^2 then you should think of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ t^2 then you should think of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ t^2 then you should think of maybe
+substituting u = 1 plus t^2 and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting u = 1 plus t^2 and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting u = 1 plus t^2 and then it
+becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier okay so this kind of trick that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so this kind of trick that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier okay so this kind of trick that's
+that's what I have in mind here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I have in mind here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I have in mind here
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again if you're stuck you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you're stuck you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if you're stuck you know uh
+you know in particular if you hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in particular if you hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in particular if you hit this
+DED guy and you don't actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DED guy and you don't actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DED guy and you don't actually have a
+formula giving you what it is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula giving you what it is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula giving you what it is uh it
+means one of two things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one of two things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means one of two things one is
+something's wrong with your solution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's wrong with your solution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's wrong with your solution the
+other option is something's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other option is something's wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other option is something's wrong with
+my problem so you know either way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem so you know either way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my problem so you know either way you
+know check quickly what you've done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know check quickly what you've done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know check quickly what you've done and
+if you can't find a mistake then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't find a mistake then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't find a mistake then you
+know just move ahead to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just move ahead to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just move ahead to the next
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh which one this one oh yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh which one this one oh yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh which one this one oh yeah I mean
+if you can do it you know if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do it you know if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can do it you know if you know
+how to do it um whichever thing is fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it um whichever thing is fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it um whichever thing is fair
+I mean generally speaking you know give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean generally speaking you know give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean generally speaking you know give
+enough evidence that you found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough evidence that you found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough evidence that you found the
+solution by yourself not like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution by yourself not like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution by yourself not like you know
+you know it didn't somehow come to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it didn't somehow come to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it didn't somehow come to you
+by Magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Magic
+um but yeah yeah I mean if if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah yeah I mean if if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yeah yeah I mean if if you know
+how to integrate this without doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to integrate this without doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to integrate this without doing the
+substitution that's absolutely fine by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that's absolutely fine by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that's absolutely fine by
+me just you know show enough work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just you know show enough work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just you know show enough work
+General role is show enough work that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General role is show enough work that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General role is show enough work that we
+see that you know you you knew what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know you you knew what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that you know you you knew what you
+are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now another thing we've seen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now another thing we've seen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now another thing we've seen with
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+integrals is how to do more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is how to do more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals is how to do more complicated
+changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables so you know when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you know when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so you know when you want to
+replace X and Y by some variables u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace X and Y by some variables u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace X and Y by some variables u and
+v given by some formulas in terms of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v given by some formulas in terms of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v given by some formulas in terms of X
+and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y
+so you need to remember basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to remember basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to remember basically the
+know how to do them so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do them so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do them so you need to
+remember that the method consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the method consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the method consists of
+three steps so one is you have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps so one is you have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three steps so one is you have to find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jacoban and you can choose to do either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacoban and you can choose to do either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacoban and you can choose to do either
+this jacoban or the inverse one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jacoban or the inverse one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this jacoban or the inverse one
+depending on what's easiest given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what's easiest given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what's easiest given what
+you're given you know you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given you know you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're given you know you don't have to
+worry about solving for things way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about solving for things way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about solving for things way
+around just compute one of these jacoban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around just compute one of these jacoban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around just compute one of these jacoban
+and then the rule is that DV is absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rule is that DV is absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rule is that DV is absolute
+value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jacoban DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacoban DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacoban DX
+Dy so that takes care of DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so that takes care of DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy so that takes care of DX
+Dy how to convert that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DV the second thing to know is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV the second thing to know is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV the second thing to know is that well
+you need to of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substitute any X and y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute any X and y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute any X and y's
+in the integrant to convert them to U's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integrant to convert them to U's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the integrant to convert them to U's
+and V's so that you have you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V's so that you have you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and V's so that you have you know a
+valid integrant involving only u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid integrant involving only u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid integrant involving only u and
+v and then the last part is setting up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounds and you've seen that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and you've seen that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and you've seen that probably
+you've seen on pets and an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen on pets and an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen on pets and an example
+within lecture that this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within lecture that this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within lecture that this can be
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+um but now in real life you know you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now in real life you know you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but now in real life you know you do
+this actually to simplify the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually to simplify the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually to simplify the integral
+so probably the one that will be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably the one that will be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably the one that will be there
+on Thursday you know there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday you know there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday you know there's a problem
+about that on Thursday it will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that on Thursday it will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that on Thursday it will be a
+situation where the bounds that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the bounds that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the bounds that you get
+after changing variables are reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after changing variables are reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after changing variables are reasonably
+easy okay I'm not saying that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay I'm not saying that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay I'm not saying that we will be
+completely obvious necessarily but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely obvious necessarily but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely obvious necessarily but it
+will be a fairly easy situation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a fairly easy situation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a fairly easy situation so the
+general method is you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general method is you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general method is you look at your
+region R and you know it might have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R and you know it might have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region R and you know it might have you
+know various sides then on each side you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know various sides then on each side you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know various sides then on each side you
+ask yourself what do I know about X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself what do I know about X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself what do I know about X and
+Y and how to convert that in terms of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and how to convert that in terms of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and how to convert that in terms of u
+and v and maybe you will find that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v and maybe you will find that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v and maybe you will find that you
+know the equation might be just U equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the equation might be just U equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the equation might be just U equal
+Z for example or U equals V or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for example or U equals V or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for example or U equals V or something
+like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and
+then it's up to you to decide what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's up to you to decide what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's up to you to decide what you
+want to do but maybe the easiest usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do but maybe the easiest usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do but maybe the easiest usually
+is to draw a new picture in terms of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to draw a new picture in terms of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to draw a new picture in terms of u
+and v coordinates of what your region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v coordinates of what your region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and v coordinates of what your region
+will look like in the new coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like in the new coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look like in the new coordinates
+and it might be that it will be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be that it will be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it might be that it will be actually
+much easier it should be easier looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier it should be easier looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier it should be easier looking
+than what you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you started
+with okay so that's the general idea uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so that's the general idea uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay so that's the general idea uh
+there's one change of variable problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one change of variable problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one change of variable problem
+on each of the two practice exams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of the two practice exams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each of the two practice exams to
+give you a feeling for you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a feeling for you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a feeling for you know what's
+realistic the one the problem that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic the one the problem that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic the one the problem that's on
+practice exam 3B actually is on the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exam 3B actually is on the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice exam 3B actually is on the hard
+side of things because it's you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things because it's you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things because it's you know the
+question is kind of hidden in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is kind of hidden in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is kind of hidden in a
+way so if you look at problem six you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if you look at problem six you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if you look at problem six you
+might find that it's not telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that it's not telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find that it's not telling you
+very clearly what you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly what you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clearly what you have to do
+uh that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's because
+it's it was meant to be the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it was meant to be the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it was meant to be the hardest
+problem on that test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on that test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on that test
+um but once you've reduced it to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but once you've reduced it to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but once you've reduced it to an
+actual change of variables problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual change of variables problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual change of variables problem I
+expect you to be able to know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be able to know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to be able to know how to do
+it and on practice exam 3 a there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and on practice exam 3 a there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and on practice exam 3 a there's also
+like I think it's problem five on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think it's problem five on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think it's problem five on the
+other practice exam and that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other practice exam and that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other practice exam and that one is
+actually pretty standard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+straightforward okay time to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward okay time to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward okay time to move on
+sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry um
+so we've also seen about line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so line integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the main thing to know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main thing to know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main thing to know about
+them so the line integral for work which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the line integral for work which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the line integral for work which
+is Lal of f Dr so let's say that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lal of f Dr so let's say that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Lal of f Dr so let's say that your
+vector field has components M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N so the line integral for work becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so the line integral for work becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N so the line integral for work becomes
+in coordinates integral of M DX plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinates integral of M DX plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in coordinates integral of M DX plus n
+Dy while we've also seen line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy while we've also seen line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy while we've also seen line integral
+for flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so integral of f. n DS becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so integral of f. n DS becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so integral of f. n DS becomes the
+integral along c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral along c
+of just to make sure that I give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just to make sure that I give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just to make sure that I give it to
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly um so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um so remember
+that just I don't want to make a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just I don't want to make a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just I don't want to make a mistake
+in front of you never know so TDs is DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you never know so TDs is DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of you never know so TDs is DX
+comma Dy and the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma Dy and the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma Dy and the normal
+Vector so it's you know TDS goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so it's you know TDS goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so it's you know TDS goes along
+the curve n DS goes clockwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve n DS goes clockwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve n DS goes clockwise
+perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the
+curve so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so
+it's going to be well it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be well it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be well it's going to be
+Dy and negative DX so you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and negative DX so you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy and negative DX so you will be
+integrating n DX plus m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dy okay see if you are blanking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay see if you are blanking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy okay see if you are blanking and
+don't remember the signs then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the signs then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember the signs then you can
+just draw this picture and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw this picture and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw this picture and make sure
+that you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get it
+right so you should know a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you should know a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you should know a little bit
+about you know geometric interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know geometric interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know geometric interpretation
+and how to see easily that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to see easily that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to see easily that it's going to
+be zero in some cases but mostly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero in some cases but mostly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero in some cases but mostly you
+should know how to compute you know set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to compute you know set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know how to compute you know set
+up and compute these things so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and compute these things so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and compute these things so what do
+we do when we here well here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we here well here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do when we here well here we have
+both X and y's together but we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and y's together but we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both X and y's together but we want to
+because it's a line integral there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a line integral there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a line integral there
+should be only one variable so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be only one variable so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be only one variable so the
+important thing to know is we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to know is we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to know is we want to
+reduce everything to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameter okay so the evaluation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+by Reduce by reducing to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Reduce by reducing to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Reduce by reducing to a single
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example you know maybe X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you know maybe X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example you know maybe X and Y
+are both functions of some variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both functions of some variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both functions of some variable
+T and then express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything in terms of some integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of some integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of some integral of
+some quantity involving T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity involving T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quantity involving T
+DT could be that you will just express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT could be that you will just express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT could be that you will just express
+everything in terms of X or in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of X or in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of X or in terms of
+Y or in terms of some angle or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or in terms of some angle or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y or in terms of some angle or something
+it's up to you to choose how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you to choose how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you to choose how to
+parameterize things and and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize things and and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize things and and then when
+you're there it's a usual one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there it's a usual one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're there it's a usual one variable
+integral with a single variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a single variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with a single variable in
+there okay so that's the general method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's the general method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so that's the general method
+of calculation but we've seen a shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculation but we've seen a shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculation but we've seen a shortcut
+for work when we can show that the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work when we can show that the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for work when we can show that the field
+is the gradient of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gradient of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the gradient of a
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+so one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing to
+know is if the curl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is if the curl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is if the curl of
+f which is NX - M1 y happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f which is NX - M1 y happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f which is NX - M1 y happens to be
+zero well and now I can say and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well and now I can say and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well and now I can say and the
+domain is Simply Connected or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is Simply Connected or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain is Simply Connected or if you
+want if a field is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+then f is actually a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field so that means just to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so that means just to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so that means just to make it more
+concrete that means we can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete that means we can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete that means we can find a
+function little F called the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little F called the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little F called the potential
+such that its derivative respect to X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that its derivative respect to X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that its derivative respect to X is
+M and its derivative respect to Y is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and its derivative respect to Y is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and its derivative respect to Y is n
+we can solve these two conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve these two conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve these two conditions for
+the same function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same function f
+simultaneously and how do we find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and how do we find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and how do we find this
+function little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function little
+F okay so that's the same as saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay so that's the same as saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay so that's the same as saying that
+the field big F is the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field big F is the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field big F is the gradient of
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+F and how do we find this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and how do we find this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F and how do we find this function
+little F well we've seen two methods one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F well we've seen two methods one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little F well we've seen two methods one
+of them involves Computing a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them involves Computing a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them involves Computing a line
+integral from from the origin to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from from the origin to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from from the origin to a point
+in the plane by going first along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane by going first along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane by going first along the
+x-axis then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis then
+vertically the other method was to First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically the other method was to First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically the other method was to First
+figure out what this one tells us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this one tells us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this one tells us by
+integrating it with respect to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it with respect to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it with respect to X and
+then we differentiate our answer with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we differentiate our answer with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we differentiate our answer with
+respect to Y and we compare with that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and we compare with that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y and we compare with that to
+get the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the complete
+answer okay so why is that relevant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so why is that relevant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay so why is that relevant well
+first of all it's relevant in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's relevant in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all it's relevant in physics
+but it's also relevant just to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also relevant just to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also relevant just to you know
+calculation of line integrals because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of line integrals because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of line integrals because
+we've seen the fundamental theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen the fundamental theorem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen the fundamental theorem of
+calculus for line integrals which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus for line integrals which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus for line integrals which says
+if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're
+integrating a gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating a gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating a gradient
+field and we know what the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we know what the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and we know what the potential is
+then we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just have
+to well the line integral is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the line integral is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well the line integral is just the
+change in value of the potential okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in value of the potential okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in value of the potential okay so
+we take the value of the potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the value of the potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the value of the potential at
+the starting point sorry we take value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point sorry we take value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting point sorry we take value
+potential at the end point minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the end point minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at the end point minus the
+value at the starting point and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the starting point and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value at the starting point and that
+will give us the line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so important this is only for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so important this is only for work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so important this is only for work
+there's no statement like that for flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no statement like that for flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no statement like that for flux
+okay so don't you know don't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so don't you know don't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so don't you know don't try to
+apply this in the problem about flux me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this in the problem about flux me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply this in the problem about flux me
+usually you'll see you know if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you'll see you know if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you'll see you know if you look
+at the practice exams you'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the practice exams you'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the practice exams you'll see it's
+pretty clear that there's one problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that there's one problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear that there's one problem in
+which you're supposed to do things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're supposed to do things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're supposed to do things this
+way um it's kind of dead give way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um it's kind of dead give way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um it's kind of dead give way but
+it's probably not too bad okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not too bad okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not too bad okay
+and the other thing we've seen so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing we've seen so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing we've seen so I
+mentioned it at the beginning but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it at the beginning but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned it at the beginning but let me
+mention it again to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it again to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it again to conclude
+things um green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um green
+spere lets us compute line well let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spere lets us compute line well let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spere lets us compute line well let us
+forget you know evaluate find sorry find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget you know evaluate find sorry find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget you know evaluate find sorry find
+the value of a line integral along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of a line integral along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of a line integral along a
+closed curve by reducing it to a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve by reducing it to a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed curve by reducing it to a double
+integral so the one for work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says is this and you should remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is this and you should remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is this and you should remember in
+there so C is a closed curve that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so C is a closed curve that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so C is a closed curve that goes
+counterclockwise and R is the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and R is the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise and R is the region
+inside so the way you would you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so the way you would you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so the way you would you know if
+you had to compute both sides separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to compute both sides separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to compute both sides separately
+you would do them in extremely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do them in extremely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would do them in extremely different
+ways right this one is a line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right this one is a line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways right this one is a line integral
+so you use the method that I explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you use the method that I explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you use the method that I explained
+here namely you express X and Y in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here namely you express X and Y in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here namely you express X and Y in terms
+of a single variable you know say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single variable you know say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single variable you know say that
+you're doing a circle I want to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a circle I want to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a circle I want to see a
+Theta I don't want to see an r r is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I don't want to see an r r is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta I don't want to see an r r is not
+a variable you're on the circle this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable you're on the circle this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable you're on the circle this
+this one is a double integral so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a double integral so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a double integral so if
+you're doing it say on a dis you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it say on a dis you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing it say on a dis you would
+have both R and Theta if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both R and Theta if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have both R and Theta if you're using
+polar coordinates you would have both X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates you would have both X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates you would have both X
+and Y here you have two variables of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y here you have two variables of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y here you have two variables of
+integration here you should have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration here you should have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration here you should have only
+one after you parameterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after you parameterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one after you parameterize the
+curve and you know the fact that it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you know the fact that it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and you know the fact that it says
+curl F I mean curl f is just NX minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl F I mean curl f is just NX minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl F I mean curl f is just NX minus n
+y is just any you know it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is just any you know it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y is just any you know it's just like
+any function of X and Y the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function of X and Y the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function of X and Y the fact that we
+called it curl F doesn't change how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it curl F doesn't change how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it curl F doesn't change how you
+compute it you know you have first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it you know you have first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it you know you have first to
+compute the curl of f but say you find I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the curl of f but say you find I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the curl of f but say you find I
+don't know X Yus X2 well it becomes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know X Yus X2 well it becomes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know X Yus X2 well it becomes just
+the usual double integral of the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual double integral of the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual double integral of the usual
+function X Yus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X Yus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X Yus
+X2 there's nothing special to it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 there's nothing special to it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 there's nothing special to it because
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+cur and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cur and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cur and the other
+one is the counterpart for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux so it says this and remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so it says this and remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so it says this and remember this
+is MX plus n y i mean what's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MX plus n y i mean what's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MX plus n y i mean what's important
+about these statements is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these statements is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these statements is not only
+remembering you know if you just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering you know if you just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering you know if you just know
+this formula by heart you're still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula by heart you're still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula by heart you're still in
+trouble because you need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because you need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because you need to know what
+actually the symbols in here mean so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the symbols in here mean so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the symbols in here mean so you
+should remember you know what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember you know what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should remember you know what is this
+line integral and what's the Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral and what's the Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line integral and what's the Divergence
+of a field um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a field um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a field um so you know
+just something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just something to
+remember and so I guess I'll let you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and so I guess I'll let you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember and so I guess I'll let you you
+know figure out practice problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know figure out practice problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know figure out practice problems
+because it's time but I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's time but I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's time but I think that's
+basically the list of all we've seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the list of all we've seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the list of all we've seen and
+well that should be it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PzY0MWEEE6U.txt b/PzY0MWEEE6U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6901c340d8c4a26f5dfd8ce77e6dd0e56c82cf35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PzY0MWEEE6U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,759 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MITOpenCourseWare@ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR:So lecture
+one, introduction.
+
+When people teach biology at
+different universities, they
+
+teach many different things.
+
+You could focus on
+the ecosystem.
+
+You could focus on memorizing
+different phyla.
+
+You could focus on
+many things.
+
+Biology is huge and diverse.
+
+We have a certain point of
+view in the way we teach
+
+7.012, and really a point of
+view in the way that MIT
+
+organizes its biology.
+
+And so I want to point out the
+levels of organization of life
+
+and indicate where we will be.
+
+You could decide to study
+the entire biosphere.
+
+By the biosphere, I
+mean everything.
+
+All the world's ecosystems
+working together to create a
+
+happy, healthy living planet.
+
+There are, oh I don't know,
+something like 10 to the sixth
+
+eukaryotic species on this
+planet, more than a million
+
+species of things you can see
+with your eye, and there are
+
+10 to the God knows how many
+species of microbes.
+
+And in fact, it's even hard to
+define species for microbes.
+
+So it's a fantastic diversity.
+
+And if we think about examples,
+the number of
+
+examples of biospheres that
+we are aware of is one.
+
+Currently, it's the earth.
+
+There might be other biospheres,
+but we're not
+
+aware of them.
+
+Alright, that's one level
+of organization.
+
+We will have virtually nothing
+to say about that level of
+
+organization other than
+that we're fond of it.
+
+Next, you can study
+an ecosystem.
+
+Now what do we mean
+by ecosystem?
+
+That's some interacting
+community of organisms, like a
+
+forest, let's say.
+
+You've got trees, and you've
+got, oh I don't
+
+know, mice and deer.
+
+And you've got fungi growing
+down there on the bottom, and
+
+maybe you have, I don't know,
+some MIT student walking
+
+through the forest or
+something like that.
+
+That's all part of
+the ecosystem.
+
+Alright, now the next level down
+you could think about is
+
+whole organisms.
+
+So here we're talking about one
+individual, an individual
+
+in a species.
+
+And one can study how does
+that individual work, the
+
+levels of physiology within
+an organism, the overall
+
+integration of signals, the
+distribution of oxygen across
+
+the body, things like that.
+
+This is a popular
+topic to study.
+
+We'll have a little bit to say
+about physiology, but that
+
+won't be our major focus, that
+whole organismal level of
+
+physiology.
+
+Example of an organism, say a
+human, in particular, let's
+
+say an MIT student.
+
+OK.
+
+Next up, we could study
+an individual organ.
+
+So by an organ, I'm thinking
+about some part of the
+
+organism that's a group of
+tissues that are organized
+
+together to carry
+out a function.
+
+So it's a group of tissues that
+are organized to carry
+
+out a function.
+
+And we have the eye, the
+eye on that human.
+
+So we've got these
+muscles here.
+
+We've got some photoreceptors
+there on the back, and they
+
+send back nerve terminals
+going there.
+
+All these tissues working
+together to provide vision.
+
+OK.
+
+Going down one level below
+that we have tissues.
+
+These are more homogeneous
+groups of cells.
+
+So we could have,
+say, the retina.
+
+Then those tissues are
+made up of cells.
+
+So cells of course are bounded
+by a membrane.
+
+They have nuclei, at least
+in eukaryotes.
+
+So let's say within the retina,
+we could pick a
+
+photoreceptor cell.
+
+So the MIT student is walking
+through the forest and with
+
+her eye is getting light
+on the retina, which is
+
+triggering photoreceptor
+cells.
+
+They each have a distinctive
+shape, and that shape--
+
+there's our nucleus.
+
+The light comes and impinges
+there, sends a signal
+
+out the other end.
+
+OK.
+
+That's a cell.
+
+Then we get down
+to organelles.
+
+These are distinct components
+within a cell.
+
+For example, this photoreceptor
+is using up a
+
+lot of energy.
+
+It has mitochondria.
+
+These mitochondria in here
+are involved in producing
+
+efficiently ATP.
+
+And then finally, we
+have molecules.
+
+A wide variety of different
+molecules in the cell: sugars
+
+and DNA's and-- but I'll say ATP
+will be our example here.
+
+Molecules.
+
+So if you think about it, we
+have sets of levels of
+
+organization, all the way up
+there from biospheres to
+
+ecosystems to organisms to
+organs to tissues to cells to
+
+organelles to molecules.
+
+And biology thinks about all of
+those different levels, and
+
+in principle, they
+all interact.
+
+Of course, it's somewhat hard
+to keep in mind, say, the
+
+connection between the entire
+biosphere and a ATP at any
+
+given point.
+
+It's a bunch of levels
+going up and down.
+
+At MIT, we tend to focus more
+on the bottom of the picture
+
+than the top of the picture,
+and that's what this class
+
+will focus on.
+
+You run the risk that you'll
+forget there is a top of the
+
+picture, that there are
+ecosystems, there are
+
+organisms, physiology
+and all that.
+
+Oh well.
+
+What can I say?
+
+Why do we focus the bottom
+of the picture?
+
+Why do we focus so much on, say,
+the molecules of life?
+
+You're going to get a lot of
+molecules of life in the
+
+beginning of this course.
+
+We're going to focus on--
+
+we'll think about organelles
+and cells.
+
+You'll hear less about tissues,
+less about organs,
+
+less about organisms
+as a whole.
+
+And the reason is life is most
+universal down at its bottom.
+
+That is what's shared
+across all life.
+
+Rather than, say, focus on
+the glorious, wonderful
+
+differences between all the
+different phyla and learning
+
+all sorts of genuses and of
+all sorts of interesting--
+
+we want to focus on that which
+is most universal.
+
+Now, there are some
+differences.
+
+We will look differently at
+microbe, prokaryotes versus
+
+eukaryotes and all.
+
+But for the most part, what
+we're trying to do is ask what
+
+are universal principles that
+apply across all organisms?
+
+What are the ways organisms
+are built up?
+
+Commonalities, like the genetic
+code, that applies
+
+pretty broadly across all
+organisms, commonalities of
+
+signalling systems, regulatory
+systems.
+
+Things like that are what we're
+most interested in,
+
+because once you learn that,
+it's much easier to layer on
+
+top of it the differences, the
+unique differences, that makes
+
+a fruit fly a fruit fly
+or a tree a tree.
+
+So anyway, that's our
+perspective on it, and I hope
+
+you like it.
+
+But it's the only prospective
+we've got, so there you go.
+
+Next, a few dates
+to keep in mind.
+
+Important dates in the
+history of life.
+
+Again to provide perspective,
+we're not going to focus on
+
+lots of them, but a few
+that you should know.
+
+About 4.0 billion years ago--
+
+BYA means billion years ago--
+
+the earth cooled.
+
+Before that, it was a
+hot, molten mass.
+
+There until it cooled, there was
+no real prospect of life.
+
+One of the things I find
+absolutely wonderful is that
+
+by 3.7 billion years ago, there
+was clear evidence of
+
+the first life.
+
+Whatever it was, it didn't
+take that all
+
+long to get life going.
+
+Somehow, it can't be that hard,
+although I got to say we
+
+don't quite understand
+all of it.
+
+Increasingly, people are looking
+back to how early life
+
+can form out of prebiotic
+materials.
+
+And these things were
+prokaryotic organisms, like
+
+bacteria, and they played a
+very important role, for
+
+example, in changing the entire
+atmosphere of the earth
+
+to contain oxygen, which made
+possible other things.
+
+So--
+
+sorry, in shaping the content
+of oxygen in the atmosphere.
+
+So 1.5 billion years ago, one
+has a totally amazing
+
+invention, which is the
+first nucleated cells.
+
+These bacteria lack nuclei.
+
+Here we have nucleated
+cells, eukaryotes.
+
+Major event, and it occurred
+because of a fusion of two of
+
+these prokaryotic-type cells.
+
+One takes up residence in the
+other, and there is a
+
+symbiosis between two
+cells and that gave
+
+rise to your nucleus.
+
+The one that lives inside the
+other eventually discarded
+
+most of its functions there.
+
+Sorry--
+
+yes, that gave rise to
+a nucleated cell.
+
+It's a fusion between two
+different prokaryotic
+
+organisms that had different
+properties, one of which is
+
+the nucleated cell, the other
+of which you see in the
+
+mitochondria, for example.
+
+There's still a genome in the
+mitochondria, for example.
+
+And so we can recognize that
+there was this prokaryotic
+
+fusion event.
+
+Notice it took 2 billion years,
+more than two billion
+
+years, to make eukaryotes and
+only 300 million years to make
+
+the first life.
+
+I find that quite remarkable.
+
+What does that tell us?
+
+That it was that much harder
+to make a eukaryotic cell.
+
+Maybe.
+
+Or maybe it tells us about
+the power of competition.
+
+Once you have some life--
+
+that the first prokaryotic
+cells-- it's so much harder to
+
+get anything else that can come
+in and compete with it,
+
+because it has to be better.
+
+Maybe the first life didn't have
+to compete with anything,
+
+and it was easy.
+
+And then in an innovation like
+the eukaryotic cell, well,
+
+maybe that was a lot harder to
+accomplish, because it had to
+
+be better than the prokaryotic
+cells it was competing with.
+
+I'm not sure, but I find that
+difference in time to be kind
+
+of a remarkably interesting
+thing.
+
+That that was short, and
+that took a lot longer.
+
+0.5 billion years ago, roughly
+speaking, what you have are
+
+multicellular organisms
+with body plans.
+
+Up to this point, you have
+single-celled organisms.
+
+Now you get multicellular
+organisms with body plans.
+
+And another remarkable thing,
+once body plans, multicellular
+
+body plans, are invented, they
+explode very quickly.
+
+Somehow it was hard to invent
+multicellularity, to get cells
+
+to work together and be an
+organism, but once it was
+
+invented, it was not hard to
+diversify it into zillions of
+
+different body plans
+and forms.
+
+That tells us something.
+
+That as soon as we see
+multicellularity, we start
+
+seeing huge numbers
+of different body
+
+plans pretty quickly.
+
+Very interesting.
+
+A few other important dates.
+
+Two other dates.
+
+0.005 billion years
+ago are humans.
+
+Just to put yourself in your
+place on this scale.
+
+And 0.00000015 billion years
+ago, MIT was founded.
+
+Just to put this
+in prospective.
+
+Alright.
+
+Couple of other things
+you should know.
+
+The types of cells I've
+been referring to.
+
+There's really two fundamental
+types of cells.
+
+And I've been using
+the word already.
+
+Let me just get it out there.
+
+Prokaryotes.
+
+Eukaryotes.
+
+Karyo refers to nucleus.
+
+Eu- means true.
+
+Pro- means primitive, before.
+
+So eukaryotic cells--
+
+you're, by the way,
+a eukaryote.
+
+Right?
+
+Just in case you haven't read
+the owner's manual, you're
+
+eukaryotes.
+
+--have true nuclei.
+
+Inside the nucleus, there's your
+DNA, which is organized
+
+better than I just drew it
+there, because, in fact, it's
+
+very, very long and has
+to be packed up well.
+
+It'll have organelles
+like mitochondria.
+
+It could have chloroplasts.
+
+It could have other
+organelles.
+
+It'll have other things
+we'll talk about--
+
+Golgi apparatuses
+and endoplasmic
+
+reticula and all that.
+
+Bacteria don't have
+a true nucleus.
+
+It's not that they're DNA isn't
+somehow organized, but
+
+it doesn't have a true nucleus
+with the wall around it.
+
+There's no wall around that
+nucleus like that.
+
+They often have interesting
+cell walls.
+
+A striking thing, although I've
+drawn them as the same
+
+size, these are much smaller.
+
+These are 1 to 2 microns.
+
+These, 10 to 40 microns
+in diameter.
+
+And so that means that if we
+talk about volume, we cube it.
+
+So the volumes of these guys
+are something like 1,000 to
+
+60,000 times bigger.
+
+Eukaryotic cells are large
+compared to prokaryotic cells.
+
+Now, remember these are the
+guys who were early.
+
+These guys come along later.
+
+And there are important
+differences that we'll talk
+
+about in eukaryotic and
+prokaryotic cells.
+
+You're a eukaryote, all animals,
+all plants are
+
+eukaryotes.
+
+Fungi, such as yeast,
+et cetera.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QxemLb8-5AA.txt b/QxemLb8-5AA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e44062363b5fd079c1b2cffebbc19f44f7bf604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QxemLb8-5AA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everybody we'll come back to ao3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody we'll come back to ao3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody we'll come back to ao3
+today we are going to continue a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to continue a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to continue a
+discussion of waves we were discussed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of waves we were discussed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of waves we were discussed a
+very interesting phenomena today which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting phenomena today which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting phenomena today which
+is dispersion and before that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dispersion and before that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dispersion and before that we would
+discuss a bit just give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a bit just give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss a bit just give you some
+reminder about what we have learned so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder about what we have learned so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder about what we have learned so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+so we discovered this wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discovered this wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discovered this wave equation
+which is shown here in the class and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown here in the class and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is shown here in the class and we
+also show you that it describes three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show you that it describes three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show you that it describes three
+different kinds of systems which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of systems which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of systems which we
+included in the lecture the massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the lecture the massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the lecture the massive
+strings which the string can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which the string can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings which the string can actually
+isolate a pitch down in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate a pitch down in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate a pitch down in the Y direction
+and also we discussed about some waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we discussed about some waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we discussed about some waves
+right this is also discussed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is also discussed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is also discussed in a
+previous lecture and some waves can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture and some waves can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture and some waves can be
+described by wave equation and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by wave equation and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by wave equation and finally
+last time with this task electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time with this task electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time with this task electromagnetic
+waves it's a special kind of waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves it's a special kind of waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves it's a special kind of waves
+involving two oscillating field one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving two oscillating field one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving two oscillating field one is
+actually the electric field the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the electric field the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the electric field the other
+one is magnetic field right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is magnetic field right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is magnetic field right so that's
+kind of interesting because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting because this is
+actually slightly different from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly different from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly different from what we
+discussed before in the previous two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before in the previous two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before in the previous two
+cases this is actually a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases this is actually a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases this is actually a three
+dimensional wave and also involving two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional wave and also involving two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional wave and also involving two
+different component and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different component and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different component and we also
+discussed the solution the travelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the solution the travelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the solution the travelling
+wave solution of the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave solution of the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave solution of the electromagnetic
+waves as you shoot you can see from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves as you shoot you can see from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves as you shoot you can see from here
+electric field is showing us the red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is showing us the red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is showing us the red and
+the magnetic field is showing us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is showing us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is showing us the
+proof and you can see that in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and you can see that in case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and you can see that in case of
+travelling wave they are in phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave they are in phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travelling wave they are in phase and
+the magnitude reach Maxima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude reach Maxima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude reach Maxima
+simultaneously for electric electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for electric electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously for electric electric
+field and the magnetic field and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the magnetic field and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the magnetic field and while
+in the case of standing wave there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of standing wave there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of standing wave there's a
+phase difference right so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference right so they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference right so they don't
+reach Maxima simultaneously in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach Maxima simultaneously in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach Maxima simultaneously in in the
+standing electromagnetic field case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing electromagnetic field case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing electromagnetic field case okay
+so what are we going to discuss today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to discuss today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are we going to discuss today we
+would like to discuss the strategy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to discuss the strategy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to discuss the strategy to
+send information using waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send information using waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send information using waves
+how do we actually send information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually send information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually send information
+using waves so you can say okay you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using waves so you can say okay you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using waves so you can say okay you just
+- maybe I can just send the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- maybe I can just send the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- maybe I can just send the harmonic
+oscillation right so if I do this I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation right so if I do this I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation right so if I do this I'm
+Monica oscillation and I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monica oscillation and I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monica oscillation and I can actually
+put produce harmonica waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put produce harmonica waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put produce harmonica waves
+moving up and down and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up and down and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up and down and it's actually
+with a constant angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a constant angular momentum and
+angular frequency and maybe that's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency and maybe that's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency and maybe that's a way
+to send the information but but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the information but but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the information but but this
+kind of wave is not in reality not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wave is not in reality not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of wave is not in reality not super
+helpful because if you fill the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful because if you fill the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful because if you fill the whole
+space with harmonic waves then you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with harmonic waves then you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space with harmonic waves then you don't
+know when did you actually send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when did you actually send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when did you actually send the
+signal right because it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal right because it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal right because it's always
+oscillating up and down so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down so you don't
+know the starting time of this signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the starting time of this signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the starting time of this signal
+right so so in in reality this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so in in reality this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so in in reality this kind of
+simple harmonic also dating traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple harmonic also dating traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple harmonic also dating traveling
+wave is not super helpful so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is not super helpful so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is not super helpful so what is
+actually helpful that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful that's the question
+so what is actually helpful is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually helpful is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is actually helpful is to
+produce square pulse for example like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce square pulse for example like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce square pulse for example like we
+can create square pulse for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create square pulse for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can create square pulse for example in
+this in this case I can create a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this case I can create a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in this case I can create a square
+pulse here and in the next time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse here and in the next time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse here and in the next time interval
+I don't create square pulse you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't create square pulse you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't create square pulse you next
+time interval I don't do anything and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval I don't do anything and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval I don't do anything and I
+create another square pulse here etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another square pulse here etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create another square pulse here etc etc
+okay if you use this kind of strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you use this kind of strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you use this kind of strategy
+what we can do is to have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is to have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is to have some kind of
+receiver here to actually measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver here to actually measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver here to actually measure the
+magnitude of the magnitude of the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the magnitude of the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the magnitude of the house
+okay and then we can actually interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can actually interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can actually interpret
+this data so so this this this wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data so so this this this wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data so so this this this wave is
+going to work the positive x-direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work the positive x-direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work the positive x-direction
+or going to the right-hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going to the right-hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going to the right-hand side of the
+board and the receiver will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and the receiver will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and the receiver will be able to
+interpret this data by pressing as ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this data by pressing as ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this data by pressing as ratio
+and the energy or under measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy or under measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy or under measure the
+amplitude then I can we can say oh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude then I can we can say oh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude then I can we can say oh now
+I'd receive at zero and the next signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd receive at zero and the next signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd receive at zero and the next signal
+one receiving is one and this one is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one receiving is one and this one is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one receiving is one and this one is 0
+and 0 and 1 and 0 in this way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 and 1 and 0 in this way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 and 1 and 0 in this way I can
+issue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue the
+information and this information can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this information can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and this information can be
+very thin as a function of time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin as a function of time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thin as a function of time okay so
+in short what would be useful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short what would be useful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in short what would be useful is
+probably to use narrow square pulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to use narrow square pulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably to use narrow square pulse and
+that would be very helpful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very helpful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be very helpful in
+transmitting information okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting information okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting information okay so if we
+consider ideal extreme case okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider ideal extreme case okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider ideal extreme case okay if I
+have a ideal string as we learned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ideal string as we learned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ideal string as we learned before
+the behavior of this string is described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of this string is described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of this string is described
+by the wave equation right partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wave equation right partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wave equation right partial
+square side partial T Square and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square side partial T Square and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square side partial T Square and this is
+equal to v square partial square by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to v square partial square by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to v square partial square by
+partial T square okay and this V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T square okay and this V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T square okay and this V is
+actually related to the that the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the that the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the that the speed
+of the focusing wave right as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focusing wave right as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the focusing wave right as we
+discussed before the progress in wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before the progress in wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before the progress in wave
+solution okay and in if if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and in if if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and in if if I have this
+idealized string and you obey a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized string and you obey a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized string and you obey a wave
+equation the simple version of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the simple version of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the simple version of wave
+equation then I will be able to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then I will be able to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then I will be able to derive
+the dispersion relation right so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relation right so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersion relation right so I can
+now write down my harmonic as caucusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write down my harmonic as caucusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now write down my harmonic as caucusing
+wave in the form of sine KX minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in the form of sine KX minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave in the form of sine KX minus Omega
+T if I have a harmonic oscillation wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if I have a harmonic oscillation wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T if I have a harmonic oscillation wave
+propagating to the positive x direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to the positive x direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to the positive x direction
+at speed of B okay I can write it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at speed of B okay I can write it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at speed of B okay I can write it down
+in this functional form where K as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this functional form where K as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this functional form where K as a
+reminder is the wave number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder is the wave number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder is the wave number and the
+Omega is actually describing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is actually describing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is actually describing how
+essentially the angular frequency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the angular frequency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the angular frequency and
+therefore if I plug in this solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I plug in this solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I plug in this solution and
+the of course you can have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of course you can have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of course you can have arbitrary
+amplitude if I plug in this solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude if I plug in this solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude if I plug in this solution to
+this equation then what I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation then what I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation then what I am going to
+get is as we did in the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is as we did in the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is as we did in the last few
+lectures there will be a fixed relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures there will be a fixed relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures there will be a fixed relation
+between K which is a wave number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between K which is a wave number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between K which is a wave number and
+Omega the angular frequency so the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the angular frequency so the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega the angular frequency so the fix
+relation is actually Omega over K will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is actually Omega over K will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is actually Omega over K will
+be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to
+V which is actually the velocity in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V which is actually the velocity in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V which is actually the velocity in this
+wave equation and from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation and from the previous
+discussion we know this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we know this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we know this is actually
+equal to a square root of T over Rho L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a square root of T over Rho L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a square root of T over Rho L
+where T is actually the tension a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where T is actually the tension a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where T is actually the tension a
+constant tension which we apply and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant tension which we apply and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant tension which we apply and the
+string and the Rho L is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and the Rho L is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and the Rho L is actually the
+mass per unit length as a reminder okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass per unit length as a reminder okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass per unit length as a reminder okay
+so what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does this mean
+what does this equation mean we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this equation mean we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this equation mean we call it
+dispersion relation a lot time right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation a lot time right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation a lot time right but
+we we actually didn't explain why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we actually didn't explain why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we actually didn't explain why do I
+do that right so we are going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right so we are going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that right so we are going to learn
+why this is a saccade dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is a saccade dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is a saccade dispersion
+relation Omega as a function of K and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Omega as a function of K and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation Omega as a function of K and in
+this case in this very simple fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in this very simple fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in this very simple fight
+idealize the case Omega over K this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealize the case Omega over K this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealize the case Omega over K this
+ratio okay we know this is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay we know this is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio okay we know this is related to
+the propagation of the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagation of the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the propagation of the speed of
+propagation of the harmonic wave okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the harmonic wave okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the harmonic wave okay is
+equal to V V is a constant right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V V is a constant right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V V is a constant right is
+independent of K this ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of K this ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of K this ratio is
+independent a what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent a what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent a what does that mean that
+means if I prepare waves okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I prepare waves okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I prepare waves okay with
+different wave number or in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave number or in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wave number or in the other
+words waves with different wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words waves with different wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words waves with different wavelengths
+they are going to propagate at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to propagate at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to propagate at the same
+speed right so the speed of the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right so the speed of the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed right so the speed of the harmonic
+focusing wave is is independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave is is independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave is is independent of the
+wavelength okay that's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay that's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength okay that's actually very
+good because in this case if I prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because in this case if I prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because in this case if I prepare
+this square pulse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square pulse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square pulse okay
+as we learned before this square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we learned before this square pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we learned before this square pulse
+is actually a very complicated object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very complicated object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a very complicated object a
+square pulse is really very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse is really very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pulse is really very complicated
+you can do a foodie decomposition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a foodie decomposition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a foodie decomposition right
+as we did before and we need infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before and we need infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we did before and we need infinite
+number of turns of harmonic also dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns of harmonic also dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of turns of harmonic also dating
+waves which we as you add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves which we as you add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves which we as you add them together
+so that I can produce a square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can produce a square pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that I can produce a square pulse
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and as I mentioned here if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned here if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned here if the
+dispersion relation is omega over K is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation is omega over K is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation is omega over K is a
+constant is a constant V that means all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is a constant V that means all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is a constant V that means all
+the whatever of wavelength house which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever of wavelength house which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever of wavelength house which I
+should be added together and produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be added together and produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be added together and produce
+this square pulse are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square pulse are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square pulse are going to be
+traveling at the same speed therefore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the same speed therefore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling at the same speed therefore if
+I have this square pulse in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this square pulse in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this square pulse in the
+beginning after some time T what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning after some time T what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning after some time T what I'm
+going to get is that okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is that okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is that okay this is the
+original position of the square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original position of the square pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original position of the square pulse
+and the after some time T this square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the after some time T this square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the after some time T this square
+pulse will move by V times T in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse will move by V times T in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse will move by V times T in the
+horizontal direction and the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction and the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction and the shape of
+the pulse is not going to be changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse is not going to be changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse is not going to be changed
+okay because no matter what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because no matter what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because no matter what kind of
+wavelength which produces square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which produces square pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength which produces square pulse
+all the components in the square powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components in the square powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components in the square powers
+are propagating at the same speed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are propagating at the same speed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are propagating at the same speed okay
+so this kind of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this kind of system
+this kind of system which is satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of system which is satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of system which is satisfied
+this kind of this dispersion relation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of this dispersion relation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of this dispersion relation is
+called non dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called non dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called non dispersive
+media right no dispersion was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media right no dispersion was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media right no dispersion was happening
+in this in this case in this highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this case in this highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this case in this highly
+idealized case okay we also know that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized case okay we also know that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized case okay we also know that in
+case of the string we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the string we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the string we are actually
+making it to idealized right so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it to idealized right so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it to idealized right so if we
+consider a more realistic string then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a more realistic string then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a more realistic string then I
+have to consider an important phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider an important phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to consider an important phenomena
+which is the important property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the important property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the important property of the
+string for example stiffness right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string for example stiffness right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string for example stiffness right what
+do I mean by stiffness so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by stiffness so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by stiffness so for example if
+I can if I take a string from the piano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can if I take a string from the piano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can if I take a string from the piano
+as piano string okay even if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as piano string okay even if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as piano string okay even if I don't
+apply any tension to the string if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply any tension to the string if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply any tension to the string if I
+bend this string you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend this string you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend this string you don't like
+it's going to bounce back and restore to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bounce back and restore to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to bounce back and restore to
+its original shape right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original shape right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original shape right so that's
+actually what I call steepness it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I call steepness it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I call steepness it's a
+different contribution compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contribution compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contribution compared to the
+string tension right so what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension right so what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string tension right so what we have
+been discussing so far that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing so far that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been discussing so far that this
+restoring force is actually coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring force is actually coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring force is actually coming from
+the string tension T okay what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string tension T okay what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string tension T okay what will
+happen if I introduce additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I introduce additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if I introduce additional
+contribution from the stiffness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the stiffness okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the stiffness okay
+this stiffness is actually not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stiffness is actually not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stiffness is actually not really
+completely related to the string tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely related to the string tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely related to the string tension
+and he also wants to restore the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he also wants to restore the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he also wants to restore the shape
+of the string okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the string okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the string okay
+before we go to the motto D I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go to the motto D I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go to the motto D I would like
+to take some boat to predict what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some boat to predict what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take some boat to predict what is
+going to happen how many of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen how many of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen how many of you were
+pretty that if I introduce a include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty that if I introduce a include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty that if I introduce a include the
+steepness of the string okay into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepness of the string okay into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepness of the string okay into my
+equation where the speed of propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the speed of propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the speed of propagation
+increased how many of you think oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased how many of you think oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased how many of you think oh this
+won't happen one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't happen one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't happen one two three four five
+okay so so some of you predict the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so some of you predict the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so some of you predict the speed
+of propagation will increase how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation will increase how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation will increase how many of
+you predict that the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict that the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you predict that the speed of
+propagation of the harmonic wave will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the harmonic wave will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of the harmonic wave will
+stay the same how many of you won okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same how many of you won okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay the same how many of you won okay
+only one okay how many of you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one okay how many of you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one okay how many of you actually
+predict that the speed of propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the speed of propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that the speed of propagation
+will decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so all the other students don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all the other students don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all the other students don't
+have opinion okay want to wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opinion okay want to wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have opinion okay want to wait for the
+answer all right so you can see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right so you can see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer all right so you can see that it
+says you did not complete the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you did not complete the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you did not complete the obvious
+before we solve this question and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we solve this question and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we solve this question and we are
+going to solve it with a simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve it with a simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to solve it with a simple model
+which we should be slightly modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we should be slightly modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we should be slightly modify the
+the idealized the case well idealize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idealized the case well idealize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idealized the case well idealize the
+wave equation okay so now one say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation okay so now one say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation okay so now one say my
+realistic model which I can introduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic model which I can introduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic model which I can introduce to
+is to add a turn additional turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to add a turn additional turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to add a turn additional turn to the
+wave equation so I can now rewrite my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation so I can now rewrite my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation so I can now rewrite my
+wave equation to include this if I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation to include this if I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equation to include this if I this
+is that to describe what realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that to describe what realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that to describe what realistic
+string and that is as a patch of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and that is as a patch of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string and that is as a patch of squares
+I partial T Square this will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I partial T Square this will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I partial T Square this will be equal to
+B square partial square by partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B square partial square by partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B square partial square by partial T
+school and the additional term which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and the additional term which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and the additional term which I
+put into this game is minus alpha or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this game is minus alpha or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this game is minus alpha or
+choose to the for side part of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to the for side part of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to the for side part of X and
+this is actually the contribution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the contribution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the contribution which
+from the steep needs this stiffness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the steep needs this stiffness okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the steep needs this stiffness okay
+so you can see that the wave equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the wave equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that the wave equation is
+now modified and what I could do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now modified and what I could do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now modified and what I could do in
+order to get the relation between Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the relation between Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the relation between Omega
+and the K what I could do is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K what I could do is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the K what I could do is that I can
+now start with this harmonic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now start with this harmonic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now start with this harmonic wave
+solution a propagating wave solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a propagating wave solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution a propagating wave solution
+pragma into this equation this modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragma into this equation this modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragma into this equation this modified
+the equation and see what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and see what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation and see what will happen
+okay if I track this equation into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I track this equation into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I track this equation into that
+modified wave equation what I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified wave equation what I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified wave equation what I am going
+to get is the bowing so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is the bowing so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is the bowing so basically the
+left hand side you are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side you are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side you are going to get
+omega square okay minus Omega Square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega square okay minus Omega Square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega square okay minus Omega Square and
+the right hand side you get v square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side you get v square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side you get v square
+- K Square and press F R K to the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- K Square and press F R K to the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- K Square and press F R K to the four
+in the right hand side okay so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right hand side okay so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right hand side okay so of course
+I can now cancel this minus sign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now cancel this minus sign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now cancel this minus sign this
+will become plus and this will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become plus and this will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become plus and this will become
+minus and you can see that the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and you can see that the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and you can see that the relation
+between Omega and the K is now different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and the K is now different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Omega and the K is now different
+okay after I introduce this term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay after I introduce this term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay after I introduce this term which
+is proportional to alpha alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to alpha alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to alpha alpha is
+actually describing how stiff this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describing how stiff this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually describing how stiff this
+string it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string it's okay
+of course now I can calculate Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course now I can calculate Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course now I can calculate Omega over
+K which is actually as we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is actually as we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K which is actually as we actually
+learned before right is the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before right is the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before right is the speed of the
+publication of a harmonic acid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of a harmonic acid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication of a harmonic acid a
+harmonic wave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic wave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic wave okay
+so basically if I calculate Omega over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if I calculate Omega over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically if I calculate Omega over K
+from this equation then basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation then basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this equation then basically what
+you get is V squared dude of 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is V squared dude of 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is V squared dude of 1 plus
+alpha K squared okay so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha K squared okay so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha K squared okay so if you look at
+this equation okay the first reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay the first reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay the first reaction is
+oh now this Omega NK ratio is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now this Omega NK ratio is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh now this Omega NK ratio is not the
+constant anymore as a function of K what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant anymore as a function of K what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant anymore as a function of K what
+does that mean that means if I prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that means if I prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean that means if I prepare
+progressing waves with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing waves with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing waves with different
+wavelengths or wave number K okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths or wave number K okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths or wave number K okay it's
+going to be propagating at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be propagating at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be propagating at different
+speed okay before we introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed okay before we introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed okay before we introduce this
+thing into the arm into the model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into the arm into the model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing into the arm into the model the
+ratio Omega NK is a constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Omega NK is a constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio Omega NK is a constant the
+independent of K now once you introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of K now once you introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of K now once you introduce
+this model into the equation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model into the equation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model into the equation and you
+plug in the focusing wave solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the focusing wave solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in the focusing wave solution to
+actually check dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check dispersion relation
+obtained from this equation you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from this equation you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained from this equation you find
+that the progressing wave speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the progressing wave speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the progressing wave speed of
+focusing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing wave
+depends how distorted this progressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how distorted this progressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends how distorted this progressing
+wave is okay so let me compare this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is okay so let me compare this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is okay so let me compare this to
+situation in this graph Omega versus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in this graph Omega versus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in this graph Omega versus K
+okay so we will see this dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we will see this dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we will see this dispersion
+relation who have pretty often in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation who have pretty often in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation who have pretty often in the in
+the class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class today
+the y-axis is actually the Omega angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis is actually the Omega angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis is actually the Omega angular
+frequency and the K is the wave number 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the K is the wave number 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the K is the wave number 2
+PI over lambda okay in the original case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over lambda okay in the original case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over lambda okay in the original case
+in the case I have this idealized string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case I have this idealized string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case I have this idealized string
+obey the wave equation which are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the wave equation which are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the wave equation which are we
+introduced in the previous lectures if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the previous lectures if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced in the previous lectures if I
+proud Omega as a function of K what I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud Omega as a function of K what I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud Omega as a function of K what I am
+getting is a straight line okay question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let this one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this one right
+oh maybe I made some mistake here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe I made some mistake here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe I made some mistake here so you
+should be you should be also press here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you should be also press here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you should be also press here
+right 1 2 no so you have this Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 1 2 no so you have this Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 1 2 no so you have this Omega okay
+so this is a Omega square and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a Omega square and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a Omega square and that you
+should have this minus sign here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this minus sign here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this minus sign here right
+so so this should be minus right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this should be minus right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this should be minus right and
+this should be okay oh let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be okay oh let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be okay oh let's go back to
+the original equation okay so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original equation okay so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original equation okay so basically
+you get so if I plug in this equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so if I plug in this equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so if I plug in this equation to
+this equation right so basically I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation right so basically I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation right so basically I get
+minus Omega square out of it and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square out of it and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square out of it and I get
+minus K square out of this right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K square out of this right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K square out of this right and I
+am going to get prostate to the 4 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to get prostate to the 4 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to get prostate to the 4 out of
+this patch of square to the 4th iPad 2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patch of square to the 4th iPad 2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this patch of square to the 4th iPad 2 X
+4 okay therefore this should be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay therefore this should be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 okay therefore this should be minus
+okay maybe I made a mistake a thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I made a mistake a thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay maybe I made a mistake a thank you
+thank you very much for for spotty not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for for spotty not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much for for spotty not
+oh yeah I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah I'm sorry
+and now my best day today yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my best day today yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now my best day today yeah
+what day one day not do it okay I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what day one day not do it okay I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what day one day not do it okay I must
+be drunk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you very much any more mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much any more mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much any more mistake
+okay fortunately not right okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fortunately not right okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fortunately not right okay very
+good so so so uh let me do this again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so so uh let me do this again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so so uh let me do this again so
+now I can modify my wave equation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can modify my wave equation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can modify my wave equation right
+originally the wave equation is partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the wave equation is partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the wave equation is partial
+squared side partial T squared equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared side partial T squared equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared side partial T squared equal to
+v square partial square by partial x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v square partial square by partial x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v square partial square by partial x
+squared and now I add additional term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now I add additional term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and now I add additional term
+which is actually proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually proportional to the
+project school project for side part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project school project for side part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project school project for side part of
+X to the 4 okay if I add this turn into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the 4 okay if I add this turn into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the 4 okay if I add this turn into
+again and now I practing the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now I practing the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and now I practing the wave
+equation the focusing wave solution into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the focusing wave solution into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the focusing wave solution into
+this equal equation and I will get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal equation and I will get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal equation and I will get this
+formula okay so now everything should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so now everything should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay so now everything should be
+correct and I have clear evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and I have clear evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct and I have clear evidence that
+everybody's following so that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following so that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following so that is very
+good and now I can now cancel or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and now I can now cancel or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and now I can now cancel or the
+minus sign right then this become plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign right then this become plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign right then this become plus
+and now I can actually calculate will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can actually calculate will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can actually calculate will be
+the the speed of propagation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the speed of propagation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the speed of propagation for this
+specific harmonic focusing wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific harmonic focusing wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific harmonic focusing wave and
+Omega or K will be equal to v square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega or K will be equal to v square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega or K will be equal to v square
+root of 1 plus alpha K square okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 1 plus alpha K square okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 1 plus alpha K square okay thank
+you very much for the contribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much for the contribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much for the contribution and
+now we see that really this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see that really this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see that really this ratio
+depends on K right so if I plot this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on K right so if I plot this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on K right so if I plot this on
+top of the previous curve which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the previous curve which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the previous curve which is
+actually obtained different from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually obtained different from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually obtained different from here
+okay then what I am going to get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what I am going to get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what I am going to get is
+something like this in the beginning is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in the beginning is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this in the beginning is
+very close to the non dispersive case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the non dispersive case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the non dispersive case
+and it goes up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes up because
+oh because of this offer contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because of this offer contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh because of this offer contribution of
+Isis you a positive number in my in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis you a positive number in my in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isis you a positive number in my in my
+model and the K is actually the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the K is actually the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the K is actually the weight
+number okay so what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number okay so what is going to happen
+is that basically after you include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically after you include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically after you include the
+steepness the slope of this curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepness the slope of this curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepness the slope of this curve is
+changing as a function of K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do I learn from this exercise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I learn from this exercise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I learn from this exercise is
+that if I increase K okay if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I increase K okay if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I increase K okay if I have a
+very large K okay that means I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large K okay that means I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large K okay that means I have a
+very small lambda right it was case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small lambda right it was case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small lambda right it was case I
+should be 2 PI over lambda okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 2 PI over lambda okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 2 PI over lambda okay so that
+means I am looking at some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I am looking at some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I am looking at some serious
+released or distorted like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or distorted like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or distorted like this okay
+poster intention and the steepness wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster intention and the steepness wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster intention and the steepness wants
+to restore okay restore the string back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restore okay restore the string back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to restore okay restore the string back
+to normal therefore what is happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal therefore what is happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal therefore what is happening is
+that you are going to get additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are going to get additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are going to get additional
+restoring force right therefore as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring force right therefore as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restoring force right therefore as we
+actually calculated here if alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculated here if alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculated here if alpha is
+actually positive then the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually positive then the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually positive then the velocity
+actually increased with respect to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increased with respect to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increased with respect to what
+actually what we as you get before we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we as you get before we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we as you get before we we
+actually add this into a bottle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add this into a bottle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add this into a bottle okay so
+I think that makes sense right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that makes sense right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that makes sense right because
+the the steepness also wants to restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the steepness also wants to restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the steepness also wants to restore
+the distortion therefore you have larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion therefore you have larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion therefore you have larger
+and larger restoring force therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger restoring force therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger restoring force therefore the
+speed of propagation of this harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation of this harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation of this harmonic
+wave weight quiz okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave weight quiz okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave weight quiz okay
+so that's pretty nice but what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty nice but what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty nice but what does that
+mean to our project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to our project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to our project
+okay our project is to send information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay our project is to send information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay our project is to send information
+from one place to the other place right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one place to the other place right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one place to the other place right
+so what we just discussed with is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we just discussed with is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we just discussed with is that
+we can as you send a square pulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can as you send a square pulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can as you send a square pulse and
+Nadi propagate okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nadi propagate okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nadi propagate okay as
+warehouse can be decomposed into many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse can be decomposed into many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warehouse can be decomposed into many
+many pieces many many harmonic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pieces many many harmonic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pieces many many harmonic waves
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+before the square pulse works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the square pulse works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the square pulse works
+because all the waves with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the waves with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the waves with different
+wavelengths a public a public actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths a public a public actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths a public a public actually
+are moving at this constant speed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving at this constant speed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving at this constant speed right
+independent of the wavelength now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the wavelength now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the wavelength now we are
+in trouble right as you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble right as you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble right as you can see here
+that now the speed which is Omega over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the speed which is Omega over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now the speed which is Omega over K
+depends on the wave number or wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the wave number or wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the wave number or wavelength
+therefore different components which HD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore different components which HD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore different components which HD
+are needed to create a square pulse are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needed to create a square pulse are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are needed to create a square pulse are
+going to be propagating at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be propagating at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be propagating at different
+speed you can say oh come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you can say oh come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed you can say oh come on
+this is your mathematics right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your mathematics right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your mathematics right I don't
+believe you you know a square pulse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you you know a square pulse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you you know a square pulse is
+your square pulse and that's mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your square pulse and that's mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your square pulse and that's mathematics
+that's math department but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's math department but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's math department but we can
+actually do this see that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this see that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this see that in the
+experiment okay so that's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay so that's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay so that's take a look at
+this demonstration maybe we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demonstration maybe we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this demonstration maybe we didn't
+notice that before but we have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that before but we have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that before but we have seen this
+effect from previous lectures okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect from previous lectures okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect from previous lectures okay so I
+can now create a square not not read a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now create a square not not read a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now create a square not not read a
+square passport that is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square passport that is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square passport that is some kind of
+pulse okay I can create some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse okay I can create some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse okay I can create some kind of
+pulse like this okay and as we learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse like this okay and as we learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse like this okay and as we learned
+before right when this power passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right when this power passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right when this power passed
+through an open end it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an open end it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an open end it's going to be
+bounced back right so therefore I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced back right so therefore I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced back right so therefore I can
+have a limit okay I can actually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a limit okay I can actually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a limit okay I can actually show
+you this demo you know limited setup but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this demo you know limited setup but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this demo you know limited setup but
+this pulse is going to be going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulse is going to be going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pulse is going to be going back and
+forth right because I have open end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right because I have open end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right because I have open end okay
+as we discussed before okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed before okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed before okay what is
+going to happen is that since we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that since we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that since we have a
+really realistic system what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really realistic system what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really realistic system what is going to
+happen is that this pulse will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that this pulse will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that this pulse will become
+wider and wider right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider and wider right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider and wider right that's the
+prediction coming from this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction coming from this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction coming from this equation
+right different component with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right different component with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right different component with different
+wave this is going to be propagating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave this is going to be propagating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave this is going to be propagating at
+different speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different speed
+for this house is going to become wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this house is going to become wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this house is going to become wider
+and we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can see that
+okay so da me quickly produce a pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so da me quickly produce a pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so da me quickly produce a pulse
+and see what will happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what will happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what will happen okay
+originally it's actually really sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it's actually really sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally it's actually really sharp
+and you can see that really the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that really the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that really the width of
+the pulse become wider and wider and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse become wider and wider and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse become wider and wider and at
+the some point it disappear okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some point it disappear okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some point it disappear okay if I
+have a very long setup what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very long setup what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very long setup what you are
+going to see is that it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see is that it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see is that it's going to be
+propagating to work the center action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to work the center action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to work the center action
+and the width of the pulse is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width of the pulse is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width of the pulse is actually
+going to be increasing as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be increasing as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be increasing as a function of
+time let's take a look at this again now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's take a look at this again now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's take a look at this again now
+this time you have a negative pulse you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you have a negative pulse you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you have a negative pulse you
+sort of see very similar scene and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see very similar scene and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see very similar scene and also
+you can see that there are some strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are some strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there are some strange
+vibration actually lag behind that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration actually lag behind that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration actually lag behind that the
+man paused right so that means different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man paused right so that means different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man paused right so that means different
+you know the harmonic waves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the harmonic waves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the harmonic waves with
+different wavelengths really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths really are
+probably propagating at different speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably propagating at different speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably propagating at different speed
+and for that to demonstrate this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that to demonstrate this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that to demonstrate this effect
+I also prepared some demonstration which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also prepared some demonstration which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I also prepared some demonstration which
+shows you the based on our calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the based on our calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you the based on our calculation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you can say that okay now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say that okay now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say that okay now I'm
+convinced I I can see this person in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced I I can see this person in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced I I can see this person in the
+experiment how do I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment how do I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment how do I know this
+calculation as you match with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as you match with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation as you match with the
+experimental data right how about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data right how about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data right how about we
+really put wrong a simulation and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put wrong a simulation and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put wrong a simulation and see
+what happened okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened okay
+so what is what is expand poetry too is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is what is expand poetry too is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is what is expand poetry too is
+in the in the beginning okay it would -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the beginning okay it would -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the beginning okay it would -
+in the equation like crazy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation like crazy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation like crazy okay
+in order to get other components quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get other components quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get other components quick
+calculated then is going to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated then is going to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated then is going to propagate
+all those pulse all those positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those pulse all those positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those pulse all those positive
+reduce different components through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce different components through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce different components through the
+medium okay and that there will be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay and that there will be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay and that there will be two
+different colors one is actually blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors one is actually blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors one is actually blue
+which is the original shape the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the original shape the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the original shape the other
+one is actually the one with steepness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually the one with steepness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is actually the one with steepness
+turned out okay so now in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out okay so now in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out okay so now in the beginning
+I can set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can set
+the Alpha value to be point o2 and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha value to be point o2 and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha value to be point o2 and see
+what happened and I will produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened and I will produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened and I will produce
+triangular pulse okay you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular pulse okay you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular pulse okay you can see that
+now the program is really working very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the program is really working very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the program is really working very
+hard to calculate other components okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to calculate other components okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to calculate other components okay
+from 1 to 199 and equal to 1 to 99 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 199 and equal to 1 to 99 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 199 and equal to 1 to 99 and
+then now these individual components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now these individual components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now these individual components are
+propagating through the median and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through the median and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating through the median and you
+can see that originally the shape is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that originally the shape is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that originally the shape is
+like the blue shape triangular shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the blue shape triangular shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the blue shape triangular shape and
+you can see that as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that as a function of time
+the pulse becomes wider and wider okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse becomes wider and wider okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse becomes wider and wider okay
+now of course I can increase the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course I can increase the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course I can increase the alpha
+2.0 2 and see what happen from point 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.0 2 and see what happen from point 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.0 2 and see what happen from point 2
+to point 2 and see what happened you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point 2 and see what happened you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point 2 and see what happened you
+should expect a much larger dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect a much larger dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect a much larger dispersion
+and you can see that now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that now in the
+beginning doing the integration and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning doing the integration and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning doing the integration and you
+can see that this time because alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this time because alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that this time because alpha is
+actually larger therefore you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually larger therefore you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually larger therefore you see that
+this effect he says this broadening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect he says this broadening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect he says this broadening is
+actually happening earlier and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening earlier and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening earlier and it
+becomes broader and broader and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes broader and broader and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes broader and broader and there
+are a lot of strange structures because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of strange structures because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of strange structures because
+you you can see also from the demo a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see also from the demo a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can see also from the demo a
+produce because different components are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce because different components are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce because different components are
+actually propagate at different speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propagate at different speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propagate at different speed
+okay so of course we are an IT so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course we are an IT so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course we are an IT so in
+this course we have NIT NIT waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we have NIT NIT waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we have NIT NIT waves
+alright so let's take a look at the NIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's take a look at the NIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's take a look at the NIT
+wave and see what happen now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and see what happen now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and see what happen now you see
+that the very sharp edge which I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very sharp edge which I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very sharp edge which I should
+require really a lot of effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require really a lot of effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require really a lot of effort to
+reproduce that and you can see that NIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce that and you can see that NIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce that and you can see that NIT
+is kind of distorted as a bunch of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of distorted as a bunch of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of distorted as a bunch of time
+it's kind of still identify the peak but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of still identify the peak but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of still identify the peak but
+it's actually not is praised and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not is praised and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not is praised and in the
+end of the simulation you cannot see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the simulation you cannot see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the simulation you cannot see
+even recognize that actually originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even recognize that actually originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even recognize that actually originally
+NIT signal which you send from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIT signal which you send from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NIT signal which you send from your
+source okay so what I want to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source okay so what I want to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source okay so what I want to say is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this effect this dispersion if that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect this dispersion if that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect this dispersion if that is
+really enemy which is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enemy which is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enemy which is actually very
+dangerous and now it will prevent us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous and now it will prevent us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous and now it will prevent us
+from sending high quality signals right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sending high quality signals right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sending high quality signals right
+okay any questions about all those demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so this is because the steepness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so this is because the steepness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so this is because the steepness
+issue is actually symmetric right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is actually symmetric right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is actually symmetric right so if
+you if you bend this thing if you bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you bend this thing if you bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you bend this thing if you bend
+the string then there are contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string then there are contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the string then there are contribution
+from the positive and negative part okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positive and negative part okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positive and negative part okay
+if you have 10 to the if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 10 to the if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 10 to the if you have
+patches to the three patio to the X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches to the three patio to the X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches to the three patio to the X to
+the three component that is a going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three component that is a going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three component that is a going to
+be a symmetric and see actually against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a symmetric and see actually against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a symmetric and see actually against
+our physics intuition and also in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics intuition and also in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics intuition and also in the in
+this muttering he also met with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this muttering he also met with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this muttering he also met with our
+experimental data pretty well okay very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data pretty well okay very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data pretty well okay very
+good question and on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question and on the other hand
+without considering the steepness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without considering the steepness okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without considering the steepness okay
+you can also go back to the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also go back to the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also go back to the infinite
+number of coupled oscillator case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of coupled oscillator case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of coupled oscillator case if you
+is they take an example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they take an example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they take an example which is
+actually not super small displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not super small displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not super small displacement
+approximation you take the next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you take the next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation you take the next to the
+next to did in outer turn then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to did in outer turn then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to did in outer turn then you will
+see that the partial to a three partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the partial to a three partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the partial to a three partial
+X to the three turn as you cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the three turn as you cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to the three turn as you cancel
+because it's symmetric so I argued and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's symmetric so I argued and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's symmetric so I argued and
+you will be able to also obtain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to also obtain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to also obtain this
+turn when you have slightly larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn when you have slightly larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn when you have slightly larger
+displacement with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement with respect to the
+equilibrium position okay so I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position okay so I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position okay so I hope that
+answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer your question
+any other questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that way when you pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way when you pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way when you pass through the
+median molecules you change the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median molecules you change the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median molecules you change the speed of
+different wavelengths as you temperately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths as you temperately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different wavelengths as you temperately
+right very good question okay so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very good question okay so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right very good question okay so very
+good we have two questions and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we have two questions and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good we have two questions and we can
+see that if I now turn on that the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I now turn on that the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that if I now turn on that the Alpha
+makes up about you large then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up about you large then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up about you large then you can
+see that the information is distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the information is distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the information is distorted
+okay and this involve infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this involve infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this involve infinite number of
+country of turns and in this case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of turns and in this case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of turns and in this case in
+this new table which I show here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new table which I show here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new table which I show here I have
+alpha value equal to 0.2 therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha value equal to 0.2 therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha value equal to 0.2 therefore the
+effect of this first this dispersion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of this first this dispersion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of this first this dispersion is
+actually much larger than what you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much larger than what you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much larger than what you saw
+before and then you can see that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then you can see that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and then you can see that is a
+mighty wave quickly become something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mighty wave quickly become something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mighty wave quickly become something
+like a Gaussian like wave right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Gaussian like wave right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Gaussian like wave right okay
+okay so very good so so you can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very good so so you can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so very good so so you can say okay
+you are making example which I will okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are making example which I will okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are making example which I will okay
+maybe it's very it's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's very it's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's very it's a very interesting
+example but you involve too many times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but you involve too many times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but you involve too many times I
+have infinite number of focusing waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite number of focusing waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite number of focusing waves
+in in this example okay it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this example okay it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this example okay it's very
+difficult to understand how about we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand how about we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand how about we go
+back to as much simpler example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to as much simpler example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to as much simpler example okay
+what what we can do is that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we can do is that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what we can do is that instead of
+you know going through infinite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know going through infinite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know going through infinite number
+of harmonic waves now we just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic waves now we just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic waves now we just consider
+two waves and overlap these two waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves and overlap these two waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two waves and overlap these two waves
+together and see what happened okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and see what happened okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and see what happened okay and
+they see what we can learn from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see what we can learn from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see what we can learn from it
+because the you know the required number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the you know the required number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the you know the required number
+of harmonic and wave to describe such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic and wave to describe such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic and wave to describe such a
+pulse is too complicated right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse is too complicated right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse is too complicated right so you
+can say that okay now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that okay now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that okay now let's just
+consider two waves and see what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two waves and see what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two waves and see what we can
+learn from this and this is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from this and this is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from this and this is exactly what
+I'm going to do now so from Pollock's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do now so from Pollock's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do now so from Pollock's
+lecture I hope he covered the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I hope he covered the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I hope he covered the bit
+phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+right so basically what is it a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what is it a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what is it a bit
+phenomena bit phenomena happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena bit phenomena happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena bit phenomena happens when you
+overlap two waves two harmonic waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap two waves two harmonic waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap two waves two harmonic waves
+they have pretty close wavelengths okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have pretty close wavelengths okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have pretty close wavelengths okay
+put on another same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on another same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on another same okay
+and now if you add two waves together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you add two waves together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you add two waves together
+that's actually what you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what you are going to
+get you are going to get something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you are going to get something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you are going to get something which
+is oscillating really really fast which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillating really really fast which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillating really really fast which
+is actually called a carrier okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually called a carrier okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually called a carrier okay and
+also you can see that the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can see that the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can see that the magnitude of
+the oscillation is actually changing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation is actually changing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation is actually changing as
+a function of position and that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of position and that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of position and that we call
+it envelope okay so that is issued a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it envelope okay so that is issued a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it envelope okay so that is issued a bit
+phenomena which we learned from previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we learned from previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we learned from previous
+lectures so in this example I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so in this example I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures so in this example I am going
+to add two waves together so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add two waves together so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add two waves together so the first
+wave is described by okay is notify side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is described by okay is notify side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is described by okay is notify side
+one so function X and T and you has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so function X and T and you has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so function X and T and you has a
+functional form a is the amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form a is the amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form a is the amplitude and
+the sign okay one X minus Omega T Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign okay one X minus Omega T Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign okay one X minus Omega T Omega
+1t okay this is a practicing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1t okay this is a practicing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1t okay this is a practicing wave
+propagating to work the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to work the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to work the right hand side
+of the port the positive direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the port the positive direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the port the positive direction of
+the x axis in my coordinate system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis in my coordinate system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis in my coordinate system and
+he has a wave number K 1 and angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a wave number K 1 and angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has a wave number K 1 and angular
+frequency Omega 1 okay and I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega 1 okay and I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega 1 okay and I can also
+write down my second wave which I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down my second wave which I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down my second wave which I would
+like to overlap with the first wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to overlap with the first wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to overlap with the first wave
+right so this is actually having exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually having exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually having exactly
+the same amplitude which is a and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amplitude which is a and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amplitude which is a and it is
+described by a sine function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a sine function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a sine function and you
+have with number K 2 X minus Omega 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with number K 2 X minus Omega 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with number K 2 X minus Omega 2t
+angular frequency Omega 2 okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency Omega 2 okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency Omega 2 okay with
+these two equations we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations we can calculate the
+speed of publication for the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of publication for the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of publication for the individual
+waves right so the first one I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so the first one I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so the first one I can
+calculate the speed of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the speed of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the speed of public
+v1 will be equal to Omega 1 over k1 very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 will be equal to Omega 1 over k1 very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v1 will be equal to Omega 1 over k1 very
+similarly you can also calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can also calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly you can also calculate the
+speed of propagation for the second wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation for the second wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of propagation for the second wave
+which is Omega 2 over K 2 okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Omega 2 over K 2 okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Omega 2 over K 2 okay so now
+what I am going to do is to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am going to do is to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am going to do is to calculate
+the sum of these two waves so I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two waves so I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of these two waves so I have the
+total if we just I is equal to say 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total if we just I is equal to say 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total if we just I is equal to say 1
+plus side ok so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus side ok so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus side ok so what I'm going to do is
+to overlap these two waves and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlap these two waves and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overlap these two waves and see what
+happened for that I need this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened for that I need this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened for that I need this formula
+which is a sine a plus sine B and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sine a plus sine B and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sine a plus sine B and this
+will be equal to 2 times sine a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 2 times sine a plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 2 times sine a plus B
+over 2 and sine become cosine here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and sine become cosine here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 and sine become cosine here
+cosine a minus B ok so if I use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine a minus B ok so if I use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine a minus B ok so if I use that
+formula okay basically what I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay basically what I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula okay basically what I am going
+to get is we have 2 times from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is we have 2 times from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is we have 2 times from that
+formula so you have to a ok sine K 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so you have to a ok sine K 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so you have to a ok sine K 1
+plus K 2 over 2 X minus Omega 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K 2 over 2 X minus Omega 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K 2 over 2 X minus Omega 1 plus
+Omega 2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 over 2
+right so basically the first term is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically the first term is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically the first term is a
+sine function the sine function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine function the sine function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine function the sine function and the
+content is actually a plus B therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is actually a plus B therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is actually a plus B therefore
+you add these two together right / -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add these two together right / -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add these two together right / -
+then basically this is as you walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically this is as you walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically this is as you walk you
+up 10 okay the second turn is a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 10 okay the second turn is a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 10 okay the second turn is a cosine
+turn you get cosine here but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you get cosine here but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn you get cosine here but now you
+calculate a minus B which is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a minus B which is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a minus B which is this this
+term - that turn divided by 2 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term - that turn divided by 2 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term - that turn divided by 2 then
+basically what you get is K 1 minus K 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you get is K 1 minus K 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you get is K 1 minus K 2
+divided by 2 times X minus Omega 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 times X minus Omega 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 2 times X minus Omega 1 minus
+Omega 2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that is actually what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually what will
+happen if you add these two waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you add these two waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen if you add these two waves
+together okay until now everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay until now everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay until now everything is
+exact and I would like to add additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact and I would like to add additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact and I would like to add additional
+conditions or additional assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or additional assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions or additional assumptions
+when I discuss the solution okay so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I discuss the solution okay so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I discuss the solution okay so how
+about in order to produce the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in order to produce the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in order to produce the bit
+phenomena I need to make the wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena I need to make the wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena I need to make the wavelengths
+very very similar between the two waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar between the two waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar between the two waves
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so therefore what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore what I'm going to do is
+that I'm going to assume k1 it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to assume k1 it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to assume k1 it's very
+close to k2 is roughly K okay and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to k2 is roughly K okay and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to k2 is roughly K okay and I'm
+going to and because of this since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and because of this since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and because of this since I
+have a continuous function if K was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous function if K was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous function if K was
+really close to k2 that means Omega 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to k2 that means Omega 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really close to k2 that means Omega 1 is
+going to be also very close to Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also very close to Omega 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also very close to Omega 2
+right so what I'm going to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to get this
+Omega 1 is going to be also very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 is going to be also very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 is going to be also very similar
+to Omega 2 and I will call it Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omega 2 and I will call it Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Omega 2 and I will call it Omega okay
+so if I do this when I have very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do this when I have very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I do this when I have very similar
+k1 and k2 what is going to happen what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 and k2 what is going to happen what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 and k2 what is going to happen what
+is going to happen is that k1 minus k2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that k1 minus k2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen is that k1 minus k2
+will be very small right so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very small right so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very small right so that means
+this very small K means large wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very small K means large wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very small K means large wavelength
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+therefore this cosine turn will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this cosine turn will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this cosine turn will become
+the envelope right because this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope right because this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope right because this is you
+are slowly varying amplitude as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slowly varying amplitude as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slowly varying amplitude as a
+function of position because the K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position because the K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of position because the K is
+very small case low case mo means lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small case low case mo means lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small case low case mo means lambda
+large therefore the amplitude is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large therefore the amplitude is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large therefore the amplitude is going
+to be having this modulation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be having this modulation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be having this modulation which is
+actually like an envelope the the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like an envelope the the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like an envelope the the speed
+of this envelope the oscillation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this envelope the oscillation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this envelope the oscillation of this
+envelope is as you control by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is as you control by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is as you control by the
+okay okay let's look at the lap inciter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let's look at the lap inciter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let's look at the lap inciter
+k1 plus k2 / - it's kind of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 plus k2 / - it's kind of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1 plus k2 / - it's kind of like the
+calculating the average of the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the average of the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the average of the first and
+second of the wave number of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of the wave number of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of the wave number of the first
+and second wave right so if we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second wave right so if we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second wave right so if we calculate
+an average it can be still pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average it can be still pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average it can be still pretty large
+therefore you have small lambda right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have small lambda right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you have small lambda right
+compared to the difference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the difference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the difference right
+therefore you see that that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you see that that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you see that that as you
+contribute to those little structures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to those little structures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to those little structures in
+the in this graph and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this graph and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in this graph and it's called
+carrier yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so so they can be different all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so they can be different all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so so they can be different all
+right yeah you're absolutely right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you're absolutely right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you're absolutely right right
+so you can you can produce something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can produce something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can produce something
+like a carrier even when K 1 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a carrier even when K 1 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a carrier even when K 1 is not
+equal to K 2 right it's just an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K 2 right it's just an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to K 2 right it's just an average
+right you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're right
+but then the on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the on the other hand the
+difference K 1 and K 2 will be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference K 1 and K 2 will be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference K 1 and K 2 will be also
+large there for you it's not as easy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large there for you it's not as easy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large there for you it's not as easy as
+what we have been doing here to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have been doing here to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have been doing here to identify
+who is the carrier and who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the carrier and who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the carrier and who is the
+envelope okay but so you do you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope okay but so you do you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope okay but so you do you to get
+some kind of graph which is oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of graph which is oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of graph which is oscillating
+really fast but the the envelope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast but the the envelope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast but the the envelope is
+going to be also oscillating really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also oscillating really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be also oscillating really fast
+there's harder to to see all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's harder to to see all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's harder to to see all those
+structure but you are you're absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but you are you're absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but you are you're absolutely
+right yes very good question so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes very good question so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes very good question so now I
+have this set up I assume that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this set up I assume that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this set up I assume that they are
+very close to each other so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to each other so now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to each other so now I can
+define phase velocity finally we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define phase velocity finally we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define phase velocity finally we define
+what is issue the phase velocity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is issue the phase velocity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is issue the phase velocity the
+phase velocity I call it VP you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity I call it VP you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity I call it VP you can see
+that before I already have been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before I already have been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before I already have been using
+facebook as a VP for the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook as a VP for the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook as a VP for the previous
+discussions right in the case of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions right in the case of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions right in the case of non
+dispersive medium the phase velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium the phase velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium the phase velocity is
+just a VP which is the velocity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a VP which is the velocity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a VP which is the velocity in the
+equation right and in this case we P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and in this case we P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right and in this case we P
+will be equal to Omega over K as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to Omega over K as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to Omega over K as we
+discussed before Leslie the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before Leslie the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before Leslie the definition
+of this phase velocity okay and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this phase velocity okay and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this phase velocity okay and I can
+now also define the group velocity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also define the group velocity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now also define the group velocity okay
+the group velocity is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity is actually the
+velocity of the envelope okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the envelope okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the envelope okay I can
+calculate the velocity of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the velocity of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the velocity of the envelope
+right in in the case of phase velocity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in in the case of phase velocity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in in the case of phase velocity I
+ain't calculating the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't calculating the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ain't calculating the velocity of the
+carrier right okay I'm taking a ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier right okay I'm taking a ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier right okay I'm taking a ratio of
+the average and the HVD average is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and the HVD average is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and the HVD average is so
+close to K and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to K and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to K and Omega
+therefore the face velocity VP would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the face velocity VP would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the face velocity VP would
+teach us the speed of the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach us the speed of the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach us the speed of the publication of
+the carrier which is actually Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carrier which is actually Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carrier which is actually Omega okay
+I call it BP and in case of group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it BP and in case of group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call it BP and in case of group
+velocity I call it V G okay the Jew is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I call it V G okay the Jew is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I call it V G okay the Jew is
+describing the speed of propagation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the speed of propagation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the speed of propagation of
+the envelope therefore what I am getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope therefore what I am getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope therefore what I am getting
+is Omega 1 minus Omega 2 okay T by D PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Omega 1 minus Omega 2 okay T by D PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Omega 1 minus Omega 2 okay T by D PI
+K 1 and K 2 also planned have effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 1 and K 2 also planned have effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K 1 and K 2 also planned have effect of
+1 over 2 like which is cancelled okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 like which is cancelled okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 like which is cancelled okay
+and when they add reduce so close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they add reduce so close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they add reduce so close to
+each other this is actually roughly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other this is actually roughly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other this is actually roughly like
+the Omega D cap and the questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have derived two different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have derived two different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have derived two different kind of
+speed one is actually related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed one is actually related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed one is actually related to the
+phase velocity which is when is it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity which is when is it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity which is when is it when
+is a Checotah phase velocity is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Checotah phase velocity is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Checotah phase velocity is related
+to the speed of the carrier okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed of the carrier okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the speed of the carrier okay
+the other one is group velocity which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is group velocity which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is group velocity which is
+actually related to the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually related to the speed of the
+envelope okay so that meat is quite you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope okay so that meat is quite you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope okay so that meat is quite you
+a few interesting to interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few interesting to interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few interesting to interesting
+examples and the see what a cloud we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and the see what a cloud we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and the see what a cloud we can
+actually learn from this in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from this in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually learn from this in the first
+example I'm working on a non dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm working on a non dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm working on a non dispersive
+medium okay if I have a non dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay if I have a non dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium okay if I have a non dispersive
+medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay then basically what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then basically what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then basically what I'm going to
+get is that Omega will be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that Omega will be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is that Omega will be proportional
+to okay if I plot Omega versus K is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay if I plot Omega versus K is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay if I plot Omega versus K is a
+straight line okay now if I have Omega I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay now if I have Omega I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay now if I have Omega I
+choose the Omega of the two Omega where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the Omega of the two Omega where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the Omega of the two Omega where
+Omega two of the two waves to be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega two of the two waves to be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega two of the two waves to be roughly
+equal to Omega zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega zero
+okay I can now evaluate the VP the VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can now evaluate the VP the VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can now evaluate the VP the VP
+will be the slope right of the of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the slope right of the of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the slope right of the of this
+point the slope of a line connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the slope of a line connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the slope of a line connecting the
+zero to that point right which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to that point right which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to that point right which is
+actually the Omega over K right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Omega over K right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the Omega over K right so
+that's actually the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the definition of the
+phase velocity I would get this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity I would get this slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity I would get this slope
+this is the slope of this line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the slope of this line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the slope of this line is
+actually called it's related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called it's related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually called it's related to the
+phase velocity okay I can also calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity okay I can also calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity okay I can also calculate
+the slope of a line cut through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of a line cut through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of a line cut through this
+point but but actually cut through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but but actually cut through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but but actually cut through this
+this this curve and in this case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this curve and in this case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this curve and in this case I'm
+also going to get a line overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to get a line overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to get a line overlapping
+with phase velocity because in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with phase velocity because in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with phase velocity because in this case
+Omega over K is a constant which is V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over K is a constant which is V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over K is a constant which is V
+therefore if no matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if no matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if no matter what you
+calculate if you calculate VP as a ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate if you calculate VP as a ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate if you calculate VP as a ratio
+of Omega and a K where you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega and a K where you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega and a K where you calculate the
+G which is actually the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which is actually the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which is actually the slope of the
+line cutting through that point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cutting through that point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line cutting through that point is you
+always get get SUV okay therefore what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get get SUV okay therefore what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get get SUV okay therefore what
+we learn from here is that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from here is that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn from here is that for a
+non-dispersive median VP will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dispersive median VP will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dispersive median VP will be equal
+to VG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to VG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to VG
+okay that means both of these two curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means both of these two curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means both of these two curves
+both of the curve of envelope describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the curve of envelope describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the curve of envelope describing
+the envelope and the describe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope and the describe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope and the describe in the
+carrier is going to be propagating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is going to be propagating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is going to be propagating at
+the same speed okay any questions so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed okay any questions so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed okay any questions so the
+whole thing is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is going
+to be moving at a constant speed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be moving at a constant speed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be moving at a constant speed for
+that I can now show you some example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can now show you some example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can now show you some example
+which I prepared some simulation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I prepared some simulation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I prepared some simulation which
+are prepared okay see so what it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prepared okay see so what it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are prepared okay see so what it does is
+that it really oh wait a second this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really oh wait a second this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really oh wait a second this is
+a bit zero okay so this is the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit zero okay so this is the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit zero okay so this is the case when
+I have a nondispersive medium okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a nondispersive medium okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a nondispersive medium okay if I
+have a non dispersive meeting what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non dispersive meeting what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non dispersive meeting what is
+going to happen is that post that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that post that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that post that this
+post the carrier which is the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post the carrier which is the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post the carrier which is the speed of
+the autos little structure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autos little structure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autos little structure and the
+envelope is going to be public ating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is going to be public ating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is going to be public ating at
+the same speed so you can see the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed so you can see the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same speed so you can see the high
+is like fixed pattern is propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like fixed pattern is propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like fixed pattern is propagating
+towards the right-hand side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the right-hand side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the right-hand side and the
+relative motion between the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion between the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative motion between the fine
+structure and the envelope is a zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the envelope is a zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and the envelope is a zero so
+basically you have exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have exactly the same
+pattern as a function of time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern as a function of time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern as a function of time okay so
+now I am going to move from away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I am going to move from away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I am going to move from away from
+the non dispersive medium how about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non dispersive medium how about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non dispersive medium how about we
+discuss what will happen if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what will happen if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss what will happen if we have
+considered the steepness of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the steepness of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered the steepness of the stream
+and see what we get from there so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we get from there so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we get from there so if I
+plot Omega as a function of K okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot Omega as a function of K okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot Omega as a function of K okay and
+consider alpha to be nonzero is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider alpha to be nonzero is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider alpha to be nonzero is a
+positive value so if I have alpha to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value so if I have alpha to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value so if I have alpha to be
+a positive value non zero okay in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive value non zero okay in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive value non zero okay in this
+case I'm going to get a curve like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to get a curve like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to get a curve like this
+okay the slope is actually a changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the slope is actually a changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the slope is actually a changing
+and because it's a curving down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's a curving down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's a curving down it's
+coming up because if you have K large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up because if you have K large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up because if you have K large
+then you will see that the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see that the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will see that the ratio of
+Omega and K actually increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and K actually increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and K actually increase
+okay so that is actually the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is actually the kind of
+curve which we will get if I set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which we will get if I set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which we will get if I set the
+Omega of the first and second wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of the first and second wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of the first and second wave in
+the of interest in this study to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of interest in this study to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of interest in this study to be
+Omega zero then basically what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero then basically what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero then basically what you are
+going to get is that okay now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is that okay now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get is that okay now I have
+this point here on the curve okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here on the curve okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here on the curve okay if I
+calculate the phase velocity the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the phase velocity the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the phase velocity the face
+velocity how do I calculate that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity how do I calculate that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity how do I calculate that I can
+now connect zero and that point by lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now connect zero and that point by lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now connect zero and that point by lying
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and I can now calculate the slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can now calculate the slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can now calculate the slope of
+this line and I can get the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line and I can get the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line and I can get the phase
+velocity VP okay on the other hand I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity VP okay on the other hand I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity VP okay on the other hand I can
+also calculate the slope of a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also calculate the slope of a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also calculate the slope of a line
+cutting through tangential to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting through tangential to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting through tangential to the the
+point of interest okay and that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of interest okay and that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of interest okay and that is going
+to give me the group velocity okay as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me the group velocity okay as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me the group velocity okay as
+you can see from here which slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from here which slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from here which slope is
+actually larger anybody know I can point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually larger anybody know I can point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually larger anybody know I can point
+out gue velocity is larger right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out gue velocity is larger right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out gue velocity is larger right
+so in this case if I turn on alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case if I turn on alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case if I turn on alpha
+greater than 0 what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 0 what is going to happen
+is that since the group velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since the group velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that since the group velocity is
+larger than the phase velocity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the phase velocity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the phase velocity that
+means if I go back to that picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I go back to that picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I go back to that picture
+okay the envelope is going to be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the envelope is going to be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the envelope is going to be moving
+faster than the fine structure inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the fine structure inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the fine structure inside
+the envelope how about we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope how about we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope how about we take a
+five-minute break one from here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute break one from here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-minute break one from here and we
+continue discussion after break it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue discussion after break it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue discussion after break it's a
+good time to take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome back everybody so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back everybody so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back everybody so we will
+continue the discussion of the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the discussion of the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the discussion of the bit
+phenomena so what we have shown you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so what we have shown you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena so what we have shown you is
+that based on those curves actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on those curves actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that based on those curves actually we
+can actually determine what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually determine what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually determine what would be the
+relative velocity of the of the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity of the of the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity of the of the what
+what would be the velocity of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the velocity of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the velocity of the the
+carrier which is actually denoted by VP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier which is actually denoted by VP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier which is actually denoted by VP
+and what would be the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would be the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what would be the velocity of the
+envelope which is actually denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope which is actually denoted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope which is actually denoted by
+the group velocity okay and then in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity okay and then in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity okay and then in the
+in this case what is you the parting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what is you the parting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case what is you the parting
+here is that in this case because F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in this case because F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that in this case because F is
+actually greater than 0 therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually greater than 0 therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually greater than 0 therefore this
+curve is actually curving up therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is actually curving up therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is actually curving up therefore
+you have larger group velocity compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have larger group velocity compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have larger group velocity compared
+to the phase velocity so what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase velocity so what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase velocity so what you will
+expect is that the envelope is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that the envelope is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect is that the envelope is going to
+be actually progressing at the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually progressing at the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually progressing at the speed
+higher than the speed of the carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the speed of the carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than the speed of the carrier
+okay on the other hand if magically okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if magically okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if magically okay
+I can construct some kind of Matt median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can construct some kind of Matt median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can construct some kind of Matt median
+which can be described in within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be described in within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be described in within this
+situation alpha smoother than 0 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation alpha smoother than 0 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation alpha smoother than 0 what is
+going to happen so if I plug that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so if I plug that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen so if I plug that if I
+prop a situation with a far smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop a situation with a far smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop a situation with a far smaller than
+0 so and now I proud Omega as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so and now I proud Omega as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so and now I proud Omega as a function
+of K what is going to happen is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K what is going to happen is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K what is going to happen is like
+this so basically you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so basically you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so basically you have something
+which is actually curving down okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually curving down okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually curving down okay so
+if I now again work on some point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now again work on some point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now again work on some point of
+interest here okay you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here okay you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest here okay you can see that the
+slope of the phase velocity is now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the phase velocity is now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the phase velocity is now it
+should be the slope of the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the slope of the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the slope of the phase
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+now it should be larger than the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it should be larger than the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it should be larger than the slope
+which is actually found line cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually found line cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually found line cutting
+through the the tangential to the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the tangential to the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the tangential to the curve
+which is actually getting you the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually getting you the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually getting you the group
+velocity so in the case of alphas modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so in the case of alphas modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so in the case of alphas modern
+zero which is some strange medium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is some strange medium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is some strange medium which
+I can create from whatever plasma were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can create from whatever plasma were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can create from whatever plasma were
+some with the strange new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with the strange new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with the strange new kind of
+material of interest if that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of interest if that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material of interest if that happens
+then that means you were good bilasa T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means you were good bilasa T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means you were good bilasa T
+will be smoother than the phase velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you look at this point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you look at this point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you look at this point here
+you can see that this curve actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this curve actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that this curve actually
+reach a maximum here and if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a maximum here and if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a maximum here and if you actually
+operating at this point what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at this point what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating at this point what is going to
+happen what is going to happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what is going to happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen what is going to happen is that
+if you calculate the group velocity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you calculate the group velocity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you calculate the group velocity will
+be the value it will be 0 what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the value it will be 0 what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the value it will be 0 what does that
+mean that means the envelope will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means the envelope will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means the envelope will not be
+moving at all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving at all okay
+but the the carriers are still moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the carriers are still moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the carriers are still moving
+okay so in the at this point you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the at this point you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the at this point you are
+getting trying to get group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting trying to get group velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting trying to get group velocity
+equal to zero okay and the finally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay and the finally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay and the finally if
+you actually going to a very large K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually going to a very large K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually going to a very large K
+value in this scenario of as model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this scenario of as model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in this scenario of as model and
+zero you see that even you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see that even you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you see that even you can have
+phase velocity v p+ IP case is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity v p+ IP case is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity v p+ IP case is actually
+a positive slope and the doc bilasa t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive slope and the doc bilasa t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive slope and the doc bilasa t
+and she is negative right what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she is negative right what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she is negative right what does that
+mean that means you are going to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means you are going to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that means you are going to see a
+situation that the carriers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that the carriers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that the carriers are
+progressing in the positive direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing in the positive direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing in the positive direction
+and the envelope is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the envelope is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the envelope is going to be
+progressing in the negative direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing in the negative direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing in the negative direction
+public focusing to the neck lap and side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public focusing to the neck lap and side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public focusing to the neck lap and side
+of the board so what does that mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the board so what does that mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the board so what does that mean that
+means this wave is doing what Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this wave is doing what Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this wave is doing what Michael
+Jason is doing right is actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason is doing right is actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason is doing right is actually doing
+right so this is actually the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is actually the kind of
+thing which could have happen that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which could have happen that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which could have happen that it
+looks like that you are you are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that you are you are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that you are you are doing
+you ain't going forward because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ain't going forward because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ain't going forward because all the
+carriers are moving in the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers are moving in the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers are moving in the positive
+direction but the body is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the body is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the body is actually going
+to a negative direction okay maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a negative direction okay maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a negative direction okay maybe I can
+also learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also learn
+mooom work at some point okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mooom work at some point okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mooom work at some point okay so that's
+go back to the demonstration which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the demonstration which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the demonstration which I
+started and somehow I got mess up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and somehow I got mess up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started and somehow I got mess up so
+let's take a look at the demo again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the demo again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the demo again
+so that's look at all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's look at all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's look at all the different
+situation at once so in this case as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation at once so in this case as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation at once so in this case as we
+discussed before this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed before this is actually
+happening in the non-dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the non-dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the non-dispersive
+situation right in this situation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right in this situation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation right in this situation you
+have a straight line now this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a straight line now this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a straight line now this first
+median actually give you always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median actually give you always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median actually give you always the
+group velocity equal to face velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity equal to face velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity equal to face velocity
+okay so that means the carrier and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means the carrier and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means the carrier and the
+envelope is going to be moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is going to be moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is going to be moving in the
+same direction at the same as speed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction at the same as speed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction at the same as speed okay
+on the other hand in this case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand in this case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand in this case we can
+actually have a situation that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a situation that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a situation that the the
+face of velocity is actually faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of velocity is actually faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of velocity is actually faster than
+the group velocity okay so what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity okay so what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group velocity okay so what I mean
+is that you the situation here the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you the situation here the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you the situation here the phase
+velocity calculated from a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity calculated from a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity calculated from a line
+connecting from zero to that point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting from zero to that point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting from zero to that point okay
+having a larger slope compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a larger slope compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a larger slope compared to the
+tangential line and you you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential line and you you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential line and you you will see
+this situation so basically you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation so basically you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation so basically you see that
+inside the envelope all those carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the envelope all those carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the envelope all those carriers
+are actually moving faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually moving faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually moving faster than the
+envelope now I can have a dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope now I can have a dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope now I can have a dispersive
+medium where the group velocity is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium where the group velocity is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium where the group velocity is equal
+to zero so what is going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so what is going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero so what is going to happen is
+that really the envelope is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really the envelope is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really the envelope is actually not
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+is that like like this right but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like like this right but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like like this right but the
+parties are moving right so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties are moving right so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties are moving right so you have
+some carriers inside this in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some carriers inside this in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some carriers inside this in this in
+this structure is actually moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure is actually moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure is actually moving
+forward but the envelope is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so finally the last situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so finally the last situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so finally the last situation is
+really interesting so that means in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting so that means in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting so that means in this
+situation this is actually heavy lagoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this is actually heavy lagoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this is actually heavy lagoon
+velocity equal the group velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity equal the group velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity equal the group velocity is
+actually having different sign compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having different sign compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having different sign compared
+to the phase velocity so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase velocity so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the phase velocity so you can see
+that the whole structure of the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole structure of the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the whole structure of the envelope
+is actually moving backward but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually moving backward but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually moving backward but the
+carrier is actually moving in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is actually moving in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier is actually moving in the
+positive direction in this example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction in this example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive direction in this example okay
+so this is actually what we have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually what we have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually what we have learned
+from the from this a bit phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from this a bit phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the from this a bit phenomena and
+we have covered the idea of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have covered the idea of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have covered the idea of phase
+velocity and the group velocity so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the group velocity so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and the group velocity so how
+about found the system how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about found the system how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about found the system how do we
+understand when we have a bound system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when we have a bound system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when we have a bound system
+and how does that involve evolve as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that involve evolve as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how does that involve evolve as a
+function of time so if I have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time so if I have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time so if I have a system
+of two walls and the one string and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two walls and the one string and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two walls and the one string and of
+course I give you the density per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I give you the density per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I give you the density per unit
+length and the texturing tension and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and the texturing tension and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and the texturing tension and
+also the Alpha which is actually telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the Alpha which is actually telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the Alpha which is actually telling
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+about the steepness of this system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the steepness of this system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the steepness of this system okay
+again i can write down sy xt to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i can write down sy xt to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i can write down sy xt to be a
+song of all the normal more from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song of all the normal more from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song of all the normal more from 1 to
+infinity am sign KN x plus alpha n sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity am sign KN x plus alpha n sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity am sign KN x plus alpha n sine
+Omega NT Osprey time and then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega NT Osprey time and then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega NT Osprey time and then what we
+can do is that we can first get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is that we can first get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is that we can first get the
+initial conditions of this system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions of this system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions of this system and
+also the boundary conditions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the boundary conditions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the boundary conditions of this
+system then we actually just follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then we actually just follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system then we actually just follow
+exactly the same procedure to obtain all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same procedure to obtain all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same procedure to obtain all
+the unknown coefficients then we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown coefficients then we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown coefficients then we will be
+able to evolve this system as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to evolve this system as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to evolve this system as a function
+of time as I have demonstrated you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as I have demonstrated you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time as I have demonstrated you in
+the beginning of the lecture right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the lecture right so in
+this case you can have two boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can have two boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you can have two boundary
+conditions one is actually at X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions one is actually at X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions one is actually at X equal to
+0 and the otherwise su d at X equal to L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the otherwise su d at X equal to L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the otherwise su d at X equal to L
+okay in those boundaries as we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in those boundaries as we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in those boundaries as we actually
+learned before because the endpoints are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before because the endpoints are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned before because the endpoints are
+fixed on the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed on the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed on the wall
+therefore Phi of 0 at at the time T will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore Phi of 0 at at the time T will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore Phi of 0 at at the time T will
+be always equal to 0 for the laugh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be always equal to 0 for the laugh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be always equal to 0 for the laugh and
+sigh boundary condition and very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh boundary condition and very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh boundary condition and very similar
+the as we discussed before saya LT will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we discussed before saya LT will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as we discussed before saya LT will
+be equal to 0 if you look at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 if you look at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 0 if you look at the right
+hand side of the wall okay of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the wall okay of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of the wall okay of the system
+okay so I don't want to repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't want to repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't want to repeat this
+because this is actually exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is actually exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is actually exactly the
+same calculation which we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same calculation which we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same calculation which we have done
+before right so with this compound these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right so with this compound these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right so with this compound these
+two boundary conditions we can as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boundary conditions we can as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boundary conditions we can as you
+conclude that km will be equal to M PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that km will be equal to M PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that km will be equal to M PI
+over L and the Alpha n will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L and the Alpha n will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L and the Alpha n will be equal to
+0 okay so you can actually go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so you can actually go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so you can actually go back and
+check this result so what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this result so what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this result so what I want to say
+is that until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that until
+now what we have been doing is identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we have been doing is identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we have been doing is identical
+to what we have been doing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we have been doing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we have been doing for the
+non-dispersive media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dispersive media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dispersive media
+okay well I'm to say is that the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I'm to say is that the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well I'm to say is that the shape
+of the normal mall is as she said by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the normal mall is as she said by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the normal mall is as she said by the
+boundary condition it's determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition it's determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition it's determined by
+the boundary condition and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary condition and it has
+actually so far nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so far nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so far nothing to do with the
+dispersion relation Omega as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation Omega as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation Omega as a function
+of K okay so in short boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K okay so in short boundary condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K okay so in short boundary condition
+can give you the shape of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you the shape of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you the shape of the normal
+mode and we know that the person on Momo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and we know that the person on Momo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and we know that the person on Momo
+second know Momo etc etc it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second know Momo etc etc it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second know Momo etc etc it's actually
+going to be identical to the case of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be identical to the case of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be identical to the case of non
+dispersive medium okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay so that's
+actually the first thing which we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first thing which we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the first thing which we learn
+the second thing we learn is that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we learn is that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing we learn is that okay
+now what we see is that once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we see is that once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we see is that once the
+boundary condition is given then the km
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition is given then the km
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition is given then the km
+is actually also given therefore since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually also given therefore since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually also given therefore since I
+have the dispersion relation Omega as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dispersion relation Omega as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dispersion relation Omega as a
+function K as shown there right Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function K as shown there right Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function K as shown there right Omega is
+equal to Omega over K is equal to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega over K is equal to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega over K is equal to V
+times square root of 1 plus alpha K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of 1 plus alpha K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times square root of 1 plus alpha K
+square right therefore once KN is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right therefore once KN is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square right therefore once KN is given
+Omega M is also given right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega M is also given right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega M is also given right so you can
+see that that's actually where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's actually where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that's actually where the
+dispersion relation coming to pray the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation coming to pray the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion relation coming to pray the
+Omega n will be different if you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n will be different if you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n will be different if you compare
+the dispersive case in non dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersive case in non dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dispersive case in non dispersive
+case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case okay
+so that is actually what I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is actually what I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is actually what I want to say
+the KN which is the shape of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KN which is the shape of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KN which is the shape of the normal
+Mouse doesn't depend on the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouse doesn't depend on the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mouse doesn't depend on the dispersion
+relation on the other hand the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation on the other hand the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation on the other hand the speed of
+the oscillation the angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation the angular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation the angular frequency
+Omega depends on the dispersion relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega depends on the dispersion relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega depends on the dispersion relation
+which is actually what we obtained it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually what we obtained it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually what we obtained it
+from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+if I start to plot Omega and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start to plot Omega and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I start to plot Omega and as a
+function of K n so in the case of non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K n so in the case of non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of K n so in the case of non
+dispersive medium so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium so what I'm going to
+get is actually the squid point along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is actually the squid point along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is actually the squid point along a
+straight line okay this is actually k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay this is actually k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay this is actually k1
+k2 k3 k4 etc they're actually they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2 k3 k4 etc they're actually they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k2 k3 k4 etc they're actually they're
+actually all sitting on a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all sitting on a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all sitting on a common
+straight line okay if we do get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay if we do get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line okay if we do get that
+like this the the relative difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the relative difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this the the relative difference
+between k1 k2 and k3 they are constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between k1 k2 and k3 they are constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between k1 k2 and k3 they are constant
+right according to this this formula the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to this this formula the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right according to this this formula the
+difference between k1 k2 is PI over 2 k2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between k1 k2 is PI over 2 k2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between k1 k2 is PI over 2 k2
+MK trees as you've also PI over 2 PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MK trees as you've also PI over 2 PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MK trees as you've also PI over 2 PI
+over L ok it's always a fixed number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L ok it's always a fixed number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L ok it's always a fixed number and
+the since Omega is a proportional to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the since Omega is a proportional to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the since Omega is a proportional to K
+therefore the spacing between Omega 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the spacing between Omega 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the spacing between Omega 1
+Omega 2 Omega 3 is also constant okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 Omega 3 is also constant okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 2 Omega 3 is also constant okay in
+short omega2 omega3 and omega4 etc it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short omega2 omega3 and omega4 etc it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short omega2 omega3 and omega4 etc it's
+always multiple times of while you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always multiple times of while you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always multiple times of while you get
+from Omega 1 right according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Omega 1 right according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Omega 1 right according to this
+graph and in the case of non dispersive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and in the case of non dispersive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and in the case of non dispersive
+media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+okay so what does that mean that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what does that mean that means
+okay now if I have a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I have a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I have a very complicated
+initial condition okay this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition okay this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition okay this is actually
+what I have in initial condition very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have in initial condition very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have in initial condition very
+complicated okay I just need to wait if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay I just need to wait if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay I just need to wait if
+if this is a non dispersive medium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a non dispersive medium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a non dispersive medium that
+I just have to wait until T equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have to wait until T equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have to wait until T equal to 2
+PI over Omega 1 then this system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over Omega 1 then this system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over Omega 1 then this system will
+restore to its original shape ok that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore to its original shape ok that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore to its original shape ok that's
+actually what I can learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I can learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I can learn from
+right because Omega 2 Omega 3 and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because Omega 2 Omega 3 and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because Omega 2 Omega 3 and any
+higher-order normal modes the anger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order normal modes the anger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher-order normal modes the anger
+frequencies actually multiple times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies actually multiple times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies actually multiple times of
+what I get from Omega 1 okay on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get from Omega 1 okay on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get from Omega 1 okay on the
+other hand if I consider a situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I consider a situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I consider a situation of
+dispersive medium okay you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay you can see that
+now now the difference between Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now the difference between Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now the difference between Omega n
+is not the constant okay so while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the constant okay so while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the constant okay so while you
+will put it is that it would take much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put it is that it would take much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put it is that it would take much
+much longer for this system to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer for this system to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer for this system to go back
+to the original shape compared to non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original shape compared to non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original shape compared to non
+dispersive medium okay so that is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay so that is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersive medium okay so that is really
+you can as you see in a real-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as you see in a real-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as you see in a real-life
+experiment I can distort this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I can distort this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I can distort this is this
+equipment in this bound as as a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in this bound as as a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in this bound as as a system
+and is actually going to take forever or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is actually going to take forever or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is actually going to take forever or
+impossible to come back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to come back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to come back to the original
+shape because of the dispersion okay on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape because of the dispersion okay on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape because of the dispersion okay on
+the other hand if I have a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I have a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if I have a really high
+do idealized situation if I have both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do idealized situation if I have both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do idealized situation if I have both
+end bound and I just have to wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end bound and I just have to wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end bound and I just have to wait until
+T equal to 2 PI over Omega 1 then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equal to 2 PI over Omega 1 then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equal to 2 PI over Omega 1 then this
+system will go back to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will go back to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will go back to the original
+shape before I end the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape before I end the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape before I end the lecture today
+okay I would like to discuss with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I would like to discuss with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I would like to discuss with you
+two interesting issue so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interesting issue so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interesting issue so many of you
+have seen water waves right and Feynman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen water waves right and Feynman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen water waves right and Feynman
+as you told us in his lecture that water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you told us in his lecture that water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you told us in his lecture that water
+waves the really is this seen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the really is this seen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves the really is this seen by
+everybody but this actually the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but this actually the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but this actually the worst
+possible example that's the bad news the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible example that's the bad news the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible example that's the bad news the
+worst possible example because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible example because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst possible example because it has
+all the possible complication that waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible complication that waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible complication that waves
+can have that's the bad news the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have that's the bad news the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have that's the bad news the good
+news is that you are going to do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is that you are going to do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news is that you are going to do that in
+your pset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pset
+so we will be able to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be able to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be able to understand the
+behavior of the water waves so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the water waves so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the water waves so that's
+the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news
+the second thing which I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing which I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing which I would like to
+talk about is face velocity okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is face velocity okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is face velocity okay you can
+see that this okay you can say okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this okay you can say okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this okay you can say okay you
+say that face velocity or harmonica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that face velocity or harmonica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that face velocity or harmonica
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+doesn't send the information right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't send the information right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't send the information right and
+and how do I actually know that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I actually know that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do I actually know that right so
+what does that mean okay so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean okay so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean okay so let's take
+this horrible example of water wave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this horrible example of water wave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this horrible example of water wave okay
+so the the brake line is issued the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the brake line is issued the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the brake line is issued the
+pitch and you there's a water wave from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and you there's a water wave from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch and you there's a water wave from
+the ocean approaching the beach and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean approaching the beach and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean approaching the beach and you
+can see that you can have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you can have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that you can have some kind of
+angle between the in certain water wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the in certain water wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between the in certain water wave
+and the line of the beach okay what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the line of the beach okay what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the line of the beach okay what I
+can usually do is that I can now measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually do is that I can now measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can usually do is that I can now measure
+the shape of the water water wave at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the water water wave at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the water water wave at the
+at the edge of the beach and we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of the beach and we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the edge of the beach and we will see
+that huh now the face velocity which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huh now the face velocity which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huh now the face velocity which I
+observe there is actually faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe there is actually faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe there is actually faster than
+the speed of propagation of the waterway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of propagation of the waterway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of propagation of the waterway
+because of this this egg incident angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this this egg incident angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this this egg incident angle
+okay I can actually make it very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can actually make it very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can actually make it very very
+fast I can make this speed actually even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast I can make this speed actually even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast I can make this speed actually even
+faster than the speed of light right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the speed of light right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the speed of light right I
+can I can I can now decrease the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I can now decrease the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can I can now decrease the the
+CETA to 0 then you have you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CETA to 0 then you have you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CETA to 0 then you have you'll have a
+phase velocity which is faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity which is faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase velocity which is faster than
+speed of light is go to infinity but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light is go to infinity but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light is go to infinity but the
+slamming anything actually that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slamming anything actually that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slamming anything actually that doesn't
+mean anything because that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything because that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean anything because that I don't
+really move the water for a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move the water for a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really move the water for a specific
+point to another point infinitely fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to another point infinitely fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to another point infinitely fast
+therefore what I want to say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what I want to say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore what I want to say is that
+okay you can do y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do y
+you want to make a fancy face velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make a fancy face velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make a fancy face velocity
+but that will not help you with sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that will not help you with sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that will not help you with sending
+things close to the speed of light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things close to the speed of light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things close to the speed of light or
+greater than speed of light okay so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than speed of light okay so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than speed of light okay so as
+you can see from the example I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from the example I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see from the example I can
+easily construct a simple example which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily construct a simple example which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily construct a simple example which
+you see that it's actually really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's actually really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that it's actually really not
+sending anything from one place to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending anything from one place to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending anything from one place to the
+other but you still have really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but you still have really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but you still have really really
+fast velocity okay thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast velocity okay thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast velocity okay thank you very much
+everybody for the attention and hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody for the attention and hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody for the attention and hope you
+enjoy the lecture and if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the lecture and if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy the lecture and if you have any
+questions please let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RY0X1oEQbb0.txt b/RY0X1oEQbb0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f26e5c12db241d546891d73a796b05f9209dede9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RY0X1oEQbb0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh my name is Philip tan I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my name is Philip tan I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my name is Philip tan I'm the
+research scientist here at the MIT game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research scientist here at the MIT game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research scientist here at the MIT game
+lab and I've been teaching various game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and I've been teaching various game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and I've been teaching various game
+courses here in MIT for about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+years every night I play Starcraft for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years every night I play Starcraft for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years every night I play Starcraft for a
+couple of games uh just to help me calm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of games uh just to help me calm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of games uh just to help me calm
+down and get to sleep uh so that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and get to sleep uh so that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and get to sleep uh so that's kind
+of my regular ritual um otherwise I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my regular ritual um otherwise I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my regular ritual um otherwise I've
+lately picked up this game called desert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately picked up this game called desert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lately picked up this game called desert
+golfing uh which is just kind of endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golfing uh which is just kind of endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golfing uh which is just kind of endless
+golfing uh on on the iPhone and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golfing uh on on the iPhone and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golfing uh on on the iPhone and it's
+strangely soothing U yet maddening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely soothing U yet maddening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangely soothing U yet maddening at
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time right now I'm actually working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right now I'm actually working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right now I'm actually working with
+Blizzard Entertainment to try to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blizzard Entertainment to try to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blizzard Entertainment to try to uh
+create different ways for players to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create different ways for players to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create different ways for players to for
+for people who are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who are interested in
+Starcraft to spectate a game being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starcraft to spectate a game being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starcraft to spectate a game being
+played by professionals uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by professionals uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played by professionals uh
+so we're bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixing I'm really really looking forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing I'm really really looking forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing I'm really really looking forward
+to what the students end up making uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the students end up making uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what the students end up making uh I
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+usually uh impress me with some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh impress me with some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually uh impress me with some sort of
+like far out of left field uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like far out of left field uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like far out of left field uh uh
+approach to the problems that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the problems that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to the problems that that that
+we put forward to them and this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put forward to them and this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put forward to them and this year
+we're kind of ramping up the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of ramping up the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of ramping up the design
+challenge so I'm interested to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so I'm interested to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge so I'm interested to see where
+they go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so outside of this class I'm pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so outside of this class I'm pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so outside of this class I'm pretty
+much focused mostly on my four-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much focused mostly on my four-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much focused mostly on my four-year-old
+kid and relearning what fun is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and relearning what fun is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid and relearning what fun is actually
+through her eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'd like to just see a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to just see a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to just see a lot more
+different kinds of games about a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of games about a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of games about a whole
+bunch of different things uh right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different things uh right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different things uh right now I
+feel we right at the cusp of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel we right at the cusp of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel we right at the cusp of you know
+like a Cambrian explosion of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Cambrian explosion of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Cambrian explosion of different
+ideas tools are out there the knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas tools are out there the knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas tools are out there the knowledge
+is getting out there this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting out there this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting out there this idea that
+anyone can make a game but um I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can make a game but um I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can make a game but um I feel
+that there are still a lot of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are still a lot of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are still a lot of sort of
+Social and systemic barriers to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social and systemic barriers to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social and systemic barriers to prevent
+people from getting every idea uh uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from getting every idea uh uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from getting every idea uh uh in
+in into distribution so we're still kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into distribution so we're still kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into distribution so we're still kind
+of constrained to a small set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constrained to a small set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constrained to a small set of uh
+genres familiar genres and we see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres familiar genres and we see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres familiar genres and we see a lot
+of those games but I'd like to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those games but I'd like to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those games but I'd like to get a
+greater variety out there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SbabED1wRMo.txt b/SbabED1wRMo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cb9b679e24d85082cb169241573cbf21c94c224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SbabED1wRMo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2860 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's
+get started.
+
+Everyone can go ahead and take
+10 more seconds on today's
+
+clicker question.
+
+This is about hybridization,
+which we will go over more to
+
+start today, but just
+to see where we are
+
+as a starting point.
+
+All right, great.
+
+So most of you got this.
+
+The question is what was the
+hybridization of an atom if we
+
+know that it has two
+hybrid orbitals.
+
+This is really, really
+important, so I'm just going
+
+to write this out for that 20%
+of you that didn't see this
+
+right away.
+
+So we know that when we have
+hybrid orbitals that come from
+
+s and p orbitals, these are our
+atomic orbitals we have to
+
+choose from to hybridize.
+
+So if we know, for example,
+that we need two hybrid
+
+orbitals, that means we needed
+to have started with two
+
+atomic orbitals.
+
+So that means what we would
+form are two s p hybrid
+
+orbitals and we'd be left
+with our other two p
+
+orbitals left over.
+
+So any time you figure out that
+you're going to need two
+
+hybrid orbitals, and we'll go
+over when you would find this
+
+out in just a minute, but any
+time that happens you know it
+
+has to come from an s and a p,
+so that's why you'll end up
+
+with s p hybrid orbitals
+there.
+
+And exam 2 is happening in just
+one week from today, so
+
+next Wednesday.
+
+The semester moves really fast.
+So I can't believe we're
+
+already up to exam 2
+talk, but we are.
+
+So, you should have all received
+two handouts when you
+
+walked in today, your notes and
+then an exam 2 info sheet.
+
+Did everybody get that?
+
+If you didn't get it, just raise
+your hand and a TA will
+
+come to you with that.
+
+I see there's a few around, if
+one of the TA's can jump up
+
+and fill those in.
+
+All right, so basically,
+as with exam 1, all the
+
+information you need to know
+about what's going to be on
+
+exam 2 is on this handout.
+
+Specifically exam 2
+is going to cover
+
+lectures 10 through 17.
+
+Today is lecture 16, so that
+means it's going to cover
+
+today's lecture and then a bit
+into Friday's lecture as well,
+
+so I'll be really clear on
+Friday where exam 2 material
+
+ends, where you can kind of
+switch off the exam 2 part of
+
+your studying.
+
+And it will also be on
+problem-sets 4 and 5.
+
+So it's going to be on two
+problem-sets instead of three
+
+problem-sets, but as you know,
+there are a lot of different
+
+concepts covered in these
+two problem-sets.
+
+So it's still a lot to be
+thinking about and you need to
+
+make sure that you really
+understand all of these
+
+different concepts.
+
+So this is explicitly listed
+in this sheet here, so make
+
+sure you look it over.
+
+But I just want to say is well,
+the concepts that we've
+
+covered since exam 1 have been
+talking about covalent bonds,
+
+going along with that are all
+the Lewis structures that
+
+we've done.
+
+Then we talked about ionic
+bonds, so you need to make
+
+sure you can solve those ionic
+bond problems. And then we
+
+started talking about different
+types of bonding in
+
+terms of thinking about MO
+theory, and also vesper theory
+
+and hybridization.
+
+And then today, and a little
+bit on Friday, you'll be
+
+responsible for some of this new
+material, which is going
+
+to be a little bit of
+thermochemistry.
+
+Not too much on exam 2, most of
+that will be saved for exam
+
+3 material, but an intro to
+thermochemistry, that will
+
+also be on the exam, just as
+far as these two lectures.
+
+So, basically this is all
+written out here, and I also
+
+want to mention in terms of
+your MO diagrams and MO
+
+theory, I sent out an email
+about this, but I also wrote
+
+it out here so you have it
+written down in terms of what
+
+you are responsible for in terms
+of ordering the energy
+
+levels of molecular orbitals.
+
+So that's all written down
+explicitly right here, this is
+
+what you need to know
+for the exam.
+
+Also it's helpful for the
+problem-set as well.
+
+And also, in terms of MO
+diagrams, I think that you
+
+will already gone over this
+pretty explicitly either last
+
+week in recitation or yesterday,
+in terms of what
+
+you need to do to get full
+credit when you're actually
+
+drawing an MO diagram.
+
+Just in case you don't have that
+information or you didn't
+
+write it down, I wrote this down
+for you here as well in
+
+terms of things like making
+sure to draw your energy
+
+arrows, or remembering
+to label all
+
+of your atomic orbitals.
+
+We don't want anyone getting
+points off on the exam for
+
+doing something silly where
+they do understand what's
+
+going on, but they're
+just not writing it
+
+in the correct form.
+
+So all this information
+is on your sheet here.
+
+And also on this sheet mentions
+that you will be
+
+getting optional extra
+problems on Friday.
+
+This is just like for exam 1.
+
+The way that you should approach
+these extra problems,
+
+you don't need to turn them in,
+you're not required to do
+
+them, but if you want to do well
+on the exam we really,
+
+really encourage that you do
+these problems. And in terms
+
+of having it be worth your time
+when you're solving these
+
+problems, what you want to do
+is make sure you're at the
+
+point where you can put your
+notes away, where you can sit
+
+alone without your friends,
+and really approach these
+
+extra problems as if they're
+exam problems. This way if
+
+there's some conceptual leap
+that you haven't quite made
+
+yet, but you don't realize it
+because you've been using your
+
+notes or using the conversations
+with your
+
+friends, you want to make that
+leap and run into those
+
+problems alone in your room
+when you have two hours to
+
+figure it out.
+
+You don't want to do this
+leap on an exam.
+
+That's not the ideal
+situation.
+
+So especially with Lewis
+structures where sometimes you
+
+can run into confusions that you
+need to work through and
+
+make sure it all makes sense in
+terms of your head how to
+
+do this, make sure you take the
+time to do that before the
+
+exam and don't have to end up
+struggling with that on the
+
+exam in a time situation.
+
+All right, so the extra problem
+solutions will be
+
+posted on Sunday.
+
+And in terms of office hours for
+next week, my office hours
+
+are going to be on Monday from
+2 to 4, I'm moving them up,
+
+and your TAs will move up their
+office hours as well, so
+
+check with them in recitation
+or on the website.
+
+So that's pretty much
+it for exam 2.
+
+Are there any questions about
+what you're responsible for or
+
+anything regarding exam 2?
+
+OK, and in terms of the room
+it's in Walker again, so at
+
+least this part should
+be familiar.
+
+You'll be used to going to your
+row, it'll be the same
+
+row, it's all written here
+again, but you can just do
+
+exactly what you
+did for exam 1.
+
+All right, so one last class
+announcement, and this is that
+
+if you've been looking at our
+first sheet of the whole year,
+
+sort of the course overview
+sheet, you know that our class
+
+in terms of grading is out of
+750 points, and 50 of those
+
+points are for attendance and
+something called occasional
+
+in-class quizzes.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+start filling in some of those
+
+points because we only have 36
+classes worth of attendance.
+
+So we have a couple of points
+to make up in terms of
+
+quizzes, and these are going to
+be clicker quizzes, and let
+
+me explain how this
+is going to work.
+
+Basically, in at least for my
+part of the class, what we're
+
+going to do, because what I
+really care about is that
+
+people are answering the clicker
+questions, it's really
+
+valuable for me.
+
+I don't necessarily care if you
+get them right or wrong
+
+during class, because this is
+the point at which you're
+
+still learning them.
+
+So these quiz points, which
+could be up to 2 points per
+
+class, will be in addition to
+attendance points, and you'll
+
+get full credit if you answer
+the quiz question.
+
+So you need to be answering
+the questions because the
+
+quizzes will not be announced.
+
+So this is another reward for
+people that are always
+
+participating.
+
+These clicker questions are
+really valuable to us in terms
+
+of the feedback, it really gives
+me an idea of where the
+
+class is as a whole.
+
+So really, it's important that
+you are answering these
+
+questions and this is a way to
+get your quiz points up, so in
+
+addition to attendance, you'll
+get 2 quiz points.
+
+We'll have our first unannounced
+quiz today, so you
+
+won't know what problem it is
+beforehand, so I suggest you
+
+make sure you're answering all
+the clicker questions, which
+
+most of you do anyway.
+
+And I will just say I recognize
+that some of you are
+
+just scurrying across campus
+to get here on time.
+
+So I'll never make that first
+question a quiz question,
+
+because I know how hard it is
+to get from one place to
+
+another on this campus, and I
+know most of you do a great
+
+job of sneaking in right at the
+last minute when you have
+
+that long run.
+
+So we won't make the first
+question a quiz question, but
+
+be on the look out for a
+quiz question today.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's get to today's topic.
+
+We're going to finish talking
+about valence bond theory and
+
+hybridization.
+
+So what we've already done is
+really cover all the theory
+
+that we're going to cover
+behind how hybridization
+
+works, and behind how valence
+bond theory works.
+
+But what we haven't covered is
+how do we actually solve
+
+problems doing this in
+the really quick way.
+
+So we're going to do that.
+
+This is going to be a more
+practical lesson in
+
+hybridization.
+
+And once we do that, we'll move
+on to now talking about
+
+energies and enthalpies
+of chemical reactions.
+
+So this is a real shift.
+
+We spent a while talking about
+single atoms, and then we've
+
+spent most of the material,
+since exam 1,
+
+talking about bonding.
+
+So now we're taking it one step
+further and we're going
+
+to actually get to talk about
+some chemical reactions.
+
+So we'll do that once we
+finish up with our
+
+hybridization unit here.
+
+All right, so how do we
+go about determining
+
+hybridization in complex
+molecules?
+
+It's actually incredibly simple,
+and all that you need
+
+to do is think about for the
+given atom that you're looking
+
+at, what you want to do is add
+up the number of atoms that
+
+are bonded to your central
+atom, or the atom you're
+
+considering, and add to that
+the number of lone pairs.
+
+And what you end up with is the
+number of hybrid orbitals
+
+that you need.
+
+All right, so the theory behind
+hybridization and
+
+picturing everything, that can
+be pretty complicated, and I
+
+do want you to understand
+that.
+
+But if, for example, on an
+exam situation, you don't
+
+necessarily have to think
+through everything, you can
+
+just use this very quick way
+to figure out the number of
+
+hybrid orbitals that you need.
+
+And what we just said is that
+any time we need two hybrid
+
+orbitals, we know that the
+hybridization of that atom is
+
+going to be s p, because
+it's made up of
+
+one s and one p orbital.
+
+So let's say we need three
+hybrid orbitals.
+
+What is our hybridization of
+our atom in this case?
+
+Yeah, it's s p 2.
+
+We want to take three atomic
+orbitals to make three hybrid
+
+orbitals, so it's going
+to be s p 2.
+
+So what if we need four hybrid
+orbitals, what's the
+
+hybridization going to
+be in this case?
+
+STUDENT: S p 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: S p 3.
+
+All right, great.
+
+So, really that's it.
+
+Hopefully hybridization just got
+a lot simpler for any of
+
+you that have been struggling
+a little bit with it.
+
+But let's go ahead and do an
+example to make sure that we
+
+can all do this.
+
+And let's take a look --
+first let me mention
+
+an exception here.
+
+The one exception to thinking
+about how many hybrid orbitals
+
+that you have are in the case
+where you have single bonded
+
+terminal atoms. So in the case
+of a terminal atom that is a
+
+single bond, you're not
+going to hybridize it.
+
+So in that case, just don't even
+change anything it's just
+
+going to be one of the p
+orbitals, or unless you're
+
+talking about hydrogen in
+which case will be an s
+
+orbital that overlaps.
+
+All right, so we can illustrate
+this with an
+
+example of formal chloride.
+
+So this is a good example
+because we're just dealing
+
+with our carbon as our central
+atom here, and we have three
+
+terminal atoms, two of which
+are single bonded, so we're
+
+not going to hybridize those,
+and one which is double
+
+bonded, the oxygen, so we
+will hybridize that one.
+
+So in terms of thinking about
+the carbon, what is a
+
+hybridization around
+the carbon atom?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, I'm
+hearing some mixed answers.
+
+So let's think.
+
+So the carbon atom is bonded to
+three different atoms, and
+
+it has no lone pairs.
+
+So what's the hybridization?
+
+STUDENT: S p 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: Good s p 2.
+
+So, if we're talking about the
+c h bond, we're going to say
+
+that it's carbon, it's a sigma
+bond because it's a single
+
+bond, and then it's carbon
+2 s p 2 bonded to a
+
+hydrogen 1 s orbital.
+
+All right, so let's take
+a look at the carbon
+
+chlorine bond here.
+
+Again, carbon is still 2 s p 2,
+it's the same carbon atom,
+
+and it's going to be a sigma
+bond because it's a single
+
+bond, but what about the
+chlorine, what atomic orbital
+
+is going to be bonding
+in the chlorine?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+I'm hearing a little bit of
+mixes, they're all p's, which
+
+is a good start.
+
+It turns out that it's going
+to be the chlorine 3 p z.
+
+So the reason that it's p is
+because we're not hybridizing
+
+it, and the reason that I
+specifically say that it's the
+
+p z instead of the p x or the
+p y, is remember that the
+
+z-axis, that's our bonding
+axis, that's our
+
+internuclear axis.
+
+So any time we have a p orbital
+that's involved in a
+
+sigma bond, it has to be the z
+orbital because that's the
+
+only one that has the right
+orientation to overlap along
+
+that z-axis.
+
+So we're going to say it's
+carbon s p 2, and then
+
+chlorine 3 p z.
+
+All right, so let's look at the
+last bond here, which is a
+
+carbon oxygen double bond.
+
+We know that any time we have a
+double bond it's made up of
+
+one sigma bond plus
+one pi bond.
+
+So, when we look at the carbon
+again, that's 2 s p 2.
+
+But what about the oxygen,
+what's the hybridization of
+
+this oxygen atom?
+
+S p 2.
+
+So we're going to have carbon
+2 s p 2, and then
+
+oxygen 2 s p 2.
+
+It's s p 2 because the oxygen is
+bonded to one atom plus two
+
+lone pairs, so we're going
+to have a total of
+
+three hybrid orbitals.
+
+All right, so this is not our
+only bond, we have a double
+
+bond, so we also need to
+talk about the pi bond.
+
+So if we talk about the pi bond,
+we can say that's carbon
+
+2 p y, then the oxygen 2 p y.
+
+We could alternatively say, and
+be correct, that it was
+
+the carbon 2 p x and
+the oxygen 2 p x.
+
+Either one of those is fine.
+
+All right, so that's an example
+of how we can assign
+
+very quickly and very easily
+what the hybridization is of a
+
+given atom.
+
+And then also fully describe the
+symmetry and the atomic or
+
+hybrid orbitals that
+make up bonds.
+
+So this is a lot of your
+problems on the p-set, so if
+
+you haven't finished that
+section, hopefully you'll be
+
+able to get through that section
+pretty quickly when
+
+you go back to it.
+
+And let's take a look at a
+little bit of a more complex
+
+molecule here, which is ascorbic
+acid or vitamin C.
+
+And this is a good example
+because it's starting to look
+
+a little more complicated, but
+not too much more complicated.
+
+But the reality is if you know
+how to do assigning the
+
+hybridization this way, even
+if I gave you a 1,000 atom
+
+protein, you should still
+be able to get
+
+it completely correct.
+
+Vitamin C is a really important
+molecule to actually
+
+think about in terms of thinking
+about its shape and
+
+its hybridization.
+
+Vitamin C is an antoxidant.
+
+So we might remember that from
+when we were talking about
+
+free radicals.
+
+Free radicals can cause
+oxidative damage.
+
+These antioxidants, some of
+our vitamins, including
+
+vitamin C are antioxidants.
+
+So that's something that a lot
+of people in the general
+
+population know if they're
+into their health.
+
+But another really important
+thing about ascorbic acid is
+
+that it's an enzyme cofactor.
+
+And a cofactor just means that
+it's some type of molecule or
+
+atom, in this case it's a
+molecule, that's required by
+
+an enzyme in order
+for the enzyme to
+
+carry out its chemistry.
+
+And the chemistry that the
+enzymes that vitamin C are a
+
+cofactor for are responsible
+for putting oxygen, o h
+
+groups, onto collagen molecules
+in order to form
+
+what is the collagen
+triple helix.
+
+And collagen is the main
+constituent of bones, of
+
+joints, of connective tissue,
+of many important structural
+
+parts of our bodies.
+
+So you can imagine that vitamin
+C is very important
+
+because we need to keep
+our collagen intact.
+
+Collogen is actually one of the
+most prevalent proteins in
+
+our entire body, and it makes up
+a large part of our cells.
+
+So you can imagine if we don't
+have collagen that is in this
+
+triple helix, we're going to run
+into some problems. Does
+
+anyone, or I'm sure many of you
+do know, but can someone
+
+tell me what the name is of
+the disease if you have a
+
+deficiency in vitamin C?
+
+STUDENT: Scurvy.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, scurvy.
+
+So scurvy, most often associated
+with ships because
+
+of the 1500's and 1600's and
+1700's when boating technology
+
+was far above biochemistry
+technology, so people could
+
+make ships and go on these long
+journeys, but people did
+
+not yet understand they needed
+to keep certain vitamins in
+
+their bodies, such as vitamin
+C. Maybe also, they didn't
+
+know about -- well they didn't
+even have the structure, so
+
+they couldn't have realized that
+vitamin C is polar and
+
+won't stay in their bodies for
+very long, it will get
+
+excreted out through
+their urine.
+
+So they were not thinking about
+how quickly they could
+
+run into trouble in the
+long sea voyages.
+
+And I don't know how many of you
+had a unit on explorers in
+
+elementary school --
+
+I did in fifth grade, and one
+that always sticks in my head
+
+is Magellan's trip around the
+world, who led the first fleet
+
+of ships around the globe.
+
+What they did not mention to us
+in fifth grade was that 90%
+
+of his men died on
+that journey.
+
+And I understand we were young
+kids, I didn't want to know
+
+that at the time, but it's
+interesting and it's really
+
+important, and the reason
+for many of
+
+these deaths was scurvy.
+
+And it's totally preventable.
+
+And, in fact, the cure for
+scurvy, which is as simple as
+
+taking vitamin C in any form,
+was known for -- since the
+
+fifth century people started
+figuring this out, but the
+
+problem was there was so much
+false information as well that
+
+it was not a general practice
+on ships to be treating men
+
+that were suffering with vitamin
+C or using it as any
+
+kind of preventative measure.
+
+The other somewhat interesting
+thing I want to say about
+
+vitamin C is that it was part
+of the first ever published
+
+clinical study.
+
+And this was a controlled
+clinical study that was done
+
+in the 1700's, the first one
+that's ever been reported, and
+
+not surprisingly it was done on
+a ship and it was done by
+
+James Lind who was a Scottish
+naval surgeon.
+
+And basically, he took 12 of
+his men, so this was not a
+
+very large clinical study like
+they do today, but he took 12
+
+men that were suffering from
+scurvy, and he gave them a
+
+diet mostly of just carbohydrate
+mush, because
+
+when you have scurvy, one of
+the first signs is bleeding
+
+gums and teeth falling
+out, they couldn't
+
+really eat too much.
+
+But he supplemented
+their diet.
+
+He put them in pairs of two and
+
+supplemented with 1 of 6 things.
+
+So two of them got a
+pint of cider a day
+
+to see if that helped.
+
+Two of them got half a pint of
+seawater -- maybe not the best
+
+group to be in.
+
+Even worse group to be in is
+two of them got diluted
+
+sulfuric acid.
+
+Tuned out that didn't
+help so well.
+
+Other things where some got
+spices, not so bad.
+
+And then two of them actually
+got citrus fruit.
+
+So no big surprise ending to
+this clinical study, the
+
+people with citrus fruit were
+completely cured and back to
+
+duty within a week, and I'm not
+sure exactly what happened
+
+to everyone else, but
+let's hope they got
+
+switched over as well.
+
+But it's just neat to think
+about even back then, people
+
+were doing these controlled
+scientific studies, this was
+
+one of the first cases.
+
+Unfortunately, it was another
+40 years between this study
+
+being published and the
+British Navy requiring
+
+supplements of citric acid.
+
+So, really, we've come a long
+way in terms of disseminating
+
+scientific knowledge to the
+community, and that's a really
+
+important part of being
+scientists -- not just making
+
+these discoveries, but also
+passing along, for example, to
+
+these ships full of people
+that need to know it.
+
+So, in terms of scurvy, we
+don't see too much of it
+
+today, but who should
+be concerned about
+
+suffering from scurvy?
+
+Do we have to worry about our
+cats or dogs at home, are they
+
+getting enough of their
+vegetables and vitamin C?
+
+It turns out we don't
+have to worry.
+
+Primates are who should
+be concerned.
+
+So we need to be concerned,
+other
+
+primates need to be concerned.
+
+It turns out that most other
+mammals actually biosynthesize
+
+vitamin C, so we don't have
+to worry about most
+
+of our pets at home.
+
+Unless you have a guinea pig
+and they don't, in fact,
+
+biosynthesize vitamin C, so I
+think they supplement most
+
+guinea pig pellets with vitamin
+C, but maybe keep an
+
+eye on your guinea pig.
+
+We primates and guinea pigs are
+the only types of mammals
+
+that don't actually
+biosynthesize their vitamin C.
+
+So again, vitamin C is a
+cofactor, that means it needs
+
+to bind to an enzyme, it means
+that the shape of vitamin C
+
+and the hybridization are going
+to be really important.
+
+So let's take a look and talk
+about some of these carbon
+
+atoms here.
+
+And you can look at your
+structure of vitamin C in your
+
+class notes while you're doing
+this, and first I want you to
+
+tell me what the hybridization
+is of that carbon a in the
+
+vitamin C molecule.
+
+And let's take 10 more
+seconds on that.
+
+OK, 78%.
+
+We'll do another question
+like this in a minute.
+
+So if we can switch back
+to the notes we'll
+
+take a look at that.
+
+I think we can get better, I
+think we can get to the 90's
+
+with these hybridization, we
+just need to follow the rules.
+
+So if we're thinking about
+vitamin C and we're talking
+
+about carbon a, how many things
+is carbon a bonded to?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: four things.
+
+We have two hydrogen atoms,
+an oxygen, and
+
+then another carbon.
+
+So that means we need, if it's
+bonded to four things, we need
+
+four different hybrid orbitals,
+so it needs to be s
+
+p 3 hybridized.
+
+All right, let's try this again
+but just shouting out,
+
+what is the hybridization
+of carbon b?
+
+Good.
+
+OK, I'm going to say that was
+about 90% of you I heard,
+
+which is excellent.
+
+S p 3.
+
+What about carbon c here?
+
+Yup, s p 3 again.
+
+Bonded to four things
+it's s p 3.
+
+What about carbon d?
+
+S p 2, great.
+
+Carbon e?
+
+STUDENT: S p 2.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, and this
+last one, the last 10% of you
+
+can join in.
+
+Carbon f?
+
+Great, s p 2.
+
+All right, so we can also think
+about shape once we know
+
+hybridization and how
+many atoms a carbon
+
+atom is bonded to.
+
+What would we say that the
+shape is of these s p 3
+
+orbitals -- or the shape
+of the carbon atom.
+
+Yeah, it's tetrahedral.
+
+So this is going to
+be tetrahedral.
+
+And what about carbon
+d, e, and f?
+
+What is the geometry of
+carbon d, e, and f?
+
+Good, trigonal planar.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's actually take this
+one step further from just
+
+talking about the hybridization
+of the
+
+individual atom.
+
+Let's talk about a couple
+of these bonds.
+
+I won't go through
+all of them.
+
+I think you can get the idea
+with just a few, but you can
+
+go back and try all
+of them later.
+
+So let's start with thinking
+about carbon b hydrogen bond.
+
+Is this going to be a
+sigma or a pi bond?
+
+Sigma.
+
+We know it's sigma, because any
+time we have a single bond
+
+it's a sigma bond.
+
+So carbon b, we just said,
+is carbon, it's
+
+going to be 2 s p 3.
+
+And then hydrogen, what's the
+atomic orbital we're talking
+
+about here?
+
+1 s.
+
+All right, great.
+
+So let's take a look at another
+one, let's look again
+
+at carbon b, but now let's talk
+about it bonding to its
+
+oxygen there.
+
+So again, are we going
+to be talking about a
+
+sigma or a pi bond?
+
+A sigma bond, because again,
+it's a single bond here.
+
+So what we'll say again is
+carbon 2 s p 3, and let's take
+
+a look at this oxygen
+that it's bound to.
+
+Is this oxygen -- what is the
+hybridization of this oxygen
+
+right here?
+
+What is it?
+
+OK, good, it's s p 3.
+
+It's bound to two atoms, plus it
+has two lone pairs, that's
+
+a total of four things.
+
+So it needs to have three
+different hybrid orbitals, so
+
+we'll say it's oxygen 2 s p 3.
+
+So let's skip to a different
+carbon now, let's talk about
+
+carbon d, specifically the
+carbon d oxygen bond.
+
+So let's do a clicker question
+for this one.
+
+Let's get into the 90's, if you
+don't mind, this would be
+
+very good to do.
+
+It'll make me feel better
+about you finishing your
+
+problem-sets tonight.
+
+So if you talk about the
+symmetry and the hybrid or
+
+atomic orbitals that contribute,
+we're talking
+
+about the c d oxygen bond.
+
+So go ahead and look at
+your notes and see
+
+what that bond is.
+
+We already identified the
+hybridization of carbon d, so
+
+we really just need to think
+about the oxygen here.
+
+All right, let's take
+10 more seconds.
+
+OK, I'll take that, 84%.
+
+That's not bad.
+
+So again, we're looking
+at a sigma bond here.
+
+It looks like the one people
+got it confused with was
+
+talking about oxygen
+s p 2 versus s p 3.
+
+Remember, you just need to look
+at what it is actually
+
+bound to, so for carbon d, the
+oxygen's bound to two atoms
+
+plus two lone pairs, so it's
+going to be s p 3 hybridized.
+
+So we'll call this a sigma bond
+where we have carbon 2 s
+
+p, now it's s p 2, and
+oxygen 2 s p 3.
+
+All right, let's take a look
+at just one more here.
+
+So, let's look at the carbon
+d bond with carbon e.
+
+So if we can switch back to the
+class notes just to see
+
+that, though you guys can see
+it on your notes as well.
+
+So in terms of that, we're
+talking about a double bond
+
+now, so we know that we have to
+have one sigma bond and one
+
+pi bond to completely describe
+our double bond.
+
+So for the sigma bond, again,
+it's going to be
+
+carbon 2 s p 2.
+
+And now we're talking about
+the other carbon.
+
+What is the hybridization
+of the other carbon?
+
+Yup, s p 2.
+
+So carbon 2 s p 2.
+
+All right, but we're
+not done there.
+
+We also need to talk
+about the pi bond.
+
+So for the pi bond, we'll talk
+about carbon 2 p y, and then
+
+the second carbon 2 p y.
+
+All right, so I filled in a few
+more in your notes, so you
+
+can maybe cover those up and
+make sure that you get all of
+
+those correct is a good self
+test before you finish off any
+
+in your problem-set.
+
+Does anyone have any questions
+about figuring out
+
+hybridization?
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm sorry,
+what is that?
+
+In this bond here?
+
+Oh, OK, that's a
+good question.
+
+So the question was why is there
+not hybridization in
+
+these p orbitals here.
+
+So in order to form a double
+bond, we need to have a pi
+
+bond forms, and a pi
+bond forms from two
+
+unhybridized p orbitals.
+
+And if you can kind of picture
+those p orbitals, if our
+
+molecules are this way and
+they're coming up here, we
+
+need to have electron density
+above the bond
+
+and below the bond.
+
+So if they're hybrid, then
+they're going to be spread out
+
+into that tetrahedral
+geometry.
+
+We want to have them parallel to
+each other and they need to
+
+be the p bonds, they need
+to be the p orbitals.
+
+Does that makes sense?
+
+So any time we have a double
+bond, the pi part of the bond
+
+is going to be p orbitals.
+
+Yes?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: No, absolutely not.
+
+It would be absolutely correct
+to put 2 p x and 2 p x here,
+
+you just can't put z, because
+that's the one that's going to
+
+be involved in the sigma bond.
+
+And the other important thing
+is if you do put x for one,
+
+you have to make sure you put
+x in the other, because they
+
+do need to be able to interact
+with each other.
+
+You can't have one x and one y,
+but sure, you can have both
+
+x or both y.
+
+OK, so let's shift gears a
+little bit and start talking
+
+about bonding in terms of
+chemical reactions.
+
+So we're going to start today
+with talking about bond
+
+energies, and also something
+called bond enthalpies.
+
+And the first point is just to
+bring us back to something
+
+we're very familiar with.
+
+When we talked about covalent
+bonding, a concept that we
+
+have been discussing is bond
+dissociation energy.
+
+That's just the energy that's
+required to put into a
+
+molecule in order to
+break that bond.
+
+This is something that we saw
+when we were talking just at
+
+the very beginning of our
+unit on covalent bonds.
+
+That energy difference is the
+energy difference between when
+
+we have the c h 4, if we're
+talking about methane, versus
+
+one of those hydrogen bonds
+breaking, one of those c h
+
+bonds breaking.
+
+So we've talked in the past
+about bond energy, but what I
+
+want to introduce to you today
+is a very related concept,
+
+which is called bond enthalpy.
+
+So that's delta h here is what
+we call bond enthalpy.
+
+So, this is talking about
+instead of the change of
+
+energy accompanied with a bond
+breaking, we're talking about
+
+a change in heat accompanied
+with a bond breaking.
+
+So whether when that bond breaks
+it requires heat, or
+
+whether it gives off heat when
+you break that bond or talking
+
+about a reaction.
+
+That's what we're talking
+about when we're
+
+talking about enthalpy.
+
+It turns out that enthalpy is,
+in fact, very related to
+
+energy, and we can relate it
+with this equation here that
+
+bond enthalpy is equal to bond
+energy plus the change in
+
+pressure times volume.
+
+So we could, in fact, go back
+and forth between bond
+
+energies and bond enthalpies,
+but the reality is if we're
+
+talking about gases, which we
+are in many cases, then what
+
+we find is the difference
+between bond enthalpy and bond
+
+energy is only 1% to 2%.
+
+So it's not very significant.
+
+And, in fact, if we're talking
+about solids or liquids, now
+
+we can say that the difference
+between bond energy and bond
+
+enthalpy is going to
+be negligible.
+
+So, for the rest of this class
+today, we're going to stop
+
+talking about bond energy, which
+I did just for a moment,
+
+to orient you back to a
+discussion that was familiar,
+
+we're going to switch our
+discussion to bond enthalpies.
+
+One reason that we like to
+talk about enthalpies is
+
+unlike energy, which can be a
+little bit more tricky, bond
+
+enthalpies are easy
+to measure.
+
+It's easy to measure how much
+heat a reaction gives off or
+
+how much heat a reaction
+takes in.
+
+So we can also talk about
+something, which is called the
+
+standard bond enthalpy, so any
+time you see this symbol here,
+
+which looks like a knot, so it
+looks like a delta h knot,
+
+that refers to the standard
+bond enthalpy.
+
+Any time we we're talking about
+a standard, whether it's
+
+enthalpy or, as we'll see in
+the next lecture, standard
+
+entropy or a standard free
+energy, we're just saying that
+
+the molecules that we're talking
+about are in their
+
+standard states, which means
+they're in their pure form.
+
+If they're a gas it means
+they're at one bar.
+
+Usually this is referring
+to room
+
+temperature, so 298 kelvin.
+
+It's often that when you look
+up tables of different bond
+
+enthalpies, you'll see them in
+their standard state and it
+
+will be at room temperature.
+
+So if we talk about standard
+bond enthalpy, let's talk
+
+about what this is for these
+c h bonds, which
+
+we just saw in methane.
+
+So if we're going from c h 4 to
+breaking one of these c h
+
+bonds, what we see is that
+the bond enthalpy is 438
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+The fact that it's positive
+tells us that we need to put
+
+in that much heat into
+the system in order
+
+to break that bond.
+
+So we now know the enthalpy of
+a c h bond, but, of course,
+
+methane is not the only
+kind of c h bond
+
+that you can envision.
+
+We could talk about the c h
+bond, for example, in ethane
+
+or trifluoromethane or trichloro
+or tribromomethane,
+
+and what you'll find is that
+the amount of enthalpy that
+
+that reaction is associated with
+depends on the exact type
+
+of c h bond that you have. So,
+for example, we can see that
+
+we have slightly different,
+not vastly different, but
+
+slightly different changes in
+enthalpy depending on which
+
+kind of c h bond that
+were breaking.
+
+And what I want to point out
+also is that all of these
+
+delta h's, all of these
+standard bond
+
+enthalpies are positive.
+
+Any time we have a positive
+delta h, we call this an
+
+endothermic reaction.
+
+And again, endothermic
+just means that the
+
+reaction takes in energy.
+
+It's very similar to what when
+we're talking about energy
+
+whether something's taken in
+or released, whether it's
+
+positive or negative.
+
+If you have positive delta h,
+it's endothermic, it takes in
+
+heat in order for the
+reaction to go.
+
+So we can think about instead of
+talking about all of these
+
+individual c h bonds, instead
+we can talk about what the
+
+average value would be
+for all c h bonds.
+
+So we can say that the average
+of any c h bond is 412
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+So you can imagine if you're
+looking these things up in
+
+terms of a reference table or
+maybe in the appendix of your
+
+textbook, it would be an
+impossibly huge number of
+
+pages to write every single
+different kinds of c h bond.
+
+So that's why instead they talk
+about the average bond
+
+enthalpies.
+
+So for c h, again, that's 412,
+and all of the enthalpies we
+
+just saw fall within
+about 8% of that.
+
+And in your book you can look
+up any type of bond that's
+
+listed here.
+
+So we saw c h is 412.
+
+You can look up a c c bond, you
+can look up a c c double
+
+bond, a c c triple
+bond, and so on.
+
+And you'll note that what
+these are are mean bond
+
+enthalpies, so they're the
+average of all different types
+
+of c h bonds or c c bonds
+that you can imagine.
+
+So, you might be asking what's
+so important about being able
+
+to look up and think about
+these different bond
+
+enthalpies.
+
+And the reason that it's
+important is because if you're
+
+looking at a reaction, no matter
+how complicated that
+
+reaction is, you can actually
+figure out what the enthalpy
+
+of the entire reaction is by
+adding up all the individual
+
+mean bond enthalpies of the
+products, and all the
+
+individual mean bond enthalpies
+of their reactants
+
+and thinking about the
+difference between those two.
+
+So we'll do that in just a
+second, and the reaction that
+
+we'll do it with is the
+oxidation of glucose here.
+
+So, c 6 h 12 o 6, one mole of
+glucose plus six moles of
+
+oxygen, gives us six moles
+of carbon dioxide and
+
+six moles of water.
+
+So what we can find out, and
+hopefully what we will match
+
+up when we look at using the
+different bond enthalpies, is
+
+that the enthalpy of this entire
+reaction is negative
+
+2816 kilojoules per mole.
+
+So in this case we're saying
+that delta h is negative.
+
+Does anyone know what
+it's called
+
+when delta h is negative?
+
+Everyone knows, great.
+
+So it's exothermic.
+
+This is an exothermic reaction,
+the reaction
+
+releases heat.
+
+So I just want to mention before
+we go on, if you look
+
+at almost any freshman chemistry
+textbook, what
+
+you'll find is this oxidation of
+glucose reaction is used a
+
+lot in talking about
+thermochemistry.
+
+And one reason it's talked about
+is because it's very
+
+convenient to talk about
+something where we start with
+
+one mole of glucose and end up
+with 12 moles of products.
+
+That's going to be helpful what
+we're doing a practice
+
+problem to see exactly how you
+deal with it when there's
+
+different numbers of moles.
+
+But the other reason you always
+see this reaction is
+
+because it's an incredibly
+important reaction.
+
+The oxidation of glucose is
+going on all the time in our
+
+body, this is our main source
+of energy for all animals.
+
+So let's think a little bit
+about why this reaction is so
+
+important and so prevalent.
+
+It turns out that if we're
+talking about plants, plants
+
+do the reverse reaction.
+
+So plants take carbon dioxide
+and water and they turn it
+
+into glucose or energy for us,
+energy stored in the bonds of
+
+glucose plus oxygen.
+
+So if we do the reverse
+reaction, this is actually
+
+going to require energy.
+
+Where do plants get
+this energy?
+
+Yeah, this is just
+photosynthesis here.
+
+This is the photosynthesis
+where plants are turning
+
+carbon dioxide and water into
+sugar and into oxygen.
+
+So what happens when we eat
+the plants or when we eat
+
+animals that have eaten the
+plants is that we perform the
+
+reverse reaction now, which is
+what I just showed you, the
+
+oxidation of glucose.
+
+And even though it's not the
+products of the reaction that
+
+are particularly valuable to us,
+we just breathe out the c
+
+o 2, and actually we'd rather
+have less of that than more in
+
+our environment, but what's
+important here is instead the
+
+energy or the enthalpy that's
+given often in this reaction.
+
+So as I said, this reaction
+has a negative enthalpy of
+
+2816 kilojoules per mole.
+
+That's a lot of enthalpy
+and a lot of energy.
+
+So we actually end up using that
+energy to fuel most of
+
+what is going on
+in our bodies.
+
+So instead of storing it as
+sugar, once we oxidize the
+
+sugar, now we just store it as
+ATP, and as you know, ATP is
+
+the currency of energy
+in the cells.
+
+So this is why you see this
+reaction again and again and
+
+again in just about any
+chemistry textbook that you
+
+open up as sort of a
+general reaction.
+
+The reason it's used is it's
+just so important and so
+
+prevalent in terms of thinking
+about our bodies and how we're
+
+staying alive and
+using energy.
+
+All right, so let's go ahead and
+use this as an example of
+
+what we just said, which is
+using the bond enthalpies of
+
+the products and the reactants
+to figure out the enthalpy of
+
+the entire reaction.
+
+So the way that we do this
+is we add up all of the
+
+individual mean bond enthalpies
+of the reactants,
+
+and we subtract from that all
+of the individual bond
+
+enthalpies of the products.
+
+So we can think about what
+this will tell us.
+
+If you think about the fact if
+the bonds are stronger in the
+
+products than they were in the
+reactants, you can go ahead
+
+and click in and tell me if
+you think we'll have a
+
+negative or a positive
+delta h here.
+
+All right, let's take 10
+more seconds on this.
+
+OK, great, so negative is
+correct and some people got
+
+totally mixed up.
+
+Didn't just get one thing --
+so let's just focus on the
+
+right answer to start with.
+
+The correct answer is that
+it's negative, it's an
+
+exothermic reaction.
+
+And actually, lets switch
+to our class
+
+notes to explain why.
+
+And also, this was the quiz
+question for today, so whether
+
+you got the answer correct or
+incorrect, you get full quiz
+
+points if you did,
+in fact, answer.
+
+But let's still focus on the
+right answer here and see why
+
+it's correct.
+
+So if we're talking about the
+bonds being stronger in the
+
+products, that basically means
+that we ended up releasing a
+
+lot of heat when we made those
+bonds and the products, and we
+
+didn't have to use up too much
+of that heat to break all the
+
+bonds and the reactants.
+
+So that's why we say
+that delta h
+
+is going to be negative.
+
+You could also just do it not
+conceptually, just plugging it
+
+into the equation, but it's
+better to kind of understand
+
+exactly why that is.
+
+It's because it takes more
+energy -- you gain more energy
+
+forming the products
+than you take
+
+breaking up the reactants.
+
+So if we have the opposite case
+here, if the bonds are
+
+stronger in the reactants, now
+what we're going to find is
+
+that the delta h of the reaction
+is positive and what
+
+you're dealing with is an
+endothermic reaction.
+
+So let's go ahead and do this
+with our example of the
+
+oxidation of glucose.
+
+So, I've just written out the
+glucose molecule so you can
+
+see all of its individual bonds
+here since we're going
+
+to be using that information.
+
+So let's start by talking
+about the bonds that are
+
+broken in terms of thinking
+about all of
+
+the reactants here.
+
+So if we're talking about the
+sugar molecule itself, what we
+
+have is we have seven
+c h bonds.
+
+And if we add up all the o h
+bonds, we have five of those.
+
+How many c o single
+bonds do we have?
+
+What do people think?
+
+Yeah. five c o single bonds.
+
+What about c c single bonds?
+five of those as well.
+
+C o double bonds?
+
+Just one c o double bond.
+
+And then we have our oxygen
+molecule to worry about and we
+
+have six o o double bonds.
+
+So if we add up all of the
+bonds are broken, and we
+
+subtract from that the bonds
+that are formed, those
+
+strengths, the c double bond
+o, we have 12 of those.
+
+And how many o h bonds
+do we have?
+
+Right, 12 as well.
+
+So if we add up all the bonds
+broken, what we end up with is
+
+12,452 kilojoules per mole,
+and it's talking about per
+
+mole of glucose that's
+oxidized.
+
+And in terms of bonds formed,
+what we see is 15,192
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+So all we need to do to figure
+out the change in enthalpy,
+
+and when it has this subscript
+r here, I meant to mention,
+
+that means the enthalpy
+for the reaction.
+
+We just subtract these bonds
+here from the ones that we
+
+ended up forming.
+
+So basically, what we're saying
+-- excuse me, these are
+
+the ones that we broke.
+
+It's 12,452 minus 15,192,
+which we formed.
+
+So we end up with an enthalpy of
+reaction of negative 2,740
+
+kilojoules per mole of glucose
+that's oxidized.
+
+All right, so if you remember
+the number that I told you
+
+before, it doesn't exactly match
+up with what we had said
+
+is the exact number.
+
+The exact number is 2,816.
+
+It is within 3% though,
+that's pretty good.
+
+Because remember, we're not
+using exact bond enthalpies
+
+here, what we were using is
+average bond enthalpies.
+
+So it makes sense that we're
+going to be a little bit off.
+
+But if all you have in front of
+you is the information on
+
+bond enthalpies, mean bond
+enthalpies, this is a great
+
+way to figure out the enthalpy
+of an overall reaction.
+
+We can think of a different way,
+however, to think about
+
+the enthalpy of an overall
+reaction, and this is talking
+
+about the heat of formation.
+
+And the heat of formation or
+delta h formation here is
+
+equal to the heat of -- or the
+enthalpy of reaction, if we're
+
+talking about forming one mole
+of compound from its pure
+
+elements, which are in their
+standard states.
+
+So basically, there's a table
+that you can look up which
+
+tells you the enthalpy of
+formation for any compound
+
+that you're interested in, and
+this is actually an appendix
+
+to of your textbooks, and you
+will need to use this to solve
+
+your problems on p-set.
+
+But let me say that, for
+example, if we're talking
+
+about water here, that's formed
+from hydrogen and
+
+oxygen, if we're talking about
+the elements in their pure
+
+forms at one bar, standard
+states, and room temperature.
+
+And if we look this up in our
+textbook, we would find that
+
+the delta h of formation for
+water is negative 286
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+Similarly we can look up the
+same thing, for example, for
+
+carbon dioxide, and what we'll
+find here is that our delta h
+
+of formation that we look
+up is negative 393 .
+
+5 kilojoules per mole.
+
+We can also look up or think
+about what our delta h of
+
+formation would be for oxygen.
+
+Does anyone have a guess here?
+
+Yup, it's actually
+going to be zero.
+
+Oxygen already is in its most
+stable state, so any time
+
+we're talking about an element
+in their most stable state,
+
+it's going to be zero.
+
+That's going to be the delta
+h of formation, there
+
+is none, it's zero.
+
+We can also look up what it was
+for sugar, for glucose, c
+
+6 h 12 o 6.
+
+So that coming from its most
+stable forms, it was the most
+
+pure form of the elements, is
+going to be negative 1260
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+All of this information has
+been tabulated and is in
+
+tables, you can refer to them,
+and they're also in the back
+
+of your textbook, so you can
+refer to those in terms of
+
+your problem-set.
+
+So let's go ahead and solve a
+problem actually using the
+
+delta h's of formation.
+
+Let's see if we can do any
+better to coming close to the
+
+reality for the oxidation
+of glucose.
+
+So if we're going to calculate
+the delta h for the reaction
+
+for the oxidation of glucose,
+or actually for any reaction
+
+at all, what we want to do is
+take the delta h of formation
+
+of the products and subtract
+from that the delta h of
+
+formation of the reactants.
+
+So let's go ahead and do that.
+
+And in terms of talking about
+the oxidation of glucose, if
+
+we talk about delta h of this
+reaction, what we need to take
+
+is 6 times delta h of formation
+of c o 2, since
+
+we're forming, that's in our
+products, we're forming six
+
+moles of c o 2.
+
+Plus 6 times delta h formation
+of h 2 o, since we're forming
+
+six moles of h 2 o.
+
+And we subtract from that the
+heat of formation of all of
+
+our reactants.
+
+So we only have one mole, so we
+just say delta h formation
+
+of c 6 h 12 o 6, and then in
+addition to that we have six
+
+moles delta h formation
+of oxygen, of o 2.
+
+All right, so this is our
+equation here and at this
+
+point what we would do is we
+would look up what all of the
+
+delta h formation values
+are for c o 2, h 2
+
+o, sugar, and oxygen.
+
+So what we would find is that
+we end up having 6 times
+
+negative 393 .
+
+5 -- that's what we had
+just looked up and
+
+told you for c o 2.
+
+Plus 6 times negative 285 .
+
+8 for the water.
+
+Minus 1 times 1260, so
+it's negative 1260
+
+for our sugar here.
+
+And then what we're going to end
+up with is having minus,
+
+and what is it for
+oxygen again?
+
+So minus 0.
+
+So what we end up with in terms
+of the delta h for the
+
+entire reaction here, is we end
+up with negative 2816, and
+
+it's going to be kilojoules
+per mole of glucose.
+
+All right, so let's see how this
+matches up, and hopefully
+
+you can actually remember that
+this matches up actually
+
+perfectly here.
+
+So what we are going to see
+is that, in fact, what we
+
+calculated versus what
+is experimental
+
+is dead-on the same.
+
+So there's actually one more
+way to figure out the
+
+enthalpies of a reaction,
+I'm going to go over
+
+it just very briefly.
+
+And that's based on the fact
+that enthalpy is a state
+
+function, and by state function
+what I mean is that
+
+it doesn't matter how you got
+from point a to point b, all
+
+that matters is the difference
+between the two.
+
+So another example of a state
+function is altitude, for
+
+example, on a mountain.
+
+So if you're talking about
+altitude, you go from point a
+
+to point b on the mountain, and
+it doesn't matter how you
+
+got there -- you could have
+climbed all the way up the top
+
+of the mountain, then went
+back down and eventually
+
+landed on point b.
+
+Or you could have gone
+straight from
+
+point a to point b.
+
+The change in altitude between
+point a and point b do not
+
+depend on the path, they're
+independent of path.
+
+So this difference right here
+does not matter on how you got
+
+there, it does not make a
+difference how you got there,
+
+altitude is a state function.
+
+So similarly, we can say that
+enthalpy is a state function
+
+as well, if we're talking about
+part reaction a here,
+
+which has our reactants going
+to our products in 2 b here.
+
+It doesn't matter how
+we got there.
+
+We can actually calculate the
+change in enthalpy at all
+
+different points here.
+
+All that we actually have to
+worry about at the end of the
+
+day is the difference
+between a and b.
+
+So that's what we mean
+by state function.
+
+Actually, we're not going to
+have a chance to get to fully
+
+explaining the consequence of
+this, which is Hess's law,
+
+which allows us to add and
+subtract different reactions.
+
+So what I'm going to say is the
+last two problems on your
+
+problem-set you won't have to do
+because we're not going to
+
+get a chance to cover
+in class on Friday.
+
+So I'll send out an email about
+this as well, so that'll
+
+be pushed back.
+
+So, it will be on the exam, so
+you want to do them at some
+
+point, but you don't need to
+actually turn those in.
+
+So those are the last two
+problems, I believe.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SejxqXAlSec.txt b/SejxqXAlSec.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd5012fd6403b606877a62625d4d290eac433790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SejxqXAlSec.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
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+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
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+offer high quality educational resources
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+to make a donation or to view additional
+
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+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's go ahead and get started it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go ahead and get started it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go ahead and get started it's
+not a lot of good conversation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of good conversation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of good conversation I'm
+Piazza this weekend so it's good seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piazza this weekend so it's good seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piazza this weekend so it's good seems
+like you guys are making our way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys are making our way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys are making our way through
+these two two problems on the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two two problems on the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two two problems on the latest
+assignment I would try to focus less on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment I would try to focus less on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment I would try to focus less on
+the chemical engineering science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical engineering science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical engineering science and
+problems that involve those usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that involve those usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that involve those usually the
+topic of interest the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of interest the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of interest the thing that's
+useful to you educational II is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to you educational II is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to you educational II is going to
+be the numerix right so hung up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the numerix right so hung up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the numerix right so hung up on the
+definition of a particular quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a particular quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a particular quantity
+yield was one that came up rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield was one that came up rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield was one that came up rather than
+let that prevent you from solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that prevent you from solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that prevent you from solving the
+problem pick a definition and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem pick a definition and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem pick a definition and see what
+happens okay can always ask yourself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay can always ask yourself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay can always ask yourself if
+the results seem physically reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results seem physically reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results seem physically reasonable
+to you not based on your definition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you not based on your definition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you not based on your definition and
+as long as you explained what you did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you explained what you did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you explained what you did in
+your write-up you're gonna get full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your write-up you're gonna get full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your write-up you're gonna get full
+points right we want to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right we want to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points right we want to solve the
+problems numerically if there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems numerically if there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems numerically if there's some
+hang-up in the science don't don't sweat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang-up in the science don't don't sweat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang-up in the science don't don't sweat
+it okay don't let that stop you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay don't let that stop you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay don't let that stop you from
+moving ahead with it don't let it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving ahead with it don't let it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving ahead with it don't let it make
+it don't let it make it seem like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't let it make it seem like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it don't let it make it seem like the
+problem can't be solved or there's an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can't be solved or there's an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can't be solved or there's an a
+path to solution pick pick a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to solution pick pick a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path to solution pick pick a definition
+and go with it and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go with it and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go with it and see what happens
+right the root of the second problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the root of the second problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the root of the second problem is
+trying to nest together two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to nest together two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to nest together two different
+numerical methods right one of those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods right one of those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical methods right one of those is
+optimization and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization and the other one is
+solutions of nonlinear equations putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of nonlinear equations putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of nonlinear equations putting
+those student techniques together using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those student techniques together using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those student techniques together using
+them in combination right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in combination right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in combination right the
+engineering science problem gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering science problem gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering science problem gives us a
+solvable problem to work with in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable problem to work with in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable problem to work with in that
+context but it's not the key element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but it's not the key element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context but it's not the key element of
+it okay good so we're continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay good so we're continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay good so we're continuing
+optimization right we're continuing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization right we're continuing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization right we're continuing with
+optimization last time we posed lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization last time we posed lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization last time we posed lots of
+optimization problems okay we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems okay we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems okay we talked
+about constrained optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constrained optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about constrained optimization
+unconstrained optimization you heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained optimization you heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstrained optimization you heard a
+little bit about linear programs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about linear programs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about linear programs we
+started approaching unconstrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started approaching unconstrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started approaching unconstrained
+optimization problems from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems from the
+perspective of steepest descent okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of steepest descent okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of steepest descent okay so
+that's where I want to pick up as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I want to pick up as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I want to pick up as we get
+started so you'll recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so you'll recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so you'll recall
+the idea behind steepest descent was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind steepest descent was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind steepest descent was all
+the unconstrained optimization problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconstrained optimization problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconstrained optimization problems
+were interested in are based around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in are based around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in are based around
+trying to find minima okay and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find minima okay and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find minima okay and so we
+should think about these problems as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about these problems as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about these problems as
+though we're standing on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're standing on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we're standing on top of a
+mountain and we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and we're looking for
+directions that allow us to descend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that allow us to descend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that allow us to descend and
+as long as we're heading in descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're heading in descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're heading in descending
+directions there's a good chance we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions there's a good chance we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions there's a good chance we're
+gonna bottom out someplace and stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna bottom out someplace and stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna bottom out someplace and stop and
+when we've bottomed out we found one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've bottomed out we found one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we've bottomed out we found one of
+those local minima that bottom is gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those local minima that bottom is gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those local minima that bottom is gonna
+be a place where the gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a place where the gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a place where the gradient of the
+function we're trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we're trying to find the
+minimum of is zero okay and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of is zero okay and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of is zero okay and the idea
+behind steepest descent oh as well don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind steepest descent oh as well don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind steepest descent oh as well don't
+just pick any direction that's downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick any direction that's downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick any direction that's downhill
+pick the steepest direction right go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the steepest direction right go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the steepest direction right go in
+the direction of the gradient that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the gradient that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the gradient that's the
+steepest descent idea and then we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent idea and then we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent idea and then we did
+something a little sophisticated last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little sophisticated last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little sophisticated last
+time we said well okay I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we said well okay I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we said well okay I know the
+direction I'm standing on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm standing on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I'm standing on top of the
+mountain I point myself in the steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain I point myself in the steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain I point myself in the steepest
+descent direction how big a step do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction how big a step do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction how big a step do I
+take I could take any size step and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I could take any size step and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I could take any size step and in
+some steps may be good and some steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steps may be good and some steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steps may be good and some steps
+may be bad it turns out there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be bad it turns out there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be bad it turns out there are some
+good estimates for step size that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimates for step size that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimates for step size that we can
+get by taking a Taylor expansion so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by taking a Taylor expansion so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by taking a Taylor expansion so we
+take our function right and we write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our function right and we write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our function right and we write it
+at the next iterate as a Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next iterate as a Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next iterate as a Taylor
+expansion about the current iterate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion about the current iterate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion about the current iterate that
+expansion looks like this and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion looks like this and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion looks like this and it'll be
+quadratic with respect to the step size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic with respect to the step size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic with respect to the step size
+alpha if we want to minimize the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha if we want to minimize the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha if we want to minimize the value
+of the function here we want the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function here we want the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function here we want the next
+iterate to be a minimum of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate to be a minimum of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate to be a minimum of this
+quadratic function then there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function then there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic function then there's an
+obvious choice of alpha right we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious choice of alpha right we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious choice of alpha right we find
+the vertex of this quadratic functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex of this quadratic functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex of this quadratic functional
+that gives us the optimal step size it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the optimal step size it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us the optimal step size it's
+optimal if our function actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if our function actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal if our function actually is
+quadratic it's an approximate right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic it's an approximate right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic it's an approximate right it's
+an estimation of the right sort of step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimation of the right sort of step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimation of the right sort of step
+size if it's not quadratic and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if it's not quadratic and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size if it's not quadratic and so I
+showed you here was a very function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you here was a very function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you here was a very function
+where the contours are very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the contours are very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the contours are very closely
+spaced so it's a very steep function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so it's a very steep function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced so it's a very steep function and
+the minima is in the middle if we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minima is in the middle if we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minima is in the middle if we try to
+solve this with steepest descent and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this with steepest descent and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this with steepest descent and we
+pick different step sizes uniform step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick different step sizes uniform step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick different step sizes uniform step
+sizes so we try zero point one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so we try zero point one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes so we try zero point one and one
+in 10 as step sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 as step sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 10 as step sizes
+we'll never find an appropriate choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never find an appropriate choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll never find an appropriate choice
+to converge to the solution okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge to the solution okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge to the solution okay we're
+gonna have to pick impossibly small step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to pick impossibly small step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to pick impossibly small step
+sizes which will require ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes which will require ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes which will require ton
+of steps in order to get there but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps in order to get there but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steps in order to get there but with
+this quadratic estimate you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic estimate you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic estimate you can get a
+reasonably smooth convergence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably smooth convergence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably smooth convergence to the
+root so that's nice here's a task for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so that's nice here's a task for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so that's nice here's a task for
+you to test whether you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to test whether you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to test whether you understand
+steepest descent or not in your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent or not in your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent or not in your notes
+I've drawn some contours for a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn some contours for a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn some contours for a function
+we'd like to minimize using the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to minimize using the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to minimize using the method
+of steepest descent I want you to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steepest descent I want you to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steepest descent I want you to try to
+try to draw steepest descent paths on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw steepest descent paths on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw steepest descent paths on
+top of these contours starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of these contours starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of these contours starting from
+initial conditions where these stars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions where these stars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions where these stars are
+located okay so if I'm following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located okay so if I'm following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located okay so if I'm following
+steepest descent the rules of steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent the rules of steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent the rules of steepest
+descent here okay and I start from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent here okay and I start from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent here okay and I start from these
+stars what sort of paths do I follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars what sort of paths do I follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stars what sort of paths do I follow
+you're gonna need to pick a step size I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need to pick a step size I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need to pick a step size I
+would suggest thinking about the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest thinking about the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest thinking about the small
+step size limit what is the steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size limit what is the steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step size limit what is the steepest
+descent path in the small step size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent path in the small step size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent path in the small step size
+limit can you work that out you and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit can you work that out you and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit can you work that out you and your
+neighbors you don't have to do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you don't have to do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors you don't have to do all of
+them by yourself you could do one your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by yourself you could do one your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by yourself you could do one your
+neighbor could do another and we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor could do another and we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor could do another and we'll take
+a look at them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the roar has turned into a rumble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the roar has turned into a rumble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the roar has turned into a rumble
+and then a murmur so I think you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a murmur so I think you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a murmur so I think you guys
+are making some progress what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making some progress what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making some progress what's that
+what do you think how about let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think how about let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think how about let's let's
+do an easy one how about this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an easy one how about this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an easy one how about this one here
+what sort of path does it take yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of path does it take yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of path does it take yeah it
+sort of curls right down into the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of curls right down into the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of curls right down into the center
+here right remember steepest ascent pads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right remember steepest ascent pads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right remember steepest ascent pads
+run perpendicular to the contour so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run perpendicular to the contour so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run perpendicular to the contour so it
+jumps perpendicular to the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps perpendicular to the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps perpendicular to the counter
+almost a straight line to the center how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a straight line to the center how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a straight line to the center how
+about this one over here same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one over here same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one over here same thing
+right yeah runs the other way it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah runs the other way it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah runs the other way it's going
+downhill one zero minus one minus two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill one zero minus one minus two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill one zero minus one minus two so
+it runs downhill and curls into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it runs downhill and curls into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it runs downhill and curls into the
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+what about this one up here what's it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this one up here what's it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this one up here what's it do
+it just runs to the left right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just runs to the left right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just runs to the left right the
+contour lines have normals that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour lines have normals that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour lines have normals that just
+keep it running all the way to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it running all the way to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it running all the way to the left
+so this actually doesn't run into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually doesn't run into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually doesn't run into this
+minimum right it finds a cliff and steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right it finds a cliff and steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right it finds a cliff and steps
+right off of it keeps on going but its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off of it keeps on going but its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off of it keeps on going but its
+steepest descent that's what it does how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent that's what it does how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent that's what it does how
+about this one here same thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one here same thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one here same thing right
+just to the left right so these are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the left right so these are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to the left right so these are what
+these paths look like right you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths look like right you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paths look like right you can draw
+them yourself if I showed you paths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yourself if I showed you paths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yourself if I showed you paths and
+I asked you what sort of method meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you what sort of method meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you what sort of method meet
+them you should be able to identify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you should be able to identify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you should be able to identify that
+actually right you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually right you should be able to
+detect what sort of what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect what sort of what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect what sort of what sort of
+methodology generated those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology generated those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodology generated those kinds of
+paths we're not always so fortunate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths we're not always so fortunate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths we're not always so fortunate to
+have this graphical view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this graphical view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this graphical view of the
+landscape that our method is navigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape that our method is navigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape that our method is navigating
+but it's good to have these 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good to have these 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good to have these 2d
+depictions because they really help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depictions because they really help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depictions because they really help us
+understand when a method doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when a method doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand when a method doesn't
+converge what might be going wrong right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge what might be going wrong right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge what might be going wrong right
+so steepest descent yeah and always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so steepest descent yeah and always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so steepest descent yeah and always
+heads downhill but if there is no bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads downhill but if there is no bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads downhill but if there is no bottom
+it's just gonna keep going down right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gonna keep going down right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gonna keep going down right
+it's never gonna find it okay here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never gonna find it okay here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never gonna find it okay here's a
+this is a story now that you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a story now that you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a story now that you understand
+optimization so let's see so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so let's see so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization so let's see so a
+mechanical systems right conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems right conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical systems right conservation of
+momentum that's also in a certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's also in a certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum that's also in a certain sense
+an optimization problem right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimization problem right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an optimization problem right so
+conservation of momentum says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of momentum says that the
+acceleration on a body is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration on a body is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration on a body is equal to the
+sum of the forces on it and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces on it and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the forces on it and some of
+those forces are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces are what we call
+conservative forces they're proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative forces they're proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative forces they're proportional
+to gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gradient
+right of some energy landscape some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of some energy landscape some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of some energy landscape some of
+those forces are non conservative like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces are non conservative like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forces are non conservative like
+this one here it's a little damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here it's a little damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here it's a little damping
+force right a little bit of friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force right a little bit of friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force right a little bit of friction
+proportional to the velocity with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the velocity with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the velocity with which
+the object moves instead okay and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moves instead okay and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moves instead okay and if we
+start some system like this we give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start some system like this we give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start some system like this we give it
+some initial initial inertia and let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial initial inertia and let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some initial initial inertia and let it
+go right eventually it's going to want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right eventually it's going to want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right eventually it's going to want
+to come to rest at a place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to rest at a place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come to rest at a place where the
+gradient and the potential is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the potential is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and the potential is zero and
+the velocity is zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity is zero and the
+acceleration is zero called a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is zero called a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is zero called a mechanical
+equilibrium right we get to mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right we get to mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right we get to mechanical
+equilibrium and we stop right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we stop right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and we stop right so
+physical systems many times are seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems many times are seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems many times are seeking
+out right minimum of an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right minimum of an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right minimum of an objective
+function the objective function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the objective function is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the objective function is the
+potential energy I saw last year at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy I saw last year at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy I saw last year at my
+house we had a pipe underground that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house we had a pipe underground that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house we had a pipe underground that
+leaked in the in the front yard and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked in the in the front yard and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked in the in the front yard and they
+needed to find the pipe right it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to find the pipe right it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to find the pipe right it was
+like under the asphalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like under the asphalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like under the asphalt
+so they got a dig up asphalt and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got a dig up asphalt and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they got a dig up asphalt and they
+need to know where where is the pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know where where is the pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know where where is the pipe
+they know it's leaking but where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it's leaking but where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know it's leaking but where does
+the pipe sit and so the city came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe sit and so the city came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe sit and so the city came out
+and the guy from the city brought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guy from the city brought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the guy from the city brought this
+do you know what this is what is it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what this is what is it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what this is what is it do
+you know yeah yeah yeah it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah yeah yeah it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah yeah yeah it's a it's a
+dowsing rod okay this is kind of a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowsing rod okay this is kind of a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowsing rod okay this is kind of a crazy
+story right a dowsing rod I okay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right a dowsing rod I okay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right a dowsing rod I okay a
+dowsing rod how does it work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowsing rod how does it work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowsing rod how does it work
+right the way it's supposed to work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way it's supposed to work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the way it's supposed to work is
+you know I hold it out and it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I hold it out and it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I hold it out and it should
+turn and rotate and point in a direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and rotate and point in a direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and rotate and point in a direction
+that's parallel to the flow of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's parallel to the flow of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's parallel to the flow of the water
+and the pipe that's the theory that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pipe that's the theory that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pipe that's the theory that this
+is supposed to work on now I'm a I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to work on now I'm a I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to work on now I'm a I'm a
+scientist so I expect that somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist so I expect that somehow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist so I expect that somehow the
+water is exerting a force on the tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is exerting a force on the tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water is exerting a force on the tip of
+the dowsing rod okay so the dowsing rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dowsing rod okay so the dowsing rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dowsing rod okay so the dowsing rod
+is moving around as this guy walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving around as this guy walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving around as this guy walks
+around and it's gonna stop right when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and it's gonna stop right when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and it's gonna stop right when it
+finds a point of mechanical equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a point of mechanical equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a point of mechanical equilibrium
+so the dowsing rod is seeking out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dowsing rod is seeking out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dowsing rod is seeking out a
+minimum of some potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of some potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of some potential energy
+landscape this was the physics s has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape this was the physics s has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape this was the physics s has to
+be true I don't know that flowing water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true I don't know that flowing water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true I don't know that flowing water
+exerts a force on the tip of the dowsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerts a force on the tip of the dowsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerts a force on the tip of the dowsing
+rod the guy who had this believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod the guy who had this believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod the guy who had this believed that
+was true okay it turns out this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true okay it turns out this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was true okay it turns out this this is
+not such a good idea though okay like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a good idea though okay like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a good idea though okay like in
+terms of a method for seeking out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a method for seeking out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a method for seeking out the
+minimum of a potential it's not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of a potential it's not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of a potential it's not such a
+great way to do it okay because he's way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to do it okay because he's way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to do it okay because he's way
+up here and the waters way underground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and the waters way underground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and the waters way underground
+a huge distance between these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge distance between these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge distance between these things
+it's not exerting a strong force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exerting a strong force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not exerting a strong force
+okay the gradient isn't very big here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the gradient isn't very big here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the gradient isn't very big here
+okay it's a relatively weak force so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a relatively weak force so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a relatively weak force so
+this instrument is incredibly sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instrument is incredibly sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instrument is incredibly sensitive
+to all sorts of external fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all sorts of external fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all sorts of external fluctuations
+the gradient is small the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is small the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient is small the potential
+energy landscape is very very flat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy landscape is very very flat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy landscape is very very flat and
+we know already from applying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know already from applying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know already from applying things
+like steepest descent methods or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like steepest descent methods or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like steepest descent methods or
+newton-raphson that those circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson that those circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson that those circumstances
+are disastrous for any method seeking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disastrous for any method seeking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are disastrous for any method seeking
+out seeking out minimum potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out seeking out minimum potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out seeking out minimum potential
+energies right is it those landscapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies right is it those landscapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies right is it those landscapes
+are the hardest ones to detect it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the hardest ones to detect it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the hardest ones to detect it and
+because every point looks like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every point looks like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every point looks like it's
+close to being a minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to being a minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to being a minima
+right it's really difficult to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really difficult to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really difficult to see the
+differences between these nonetheless he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between these nonetheless he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between these nonetheless he
+figured out where the pipe was okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out where the pipe was okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out where the pipe was okay I
+don't think it was because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was because of this
+though how did he know where the pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though how did he know where the pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though how did he know where the pipe
+was what's that where the ground was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what's that where the ground was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what's that where the ground was
+squishing away yeah he had some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishing away yeah he had some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squishing away yeah he had some good
+guesses because it was leaking up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses because it was leaking up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses because it was leaking up a
+little bit no I think it turned to it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit no I think it turned to it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit no I think it turned to it I
+looked carefully afterwards and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked carefully afterwards and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked carefully afterwards and I think
+it turned out the city had come by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out the city had come by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out the city had come by and
+actually painted some white lines on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually painted some white lines on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually painted some white lines on
+either side of the street indicate where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the street indicate where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side of the street indicate where
+but none that he was out there with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none that he was out there with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none that he was out there with his
+dowsing rod making sure the city had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowsing rod making sure the city had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowsing rod making sure the city had
+gotten it right it turns out there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten it right it turns out there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten it right it turns out there's
+something called the ideomotor effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the ideomotor effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the ideomotor effect
+where your hand has very little you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your hand has very little you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your hand has very little you know
+very sensitive little tremors in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive little tremors in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive little tremors in it and
+can guide something like this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guide something like this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can guide something like this a little
+wheat at the end of a rod to go wherever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat at the end of a rod to go wherever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat at the end of a rod to go wherever
+you want it to go when you want it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to go when you want it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it to go when you want it it's
+like a Ouija board right and it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Ouija board right and it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Ouija board right and it works
+exactly the same way I know it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way I know it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way I know it's not a
+good way to find the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to find the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to find the minimum of
+potential energy surfaces okay we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surfaces okay we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy surfaces okay we have
+the same problem with numerical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem with numerical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problem with numerical methods
+so it's really difficult when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really difficult when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really difficult when these
+potential energy landscapes are flat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy landscapes are flat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy landscapes are flat to
+find where the minimum is okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find where the minimum is okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find where the minimum is okay okay
+that's so funny games are over now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so funny games are over now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so funny games are over now we
+got to do some math so we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do some math so we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do some math so we talked about
+steepest descent and steepest descent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent and steepest descent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent and steepest descent is
+an interesting way to approach these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting way to approach these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting way to approach these
+kinds of optimization problems it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of optimization problems it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of optimization problems it turns
+out it turns out that linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it turns out that linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it turns out that linear equations
+like ax equals B can also be cast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ax equals B can also be cast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ax equals B can also be cast as
+optimization problems right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems right so the
+solution to this equation ax equals B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation ax equals B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this equation ax equals B is
+also a minima of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a minima of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a minima of
+this quadratic function up here how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic function up here how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic function up here how do
+you know you take the gradient of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you take the gradient of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you take the gradient of this
+function which is ax minus B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is ax minus B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is ax minus B and the
+gradient is zero at a minima so ax minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is zero at a minima so ax minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is zero at a minima so ax minus
+B is zero or ax equals B so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is zero or ax equals B so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is zero or ax equals B so we can do
+optimization on these sorts of quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization on these sorts of quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization on these sorts of quadratic
+functionals and we would find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals and we would find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals and we would find the
+solution of systems of linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of systems of linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of systems of linear equations
+just an alternative approach sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an alternative approach sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an alternative approach sometimes
+this is called the variational approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the variational approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the variational approach
+to solving these systems of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solving these systems of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solving these systems of linear
+equations okay there are a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay there are a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay there are a couple things
+that have to be true okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be true okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be true okay
+the linear operator right the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear operator right the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear operator right the matrix
+here it has to be symmetric okay it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it has to be symmetric okay it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it has to be symmetric okay it has
+to be symmetric because it's multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be symmetric because it's multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be symmetric because it's multiplied
+by X from both sides it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X from both sides it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by X from both sides it doesn't know
+that its transpose is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its transpose is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its transpose is different from
+itself in the form of this functional if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in the form of this functional if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in the form of this functional if
+a wasn't symmetric the functional would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wasn't symmetric the functional would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wasn't symmetric the functional would
+symmetrize it automatically okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize it automatically okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrize it automatically okay so a
+functional like this only corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional like this only corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional like this only corresponds to
+this linear equation when a is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear equation when a is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear equation when a is symmetric
+and this sort of thing only has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sort of thing only has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this sort of thing only has a
+minimum right when the matrix a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right when the matrix a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum right when the matrix a is
+positive indefinite it has to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive indefinite it has to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive indefinite it has to have all
+positive eigenvalues right the hestian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigenvalues right the hestian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigenvalues right the hestian
+right of this functional it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of this functional it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of this functional it's just the
+matrix a and we already said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and we already said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a and we already said that the
+Hessian needs all positive eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian needs all positive eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian needs all positive eigenvalues
+to confirm we have a minimum okay if one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confirm we have a minimum okay if one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to confirm we have a minimum okay if one
+of the eigenvalues is zero right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eigenvalues is zero right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the eigenvalues is zero right then
+the problem is indeterminate the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is indeterminate the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is indeterminate the linear
+problem is indeterminate and there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is indeterminate and there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is indeterminate and there isn't
+a single local minimum right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single local minimum right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single local minimum right there's
+gonna be a line of minima or a plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a line of minima or a plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a line of minima or a plane of
+minima instead okay okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima instead okay okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima instead okay okay so you can
+solve systems of linear equations as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve systems of linear equations as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve systems of linear equations as as
+optimization problems and people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems and people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problems and people have
+tried to apply things like steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to apply things like steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to apply things like steepest
+descent to these problems and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent to these problems and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent to these problems and it turns
+out steepest descent is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out steepest descent is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out steepest descent is kind of
+challenging to apply so what winds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to apply so what winds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging to apply so what winds up
+happening is well let's suppose we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is well let's suppose we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is well let's suppose we don't
+take our quadratic approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our quadratic approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our quadratic approximation for the
+descent direction first let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction first let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction first let's just say
+we take some fixed step size right when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take some fixed step size right when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take some fixed step size right when
+you take that big step size right it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that big step size right it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that big step size right it'll
+always be let's say good for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be let's say good for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be let's say good for one
+particular direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction
+okay so I'll step in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll step in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll step in a particular
+direction it'll be good it'll be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it'll be good it'll be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it'll be good it'll be a nice
+step into a local min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into a local min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step into a local min
+but when I try to step in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I try to step in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when I try to step in the next
+gradient direction it may be too big or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient direction it may be too big or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient direction it may be too big or
+too small and that will depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small and that will depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small and that will depend on the
+eigenvalues associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues associated with the
+direction that I'm trying to step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that I'm trying to step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that I'm trying to step in
+okay how steep is this convex function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how steep is this convex function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how steep is this convex function
+right how strongly curved is that convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how strongly curved is that convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how strongly curved is that convex
+function that's that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's that's what the
+eigenvalues are describing and so fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are describing and so fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are describing and so fixed
+value of alpha will lead to cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha will lead to cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of alpha will lead to cases where
+we wind up stepping too far or not far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wind up stepping too far or not far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wind up stepping too far or not far
+enough and there will be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and there will be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and there will be a lot of
+oscillating around on this path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating around on this path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating around on this path that
+converges to a solution I showed you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a solution I showed you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a solution I showed you how
+to pick an optimal step size it said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick an optimal step size it said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick an optimal step size it said
+look in a particular direction and treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a particular direction and treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in a particular direction and treat
+your function as though we're quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function as though we're quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your function as though we're quadratic
+along that direction that's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that direction that's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that direction that's gonna be
+true for all directions associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all directions associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for all directions associated with
+this functional right it's it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional right it's it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this functional right it's it's always
+quadratic no matter which direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic no matter which direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic no matter which direction I
+point in right so I pick a direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in right so I pick a direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in right so I pick a direction and
+I step and I'll be stepping to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I step and I'll be stepping to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I step and I'll be stepping to the
+minimal point along that direction it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal point along that direction it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal point along that direction it'll
+be exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exact
+okay and then I've got to turn and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I've got to turn and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I've got to turn and I've
+got to go in another gradient direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go in another gradient direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go in another gradient direction
+and take a step there okay and I'll turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a step there okay and I'll turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a step there okay and I'll turn
+and go in another gradient direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go in another gradient direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go in another gradient direction
+it's take a step there and in each each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's take a step there and in each each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's take a step there and in each each
+direction I go I'll be minimizing every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I go I'll be minimizing every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I go I'll be minimizing every
+time okay because this step size is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay because this step size is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay because this step size is the
+ideal step size but turns out you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal step size but turns out you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal step size but turns out you can do
+even better than that okay so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than that okay so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better than that okay so we can
+step in some direction which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in some direction which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in some direction which is a
+descent direction okay but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction okay but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction okay but not
+necessarily the steepest descent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the steepest descent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the steepest descent and
+it's going to give us some extra control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to give us some extra control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to give us some extra control
+over how we're minimizing this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over how we're minimizing this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over how we're minimizing this function
+I'll explain on the next slide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain on the next slide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain on the next slide okay
+the first thing you got to do though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you got to do though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you got to do though is
+given some descent direction what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some descent direction what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given some descent direction what is the
+optimal step size well we work that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal step size well we work that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal step size well we work that out
+the same way right we can write F at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way right we can write F at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way right we can write F at the
+next iterate in terms of F at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next iterate in terms of F at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next iterate in terms of F at the
+current iterate plus all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current iterate plus all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current iterate plus all the
+perturbations right so our step method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations right so our step method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations right so our step method
+is X I plus 1 is X I plus alpha P I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X I plus 1 is X I plus alpha P I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X I plus 1 is X I plus alpha P I
+right so we do a Taylor expansion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we do a Taylor expansion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we do a Taylor expansion and
+we'll get a quadratic function again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a quadratic function again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get a quadratic function again and
+we'll minimize this quadratic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll minimize this quadratic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll minimize this quadratic function
+with respect to alpha I when alpha takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to alpha I when alpha takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to alpha I when alpha takes
+on this value so this is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this value so this is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this value so this is the value of
+the vertex of this function so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex of this function so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex of this function so we'll
+minimize this quadratic function in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this quadratic function in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize this quadratic function in one
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+okay the direction P but is there an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the direction P but is there an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the direction P but is there an
+optimal choice of direction is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal choice of direction is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal choice of direction is it really
+best to step right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to step right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to step right
+in the descent direction or their better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the descent direction or their better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the descent direction or their better
+directions that I could go in right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that I could go in right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that I could go in right we
+thought going downhill fastest might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought going downhill fastest might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought going downhill fastest might be
+best but maybe that's not true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best but maybe that's not true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best but maybe that's not true because
+if I point in a direction and I apply my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I point in a direction and I apply my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I point in a direction and I apply my
+quadratic approximation I minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation I minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation I minimize the
+function in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in this direction
+now I'm going to turn and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to turn and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to turn and I'm going to
+go in a different direction and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a different direction and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in a different direction and I'll
+minimize it here but I'll lose some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize it here but I'll lose some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize it here but I'll lose some of
+the minimization that I got previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimization that I got previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimization that I got previously
+right i minimized in this direction they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i minimized in this direction they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i minimized in this direction they
+turned I want some other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned I want some other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned I want some other way
+right and I minimized in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I minimized in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I minimized in this direction
+so this will still be a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will still be a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will still be a process that
+will sort of weave back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of weave back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sort of weave back and forth
+potentially and so the idea instead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially and so the idea instead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially and so the idea instead is
+to try to preserve minimization along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to preserve minimization along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to preserve minimization along
+one particular direction so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular direction so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular direction so how do we
+choose an optimal direction so f right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an optimal direction so f right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an optimal direction so f right
+at the current editor it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the current editor it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the current editor it's already
+minimized along P right moving in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized along P right moving in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized along P right moving in P
+forward and backwards is gonna make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backwards is gonna make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backwards is gonna make up
+any smaller that's as small as it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smaller that's as small as it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any smaller that's as small as it can be
+so why not choose P so that it's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not choose P so that it's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not choose P so that it's normal
+to the gradient at the next iterate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient at the next iterate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the gradient at the next iterate okay
+so choose this direction P so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose this direction P so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so choose this direction P so it's
+normal to the gradient at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the gradient at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal to the gradient at the next
+iterate and then see if that holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate and then see if that holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate and then see if that holds for
+one a turret more after that so I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a turret more after that so I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a turret more after that so I move
+in a direction I step up to a contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction I step up to a contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction I step up to a contour
+and I want my P to be orthogonal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want my P to be orthogonal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want my P to be orthogonal to the
+gradient at that next counter so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient at that next counter so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient at that next counter so it
+minimized this way right I've minimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized this way right I've minimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized this way right I've minimized
+everything that I could in directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I could in directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I could in directions
+that aren't in the gradient Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't in the gradient Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that aren't in the gradient Direction
+associated with the next iterate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the next iterate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the next iterate and
+then let's see if I can even do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's see if I can even do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's see if I can even do that for
+the next iteration too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next iteration too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next iteration too
+so can I make it true that the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I make it true that the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can I make it true that the gradient
+at the next it or it is also orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next it or it is also orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next it or it is also orthogonal
+to P by doing this I get to preserve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P by doing this I get to preserve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to P by doing this I get to preserve all
+the minimization from the previous step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimization from the previous step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimization from the previous step
+so I minimize in this direction okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I minimize in this direction okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I minimize in this direction okay now
+I'm going to take a step in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a step in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take a step in a different
+direction but I'm going to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but I'm going to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but I'm going to make sure
+that as I take that step in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I take that step in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as I take that step in another
+direction right I don't have to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right I don't have to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right I don't have to step
+completely in the gradient and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in the gradient and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely in the gradient and I have to
+go in the steepest descent direction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the steepest descent direction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the steepest descent direction I
+can project out everything that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can project out everything that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can project out everything that I've
+stepped in already right I can project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped in already right I can project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepped in already right I can project
+out all the minimization I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the minimization I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the minimization I've already
+accomplished along this P direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished along this P direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished along this P direction so
+it turns out you can solve right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can solve right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you can solve right you can
+calculate with this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate with this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate with this great
+is right the gradient in this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right the gradient in this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right the gradient in this function
+right is ax minus B so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is ax minus B so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is ax minus B so you can
+substitute exactly what that gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute exactly what that gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute exactly what that gradient is
+a this is X I plus 2 minus B dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is X I plus 2 minus B dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is X I plus 2 minus B dotted with
+P right this has to be equal to 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P right this has to be equal to 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P right this has to be equal to 0 and
+you can show that means that P transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that means that P transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that means that P transpose
+a times P has to be equal to 0 as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times P has to be equal to 0 as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a times P has to be equal to 0 as well
+you don't need to be able to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to be able to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to be able to work
+through these details you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these details you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these details you just need to
+know that this gives a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this gives a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this gives a relationship
+between the directions on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the directions on two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the directions on two
+consecutive iterance ok so says if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive iterance ok so says if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive iterance ok so says if I
+pick the direction P on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the direction P on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick the direction P on the previous
+iteration take how its transposed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration take how its transposed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration take how its transposed by a
+and make sure that my next iteration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that my next iteration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure that my next iteration is
+orthogonal to that vector ok yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to that vector ok yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to that vector ok yeah this
+is a great question so so the goal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great question so so the goal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great question so so the goal with
+this method the ideal way to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method the ideal way to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method the ideal way to do this
+right would to be it would be to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right would to be it would be to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right would to be it would be to have
+these directions actually be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions actually be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions actually be the
+directions of the eigen vectors of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of the eigen vectors of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of the eigen vectors of a
+right and those eigen vectors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those eigen vectors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and those eigen vectors for
+symmetric matrix are all orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix are all orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric matrix are all orthogonal to
+each other ok and so you'd be stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other ok and so you'd be stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other ok and so you'd be stepping
+along these orthogonal directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these orthogonal directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these orthogonal directions and
+they would be all independent of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be all independent of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be all independent of each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ok but that's a hard problem finding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok but that's a hard problem finding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok but that's a hard problem finding all
+the eigen vectors associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigen vectors associated with the
+matrix instead ok we pick an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix instead ok we pick an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix instead ok we pick an initial
+direction P to go in and then we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction P to go in and then we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction P to go in and then we try to
+ensure that all of the other directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that all of the other directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that all of the other directions
+satisfy this conjugacy condition right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this conjugacy condition right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this conjugacy condition right
+that the transformation of P by a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transformation of P by a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the transformation of P by a is
+orthogonal with the next direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal with the next direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal with the next direction that
+I choose so they're not independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose so they're not independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose so they're not independent of
+each other ok but they are what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other ok but they are what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other ok but they are what we call
+conjugate to each other it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to each other it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to each other it turns out
+that by doing this ok these sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by doing this ok these sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by doing this ok these sets of
+directions P will belong to uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions P will belong to uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions P will belong to uh they
+could be expressed in terms of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be expressed in terms of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be expressed in terms of many
+products of a with the initial direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of a with the initial direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of a with the initial direction
+P they'll give you all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P they'll give you all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P they'll give you all these different
+directions it starts to look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions it starts to look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions it starts to look something
+like the power iteration method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the power iteration method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the power iteration method for
+finding the largest eigen vector of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the largest eigen vector of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the largest eigen vector of a
+matrix and so you you create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and so you you create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and so you you create a
+certain set of vectors that span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set of vectors that span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set of vectors that span the
+entire subspace of a and you step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire subspace of a and you step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire subspace of a and you step
+specifically along those directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically along those directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically along those directions and
+that lets you preserve some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets you preserve some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets you preserve some of the
+minimizations you step each way so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizations you step each way so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizations you step each way so this
+is this what's said here right is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this what's said here right is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this what's said here right is that
+the direction P I plus one is conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction P I plus one is conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction P I plus one is conjugate
+to the direction P and by choosing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the direction P and by choosing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the direction P and by choosing the
+directions in this way you're ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in this way you're ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in this way you're ensuring
+that P is orthogonal to the gradient at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P is orthogonal to the gradient at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P is orthogonal to the gradient at
+I plus 1 and the gradient at I plus 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 and the gradient at I plus 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus 1 and the gradient at I plus 2 so
+you're not stepping you're not stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not stepping you're not stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not stepping you're not stepping
+in the steepest direct descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the steepest direct descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the steepest direct descent
+directions that you'll pick up later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that you'll pick up later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that you'll pick up later on
+in the iterative process ok so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the iterative process ok so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the iterative process ok so when you
+know which direction you're stepping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which direction you're stepping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which direction you're stepping in
+then you've you've got to satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've you've got to satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've you've got to satisfy this
+conjugacy condition but actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugacy condition but actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugacy condition but actually you
+know this is a vector in n space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a vector in n space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a vector in n space right
+this is also a vector in space and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a vector in space and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a vector in space and we
+have one equation to describe all n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one equation to describe all n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one equation to describe all n
+components right so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components right so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components right so it's an
+underdetermined problem so then one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermined problem so then one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdetermined problem so then one has
+to pick right which particular one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick right which particular one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick right which particular one of
+these conjugate vectors do I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conjugate vectors do I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conjugate vectors do I want to
+step along a more particular choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step along a more particular choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step along a more particular choices
+this one which says step along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which says step along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which says step along the
+gradient direction okay do steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient direction okay do steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient direction okay do steepest
+descent but project out the component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent but project out the component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent but project out the component of
+the gradient along P I we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient along P I we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient along P I we already
+minimized the long P I we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized the long P I we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized the long P I we don't have to
+go in the P I direction anymore right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the P I direction anymore right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the P I direction anymore right so
+do steepest descent but remove the P I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do steepest descent but remove the P I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do steepest descent but remove the P I
+component okay so here is write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so here is write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay so here is write a
+quadratic objective function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic objective function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic objective function it
+corresponds to a linear equation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a linear equation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a linear equation with
+coefficient matrix 1 0 0 10 a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix 1 0 0 10 a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix 1 0 0 10 a diagonal
+coefficient matrix and B equals 0 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix and B equals 0 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient matrix and B equals 0 so the
+solution of this system of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this system of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of this system of linear
+equations is 0 0 we start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is 0 0 we start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is 0 0 we start with an
+initial guess up here okay and we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess up here okay and we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial guess up here okay and we try
+steepest descent with some small some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent with some small some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent with some small some
+small step size right you'll follow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small step size right you'll follow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small step size right you'll follow this
+blue path here and you can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue path here and you can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue path here and you can see what
+happened that step size was reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that step size was reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened that step size was reasonable
+right as we moved along the steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as we moved along the steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as we moved along the steepest
+descent direction where the contours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction where the contours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction where the contours
+were pretty narrowly spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty narrowly spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty narrowly spaced
+but as we got down to the flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we got down to the flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as we got down to the flatter
+section okay as we got down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay as we got down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay as we got down to the
+flatter section of our of our objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter section of our of our objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter section of our of our objective
+function those steps are really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those steps are really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function those steps are really small
+right we're heading in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're heading in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're heading in the right
+direction we're just taking very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we're just taking very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we're just taking very very
+small steps if you apply this conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps if you apply this conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps if you apply this conjugate
+gradient method ology well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method ology well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient method ology well the first
+step you take right that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you take right that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you take right that's that's
+prescribed you've got a you got a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed you've got a you got a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed you've got a you got a step
+in some direction the second step you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some direction the second step you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some direction the second step you
+take though minimizes completely along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take though minimizes completely along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take though minimizes completely along
+this direction right so the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction right so the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction right so the first step
+was the same for both of these but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same for both of these but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same for both of these but the
+second step right was chosen to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step right was chosen to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second step right was chosen to minimize
+completely along this direction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely along this direction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely along this direction it's
+totally minimized and the third step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally minimized and the third step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally minimized and the third step
+here also steps all the way right to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also steps all the way right to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here also steps all the way right to the
+center so it shows a conjugate direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so it shows a conjugate direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so it shows a conjugate direction
+that's step from here to there and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's step from here to there and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's step from here to there and it
+didn't lose any of the minimization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't lose any of the minimization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't lose any of the minimization in
+the original direction that it proceeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original direction that it proceeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original direction that it proceeded
+along okay so that's conjugate gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so that's conjugate gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along okay so that's conjugate gradient
+it's used to solve linear equations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to solve linear equations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to solve linear equations with
+order n iterations right so a right has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n iterations right so a right has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n iterations right so a right has
+at most n independent eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most n independent eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most n independent eigenvectors
+independent directions that I can step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent directions that I can step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent directions that I can step
+along and do this minimization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and do this minimization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and do this minimization the
+conjugate gradient methods doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient methods doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradient methods doing
+precisely that doesn't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that doesn't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that doesn't know what the
+eigen directions are but it's stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen directions are but it's stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen directions are but it's stepping
+along these contracts as a proxy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these contracts as a proxy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these contracts as a proxy for the
+eigen directions so we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen directions so we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen directions so we can do
+minimization with just n steps okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization with just n steps okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization with just n steps okay for
+a system of n equations for n unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it requires only the ability to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires only the ability to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires only the ability to compute
+the product of your matrix a with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of your matrix a with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of your matrix a with some
+vector right all the calculations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right all the calculations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector right all the calculations there
+only depended on the product of a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depended on the product of a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depended on the product of a with a
+vector so we don't have to store a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so we don't have to store a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector so we don't have to store a we
+just have to know what a is we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to know what a is we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to know what a is we have some
+procedure for generating a okay maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for generating a okay maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for generating a okay maybe a
+is a a linear operator that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a linear operator that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a linear operator that comes from
+solution of some differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of some differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of some differential equations
+instead right and we don't have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead right and we don't have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead right and we don't have an
+explicit expression for a but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit expression for a but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit expression for a but we have
+some simulator that produces take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simulator that produces take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some simulator that produces take some
+data and projects a to give some answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and projects a to give some answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and projects a to give some answer
+right so we just need this product we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just need this product we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we just need this product we
+don't have to store a exactly it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to store a exactly it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to store a exactly it's only
+good for a symmetric positive-definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for a symmetric positive-definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for a symmetric positive-definite
+matrices right the sort of free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices right the sort of free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices right the sort of free energy
+functional that we wrote or objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that we wrote or objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional that we wrote or objective
+function we wrote only admits symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we wrote only admits symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we wrote only admits symmetric
+matrices which are positive definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which are positive definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices which are positive definite
+that's the only way it'll have a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way it'll have a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way it'll have a minimum
+and so the only way a steepest ascent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only way a steepest ascent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the only way a steepest ascent or
+descent type procedure is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent type procedure is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent type procedure is going to get
+to the optimum but there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimum but there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the optimum but there are more
+sophisticated methods that exist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated methods that exist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated methods that exist for
+arbitrary matrices so if we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary matrices so if we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary matrices so if we don't want
+symmetry right or we don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry right or we don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry right or we don't care about
+whether it's positive definite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's positive definite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's positive definite right
+there are equivalent sorts of methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are equivalent sorts of methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are equivalent sorts of methods
+that are based around the same principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based around the same principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based around the same principle
+and it turns out this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out this is really the
+state of the art so if you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art so if you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art so if you want to solve
+complicated large systems of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated large systems of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated large systems of equations
+you know Gaussian elimination that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Gaussian elimination that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Gaussian elimination that'll
+get you an exact solution but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you an exact solution but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you an exact solution but that's
+often infeasible for the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often infeasible for the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often infeasible for the sorts of
+problems that we're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we're really interested in
+so instead you use these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead you use these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead you use these sorts of
+iterative methods things like Jacobi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods things like Jacobi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods things like Jacobi and
+Gauss Seidel they're sort of their the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss Seidel they're sort of their the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss Seidel they're sort of their the
+classics in the field and they work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classics in the field and they work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classics in the field and they work and
+you can show that they converge under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that they converge under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that they converge under
+lots of circumstances but these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of circumstances but these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of circumstances but these sorts of
+iterative methods like conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods like conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterative methods like conjugate
+gradient and it's its brethren other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and it's its brethren other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and it's its brethren other
+Krylov subspace methods are called are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krylov subspace methods are called are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krylov subspace methods are called are
+really the state of the art and the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the state of the art and the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the state of the art and the ones
+that you reach do you already did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you reach do you already did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you reach do you already did
+conjugate gradients in one homework ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients in one homework ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients in one homework ray
+you use this PCG iterative method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this PCG iterative method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this PCG iterative method in
+matlab to solve a system of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab to solve a system of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab to solve a system of linear
+equations it was doing this this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it was doing this this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it was doing this this is how
+it works okay okay okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works okay okay okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works okay okay okay so that's
+conjugate gradients you could apply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients you could apply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate gradients you could apply it
+also to two objective functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to two objective functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to two objective functions that
+aren't objective functions that aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't objective functions that aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't objective functions that aren't
+quadratic in nature okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in nature okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in nature okay
+the formulation changes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulation changes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulation changes a little bit
+everywhere where the matrix a appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere where the matrix a appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere where the matrix a appeared
+there it needs to be replaced with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it needs to be replaced with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it needs to be replaced with the
+Hessian at a certain iterate but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian at a certain iterate but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian at a certain iterate but the
+same idea persists it says well we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea persists it says well we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea persists it says well we think
+in our best approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our best approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our best approximation for the
+function that we've minimized as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we've minimized as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we've minimized as much as
+we can in one direction so let's choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can in one direction so let's choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can in one direction so let's choose
+a conjugate direction to go in and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conjugate direction to go in and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conjugate direction to go in and try
+not to ruin the minimization we did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to ruin the minimization we did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to ruin the minimization we did in
+the direction we were headed before of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction we were headed before of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction we were headed before of
+course these are all linearly convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are all linearly convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are all linearly convergent
+sorts of methods and we know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of methods and we know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of methods and we know that there
+are better ways to find roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better ways to find roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better ways to find roots of
+nonlinear equations like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations like this one
+F equals zero namely the newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F equals zero namely the newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F equals zero namely the newton-raphson
+method which is quadratically convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is quadratically convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is quadratically convergent
+so for really close to a critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for really close to a critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for really close to a critical point
+and hopefully that critical point is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully that critical point is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully that critical point is a
+minima in F right then we should rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima in F right then we should rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima in F right then we should rapidly
+converge to the solution of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the solution of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the solution of this system
+of nonlinear equations just by applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear equations just by applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinear equations just by applying
+the newton-raphson method it's locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newton-raphson method it's locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newton-raphson method it's locally
+convergent right so we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent right so we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent right so we're gonna get
+close and we get quadratic improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and we get quadratic improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close and we get quadratic improvement
+what is the newton-raphson iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the newton-raphson iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the newton-raphson iteration
+though can you write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though can you write that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though can you write that down
+what is the newton-raphson iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the newton-raphson iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the newton-raphson iteration
+that's the iterative math for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the iterative math for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the iterative math for this
+system of nonlinear equations grad F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of nonlinear equations grad F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of nonlinear equations grad F
+equals zero can you work that out let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero can you work that out let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero can you work that out let's
+not look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you got this what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you got this what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you got this what's the
+newton-raphson iterative map look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for this system of nonlinear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+involved in volunteer and answer nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in volunteer and answer nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in volunteer and answer nobody
+knows or nobody's sharing okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows or nobody's sharing okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows or nobody's sharing okay that's
+fine right so we're trying to solve an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine right so we're trying to solve an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine right so we're trying to solve an
+equation G of x equals zero all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation G of x equals zero all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation G of x equals zero all right so
+the iterative map is X I plus 1 is X I -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iterative map is X I plus 1 is X I -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iterative map is X I plus 1 is X I -
+Jacobian inverse times G and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian inverse times G and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian inverse times G and what's the
+Jacobian of G what's the Jacobian of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of G what's the Jacobian of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian of G what's the Jacobian of G
+pasión right so the Jacobi of G is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasión right so the Jacobi of G is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasión right so the Jacobi of G is the
+gradient of G which is two gradients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of G which is two gradients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of G which is two gradients of
+F which is the definition of the Hessian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which is the definition of the Hessian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which is the definition of the Hessian
+so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really
+the newton-raphson iteration is X I plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newton-raphson iteration is X I plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newton-raphson iteration is X I plus
+1 is X I - Hessian inverse times G so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is X I - Hessian inverse times G so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is X I - Hessian inverse times G so
+the hessian plays the role of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hessian plays the role of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hessian plays the role of the
+Jacobian this sort of solution procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so everything you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so everything you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so everything you know about
+newton-raphson is gonna apply here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson is gonna apply here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson is gonna apply here
+everything you know about quasi Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know about quasi Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know about quasi Newton
+Rapson methods is gonna apply here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rapson methods is gonna apply here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rapson methods is gonna apply here right
+you're gonna substitute for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna substitute for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna substitute for your
+nonlinear the non-linear function you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear the non-linear function you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear the non-linear function you're
+finding the root for you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the root for you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the root for you're gonna
+substitute the gradient and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the gradient and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute the gradient and for the
+Jacobian you're gonna substitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian you're gonna substitute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian you're gonna substitute the
+Hessian places where the Hessian is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian places where the Hessian is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian places where the Hessian is the
+determinate of the Hessian is 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinate of the Hessian is 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinate of the Hessian is 0 right
+it's gonna be a problem places where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be a problem places where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be a problem places where the
+Hessian is singular is gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian is singular is gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hessian is singular is gonna be a
+problem same as with the Jacobian good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem same as with the Jacobian good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem same as with the Jacobian good
+but newton-raphson has the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but newton-raphson has the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but newton-raphson has the great
+property that if our function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if our function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that if our function is
+quadratic like this one is it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic like this one is it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic like this one is it'll
+converge in exactly one step so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in exactly one step so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge in exactly one step so here
+steepest descent with a fixed value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent with a fixed value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent with a fixed value of
+alpha newton-raphson one step for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha newton-raphson one step for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha newton-raphson one step for a
+quadratic function why is it one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so when we take the when we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so when we take the when we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so when we take the when we take a
+tailor expansion of our F right in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor expansion of our F right in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tailor expansion of our F right in order
+to derive the newton-raphson step or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive the newton-raphson step or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive the newton-raphson step or
+expanding it out to quadratic order this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding it out to quadratic order this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding it out to quadratic order this
+function is quadratic the Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is quadratic the Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is quadratic the Taylor
+expansion is exact and the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is exact and the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion is exact and the solution of
+that equation right gradient F equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation right gradient F equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation right gradient F equals
+zero or G equals zero that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or G equals zero that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or G equals zero that's the
+solution of a linear equation right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a linear equation right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a linear equation right so
+it gives exactly the right step size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives exactly the right step size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives exactly the right step size
+here to move from an initial guess right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to move from an initial guess right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to move from an initial guess right
+to the exact solution or the minimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exact solution or the minimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the exact solution or the minimum of
+this equation so for quadratic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so for quadratic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so for quadratic equations
+newton-raphson is exact it doesn't go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson is exact it doesn't go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson is exact it doesn't go in
+the steepest descent direction right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent direction right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent direction right it
+goes in a different direction it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in a different direction it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in a different direction it would
+like to go in the steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go in the steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to go in the steepest descent
+direction if the Jacobian were identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if the Jacobian were identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if the Jacobian were identity
+okay but the Jacobian is a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the Jacobian is a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the Jacobian is a measure of
+how curved F is or the hessian let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how curved F is or the hessian let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how curved F is or the hessian let's say
+is a measure of how curved F is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how curved F is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of how curved F is right
+and so there's a projection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a projection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a projection of the
+gradient through the hessian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient through the hessian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient through the hessian that
+changes the direction we go in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the direction we go in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the direction we go in right
+that change in direction is meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change in direction is meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change in direction is meant to
+find the minimum of the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum of the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the minimum of the quadratic
+function that we approximate at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we approximate at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we approximate at this
+point so as long as we have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so as long as we have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so as long as we have a good
+quadratic approximation newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation newton-raphson
+is gonna give us good convergence to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna give us good convergence to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna give us good convergence to a
+minimum or credit whatever nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or credit whatever nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum or credit whatever nearby
+critical point there is if we have a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point there is if we have a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point there is if we have a bad
+approximation for a quadratic then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for a quadratic then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation for a quadratic then it's
+not gonna be so good right so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be so good right so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be so good right so here's
+this very steep function again log of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very steep function again log of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very steep function again log of f
+is quadratic but f right is exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quadratic but f right is exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quadratic but f right is exponential
+in X here so you got all these tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X here so you got all these tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X here so you got all these tightly
+spaced contours converging towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced contours converging towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced contours converging towards a
+minima at 0 0 and here I've got to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima at 0 0 and here I've got to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima at 0 0 and here I've got to use
+the steepest descent step size the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent step size the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent step size the
+optimal steepest descent step size which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal steepest descent step size which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal steepest descent step size which
+is a quadratic approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quadratic approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a quadratic approximation for the
+function but in the steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but in the steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but in the steepest descent
+direction normally and here's the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction normally and here's the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction normally and here's the path
+that it follows and if I apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it follows and if I apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it follows and if I apply
+newton-raphson to this function here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson to this function here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson to this function here's
+the path that it follows instead the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that it follows instead the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path that it follows instead the
+function isn't quadratic so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function isn't quadratic so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function isn't quadratic so these
+quadratic approximations aren't they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations aren't they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximations aren't they're
+not great right but the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great right but the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great right but the functions
+convex right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex right
+so newton raphson's gonna proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so newton raphson's gonna proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so newton raphson's gonna proceed
+downhill until it converges towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill until it converges towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill until it converges towards a
+solution anyways okay is the Hessian has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution anyways okay is the Hessian has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution anyways okay is the Hessian has
+positive eigenvalues all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigenvalues all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigenvalues all the time
+questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this
+make sense so get two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so get two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so get two different types of
+methods that you can play with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that you can play with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that you can play with one of
+which right it's always gonna direct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which right it's always gonna direct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which right it's always gonna direct you
+downhill okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill okay
+steepest ascent will always carry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest ascent will always carry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest ascent will always carry you
+downhill right towards the middle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right towards the middle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downhill right towards the middle and
+the other one Newton Rapson converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one Newton Rapson converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one Newton Rapson converges
+very quickly when it's close to the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly when it's close to the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly when it's close to the roof
+okay so they each have a virtue okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they each have a virtue okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they each have a virtue okay
+and they're different they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're different they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're different they're
+fundamentally different right they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different right they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally different right they take
+steps in completely different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in completely different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in completely different directions
+when does newton raphson not gonna step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does newton raphson not gonna step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when does newton raphson not gonna step
+down hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that okay that's a that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that okay that's a that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that okay that's a that's more
+generic and answering I'm looking for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic and answering I'm looking for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic and answering I'm looking for so
+there may be circumstances where of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be circumstances where of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be circumstances where of two
+local minima that means there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minima that means there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minima that means there must be
+maybe a saddle point that sits between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a saddle point that sits between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a saddle point that sits between
+them newton-raphson doesn't care which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them newton-raphson doesn't care which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them newton-raphson doesn't care which
+critical point is going after so may try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point is going after so may try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point is going after so may try
+to approach the saddle point instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach the saddle point instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to approach the saddle point instead
+that's true okay that's true yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true okay that's true yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true okay that's true yeah good
+yeah when the Hessian doesn't have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when the Hessian doesn't have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah when the Hessian doesn't have all
+positive eigen values right so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigen values right so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive eigen values right so if the
+HESI if all the eigen values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HESI if all the eigen values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HESI if all the eigen values of the
+hessian are positive right then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hessian are positive right then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hessian are positive right then the
+transformation right H times G or H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation right H times G or H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation right H times G or H
+inverse times G right it'll never switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times G right it'll never switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times G right it'll never switch
+the direction on going right I'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction on going right I'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction on going right I'll always
+be headed in a downhill direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be headed in a downhill direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be headed in a downhill direction right
+in a direction that's anti parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction that's anti parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a direction that's anti parallel to
+the gradient okay but if the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient okay but if the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient okay but if the eigen
+values of the hessian are negative right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the hessian are negative right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the hessian are negative right
+if some of them are negative and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of them are negative and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if some of them are negative and the
+gradient has me pointing along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient has me pointing along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient has me pointing along that
+eigenvector in a significant amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in a significant amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector in a significant amount
+right then this product will switch me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this product will switch me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then this product will switch me
+around and I'll have me go uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and I'll have me go uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and I'll have me go uphill
+instead they'll have me chasing down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they'll have me chasing down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead they'll have me chasing down a
+maxima or a saddle point instead that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima or a saddle point instead that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxima or a saddle point instead that's
+what the quadratic approximation of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quadratic approximation of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the quadratic approximation of our
+objective function will will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function will will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function will will look like
+it'll look like there's a Maxima or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look like there's a Maxima or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll look like there's a Maxima or
+saddle point in seven the function will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point in seven the function will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saddle point in seven the function will
+run uphill so are lots of strengths the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uphill so are lots of strengths the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uphill so are lots of strengths the
+newton-raphson convergence is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson convergence is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson convergence is one of
+them right the rate of convergence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right the rate of convergence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right the rate of convergence is
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+it's locally convergent that's good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's locally convergent that's good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's locally convergent that's good it's
+got lots of weaknesses though right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots of weaknesses though right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lots of weaknesses though right it's
+gonna be a pain when the Hessian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a pain when the Hessian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a pain when the Hessian is
+singular at various places you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular at various places you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular at various places you gotta
+solve systems of linear equations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve systems of linear equations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve systems of linear equations to
+figure out what these steps are that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what these steps are that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what these steps are that's
+expensive computationally it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive computationally it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive computationally it's not
+designed to seek out minima but to seek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to seek out minima but to seek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to seek out minima but to seek
+out critical points of our objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out critical points of our objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out critical points of our objective
+function steepest descent has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function steepest descent has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function steepest descent has lots of
+strengths right always heads downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths right always heads downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths right always heads downhill
+that's good if we put a little quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good if we put a little quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good if we put a little quadratic
+approximation on it we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on it we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation on it we can even
+stabilize it and get good control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize it and get good control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize it and get good control over
+the descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the descent
+yeah it's weaknesses are its it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's weaknesses are its it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's weaknesses are its it's got
+the property that it's linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that it's linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that it's linearly
+convergent instead of quadratically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent instead of quadratically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent instead of quadratically
+convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert
+when it converges so it's slower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it converges so it's slower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it converges so it's slower right
+it may be harder to find a minima you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be harder to find a minima you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be harder to find a minima you've
+seen several examples where the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen several examples where the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen several examples where the path
+sort of Peters out with lots of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Peters out with lots of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Peters out with lots of little
+iterations tiny steps towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations tiny steps towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations tiny steps towards the
+solution right that's a weakness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right that's a weakness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right that's a weakness of
+steepest descent we know that if we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent we know that if we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent we know that if we go
+over the edge of a cliff on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the edge of a cliff on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the edge of a cliff on our
+potential energy landscape steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy landscape steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy landscape steepest
+ascent is just gonna run away right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent is just gonna run away right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascent is just gonna run away right as
+long as there's one of these edges it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there's one of these edges it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there's one of these edges it'll
+just keep running downhill for as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep running downhill for as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep running downhill for as long
+as they can so it's done this to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can so it's done this to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can so it's done this to try to
+combine these methods okay why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these methods okay why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these methods okay why why
+choose one right we're trying to step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one right we're trying to step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one right we're trying to step
+our way towards a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way towards a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way towards a solution
+what if we could craft a heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we could craft a heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we could craft a heuristic
+procedure that mix these two and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that mix these two and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that mix these two and when
+steepest descent would be best use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent would be best use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent would be best use that
+when newton-raphson we best use that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when newton-raphson we best use that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when newton-raphson we best use that yes
+yes that's a good question so if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a good question so if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a good question so if there's
+an asymptote in F it'll perceive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymptote in F it'll perceive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an asymptote in F it'll perceive the
+asymptote as a critical point and chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptote as a critical point and chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymptote as a critical point and chase
+it okay and so if there's an asymptote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and so if there's an asymptote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and so if there's an asymptote
+enough it can perceive that and chase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it can perceive that and chase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it can perceive that and chase it
+I can also run away as it gets very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also run away as it gets very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can also run away as it gets very far
+away this is true okay if the example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is true okay if the example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is true okay if the example of
+the contour example that I gave you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contour example that I gave you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the contour example that I gave you at
+the start of class right had sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of class right had sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of class right had sort of
+Bowl shape function superimposed with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl shape function superimposed with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bowl shape function superimposed with a
+linear function a sort of planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function a sort of planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function a sort of planar
+function instead for that one right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead for that one right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function instead for that one right the
+the Hessian is ill-defined right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hessian is ill-defined right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hessian is ill-defined right there
+is no curvature to the function but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no curvature to the function but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no curvature to the function but you
+could imagine adding a small bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine adding a small bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could imagine adding a small bit of
+curvature to that right and depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature to that right and depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature to that right and depending on
+the direction of the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the curvature
+newton-raphson may run downhill or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson may run downhill or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson may run downhill or it
+may run back uphill right we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may run back uphill right we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may run back uphill right we can't
+guarantee which direction it's gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee which direction it's gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee which direction it's gonna go
+depends on the details of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the details of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the details of the function
+it's an answer your question yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an answer your question yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an answer your question yeah good
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's true this is true this is true yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true this is true this is true yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true this is true this is true yeah
+so we chose a quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we chose a quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we chose a quadratic approximation
+here right for a function we sought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right for a function we sought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right for a function we sought a
+critical point of this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point of this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical point of this quadratic
+approximation we didn't mandate that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we didn't mandate that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we didn't mandate that had
+to be a minima so that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a minima so that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a minima so that's absolutely
+right right so if H has negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so if H has negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so if H has negative
+eigenvalues and the gradient points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and the gradient points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and the gradient points
+enough in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough in the direction of the
+eigenvectors associated with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors associated with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors associated with those
+negative eigenvalues then we may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative eigenvalues then we may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative eigenvalues then we may have a
+case where alpha isn't positive we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where alpha isn't positive we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where alpha isn't positive we
+required early on that alpha should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required early on that alpha should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required early on that alpha should be
+positive for steepest descent so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for steepest descent so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive for steepest descent so we
+can't have the case where alpha is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have the case where alpha is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have the case where alpha is not
+positive it's true okay so they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it's true okay so they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it's true okay so they're both
+interesting method so they can be mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting method so they can be mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting method so they can be mixed
+together and the way you mix those is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the way you mix those is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and the way you mix those is
+with what's called trust region ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's called trust region ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's called trust region ideas
+okay because it could be that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it could be that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it could be that we're
+we've got an iteration x i right and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an iteration x i right and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an iteration x i right and we
+do a quadratic approximation to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quadratic approximation to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quadratic approximation to our
+functional which is this blue curve our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional which is this blue curve our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional which is this blue curve our
+quadratic approximation is this red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation is this red one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation is this red one
+and we find the minimum of this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find the minimum of this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find the minimum of this red
+curve and use that as our next best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and use that as our next best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and use that as our next best
+guess for the solution to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the solution to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess for the solution to the problem
+this seems to be working us closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to be working us closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems to be working us closer and
+closer towards the actual minimum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer towards the actual minimum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer towards the actual minimum in the
+function so this quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this quadratic approximation
+seems good the quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems good the quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems good the quadratic approximation
+is good which which method should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good which which method should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good which which method should we
+choose newton-raphson right it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose newton-raphson right it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose newton-raphson right it could
+also be the case though right that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be the case though right that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be the case though right that we
+make this quadratic approximation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this quadratic approximation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this quadratic approximation from
+our current iteration right and we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current iteration right and we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our current iteration right and we find
+it minimum that somehow oversteps right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it minimum that somehow oversteps right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it minimum that somehow oversteps right
+the minimum here in fact if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum here in fact if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum here in fact if we look at
+the value of our objective function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of our objective function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of our objective function at
+this next step is higher than the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next step is higher than the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next step is higher than the value
+of the objective function where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the objective function where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the objective function where we
+started this it seems like the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this it seems like the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this it seems like the quadratic
+approximation is not so good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not so good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not so good right
+that's a clear indication that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a clear indication that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a clear indication that this
+quadratic approximation isn't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation isn't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation isn't right
+because it suggested that we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it suggested that we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it suggested that we should have
+had a minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a minima
+right but a function got bigger instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but a function got bigger instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but a function got bigger instead
+and so in this case does it seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this case does it seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this case does it seem like
+you'd want to choose newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to choose newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to choose newton-raphson
+right to take your steps the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to take your steps the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to take your steps the quadratic
+approximation is not so good maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not so good maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is not so good maybe just
+simple steepest descent is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple steepest descent is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple steepest descent is about
+choice okay so what's done okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice okay so what's done okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice okay so what's done okay so if
+you're gonna point right you might draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna point right you might draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna point right you might draw
+a circle around that point with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle around that point with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle around that point with some
+prescribed radius call that R I this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed radius call that R I this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed radius call that R I this is
+our iterate X I this is our trust region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our iterate X I this is our trust region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our iterate X I this is our trust region
+radius R I we might ask right where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R I we might ask right where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R I we might ask right where does
+our newton-raphson step go and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our newton-raphson step go and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our newton-raphson step go and where
+does our steepest descent step take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does our steepest descent step take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does our steepest descent step take us
+and then based on whether these steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based on whether these steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then based on whether these steps
+carry us outside of our trust region we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry us outside of our trust region we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry us outside of our trust region we
+might decide to take one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide to take one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide to take one or the other
+okay so if I set a particular size R I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I set a particular size R I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I set a particular size R I
+write a particular trust region size RI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a particular trust region size RI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a particular trust region size RI
+and the newton-raphson step goes outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the newton-raphson step goes outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the newton-raphson step goes outside
+of that I'd say well I don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I'd say well I don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I'd say well I don't actually
+trust my quadratic approximation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust my quadratic approximation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust my quadratic approximation this
+far away from the start point so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the start point so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away from the start point so let's
+not take a step in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take a step in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take a step in that direction
+instead let's move in a steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead let's move in a steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead let's move in a steepest descent
+direction if my newton-raphson step is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if my newton-raphson step is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if my newton-raphson step is
+inside the trust region maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the trust region maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the trust region maybe I'll
+choose to take it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to take it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to take it right
+I trust the quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I trust the quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I trust the quadratic approximation
+within a distance RI of my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a distance RI of my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a distance RI of my current
+iteration is that strategy make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is that strategy make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration is that strategy make sense
+okay so we're trying to pick between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're trying to pick between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're trying to pick between two
+different methods in order to give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods in order to give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods in order to give us
+more reliable convergence to a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reliable convergence to a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more reliable convergence to a local
+minima okay so here's our newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima okay so here's our newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minima okay so here's our newton-raphson
+step right it's minus the Hessian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right it's minus the Hessian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step right it's minus the Hessian
+inverse times the gradient here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times the gradient here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse times the gradient here's our
+steepest descent step it's minus alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent step it's minus alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent step it's minus alpha
+times the gradient and if write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the gradient and if write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the gradient and if write the
+newton-raphson step is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step is smaller than the
+trust region radius and the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust region radius and the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust region radius and the value of the
+objective function at X I plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function at X I plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function at X I plus the
+newton-raphson step is amol err than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step is amol err than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step is amol err than the
+current objective function what seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current objective function what seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current objective function what seems
+like the quadratic approximation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the quadratic approximation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the quadratic approximation is a
+good one right I'm within the region in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one right I'm within the region in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good one right I'm within the region in
+which I trust this approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I trust this approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I trust this approximation and
+I've reduced the value of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reduced the value of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've reduced the value of the function
+so why not go that way right so take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not go that way right so take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why not go that way right so take the
+newton-raphson step else all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step else all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step else all right let's
+try taking a step in the steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try taking a step in the steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try taking a step in the steepest
+descent direction instead so again if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction instead so again if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent direction instead so again if
+the steepest descent Direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent Direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent Direction is
+smaller than RI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than RI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than RI
+and the value of the function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of the function in the
+steepest descent direction the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent direction the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent direction the optimal
+steepest descent direction or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent direction or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent direction or the
+optimal step in the steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal step in the steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal step in the steepest descent
+direction is smaller than the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is smaller than the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is smaller than the value of
+the function at the current point seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at the current point seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function at the current point seems
+like we should take that step right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we should take that step right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we should take that step right
+newton-raphson step was no good we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step was no good we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step was no good we've
+already discarded it but our optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discarded it but our optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already discarded it but our optimized
+steepest descent step seems like an okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent step seems like an okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent step seems like an okay
+one it reduces the value of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it reduces the value of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it reduces the value of the function
+and it's within the trust region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's within the trust region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's within the trust region where
+we think quadratic approximations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think quadratic approximations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think quadratic approximations are
+valid if that's not true right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid if that's not true right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid if that's not true right
+if the steepest descent step takes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the steepest descent step takes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the steepest descent step takes us
+outside of our trust region or we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our trust region or we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our trust region or we don't
+reduce the value of the function when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the value of the function when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the value of the function when we
+take that step then the next best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that step then the next best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that step then the next best
+strategy is to just take a steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is to just take a steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is to just take a steepest
+descent step to the edge of the trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent step to the edge of the trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent step to the edge of the trust
+region boundary yeah oh good question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region boundary yeah oh good question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region boundary yeah oh good question so
+eventually we're gonna get close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we're gonna get close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we're gonna get close enough
+to the solution all right that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution all right that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the solution all right that all these
+steps are gonna live inside the trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are gonna live inside the trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps are gonna live inside the trust
+region ring okay it's gonna require very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region ring okay it's gonna require very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region ring okay it's gonna require very
+small steps to converge to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps to converge to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small steps to converge to the solution
+and which of these two methods is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of these two methods is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of these two methods is going
+to converge faster newton-raphson so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge faster newton-raphson so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to converge faster newton-raphson so we
+prioritize newton graphs and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize newton graphs and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize newton graphs and over
+steepest descent that's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent that's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepest descent that's a great question
+right it's the faster converging one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the faster converging one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the faster converging one but
+it's a little unwieldy right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little unwieldy right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little unwieldy right so let's
+take it right when it seems valid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it right when it seems valid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it right when it seems valid okay
+but when it requires steps that are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it requires steps that are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when it requires steps that are too
+big or steps that don't minimize F let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or steps that don't minimize F let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big or steps that don't minimize F let's
+take some different steps instead let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some different steps instead let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some different steps instead let's
+use steepest descent as the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use steepest descent as the strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use steepest descent as the strategy
+right so this is heuristic okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is heuristic okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is heuristic okay so you
+gotta have some rules to go with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta have some rules to go with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta have some rules to go with this
+heuristic right we have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic right we have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic right we have a set of
+conditions under which we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under which we're gonna
+choose different steps okay we've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose different steps okay we've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose different steps okay we've got to
+set this trust region sighs okay this RI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this trust region sighs okay this RI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this trust region sighs okay this RI
+has to be set how big is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be set how big is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be set how big is it going to be
+I don't know you don't know right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you don't know right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you don't know right from
+the start you can't guess how big RI is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start you can't guess how big RI is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start you can't guess how big RI is
+gonna be it's gonna pick some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be it's gonna pick some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be it's gonna pick some initial
+guess and then we've got to modify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and then we've got to modify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and then we've got to modify the
+size of the trust region - right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the trust region - right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the trust region - right the
+size of the trust region is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the trust region is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the trust region is not going to
+be appropriate you know one fixed size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate you know one fixed size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate you know one fixed size
+is not going to be appropriate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be appropriate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be appropriate all the
+time instead we want a strategy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instead we want a strategy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time instead we want a strategy for
+changing its size so it should grow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its size so it should grow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing its size so it should grow or
+shrink depending on which steps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink depending on which steps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink depending on which steps we
+choose right like if we take right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose right like if we take right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose right like if we take right
+if we take the newton-raphson step okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the newton-raphson step okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take the newton-raphson step okay
+and we find that our quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that our quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that our quadratic
+approximation is a little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is a little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is a little bit bigger
+than the actual function value that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the actual function value that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the actual function value that we
+predicted we might want to grow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted we might want to grow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted we might want to grow the
+trust region we might be more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust region we might be more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust region we might be more likely to
+believe that these newton-raphson steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that these newton-raphson steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that these newton-raphson steps
+are getting us to smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting us to smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting us to smaller and smaller
+function values right the step was even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function values right the step was even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function values right the step was even
+better than we expected it here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we expected it here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than we expected it here's the
+quadratic approximation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic approximation in the
+newton-raphson direction and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson direction and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson direction and it was
+actually bigger than the actual value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bigger than the actual value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bigger than the actual value of
+the function so we got more you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so we got more you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function so we got more you know we
+got more than we expected out of a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more than we expected out of a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got more than we expected out of a step
+in that direction so why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction so why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that direction so why not
+loosen up accept more newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen up accept more newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosen up accept more newton-raphson
+steps okay that's the strategy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay that's the strategy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps okay that's the strategy we can
+take otherwise we might think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take otherwise we might think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take otherwise we might think about
+shrinking instead right so there could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking instead right so there could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinking instead right so there could
+be the circumstance where our quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the circumstance where our quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the circumstance where our quadratic
+approximation predicted a smaller value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation predicted a smaller value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation predicted a smaller value
+for the function than we actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function than we actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the function than we actually found
+okay it's not quite as reliable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not quite as reliable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not quite as reliable for
+getting us to the minimum these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us to the minimum these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us to the minimum these two
+circumstances are actually these so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances are actually these so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances are actually these so this
+one the quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the quadratic approximation
+predicted a slightly bigger value than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted a slightly bigger value than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted a slightly bigger value than
+we found say grow the trust region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found say grow the trust region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found say grow the trust region right
+try some more newton-raphson steps seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try some more newton-raphson steps seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try some more newton-raphson steps seems
+like the new graphs and steps are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the new graphs and steps are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the new graphs and steps are pretty
+reliable here here the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable here here the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable here here the value of the
+function right in the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right in the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right in the quadratic
+approximation is smaller than the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is smaller than the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is smaller than the value
+of the function after we took the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function after we took the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the function after we took the step
+seems like our trust regions probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like our trust regions probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like our trust regions probably
+too big if we have a circumstance like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big if we have a circumstance like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big if we have a circumstance like
+that should shrink it a little bit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should shrink it a little bit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should shrink it a little bit right
+we took the newton-raphson step but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took the newton-raphson step but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took the newton-raphson step but
+actually did worse than we expected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did worse than we expected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did worse than we expected it
+to do with the quadratic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the quadratic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the quadratic approximation
+so maybe we want to shrink the trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we want to shrink the trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe we want to shrink the trust
+region a little bit and you need a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region a little bit and you need a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region a little bit and you need a good
+initial value for the trust region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value for the trust region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value for the trust region
+radius what does that lab use it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius what does that lab use it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius what does that lab use it uses
+one okay it doesn't know there's no clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay it doesn't know there's no clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay it doesn't know there's no clue
+it's just a heuristic it starts with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a heuristic it starts with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a heuristic it starts with one
+and it changes it as an EP so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it changes it as an EP so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it changes it as an EP so this is
+how F solve solve systems of nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how F solve solve systems of nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how F solve solve systems of nonlinear
+equations this is how all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is how all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations this is how all of the
+minimizer's in matlab this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer's in matlab this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizer's in matlab this is the
+strategy they use to try to find minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy they use to try to find minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy they use to try to find minima
+right they use these sorts of trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they use these sorts of trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they use these sorts of trust
+region methods it uses a slight a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region methods it uses a slight a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region methods it uses a slight a slight
+improvement which is also heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement which is also heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement which is also heuristic
+called a dogleg trust region method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a dogleg trust region method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a dogleg trust region method
+so you can take a newton raphson's step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take a newton raphson's step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take a newton raphson's step
+or you could take a steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could take a steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could take a steepest descent
+step and if you found the steepest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and if you found the steepest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and if you found the steepest
+descent step didn't quite get you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent step didn't quite get you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descent step didn't quite get you to the
+boundary of your trust region you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of your trust region you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of your trust region you can
+then step in the newton-raphson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then step in the newton-raphson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then step in the newton-raphson
+direction why do you do that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction why do you do that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction why do you do that I don't
+know people have found that it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have found that it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people have found that it's useful
+right there's actually no good reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's actually no good reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's actually no good reason to
+take these sorts of dogleg steps people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these sorts of dogleg steps people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these sorts of dogleg steps people
+have found that for general right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found that for general right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found that for general right
+general objective functions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general objective functions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general objective functions that you
+might want to find minima of this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to find minima of this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to find minima of this is a
+reliable strategy for getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable strategy for getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable strategy for getting there
+right there's no guarantee that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no guarantee that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no guarantee that this is
+the best strategy the surd right general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best strategy the surd right general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best strategy the surd right general
+non-convex fund these are just hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convex fund these are just hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-convex fund these are just hard
+problems in you know that one encounters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in you know that one encounters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in you know that one encounters
+so when you make a software package like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you make a software package like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you make a software package like
+matlab this is this is what you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab this is this is what you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlab this is this is what you do you
+come up with heuristics that work most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with heuristics that work most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with heuristics that work most
+of the time okay I'll just I'll provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time okay I'll just I'll provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time okay I'll just I'll provide
+you an example here okay so you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example here okay so you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example here okay so you've seen
+this function now several times right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function now several times right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function now several times right
+here is the let's see so in red covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the let's see so in red covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the let's see so in red covered
+up back here is the newton-raphson path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back here is the newton-raphson path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up back here is the newton-raphson path
+in blue is the optimal steepest descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue is the optimal steepest descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in blue is the optimal steepest descent
+path and in purple is the trust region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and in purple is the trust region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and in purple is the trust region
+method that MATLAB uses to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that MATLAB uses to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that MATLAB uses to find the
+minimum they all start from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum they all start from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum they all start from the same
+place and you can see the purple path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and you can see the purple path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and you can see the purple path is
+a little different from these two if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from these two if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different from these two if i
+zoom in right right up here what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in right right up here what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in right right up here what you'll
+see is initially matlab chose to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is initially matlab chose to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is initially matlab chose to follow
+the steepest descent path and then at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent path and then at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steepest descent path and then at a
+certain point it decided because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point it decided because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point it decided because of the
+value of the trust region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the trust region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the trust region that
+newton-raphson steps were to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson steps were to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson steps were to be
+preferred and so change direction and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred and so change direction and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred and so change direction and it
+started stepping along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started stepping along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started stepping along the
+newton-raphson direction instead okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson direction instead okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson direction instead okay it
+has some built-in logic that tells it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some built-in logic that tells it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some built-in logic that tells it
+when to make that choice for switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to make that choice for switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to make that choice for switching
+based on the size of the trust region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the size of the trust region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the size of the trust region
+and the idea is just to choose right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is just to choose right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is just to choose right the
+best sorts of steps possible right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best sorts of steps possible right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best sorts of steps possible right your
+best guess of what the right steps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess of what the right steps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess of what the right steps are
+and this is all based around how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all based around how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all based around how
+trustworthy we think this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy we think this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trustworthy we think this quadratic
+evaluator quadratic approximation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator quadratic approximation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluator quadratic approximation for
+our objective function is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes it's computing both sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it's computing both sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it's computing both sets of
+steps and it's deciding which one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and it's deciding which one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and it's deciding which one it
+should take right it doesn't know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take right it doesn't know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take right it doesn't know it's
+trying to choose between them you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to choose between them you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to choose between them you can do
+that as well actually right but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well actually right but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well actually right but if
+you're doing that right now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that right now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that right now you have to
+choose between that strategy and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between that strategy and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose between that strategy and taking
+a steepest descent step up to R as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steepest descent step up to R as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steepest descent step up to R as well
+right and I think one has to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think one has to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think one has to decide
+which which you prefer it's possible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which you prefer it's possible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which you prefer it's possible the
+newton-raphson step also doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step also doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newton-raphson step also doesn't
+actually reduce F in which case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reduce F in which case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reduce F in which case you
+should discard it entirely right but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should discard it entirely right but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should discard it entirely right but you
+could you could craft a strategy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could craft a strategy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you could craft a strategy that
+does that right it's still gonna still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that right it's still gonna still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that right it's still gonna still
+gonna converge likely okay okay I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna converge likely okay okay I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna converge likely okay okay I've got
+to let you guys go there's another class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let you guys go there's another class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let you guys go there's another class
+coming in Thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Sj18t7hdbt8.txt b/Sj18t7hdbt8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a4064158a8daa96d96786d821d17b54ff33897ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Sj18t7hdbt8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this truth table represents a five-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truth table represents a five-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this truth table represents a five-state
+finite state machine or FSM with a 1-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state machine or FSM with a 1-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state machine or FSM with a 1-bit
+input in and a two-bit out put out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in and a two-bit out put out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input in and a two-bit out put out this
+FSM is a mealy machine that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM is a mealy machine that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM is a mealy machine that means that
+its outputs are a function of both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its outputs are a function of both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its outputs are a function of both the
+current state and the current input when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state and the current input when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state and the current input when
+this FSM is initialized its starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this FSM is initialized its starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this FSM is initialized its starting
+state is state B we are given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is state B we are given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is state B we are given a
+partially filled state transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially filled state transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially filled state transition
+diagram shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram shown here
+our job is to fill in the missing state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job is to fill in the missing state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our job is to fill in the missing state
+and transition labels in other words s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transition labels in other words s1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transition labels in other words s1
+through s4 should be replaced with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through s4 should be replaced with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through s4 should be replaced with the
+states a through E and T 1 through t7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a through E and T 1 through t7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a through E and T 1 through t7
+should be replaced with a in / out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be replaced with a in / out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be replaced with a in / out
+transition corresponding to that arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition corresponding to that arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition corresponding to that arrow
+in order to do this we begin by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this we begin by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do this we begin by looking
+at the truth table beginning with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the truth table beginning with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the truth table beginning with a
+starting state B the truth table shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state B the truth table shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting state B the truth table shows
+us that when in equals 0 our next state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that when in equals 0 our next state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that when in equals 0 our next state
+is state C since the 0 input transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is state C since the 0 input transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is state C since the 0 input transition
+out of state V is already labeled for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of state V is already labeled for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of state V is already labeled for us
+we know that state s 2 equals C this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that state s 2 equals C this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that state s 2 equals C this
+also tells us that T 2 corresponds to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tells us that T 2 corresponds to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tells us that T 2 corresponds to n
+equals 1 so S 4 is equal to D and T 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 so S 4 is equal to D and T 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 so S 4 is equal to D and T 2 is
+equal to 1 / 0 0 from state D we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 / 0 0 from state D we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 / 0 0 from state D we have
+the one input transition already labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one input transition already labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one input transition already labeled
+so T 3 corresponds to N equals 0 looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T 3 corresponds to N equals 0 looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so T 3 corresponds to N equals 0 looking
+at the truth table that means that s 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the truth table that means that s 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the truth table that means that s 3
+equals E and T 3 equals 0 / 0 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals E and T 3 equals 0 / 0 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals E and T 3 equals 0 / 0 1 the
+truth table then shows us that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table then shows us that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth table then shows us that from
+state e a 1 input takes you back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state e a 1 input takes you back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state e a 1 input takes you back to
+state B so T 4 equals 1 / 0 1 which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state B so T 4 equals 1 / 0 1 which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state B so T 4 equals 1 / 0 1 which in
+turn means that T 5 equals 0 / 1 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn means that T 5 equals 0 / 1 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn means that T 5 equals 0 / 1 0 and
+state s 1 equals a from state a the 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state s 1 equals a from state a the 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state s 1 equals a from state a the 0
+input transition is already filled in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input transition is already filled in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input transition is already filled in so
+T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 1
+equals 1 / 1 1 from state C a 1 input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 / 1 1 from state C a 1 input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 / 1 1 from state C a 1 input
+goes to state B so T 6 equals 1 / 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to state B so T 6 equals 1 / 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to state B so T 6 equals 1 / 0 1
+which in turn means that T 7 equals 0 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn means that T 7 equals 0 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn means that T 7 equals 0 /
+1 0 now that we have a complete state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 now that we have a complete state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 0 now that we have a complete state
+diagram for our FSM the next thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for our FSM the next thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for our FSM the next thing we
+want to figure out is what sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out is what sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to figure out is what sequence of
+outputs is produced if we begin in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs is produced if we begin in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs is produced if we begin in state
+B and receive inputs 1 0 0 since our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and receive inputs 1 0 0 since our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and receive inputs 1 0 0 since our
+state transition diagram is now filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram is now filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state transition diagram is now filled
+we see that from state B a 1 input takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that from state B a 1 input takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that from state B a 1 input takes
+us to state D and produces a 0 0 output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to state D and produces a 0 0 output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to state D and produces a 0 0 output
+from a state D a 0 input moves us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a state D a 0 input moves us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a state D a 0 input moves us to
+state e and outputs 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state e and outputs 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state e and outputs 0 1
+finally from state e a 0 input moves us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally from state e a 0 input moves us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally from state e a 0 input moves us
+to state a and produces a 1 0 output ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state a and produces a 1 0 output ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to state a and produces a 1 0 output ok
+now let's try to find a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to find a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's try to find a sequence of
+inputs that is guaranteed to leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that is guaranteed to leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs that is guaranteed to leave the
+FSM and state e regardless of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM and state e regardless of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FSM and state e regardless of the state
+it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in
+before the sequence is processed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sequence is processed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the sequence is processed to
+answer this question we take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question we take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question we take a look at
+our filled in state diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our filled in state diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our filled in state diagram and
+determine what sequence of inputs takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what sequence of inputs takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what sequence of inputs takes
+us from each state X 2 state e we begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from each state X 2 state e we begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from each state X 2 state e we begin
+with state a from state a the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with state a from state a the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with state a from state a the shortest
+sequence of inputs required to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of inputs required to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of inputs required to get the
+state e is 1 1 0 this takes you from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state e is 1 1 0 this takes you from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state e is 1 1 0 this takes you from A
+to B to D to e next we examine state B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B to D to e next we examine state B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B to D to e next we examine state B
+we see that the sequence 1 0 will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the sequence 1 0 will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the sequence 1 0 will take
+us from B to D to e since we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from B to D to e since we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from B to D to e since we are looking
+for a single sequence that will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single sequence that will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single sequence that will work
+from all states we want to see if 1 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all states we want to see if 1 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all states we want to see if 1 1 0
+would also work taking a closer look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also work taking a closer look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also work taking a closer look at
+state D shows us that the sequence 1 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state D shows us that the sequence 1 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state D shows us that the sequence 1 1 0
+will also get us from B to e because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also get us from B to e because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also get us from B to e because the
+extra 1 just keeps you in state D for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra 1 just keeps you in state D for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra 1 just keeps you in state D for
+one extra iteration and then the 0 takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra iteration and then the 0 takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra iteration and then the 0 takes
+you to state e similarly if you begin at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to state e similarly if you begin at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to state e similarly if you begin at
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+d the sequence 1 1 0 leaves you at state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the sequence 1 1 0 leaves you at state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the sequence 1 1 0 leaves you at state
+D for 2 iterations and then on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D for 2 iterations and then on the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D for 2 iterations and then on the third
+the 0 takes you to state e beginning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 takes you to state e beginning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 takes you to state e beginning at
+state a itself the sequence 1 1 0 takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a itself the sequence 1 1 0 takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state a itself the sequence 1 1 0 takes
+you to state B then D then e so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to state B then D then e so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to state B then D then e so we have
+one state left to check and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state left to check and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state left to check and that is
+state C from a state C the sequence 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state C from a state C the sequence 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state C from a state C the sequence 1 1
+0 takes us to state B then D then e so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 takes us to state B then D then e so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 takes us to state B then D then e so
+once again the sequence 1 1 0 works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again the sequence 1 1 0 works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again the sequence 1 1 0 works
+this means that regardless of what state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that regardless of what state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that regardless of what state
+you start in the sequence 1 1 0 will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start in the sequence 1 1 0 will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start in the sequence 1 1 0 will
+have you end at state e the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you end at state e the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you end at state e the last
+question we want to answer about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we want to answer about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we want to answer about this
+finite state machine is whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state machine is whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite state machine is whether or not
+there exists an equivalent FSM that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an equivalent FSM that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an equivalent FSM that has
+only four states instead of 5 in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four states instead of 5 in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four states instead of 5 in other
+words are there two states that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are there two states that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words are there two states that can be
+merged into one to reduce the FSM to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged into one to reduce the FSM to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged into one to reduce the FSM to an
+equivalent FSM with one fewer state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent FSM with one fewer state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent FSM with one fewer state
+recall that in a mealy FSM two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that in a mealy FSM two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that in a mealy FSM two states
+are equivalent if they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent if they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equivalent if they have the same
+input / output transitions as each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input / output transitions as each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input / output transitions as each other
+if it were more of a SEM then the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were more of a SEM then the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were more of a SEM then the two
+states would be equivalent if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states would be equivalent if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states would be equivalent if they
+produce the same output and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same output and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the same output and have the
+same transitions taking a closer look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same transitions taking a closer look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same transitions taking a closer look at
+the states in this FSM we see that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states in this FSM we see that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states in this FSM we see that both
+states C and E transition to state B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states C and E transition to state B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states C and E transition to state B on
+a one input and produce a zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one input and produce a zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one input and produce a zero one
+output on a zero input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output on a zero input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output on a zero input
+they both transition to state a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both transition to state a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both transition to state a and
+produce a one zero output so state C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a one zero output so state C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a one zero output so state C and
+E are equivalent and can be merged into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E are equivalent and can be merged into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E are equivalent and can be merged into
+a single state thus reducing the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single state thus reducing the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single state thus reducing the total
+number of states in our FSM to four
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SjK2lmRFxc4.txt b/SjK2lmRFxc4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b339103a36967f17a2112ef8435af621dc00bbf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SjK2lmRFxc4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're standing at a traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're standing at a traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're standing at a traffic
+intersection and you start to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and you start to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection and you start to accelerate
+when the light turns green suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the light turns green suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the light turns green suppose that
+your acceleration as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your acceleration as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your acceleration as a function of time
+is a constant for some time interval T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant for some time interval T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a constant for some time interval T
+less than T 1 and after that at 0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than T 1 and after that at 0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than T 1 and after that at 0 for
+time after T 1 less than T less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after T 1 less than T less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after T 1 less than T less than
+some time T 2 at the exact same instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time T 2 at the exact same instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time T 2 at the exact same instant
+the light turns green a bicyclist is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light turns green a bicyclist is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light turns green a bicyclist is
+coming through the intersection and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the intersection and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming through the intersection and the
+bicyclist is has some initial speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist is has some initial speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist is has some initial speed and
+is breaking with an acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is breaking with an acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is breaking with an acceleration of
+minus B 2 for the entire time interval T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 for the entire time interval T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 for the entire time interval T
+T 2 and at time T 2 the bicyclist comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 2 and at time T 2 the bicyclist comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 2 and at time T 2 the bicyclist comes
+to rest exactly where you are located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rest exactly where you are located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rest exactly where you are located
+and we also know some initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know some initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know some initial conditions
+so our initial conditions in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our initial conditions in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our initial conditions in this
+problem are that you're accelerating b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are that you're accelerating b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem are that you're accelerating b1
+at a rate 2 meters per second squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate 2 meters per second squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate 2 meters per second squared
+and you do this for time t1 equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this for time t1 equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this for time t1 equals one
+second and the bicyclist comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the bicyclist comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the bicyclist comes into the
+intersection we'll call that B 2 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection we'll call that B 2 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection we'll call that B 2 not
+that's the initial speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the initial speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the initial speed of the
+bicyclist at 3 meters per second and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist at 3 meters per second and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist at 3 meters per second and the
+question is what is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the rate of
+deceleration of the bicycle as B 2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceleration of the bicycle as B 2 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deceleration of the bicycle as B 2 now
+this is can be quite a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is can be quite a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is can be quite a complicated
+problem so the first thing we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the first thing we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so the first thing we want to do
+is just make a sketch and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just make a sketch and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just make a sketch and think about
+what's involved this problem involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's involved this problem involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's involved this problem involves
+two objects you and the bicyclist the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects you and the bicyclist the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects you and the bicyclist the
+person that's you has two stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's you has two stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that's you has two stages of
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the bicyclists only has one stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bicyclists only has one stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bicyclists only has one stage of
+motion so to get started it always helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so to get started it always helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so to get started it always helps
+to choose a coordinate system and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a coordinate system and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose a coordinate system and to
+make some sketches of the problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sketches of the problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make some sketches of the problem so
+let's say we choose a it's all one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we choose a it's all one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we choose a it's all one
+dimensional motion two objects one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional motion two objects one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional motion two objects one
+dimensional motion and so we'll pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional motion and so we'll pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional motion and so we'll pick an
+origin at the light at the one side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the light at the one side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at the light at the one side of
+the intersection and we have two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection and we have two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection and we have two objects
+which we'll talk about you x1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about you x1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll talk about you x1 and the
+bicycle is x2 actually we don't know yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle is x2 actually we don't know yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicycle is x2 actually we don't know yet
+who's in front of the other the bicycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in front of the other the bicycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in front of the other the bicycles
+will be first in front of you so now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be first in front of you so now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be first in front of you so now how
+do we sketch the motion of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we sketch the motion of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we sketch the motion of these two
+stages of motions so let's make a sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of motions so let's make a sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages of motions so let's make a sketch
+and let's start with the person well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start with the person well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's start with the person well the
+person if we plotted their position as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if we plotted their position as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person if we plotted their position as a
+function of time this will be positioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time this will be positioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time this will be positioned
+in general I'll just draw the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I'll just draw the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I'll just draw the person
+function they're accelerating to a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they're accelerating to a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they're accelerating to a time
+t1 and then they're moving at a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 and then they're moving at a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 and then they're moving at a constant
+speed at time t2 now the bicyclists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at time t2 now the bicyclists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed at time t2 now the bicyclists a
+little more complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated because
+initially the bicyclist has a this is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the bicyclist has a this is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially the bicyclist has a this is at
+time T person 1 initially the bicyclist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T person 1 initially the bicyclist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T person 1 initially the bicyclist
+has a nonzero slope and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a nonzero slope and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a nonzero slope and they're
+decelerating and they reach you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerating and they reach you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerating and they reach you with the
+zero slope so this graph this is the X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero slope so this graph this is the X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero slope so this graph this is the X 2
+that is the bicyclist and right here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bicyclist and right here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the bicyclist and right here we
+have the person x1 so now to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the person x1 so now to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the person x1 so now to build a
+strategy we have we can even look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we have we can even look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy we have we can even look at our
+graph and see that from our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and see that from our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and see that from our initial
+conditions we have some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we have some special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we have some special
+conditions that the so from our strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that the so from our strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that the so from our strategy
+will be to 1 figure out what this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to 1 figure out what this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to 1 figure out what this time
+is and we know that the bicyclist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and we know that the bicyclist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and we know that the bicyclist
+at time t2 has come to a stop so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t2 has come to a stop so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time t2 has come to a stop so that's
+one condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition
+and we also know that the bicyclist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know that the bicyclist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also know that the bicyclist
+comes to a stop exactly at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to a stop exactly at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to a stop exactly at the same
+position as the person X 1 T 2 equals X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as the person X 1 T 2 equals X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position as the person X 1 T 2 equals X
+2 of T 2 so those are two conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of T 2 so those are two conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of T 2 so those are two conditions
+that we can deduce from all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can deduce from all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can deduce from all of this
+given information and now we can apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given information and now we can apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given information and now we can apply
+our kinematic relationships for both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kinematic relationships for both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our kinematic relationships for both the
+bicyclist and the person and try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist and the person and try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist and the person and try to see
+if these conditions will enable us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conditions will enable us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these conditions will enable us to
+deduce what B 2 is so let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce what B 2 is so let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce what B 2 is so let's begin with
+the bicyclist so the velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bicyclist so the velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bicyclist so the velocity of the
+bicyclist as a function of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist as a function of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist as a function of time is
+simply the integration of that bicyclist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the integration of that bicyclist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the integration of that bicyclist
+DT Prime from zero to T 2 this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Prime from zero to T 2 this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT Prime from zero to T 2 this is one
+stage of motion the acceleration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of motion the acceleration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of motion the acceleration is
+minus B 2 so this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 so this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 2 so this is a very
+straightforward integral this is just B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward integral this is just B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward integral this is just B
+of 2t 2 V 2 this is minus the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2t 2 V 2 this is minus the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2t 2 V 2 this is minus the initial
+speed equals that B of T 2 minus V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed equals that B of T 2 minus V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed equals that B of T 2 minus V of
+the initial is that and because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial is that and because we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial is that and because we want
+this to be 0 we have the condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be 0 we have the condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be 0 we have the condition that
+T 2 equals V 2 naught divided by B 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 2 equals V 2 naught divided by B 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T 2 equals V 2 naught divided by B 2 so
+that's our first condition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our first condition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our first condition for the
+bicyclist now we have to separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist now we have to separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicyclist now we have to separately
+solve for the bicyclist position that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the bicyclist position that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the bicyclist position that's
+easy x2 of T is the integral of V 2 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy x2 of T is the integral of V 2 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy x2 of T is the integral of V 2 T
+prime DT Prime from 0 to t 2 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT Prime from 0 to t 2 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT Prime from 0 to t 2 and that's
+just minus 1/2 this is we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just minus 1/2 this is we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just minus 1/2 this is we want to make
+sure that we get the displacement but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we get the displacement but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we get the displacement but at
+x2 naught is 0 so we have X 2 at T 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 naught is 0 so we have X 2 at T 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 naught is 0 so we have X 2 at T 2
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+the loss integral of the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss integral of the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss integral of the velocity
+function which is v2 naught minus B 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is v2 naught minus B 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is v2 naught minus B 2 of
+T prime DT Prime from 0 to T 2 and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T prime DT Prime from 0 to T 2 and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T prime DT Prime from 0 to T 2 and so we
+get v2 naught T 2 minus 1/2 B 2 t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get v2 naught T 2 minus 1/2 B 2 t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get v2 naught T 2 minus 1/2 B 2 t2
+squared and when we input this condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and when we input this condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and when we input this condition
+in for T 2 this becomes very simply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for T 2 this becomes very simply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for T 2 this becomes very simply it
+becomes v2 naught squared over 2 B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes v2 naught squared over 2 B 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes v2 naught squared over 2 B 2
+substituting T 2 into each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting T 2 into each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting T 2 into each of these
+expressions gives us that relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions gives us that relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions gives us that relationship
+so that's the position of the cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the position of the cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the position of the cycle of
+the cyclists at time T 2 now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclists at time T 2 now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclists at time T 2 now this is a
+little bit trickier to get the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit trickier to get the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit trickier to get the position
+of the person so in order to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person so in order to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the person so in order to do that we
+first find the velocity of the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first find the velocity of the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first find the velocity of the person
+function it's a two-stage motion so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a two-stage motion so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a two-stage motion so for
+the first stage of motion the velocity 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage of motion the velocity 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first stage of motion the velocity 2
+velocity of person 1 minus their initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of person 1 minus their initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of person 1 minus their initial
+velocity which is 0 minus 1 0 that's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is 0 minus 1 0 that's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is 0 minus 1 0 that's 0
+equals the integral of B 1 DT prime from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the integral of B 1 DT prime from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the integral of B 1 DT prime from
+0 to t1 which is just B 1 t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this velocity remains constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this velocity remains constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this velocity remains constant
+throughout the next interval so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the next interval so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the next interval so we can
+write the velocity function in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the velocity function in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the velocity function in the
+following way V 1 T equals V 1 T for 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way V 1 T equals V 1 T for 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way V 1 T equals V 1 T for 0
+less than T less than T 1 and afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than T less than T 1 and afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than T less than T 1 and afterwards
+a constant velocity now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant velocity now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant velocity now
+this is the function that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function that we need to
+integrate to get the displacement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate to get the displacement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate to get the displacement so
+let's get ourselves a little room here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get ourselves a little room here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get ourselves a little room here
+and integrate that and we have X of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate that and we have X of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integrate that and we have X of T is
+two integrals first from 0 to T 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two integrals first from 0 to T 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two integrals first from 0 to T 1 the
+velocity function during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function during that time
+interval and then for the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then for the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then for the second time
+interval DT 2 the velocity function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval DT 2 the velocity function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval DT 2 the velocity function is
+constant B this is B 1 B 1 T 1 DT prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant B this is B 1 B 1 T 1 DT prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant B this is B 1 B 1 T 1 DT prime
+notice this is not a variable but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this is not a variable but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this is not a variable but it is
+the time at the end of the interval and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at the end of the interval and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time at the end of the interval and
+when we make these two integrals we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make these two integrals we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we make these two integrals we get
+1/2 B 1 T 1 squared let's make this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 B 1 T 1 squared let's make this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 B 1 T 1 squared let's make this the
+velocity at time no that's time T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at time no that's time T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at time no that's time T this
+first integral goes from 0 to T 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integral goes from 0 to T 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integral goes from 0 to T 1 and
+the second interval we're gonna make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second interval we're gonna make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second interval we're gonna make
+this the position at time t 2 and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the position at time t 2 and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the position at time t 2 and we get
+plus B 1 times T 1 times T 2 minus T 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 1 times T 1 times T 2 minus T 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B 1 times T 1 times T 2 minus T 1
+we have a common term T 1 squared B 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a common term T 1 squared B 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a common term T 1 squared B 1/2
+B 1 T 1 squared B 1 minus B 1 t 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 T 1 squared B 1 minus B 1 t 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B 1 T 1 squared B 1 minus B 1 t 1
+squared so this reduces to one-half v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this reduces to one-half v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so this reduces to one-half v1
+t1 squared plus B 1 t1 t2 and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 squared plus B 1 t1 t2 and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t1 squared plus B 1 t1 t2 and that's how
+we find the position of the person for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the position of the person for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the position of the person for
+our interval let's just review that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interval let's just review that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our interval let's just review that to
+make sure because we had to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure because we had to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure because we had to get the
+velocity function first and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function first and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity function first and then we
+integrated the velocity in each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated the velocity in each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated the velocity in each time
+interval correctly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval correctly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval correctly you know
+to get the position function now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the position function now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the position function now we can
+apply our conditions notice we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our conditions notice we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our conditions notice we already
+know t2 here and we can now apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know t2 here and we can now apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know t2 here and we can now apply the
+second condition which says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition which says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second condition which says that the
+position of the bicyclist at time t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the bicyclist at time t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the bicyclist at time t2
+which we found to be V naught squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we found to be V naught squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we found to be V naught squared
+over 2 B 2 is equal to the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 B 2 is equal to the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 B 2 is equal to the position of
+the cyclists of the person at that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclists of the person at that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclists of the person at that same
+time so that's minus one-half v1 t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's minus one-half v1 t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that's minus one-half v1 t1
+squared plus B 1 t1 now let's make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus B 1 t1 now let's make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus B 1 t1 now let's make that
+substitution for time T 2 so that's V 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for time T 2 so that's V 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution for time T 2 so that's V 2
+naught over B 2 and now our problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over B 2 and now our problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over B 2 and now our problem is
+to solve for this time B 2 and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for this time B 2 and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve for this time B 2 and we're
+given B 1 we're given T 1 we're given V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B 1 we're given T 1 we're given V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B 1 we're given T 1 we're given V
+2 naught and the only variable here is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 naught and the only variable here is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 naught and the only variable here is B
+2 it's a little bit of algebra to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's a little bit of algebra to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 it's a little bit of algebra to
+rearrange terms what I'll do is I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange terms what I'll do is I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange terms what I'll do is I'll
+bring this term over to here so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this term over to here so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this term over to here so now
+we'll just do a little bit of algebra we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do a little bit of algebra we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just do a little bit of algebra we
+have a B 2 I pull out I have a minus B 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a B 2 I pull out I have a minus B 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a B 2 I pull out I have a minus B 1
+t 1 v2 dot and that's equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 v2 dot and that's equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t 1 v2 dot and that's equal to minus
+one-half v1 t1 squared and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half v1 t1 squared and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half v1 t1 squared and now I can
+solve for B 2 and so I get B 2 is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for B 2 and so I get B 2 is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for B 2 and so I get B 2 is equal
+to V T naught squared minus B 1 T 1 B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V T naught squared minus B 1 T 1 B 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V T naught squared minus B 1 T 1 B 2
+not over minus one-half v1 t1 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not over minus one-half v1 t1 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not over minus one-half v1 t1 squared
+now let's just do a quick dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just do a quick dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just do a quick dimensional
+check B times T has the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check B times T has the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check B times T has the dimensions of
+velocity so this is velocity square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so this is velocity square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so this is velocity square
+velocity squared that's okay upstairs B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared that's okay upstairs B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity squared that's okay upstairs B
+times T squared is dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T squared is dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T squared is dimensions of
+position so what we have is meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so what we have is meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so what we have is meters
+squared per second squared divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared per second squared divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared per second squared divided by
+meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+that gives us meters per second squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us meters per second squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us meters per second squared
+so we're pretty confident that we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're pretty confident that we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're pretty confident that we're at
+least didn't make an algebraic mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least didn't make an algebraic mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least didn't make an algebraic mistake
+and now our last step is to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now our last step is to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now our last step is to substitute
+in the numbers and what we get is if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numbers and what we get is if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numbers and what we get is if we
+put in the three meters a second squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the three meters a second squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the three meters a second squared
+minus B 1 times T 1 times 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 1 times T 1 times 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 1 times T 1 times 3
+so we get upstairs is minus three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get upstairs is minus three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get upstairs is minus three-halves
+and downstairs is two times one second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstairs is two times one second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and downstairs is two times one second
+twos cancel so we get 4b to three-halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos cancel so we get 4b to three-halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos cancel so we get 4b to three-halves
+meters per second squared when we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters per second squared when we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters per second squared when we put in
+the numbers if we want to check our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers if we want to check our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers if we want to check our
+result we can then see what time we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we can then see what time we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result we can then see what time we get
+T two is nine is T two is three meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T two is nine is T two is three meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T two is nine is T two is three meters
+per second divided by our B 2 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second divided by our B 2 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second divided by our B 2 which is
+three-halves meters per second squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves meters per second squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-halves meters per second squared
+so that's two seconds and now the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two seconds and now the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two seconds and now the last
+check would be to see that the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check would be to see that the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check would be to see that the position
+functions correspond to that let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions correspond to that let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions correspond to that let's see
+if we can just do that quickly in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can just do that quickly in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can just do that quickly in our
+heads our position function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads our position function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads our position function for the
+person is V naught squared over to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is V naught squared over to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is V naught squared over to be 2
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9 meters per second 9 meters squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 meters per second 9 meters squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 meters per second 9 meters squared
+second squared over 2 times 3 halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second squared over 2 times 3 halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second squared over 2 times 3 halves
+meters second squared and that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters second squared and that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters second squared and that comes out
+to x2 of T this is a check is 3 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x2 of T this is a check is 3 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x2 of T this is a check is 3 meters
+and the x1 of T we've left out the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x1 of T we've left out the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x1 of T we've left out the 1
+there we should have had it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we should have had it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we should have had it it's a
+little more complicated to put in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated to put in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more complicated to put in here
+but we'll just run the numbers quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just run the numbers quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll just run the numbers quickly
+through 2 times 1 seconds - that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 2 times 1 seconds - that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through 2 times 1 seconds - that's a
+minus 1/2 times 1 times 2 that's 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 times 1 times 2 that's 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 times 1 times 2 that's 2 times
+2 so this is also 3 meters and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is also 3 meters and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is also 3 meters and we
+actually have the right answer here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SlwUHJ4kgjI.txt b/SlwUHJ4kgjI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..def92f74c2eb5e892bd18c682031be64f5bfe7f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SlwUHJ4kgjI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+There's one more issue we need to deal with
+before finalizing our signaling specification.
+
+Consider the following combinational system
+where the upstream combinational device on
+
+the left is trying to send a digital 0 to
+the downstream combinational device on right.
+
+The upstream device is generating an output
+voltage just slightly below V_L, which, according
+
+to our proposed signaling specification, qualifies
+as the representation for a digital 0.
+
+Now suppose some electrical noise slightly
+changes the voltage on the wire so that the
+
+voltage detected on the input of the downstream
+device is slightly above V_L,
+
+i.e., the received signal no longer qualifies
+as a valid digital input and the combinational
+
+behavior of the downstream device is no longer
+guaranteed.
+
+Oops, our system is behaving incorrectly because
+of some small amount of electrical noise.
+
+Just the sort of flaky behavior we are hoping
+to avoid by adopting a digital systems architecture.
+
+One way to address the problem is to adjust
+the signaling specification so that outputs
+
+have to obey tighter bounds than the inputs,
+the idea being to ensure that valid output
+
+signals can be affected by noise without becoming
+invalid input signals.
+
+Can we avoid the problem altogether by somehow
+avoiding noise?
+
+A nice thought, but not a goal that we can
+achieve if we're planning to use electrical
+
+components.
+
+Voltage noise, which we'll define as variations
+away from nominal voltage values, comes from
+
+a variety of sources.
+
+Noise can be caused by electrical effects
+such as IR drops in conductors due to Ohm's
+
+law, capacitive coupling between conductors,
+and L(dI/dt) effects caused by inductance
+
+in the component's leads and changing currents.
+
+Voltage deviations can be caused manufacturing
+variations in component parameters from their
+
+nominal values that lead to small differences
+in electrical behavior device-to-device.
+
+Voltages can be effected by environmental
+factors such as thermal noise or voltage effects
+
+from external electromagnetic fields.
+
+The list goes on!
+
+Note that in many cases, noise is caused by
+normal operation of the circuit or is an inherent
+
+property of the materials and processes used
+to make the circuits, and so is unavoidable.
+
+However, we can predict the magnitude of the
+noise and adjust our signaling specification
+
+appropriately.
+
+Let's see how this would work.
+
+Our proposed fix to the noise problem is to
+provide separate signaling specifications
+
+for digital inputs and digital outputs.
+
+To send a 0, digital outputs must produce
+a voltage less than or equal to V_OL and to
+
+send a 1, produce a voltage greater than or
+equal to V_OH.
+
+So far this doesn't seem very different than
+our previous signaling specification.
+
+The difference is that digital inputs must
+obey a different signaling specification.
+
+Input voltages less than or equal to V_IL
+must be interpreted as a digital 0 and input
+
+voltages greater than or equal to V_IH must
+be interpreted as a digital 1.
+
+The values of these four signaling thresholds
+are chosen to satisfy the constraints shown
+
+here.
+
+Note that V_IL is strictly greater than V_OL
+and V_IH is strictly less than V_OH.
+
+The gaps between the input and output voltage
+thresholds are called the "noise margins."
+
+The noise margins tell us how much noise can
+be added to a valid 0 or a valid 1 output
+
+signal and still have the result interpreted
+correctly at the inputs to which it is connected.
+
+The smaller of the two noise margins is called
+the "noise immunity" of the signaling specification.
+
+Our goal as digital engineers is to design
+our signaling specifications to provide as
+
+much noise immunity as possible.
+
+Combinational devices that obey this signaling
+specification work to remove the noise on
+
+their inputs before it has a chance to accumulate
+and eventually cause signaling errors.
+
+The bottom line: digital signaling doesn't
+suffer from the problems we saw in our earlier
+
+analog signaling example!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TAyA-rjmesQ.txt b/TAyA-rjmesQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f06a5aa710c629d217676c18193eada3f810998
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TAyA-rjmesQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have already seen an example in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already seen an example in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have already seen an example in which
+we have two events that are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two events that are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two events that are independent
+but become dependent in a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but become dependent in a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but become dependent in a conditional
+model so that dependence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so that dependence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so that dependence and
+unconditional independence is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional independence is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional independence is not the
+same we will now see another example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we will now see another example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same we will now see another example in
+which the similar situation is obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the similar situation is obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the similar situation is obtained
+the example is as follows we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example is as follows we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example is as follows we have two
+possible coins coin a and coin B this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible coins coin a and coin B this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible coins coin a and coin B this is
+the model of the world given that coin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of the world given that coin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model of the world given that coin a
+has been chosen so this is a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been chosen so this is a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been chosen so this is a conditional
+model given that we have in our hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model given that we have in our hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model given that we have in our hands
+coin a in this conditional model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a in this conditional model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a in this conditional model the
+probability of heads is 0.9 and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads is 0.9 and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads is 0.9 and more
+moreover the probability of heads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover the probability of heads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover the probability of heads is
+point nine in the second toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine in the second toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine in the second toss
+no matter what happened in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happened in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happened in the first
+toss and so on as we continue so given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss and so on as we continue so given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss and so on as we continue so given a
+particular coin we assume that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coin we assume that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coin we assume that we have
+independent tosses this is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent tosses this is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent tosses this is another way
+of saying that we are assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that we are assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying that we are assuming
+conditional independence within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional independence within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional independence within this
+conditional model coin flips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model coin flips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional model coin flips are
+independent and the same assumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the same assumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and the same assumption is
+made in the other possible conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the other possible conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made in the other possible conditional
+universe this is a universe in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe this is a universe in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe this is a universe in which we
+are dealing with coin B once more we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with coin B once more we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dealing with coin B once more we
+have conditionally independent tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditionally independent tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditionally independent tosses
+and this time the probability of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time the probability of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time the probability of heads
+at each toss is point 1 suppose now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each toss is point 1 suppose now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each toss is point 1 suppose now that
+we choose one of the two coins each coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose one of the two coins each coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we choose one of the two coins each coin
+is chosen with the same probability 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chosen with the same probability 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is chosen with the same probability 0.5
+so we're equally likely to obtain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're equally likely to obtain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're equally likely to obtain this
+coin and then start flipping it over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and then start flipping it over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and then start flipping it over and
+over or that coin and start flipping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or that coin and start flipping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over or that coin and start flipping it
+over and over the question we will try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over the question we will try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over the question we will try
+to answer is whether the coin tosses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer is whether the coin tosses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer is whether the coin tosses are
+independent and by this we mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and by this we mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and by this we mean a
+question that refers to the overall mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that refers to the overall mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that refers to the overall mode
+in this general model are the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this general model are the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this general model are the different
+coin tosses independent where you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses independent where you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses independent where you do not
+know ahead of time which coin is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ahead of time which coin is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ahead of time which coin is going
+to be we can approach this question by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we can approach this question by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be we can approach this question by
+trying to compare conditional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compare conditional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compare conditional and
+unconditional probabilities that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probabilities that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probabilities that's what
+independence is about independence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence is about independence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence is about independence is
+about certain conditional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certain conditional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about certain conditional probabilities
+being the same as the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same as the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the same as the unconditional
+probabilities so this here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so this here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so this here this
+comparison here is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison here is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison here is essentially the
+question of whether the eleventh coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether the eleventh coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of whether the eleventh coin
+toss is dependent or independent to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is dependent or independent to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is dependent or independent to from
+what happens in the first ten coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the first ten coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in the first ten coin
+tosses let us calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses let us calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses let us calculate these
+probabilities for this one we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for this one we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities for this one we use the
+total probability theorem there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total probability theorem there is a
+certain probability that we have coin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability that we have coin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability that we have coin a
+and then we have the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the probability of
+heads in the eleventh toss given that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the eleventh toss given that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads in the eleventh toss given that it
+was coin a there's also certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coin a there's also certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was coin a there's also certain
+probability that it's coin B and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's coin B and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it's coin B and then a
+conditional probability that we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability that we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability that we obtain
+heads given that it was coined B we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads given that it was coined B we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads given that it was coined B we use
+the numbers that are given in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers that are given in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers that are given in this
+example we have point five probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have point five probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we have point five probability
+of obtaining a particular coin the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining a particular coin the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obtaining a particular coin the point
+nine probability of heads for coin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine probability of heads for coin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine probability of heads for coin a
+point five probability that it's coin B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five probability that it's coin B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five probability that it's coin B
+and point one probability of heads if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point one probability of heads if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and point one probability of heads if it
+is indeed coin B we do the arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed coin B we do the arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed coin B we do the arithmetic
+and we find that the answer is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that the answer is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that the answer is zero
+point five which makes perfect sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five which makes perfect sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five which makes perfect sense
+we have coins with different biases but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have coins with different biases but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have coins with different biases but
+the average bias is 0.5 if we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average bias is 0.5 if we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average bias is 0.5 if we do not
+know which coin is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which coin is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which coin is going to be the
+average bias is going to be 0.5 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average bias is going to be 0.5 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average bias is going to be 0.5 so the
+probability of heads in any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of heads in any particular
+toss is 0.5 if we do not know which coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is 0.5 if we do not know which coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is 0.5 if we do not know which coin
+it is suppose now that someone told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is suppose now that someone told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is suppose now that someone told you
+that the first ten tosses were heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first ten tosses were heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first ten tosses were heads
+will this affect your beliefs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this affect your beliefs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this affect your beliefs about
+what's going to happen in the eleventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the eleventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen in the eleventh
+toss we can calculate this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss we can calculate this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss we can calculate this quantity
+using the definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of conditional
+probabilities or the Bayes rule but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities or the Bayes rule but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities or the Bayes rule but let
+us instead think intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us instead think intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us instead think intuitively
+if it is coined be the event of 10 heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is coined be the event of 10 heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is coined be the event of 10 heads
+in a row is extremely unlikely so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row is extremely unlikely so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row is extremely unlikely so if I
+see 10 heads in a row then I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 10 heads in a row then I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see 10 heads in a row then I should
+conclude that there is almost certainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there is almost certainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that there is almost certainty
+that I'm dealing with coin a so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm dealing with coin a so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm dealing with coin a so the
+information that I'm given tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I'm given tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I'm given tells me that
+I'm extremely likely to be dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm extremely likely to be dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm extremely likely to be dealing with
+coin a so we might as well condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a so we might as well condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a so we might as well condition on
+this equivalent information that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equivalent information that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equivalent information that it is
+coin a that I'm dealing with but if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a that I'm dealing with but if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin a that I'm dealing with but if it
+is coin a then the probability of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coin a then the probability of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coin a then the probability of heads
+is going to be equal to 0.9 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to 0.9 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to 0.9 so the
+conditional probability is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability is quite
+different from the unconditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the unconditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the unconditional
+probability and therefore information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and therefore information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and therefore information
+the first ten tosses affects my beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ten tosses affects my beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ten tosses affects my beliefs
+about what's going to happen in the 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to happen in the 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going to happen in the 11
+toss and therefore we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss and therefore we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss and therefore we do not have
+independence between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence between the different
+tosses
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VQlZOIAQZSc.txt b/VQlZOIAQZSc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0e3a39af7ae58ca668c4a7e87d4c6642257ed51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VQlZOIAQZSc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu we had finished talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we had finished talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu we had finished talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the pituitary organ and what being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pituitary organ and what being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pituitary organ and what being
+secreted there looked at it for a rodent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted there looked at it for a rodent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secreted there looked at it for a rodent
+and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a
+human and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and
+uh I just got up to this question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just got up to this question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just got up to this question uh
+number six there what homeostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six there what homeostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number six there what homeostatic
+mechanisms are associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms are associated with the
+hypothalamus so what is what do we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so what is what do we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus so what is what do we mean
+by a homeostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a homeostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a homeostatic
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody usually we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody usually we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody usually we're talking about
+internal environment and maintaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal environment and maintaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal environment and maintaining
+something in a homeostatic fish it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a homeostatic fish it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a homeostatic fish it means
+same state but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state but of
+course do we really mean same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course do we really mean same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course do we really mean same
+state it be almost impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it be almost impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it be almost impossible to
+maintain it in like glucose levels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it in like glucose levels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it in like glucose levels for
+example so instead we our bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so instead we our bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so instead we our bodies
+maintain levels of various things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain levels of various things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain levels of various things
+including temperature glucose levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including temperature glucose levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including temperature glucose levels
+various uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh
+minerals in our blood and so forth at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals in our blood and so forth at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minerals in our blood and so forth at in
+a certain range and if it gets outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain range and if it gets outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain range and if it gets outside
+the range then what happens if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range then what happens if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range then what happens if it's
+temperature we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we can think
+of things that happen automatically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happen automatically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that happen automatically to
+raise temperature or to lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise temperature or to lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise temperature or to lower
+temperature if our core temperature gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if our core temperature gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature if our core temperature gets
+too far from that set range and as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far from that set range and as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far from that set range and as we
+know in endothermic animals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in endothermic animals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in endothermic animals like
+ourselves that range is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that range is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that range is fairly
+small okay and why do you think that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay and why do you think that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay and why do you think that is
+well various biochemical processes work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well various biochemical processes work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well various biochemical processes work
+best in a certain range and the Brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best in a certain range and the Brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best in a certain range and the Brain
+functions best in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions best in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions best in a certain
+range that's why the pmic animals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that's why the pmic animals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range that's why the pmic animals the
+exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic
+animals that don't maintain their body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that don't maintain their body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals that don't maintain their body
+temperatures uh in such a narrow range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures uh in such a narrow range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures uh in such a narrow range
+uh the reptiles the amphibians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reptiles the amphibians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the reptiles the amphibians
+they don't function well when it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't function well when it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't function well when it gets
+cool and uh it's not that they total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and uh it's not that they total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and uh it's not that they total
+reptiles in particular uh will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles in particular uh will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptiles in particular uh will say
+basically seek a quiet place where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically seek a quiet place where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically seek a quiet place where they
+can rest if it's too cool and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rest if it's too cool and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can rest if it's too cool and they they
+do their hunting when after they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their hunting when after they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their hunting when after they've
+warmed up like the Iguana they will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up like the Iguana they will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warmed up like the Iguana they will go
+out on rocks warm up quite a bit go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on rocks warm up quite a bit go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on rocks warm up quite a bit go up
+into the upper range of temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the upper range of temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the upper range of temperatures
+that their body can tolerate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their body can tolerate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their body can tolerate and then
+they go into the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go into the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go into the water
+and uh and the bigger ones can stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the bigger ones can stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the bigger ones can stay in
+longer than the smaller ones because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the smaller ones because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the smaller ones because
+they don't lose body temperature quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't lose body temperature quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't lose body temperature quite
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+fast but then what do we do if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but then what do we do if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast but then what do we do if what
+happens to our bodies if we get too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to our bodies if we get too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to our bodies if we get too
+cold well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold well it
+sorry pyo erection for most mammals it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry pyo erection for most mammals it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry pyo erection for most mammals it
+doesn't help much with us but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help much with us but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help much with us but we still
+have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that
+reflex uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex uh what
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+shivering because that generates heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shivering because that generates heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shivering because that generates heat
+from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+muscles and uh but we do a lot more our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and uh but we do a lot more our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles and uh but we do a lot more our
+Behavior changes we go inside we put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior changes we go inside we put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior changes we go inside we put on
+clothes we put on a coat so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes we put on a coat so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes we put on a coat so on and so
+forth well animals do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth well animals do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth well animals do it
+also they may not have clothes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they may not have clothes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also they may not have clothes but
+they've got usually better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got usually better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got usually better
+protection and but they seek warmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and but they seek warmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and but they seek warmer
+places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places
+I think rodents have a nice solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think rodents have a nice solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think rodents have a nice solution
+because they live underground the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they live underground the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they live underground the ones
+that live underground because you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live underground because you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that live underground because you go
+very far underground and the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far underground and the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far underground and the temperature
+is the same all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right
+so if you're now we can say we maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're now we can say we maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're now we can say we maintain
+our blood glucose homeostatically but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our blood glucose homeostatically but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our blood glucose homeostatically but we
+don't go we don't I mean a few people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go we don't I mean a few people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't go we don't I mean a few people do
+but most of us don't eat all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of us don't eat all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of us don't eat all the time
+some people are always snacking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are always snacking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people are always snacking but
+normally we're just eating at certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we're just eating at certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally we're just eating at certain
+meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meal
+times okay because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+body has various mechanisms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body has various mechanisms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body has various mechanisms for
+maintaining blood glucose and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining blood glucose and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining blood glucose and of course
+we need various nutrients that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need various nutrients that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need various nutrients that we don't
+have to constantly take in some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to constantly take in some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to constantly take in some of them
+we need only every few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need only every few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need only every few
+days but anyway that of course involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but anyway that of course involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days but anyway that of course involves
+a lot of behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we mentioned temp temper temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we mentioned temp temper temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we mentioned temp temper temperature
+regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I think we've already defined all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we've already defined all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we've already defined all of
+this but there's other cyclic behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but there's other cyclic behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but there's other cyclic behaviors
+besides eating okay and Dr feeding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides eating okay and Dr feeding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides eating okay and Dr feeding and
+drinking animals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking animals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drinking animals that are
+predators have cycles of predation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators have cycles of predation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predators have cycles of predation and
+rest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest and
+eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating
+and all animals have a cycle of sleeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all animals have a cycle of sleeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all animals have a cycle of sleeping
+and a waking there's a lot of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a waking there's a lot of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a waking there's a lot of variation
+in it and of course there day active and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and of course there day active and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and of course there day active and
+night active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night active
+animals uh but they all have it we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh but they all have it we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals uh but they all have it we know
+how it's we talked about how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's we talked about how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's we talked about how it's
+regulated through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated through the
+visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual
+uh entrainment of the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have epizoic behaviors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have epizoic behaviors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have epizoic behaviors that
+simply means there's not a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply means there's not a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply means there's not a regular
+cycle but they're still under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle but they're still under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle but they're still under the
+control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the
+hypothalamus they're still we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus they're still we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus they're still we still
+they're still part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still part of our
+biological Drive equipment that centers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Drive equipment that centers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Drive equipment that centers
+on the hypothalamus but involves a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hypothalamus but involves a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the hypothalamus but involves a lot
+of other structures that are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other structures that are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other structures that are connected
+with the hypothalamus the agonistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hypothalamus the agonistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the hypothalamus the agonistic
+behaviors that means fighting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that means fighting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that means fighting and
+fleeing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleeing or
+defending reproductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending reproductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defending reproductive
+behaviors and that includes sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and that includes sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and that includes sexual
+behaviors and parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and parental
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and we know that associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we know that associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we know that associated with
+these drives and the actions that result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drives and the actions that result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drives and the actions that result
+are various emotions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so if you if the hypothalamus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you if the hypothalamus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so if you if the hypothalamus is
+stimulated in some way you don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated in some way you don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated in some way you don't just
+affect these drives you affect what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect these drives you affect what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect these drives you affect what we
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+feelings technically they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings technically they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings technically they're called
+affects and the emotional displays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects and the emotional displays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects and the emotional displays the
+actual actions how do we show emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual actions how do we show emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual actions how do we show emotion
+mainly through facial expression what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly through facial expression what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly through facial expression what's
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+purpose we can it's communicative it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose we can it's communicative it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose we can it's communicative it's a
+social behavior other members of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social behavior other members of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social behavior other members of our
+species our made our friends other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species our made our friends other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species our made our friends other and
+you know know what we're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know what we're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know what we're going through
+all right and uh in this diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and uh in this diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and uh in this diagram of the
+locomotive system which we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier this is how the the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this is how the the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this is how the the hypothalamus
+was simply depicted as part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply depicted as part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simply depicted as part of a
+hierarchy of control of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of control of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy of control of the action
+pattern we then in other words it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern we then in other words it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern we then in other words it was a
+motor system and at the top level we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system and at the top level we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor system and at the top level we
+have the drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the drives
+so and Locomotion is connected with most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and Locomotion is connected with most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and Locomotion is connected with most
+of these motivational states that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these motivational states that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these motivational states that we're
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about and because of that these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and because of that these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and because of that these the
+activity of hypothalamic systems we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of hypothalamic systems we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of hypothalamic systems we know
+that these things are generated not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things are generated not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these things are generated not just
+from the external environment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from change level of motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from change level of motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from change level of motivation
+controlled by our brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by our brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by our brain
+that's called endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control but the hypothalamus doesn't act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but the hypothalamus doesn't act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but the hypothalamus doesn't act
+by itself there's many inputs to it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself there's many inputs to it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself there's many inputs to it I'm
+just showing some descending inputs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing some descending inputs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showing some descending inputs here
+from the AL factory system through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the AL factory system through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the AL factory system through the
+striatum other systems through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum other systems through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum other systems through the
+thalamus the older Thalamus and The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus the older Thalamus and The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamus the older Thalamus and The
+Roots through the newerth so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots through the newerth so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roots through the newerth so that's the
+general picture that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general picture that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general picture that you
+it's useful to know this kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know this kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know this kind of thing
+from when you're thinking of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when you're thinking of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from when you're thinking of motor
+control but now it plays a major role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but now it plays a major role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control but now it plays a major role in
+thinking about how hypothalamus works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how hypothalamus works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how hypothalamus works
+because it's so critical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we've talked I think already about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we've talked I think already about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we've talked I think already about
+repetitive and consummatory behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive and consummatory behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive and consummatory behavior
+involved in all of these motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in all of these motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in all of these motivational
+States I discussed that a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I discussed that a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I discussed that a lot in the
+animal behavior class but we brought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal behavior class but we brought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal behavior class but we brought it
+up here uh you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here uh you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here uh you should be able to
+distinguish them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them
+uh what you may not know and I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you may not know and I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what you may not know and I do
+discuss it in the chapter a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the chapter a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss it in the chapter a little bit
+is the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way if
+you disconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disconnect
+hypothalamus from the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus from the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus from the brain
+stem but not completely so these drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem but not completely so these drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stem but not completely so these drives
+are still affecting Behavior but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still affecting Behavior but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still affecting Behavior but you can
+mess up the way these consummatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up the way these consummatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess up the way these consummatory
+behaviors these actions are expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors these actions are expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors these actions are expressed
+many of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are
+complex so for example in the cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so for example in the cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so for example in the cat
+feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding
+Behavior Uh the cat doesn't just eat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh the cat doesn't just eat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh the cat doesn't just eat a
+cat in the wild I mean he has to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in the wild I mean he has to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in the wild I mean he has to catch
+prey he has to take the prey to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey he has to take the prey to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prey he has to take the prey to where
+it's safe to eat it uh some of them take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's safe to eat it uh some of them take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's safe to eat it uh some of them take
+the prey up a tree so they usually drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey up a tree so they usually drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prey up a tree so they usually drag
+them away from the site where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from the site where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away from the site where they
+killed it uh if there you've got a pet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it uh if there you've got a pet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it uh if there you've got a pet
+and the pet is just fed what happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pet is just fed what happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pet is just fed what happens to
+all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that
+behavior well he normally suppresses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior well he normally suppresses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior well he normally suppresses it
+but if you disconnect at least partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you disconnect at least partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you disconnect at least partially
+you partially disconnect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you partially disconnect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you partially disconnect the
+hypothalamus from those Downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus from those Downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus from those Downstream
+mechanisms separate the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms separate the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms separate the hypothalamus
+from the midbrain but only partially you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain but only partially you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the midbrain but only partially you
+can get really bizarre patterns you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get really bizarre patterns you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get really bizarre patterns you can
+get cats they're pet cats uh or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cats they're pet cats uh or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cats they're pet cats uh or at least
+tame cats they may be laboratory cats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tame cats they may be laboratory cats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tame cats they may be laboratory cats
+but they're taken care of pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're taken care of pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're taken care of pretty much
+like pets they interact with humans a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pets they interact with humans a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pets they interact with humans a
+lot they can totally change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot they can totally change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot they can totally change their
+behavior they can start treating every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior they can start treating every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior they can start treating every
+every bit of food like it they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit of food like it they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bit of food like it they had to
+kill it and they'll pounce on it ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill it and they'll pounce on it ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill it and they'll pounce on it ex
+execute a killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute a killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute a killing
+bite um if they see water they'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite um if they see water they'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bite um if they see water they'll show
+fishing Behavior well we don't even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing Behavior well we don't even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing Behavior well we don't even see
+that much in pet cats unless you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in pet cats unless you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much in pet cats unless you have
+goldfish at home and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldfish at home and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldfish at home and the
+occasionally that that innate behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally that that innate behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally that that innate behavior
+of cats will appear but after these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cats will appear but after these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cats will appear but after these
+types of lesions you get bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lesions you get bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of lesions you get bizarre
+combinations and you also get some that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and you also get some that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and you also get some that
+are just missing you know things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just missing you know things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just missing you know things they
+just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothalamus affects the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus affects the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus affects the probability of
+all these different behaviors connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different behaviors connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different behaviors connected
+with the drive okay and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drive okay and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the drive okay and if you're
+disconnecting different aspect ects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnecting different aspect ects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnecting different aspect ects of
+those circuits underlying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circuits underlying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those circuits underlying those
+behaviors then you've altered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors then you've altered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors then you've altered the
+probabilities and so some of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and so some of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and so some of some of
+them you just may not see very much at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you just may not see very much at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you just may not see very much at
+all some of them you see much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all some of them you see much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all some of them you see much more than
+normal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal okay
+and this view of motivation that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this view of motivation that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this view of motivation that I'm
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about this hierarchy with alra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hierarchy with alra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hierarchy with alra
+probability of action and so forth has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of action and so forth has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of action and so forth has
+been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been
+simulated in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this an area called computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an area called computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an area called computational
+neuroethology which is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroethology which is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroethology which is not a
+computational area that's PR that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational area that's PR that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational area that's PR that's you
+don't find much of it in this department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find much of it in this department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find much of it in this department
+but we did have it here for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did have it here for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we did have it here for a while
+because uh I had a student that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I had a student that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I had a student that was
+working on it she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it she
+worked with me and someone in the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with me and someone in the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with me and someone in the media
+lab who had these screen characters did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab who had these screen characters did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab who had these screen characters did
+I talk about the screen characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the screen characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about the screen characters
+before I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I didn't
+it's described a little bit in the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's described a little bit in the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's described a little bit in the book
+and I think I have let me just go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I have let me just go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I have let me just go to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's I mentioned here some earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I mentioned here some earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's I mentioned here some earlier
+work in that area nice simulations of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in that area nice simulations of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in that area nice simulations of U
+the Cockroach neural control of feeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cockroach neural control of feeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cockroach neural control of feeding
+U basically beer had a little robot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U basically beer had a little robot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U basically beer had a little robot and
+and but he had motivation in it so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but he had motivation in it so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but he had motivation in it so it
+did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have
+endogenous uh initiation of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous uh initiation of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous uh initiation of behavior
+and it would do searching behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would do searching behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would do searching behavior and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+forth and he had you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and he had you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and he had you have to have
+distinct Optive and consummatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct Optive and consummatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct Optive and consummatory
+components if it if it is going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components if it if it is going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components if it if it is going to work
+and that's what Bruce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what Bruce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what Bruce
+blumberg uh who when he was a student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blumberg uh who when he was a student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blumberg uh who when he was a student
+here working on a PhD in the media lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here working on a PhD in the media lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here working on a PhD in the media lab
+before my student got involved he came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my student got involved he came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my student got involved he came
+to my animal behavior class not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my animal behavior class not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my animal behavior class not the
+undergraduate class I was teaching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class I was teaching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate class I was teaching a
+grad class at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad class at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad class at that
+time and we talked extensively about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we talked extensively about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we talked extensively about how
+that system has to be organized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system has to be organized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system has to be organized in the
+brain CU that's what he wanted to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain CU that's what he wanted to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain CU that's what he wanted to try to
+understand and then he wrote software to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and then he wrote software to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and then he wrote software to
+U simulate that kind of drive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U simulate that kind of drive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U simulate that kind of drive and
+basically developed all the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically developed all the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically developed all the background
+we would say the spinal and bright stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say the spinal and bright stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would say the spinal and bright stem
+levels of the control using a a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the control using a a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of the control using a a large
+computer to handle all that background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to handle all that background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to handle all that background
+and then they could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they could write
+programs on their desktops usually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on their desktops usually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on their desktops usually they
+had pretty powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pretty powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pretty powerful
+desktops uh to control to higher levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktops uh to control to higher levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktops uh to control to higher levels
+and they work they they in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work they they in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work they they in they
+simulated simple learning what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated simple learning what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated simple learning what we call
+reinforcement reward-based learning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement reward-based learning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcement reward-based learning I
+talked about that in the behavior class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that in the behavior class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that in the behavior class
+too so and then we had a student here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so and then we had a student here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so and then we had a student here
+who took the same behavior class later s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took the same behavior class later s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who took the same behavior class later s
+Yun by show there and uh she worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yun by show there and uh she worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yun by show there and uh she worked with
+these you could call them effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you could call them effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you could call them effective
+synthetic characters they were screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic characters they were screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic characters they were screen
+characters that look like cartoons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that look like cartoons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters that look like cartoons on
+the screen as you see here but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen as you see here but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen as you see here but in fact
+they behave they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they behave they were
+robots they they weren't programmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots they they weren't programmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots they they weren't programmed
+ahead of time what they're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what they're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what they're going to do
+what was programmed was their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was programmed was their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was programmed was their
+drives uh their sensory systems their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives uh their sensory systems their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives uh their sensory systems their
+motor systems of course they were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor systems of course they were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor systems of course they were very
+simplified compared to real animals but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified compared to real animals but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified compared to real animals but
+the amazing part of her simulations was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amazing part of her simulations was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amazing part of her simulations was
+how human they how humanlike they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how human they how humanlike they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how human they how humanlike they
+behaved even though they had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved even though they had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved even though they had no
+cognition no higher cognition they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition no higher cognition they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition no higher cognition they had
+what's something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's something like a
+striatum connected only to vision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum connected only to vision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum connected only to vision and
+audition that was the two kind of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audition that was the two kind of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audition that was the two kind of inputs
+that you could give them the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could give them the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could give them the visual
+input came from other things on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input came from other things on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input came from other things on the
+screen part of that environment that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen part of that environment that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen part of that environment that the
+main the big computer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main the big computer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main the big computer was
+controlling and they responded to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling and they responded to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling and they responded to it and
+they responded to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they responded to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they responded to the other
+characters okay yes so they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+makee oh they do they make spun because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makee oh they do they make spun because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makee oh they do they make spun because
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+probability of various types of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of various types of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of various types of behavior
+is controlled Remember by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled Remember by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled Remember by the
+hypothalamus and they had simulated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and they had simulated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and they had simulated that
+and they had to have these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to have these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to have these different
+drives inhibit each other and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives inhibit each other and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drives inhibit each other and so forth
+we all of that we talked about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all of that we talked about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all of that we talked about in the
+behavior class and of course I pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior class and of course I pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior class and of course I pointed
+out to them that we don't know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to them that we don't know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to them that we don't know all the
+details I can't can't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I can't can't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details I can't can't tell you
+everything to simulate you have to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to simulate you have to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to simulate you have to try
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+out so what SEI did was quite amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what SEI did was quite amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so what SEI did was quite amazing
+she could program these characters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could program these characters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she could program these characters and
+give them different personalities by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them different personalities by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them different personalities by the
+way she set the parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way she set the parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way she set the parameters of the
+software and she did an experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and she did an experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and she did an experiment where
+she had students at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had students at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had students at
+MIT watch this for a while she couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT watch this for a while she couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT watch this for a while she couldn't
+even predict what was going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even predict what was going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even predict what was going to happen
+but she would start the simulation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she would start the simulation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but she would start the simulation the
+students would interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would interact with the
+characters they could put stimuli in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters they could put stimuli in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters they could put stimuli in
+there you know they did allow the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know they did allow the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know they did allow the people
+on the outside to control and they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside to control and they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the outside to control and they you
+could even say certain things and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even say certain things and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even say certain things and so I
+don't remember all the details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember all the details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember all the details but
+anyway she had them rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway she had them rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway she had them rate the
+personalities she basically gave them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities she basically gave them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalities she basically gave them a
+checklist and had them rate each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist and had them rate each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checklist and had them rate each of
+these three characters according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three characters according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three characters according to
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+personality because we were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality because we were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality because we were trying to
+see you know how how realistic was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know how how realistic was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you know how how realistic was was
+it to say we could control personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to say we could control personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to say we could control personality
+just by these parameters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by these parameters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by these parameters of the
+motivational system but the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational system but the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational system but the students
+made it it was very consistent her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it it was very consistent her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it it was very consistent her
+results you know way way above chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you know way way above chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you know way way above chance
+they were they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they could
+consistently classify the personalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently classify the personalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently classify the personalities
+of these simulated characters just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these simulated characters just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these simulated characters just by
+controlling these types of circuits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling these types of circuits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling these types of circuits that
+they were simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were simulating
+okay anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anyway
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we
+find I we can ask S about it I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I we can ask S about it I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I we can ask S about it I just
+talked to her last week uh I keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to her last week uh I keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to her last week uh I keep in
+touch with her a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with her a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch with her a bit
+she's she didn't stay in Academia she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's she didn't stay in Academia she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's she didn't stay in Academia she
+went into business into the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into business into the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into business into the business
+world and she went to work for SK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and she went to work for SK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and she went to work for SK
+telecommunications company I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications company I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications company I think I
+told you about that last time and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about that last time and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about that last time and she
+developed she used that kind of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed she used that kind of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed she used that kind of software
+there on to create these little avatars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on to create these little avatars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on to create these little avatars
+on their phones so people could interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their phones so people could interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their phones so people could interact
+with them uh she was so early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them uh she was so early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them uh she was so early
+that it it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it it was very
+popular but other companies then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular but other companies then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular but other companies then of
+course all copied it AT&T the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all copied it AT&T the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all copied it AT&T the Japanese
+and so forth and they quickly made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and they quickly made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and they quickly made
+business deals between with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business deals between with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business deals between with all the
+American company the Japanese companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American company the Japanese companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American company the Japanese companies
+look for the American companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the American companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for the American companies and
+basically they got sort of beat out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they got sort of beat out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they got sort of beat out a
+little bit by being so early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by being so early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit by being so early
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+uh so she learned from that and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so she learned from that and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so she learned from that and now
+she's working with u her uh her husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's working with u her uh her husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's working with u her uh her husband
+who formed this big online gaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who formed this big online gaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who formed this big online gaming
+company uh he was the guy who started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh he was the guy who started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company uh he was the guy who started
+the online gaming where thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the online gaming where thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the online gaming where thousands of
+people play it at once and she she lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play it at once and she she lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play it at once and she she lives
+in the Seattle area she has a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Seattle area she has a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Seattle area she has a couple of
+kids but she heads off the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids but she heads off the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids but she heads off the North
+American operation and her husband it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American operation and her husband it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American operation and her husband it's
+the worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide
+operation but they are now more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but they are now more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation but they are now more and more
+of this kind of software that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of software that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind of software that we were
+just talking about is going into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about is going into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about is going into those
+games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games
+so I think it will be exciting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it will be exciting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it will be exciting to see
+because they don't yet have higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't yet have higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't yet have higher level
+cognition I I told her I gave her copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition I I told her I gave her copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition I I told her I gave her copy
+my book because of of course I I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book because of of course I I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my book because of of course I I didn't
+put these figures in the book but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these figures in the book but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these figures in the book but I do
+describe it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it a little bit
+and I suggested to her something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suggested to her something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I suggested to her something that
+people haven't gone very far with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't gone very far with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't gone very far with
+simulation and that's to put hippoc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and that's to put hippoc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and that's to put hippoc
+cample type of learning in there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample type of learning in there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cample type of learning in there also
+and uh that will be a major step if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that will be a major step if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that will be a major step if
+people can simulate that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can simulate that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can simulate that people have
+tried to simulate the hippocampus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to simulate the hippocampus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to simulate the hippocampus and
+there's but never in screen characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's but never in screen characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's but never in screen characters
+like this where you have actual Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where you have actual Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where you have actual Behavior
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+controlled so that will be exciting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so that will be exciting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled so that will be exciting to
+see if they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah I I think I actually used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I I think I actually used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah I I think I actually used to
+show it in the class I need to see if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it in the class I need to see if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it in the class I need to see if I
+can find it I I don't remember now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it I I don't remember now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it I I don't remember now if I
+I remember I was teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember I was teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember I was teaching
+901 at that time it was the last I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+901 at that time it was the last I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+901 at that time it was the last I
+taught 901 until 2003 so she graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught 901 until 2003 so she graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught 901 until 2003 so she graduated
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+2000 so I had those few years where I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 so I had those few years where I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 so I had those few years where I I
+was actually showing something in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually showing something in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually showing something in class
+and I don't remember what happened to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't remember what happened to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't remember what happened to it
+she probably has some copies of it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she probably has some copies of it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she probably has some copies of it I
+think it would be fun if I can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be fun if I can get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it would be fun if I can get it
+from her we could we could take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look maybe in my older versions of 901
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look maybe in my older versions of 901
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look maybe in my older versions of 901
+I'd actually I don't know what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd actually I don't know what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd actually I don't know what if I
+transferred it all to my newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred it all to my newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred it all to my newer
+computers it's a good question I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+okay I wanted to say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I wanted to say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I wanted to say a little bit about
+feeding and hunger but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and hunger but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and hunger but
+I where would you expect hunger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where would you expect hunger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where would you expect hunger and
+satiety cues to influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiety cues to influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiety cues to influence the
+CNS well the obvious answer by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS well the obvious answer by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CNS well the obvious answer by now
+should be hypothalamus it should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be hypothalamus it should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be hypothalamus it should get
+there in some way but where do the cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in some way but where do the cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in some way but where do the cues
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from we already mentioned the brain can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we already mentioned the brain can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from we already mentioned the brain can
+detect glucose levels there are glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect glucose levels there are glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect glucose levels there are glucose
+receptors in the hypothalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in the hypothalamus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors in the hypothalamus okay
+you can link something to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can link something to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can link something to glucose
+molecules and find it in the brain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and find it in the brain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and find it in the brain it
+will collect in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collect in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will collect in the
+hypothalamus one of the early methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus one of the early methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus one of the early methods
+was to link gold gold tho glucose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to link gold gold tho glucose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to link gold gold tho glucose okay
+Link gold with a through a sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link gold with a through a sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link gold with a through a sulfur
+molecule to the glucose and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to the glucose and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to the glucose and it will
+collect in the brain and get and stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect in the brain and get and stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect in the brain and get and stay
+there and kill the cells so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and kill the cells so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and kill the cells so you
+basically can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically can
+cause behavioral change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause behavioral change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause behavioral change
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+this chemical means but there's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chemical means but there's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chemical means but there's much
+more much better ways to do that now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much better ways to do that now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more much better ways to do that now and
+uh but of course we get many cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course we get many cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course we get many cues
+through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um
+pathways through the visceral sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways through the visceral sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways through the visceral sensory
+system okay it comes by way of the vagus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay it comes by way of the vagus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay it comes by way of the vagus
+nerve uh for example signals of stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh for example signals of stomach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh for example signals of stomach
+distension which in infants newborns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distension which in infants newborns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distension which in infants newborns
+it's the only thing they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only thing they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the only thing they have
+they cry if their stomach's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cry if their stomach's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cry if their stomach's not
+distended with milk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distended with milk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distended with milk and
+and when it is they stop crying they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it is they stop crying they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when it is they stop crying they're
+satisfied that of course develops over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied that of course develops over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied that of course develops over
+time into a much more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time into a much more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time into a much more sophisticated
+system for controlling hunger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satiety if you don't have if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiety if you don't have if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiety if you don't have if the
+midbrains the highest level which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrains the highest level which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrains the highest level which is
+almost true of the newborn but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost true of the newborn but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost true of the newborn but if you
+get animals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get animals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get animals that are
+anencephalic because they're born with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anencephalic because they're born with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anencephalic because they're born with
+where the neural tube hasn't completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neural tube hasn't completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the neural tube hasn't completely
+closed they don't live very long because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed they don't live very long because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed they don't live very long because
+they're born with the you know the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born with the you know the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're born with the you know the whole
+end brain is not fully developed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain is not fully developed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end brain is not fully developed it's
+the the neural tube hasn't closed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the neural tube hasn't closed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the neural tube hasn't closed so
+they basically you're dealing with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically you're dealing with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically you're dealing with a a
+newborn that the midbrain is the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn that the midbrain is the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newborn that the midbrain is the highest
+really function functioning level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really function functioning level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really function functioning level of the
+nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous
+system and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh
+it's they do show reflex eating but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they do show reflex eating but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they do show reflex eating but they
+don't show normal hunger and satiety at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show normal hunger and satiety at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't show normal hunger and satiety at
+all in addition of course to missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in addition of course to missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in addition of course to missing a
+lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other
+things so you get the reflexes you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you get the reflexes you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you get the reflexes you get
+the cons consummatory patterns very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cons consummatory patterns very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cons consummatory patterns very
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+regulation you keep you can always get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you keep you can always get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation you keep you can always get
+chewing licking swallowing but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing licking swallowing but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing licking swallowing but you get
+it whether whe they're starved or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether whe they're starved or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it whether whe they're starved or
+whether they're full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+food no active seeking of food exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food no active seeking of food exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food no active seeking of food exactly
+what you see in animals we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in animals we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see in animals we've talked
+about before animals would you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before animals would you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before animals would you remove
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+entire uh all the hemis or you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh all the hemis or you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire uh all the hemis or you've
+disconnected the hemisphere several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hemispheres and uh including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres and uh including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemispheres and uh including the
+hypothalamus remember to keep them alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus remember to keep them alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus remember to keep them alive
+you have to leave the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to leave the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to leave the hypothalamus
+attached to the pituitary to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the pituitary to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the pituitary to maintain
+blood levels of hormones okay but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood levels of hormones okay but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood levels of hormones okay but you
+can disconnect that area with from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can disconnect that area with from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can disconnect that area with from the
+midbrain now we know that the mid well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain now we know that the mid well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain now we know that the mid well
+we'll see that here the midbrain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that here the midbrain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that here the midbrain is
+capable of some of these same things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of some of these same things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of some of these same things but
+seems like once it's disconnected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like once it's disconnected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like once it's disconnected from
+the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothalamus
+it it doesn't function well by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't function well by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't function well by itself
+and I think that would be different if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that would be different if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that would be different if
+you could wait long enough you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could wait long enough you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could wait long enough you could
+keep the animals alive a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the animals alive a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the animals alive a very long time
+that's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very difficult to
+do so we think foring mechanisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we think foring mechanisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so we think foring mechanisms are
+pretty critical for normal motivation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty critical for normal motivation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty critical for normal motivation in
+all the motivational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the motivational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the motivational
+systems so this is just what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so this is just what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so this is just what we've been
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+about and I mentioned the inputs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and I mentioned the inputs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and I mentioned the inputs to the
+Vegas I mentioned the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors and I mention I separate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and I mention I separate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and I mention I separate here
+shortterm and long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortterm and long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortterm and long-term
+regulation you know the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the blood factors that indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blood factors that indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blood factors that indicate
+amount of fat for example control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of fat for example control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of fat for example control the
+amount of eating but that's a long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of eating but that's a long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of eating but that's a long-term
+regulator it doesn't change fast enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator it doesn't change fast enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulator it doesn't change fast enough
+to affect how long you eat what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect how long you eat what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect how long you eat what what
+affects that why do you just eat a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects that why do you just eat a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects that why do you just eat a
+certain amount and stop we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount and stop we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain amount and stop we're actually
+not like infants we don't all eat until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like infants we don't all eat until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like infants we don't all eat until
+the stomach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stomach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stomach is
+distended like the newborn some of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distended like the newborn some of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distended like the newborn some of us
+may sometimes especially at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may sometimes especially at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may sometimes especially at
+Thanksgiving you know but usually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving you know but usually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving you know but usually we
+don't and it's the same for Animals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and it's the same for Animals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't and it's the same for Animals this
+was an early experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an early experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an early experiment
+of of Pavlov and others where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Pavlov and others where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Pavlov and others where they
+took they led the esophagus out into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took they led the esophagus out into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took they led the esophagus out into a
+bag so the food never got to the stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so the food never got to the stomach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag so the food never got to the stomach
+and yet the dog would eat a meal of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the dog would eat a meal of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet the dog would eat a meal of a
+certain size and stop it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain size and stop it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain size and stop it doesn't have to
+go to the stomach and cause stomach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the stomach and cause stomach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the stomach and cause stomach to
+dention even though there are signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dention even though there are signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dention even though there are signals
+from the stomach that will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stomach that will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the stomach that will stop
+eating because of Pathways going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating because of Pathways going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating because of Pathways going to the
+hypothalamus yet they still stop just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus yet they still stop just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus yet they still stop just by
+signals coming from the throat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mouth now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouth now I
+mention uh electrically stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh electrically stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh electrically stimulated
+aggression you can stimulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression you can stimulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggression you can stimulate the
+hypothalamus and get an animal that acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and get an animal that acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and get an animal that acts
+like he's hungry for example you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's hungry for example you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like he's hungry for example you can
+stimulate in a predator lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate in a predator lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate in a predator lateral
+hypothalamus and fine areas that he goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and fine areas that he goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and fine areas that he goes
+into a predator mood when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a predator mood when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a predator mood when you
+stimulate so I'm saying what recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate so I'm saying what recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate so I'm saying what recently
+developed technique is replacing the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed technique is replacing the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed technique is replacing the use
+of electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical
+stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation
+optogenetics where you can specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optogenetics where you can specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optogenetics where you can specifically
+stimulate particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate particular
+cells and sometimes s you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and sometimes s you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and sometimes s you can actually
+get them to link only to cells of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to link only to cells of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them to link only to cells of a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+type or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or you can
+just put the virus in that that puts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put the virus in that that puts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put the virus in that that puts the
+that those U opsin into the cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those U opsin into the cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those U opsin into the cells and
+makes some sensitive to light but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes some sensitive to light but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes some sensitive to light but that
+is now being used to study hunger so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now being used to study hunger so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now being used to study hunger so
+they're getting more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting more specific
+information including information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information including information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information including information about
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+Pathways although that that work had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways although that that work had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways although that that work had
+gone pretty far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone pretty far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone pretty far
+without that technique now they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that technique now they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without that technique now they can
+advance it a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rapidly now if you stimulate attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly now if you stimulate attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly now if you stimulate attack
+motivation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation in a
+cat how do you know you didn't just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat how do you know you didn't just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat how do you know you didn't just make
+him more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him more
+hungry we know the behavior is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry we know the behavior is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry we know the behavior is different
+feeding and pre Predator behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and pre Predator behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and pre Predator behavior of
+cats but it's first of all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats but it's first of all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cats but it's first of all it's
+important to know are you really stim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know are you really stim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know are you really stim
+ulating attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulating attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulating attack
+behavior in fact there's more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in fact there's more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in fact there's more than one
+kind of attack Behavior too but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attack Behavior too but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of attack Behavior too but let's
+just talk about predatory attack it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about predatory attack it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talk about predatory attack it's
+called biting attack in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called biting attack in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called biting attack in the
+cat well you have to pit things against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat well you have to pit things against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat well you have to pit things against
+each other so you'll the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you'll the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so you'll the classic
+experiment I call it classic because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I call it classic because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I call it classic because I
+think it's so good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's so good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's so good but
+not maybe it's not classic cuz not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's not classic cuz not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's not classic cuz not
+enough people know about it but this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough people know about it but this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough people know about it but this was
+work done by John Flynn and his group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by John Flynn and his group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work done by John Flynn and his group at
+Yale University which I know a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale University which I know a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale University which I know a lot about
+because one of his students came up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of his students came up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one of his students came up to
+work with Nao when I was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Nao when I was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with Nao when I was working with
+na that was Carl Chi and he described to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na that was Carl Chi and he described to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+na that was Carl Chi and he described to
+me these experiments in detail they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me these experiments in detail they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me these experiments in detail they
+would for example uh have the cat in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would for example uh have the cat in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would for example uh have the cat in a
+room have some mice or rats also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room have some mice or rats also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room have some mice or rats also in the
+room usually at the other end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room usually at the other end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room usually at the other end of the
+room they turn the stimulus on this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room they turn the stimulus on this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room they turn the stimulus on this is a
+cat that was satiated he had eaten okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that was satiated he had eaten okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat that was satiated he had eaten okay
+and his ears would prick up he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his ears would prick up he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his ears would prick up he would
+start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking
+around and he would immediately then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and he would immediately then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and he would immediately then
+after the stimulus went on he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the stimulus went on he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the stimulus went on he would
+attack the mousette so then they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the mousette so then they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack the mousette so then they did
+experiments where they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where they would
+put the favorite fruit of the cat like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the favorite fruit of the cat like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the favorite fruit of the cat like
+tuna fish or some other fish cats love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuna fish or some other fish cats love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuna fish or some other fish cats love
+it and they they would leap right over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they they would leap right over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they they would leap right over
+that totally ignore it to get it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that totally ignore it to get it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that totally ignore it to get it the
+most or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most or the
+rat indicating that it was definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat indicating that it was definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rat indicating that it was definitely
+not hunger they were triggering those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hunger they were triggering those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not hunger they were triggering those
+they could make the animal hungry with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make the animal hungry with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could make the animal hungry with
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+sides the problem with that kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the problem with that kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides the problem with that kind of work
+is that they're actually stimulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're actually stimulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're actually stimulating
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+accents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents and
+uh but there's always a dominant one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's always a dominant one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there's always a dominant one and
+that's the behavior you see there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the behavior you see there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the behavior you see there's
+obviously a lot of reciprocal inhibition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot of reciprocal inhibition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot of reciprocal inhibition
+of these motivational States so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these motivational States so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these motivational States so they
+affect each other okay and if the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect each other okay and if the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect each other okay and if the animal
+is hunting he's not eating okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hunting he's not eating okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hunting he's not eating okay the
+eating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating is
+separate this just shows a site where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this just shows a site where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate this just shows a site where
+they could get attack behavior and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get attack behavior and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get attack behavior and after
+the experiment was over they would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment was over they would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment was over they would make
+a little lesion there then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little lesion there then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little lesion there then they would
+let the animal live for 5 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the animal live for 5 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the animal live for 5 6
+days in order they just let him live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in order they just let him live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in order they just let him live
+long enough after the experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough after the experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough after the experiment was
+over so they could then Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so they could then Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so they could then Trace
+degenerating accents you have to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating accents you have to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating accents you have to give
+them a little time the accents time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little time the accents time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little time the accents time to
+degenerate and then they would Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate and then they would Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerate and then they would Trace
+that was one reason Chi came to Na's lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one reason Chi came to Na's lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one reason Chi came to Na's lab
+to learn how to do this so This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to do this so This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn how to do this so This
+experiment was done involving Carl Chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done involving Carl Chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done involving Carl Chi
+after he had worked with NAA and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had worked with NAA and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he had worked with NAA and you can
+see he could trace accents to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he could trace accents to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he could trace accents to other
+parts of the hypothalamus to almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the hypothalamus to almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the hypothalamus to almost the
+entire subthalamic area at this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire subthalamic area at this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire subthalamic area at this level
+this is the Zona inserta of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Zona inserta of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Zona inserta of the
+hypothalamus oh sorry the subthalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus oh sorry the subthalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus oh sorry the subthalamus
+and then this is the midline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is the midline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is the midline and
+intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus the
+older structures of the phams first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older structures of the phams first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older structures of the phams first to
+evolve structures that connect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve structures that connect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve structures that connect to the
+striatum as as also to the pallum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum as as also to the pallum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striatum as as also to the pallum okay
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+cortex and the interesting part about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and the interesting part about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex and the interesting part about
+this these Pathways is neurons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these Pathways is neurons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these Pathways is neurons in
+here have connections to the neurop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have connections to the neurop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have connections to the neurop
+parts of the fs so they're affecting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the fs so they're affecting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the fs so they're affecting it
+it's they're they're sort of gaing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're they're sort of gaing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's they're they're sort of gaing
+information going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information going through the
+phalus just by altering the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phalus just by altering the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phalus just by altering the motivation
+level from down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay I'm not going to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not going to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm not going to go through this
+drive and reward involving distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and reward involving distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive and reward involving distinct
+accents students always find it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents students always find it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents students always find it a little
+difficult to understand read it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand read it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand read it in the
+book and see if you could let me know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and see if you could let me know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and see if you could let me know if
+you can follow it I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow it I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can follow it I would like to
+know so I would at least like to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I would at least like to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so I would at least like to start
+what we had originally scheduled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had originally scheduled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had originally scheduled for
+today the core Pathways of limic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the core Pathways of limic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today the core Pathways of limic
+system and that will lead us into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that will lead us into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and that will lead us into
+studies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of
+memory I want you to begin to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I want you to begin to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I want you to begin to understand
+why the lyic system became so critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the lyic system became so critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the lyic system became so critical
+to our memory formation well we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our memory formation well we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our memory formation well we call
+episodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory so these are the topics we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so these are the topics we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so these are the topics we're
+going to talk about let's at least talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about let's at least talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about let's at least talk
+a little bit about hypothalamic cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about hypothalamic cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about hypothalamic cell
+groups before we quit and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups before we quit and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups before we quit and I'll show you
+the paper circuit you will read about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper circuit you will read about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper circuit you will read about it
+and so we can go through the rest of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can go through the rest of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can go through the rest of it
+quickly then we going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly then we going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly then we going to talk a little
+bit about hormones I may decide to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about hormones I may decide to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about hormones I may decide to save
+time to let you just read that chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to let you just read that chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to let you just read that chapter
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+hormones I can show you a few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones I can show you a few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormones I can show you a few slides
+from it just so you'll have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it just so you'll have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it just so you'll have a chance to
+ask about it if you want to because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about it if you want to because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about it if you want to because I
+want to spend more time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend more time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to spend more time talking about
+Hipp campus which we do introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hipp campus which we do introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hipp campus which we do introduce
+today so two divisions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so two divisions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so two divisions in the
+hypothalamus two major divisions medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus two major divisions medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus two major divisions medial
+Division and lateral division they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and lateral division they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Division and lateral division they're
+very different they look different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different they look different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different they look different
+histologically if you look here at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histologically if you look here at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histologically if you look here at a
+section of the rodent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the rodent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the rodent
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um here you have from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you have from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here you have from here
+to here the medial Division and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here the medial Division and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here the medial Division and from
+here to out here the lateral division so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to out here the lateral division so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to out here the lateral division so
+this is all lateral in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all lateral in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all lateral in the
+hypothalamus this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus this is
+medial notice this very distinct cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial notice this very distinct cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial notice this very distinct cell
+group in the medial hypothalamus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the medial hypothalamus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the medial hypothalamus the
+ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
+vmh that is typical of the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vmh that is typical of the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vmh that is typical of the medial
+hypothalamus this is from a study by L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus this is from a study by L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus this is from a study by L
+Clark he did this reconstruction he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark he did this reconstruction he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clark he did this reconstruction he used
+sections of the brain to discern these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the brain to discern these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of the brain to discern these
+various cell groups and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cell groups and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cell groups and then he
+reconstructed them sort of projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed them sort of projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed them sort of projecting
+them onto the the sagittal mid sagittal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them onto the the sagittal mid sagittal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them onto the the sagittal mid sagittal
+plane so you can see the mammary bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so you can see the mammary bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so you can see the mammary bodies
+dorsomedial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsomedial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsomedial
+nucleus ventromedial nucleus in human uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus ventromedial nucleus in human uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus ventromedial nucleus in human uh
+preoptic nucleus Su optic nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoptic nucleus Su optic nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoptic nucleus Su optic nucleus
+there's the big optic kism in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the big optic kism in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the big optic kism in human
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+there and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and this
+little funnel shape he's he's near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funnel shape he's he's near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little funnel shape he's he's near the
+pituitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary
+so if you look here in a rodent it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look here in a rodent it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look here in a rodent it's the
+same thing but shape is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but shape is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing but shape is very different
+there's the kism up there with the super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the kism up there with the super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the kism up there with the super
+optic nucleus above it here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic nucleus above it here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic nucleus above it here's the
+pituitary attached here the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary attached here the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary attached here the neural
+part and the glandular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+this region where the stock of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region where the stock of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region where the stock of the
+pituitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pituitary
+attaches is this region in human where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches is this region in human where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches is this region in human where
+it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called the
+infundibula okay for its cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infundibula okay for its cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infundibula okay for its cone
+shape so it's this when you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so it's this when you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape so it's this when you see a
+picture like this where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like this where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture like this where these
+hypothalamic nuclei are we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic nuclei are we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamic nuclei are we're dealing
+mainly with the medial hypothal okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly with the medial hypothal okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly with the medial hypothal okay the
+mammary bodies are both medial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary bodies are both medial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammary bodies are both medial and
+lateral posterior hypothalamic area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral posterior hypothalamic area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral posterior hypothalamic area is
+also Broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Broad
+but it's mostly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's mostly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's mostly in the
+U in the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U in the medial
+hypothalamus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's just quit with this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just quit with this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just quit with this one
+somebody can answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody can answer
+this information about the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information about the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information about the internal
+environment reaches the hypothalamus by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment reaches the hypothalamus by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment reaches the hypothalamus by
+two major means we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major means we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major means we've already talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+them I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I just
+see if you can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can remember
+that okay by by the bloodstream then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay by by the bloodstream then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay by by the bloodstream then
+right so it can reach the hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it can reach the hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it can reach the hypothalamus
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+bloodstream um not just hormones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream um not just hormones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream um not just hormones but
+other means too but they things coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means too but they things coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means too but they things coming
+through the blood and what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means if it doesn't come through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if it doesn't come through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if it doesn't come through the
+blood to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothal must come from neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal must come from neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothal must come from neural
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways
+afren fibers come in mainly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afren fibers come in mainly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afren fibers come in mainly to the
+spinal into the spinal cord we call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal into the spinal cord we call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal into the spinal cord we call them
+visceral afren fibers mostly through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral afren fibers mostly through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral afren fibers mostly through the
+Vagas nerve but for the head region they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagas nerve but for the head region they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagas nerve but for the head region they
+come through hypoglossal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through hypoglossal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through hypoglossal
+nerve there's a few even in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve there's a few even in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve there's a few even in the third
+nerve but very few they come in through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve but very few they come in through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve but very few they come in through
+the seventh they come in through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh they come in through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seventh they come in through the
+ninth and 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth and 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth and 10th
+nerves all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves all right
+so but if they come there through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if they come there through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if they come there through the
+blood then we got to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood then we got to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood then we got to understand the
+blood brain barrier so we'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood brain barrier so we'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood brain barrier so we'll start with
+that next time and just show you few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time and just show you few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next time and just show you few
+pictures this is the interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures this is the interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures this is the interesting one
+they inject hrp right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inject hrp right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they inject hrp right into the
+bloodstream you know weigh down the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream you know weigh down the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream you know weigh down the body
+someplace and they see that in most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and they see that in most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace and they see that in most of
+the brain you just see the hrp in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain you just see the hrp in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain you just see the hrp in the
+capillaries never gets out but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillaries never gets out but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capillaries never gets out but in
+certain regions it leaks right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain regions it leaks right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain regions it leaks right into the
+tissue the bloodb brain barrier seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue the bloodb brain barrier seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue the bloodb brain barrier seems to
+be very weak in some areas so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very weak in some areas so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very weak in some areas so that's
+that's what this picture is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this picture is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this picture is about
+there's a better one in the book okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a better one in the book okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a better one in the book okay
+see you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VWIDwHCGJDQ.txt b/VWIDwHCGJDQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9d0ac68048780cfbb22ef55fc8a16e963454485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VWIDwHCGJDQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so whenever you define a recursive data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you define a recursive data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you define a recursive data
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+um part of the implicit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the implicit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the implicit in the
+definition is a method for proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a method for proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is a method for proving
+things about it called structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it called structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about it called structural
+induction and the way structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and the way structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and the way structural
+induction works is that if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction works is that if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction works is that if you want to
+prove that every element in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that every element in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that every element in some
+recursively defined data type has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively defined data type has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively defined data type has a
+particular property P then uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular property P then uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular property P then uh you
+proceed by showing that every one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed by showing that every one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed by showing that every one of the
+elements in the base case that are in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the base case that are in R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the base case that are in R
+uh has property p and moreover that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has property p and moreover that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has property p and moreover that if
+you apply a Constructor to an element X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a Constructor to an element X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply a Constructor to an element X
+then it has property P whenever X has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has property P whenever X has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has property P whenever X has
+property P that is you can assume as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property P that is you can assume as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property P that is you can assume as an
+as a structural induction uh hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a structural induction uh hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a structural induction uh hypothesis
+P of X and then you need to show that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and then you need to show that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X and then you need to show that P
+of C of X holds and this applies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C of X holds and this applies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C of X holds and this applies for
+each Constructor see some Constructors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Constructor see some Constructors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Constructor see some Constructors
+take more than one arguments but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more than one arguments but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take more than one arguments but this is
+meant to illustrate the general pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to illustrate the general pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to illustrate the general pattern
+uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's
+uh do an easy example first this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do an easy example first this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do an easy example first this is when
+we've actually seen and we took for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually seen and we took for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually seen and we took for
+granted this method of proof without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted this method of proof without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted this method of proof without
+highlighting it when we argued that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting it when we argued that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting it when we argued that the
+set e that was recursively defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e that was recursively defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set e that was recursively defined in
+the last presentation contained the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last presentation contained the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last presentation contained the even
+only even numbers so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only even numbers so remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only even numbers so remember the
+definition of e was that zero is in E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of e was that zero is in E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of e was that zero is in E
+and we're going to be proving that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be proving that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to be proving that X is
+even by induction so we need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even by induction so we need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even by induction so we need to check
+the base case yes zero is even and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case yes zero is even and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case yes zero is even and then
+we need to show that a assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show that a assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to show that a assuming the
+structural induction hypothesis that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction hypothesis that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction hypothesis that n
+is even then when we apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even then when we apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even then when we apply the
+Constructor n+ 2 it's even well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor n+ 2 it's even well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor n+ 2 it's even well
+obviously it is or if we constru apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it is or if we constru apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it is or if we constru apply
+the Constructor minus n that's also even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constructor minus n that's also even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constructor minus n that's also even
+and it is as well and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is as well and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is as well and that's why
+structural induction tells us that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction tells us that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction tells us that uh in
+fact um uh every string in the set e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um uh every string in the set e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact um uh every string in the set e is
+even now let's look at a somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now let's look at a somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even now let's look at a somewhat more
+exam interesting example which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam interesting example which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam interesting example which was the
+set M of matching uh right and left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set M of matching uh right and left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set M of matching uh right and left
+brackets and what I want to prove by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and what I want to prove by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and what I want to prove by
+structural induction is that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction is that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction is that every
+string in m has the same number of left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in m has the same number of left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in m has the same number of left
+brackets and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets and right
+brackets um all right uh I can restate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets um all right uh I can restate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets um all right uh I can restate
+this by defining EQ to be the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by defining EQ to be the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by defining EQ to be the set of
+strings with the same number of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings with the same number of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings with the same number of right
+and left brackets and what I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left brackets and what I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and left brackets and what I'm really
+trying to say is that m is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is that m is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is that m is a subset of
+EQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EQ
+all right now the way I'm going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the way I'm going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the way I'm going to prove
+this is by defining my induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by defining my induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by defining my induction
+hypothesis P of s to be that s is an EQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis P of s to be that s is an EQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis P of s to be that s is an EQ
+that is s has an equal number of left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is s has an equal number of left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is s has an equal number of left
+and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right
+brackets um well let's remember how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets um well let's remember how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets um well let's remember how what
+the definition of m was the base case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of m was the base case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of m was the base case of
+M was the empty string with no brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M was the empty string with no brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M was the empty string with no brackets
+at all and uh does the empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and uh does the empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and uh does the empty string
+satisfy P of s well yeah it has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy P of s well yeah it has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy P of s well yeah it has zero
+right brackets and zero left brackets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right brackets and zero left brackets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right brackets and zero left brackets so
+it does have an equal number of left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have an equal number of left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have an equal number of left and
+right brackets so we've established that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right brackets so we've established that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right brackets so we've established that
+the base case P of of the empty string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case P of of the empty string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base case P of of the empty string
+is true okay um now we have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true okay um now we have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true okay um now we have to consider
+the Constructor case in the case of M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constructor case in the case of M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constructor case in the case of M
+there's only one Constructor namely if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one Constructor namely if R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one Constructor namely if R
+and T are in M then so is s which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T are in M then so is s which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T are in M then so is s which you
+get by putting brackets around R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by putting brackets around R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get by putting brackets around R and
+following it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it by
+T um well here's the argument we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um well here's the argument we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T um well here's the argument we're
+allowed to assume when we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to assume when we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to assume when we're trying to
+prove that s has equal number of left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that s has equal number of left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that s has equal number of left
+and right brackets and we're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right brackets and we're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right brackets and we're allowed to
+assume that R does and so does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that R does and so does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that R does and so does
+t so let's look at the number of right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so let's look at the number of right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so let's look at the number of right
+brackets in s well where do they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in s well where do they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in s well where do they come
+from the right brackets in s consist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right brackets in s consist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the right brackets in s consist of
+well the first symbol in s is a left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first symbol in s is a left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first symbol in s is a left
+bracket so that doesn't matter then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket so that doesn't matter then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket so that doesn't matter then it's
+the right brackets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right brackets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right brackets in
+R um and then there is a new right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um and then there is a new right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um and then there is a new right
+bracket that gets added and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket that gets added and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket that gets added and then there
+are the right brackets in t so uh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the right brackets in t so uh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the right brackets in t so uh what I
+can say is that the left Brack the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say is that the left Brack the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say is that the left Brack the right
+brackets in s are simply the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in s are simply the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in s are simply the number of
+them is the sum of the number in R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is the sum of the number in R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is the sum of the number in R plus
+the number in t plus one more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number in t plus one more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number in t plus one more because
+the Constructor threw in one more right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constructor threw in one more right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constructor threw in one more right
+bracket by exactly the same reasoning um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket by exactly the same reasoning um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket by exactly the same reasoning um
+the number of left brackets in s is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of left brackets in s is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of left brackets in s is the
+number of left in R left in t +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of left in R left in t +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of left in R left in t +
+one now because uh of hypothesis P of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now because uh of hypothesis P of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now because uh of hypothesis P of R
+the number of right and left brackets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of right and left brackets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of right and left brackets in
+R are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R are equal
+and likewise by the induction hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise by the induction hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likewise by the induction hypothesis
+P of T the number of uh right and left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of T the number of uh right and left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of T the number of uh right and left
+brackets in t are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in t are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in t are
+equal and so the right hand sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and so the right hand sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and so the right hand sides of
+both of these uh equations are equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these uh equations are equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these uh equations are equal and
+that means that the left hand sides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the left hand sides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the left hand sides are
+equal we've just proved that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal we've just proved that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal we've just proved that the number
+of right brackets in s and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right brackets in s and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of right brackets in s and the number of
+left brackets and S are the same so P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brackets and S are the same so P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left brackets and S are the same so P of
+s is true the Constructor case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is true the Constructor case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is true the Constructor case is
+covered and we can conclude by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and we can conclude by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and we can conclude by
+structural induction that every s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction that every s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural induction that every s in the
+set M A recursively defined set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set M A recursively defined set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set M A recursively defined set of
+strings of match brackets is in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of match brackets is in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of match brackets is in fact uh
+has an equal number of left and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an equal number of left and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an equal number of left and right
+brackets which is means that m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets which is means that m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets which is means that m is a
+subset of Q as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of Q as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of Q as
+claim well those were pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim well those were pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim well those were pretty easy
+structural inductions and as with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural inductions and as with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural inductions and as with
+regular induction proofs when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular induction proofs when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular induction proofs when you get
+the right induction hypothesis the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right induction hypothesis the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right induction hypothesis the
+proofs tend to be easy uh and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs tend to be easy uh and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs tend to be easy uh and we're
+going to work on an interesting example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work on an interesting example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work on an interesting example
+having to do with the F18 functions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the F18 functions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do with the F18 functions one
+of the reasons why uh the f18s are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why uh the f18s are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why uh the f18s are
+what's considered in first term calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's considered in first term calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's considered in first term calculus
+is that if you look at all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at all of those
+functions remember you got them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions remember you got them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions remember you got them by
+taking uh constant functions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh constant functions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking uh constant functions and the
+identity function uh and the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity function uh and the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity function uh and the function
+sinx and then you could combine them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and then you could combine them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx and then you could combine them in
+various Ways by adding multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Ways by adding multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various Ways by adding multiplying
+exponentiating composing taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating composing taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating composing taking
+inverses that we didn't need to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses that we didn't need to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverses that we didn't need to add a
+Constructor of taking the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor of taking the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constructor of taking the derivative
+because it turns out that you can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that you can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it turns out that you can prove
+by structural induction that the f18s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by structural induction that the f18s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by structural induction that the f18s
+are closed undertaking derivatives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closed undertaking derivatives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are closed undertaking derivatives and
+that makes a lovely class problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Vd6yR63nfHY.txt b/Vd6yR63nfHY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9794022914511e1bf93f19115259e0d531cba59a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vd6yR63nfHY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+our first examples of Dame is a story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first examples of Dame is a story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first examples of Dame is a story of
+IBM Watson IBM research a distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM Watson IBM research a distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM Watson IBM research a distinguished
+industrial laboratory strives to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial laboratory strives to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial laboratory strives to push
+the limits of science in the mid-1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of science in the mid-1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limits of science in the mid-1990s
+it created the blue a computer that beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it created the blue a computer that beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it created the blue a computer that beat
+Garry Kasparov the world champion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garry Kasparov the world champion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garry Kasparov the world champion in
+chess at the time showing to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess at the time showing to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess at the time showing to the world
+that machines can beat humans in tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machines can beat humans in tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that machines can beat humans in tasks
+that people thought were restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people thought were restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people thought were restricted to
+human intelligence in the 1990s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human intelligence in the 1990s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human intelligence in the 1990s in the
+late 1990s it created Blue Gene a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s it created Blue Gene a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late 1990s it created Blue Gene a
+computer to map the human genome in 2005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to map the human genome in 2005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to map the human genome in 2005
+IBM decided to create a computer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM decided to create a computer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IBM decided to create a computer that
+would compete a dropper T a popular game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would compete a dropper T a popular game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would compete a dropper T a popular game
+show from the TJ Watson Research Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show from the TJ Watson Research Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show from the TJ Watson Research Center
+in Yorktown Heights New York this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Yorktown Heights New York this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Yorktown Heights New York this is
+jeopardy the ideal challenge he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy the ideal challenge he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardy the ideal challenge he has
+never been defeated and his winnings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been defeated and his winnings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never been defeated and his winnings of
+more than 3.2 million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 3.2 million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 3.2 million dollars
+make him Jeopardy's all-time biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make him Jeopardy's all-time biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make him Jeopardy's all-time biggest
+money winner from Los Angeles California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money winner from Los Angeles California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money winner from Los Angeles California
+here's Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Fred
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and IBM computer system maple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IBM computer system maple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and IBM computer system maple
+we understand and analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand and analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand and analyze
+language including puns riddles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language including puns riddles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language including puns riddles and
+complex questions across a broad range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex questions across a broad range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex questions across a broad range
+of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge
+please welcome Watson in 2004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please welcome Watson in 2004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please welcome Watson in 2004
+heat-activated America by winning 74
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat-activated America by winning 74
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat-activated America by winning 74
+consecutive matches and 2.5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive matches and 2.5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive matches and 2.5 million
+dollars on Jeopardy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on Jeopardy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars on Jeopardy
+from Seattle Washington here's Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Seattle Washington here's Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Seattle Washington here's Ken
+Jennings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jennings
+and now here is the host of Jeopardy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here is the host of Jeopardy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now here is the host of Jeopardy
+Alex Trebek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex Trebek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex Trebek
+Thank You Johnny before we get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You Johnny before we get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You Johnny before we get into the
+game there are just a couple of things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there are just a couple of things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game there are just a couple of things I
+need to tell you about this match now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tell you about this match now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tell you about this match now as
+I said earlier Watson will receive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said earlier Watson will receive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said earlier Watson will receive the
+clues electronically as a text file at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues electronically as a text file at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues electronically as a text file at
+the same moment the clues are revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same moment the clues are revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same moment the clues are revealed
+to Ken and Brad and at the same time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ken and Brad and at the same time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ken and Brad and at the same time I
+read them this competition will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them this competition will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them this competition will be a
+two-game total point exhibition match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-game total point exhibition match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-game total point exhibition match
+however these two games will be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however these two games will be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however these two games will be played
+out over the next three days so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the next three days so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the next three days so we can
+tell the full story throughout the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the full story throughout the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the full story throughout the games
+you'll get a glimpse of the thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a glimpse of the thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a glimpse of the thinking
+process if you will that is behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you will that is behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you will that is behind
+Watson's responses now this will be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson's responses now this will be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson's responses now this will be done
+through an answer panel display at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an answer panel display at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an answer panel display at the
+bottom of the screen let's play jeopardy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the screen let's play jeopardy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the screen let's play jeopardy
+here we go our first round of play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go our first round of play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go our first round of play
+contains these categories literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains these categories literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains these categories literary
+character APB all-points bulletin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character APB all-points bulletin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character APB all-points bulletin
+beetles people Olympic oddities named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beetles people Olympic oddities named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beetles people Olympic oddities named
+the decade final frontiers and alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decade final frontiers and alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decade final frontiers and alternate
+meanings a little while ago we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings a little while ago we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings a little while ago we had a
+drawing to determine which player would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing to determine which player would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing to determine which player would
+select first Brad you won that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select first Brad you won that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select first Brad you won that so if
+you're ready make your first choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready make your first choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ready make your first choice
+let's take alternate meanings for 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take alternate meanings for 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take alternate meanings for 200
+Alex four-letter word for a vantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex four-letter word for a vantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex four-letter word for a vantage
+point or a belief read what is a view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or a belief read what is a view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or a belief read what is a view
+yes alternate meanings 404 letter word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes alternate meanings 404 letter word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes alternate meanings 404 letter word
+for the iron fitting on the hoof of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the iron fitting on the hoof of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the iron fitting on the hoof of a
+horse or a car dealing box in a casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse or a car dealing box in a casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horse or a car dealing box in a casino
+Watson what is Chu you are right you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson what is Chu you are right you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson what is Chu you are right you get
+to pick literary character a PB for 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now Watson although you have but $400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Watson although you have but $400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Watson although you have but $400
+you know of course that you can risk up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course that you can risk up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course that you can risk up
+to the maximum value of a clue on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum value of a clue on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the maximum value of a clue on the
+board and that is a thousand 1000 please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and that is a thousand 1000 please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board and that is a thousand 1000 please
+all right here is the Daily Double clue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here is the Daily Double clue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right here is the Daily Double clue
+for you wanted for killing Sir Danvers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you wanted for killing Sir Danvers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you wanted for killing Sir Danvers
+Carew appearance pale and dwarfish seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carew appearance pale and dwarfish seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carew appearance pale and dwarfish seems
+to have a split personality who is hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a split personality who is hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a split personality who is hide
+hide yes dr. Jekyll and mr. Hyde I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide yes dr. Jekyll and mr. Hyde I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide yes dr. Jekyll and mr. Hyde I don't
+want acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want acceptable
+now at 300 go again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at 300 go again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at 300 go again
+speedos people for 200 and any time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speedos people for 200 and any time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speedos people for 200 and any time you
+feel the pain hey this sky refrain don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the pain hey this sky refrain don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the pain hey this sky refrain don't
+carry the world upon your shoulders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the world upon your shoulders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the world upon your shoulders
+Watson who is Jude yes Olympic oddities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson who is Jude yes Olympic oddities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson who is Jude yes Olympic oddities
+for 200 mill Arad kavik almost upset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 200 mill Arad kavik almost upset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 200 mill Arad kavik almost upset
+this man's perfect 2008 Olympics losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's perfect 2008 Olympics losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this man's perfect 2008 Olympics losing
+to him by one hundredths of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him by one hundredths of a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him by one hundredths of a second
+Watson who is Michael Phelps yes go name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson who is Michael Phelps yes go name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watson who is Michael Phelps yes go name
+the decade for 200 Disneyland opens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decade for 200 Disneyland opens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decade for 200 Disneyland opens and
+the peace symbol is created Kenny what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peace symbol is created Kenny what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peace symbol is created Kenny what
+are the 50s yes final frontiers for 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the 50s yes final frontiers for 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the 50s yes final frontiers for 1000
+Alex tickets are needed for this event a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex tickets are needed for this event a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alex tickets are needed for this event a
+black hole's boundary from which matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole's boundary from which matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black hole's boundary from which matter
+cannot escape Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot escape Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot escape Watson
+what is event horizon yes why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is event horizon yes why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is event horizon yes why is
+Jeopardy hard jeopardy asks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy hard jeopardy asks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeopardy hard jeopardy asks the
+contentions to answer cryptic questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentions to answer cryptic questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contentions to answer cryptic questions
+in a huge variety of categories it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a huge variety of categories it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a huge variety of categories it is
+generally seen as a test of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally seen as a test of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally seen as a test of human
+intelligence reasoning and cleverness no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence reasoning and cleverness no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence reasoning and cleverness no
+links to the outside world are permitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to the outside world are permitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links to the outside world are permitted
+and new questions and categories are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new questions and categories are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and new questions and categories are
+created for every soul Watson is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for every soul Watson is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created for every soul Watson is a
+supercomputer with 3000 processors in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputer with 3000 processors in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supercomputer with 3000 processors in a
+database of 200 million pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of 200 million pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of 200 million pages of
+information it has a massive number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it has a massive number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information it has a massive number of
+data sources like cyclopædia text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sources like cyclopædia text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sources like cyclopædia text
+manuals magazines Wikipedia etc IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals magazines Wikipedia etc IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals magazines Wikipedia etc IBM
+researchers who developed warren used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers who developed warren used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers who developed warren used
+over 100 different analytical techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 different analytical techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 different analytical techniques
+for enlasa analyzing natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enlasa analyzing natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enlasa analyzing natural language
+finding candidate answers and selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding candidate answers and selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding candidate answers and selecting
+the final answer we'll discuss this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer we'll discuss this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final answer we'll discuss this more
+later in the class in February 2011 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the class in February 2011 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the class in February 2011 a
+two-game exhibition match aired on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-game exhibition match aired on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-game exhibition match aired on
+television six years after the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television six years after the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television six years after the initial
+consumption of the idea to build watchin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the idea to build watchin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the idea to build watchin
+watchin competed against the best two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watchin competed against the best two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watchin competed against the best two
+human players of all time and challenged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human players of all time and challenged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human players of all time and challenged
+the meaning of intelligence now Watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of intelligence now Watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of intelligence now Watson
+is being used for many applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used for many applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being used for many applications
+including selecting the best course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including selecting the best course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including selecting the best course of
+treatment for cancer what is the edge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for cancer what is the edge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment for cancer what is the edge in
+Warren Warren combined many algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Warren combined many algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Warren combined many algorithms
+to increase accuracy and confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase accuracy and confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase accuracy and confidence
+cover many of them in this class IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover many of them in this class IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover many of them in this class IBM
+approached the problem in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached the problem in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached the problem in a different
+way than how a human does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way than how a human does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way than how a human does it
+Warren deals with massive amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren deals with massive amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren deals with massive amounts of
+data often in a structured form which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data often in a structured form which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data often in a structured form which is
+important as 90% of the data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as 90% of the data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as 90% of the data in the
+world is unstructured
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VhBcJUnEL20.txt b/VhBcJUnEL20.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54c2525e12e2a1ac8d8d769d09a795cd75d765f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VhBcJUnEL20.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+part of our challenge as teachers is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our challenge as teachers is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our challenge as teachers is to
+help make sure that we're embedding into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help make sure that we're embedding into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help make sure that we're embedding into
+their approach enough rigor that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their approach enough rigor that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their approach enough rigor that we're
+looking at the data and the evidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data and the evidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data and the evidence and
+that it's being linked to the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's being linked to the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's being linked to the content
+we're teaching here today in the podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching here today in the podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching here today in the podcast
+we're looking at a new kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at a new kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at a new kind of
+independent study teaching this way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent study teaching this way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent study teaching this way is
+incredibly rewarding and also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly rewarding and also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly rewarding and also really
+scary you'll often be invited into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary you'll often be invited into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary you'll often be invited into
+domains we don't have the expertise and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains we don't have the expertise and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains we don't have the expertise and
+it's quite hard to predict how a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite hard to predict how a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite hard to predict how a given
+session or conversation will go welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session or conversation will go welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session or conversation will go welcome
+to choc Radio a podcast about inspired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choc Radio a podcast about inspired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choc Radio a podcast about inspired
+teaching at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching at MIT
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm your host Sarah Hansen from MIT
+OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare in this episode we'll be
+talking about action learning and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about action learning and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about action learning and an
+exciting evolution of the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting evolution of the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting evolution of the independent
+study the MIT Sloan School of Management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the MIT Sloan School of Management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the MIT Sloan School of Management
+has a tradition of involving MBA fellows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tradition of involving MBA fellows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a tradition of involving MBA fellows
+in collaborations with partners from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaborations with partners from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaborations with partners from
+around the globe for years these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe for years these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe for years these
+projects have helped participants build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects have helped participants build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects have helped participants build
+experience and connections and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and connections and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and connections and these
+students the MBA fellows are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the MBA fellows are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the MBA fellows are often
+already established in a career or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already established in a career or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already established in a career or in
+building their own projects my guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building their own projects my guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building their own projects my guest
+today dr. Anjali Sastry has led over 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today dr. Anjali Sastry has led over 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today dr. Anjali Sastry has led over 100
+groups of MBA fellows in these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of MBA fellows in these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of MBA fellows in these projects
+now the thing to note here is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing to note here is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing to note here is that these
+projects were developed by the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects were developed by the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects were developed by the school
+and instructors and students would sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instructors and students would sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instructors and students would sign
+on to work on them but dr. Sastry wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to work on them but dr. Sastry wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to work on them but dr. Sastry wanted
+to get students more invested right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get students more invested right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get students more invested right from
+the start so she decided to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start so she decided to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start so she decided to do something
+a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little different
+we'll pick up with dr. Sastri's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up with dr. Sastri's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pick up with dr. Sastri's
+explanation this last year I tried a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation this last year I tried a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation this last year I tried a new
+experiment where instead of us bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where instead of us bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where instead of us bringing
+in the project's I had students work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the project's I had students work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the project's I had students work
+with me to create the projects they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me to create the projects they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me to create the projects they were
+interested in that spoke to societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that spoke to societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that spoke to societal
+challenges that would be important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that would be important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that would be important in
+the coming decade and that also linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming decade and that also linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coming decade and that also linked
+to technology in some way students come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to technology in some way students come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to technology in some way students come
+in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with
+fashion or a set of questions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion or a set of questions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion or a set of questions they're
+really interested in investigating could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in investigating could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in investigating could
+we take some of the things that work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take some of the things that work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take some of the things that work in
+action learning traditional action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action learning traditional action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action learning traditional action
+learning classes and bend them towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classes and bend them towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classes and bend them towards
+that kind of Drive could I use my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of Drive could I use my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of Drive could I use my own
+connections relationships rolodex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections relationships rolodex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections relationships rolodex to
+help students follow their passions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help students follow their passions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help students follow their passions but
+also to find thought partners or project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to find thought partners or project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to find thought partners or project
+partners in the world and also tap into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners in the world and also tap into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners in the world and also tap into
+my own expertise and that of other MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own expertise and that of other MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own expertise and that of other MIT
+faculty as well as their peers could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty as well as their peers could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty as well as their peers could you
+talk a little bit about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about some of the
+specific projects that students did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific projects that students did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific projects that students did the
+project students did ranged greatly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project students did ranged greatly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project students did ranged greatly but
+all had as a theme using what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had as a theme using what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all had as a theme using what they were
+learning here and tapping into emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning here and tapping into emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning here and tapping into emerging
+or existing technology in new ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or existing technology in new ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or existing technology in new ways to
+find solutions to problems that faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find solutions to problems that faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find solutions to problems that faced
+many one of my students aleni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many one of my students aleni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many one of my students aleni
+came to MIT with completely on fire with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT with completely on fire with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to MIT with completely on fire with
+this idea of tapping into analytics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of tapping into analytics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of tapping into analytics and
+AI to solve what she saw as a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI to solve what she saw as a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI to solve what she saw as a major
+challenge when it came to bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge when it came to bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge when it came to bringing
+finance to smallholder and small-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance to smallholder and small-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance to smallholder and small-scale
+farmers she's an expert on agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers she's an expert on agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmers she's an expert on agricultural
+finance and she realized that in her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and she realized that in her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and she realized that in her
+native Brazil and elsewhere people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Brazil and elsewhere people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Brazil and elsewhere people who
+didn't have good credit standing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have good credit standing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have good credit standing and
+good credit records farmers who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good credit records farmers who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good credit records farmers who didn't
+have those assets couldn't get loans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those assets couldn't get loans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those assets couldn't get loans and
+were forever locked out so there's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forever locked out so there's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were forever locked out so there's a big
+dichotomy between the people of access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between the people of access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between the people of access
+to finance and those who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finance and those who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finance and those who don't
+could she break down that barrier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could she break down that barrier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could she break down that barrier in
+some way could new forms of data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way could new forms of data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way could new forms of data and
+technology help do that so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology help do that so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology help do that so instead of
+relying only on somebody's credit record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying only on somebody's credit record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying only on somebody's credit record
+could you look at the weather they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you look at the weather they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you look at the weather they're
+farming choices their behaviors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming choices their behaviors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farming choices their behaviors and
+physical data and use it to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical data and use it to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical data and use it to come up with
+a better assessment of the riskiness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better assessment of the riskiness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better assessment of the riskiness of
+a given farmer from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given farmer from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given farmer from the
+point of view slightly technical area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view slightly technical area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view slightly technical area
+but it actually has huge implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually has huge implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it actually has huge implications
+because it could open the door to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could open the door to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it could open the door to all
+kinds of folks who are excluded from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of folks who are excluded from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of folks who are excluded from
+traditional finance by providing other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional finance by providing other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional finance by providing other
+methods of sorting out their riskiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of sorting out their riskiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods of sorting out their riskiness
+and their creditworthiness so she's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their creditworthiness so she's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their creditworthiness so she's got
+drone data map and weather data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone data map and weather data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drone data map and weather data
+behavioral data you know transactional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral data you know transactional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral data you know transactional
+data and is trying to stitch it all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and is trying to stitch it all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and is trying to stitch it all up
+in new ways each of these projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new ways each of these projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new ways each of these projects
+required significant time and engagement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required significant time and engagement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required significant time and engagement
+from doctor Sastry I couldn't help but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doctor Sastry I couldn't help but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doctor Sastry I couldn't help but
+ask how this all worked what did it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how this all worked what did it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how this all worked what did it look
+like to be involved with each student's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be involved with each student's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be involved with each student's
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+each project was customized and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each project was customized and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each project was customized and one of
+the things I've learned about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've learned about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've learned about trying to
+innovate when it comes to teaching is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate when it comes to teaching is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate when it comes to teaching is
+you have to be willing to invest a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be willing to invest a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be willing to invest a lot
+the first few rounds the first few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few rounds the first few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first few rounds the first few years
+you do something and then over time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something and then over time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something and then over time you
+learn how to make it a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to make it a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to make it a little more
+efficient streamlined maybe scalable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient streamlined maybe scalable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient streamlined maybe scalable and
+more cost effective I learned I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cost effective I learned I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cost effective I learned I had to
+keep a white board up in my office with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a white board up in my office with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a white board up in my office with
+each project in each person cuz I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each project in each person cuz I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each project in each person cuz I had
+over a dozen running to keep them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a dozen running to keep them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a dozen running to keep them
+straight and try to remember who's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and try to remember who's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and try to remember who's doing
+what so that when I saw it when I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so that when I saw it when I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so that when I saw it when I came
+into the office I had that person would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the office I had that person would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the office I had that person would
+be on my mind or that project would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on my mind or that project would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on my mind or that project would be
+out of my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my mind
+I do think mundane as it sounds I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do think mundane as it sounds I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do think mundane as it sounds I think
+it's also important to have good like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also important to have good like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also important to have good like
+forms and paperwork having people really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and paperwork having people really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and paperwork having people really
+articulate in writing briefly what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate in writing briefly what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate in writing briefly what they
+want to do and having a structured kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and having a structured kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and having a structured kind
+of update process really helps keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of update process really helps keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of update process really helps keep the
+momentum and build the focus how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and build the focus how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and build the focus how do you
+measure success and projects like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure success and projects like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure success and projects like this
+it's a great question because students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question because students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question because students
+who are following their passions really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are following their passions really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are following their passions really
+get into it you give them enough freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into it you give them enough freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into it you give them enough freedom
+they will have a good time but part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have a good time but part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will have a good time but part of
+our challenge as their teachers is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our challenge as their teachers is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our challenge as their teachers is to
+help make sure that we're embedding into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help make sure that we're embedding into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help make sure that we're embedding into
+their approach enough rigor that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their approach enough rigor that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their approach enough rigor that we're
+looking at the data and the evidence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data and the evidence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data and the evidence and
+that it's being linked to the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's being linked to the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's being linked to the content
+we're teaching here so a passion project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching here so a passion project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're teaching here so a passion project
+by itself may or may not be academic not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself may or may not be academic not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself may or may not be academic not
+every student who comes in with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every student who comes in with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every student who comes in with their
+passion project is necessarily gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion project is necessarily gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion project is necessarily gonna
+want to or should turn it into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to or should turn it into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to or should turn it into an
+in-depth study so I've learned that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-depth study so I've learned that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in-depth study so I've learned that you
+can't convert everyone and that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't convert everyone and that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't convert everyone and that's okay
+because we're offering it this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're offering it this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're offering it this is an
+offering of a new learning experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering of a new learning experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering of a new learning experience
+it's very much driven by the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much driven by the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very much driven by the students
+interest you need to really be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest you need to really be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest you need to really be able to
+allow the students to self-select in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the students to self-select in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the students to self-select in
+it's hard to offer something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to offer something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to offer something like this
+as a requirement so that's another piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a requirement so that's another piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a requirement so that's another piece
+is striking the right balance but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is striking the right balance but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is striking the right balance but
+kind of opening the door and inviting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of opening the door and inviting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of opening the door and inviting
+people in versus cracking the whip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in versus cracking the whip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in versus cracking the whip and
+following up on them dr. Sastry pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following up on them dr. Sastry pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following up on them dr. Sastry pointed
+to one of the challenges that she faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the challenges that she faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one of the challenges that she faced
+in taking on these students projects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking on these students projects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking on these students projects and
+it's one that many instructors face at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that many instructors face at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one that many instructors face at
+some point how far would she go outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point how far would she go outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point how far would she go outside
+her area of expertise to support her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her area of expertise to support her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her area of expertise to support her
+students I need to be able to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I need to be able to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I need to be able to figure it
+out for myself and then also be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for myself and then also be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for myself and then also be very
+clear with the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear with the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear with the students
+how much do I know about the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do I know about the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do I know about the blockchain
+that's not an area of my research so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an area of my research so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not an area of my research so how
+far do I want to go down a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far do I want to go down a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far do I want to go down a set of
+projects that take that on I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that take that on I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that take that on I'm
+interested in this topic I'll learn with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this topic I'll learn with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this topic I'll learn with
+you but my domain of expertise relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but my domain of expertise relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but my domain of expertise relates
+to these areas we can apply it to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these areas we can apply it to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these areas we can apply it to your
+questions we can apply systems thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can apply systems thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can apply systems thinking
+or organizational change or business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or organizational change or business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or organizational change or business
+models to the questions you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to the questions you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to the questions you're
+articulating but I am not the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating but I am not the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulating but I am not the technical
+expert on this domain so you'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on this domain so you'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert on this domain so you'll need to
+work with someone else on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with someone else on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with someone else on that and
+different instructors have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instructors have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different instructors have different
+interests and stepping out of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and stepping out of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests and stepping out of their
+comfort zone so that I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort zone so that I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort zone so that I think that's
+really important another big question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important another big question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important another big question is
+how willing are you as an instructor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how willing are you as an instructor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how willing are you as an instructor to
+have a mishmash of projects that take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mishmash of projects that take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mishmash of projects that take on
+very different domains teaching this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different domains teaching this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different domains teaching this way
+is incredibly rewarding and also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly rewarding and also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly rewarding and also really
+scary you often be invited into domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary you often be invited into domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scary you often be invited into domains
+we don't have the expertise and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the expertise and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have the expertise and it's
+quite hard to predict how a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to predict how a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hard to predict how a given
+session or a conversation will go it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session or a conversation will go it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session or a conversation will go it's
+not like running a case where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like running a case where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like running a case where you know
+the story and you know what you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and you know what you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story and you know what you're gonna
+say at each moment in class or you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at each moment in class or you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say at each moment in class or you're at
+least got a sense of what that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least got a sense of what that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least got a sense of what that might
+look like because very often students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because very often students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because very often students
+will come in and say I've totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in and say I've totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in and say I've totally
+changed my mind and you have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my mind and you have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my mind and you have to deal
+with that so there's both the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so there's both the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so there's both the kind of
+personal journey of learning that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal journey of learning that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal journey of learning that's less
+predictable and the domain part that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable and the domain part that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable and the domain part that's
+less predictable but you as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less predictable but you as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less predictable but you as the
+instructor get to set some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor get to set some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor get to set some of
+parameters so I want them to not simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so I want them to not simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so I want them to not simply
+kind of make general arguments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make general arguments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make general arguments about
+what should happen but to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen but to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should happen but to think about
+what they could do as a leader an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could do as a leader an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could do as a leader an
+entrepreneur an executive if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur an executive if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneur an executive if you're
+interested in learning more about social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning more about social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning more about social
+impact technology projects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact technology projects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact technology projects or
+independent studies you can find dr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent studies you can find dr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent studies you can find dr.
+Sastri's teaching materials on our site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sastri's teaching materials on our site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sastri's teaching materials on our site
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sharing their insights about their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing their insights about their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing their insights about their own
+projects additional materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects additional materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects additional materials and
+instructor insights about project-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor insights about project-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor insights about project-based
+learning are on our educator portal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are on our educator portal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning are on our educator portal at
+ocw.mit.edu slash educator as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu slash educator as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu slash educator as always
+thank you so much for listening we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for listening we'd
+love for your OCW story to become a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for your OCW story to become a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love for your OCW story to become a part
+of our conversation use the contact link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our conversation use the contact link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our conversation use the contact link
+in the show notes to share how you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the show notes to share how you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the show notes to share how you use
+OCW to shape your own life or those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW to shape your own life or those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW to shape your own life or those of
+others your story will inspire us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others your story will inspire us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others your story will inspire us and
+other people and will help us continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and will help us continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people and will help us continue
+to share the kind of open educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share the kind of open educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share the kind of open educational
+resources that make a difference until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that make a difference until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that make a difference until
+next time I'm Sarah Hansen from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I'm Sarah Hansen from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time I'm Sarah Hansen from MIT
+OpenCourseWare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WFbNs3fZJAo.txt b/WFbNs3fZJAo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49f23e840e1a0e37fb355655c00fd803ae0cc069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WFbNs3fZJAo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sustainability Energy Efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability Energy Efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability Energy Efficiency and
+green development these are fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green development these are fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green development these are fundamental
+to the modern cities of today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modern cities of today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the modern cities of today and
+tomorrow hi I'm shha Pand and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow hi I'm shha Pand and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow hi I'm shha Pand and in this
+video I will be discussing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I will be discussing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I will be discussing about the
+role of Green Building rating systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Green Building rating systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of Green Building rating systems in
+City sustainability by analyzing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City sustainability by analyzing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City sustainability by analyzing the
+impact of Green Building index as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of Green Building index as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of Green Building index as a
+system on the future of green buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the future of green buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system on the future of green buildings
+in Malaysia let us start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia let us start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Malaysia let us start by
+understanding what green buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what green buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what green buildings are
+and VI rating systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VI rating systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and VI rating systems are
+important infrastructure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important infrastructure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important infrastructure is
+indispensable to the growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indispensable to the growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indispensable to the growth and
+development of a society and key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a society and key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a society and key
+components of it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of it are
+buildings buildings use energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings buildings use energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings buildings use energy for
+lighting space Heat heating or cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting space Heat heating or cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting space Heat heating or cooling
+ventilation air conditioning and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation air conditioning and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation air conditioning and other
+electronic and electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and electrical
+appliances collectively buildings can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appliances collectively buildings can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appliances collectively buildings can
+consume around 40% of the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume around 40% of the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume around 40% of the total energy
+around the world including energy usage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world including energy usage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world including energy usage
+during construction as well as in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during construction as well as in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during construction as well as in their
+operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational
+phase efficient energy use and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase efficient energy use and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase efficient energy use and a
+conducive environment in and around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducive environment in and around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducive environment in and around the
+buildings is critical to City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings is critical to City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings is critical to City
+sustainability so what is a Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability so what is a Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability so what is a Green
+Building how is a Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building how is a Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building how is a Green Building
+building or an energy efficient building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or an energy efficient building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building or an energy efficient building
+different from a conventional one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a conventional one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from a conventional one a
+green building is a building whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building is a building whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green building is a building whose
+construction and lifetime of operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and lifetime of operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and lifetime of operation
+assure the healthiest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure the healthiest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure the healthiest possible
+environment while making the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment while making the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment while making the most
+efficient and least disruptive views of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and least disruptive views of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and least disruptive views of
+land water energy and resources some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land water energy and resources some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land water energy and resources some of
+the features that Define a Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that Define a Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the features that Define a Green
+Building include climate responsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building include climate responsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building include climate responsive
+nature of its architecture passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of its architecture passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of its architecture passive
+techniques for heating cooling ventil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for heating cooling ventil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques for heating cooling ventil
+ation and daylighting use of renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation and daylighting use of renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation and daylighting use of renewable
+sources of energy efficient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy efficient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of energy efficient and
+environment friendly practices during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment friendly practices during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment friendly practices during
+construction and post occupancy use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and post occupancy use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and post occupancy use of
+vernacular materials an occupant health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular materials an occupant health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vernacular materials an occupant health
+safety and comfort an efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and comfort an efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety and comfort an efficiently
+designed Green Building can save up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed Green Building can save up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed Green Building can save up to
+30 to 60% energy as compared to that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 to 60% energy as compared to that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 to 60% energy as compared to that by
+a conventional building which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conventional building which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conventional building which is not
+environment sensitive buildings are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment sensitive buildings are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment sensitive buildings are an
+important part of that particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of that particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of that particularly in
+in developing countries where where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing countries where where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in developing countries where where they
+use uh uh maybe a third to 40% of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh uh maybe a third to 40% of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh uh maybe a third to 40% of of
+national energy resources and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national energy resources and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national energy resources and and
+signally higher percentage of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signally higher percentage of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signally higher percentage of of
+electricity over 70% in in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity over 70% in in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity over 70% in in the US
+lighting is is a major energy consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting is is a major energy consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting is is a major energy consumer
+in uh in commercial buildings another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in commercial buildings another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in commercial buildings another
+major energy consumer particularly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major energy consumer particularly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major energy consumer particularly in
+tropical areas where uh large numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropical areas where uh large numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tropical areas where uh large numbers of
+the worlds people live is is uh cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds people live is is uh cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worlds people live is is uh cooling
+um shading for Windows uh more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shading for Windows uh more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um shading for Windows uh more efficient
+Cooling systems and uh and use of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling systems and uh and use of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooling systems and uh and use of of uh
+what's called natural ventilation at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called natural ventilation at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called natural ventilation at at
+times of year when when outdoor uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of year when when outdoor uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of year when when outdoor uh um
+conditions um um permit however if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um um permit however if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um um permit however if we
+hope to align the benefits of green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to align the benefits of green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to align the benefits of green
+buildings with the sustainability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings with the sustainability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings with the sustainability of a
+city and optimize energy use by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and optimize energy use by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city and optimize energy use by
+buildings globally every designer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings globally every designer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings globally every designer and
+developer will need to be aware and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer will need to be aware and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer will need to be aware and work
+towards creating energy efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards creating energy efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards creating energy efficient
+buildings only then shall the efforts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings only then shall the efforts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings only then shall the efforts
+convert into large scale energy saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into large scale energy saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert into large scale energy saving
+and that is where the Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is where the Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is where the Green Building
+rating systems play a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating systems play a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating systems play a very important
+role they can be used as a tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role they can be used as a tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role they can be used as a tool to
+encourage and enforce the building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage and enforce the building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage and enforce the building of
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+structures these may be either in form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures these may be either in form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures these may be either in form
+of certifications or mandatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certifications or mandatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of certifications or mandatory
+codes now we might ask how the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes now we might ask how the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes now we might ask how the the uh
+how countries uh um and governments uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how countries uh um and governments uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how countries uh um and governments uh
+uh nonprofit agencies promote the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nonprofit agencies promote the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nonprofit agencies promote the the
+development of of uh of of green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of of uh of of green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of of uh of of green
+buildings and and two big elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and and two big elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and and two big elements of
+that are are standards and uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are standards and uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are are standards and uh and and
+rating systems um and uh rating systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating systems um and uh rating systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating systems um and uh rating systems
+are have uh increasingly shown their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have uh increasingly shown their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have uh increasingly shown their
+value in in in many countries um by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in in in many countries um by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in in in many countries um by uh
+by calling attention to uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calling attention to uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by calling attention to uh the the the
+value of green buildings and giving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of green buildings and giving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of green buildings and giving uh
+um building uh building owners uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um building uh building owners uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um building uh building owners uh
+building operators uh um clear easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building operators uh um clear easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building operators uh um clear easy to
+stand um um targets uh for for the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand um um targets uh for for the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand um um targets uh for for the um
+construction features and for operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction features and for operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction features and for operation
+of uh of of of their buildings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of of of their buildings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of of of their buildings um
+they're not perfect uh they tend not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not perfect uh they tend not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not perfect uh they tend not to
+be overly quantitative and and one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overly quantitative and and one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overly quantitative and and one can
+can get a good rating with in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a good rating with in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a good rating with in some cases
+for for for aspects of a building that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for aspects of a building that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for for aspects of a building that
+don't necessarily save energy but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily save energy but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily save energy but are
+important environmentally um but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important environmentally um but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important environmentally um but they
+they um um their popularity uh is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um um their popularity uh is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um um their popularity uh is uh is
+hugely important this works well at City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely important this works well at City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely important this works well at City
+level where where and larger people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where where and larger people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level where where and larger people can
+see that that neighboring buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that neighboring buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that neighboring buildings are
+part of this work in in in in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this work in in in in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this work in in in in one
+country can can help uh the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country can can help uh the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country can can help uh the development
+work can help uh make it easier for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work can help uh make it easier for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work can help uh make it easier for for
+neighboring countries with similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring countries with similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring countries with similar
+climates to to do the same there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climates to to do the same there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climates to to do the same there are
+various rating systems developed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various rating systems developed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various rating systems developed and
+being followed in different countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being followed in different countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being followed in different countries
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+world while designing green buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world while designing green buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world while designing green buildings
+the site surroundings climate resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site surroundings climate resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site surroundings climate resources
+and building function all play a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building function all play a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building function all play a crucial
+role and thus every rating system needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and thus every rating system needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role and thus every rating system needs
+to be contextual and unique in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be contextual and unique in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be contextual and unique in its
+response to the location climate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the location climate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to the location climate and
+resource availability of the area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource availability of the area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource availability of the area that
+it has been designed for Green Building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been designed for Green Building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has been designed for Green Building
+index Malaysia launched in 2009 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index Malaysia launched in 2009 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index Malaysia launched in 2009 is a
+Green Building rating system developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building rating system developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Green Building rating system developed
+by Malaysian Institute of Architects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Malaysian Institute of Architects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Malaysian Institute of Architects and
+Association of Consulting Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of Consulting Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association of Consulting Engineers
+Malaysia it is a comprehensive rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia it is a comprehensive rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia it is a comprehensive rating
+system for for evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for for evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for for evaluating the
+environmental design and performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental design and performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental design and performance of
+buildings on six main Criterion under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings on six main Criterion under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings on six main Criterion under
+seven different categories gbi is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different categories gbi is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven different categories gbi is just
+another tool to actually help to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool to actually help to spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another tool to actually help to spread
+awareness throughout the country which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness throughout the country which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness throughout the country which
+is why we also formed the Malaysia Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we also formed the Malaysia Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why we also formed the Malaysia Green
+Building Confederation or mgbc uh whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Confederation or mgbc uh whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Building Confederation or mgbc uh whose
+role is to actually spread awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is to actually spread awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role is to actually spread awareness of
+sustainability throughout the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability throughout the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability throughout the whole
+country not just to designers but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country not just to designers but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country not just to designers but to
+other stakeholders stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stakeholders stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stakeholders stakeholder
+organizations we work together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations we work together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations we work together with
+mgbc uh in promoting in other areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgbc uh in promoting in other areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgbc uh in promoting in other areas
+apart from accreditation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from accreditation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart from accreditation and we
+considered that moving towards green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered that moving towards green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered that moving towards green is
+a natural step natural step for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural step natural step for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a natural step natural step for
+designers to know uh the industry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers to know uh the industry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers to know uh the industry is
+responding in the right in the manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in the right in the manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding in the right in the manner
+should so I'm quite hopeful that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should so I'm quite hopeful that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should so I'm quite hopeful that you
+know like again in the last 5 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like again in the last 5 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like again in the last 5 years
+we've gone from zero green buildings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone from zero green buildings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone from zero green buildings to
+about 600 registered green buildings so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 600 registered green buildings so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 600 registered green buildings so
+that's an indication of where the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an indication of where the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an indication of where the market
+is right now so I'm quite encouraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now so I'm quite encouraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now so I'm quite encouraged
+with this develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this develop
+and they see that uh through gbi through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see that uh through gbi through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see that uh through gbi through
+a Green Building certification there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Green Building certification there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Green Building certification there's
+value add to their development to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value add to their development to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value add to their development to their
+projects their projects are performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects their projects are performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects their projects are performing
+environmentally better than projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally better than projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmentally better than projects
+which are not GB certified that is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not GB certified that is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not GB certified that is one
+secondly they also see the benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly they also see the benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly they also see the benefits
+through operational savings so they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through operational savings so they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through operational savings so they use
+less energy they use less of water less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy they use less of water less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less energy they use less of water less
+utilities they they they they produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities they they they they produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities they they they they produce
+less uh waste gbi boasts to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh waste gbi boasts to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh waste gbi boasts to have
+successfully achieved 100 million square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully achieved 100 million square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully achieved 100 million square
+ft of green rated builtup area in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft of green rated builtup area in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ft of green rated builtup area in the
+past 5 years in Malaysia as imperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 5 years in Malaysia as imperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 5 years in Malaysia as imperative
+it is to have a system in place it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to have a system in place it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to have a system in place it is
+equally vital to comprehend the approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally vital to comprehend the approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally vital to comprehend the approach
+and response of the building developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and response of the building developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and response of the building developers
+and designers towards it to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designers towards it to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designers towards it to ensure that
+we achieve our aim of having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we achieve our aim of having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we achieve our aim of having more
+sustainable green buildings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable green buildings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable green buildings in the
+future gbi takes a holistic approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future gbi takes a holistic approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future gbi takes a holistic approach and
+covers many aspects that facilitate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers many aspects that facilitate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers many aspects that facilitate the
+design and construction of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and construction of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and construction of an
+environment friendly building rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment friendly building rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment friendly building rating
+them on a 100 point system to assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a 100 point system to assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a 100 point system to assess the
+impact of gbi as a system the Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of gbi as a system the Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of gbi as a system the Criterion
+on which the buildings are rated was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which the buildings are rated was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which the buildings are rated was
+sorted into two broad categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted into two broad categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorted into two broad categories
+short-term impact and long-term impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term impact and long-term impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term impact and long-term impact
+the categorization depends on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the categorization depends on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the categorization depends on whether
+the Criterion helps keep the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Criterion helps keep the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Criterion helps keep the building
+green for its expected lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green for its expected lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green for its expected lifetime
+long-term impact Criterion are mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term impact Criterion are mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term impact Criterion are mostly
+part of the physic physical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the physic physical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the physic physical structure
+and design of the building itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design of the building itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design of the building itself and
+their energy benefits can be gained year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy benefits can be gained year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy benefits can be gained year
+after year for example if skylights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year for example if skylights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year for example if skylights are
+Incorporated in the building Envelope as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in the building Envelope as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Incorporated in the building Envelope as
+a passive design feature to optimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a passive design feature to optimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a passive design feature to optimize the
+use of daylight or if Advanced Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of daylight or if Advanced Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of daylight or if Advanced Energy
+performance measures and Innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures and Innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measures and Innovative
+design initiatives are included at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design initiatives are included at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design initiatives are included at the
+conception and construction phase their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception and construction phase their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception and construction phase their
+benefits last for a lifetime however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits last for a lifetime however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits last for a lifetime however
+other measur es like worker side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other measur es like worker side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other measur es like worker side
+amenities or construction Waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities or construction Waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amenities or construction Waste
+Management are also important but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management are also important but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Management are also important but these
+are examples of shortterm impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of shortterm impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are examples of shortterm impact
+criterions as they do not ensure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterions as they do not ensure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterions as they do not ensure the
+effective Energy Efficiency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Energy Efficiency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Energy Efficiency and
+environmental gain repeatedly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental gain repeatedly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental gain repeatedly in the
+coming years gbi has rated around 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming years gbi has rated around 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming years gbi has rated around 300
+buildings since 2009 in Malaysia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings since 2009 in Malaysia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings since 2009 in Malaysia the
+study was conducted for the existing gbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was conducted for the existing gbi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was conducted for the existing gbi
+non-residential new construction code it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-residential new construction code it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-residential new construction code it
+was identified that out of a total 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was identified that out of a total 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was identified that out of a total 100
+57 points account for long-term impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 points account for long-term impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 points account for long-term impact
+Criterion and 43 for short-term impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion and 43 for short-term impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion and 43 for short-term impact
+Criterion in the past years gbi has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion in the past years gbi has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion in the past years gbi has
+certified 112 buildings in the nnc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified 112 buildings in the nnc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified 112 buildings in the nnc
+category under the four classifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category under the four classifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category under the four classifications
+out of these almost 50% of the buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these almost 50% of the buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these almost 50% of the buildings
+have applied for and received cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have applied for and received cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have applied for and received cream
+certification under the rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification under the rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification under the rated
+classification with which requires only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification with which requires only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification with which requires only
+50 points suggesting that the majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 points suggesting that the majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 points suggesting that the majority
+buildings aim for and receive this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings aim for and receive this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings aim for and receive this basic
+level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of
+certification and it may be important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification and it may be important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification and it may be important to
+note that these buildings can acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that these buildings can acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that these buildings can acquire
+84% of their points from the short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84% of their points from the short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84% of their points from the short-term
+impact Criterion it is evident from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Criterion it is evident from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Criterion it is evident from the
+data from gbi that these buildings tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from gbi that these buildings tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from gbi that these buildings tend
+to acquire points from short-term impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire points from short-term impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to acquire points from short-term impact
+Criterion more suggesting that most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion more suggesting that most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion more suggesting that most of
+the buildings rated green would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings rated green would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings rated green would not be
+very different from the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different from the conventional
+ones during their lifespan so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones during their lifespan so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones during their lifespan so the
+buildings may be called green but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings may be called green but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings may be called green but in
+reality might not have the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality might not have the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality might not have the expected
+impact on energy use optimization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on energy use optimization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on energy use optimization in
+malesian cities also identified were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malesian cities also identified were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malesian cities also identified were the
+Criterion which seem to be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion which seem to be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion which seem to be most
+achievable and non- achievable by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievable and non- achievable by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievable and non- achievable by the
+buildings less than 20% of the rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings less than 20% of the rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings less than 20% of the rated
+buildings could achieve few of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings could achieve few of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings could achieve few of the major
+Criterion in the long-term impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion in the long-term impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion in the long-term impact
+category it is interesting to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category it is interesting to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category it is interesting to see that
+these account for almost 25 points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these account for almost 25 points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these account for almost 25 points in
+the 100 point system and the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 point system and the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 100 point system and the points
+achieved by more than 80% of the rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by more than 80% of the rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by more than 80% of the rated
+buildings have a substantial share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have a substantial share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have a substantial share of
+the short-term impact Criterion however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-term impact Criterion however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short-term impact Criterion however
+from the examples of platinum gold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the examples of platinum gold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the examples of platinum gold and
+silver rated buildings we see that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver rated buildings we see that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver rated buildings we see that it is
+possible to achieve better efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to achieve better efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to achieve better efficiency
+within the gbi framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the gbi framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the gbi framework
+to encourage and enforce that on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage and enforce that on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage and enforce that on a
+larger scale a few improvisations can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale a few improvisations can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale a few improvisations can be
+made following a suggestion specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made following a suggestion specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made following a suggestion specific to
+gbi existing nnc code Malaysian standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gbi existing nnc code Malaysian standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gbi existing nnc code Malaysian standard
+ms1 1525 is the Malaysian code of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ms1 1525 is the Malaysian code of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ms1 1525 is the Malaysian code of
+practice for Energy Efficiency and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for Energy Efficiency and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice for Energy Efficiency and use
+of renewable energy for non-residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of renewable energy for non-residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of renewable energy for non-residential
+buildings compliance to it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings compliance to it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings compliance to it should be
+introduced as a prerequisite for a gbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced as a prerequisite for a gbi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced as a prerequisite for a gbi
+rating among the points achieved by B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating among the points achieved by B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating among the points achieved by B
+buildings the percentage requirement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the percentage requirement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings the percentage requirement for
+long-term Criterion should be specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Criterion should be specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Criterion should be specified
+making sure that the buildings achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that the buildings achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that the buildings achieve a
+balance of both minimum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of both minimum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance of both minimum number of
+long-term Criterion points required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Criterion points required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term Criterion points required
+should be fixed to apply for silver gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fixed to apply for silver gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be fixed to apply for silver gold
+and platinum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and platinum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and platinum
+certification few of the identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification few of the identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification few of the identified
+Criterion are vital for human health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion are vital for human health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion are vital for human health
+comfort and environment protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort and environment protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfort and environment protection
+therefore should be made mandatory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore should be made mandatory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore should be made mandatory to
+apply for gbi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for gbi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply for gbi
+certification the weightage of long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification the weightage of long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification the weightage of long-term
+impact Criterion can be increased this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Criterion can be increased this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact Criterion can be increased this
+would reinforce their importance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would reinforce their importance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would reinforce their importance and
+higher efforts would be put by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher efforts would be put by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher efforts would be put by
+developers to achieve them number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to achieve them number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers to achieve them number of
+points allotted for Innovation Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points allotted for Innovation Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points allotted for Innovation Criterion
+should be increased this will encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be increased this will encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be increased this will encourage
+designers to be creative and make proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers to be creative and make proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers to be creative and make proper
+analysis of the behavior of the designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the behavior of the designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the behavior of the designs
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+specifications Innovation should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications Innovation should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications Innovation should be
+encouraged in design rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged in design rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged in design rather than just
+being limited to technology by equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being limited to technology by equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being limited to technology by equally
+dividing Innovation points among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing Innovation points among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing Innovation points among
+building design features and Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building design features and Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building design features and Technology
+incorporation learning the lessons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation learning the lessons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporation learning the lessons from
+the examples of environment sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples of environment sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples of environment sensitive
+buildings in Malaysia and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in Malaysia and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in Malaysia and looking at
+their climate responsive architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their climate responsive architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their climate responsive architectural
+design and solutions can be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and solutions can be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and solutions can be one of the
+most effective ways of doing this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective ways of doing this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective ways of doing this these
+buildings have been built for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have been built for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings have been built for the
+Malaysian climate with features like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysian climate with features like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysian climate with features like
+solar buff for effect solar shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar buff for effect solar shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar buff for effect solar shading
+devices daylighting terorist Gardens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices daylighting terorist Gardens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices daylighting terorist Gardens and
+orientation driven ventilation these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation driven ventilation these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation driven ventilation these are
+few of the celebrated environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the celebrated environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of the celebrated environment
+sensitive buildings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive buildings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive buildings in
+Malaysia encouraging Architects to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia encouraging Architects to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia encouraging Architects to apply
+these features under Innovative design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features under Innovative design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features under Innovative design
+Criterion which promote the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion which promote the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Criterion which promote the use of
+climate responsive architecture these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate responsive architecture these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate responsive architecture these
+suggestions may help bring about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions may help bring about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions may help bring about
+substantial benefits and create more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial benefits and create more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial benefits and create more
+green buildings having higher efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings having higher efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green buildings having higher efficiency
+through Green Building index in Malaysia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Green Building index in Malaysia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Green Building index in Malaysia
+and gbi can become a guiding tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gbi can become a guiding tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gbi can become a guiding tool for
+buildings in Malaysia to sustain their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in Malaysia to sustain their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings in Malaysia to sustain their
+energy efficient character throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient character throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy efficient character throughout
+their lifespan in the next 50 years our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lifespan in the next 50 years our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their lifespan in the next 50 years our
+energy demands globally will be doubled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy demands globally will be doubled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy demands globally will be doubled
+hence energy saving has become the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence energy saving has become the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence energy saving has become the need
+of the r Green Building rating systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the r Green Building rating systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the r Green Building rating systems
+are the way towards a cleaner more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way towards a cleaner more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way towards a cleaner more
+comfortable and more efficient future of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and more efficient future of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and more efficient future of
+our built-in environment by developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our built-in environment by developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our built-in environment by developing
+more effective rating systems we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective rating systems we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effective rating systems we can
+ensure the quality of our built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the quality of our built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure the quality of our built
+environment and hence shape a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and hence shape a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and hence shape a
+sustainable future for our cities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable future for our cities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable future for our cities of
+Tomorrow our future is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomorrow our future is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tomorrow our future is our
+responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WJNPGXivqew.txt b/WJNPGXivqew.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e08e13c071f23e0c3fd5c7963aa76dab263a317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WJNPGXivqew.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control and we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and we said that
+uh we saw a few phenomena so if I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we saw a few phenomena so if I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we saw a few phenomena so if I took
+for example a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a boost
+converter as my canonical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right I have V the output voltage is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have V the output voltage is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I have V the output voltage is one
+of my state variables because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my state variables because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my state variables because the
+capacitor C and I is the other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor C and I is the other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor C and I is the other state
+variable okay and what we really control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay and what we really control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay and what we really control
+here is Q of t or the local average of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Q of t or the local average of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Q of t or the local average of Q
+of T which we' call the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which we' call the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T which we' call the duty
+ratio and we said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and we said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and we said we
+developed linear ized average models for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed linear ized average models for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed linear ized average models for
+this thing with the notion that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing with the notion that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing with the notion that you know
+if I had some reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had some reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had some reference
+voltage and I compare it to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and I compare it to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and I compare it to the output
+voltage and I went into a compensator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gcfs and I use that to generate Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcfs and I use that to generate Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcfs and I use that to generate Duty
+ratio and then I had my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and then I had my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and then I had my
+converter okay which might have some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay which might have some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay which might have some I
+and might have some V out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might have some V out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and might have some V out
+and I then compare that output to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I then compare that output to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I then compare that output to my
+reference I get an eror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference I get an eror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference I get an eror
+voltage and then I use that aor voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and then I use that aor voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and then I use that aor voltage
+to generate the duty ratio I want I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the duty ratio I want I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate the duty ratio I want I
+stick that into my converter and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that into my converter and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that into my converter and we
+generated some linearized average models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated some linearized average models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated some linearized average models
+for this thing so I might think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this thing so I might think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this thing so I might think about
+the variations in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variations in all these
+things okay to linearize it and we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay to linearize it and we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay to linearize it and we came
+up with a model for our converter h of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a model for our converter h of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a model for our converter h of s
+which basic basically converts between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basic basically converts between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which basic basically converts between
+variations and Duty ratio to variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and Duty ratio to variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations and Duty ratio to variations
+and output voltage and we could design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output voltage and we could design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output voltage and we could design a
+converter okay and when we did that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay and when we did that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter okay and when we did that we
+saw a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a couple
+things first we saw that the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first we saw that the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first we saw that the Dynamics
+were nonlinear right that's why we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nonlinear right that's why we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were nonlinear right that's why we had
+to do this linearization thing now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this linearization thing now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this linearization thing now are
+they always nonlinear in a converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always nonlinear in a converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they always nonlinear in a converter
+no um but many many converters are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um but many many converters are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um but many many converters are and
+in this case why is that nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case why is that nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case why is that nonlinearity
+there the nonlinearity is there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the nonlinearity is there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the nonlinearity is there because
+what we're seeing is our second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing is our second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing is our second order
+resp responses are sort of some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp responses are sort of some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resp responses are sort of some kind of
+oscillations between the inductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations between the inductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations between the inductor and
+the capacitor and damped by the load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor and damped by the load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor and damped by the load
+resistor and those oscillations are Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and those oscillations are Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and those oscillations are Mo
+mediated through the switching or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated through the switching or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediated through the switching or the
+modulation of the switches which varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation of the switches which varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation of the switches which varies
+with time and more to the point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and more to the point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time and more to the point the
+steady state value of that varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state value of that varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state value of that varies with
+DC input to Output voltage and hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC input to Output voltage and hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC input to Output voltage and hence the
+Dynamics vary okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics vary okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics vary okay because the
+modulation is mediated by the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation is mediated by the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation is mediated by the switching
+we get nonlinear behavior and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nonlinear behavior and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get nonlinear behavior and what that
+means is that the Dynamics the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the Dynamics the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that the Dynamics the small
+signal Dynamics physically vary with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal Dynamics physically vary with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal Dynamics physically vary with
+different values of say input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of say input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of say input voltage
+and output voltage so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output voltage so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output voltage so if I have a
+different value of input voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of input voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value of input voltage and
+same value of output voltage I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of output voltage I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value of output voltage I should
+expect my Dynamics to vary so one we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nonlinearity which arises the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity which arises the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity which arises the other
+thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we
+saw was um a pole zero map if I looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was um a pole zero map if I looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was um a pole zero map if I looked
+at h s right what's going on in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at h s right what's going on in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at h s right what's going on in here
+right the one thing we saw was a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the one thing we saw was a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the one thing we saw was a right
+half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane
+zero in our transfer function okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in our transfer function okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in our transfer function okay and
+we said that that right half plane zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that that right half plane zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that that right half plane zero
+comes from the ex underlying way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the ex underlying way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the ex underlying way in
+which the converter processes energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the converter processes energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the converter processes energy
+right it's not a fiction of the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a fiction of the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not a fiction of the math
+it's because when I change what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when I change what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when I change what I'm
+doing the Dynamics it goes through is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the Dynamics it goes through is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the Dynamics it goes through is
+reflective of what a right half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of what a right half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective of what a right half plane
+zero does so I'm sort of stuck with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does so I'm sort of stuck with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero does so I'm sort of stuck with this
+right half plane Z and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane Z and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane Z and then the other
+thing we saw was that the pole locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we saw was that the pole locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we saw was that the pole locations
+which are due to the L and c and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are due to the L and c and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are due to the L and c and how
+they interact with the resistance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact with the resistance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they interact with the resistance so
+it's a second order system tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second order system tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second order system tend to be
+very lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lightly
+damped like this something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped like this something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped like this something like that and
+the amount of damping depends upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of damping depends upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of damping depends upon the
+load resistance R so I'm really relying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load resistance R so I'm really relying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load resistance R so I'm really relying
+on this load resistance to sort of damp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this load resistance to sort of damp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this load resistance to sort of damp
+the oscillations or you know that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillations or you know that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillations or you know that makes
+it hard to design a controller lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to design a controller lightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hard to design a controller lightly
+damp poles and right half plane zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp poles and right half plane zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp poles and right half plane zero
+mean I'm not a very happy camper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm not a very happy camper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm not a very happy camper in
+terms of Designing a good controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Designing a good controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Designing a good controller
+okay so that's sort of where we came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of where we came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's sort of where we came to
+we said well what can I do about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well what can I do about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well what can I do about this
+situation because this is a hard thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because this is a hard thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation because this is a hard thing
+to deal with you can deal with it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with you can deal with it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with you can deal with it you
+can design a gcfs a compensator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can design a gcfs a compensator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can design a gcfs a compensator that
+will deal with that but it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with that but it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will deal with that but it's not very
+pretty one thing you can do is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty one thing you can do is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty one thing you can do is by
+choosing you know L and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing you know L and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing you know L and see
+appropriately that helps you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately that helps you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately that helps you set
+Dynamics the way you'd like them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the way you'd like them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics the way you'd like them the
+other thing you can do is change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do is change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing you can do is change the
+plant so we said oh it's this resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so we said oh it's this resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so we said oh it's this resistor
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+damping the PSE maybe I could go add Rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the PSE maybe I could go add Rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the PSE maybe I could go add Rd
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+CD right such the CD is a short circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD right such the CD is a short circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD right such the CD is a short circuit
+near the corner frequency where the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the corner frequency where the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the corner frequency where the L
+andc are oscillating so Rd serves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andc are oscillating so Rd serves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andc are oscillating so Rd serves to
+damp it and RD doesn't vary so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp it and RD doesn't vary so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damp it and RD doesn't vary so you know
+I can by picking additions to my plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can by picking additions to my plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can by picking additions to my plant
+to by changing my conver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to by changing my conver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to by changing my conver
+I can help make things better damped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can help make things better damped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can help make things better damped and
+maybe get better pole locations here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get better pole locations here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe get better pole locations here
+right I'd have another pole location but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'd have another pole location but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'd have another pole location but
+maybe it would be a low order you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would be a low order you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would be a low order you know
+sort of over damp pole location okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over damp pole location okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over damp pole location okay so
+that's one thing I can do I don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing I can do I don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one thing I can do I don't like
+to do that because then I got to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because then I got to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that because then I got to buy
+Hardware right I got to buy a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware right I got to buy a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware right I got to buy a big
+capacitor and that kind of thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and that kind of thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and that kind of thing the
+question is what else can I do to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what else can I do to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what else can I do to make a
+better power converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better power converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better power converter
+controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller
+okay and that's what we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what we're going to talk
+about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today
+um and the basic idea is this I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the basic idea is this I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the basic idea is this I have a
+converter all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter all
+right that has two State variables right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that has two State variables right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that has two State variables right
+its state variables are iil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its state variables are iil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its state variables are iil and
+VC okay and yes it has as its input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay and yes it has as its input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VC okay and yes it has as its input the
+input voltage right and so what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage right and so what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage right and so what I've
+been doing is taking you know between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing is taking you know between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing is taking you know between
+these two I've been feeding back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two I've been feeding back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two I've been feeding back the
+output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage
+what a control person would tell you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a control person would tell you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a control person would tell you is
+if you're not happy with your Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not happy with your Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not happy with your Dynamics
+and you have a controllable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a controllable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a controllable
+system feedback all of your states do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system feedback all of your states do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system feedback all of your states do
+full State feedback if you feedback all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full State feedback if you feedback all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full State feedback if you feedback all
+of your States you can place your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your States you can place your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your States you can place your
+Dynamics much better okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics much better okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics much better okay and we're
+going to do a version of that called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a version of that called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a version of that called
+current mode control okay the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current mode control okay the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current mode control okay the general
+concept uh originated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh originated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh originated in the
+1960s the version I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s the version I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s the version I'm going to tell you
+about came about in theate 1970s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about came about in theate 1970s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about came about in theate 1970s and the
+ver there's lots of versions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver there's lots of versions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver there's lots of versions of this
+idea I'm telling you about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I'm telling you about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I'm telling you about what's
+probably the most popular one in DC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most popular one in DC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most popular one in DC to
+DC converters when you know if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC converters when you know if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC converters when you know if you go
+out to to buy one or to design one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to to buy one or to design one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to to buy one or to design one uh
+this is the a lot of the control chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the a lot of the control chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the a lot of the control chips
+use this technique okay and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this technique okay and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this technique okay and here's the
+idea for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea for the
+converter we said the input was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter we said the input was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter we said the input was well
+ultimately the input is Q of T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the input is Q of T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the input is Q of T right
+it's it's what's modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's what's modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's what's modulating the
+converter maybe I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter maybe I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter maybe I can say
+okay let me feed back the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me feed back the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me feed back the inductor
+current and compare that to a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and compare that to a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and compare that to a reference
+and I'm going to call this reference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to call this reference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to call this reference I
+Peak so this is a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference okay and based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay and based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay and based on the
+comparison of iil with I PE and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of iil with I PE and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison of iil with I PE and a
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+controller I'm going to generate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller I'm going to generate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller I'm going to generate the
+switching function and then what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching function and then what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching function and then what I'm
+going to do is I'm going to feed back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to feed back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to feed back
+the volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volt
+and compare it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference and put that into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and put that into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference and put that into a
+compensator GC of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator GC of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator GC of
+s and I'm going to use GC of s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and I'm going to use GC of s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and I'm going to use GC of s to
+generate the current reference so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the current reference so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the current reference so this
+is something called minor Loop control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called minor Loop control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called minor Loop control
+we're going to have a fast inter Loop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a fast inter Loop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a fast inter Loop to
+control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the
+current and then a slow outer loop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then a slow outer loop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then a slow outer loop to
+control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the
+voltage okay so but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay so but we're going to
+feedback both current and voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback both current and voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback both current and voltage and
+thereby get better Dynamics that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby get better Dynamics that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby get better Dynamics that's the
+that's the basic idea okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea okay any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the basic idea okay any questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that let me let me show you the scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me let me show you the scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me let me show you the scheme
+and then you'll see what I mean by fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see what I mean by fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll see what I mean by fast
+and slow remember when we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slow remember when we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slow remember when we were talking
+about our models for our average models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our models for our average models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our models for our average models
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+there they're kind of good on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're kind of good on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they're kind of good on time
+periods that are slow compared to half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods that are slow compared to half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods that are slow compared to half
+the switching frequency so maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching frequency so maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switching frequency so maybe you can
+go to point two of the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to point two of the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to point two of the switching
+frequency you know there's games you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you know there's games you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you know there's games you can
+play but pretty much you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play but pretty much you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play but pretty much you're looking at
+the average value so you don't want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value so you don't want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value so you don't want your
+controller gcfs in this top example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller gcfs in this top example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller gcfs in this top example to
+be changing your command very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing your command very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be changing your command very quickly
+certainly not within a cycle right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not within a cycle right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not within a cycle right in
+this scheme what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme what we're going to do
+that'll be still be true of this outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be still be true of this outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be still be true of this outer
+loop control the innerloop control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop control the innerloop control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop control the innerloop control is
+actually going to run on a cycle by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to run on a cycle by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to run on a cycle by
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+basis okay and that has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay and that has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis okay and that has a lot of
+followon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followon
+benefits so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits so what we're going to do is
+we're gonna I come up with a scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna I come up with a scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna I come up with a scheme
+where we turn on the switch every cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we turn on the switch every cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we turn on the switch every cycle
+then I'm going to turn off the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to turn off the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to turn off the switch
+based on what the inductor current's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what the inductor current's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on what the inductor current's
+doing in a particular way and and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a particular way and and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a particular way and and I'm
+going to show you the particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you the particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you the particular way
+we're going to examine okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to examine okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to examine okay and so
+that's going to give us control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give us control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give us control over
+what the inductor current's doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inductor current's doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the inductor current's doing and
+then I'm going to use my outer loop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to use my outer loop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to use my outer loop to
+control that command to the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that command to the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that command to the inductor
+current so the crudest way people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so the crudest way people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so the crudest way people like
+to think about this is I'm putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this is I'm putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this is I'm putting the
+inductor current inside a loop so now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current inside a loop so now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current inside a loop so now my
+I just get a sort of a commandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get a sort of a commandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just get a sort of a commandable
+current and then I sort of have a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then I sort of have a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and then I sort of have a first
+order system now it's not quite that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system now it's not quite that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system now it's not quite that
+good that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's an
+oversimplification still have two State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification still have two State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification still have two State
+variables it's still a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's still a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables it's still a second order
+system but it's not a bad way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's not a bad way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's not a bad way to think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+okay all right so how does this scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so how does this scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so how does this scheme
+work let me show you the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let me show you the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let me show you the basis of the
+scheme okay it looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme okay it looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme okay it looks something like this
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a I'm going to have a current reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm going to have a current reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I'm going to have a current reference
+here's my current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my current
+reference okay let me call this I Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay let me call this I Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference okay let me call this I Peak
+right and this is you know within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is you know within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and this is you know within a
+switching cycle this is more or less a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle this is more or less a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching cycle this is more or less a
+constant defined by this compensator but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant defined by this compensator but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant defined by this compensator but
+it's going to move up and down as my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to move up and down as my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to move up and down as my
+outer loop tells it to okay then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop tells it to okay then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop tells it to okay then I'm
+going to create a slight variation off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a slight variation off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a slight variation off
+that and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we'll
+explain why a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why a little bit later
+but suppose this is my switching period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose this is my switching period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose this is my switching period
+T I'm going to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm going to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T I'm going to create a
+slope with some slope I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope with some slope I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope with some slope I'm going to call
+this minus MC this is some slope MC is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus MC this is some slope MC is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus MC this is some slope MC is a
+positive number which is sort of a ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number which is sort of a ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number which is sort of a ramp
+that I subtract off of my command and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I subtract off of my command and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I subtract off of my command and
+I'm going to do that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do that every
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+okay so so that's T here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's T here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that's T here's
+2T and so forth so I'm going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and so forth so I'm going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T and so forth so I'm going to do this
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+cycle okay now um here's my inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay now um here's my inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay now um here's my inductor
+current right so I I'm going to sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right so I I'm going to sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current right so I I'm going to sense
+iil and what I'm going to do is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil and what I'm going to do is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil and what I'm going to do is at the
+beginning of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of each
+cycle I'm going to turn on this is I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'm going to turn on this is I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I'm going to turn on this is I I'm
+going to turn on the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn on the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn on the inductor current
+I'm going to turn on the switch I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn on the switch I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn on the switch I'm
+sorry and the inductor current is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and the inductor current is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and the inductor current is going
+to rise with some slope M1 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise with some slope M1 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rise with some slope M1 right so
+beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the
+cycle I come Q of t turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I come Q of t turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle I come Q of t turns
+High inductor current ramps up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High inductor current ramps up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High inductor current ramps up
+and what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+look at that inductor current and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that inductor current and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that inductor current and I'm
+going to compare the inductor current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare the inductor current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compare the inductor current to
+IP minus this slope I'm going to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP minus this slope I'm going to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP minus this slope I'm going to compare
+it to this pink signal and when I hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to this pink signal and when I hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to this pink signal and when I hit
+here when the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exceeds the I Peak minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the I Peak minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds the I Peak minus this
+compensating ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp
+slope I'm going to turn off the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope I'm going to turn off the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope I'm going to turn off the switch
+and let the switch current fall like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the switch current fall like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the switch current fall like
+this okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this
+is say DT right the the switch turns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say DT right the the switch turns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say DT right the the switch turns on
+at the beginning of the cycle but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the cycle but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the cycle but it
+turns off instead of me setting a duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off instead of me setting a duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns off instead of me setting a duty
+ratio explicitly I'm going to implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio explicitly I'm going to implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio explicitly I'm going to implicitly
+determine the Dy ratio based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Dy ratio based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the Dy ratio based on this
+peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+current okay and then beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and then beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay and then beginning of the
+next cycle I do the same thing right I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cycle I do the same thing right I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next cycle I do the same thing right I I
+turn the switch on it rises it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the switch on it rises it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn the switch on it rises it falls
+right and I get the same kind of General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I get the same kind of General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I get the same kind of General
+Behavior it's just that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior it's just that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior it's just that instead of
+saying turn the D switch off after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying turn the D switch off after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying turn the D switch off after some
+time DT I'm going to say turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DT I'm going to say turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time DT I'm going to say turn off
+implicitly when it hits some current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly when it hits some current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly when it hits some current
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+command any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right
+um why do I like that well one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do I like that well one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why do I like that well one thing
+we're going to see is that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see is that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see is that we're going
+to get better controlled Dynamics and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get better controlled Dynamics and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get better controlled Dynamics and I
+should say by the way uh this one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by the way uh this one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by the way uh this one this
+slope is minus M2 and why am I talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is minus M2 and why am I talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is minus M2 and why am I talking
+about M1 M2 minus M2 that's because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about M1 M2 minus M2 that's because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about M1 M2 minus M2 that's because this
+same picture applies to any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same picture applies to any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same picture applies to any kind of
+converter right for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter right for the
+Boost right M1 is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost right M1 is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost right M1 is just equal to the
+input voltage over L and M2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage over L and M2 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage over L and M2 is equal to
+the output voltage minus the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage minus the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage minus the input
+voltage over L right but I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage over L right but I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage over L right but I could have
+drawn the same picture if it were Buck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the same picture if it were Buck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn the same picture if it were Buck
+converter or same picture if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter or same picture if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter or same picture if it were
+some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter
+okay so why am I doing this well a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why am I doing this well a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why am I doing this well a
+couple reasons one we're going to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple reasons one we're going to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple reasons one we're going to see it
+gives us much nicer Dynamics why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us much nicer Dynamics why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us much nicer Dynamics why because
+I'm basically explicitly controlling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically explicitly controlling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm basically explicitly controlling in
+the inductor current and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inductor current and then the other
+thing that's kind of nice is if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's kind of nice is if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's kind of nice is if I did
+Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio
+control okay you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay you know what is the
+inductor current doing I don't know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current doing I don't know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current doing I don't know if I
+put a a small resistance on it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a a small resistance on it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a a small resistance on it it's just
+going to keep cranking up the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep cranking up the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep cranking up the current
+until it does what it wants right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it does what it wants right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it does what it wants right here
+I'm telling the switch to turn off if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling the switch to turn off if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm telling the switch to turn off if
+the current gets too big so this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current gets too big so this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current gets too big so this sort of
+gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me
+automatic current control I my currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic current control I my currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic current control I my currents
+can't get out of control now in a boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get out of control now in a boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get out of control now in a boost
+converter that's not quite true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that's not quite true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that's not quite true because
+if I put a short circuit on this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put a short circuit on this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put a short circuit on this there's
+nothing I'm going to do right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I'm going to do right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I'm going to do right because
+the switch won't control the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch won't control the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch won't control the inductor
+current but as long as the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but as long as the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but as long as the output
+voltage is bigger than the input voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is bigger than the input voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is bigger than the input voltage
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+by having this peak current reference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having this peak current reference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by having this peak current reference I
+can always limit the amount of convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always limit the amount of convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always limit the amount of convert
+current the converter's processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the converter's processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the converter's processing and
+hence prevent it from overheating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence prevent it from overheating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence prevent it from overheating for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all
+right so in in essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in in essentially this
+technique gives me cycle by cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique gives me cycle by cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique gives me cycle by cycle
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+control over the switch over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over the switch over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over the switch over the
+inductor current now I have to sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current now I have to sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current now I have to sense the
+inductor current right because I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current right because I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current right because I'm I'm
+controlling ilil here um sometimes I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling ilil here um sometimes I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling ilil here um sometimes I do
+literally sense the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally sense the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally sense the inductor current
+sometimes keep in mind you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes keep in mind you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes keep in mind you're only
+looking at the current when the switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the current when the switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the current when the switch
+is on so sometimes people will come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on so sometimes people will come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on so sometimes people will come and
+put a little resistor right here or use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little resistor right here or use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a little resistor right here or use
+the switch resistance itself and sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch resistance itself and sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switch resistance itself and sense
+the current in the switch gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the switch gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the switch gives you the
+same thing as far as this comparison is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as far as this comparison is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as far as this comparison is
+concerned okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that how would you adjust the uh Cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how would you adjust the uh Cur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how would you adjust the uh Cur
+level if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if your
+L Ah that's a good question so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Ah that's a good question so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Ah that's a good question so what's
+going to happen I'm going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen I'm going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen I'm going to do the same
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+deal if the load voltage well let me go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal if the load voltage well let me go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal if the load voltage well let me go
+back to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controller if the load voltage is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller if the load voltage is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller if the load voltage is too
+low too low means below the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low too low means below the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low too low means below the reference
+the error voltage gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error voltage gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error voltage gets
+bigger this compensator this outer loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger this compensator this outer loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger this compensator this outer loop
+compensator amplifies that maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator amplifies that maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator amplifies that maybe it
+integrates the error will make the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates the error will make the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates the error will make the peak
+command get bigger if this peak command
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command get bigger if this peak command
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command get bigger if this peak command
+moves up so will the switching time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up so will the switching time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up so will the switching time and
+then the inductor will have more current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inductor will have more current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the inductor will have more current
+and eventually the inductor will feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the inductor will feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually the inductor will feed
+the output and it'll bring the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and it'll bring the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and it'll bring the output
+voltage up right so the ultimate output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage up right so the ultimate output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage up right so the ultimate output
+voltage is really controlled by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is really controlled by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is really controlled by this
+looking at the error between the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the error between the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the error between the output
+voltage what I wanted just just like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what I wanted just just like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what I wanted just just like I
+did before I just have an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before I just have an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before I just have an intermediate
+value where it controls the current at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where it controls the current at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value where it controls the current at
+which the inductor is going to run to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the inductor is going to run to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the inductor is going to run to
+get there and if you think about it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and if you think about it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there and if you think about it the
+inductor current times input voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current times input voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current times input voltage is
+sort of the power I'm drawing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the power I'm drawing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the power I'm drawing right so
+it's in some indirect way controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some indirect way controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in some indirect way controlling
+the amount of power that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of power that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of power that I'm going to
+draw from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw from the
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+okay all right so um one thing it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so um one thing it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so um one thing it gives
+us is a cycle by cycle current limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a cycle by cycle current limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us is a cycle by cycle current limiting
+the other thing it's going to give us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing it's going to give us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing it's going to give us is
+better dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better dynamic
+okay the question is how do we analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is how do we analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is how do we analyze
+the Dynamics of this thing what did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this thing what did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of this thing what did I do
+before thing I did before was we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before thing I did before was we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before thing I did before was we started
+we averaged the average circuit either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we averaged the average circuit either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we averaged the average circuit either
+the circuit or the state space model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit or the state space model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit or the state space model and
+came up with a duty rate and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a duty rate and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a duty rate and then we
+linearized it we came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized it we came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized it we came up with a
+conversion between the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion between the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion between the duty
+ratio and the local average inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and the local average inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and the local average inductor
+current and local average output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and local average output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and local average output voltage
+right and we could try to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we could try to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we could try to do that for
+this scheme it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scheme it's a little bit
+complicated and it turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it turns out it's
+mathematically very difficult you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically very difficult you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically very difficult you kind
+of walk into a wall of math you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walk into a wall of math you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walk into a wall of math you try to
+play this game directly but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game directly but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this game directly but there are
+clever ways to get around it I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever ways to get around it I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever ways to get around it I've
+already got a model for how Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got a model for how Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already got a model for how Duty
+ratio relates to the local averages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio relates to the local averages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio relates to the local averages of
+output voltages right and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltages right and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltages right and the and the
+local average of the inductor current if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average of the inductor current if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local average of the inductor current if
+I can relate the peak current to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can relate the peak current to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can relate the peak current to the
+duty ratio then I'm kind of in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio then I'm kind of in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty ratio then I'm kind of in business
+right I can just kind of swap it out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can just kind of swap it out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can just kind of swap it out and
+and create a new model that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create a new model that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and create a new model that's what
+people do it's much more simple or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do it's much more simple or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do it's much more simple or it's
+more or less the only way to go about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the only way to go about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the only way to go about it
+is that that I know of okay that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that I know of okay that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that I know of okay that works
+out nicely and so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out nicely and so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out nicely and so here's the
+idea this picture I drew is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this picture I drew is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea this picture I drew is actually a
+periodic steady state picture right I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state picture right I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state picture right I I
+used capital D here I'm assuming it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used capital D here I'm assuming it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used capital D here I'm assuming it does
+something every cycle DT okay um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something every cycle DT okay um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something every cycle DT okay um let's
+just draw a slightly better picture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a slightly better picture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a slightly better picture for
+purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of
+analysis okay so here we go here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so here we go here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis okay so here we go here's
+my here's my waveform here's my Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here's my waveform here's my Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my here's my waveform here's my Peak
+current high peak right and then I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current high peak right and then I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current high peak right and then I have
+my so-called compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my so-called compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my so-called compensating
+ramp which falls with some slope minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MC okay and now I have my inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC okay and now I have my inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC okay and now I have my inductor
+current let's suppose the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current let's suppose the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current let's suppose the inductor
+current starts here it rises up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current starts here it rises up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current starts here it rises up with
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+M1 hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 hits the
+intersection that's DT and then it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that's DT and then it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that's DT and then it falls
+with some slope M2 or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some slope M2 or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some slope M2 or minus
+M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2
+okay but I'm actually treating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm actually treating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but I'm actually treating this
+thing dynamically I'm not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing dynamically I'm not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing dynamically I'm not necessarily
+saying this end point is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this end point is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this end point is the same as the
+starting point right so this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point right so this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point right so this is sort of
+a dynamic picture of what happens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic picture of what happens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic picture of what happens over
+one cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cycle
+okay and what I want to do is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I want to do is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what I want to do is I want to
+relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate
+somehow this Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow this Duty
+ratio in this cycle to what the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in this cycle to what the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in this cycle to what the local
+average of the inductor current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the inductor current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of the inductor current
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+okay and I'm not going to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm not going to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm not going to do that by
+local averaging what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local averaging what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local averaging what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to make a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make a geometric
+approximation right I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation right I'm going to say
+okay let me look over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me look over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me look over this
+window and say the average of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and say the average of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and say the average of this
+waveform which is basically the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform which is basically the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform which is basically the average
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the average of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current is the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is the local
+average okay so I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so I'm saying
+iil of T is approximately equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil of T is approximately equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iil of T is approximately equal to the
+average of iil over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of iil over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of iil over this
+window okay strictly speaking this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window okay strictly speaking this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window okay strictly speaking this is
+equal to i l of capital T if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i l of capital T if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to i l of capital T if this is
+time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t
+and it's not quite the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not quite the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not quite the same thing
+anywhere else but it turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else but it turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere else but it turns out it's
+pretty it's not a bad geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it's not a bad geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty it's not a bad geometric
+approximation all right now if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation all right now if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation all right now if I wanted
+to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really
+um theoretically pure about this I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theoretically pure about this I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theoretically pure about this I might
+actually instead of looking over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually instead of looking over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually instead of looking over this
+window which is centered at Z you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window which is centered at Z you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window which is centered at Z you know
+05t I might look at a window centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05t I might look at a window centered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05t I might look at a window centered at
+DT and look around here and it extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and look around here and it extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and look around here and it extend
+into the different switching Cycles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the different switching Cycles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the different switching Cycles but
+it turns out for practical purposes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for practical purposes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out for practical purposes you
+really more or less get the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more or less get the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more or less get the same for
+most cases you more or less get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases you more or less get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cases you more or less get the same
+thing so the approximation I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the approximation I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the approximation I'm going to
+make is good enough given all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is good enough given all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make is good enough given all the other
+approximations in the system okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in the system okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in the system okay so I'm
+just going to average it over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to average it over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to average it over this
+window but do people see what the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window but do people see what the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window but do people see what the basic
+idea I'm going to use I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I'm going to use I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I'm going to use I'm going to
+approximate IL bar as the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate IL bar as the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate IL bar as the average of
+this waveform and then that's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waveform and then that's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waveform and then that's a function
+of the duty ratio in that cycle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the duty ratio in that cycle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the duty ratio in that cycle and then
+I'm going to swap that into my average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to swap that into my average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to swap that into my average
+Duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duty ratio
+equations okay actually I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay actually I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay actually I'm going to
+linearize it first but that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it first but that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it first but that's that's
+neither so let's do that what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither so let's do that what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither so let's do that what is my
+approximation to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to I
+bar okay well let's see the peak of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay well let's see the peak of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay well let's see the peak of this
+waveform here is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform here is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform here is I
+Peak minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mcdt right that would be um if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcdt right that would be um if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcdt right that would be um if I wanted
+if I just use this value that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just use this value that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just use this value that would be
+basically if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically if
+the local if the waveform if the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local if the waveform if the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local if the waveform if the orange
+waveform looked like this green waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform looked like this green waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform looked like this green waveform
+that would be exactly the local average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be exactly the local average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be exactly the local average
+in the cycle right but I what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cycle right but I what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cycle right but I what I really
+need to do is kind of subtract off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is kind of subtract off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is kind of subtract off the
+average of this area and the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of this area and the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of this area and the average of
+this area right and then I'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area right and then I'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this area right and then I'll have the
+AR average underneath the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR average underneath the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR average underneath the inductor
+current curve right so if I do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current curve right so if I do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current curve right so if I do that then
+I'm going to get okay I got to subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get okay I got to subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get okay I got to subtract
+off um the area of this triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um the area of this triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um the area of this triangle
+here so that would be minus 12 the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that would be minus 12 the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that would be minus 12 the base
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+DT times the height which is DT *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M1 all right and likewise and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 all right and likewise and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 all right and likewise and by the way
+I better divide that by T because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better divide that by T because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I better divide that by T because I'm
+taking an average so this is one over 2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an average so this is one over 2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking an average so this is one over 2T
+okay and I better subtract off the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I better subtract off the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I better subtract off the area
+of this triangle divided capital T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this triangle divided capital T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this triangle divided capital T right
+so this would be - 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be - 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be - 1 /
+2T 1 - d^ 2 t^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T 1 - d^ 2 t^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T 1 - d^ 2 t^2
+M2 okay so if I rewrite that I I bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 okay so if I rewrite that I I bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 okay so if I rewrite that I I bar is
+approximately equal to I Peak minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to I Peak minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to I Peak minus
+mcdt minus uh 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcdt minus uh 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcdt minus uh 12
+d^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d^2
+tm1 - 12 1 - d s t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm1 - 12 1 - d s t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tm1 - 12 1 - d s t
+M2 okay and this is the substitution I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 okay and this is the substitution I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 okay and this is the substitution I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make right or or it's the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right or or it's the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make right or or it's the basis of the
+substitution I'm going to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I'm going to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I'm going to make any
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that so I've got a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I've got a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I've got a geometric
+approximation relating the duty ratio in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation relating the duty ratio in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation relating the duty ratio in
+the cycle the peak current in the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle the peak current in the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle the peak current in the cycle
+and the local average in the cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the local average in the cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the local average in the cycle okay
+so let me linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this I'm going to linearize this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to linearize this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm going to linearize this because
+we're going to substitute into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to substitute into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to substitute into our
+linearized equations and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equations and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equations and I'm going to
+solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for
+dlda okay and if I do that the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay and if I do that the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda okay and if I do that the result
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+get okay is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay is um
+oh and then the last thing I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then the last thing I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and then the last thing I guess I
+should do is let me substitute in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is let me substitute in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is let me substitute in in
+this case U I'm sorry M1 is equal to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case U I'm sorry M1 is equal to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case U I'm sorry M1 is equal to U
+over L and M2 is equal to V minus U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L and M2 is equal to V minus U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over L and M2 is equal to V minus U
+overl okay and if I and if I make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overl okay and if I and if I make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overl okay and if I and if I make that
+substitution I do it what I get for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I do it what I get for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I do it what I get for my
+Boost converter is D Tilda is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost converter is D Tilda is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost converter is D Tilda is equal to
+1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MCT I PE tlda minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCT I PE tlda minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCT I PE tlda minus I
+llda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llda
+minus D ^2 - D Prime 2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LMC U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMC U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMC U
+Tilda minus D Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda minus D Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda minus D Prime
+squared over 2 LMC V vlda okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 LMC V vlda okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2 LMC V vlda okay so this
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+linearized version of this guy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized version of this guy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized version of this guy for the
+Boost converter if you you wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost converter if you you wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost converter if you you wanted to do
+a buck boost converter you'd need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buck boost converter you'd need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a buck boost converter you'd need
+different expressions for M1 and M2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expressions for M1 and M2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different expressions for M1 and M2 and
+you do the same process and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same process and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the same process and you
+linearize you get a different expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize you get a different expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize you get a different expression
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay so what's the point of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what's the point of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what's the point of doing
+this the point of doing this is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the point of doing this is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the point of doing this is I can
+now substitute in for dlda in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now substitute in for dlda in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now substitute in for dlda in my
+existing equations and remember dlda was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing equations and remember dlda was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing equations and remember dlda was
+my control variable in all my existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control variable in all my existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my control variable in all my existing
+States based average linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States based average linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States based average linearized
+equations right if I substitute for dlda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right if I substitute for dlda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations right if I substitute for dlda
+I get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get rid of
+dlda and all this other Stu is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda and all this other Stu is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dlda and all this other Stu is already
+in the equations except for I Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tilda does that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda does that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda does that make sense to
+everybody so I'm going to sort of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I'm going to sort of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so I'm going to sort of now
+get a new set of linear I State space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new set of linear I State space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new set of linear I State space
+equations except instead of DET Tila in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations except instead of DET Tila in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations except instead of DET Tila in
+the equations I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations I'm going to have a
+control variable IP Tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable IP Tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variable IP Tilda
+that's what I needed here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I needed here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I needed here right so
+basically I can take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I can take this
+out and swap it for an H2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and swap it for an H2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and swap it for an H2 of
+s that's basically equal to uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tilda over I Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tilda all right so I basically got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda all right so I basically got my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda all right so I basically got my
+whole inner loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole inner loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole inner loop
+going and now if I have IP Tilda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and now if I have IP Tilda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going and now if I have IP Tilda and
+vlda I can now design my outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlda I can now design my outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vlda I can now design my outer
+loop all right what was the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop all right what was the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop all right what was the point of
+doing this substitution and getting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this substitution and getting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this substitution and getting my
+new H2 of s if I look at H2 of s I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new H2 of s if I look at H2 of s I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new H2 of s if I look at H2 of s I look
+at that transfer function what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that transfer function what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that transfer function what am I
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+find I'm still going to find a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I'm still going to find a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find I'm still going to find a right
+half plane zero I can't get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane zero I can't get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane zero I can't get rid of that
+that's related to how the converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to how the converter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to how the converter
+behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves
+right if I step I Peak Tilda I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I step I Peak Tilda I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I step I Peak Tilda I'm still
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+see uh I'm still going to see funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh I'm still going to see funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh I'm still going to see funny
+behavior in the output voltage before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in the output voltage before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior in the output voltage before
+the output voltage responds so my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage responds so my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output voltage responds so my right
+half plane do zero doesn't go away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane do zero doesn't go away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane do zero doesn't go away the
+beautiful thing is however what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing is however what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful thing is however what I will
+tend to see is instead of two really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to see is instead of two really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to see is instead of two really
+lightly damped poles I'll tend to see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damped poles I'll tend to see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damped poles I'll tend to see a
+dominant pole and then a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant pole and then a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant pole and then a much higher
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole
+okay why because essentially the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why because essentially the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why because essentially the way
+people like to think of it is this inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to think of it is this inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like to think of it is this inner
+loop is sort of making the current do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is sort of making the current do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is sort of making the current do
+what you want and hence the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want and hence the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want and hence the dominant
+pole is more or less governed by how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is more or less governed by how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is more or less governed by how the
+current from that inductor feeds into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from that inductor feeds into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from that inductor feeds into
+the output capacitor and charges up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output capacitor and charges up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output capacitor and charges up and
+down the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the output
+capacitor okay so it's not that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor okay so it's not that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor okay so it's not that you know
+I have a first order system there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a first order system there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a first order system there is a
+second pole here it's just dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pole here it's just dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second pole here it's just dominated by
+this low frequency pole and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low frequency pole and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low frequency pole and that's a
+much easier thing to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier thing to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier thing to control
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about
+that so all right now we can go design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so all right now we can go design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so all right now we can go design
+gcfs I have I still have a right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcfs I have I still have a right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcfs I have I still have a right half
+plane zero but it's a much easier plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane zero but it's a much easier plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane zero but it's a much easier plan
+to compensate and I can put my Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate and I can put my Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate and I can put my Dynamics
+much more nicely than I could before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more nicely than I could before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more nicely than I could before and
+I get free current limiting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get free current limiting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get free current limiting in the
+process and in fact if you're designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and in fact if you're designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and in fact if you're designing
+most kinds of pwm dcds converters most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most kinds of pwm dcds converters most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most kinds of pwm dcds converters most
+of the control chips on the market are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the control chips on the market are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the control chips on the market are
+going to use current mod control this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use current mod control this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use current mod control this
+version that I'm showing you is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that I'm showing you is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that I'm showing you is called
+Peak current mode control because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak current mode control because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak current mode control because you're
+controlling the peak of the inductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the peak of the inductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the peak of the inductor
+current and that's the most common kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that's the most common kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and that's the most common kind
+there's also Valley control and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also Valley control and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also Valley control and there's
+a few different versions of this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different versions of this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few different versions of this general
+idea but this is the most popular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but this is the most popular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but this is the most popular one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so that's that's one trick any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's one trick any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's that's one trick any
+questions up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions up to
+now um is there way to understand why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um is there way to understand why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um is there way to understand why we
+like ramp I down excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ramp I down excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ramp I down excellent
+question I'll cover that one next any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll cover that one next any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll cover that one next any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay yeah why did I have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay yeah why did I have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay yeah why did I have even
+bother with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother with this
+ramping MC signal like why not just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping MC signal like why not just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramping MC signal like why not just use
+I Peak and um in some cases you can but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Peak and um in some cases you can but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Peak and um in some cases you can but
+here's the problem with doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in some cases if I do that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some cases if I do that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some cases if I do that this is
+the situation I can find myself in I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation I can find myself in I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation I can find myself in I'm
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+along and suppose I just have I Peak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and suppose I just have I Peak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and suppose I just have I Peak and
+I get rid of the compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get rid of the compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get rid of the compensating
+ramp okay so I'm at the beginning of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp okay so I'm at the beginning of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp okay so I'm at the beginning of my
+cycle and here's my inductor current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and here's my inductor current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and here's my inductor current I
+turn on my switch I go up and I hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on my switch I go up and I hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on my switch I go up and I hit the
+top and I trip so this is my duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and I trip so this is my duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and I trip so this is my duty ratio
+in this cycle and I turn off and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cycle and I turn off and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cycle and I turn off and then I
+turn off till the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off till the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off till the end of the
+cycle and here's the end of the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and here's the end of the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and here's the end of the cycle
+here's capital T and now I turn on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's capital T and now I turn on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's capital T and now I turn on my
+inductor current on he ramps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current on he ramps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductor current on he ramps
+up oh he hits here here's my duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh he hits here here's my duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh he hits here here's my duty ratio
+in this cycle and then he turns off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cycle and then he turns off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cycle and then he turns off and
+I hit the end of the cycle 2T right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit the end of the cycle 2T right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hit the end of the cycle 2T right and
+you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see
+that I don't settle down into periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't settle down into periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't settle down into periodic
+steady state operation at the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state operation at the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state operation at the switching
+period right in this example it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period right in this example it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period right in this example it sort of
+repeats every other cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats every other cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats every other cycle
+okay in some examples it won't settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some examples it won't settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some examples it won't settle
+down at all it'll just bongle around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at all it'll just bongle around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at all it'll just bongle around
+chaotically I mean literally chaotically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotically I mean literally chaotically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotically I mean literally chaotically
+okay now is that a problem well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is that a problem well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is that a problem well I mean
+you know at the highest order it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the highest order it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at the highest order it's not
+I'm still controlling the peak current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still controlling the peak current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm still controlling the peak current
+my output Loop will still regulate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output Loop will still regulate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my output Loop will still regulate and
+everything but it is problematic from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it is problematic from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it is problematic from
+other perspectives one one perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other perspectives one one perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other perspectives one one perspective
+is my ripple in this case is a heck of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my ripple in this case is a heck of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my ripple in this case is a heck of a
+lot bigger than if I were at some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot bigger than if I were at some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot bigger than if I were at some fixed
+intermediate Duty ratio so I get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate Duty ratio so I get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate Duty ratio so I get much
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+Ripple the control is jittery because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple the control is jittery because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple the control is jittery because
+it's bouncing around depending upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bouncing around depending upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bouncing around depending upon the
+operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating
+condition um I have lower frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um I have lower frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition um I have lower frequency
+content in my output radio it's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in my output radio it's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in my output radio it's bigger
+Ripple and it's lower frequencies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and it's lower frequencies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and it's lower frequencies that
+can make a mess of things so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a mess of things so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a mess of things so people
+don't like this Behavior this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this Behavior this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like this Behavior this is
+sometimes called subharmonic oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called subharmonic oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called subharmonic oscillation
+well this Behavior where it's Rippling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this Behavior where it's Rippling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this Behavior where it's Rippling
+at a subharmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is called a subharmonic oscillation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a subharmonic oscillation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a subharmonic oscillation but
+as I mentioned in some cases it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned in some cases it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I mentioned in some cases it can
+actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be
+chaotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic
+um generally this issue is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generally this issue is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um generally this issue is called the
+Ripple instability this Ripple doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple instability this Ripple doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple instability this Ripple doesn't
+settle down into periodic steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down into periodic steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settle down into periodic steady state
+Behavior okay and what people figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay and what people figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay and what people figured
+out and the the first paper I know knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the the first paper I know knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and the the first paper I know knew
+about this was uh out of the Caltech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was uh out of the Caltech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was uh out of the Caltech
+group in the late 70s but other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the late 70s but other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group in the late 70s but other people
+thought of it too was to stick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of it too was to stick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of it too was to stick this
+compensating ramp in which if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp in which if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp in which if you put
+enough compensating ramp in makes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough compensating ramp in makes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough compensating ramp in makes that
+behavior go away and it'll settle down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior go away and it'll settle down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior go away and it'll settle down
+just like this case to a kind of a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this case to a kind of a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like this case to a kind of a fixed
+Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple
+okay did we cover how the U is calulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did we cover how the U is calulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did we cover how the U is calulated
+nope but I will in about 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope but I will in about 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope but I will in about 30 seconds
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+question um what by the way you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um what by the way you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um what by the way you might
+say why did they think to do this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why did they think to do this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say why did they think to do this I mean
+well a they were clever but B think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a they were clever but B think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a they were clever but B think
+about it in most power converters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in most power converters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it in most power converters you
+have a ramp generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ramp generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ramp generator
+to set your clock frequency that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set your clock frequency that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set your clock frequency that right
+that's how you get your oscillator I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get your oscillator I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you get your oscillator I'm
+going to turn on every cycle how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn on every cycle how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to turn on every cycle how do I
+know what that is I generate a ramp that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is I generate a ramp that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what that is I generate a ramp that
+hits the threshold and that sets my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the threshold and that sets my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the threshold and that sets my
+clock period well so they had this ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock period well so they had this ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock period well so they had this ramp
+signal sticking around so they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal sticking around so they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal sticking around so they just
+basically took a little section of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took a little section of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically took a little section of that
+ramp signal and added or subtracted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp signal and added or subtracted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp signal and added or subtracted it
+from I Peak and they found that fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I Peak and they found that fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I Peak and they found that fixed
+their problem okay so that that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem okay so that that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their problem okay so that that's how
+they got to the idea I think um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to the idea I think um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to the idea I think um or
+that's that's why it's a I shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why it's a I shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why it's a I shouldn't say
+that's how they got to the idea that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got to the idea that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they got to the idea that's
+why it's a natural trick to play because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a natural trick to play because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's a natural trick to play because
+you have the signal around at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the signal around at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the signal around at your
+disposal okay um but the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal okay um but the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposal okay um but the question is how
+you know how big do I have to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how big do I have to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how big do I have to make this
+MC to get this Behavior instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC to get this Behavior instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC to get this Behavior instead of this
+Behavior okay and let's analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay and let's analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior okay and let's analyze
+that okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so let me
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+uh let let me analyze let me first start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let let me analyze let me first start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let let me analyze let me first start
+and say okay what would my periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay what would my periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say okay what would my periodic
+steady state Behavior be here is I Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here is my compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is my compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here is my compensating
+ramp here's period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp here's period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp here's period
+T right so if my compensating ramp looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so if my compensating ramp looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right so if my compensating ramp looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this is at slope minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is at slope minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is at slope minus
+MC right maybe I could say all right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC right maybe I could say all right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC right maybe I could say all right my
+periodic steady state Behavior looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state Behavior looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic steady state Behavior looks
+like this I start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I start off
+somewhere okay I ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay I ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere okay I ramp
+up with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with slope
+M1 then I ramp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 then I ramp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 then I ramp
+down with slope minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2 and I end up exactly where I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 and I end up exactly where I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 and I end up exactly where I started
+at the beginning of the cycle right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the cycle right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the cycle right this
+is periodic steady state Behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is periodic steady state Behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is periodic steady state Behavior so
+this is I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I'm going to call
+DT okay this is the behavior this yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay this is the behavior this yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay this is the behavior this yellow
+waveform is the behavior I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform is the behavior I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform is the behavior I'm looking
+for okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay let's
+suppose my inductor at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose my inductor at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose my inductor at the beginning of
+this cycle started off a little bit high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle started off a little bit high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cycle started off a little bit high
+so suppose he started off here he he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose he started off here he he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose he started off here he he has
+some error some deviation from periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error some deviation from periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error some deviation from periodic
+steady state that I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state that I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state that I'm going to call
+Delta I subn so at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I subn so at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I subn so at the beginning of the
+cycle he starts off a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle he starts off a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle he starts off a little bit
+High what would happen uh well he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High what would happen uh well he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High what would happen uh well he would
+ramp up at the same slope because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up at the same slope because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp up at the same slope because the
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+voltage is the same right so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the same right so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the same right so this would
+still be M1 he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be M1 he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be M1 he would
+hit the trip point here at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the trip point here at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the trip point here at something
+I'll call D star T it's not the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call D star T it's not the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call D star T it's not the steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+value and then he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and then he would
+fall at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 like
+this and then he would end up with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then he would end up with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then he would end up with some
+error at the end of the cycle or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at the end of the cycle or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at the end of the cycle or the
+beginning of the next cycle that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next cycle that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the next cycle that I'll
+call Delta i n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Delta i n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Delta i n +
+one okay so if he starts off here he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if he starts off here he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if he starts off here he's
+going to end off here and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end off here and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to end off here and I have a
+different error from periodic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different error from periodic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different error from periodic state
+state at at the beginning of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at at the beginning of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state at at the beginning of the next
+cycle does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle does that make
+sense so let's see if we can quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so let's see if we can quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so let's see if we can quantify
+what that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that looks
+like okay and again this was done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and again this was done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and again this was done by
+this group this this middle work group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group this this middle work group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group this this middle work group
+um and it's by the way it's in a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's by the way it's in a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's by the way it's in a paper
+that we've posted on canvas for you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've posted on canvas for you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've posted on canvas for you uh
+and it's also this behavior is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also this behavior is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also this behavior is also
+described in a book chapter uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in a book chapter uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described in a book chapter uh that
+we've also posted on canvas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also posted on canvas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've also posted on canvas for
+you here's the idea let's quantify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's the idea let's quantify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here's the idea let's quantify what
+Delta I subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I subn
+is I could write Delta I subn in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could write Delta I subn in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I could write Delta I subn in terms
+of sort of uh this time difference D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of uh this time difference D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of uh this time difference D
+minus D star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T times let's see I go D minus d t I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times let's see I go D minus d t I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times let's see I go D minus d t I go
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+slope M1 and then backwards so up slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope M1 and then backwards so up slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope M1 and then backwards so up slope
+MC so this is going to be D1 * D1 M1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC so this is going to be D1 * D1 M1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC so this is going to be D1 * D1 M1
+Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus
+MC okay so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC okay so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC okay so I could
+write this Delta I in because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this Delta I in because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this Delta I in because these
+waveforms are are parallel in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms are are parallel in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms are are parallel in terms of
+M1 + MC * D minus d t does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 + MC * D minus d t does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 + MC * D minus d t does that make
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+everybody I could write this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I could write this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody I could write this difference
+Delta I in +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I in +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I in +
+one also in terms of D minus d t all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also in terms of D minus d t all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also in terms of D minus d t all
+right why because these two lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why because these two lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why because these two lines are
+parallel and what I've really got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and what I've really got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and what I've really got is
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh M1 oops I'm sorry yeah M1 plus MC I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M1 oops I'm sorry yeah M1 plus MC I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh M1 oops I'm sorry yeah M1 plus MC I
+could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh I could write this in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could write this in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could write this in terms of
+uh D minus D star T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D minus D star T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh D minus D star T *
+mcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2 okay they're both related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 okay they're both related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 okay they're both related to this
+time difference it's just I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time difference it's just I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time difference it's just I'm kind of
+running up and down different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running up and down different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running up and down different
+slopes does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes does that make sense
+everybody so if I take the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so if I take the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so if I take the ratio of
+these two things I could write this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things I could write this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things I could write this as
+Delta I + 1 over Delta I in that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I + 1 over Delta I in that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I + 1 over Delta I in that's what
+I get in one cycle is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get in one cycle is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get in one cycle is just going to be
+this ratio which I can write as uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio which I can write as uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio which I can write as uh the
+bottom over the top here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom over the top here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom over the top here which is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+M2 uh minus MC I actually I I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 uh minus MC I actually I I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 uh minus MC I actually I I'll write
+it this way it's mcus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M2 divided by M1 mc+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M1 okay that make sense everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 okay that make sense everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 okay that make sense everybody
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+means that uh if I started off with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh if I started off with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that uh if I started off with some
+error Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error Delta
+i0 right I could write Delta I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0 right I could write Delta I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i0 right I could write Delta I
+in as uh that ratio which which I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as uh that ratio which which I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as uh that ratio which which I could
+write as minus and I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as minus and I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as minus and I'm going to write
+this the way they often write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the way they often write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the way they often write it in
+papers minus M2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers minus M2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers minus M2 minus
+MC over M1 + MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC over M1 + MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC over M1 + MC
+to the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nth
+power okay let me make sure I've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay let me make sure I've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay let me make sure I've gotten
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right yeah M1 plus MC right so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah M1 plus MC right so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah M1 plus MC right so can
+anybody tell me what the condition on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tell me what the condition on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody tell me what the condition on
+this factor is to make an initial error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor is to make an initial error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor is to make an initial error
+Delta I not go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero yeah this ratio what I require this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah this ratio what I require this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero yeah this ratio what I require this
+suggests that I need the mag itude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that I need the mag itude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that I need the mag itude
+ofus M2 - MC over M1 + MC to be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofus M2 - MC over M1 + MC to be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofus M2 - MC over M1 + MC to be less
+than one okay this is the it's a I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one okay this is the it's a I I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one okay this is the it's a I I've
+got a sort of a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sort of a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a sort of a discrete time
+model for what's going to have and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for what's going to have and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for what's going to have and it's
+going to Decay if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Decay if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Decay if this
+term is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is less than
+one okay so what that usually says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what that usually says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what that usually says is
+that if I make MC bigger the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I make MC bigger the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I make MC bigger the numerator
+gets smaller and actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets smaller and actually the
+denominator gets bigger so a bigger MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator gets bigger so a bigger MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator gets bigger so a bigger MC
+will make this Decay more quickly and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make this Decay more quickly and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make this Decay more quickly and in
+fact if I made MC exactly equal to M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I made MC exactly equal to M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if I made MC exactly equal to M2
+it'd be gone in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be gone in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be gone in one
+cycle all right does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle all right does that make sense
+everybody so what we'll do then and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what we'll do then and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so what we'll do then and you
+know we can look at this up it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can look at this up it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can look at this up it depends
+on the converter uh what M1 and M2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the converter uh what M1 and M2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the converter uh what M1 and M2 are
+in the converter but we will pick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the converter but we will pick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the converter but we will pick this
+compensating ramp slope to be big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp slope to be big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp slope to be big enough
+MC is a positive to be big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC is a positive to be big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC is a positive to be big enough
+that um that my ripple will Decay away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that my ripple will Decay away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that my ripple will Decay away
+in a reasonable number of Cycles maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reasonable number of Cycles maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a reasonable number of Cycles maybe I
+make this magnitude less than 0.5 or 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this magnitude less than 0.5 or 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this magnitude less than 0.5 or 7
+or something like that so it'll settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so it'll settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so it'll settle
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now I should be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I should be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I should be a little bit
+careful in what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful in what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful in what I'm
+saying um and by the way what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um and by the way what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying um and by the way what this means
+is if I had MC equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I had MC equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I had MC equals z
+this would be minus M2 or M1 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be minus M2 or M1 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be minus M2 or M1 for the
+Boost converter what that means is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost converter what that means is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boost converter what that means is this
+magnitude would be greater than one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would be greater than one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude would be greater than one if
+it was D greater than5 so if you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was D greater than5 so if you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was D greater than5 so if you took a
+boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boost
+converter and you didn't put in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and you didn't put in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and you didn't put in any
+slope compensation if you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope compensation if you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope compensation if you're only
+running a 25% Bo Duty ratio fine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a 25% Bo Duty ratio fine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a 25% Bo Duty ratio fine you
+won't have any Ripple instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have any Ripple instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't have any Ripple instability
+because it'll settle down if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll settle down if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll settle down if you get
+near 50% Duty ratio above it'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near 50% Duty ratio above it'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near 50% Duty ratio above it'll start
+doing this subharmonic oscillation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this subharmonic oscillation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this subharmonic oscillation or
+Ripple and stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple and stability
+stuff okay this is sometimes called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay this is sometimes called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff okay this is sometimes called the
+compensating ramp or the stabilizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp or the stabilizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating ramp or the stabilizing
+ramp for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason now why why don't I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason now why why don't I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason now why why don't I want to make
+MC really big well keep in mind if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC really big well keep in mind if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC really big well keep in mind if we
+came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came back
+to this original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this original
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+MC appears in this substitution right my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC appears in this substitution right my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC appears in this substitution right my
+Dynam my local average linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynam my local average linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynam my local average linearized
+dynamics of my converter are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of my converter are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of my converter are not
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+MC okay and when I told you oh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC okay and when I told you oh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC okay and when I told you oh by the
+way I get nicely you know I get a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I get nicely you know I get a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I get nicely you know I get a really
+low frequency pole and then a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency pole and then a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency pole and then a high
+frequency pole both on the real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency pole both on the real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency pole both on the real axis
+that's sort of when MC is small as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of when MC is small as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of when MC is small as I
+make MC bigger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make MC bigger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make MC bigger and
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+okay um what happens is these Clos these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what happens is these Clos these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um what happens is these Clos these
+open loop poles move and if I make MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop poles move and if I make MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open loop poles move and if I make MC
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+big I get undamped poles again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I get undamped poles again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big I get undamped poles again so
+basically the higher this value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the higher this value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the higher this value of
+MC the closer the converter transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC the closer the converter transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC the closer the converter transfer
+functions on current mode control look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on current mode control look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions on current mode control look
+like they do for Duty ratio control or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they do for Duty ratio control or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they do for Duty ratio control or
+voltage mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage mode
+control okay so what do we do we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay so what do we do we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay so what do we do we would
+usually do this kind of Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do this kind of Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do this kind of Ripple
+instability analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability analysis
+and pick an MC that was big enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick an MC that was big enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick an MC that was big enough to
+make this settle down and make me happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this settle down and make me happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this settle down and make me happy
+but not much bigger and then I'd use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much bigger and then I'd use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not much bigger and then I'd use
+that value I'd plunk it into here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value I'd plunk it into here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value I'd plunk it into here in
+this average model and find out where my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average model and find out where my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average model and find out where my
+pole locations are and go on from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole locations are and go on from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole locations are and go on from there
+okay I could also make obviously I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I could also make obviously I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I could also make obviously I could
+make my compensating ramp slope depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my compensating ramp slope depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my compensating ramp slope depend
+upon M1 or M2 in some way people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon M1 or M2 in some way people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon M1 or M2 in some way people don't
+usually go to that range that if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually go to that range that if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually go to that range that if you got
+to have your converter operating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have your converter operating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have your converter operating a
+really wide range maybe you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide range maybe you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wide range maybe you start to
+play those games but generally you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play those games but generally you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play those games but generally you're
+just picking some slope and setting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking some slope and setting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just picking some slope and setting it
+with a resistor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so you know sort of let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know sort of let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know sort of let me
+summarize um we didn't like the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize um we didn't like the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize um we didn't like the fact
+that we had these very lightly damped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had these very lightly damped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had these very lightly damped
+poles so we did full State feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so we did full State feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles so we did full State feedback
+back and we feed back current on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and we feed back current on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and we feed back current on this
+Inner Loop and then we use the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inner Loop and then we use the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Inner Loop and then we use the outer
+loop to set the current reference and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to set the current reference and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop to set the current reference and do
+the outer loop and that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer loop and that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer loop and that's the most
+common way people do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way people do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way people do things
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'll show you a demonstration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll show you a demonstration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll show you a demonstration of
+doing this that Mony was kind enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this that Mony was kind enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this that Mony was kind enough to
+set up for us and all I'm doing is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for us and all I'm doing is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for us and all I'm doing is this
+is a this is again our demo boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is again our demo boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this is again our demo boost
+converter here and it's actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter here and it's actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter here and it's actually using
+current mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current mode
+control and the notion is what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the notion is what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and the notion is what we have
+it set up is that we can turn on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it set up is that we can turn on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it set up is that we can turn on and off
+this um compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um compensating
+ramp okay so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp okay so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp okay so here we
+go let me power up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+converter and you know that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and you know that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and you know that's pretty
+nice right I got more or less periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice right I got more or less periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice right I got more or less periodic
+city state operation there's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city state operation there's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city state operation there's actually a
+tiny bit of Jitter in the duty ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit of Jitter in the duty ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit of Jitter in the duty ratio
+here but it's basically switching once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's basically switching once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it's basically switching once
+per cycle and nicely settled down what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cycle and nicely settled down what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cycle and nicely settled down what
+happens if I turn off the compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I turn off the compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I turn off the compensating
+ramp every cycle is doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp every cycle is doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp every cycle is doing something
+different and you know I can single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and you know I can single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and you know I can single
+sequence this so you can see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence this so you can see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence this so you can see one
+shot right what you can see is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot right what you can see is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot right what you can see is sometimes
+it has a long Duty ratio sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a long Duty ratio sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a long Duty ratio sometimes it
+has a short Duty ratio it kind of Pips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a short Duty ratio it kind of Pips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a short Duty ratio it kind of Pips
+around like this it's not unstable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this it's not unstable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like this it's not unstable in
+the sense that my converter is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that my converter is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that my converter is going to
+blow up what it does mean is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up what it does mean is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up what it does mean is that the
+Ripple is all over the place right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple is all over the place right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple is all over the place right and
+this I should say that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I should say that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I should say that this is a
+function if I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if I change the
+voltage this tends to if I have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this tends to if I have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this tends to if I have you know
+low if I have a low boosting ratio it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low if I have a low boosting ratio it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low if I have a low boosting ratio it
+goes away even without a compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away even without a compensating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away even without a compensating
+ramp but the higher I go because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp but the higher I go because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp but the higher I go because of that
+Ripple instability I get some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple instability I get some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple instability I get some really
+kind of funky Behavior if I throw in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funky Behavior if I throw in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funky Behavior if I throw in my
+compensating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ramp I've just done something bad to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp I've just done something bad to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp I've just done something bad to my
+converter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I get
+nice steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice steady state
+operation okay so that is current mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay so that is current mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation okay so that is current mode
+control for you I wanted to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for you I wanted to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control for you I wanted to tell you
+about it because in the context of dcds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because in the context of dcds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it because in the context of dcds
+converters it's probably the most widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters it's probably the most widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters it's probably the most widely
+used control technique and to analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used control technique and to analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used control technique and to analyze it
+you do everything we talked about so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do everything we talked about so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do everything we talked about so far
+you take kind of one more step further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kind of one more step further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take kind of one more step further
+to get a current mode model any final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a current mode model any final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a current mode model any final
+questions before we wrap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up okay so that was our uh very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so that was our uh very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so that was our uh very brief
+sequence on modeling and control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence on modeling and control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence on modeling and control of
+power converters we will take up a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converters we will take up a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power converters we will take up a new
+topic next class have a great day
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Y9y3Xb5ocp8.txt b/Y9y3Xb5ocp8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..577445925e204fd465513682db1dc14762d4e970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Y9y3Xb5ocp8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and today I'm gonna talk
+about a reaction I like to call Midas's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a reaction I like to call Midas's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a reaction I like to call Midas's
+magic and before I get started let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic and before I get started let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic and before I get started let's
+watch the reaction in action with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the reaction in action with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the reaction in action with the
+help of dr. Bassam Chaka shiri and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of dr. Bassam Chaka shiri and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help of dr. Bassam Chaka shiri and here
+he is he's actually the president of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is he's actually the president of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is he's actually the president of the
+American Chemical Society and his motto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Chemical Society and his motto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Chemical Society and his motto
+is science is fun here he is at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is science is fun here he is at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is science is fun here he is at MIT and
+let's see what he has to show us watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what he has to show us watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what he has to show us watch
+this here here's I take this clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here here's I take this clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here here's I take this clear and
+colorless liquid and I put some of it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid and I put some of it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid and I put some of it in
+the beaker about 100 milliliters how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker about 100 milliliters how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beaker about 100 milliliters how do
+I know it's about 100 milliliters I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's about 100 milliliters I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's about 100 milliliters I'm
+reading the markers on the hair on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the markers on the hair on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the markers on the hair on the
+beaker right and I take about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker right and I take about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaker right and I take about 100
+milliliters of a different clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of a different clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of a different clear and
+colorless liquid but you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid but you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquid but you don't know what
+it's different they look the same right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different they look the same right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different they look the same right
+and look at this look what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this look what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at this look what's gonna
+happen now isn't that one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now isn't that one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now isn't that one of the most
+fascinating observations you make we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating observations you make we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating observations you make we
+take two clear colorless liquids you mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two clear colorless liquids you mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two clear colorless liquids you mix
+them together and you get a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you get a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you get a yellow
+substance that is insoluble in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is insoluble in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance that is insoluble in water
+this says lead iodide I mix potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says lead iodide I mix potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says lead iodide I mix potassium
+iodide solution with lead nitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide solution with lead nitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide solution with lead nitrate
+solution so the magician never tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the magician never tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the magician never tells you
+how the trick works right but in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the trick works right but in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the trick works right but in science
+we like to know what's going on so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to know what's going on so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to know what's going on so what
+is going on let's break it down dr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on let's break it down dr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on let's break it down dr.
+Shaka shiri started with two clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaka shiri started with two clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaka shiri started with two clear
+colorless liquids he had about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquids he had about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colorless liquids he had about 100
+milliliters of lead nitrate and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of lead nitrate and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of lead nitrate and that's
+aqueous it's in solution and about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous it's in solution and about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous it's in solution and about 100
+milliliters of potassium iodide also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of potassium iodide also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliters of potassium iodide also
+aqueous and when he mixed those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous and when he mixed those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous and when he mixed those together
+he got a yellow precipitate so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got a yellow precipitate so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got a yellow precipitate so let's
+color that in yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a precipitate is a solid so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precipitate is a solid so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precipitate is a solid so how do we
+know what this yellow solid is well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this yellow solid is well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this yellow solid is well this
+is a reaction that's called a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reaction that's called a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a reaction that's called a double
+displacement reaction and in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement reaction and in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement reaction and in this kind
+of reaction the cation and anion pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction the cation and anion pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction the cation and anion pairs
+switch places so what exactly does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch places so what exactly does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch places so what exactly does that
+mean I'm gonna use some colors to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm gonna use some colors to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm gonna use some colors to help
+me out so we've got cations and anions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out so we've got cations and anions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me out so we've got cations and anions
+in each of these compounds the cations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these compounds the cations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these compounds the cations
+have positive charge so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive charge so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive charge so in this case
+it's lead which has a two plus charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lead which has a two plus charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lead which has a two plus charge
+and nitrate no3 - you need two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nitrate no3 - you need two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nitrate no3 - you need two of those
+to have a neutral compound our other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a neutral compound our other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a neutral compound our other
+compound over here has potassium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound over here has potassium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound over here has potassium which
+has a plus one and our anion is iodide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is minus one when these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus one when these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is minus one when these two
+solutions are mixed we've got lead which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are mixed we've got lead which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are mixed we've got lead which
+is our plus two and it's going to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our plus two and it's going to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our plus two and it's going to react
+with iodide we need two of them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iodide we need two of them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iodide we need two of them to make
+it a neutral compound and potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate
+let me just need one night right here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just need one night right here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just need one night right here so
+our cations and anions all switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cations and anions all switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cations and anions all switched
+places we're gonna need to balance this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places we're gonna need to balance this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places we're gonna need to balance this
+equation let's throw some twos there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's throw some twos there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation let's throw some twos there and
+there so how can we predict which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how can we predict which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so how can we predict which one of
+these two compounds is the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two compounds is the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two compounds is the yellow
+precipitate hundreds of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate hundreds of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate hundreds of years ago
+chemists mixed ions together and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists mixed ions together and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists mixed ions together and they
+came up with solubility tables just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with solubility tables just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with solubility tables just like
+this one now this chart basically shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now this chart basically shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one now this chart basically shows
+us when these two ions anion from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when these two ions anion from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us when these two ions anion from this
+column in this column are mixed together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in this column are mixed together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column in this column are mixed together
+is their products a compound that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their products a compound that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is their products a compound that they
+form soluble or insoluble in water if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form soluble or insoluble in water if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form soluble or insoluble in water if
+it's soluble in water there's an AQ for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's soluble in water there's an AQ for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's soluble in water there's an AQ for
+aqueous on the chart and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous on the chart and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aqueous on the chart and if it's
+insoluble in water there's an S for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water there's an S for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble in water there's an S for
+solid so our two compounds that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so our two compounds that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so our two compounds that we want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+look at our lead iodide and potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our lead iodide and potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our lead iodide and potassium
+nitrate so let's take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate so let's take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate so let's take a look
+potassium nitrate we've got potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium nitrate we've got potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium nitrate we've got potassium
+down here at the bottom we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at the bottom we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at the bottom we've got
+nitrate here at the top when mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate here at the top when mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrate here at the top when mixed
+together aqueous solution soluble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together aqueous solution soluble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together aqueous solution soluble in
+water so it's more likely that our lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so it's more likely that our lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so it's more likely that our lead
+iodide would be the yellow precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide would be the yellow precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide would be the yellow precipitate
+but let's see if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see if that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's see if that's true
+lead mixed with iodide voila it's solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead mixed with iodide voila it's solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead mixed with iodide voila it's solid
+so to recap solubility tables help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to recap solubility tables help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to recap solubility tables help
+chemists predict whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists predict whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists predict whether or not a
+precipitate will form when two solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate will form when two solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate will form when two solutions
+are mixed so going back to our equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixed so going back to our equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mixed so going back to our equation
+here the lead iodine this is the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the lead iodine this is the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the lead iodine this is the yellow
+precipitate it's a solid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate it's a solid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate it's a solid and the
+potassium nitrate is aqueous and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium nitrate is aqueous and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium nitrate is aqueous and even
+though I didn't paint my nails with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I didn't paint my nails with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I didn't paint my nails with this
+particular pigment lead iodide creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pigment lead iodide creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular pigment lead iodide creating
+nail polish colors is one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail polish colors is one of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail polish colors is one of the many
+different things that chemists can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that chemists can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that chemists can do so
+there we go I hope you enjoyed - as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go I hope you enjoyed - as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go I hope you enjoyed - as
+magic and I will see you next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YmP1BADSAnc.txt b/YmP1BADSAnc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cabe8d4b232712b3c303f545ff8766b2dbf300e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YmP1BADSAnc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+last time I talked to a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I talked to a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I talked to a lot about the
+semi-classical method where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical method where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical method where we
+generalize on this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize on this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize on this wonderful
+relationship to say well if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to say well if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to say well if the
+potential is not constant then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not constant then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not constant then we can
+say well the wavelength changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the wavelength changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the wavelength changes with
+position and we can say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we can say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we can say that the
+momentum changes with position but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum changes with position but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum changes with position but we're
+using this as the guide and so the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as the guide and so the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this as the guide and so the basis
+is really just saying ok we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just saying ok we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really just saying ok we're going to
+take this kind of a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this kind of a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this kind of a relationship
+seriously because beam is not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously because beam is not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously because beam is not constant
+we have V of X and we we also know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have V of X and we we also know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have V of X and we we also know that
+the kinetic energy which is an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy which is an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy which is an operator
+is P squared over 2m and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P squared over 2m and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P squared over 2m and the energy
+minus the potential is the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the potential is the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the potential is the kinetic
+energy and so we can use this to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we can use this to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so we can use this to get a
+classical mechanical function that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanical function that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanical function that this
+P of X is going to be 2m e is V of X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X is going to be 2m e is V of X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X is going to be 2m e is V of X so
+why are we doing all this when we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we doing all this when we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we doing all this when we can
+just solve the differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve the differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just solve the differential equations
+and the answer is we want insight and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is we want insight and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is we want insight and we
+want to build our insight on what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build our insight on what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to build our insight on what we
+know and so we have this momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so we have this momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so we have this momentum
+function which gives us a wave length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which gives us a wave length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which gives us a wave length
+function which tells us how far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which tells us how far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which tells us how far apart
+the waves are but we also have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves are but we also have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves are but we also have another
+thing which was demonstrated by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which was demonstrated by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which was demonstrated by my
+running across the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running across the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running across the room
+and that the momentum is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the momentum is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the momentum is related to the
+velocity which is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity which is related to the
+probability of finding the system at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the system at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the system at a
+particular place and so we have if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place and so we have if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular place and so we have if we
+commit the travesty of saying ok we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit the travesty of saying ok we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit the travesty of saying ok we have
+a classical function it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical function it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a classical function it's not the
+momentum but it's going to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but it's going to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum but it's going to somehow
+encode the classical behavior we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the classical behavior we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the classical behavior we can
+decide we can determine without solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide we can determine without solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide we can determine without solving
+any differential equation what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any differential equation what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any differential equation what the
+spacing between nodes in the exact wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between nodes in the exact wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing between nodes in the exact wave
+function is and the amplitude in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is and the amplitude in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is and the amplitude in that
+region and that's a lot because then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that's a lot because then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that's a lot because then we
+can use our knowledge of classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use our knowledge of classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use our knowledge of classical
+mechanics to say oh this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to say oh this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics to say oh this is what we
+expect in quantum mechanics and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in quantum mechanics and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect in quantum mechanics and that's
+very powerful and I keep stressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful and I keep stressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful and I keep stressing that
+you want to draw cartoons and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to draw cartoons and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to draw cartoons and this is
+the way you get into those cartoons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for the free particle we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the free particle we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for the free particle we have these
+kinds of wave functions e to the ikx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're really great because often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really great because often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really great because often we
+want to evaluate things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to evaluate things like the
+integral of e to the ikx times e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of e to the ikx times e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of e to the ikx times e to the
+minus ikx DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ikx DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ikx DX
+well that is that's 1 and so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is that's 1 and so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that is that's 1 and so instead of
+remembering that we have to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that we have to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that we have to evaluate
+trigonometric integrals sine sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric integrals sine sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric integrals sine sine theta
+cosine theta we can do this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta we can do this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine theta we can do this and it
+really simplifies life now using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simplifies life now using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simplifies life now using that
+insight I'm asking you ok the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight I'm asking you ok the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight I'm asking you ok the
+expectation value for the momentum could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value for the momentum could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value for the momentum could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if this is the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if this is the expectation value
+for the momentum what is Phi of X I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+promised I would ask you this question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised I would ask you this question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised I would ask you this question I
+don't know if anybody really thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anybody really thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if anybody really thought
+about it but first of all we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but first of all we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but first of all we're talking
+about the free particle and this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the free particle and this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the free particle and this is some
+sort of eigenfunction of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of eigenfunction of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of eigenfunction of the hamiltonian
+for the free particle so what can we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the free particle so what can we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the free particle so what can we say
+about K we have two we have two parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about K we have two we have two parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about K we have two we have two parts to
+the wavefunction we have an e to the ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefunction we have an e to the ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavefunction we have an e to the ikx
+so we have an e to the minus ikx and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an e to the minus ikx and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an e to the minus ikx and the
+K is the same for both of them so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the same for both of them so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is the same for both of them so with
+all those hints what is this we have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those hints what is this we have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those hints what is this we have e
+to the ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ikx
+times something and we have plus e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something and we have plus e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times something and we have plus e to
+the minus ikx so what are there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ikx so what are there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus ikx so what are there some
+things that go here yes Andy right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go here yes Andy right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go here yes Andy right and
+that that didn't involve very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that didn't involve very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that didn't involve very much
+mental gymnastics if you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental gymnastics if you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental gymnastics if you really have
+done a little bit of practicing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of practicing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a little bit of practicing of
+integrals involving these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals involving these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals involving these sorts of
+things now there's two things one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now there's two things one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things now there's two things one is
+when you have the same K in e to the ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the same K in e to the ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have the same K in e to the ikx
+and either the minus ikx they product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either the minus ikx they product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either the minus ikx they product is
+one if you have different case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have different case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you have different case and
+you're integrating over all space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating over all space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're integrating over all space or
+over some cleverly chosen region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some cleverly chosen region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some cleverly chosen region that
+integral is zero because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is zero because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is zero because these are
+eigenfunctions of there these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of there these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions of there these are
+different eigen functions of an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigen functions of an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigen functions of an operator
+belonging to different eigenvalues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to different eigenvalues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to different eigenvalues and
+you always can counter those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always can counter those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always can counter those things
+being zero now quantum mechanics is full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero now quantum mechanics is full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being zero now quantum mechanics is full
+of integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integrals
+basically there's an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically there's an infinite number of
+them and most of them are zero and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and most of them are zero and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and most of them are zero and you
+want to be able to look at an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to look at an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to look at an integral
+and say oh I don't need to evaluate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh I don't need to evaluate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh I don't need to evaluate that
+and often you want to look at it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often you want to look at it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often you want to look at it in
+integral and say I do know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and say I do know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and say I do know how to
+evaluate that and I know an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that and I know an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that and I know an infinite
+number of those like that and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of those like that and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of those like that and all of a
+sudden it starts to be transparent again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden it starts to be transparent again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden it starts to be transparent again
+because the barrier between insight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the barrier between insight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the barrier between insight and
+quantum mechanics is usually a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is usually a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is usually a whole
+bunch of integrals and they're all yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of integrals and they're all yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of integrals and they're all yours
+and so we like problems where the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we like problems where the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we like problems where the wave
+functions have simple forms and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have simple forms and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions have simple forms and this is
+true for free particle it's true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for free particle it's true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for free particle it's true for the
+particle in a box we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box we're going to start
+talking about their harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about their harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about their harmonic oscillator
+and it it seems like those integrals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it seems like those integrals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it seems like those integrals are
+not simple but they are I have to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple but they are I have to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not simple but they are I have to teach
+you why they're not simple so today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why they're not simple so today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why they're not simple so today
+we're starting starting on the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting starting on the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting starting on the classical
+mechanical treatment of the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical treatment of the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical treatment of the harmonic
+oscillator then we'll do the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator then we'll do the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator then we'll do the traditional
+quantum mechanical treatment and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical treatment and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical treatment and then
+we'll come back and use these creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and use these creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and use these creation
+annihilation operators which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation operators which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annihilation operators which are the
+magic decoders for essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic decoders for essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic decoders for essentially
+evaluating all the integrals trivially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating all the integrals trivially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating all the integrals trivially
+and then with all that in hand we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with all that in hand we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then with all that in hand we're
+going to make our first step into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make our first step into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make our first step into
+time-dependent quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent quantum mechanics and
+we're going to use time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use time-dependent
+quantum mechanics well we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics well we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics well we're going to
+use our facility with integrals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our facility with integrals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our facility with integrals to
+describe the properties of some particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the properties of some particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the properties of some particle
+like state where we can construct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like state where we can construct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like state where we can construct and
+these constructions are really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constructions are really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these constructions are really simple
+for the particle in a box or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particle in a box or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particle in a box or the
+harmonic oscillator depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator depending on which
+properties you want but so you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you want but so you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties you want but so you your
+ability to draw cartoons and to to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to draw cartoons and to to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to draw cartoons and to to use
+classical insights for the particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical insights for the particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical insights for the particle in a
+box and the harmonic oscillator will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the harmonic oscillator will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and the harmonic oscillator will be
+incredibly valuable once we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly valuable once we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly valuable once we take our
+first step into the reality of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step into the reality of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step into the reality of a
+time-dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent
+quantum mechanics now one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics now one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics now one of the things
+that's going to happen is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to happen is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to happen is that we're
+going to describe real situations real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe real situations real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to describe real situations real
+situations that are not one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that are not one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that are not one of the
+standard solved problems the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard solved problems the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard solved problems the standard
+solved problems are the particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problems are the particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problems are the particle in a
+box or particle in the infinite box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box or particle in the infinite box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box or particle in the infinite box the
+harmonic oscillator the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator the hydrogen atom
+and the rigid rotor and the particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rigid rotor and the particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rigid rotor and the particle in
+a box so the potential for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box so the potential for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box so the potential for each of these
+is different it looks like this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different it looks like this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different it looks like this looks
+like this it looks like this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it looks like this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it looks like this and it
+looks like that so there's there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that so there's there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that so there's there's no
+stretching in a rigid rotor and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in a rigid rotor and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching in a rigid rotor and so all
+of the complexity is in the the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complexity is in the the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complexity is in the the kinetic
+energy not the potential but each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy not the potential but each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy not the potential but each of
+these has a different potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has a different potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these has a different potential energy
+and the energy levels for the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy levels for the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the energy levels for the particle
+in the box are proportional to n square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the harmonic oscillator they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harmonic oscillator they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the harmonic oscillator they're
+proportional to n plus 1/2 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n plus 1/2 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to n plus 1/2 for the
+hydrogen atom they are proportional to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom they are proportional to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom they are proportional to 1
+over N squared and for the rigid rotor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared and for the rigid rotor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared and for the rigid rotor
+they're proportional to n and n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're proportional to n and n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're proportional to n and n plus 1
+so one of the valuable things you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the valuable things you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the valuable things you get
+from solving these looking at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solving these looking at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from solving these looking at these
+exactly soluble problems is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly soluble problems is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly soluble problems is that the
+energy level patterns for each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level patterns for each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level patterns for each of them
+are slightly different and you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly different and you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly different and you can tell
+what you've got from the energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got from the energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've got from the energy level
+pattern and so when you take a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and so when you take a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and so when you take a spectrum
+so often you want to know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often you want to know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so often you want to know what kind of
+special is this sometimes you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special is this sometimes you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special is this sometimes you can tell
+just by what frequency region it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by what frequency region it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by what frequency region it is but
+usually in a spectrum there's a pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in a spectrum there's a pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in a spectrum there's a pattern
+of energy levels and that gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy levels and that gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy levels and that gets you
+focused on well what kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on well what kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on well what kind of problem
+what is the nature of the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the nature of the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the nature of the the the the
+building blocks that we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is wonderful now we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is wonderful now we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is wonderful now we're also
+going to find that when we solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that when we solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that when we solve these
+problems in quantum mechanics we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in quantum mechanics we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in quantum mechanics we get an
+infinite number of eigenfunctions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of eigenfunctions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of eigenfunctions and
+eigenvalues and often we get presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and often we get presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and often we get presented
+to us a lot of integrals involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us a lot of integrals involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us a lot of integrals involving the
+operators between different wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators between different wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators between different wave
+functions and one of the beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and one of the beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and one of the beautiful
+things is when the theory gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is when the theory gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is when the theory gives you an
+infinite number of those integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of those integrals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of those integrals so
+now we got it we would have a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we got it we would have a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we got it we would have a collection
+of all sorts of integrals that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all sorts of integrals that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all sorts of integrals that are
+evaluated for us in a simple dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated for us in a simple dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated for us in a simple dependence
+on quantum numbers so what do we do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quantum numbers so what do we do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quantum numbers so what do we do with
+them well there's two main things we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well there's two main things we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well there's two main things we do
+with these infinite numbers of integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these infinite numbers of integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these infinite numbers of integrals
+one is we say well this problem is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we say well this problem is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is we say well this problem is not
+the standard problem there are defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard problem there are defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard problem there are defects
+instead of having the potential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having the potential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having the potential for the
+harmonic oscillator it might look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator it might look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator it might look like
+that there might be some ant harmonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be some ant harmonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there might be some ant harmonicity
+or there's there can be all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's there can be all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's there can be all sorts of
+defects and these defects can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and these defects can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and these defects can be
+expressed by integrals of some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed by integrals of some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed by integrals of some other
+operator and that goes into perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and that goes into perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and that goes into perturbation
+theory or and we're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or and we're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory or and we're going to want to
+look at wave packets creating a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at wave packets creating a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at wave packets creating a particle
+like state and asking how it propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like state and asking how it propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like state and asking how it propagates
+in time those integrals are useful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time those integrals are useful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time those integrals are useful so
+there's all sorts of fantastic stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of fantastic stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of fantastic stuff
+once we kill the standard problems it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we kill the standard problems it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we kill the standard problems it's
+not just some thing you have to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just some thing you have to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just some thing you have to study
+and it's over with you're using you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's over with you're using you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's over with you're using you're
+going to use this as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this as long as you're
+involved in physical chemistry you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in physical chemistry you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in physical chemistry you're
+going to be using perturbation theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using perturbation theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using perturbation theory to
+understand what's going on beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's going on beyond the
+simple stuff okay so let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why is the harmonic oscillator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the harmonic oscillator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is the harmonic oscillator so
+special if we look at any potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special if we look at any potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special if we look at any potential
+energy curve any one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy curve any one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy curve any one-dimensional
+problem-- it's typically harmonica at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-- it's typically harmonica at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem-- it's typically harmonica at
+the bottom no matter what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom no matter what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom no matter what it does
+this is a typical molecular diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical molecular diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical molecular diatomic
+molecule of potential we have a hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of potential we have a hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of potential we have a hard
+inner wall and we have bond breaking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner wall and we have bond breaking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner wall and we have bond breaking at
+the outer wall and so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer wall and so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer wall and so this is an
+anharmonic potential but the bottom part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonic potential but the bottom part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anharmonic potential but the bottom part
+is harmonic and so we can use everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is harmonic and so we can use everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is harmonic and so we can use everything
+we learn about their harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn about their harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn about their harmonic
+oscillators to begin to draw a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators to begin to draw a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators to begin to draw a picture
+of arbitrary potentials so this is wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breaking now we're mostly chemists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking now we're mostly chemists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking now we're mostly chemists and
+you know breaking a bond is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know breaking a bond is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know breaking a bond is how much
+energy to take to break a bond well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to take to break a bond well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to take to break a bond well is
+that encoded in the spectrum yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encoded in the spectrum yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encoded in the spectrum yeah so
+this is the sort of thing we would care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of thing we would care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of thing we would care
+about and now let me put some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and now let me put some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and now let me put some notation
+here so this is the potential and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the potential and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is the potential and this
+is the potential of the internuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential of the internuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the potential of the internuclear
+distance which is traditionally called R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which is traditionally called R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which is traditionally called R
+we're going to switch notations really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch notations really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch notations really
+quickly from R to X but this the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly from R to X but this the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly from R to X but this the minimum
+of the potential is the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential is the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the potential is the equilibrium
+internuclear distance R sabine so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance R sabine so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance R sabine so for
+our near R so V the potential V of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our near R so V the potential V of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our near R so V the potential V of R
+looks simply like okay over to a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks simply like okay over to a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks simply like okay over to a force
+constant R - R so V squared so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant R - R so V squared so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant R - R so V squared so this is
+this is harmonic oscillator and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is harmonic oscillator and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is harmonic oscillator and now
+we're going to change notation a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to change notation a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to change notation a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+we're going to use lowercase X to be R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use lowercase X to be R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use lowercase X to be R
+minus re in other words it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus re in other words it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus re in other words it's the
+distortion away from equilibrium and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion away from equilibrium and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion away from equilibrium and we
+can take any potential and write it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any potential and write it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any potential and write it as a
+power series sorry and so on so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series sorry and so on so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series sorry and so on so if we
+know these derivatives we we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these derivatives we we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these derivatives we we know what
+to do with them okay so one standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with them okay so one standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with them okay so one standard
+potential is called the Morse potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is called the Morse potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is called the Morse potential
+because it looks like this it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like this it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like this it looks like
+what you need for a diatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need for a diatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need for a diatomic molecule
+and the Morse potential has an analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Morse potential has an analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Morse potential has an analytic
+form where the potential V of X is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where the potential V of X is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form where the potential V of X is equal
+to V sub e the dissociation energy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V sub e the dissociation energy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V sub e the dissociation energy one
+minus e to the minus a X well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus a X well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the minus a X well that
+doesn't look like polynomial in X but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like polynomial in X but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like polynomial in X but we
+power series expand this and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series expand this and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series expand this and we get a
+polynomial X ok now what is this D to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial X ok now what is this D to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial X ok now what is this D to be
+so if X is equal to 0 this is 1 0 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if X is equal to 0 this is 1 0 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if X is equal to 0 this is 1 0 and so
+we get the energy the potential defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the energy the potential defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the energy the potential defense
+at potential at x equals 0 is 0 and if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at potential at x equals 0 is 0 and if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at potential at x equals 0 is 0 and if X
+is equal to infinity via x equals d CB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to infinity via x equals d CB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to infinity via x equals d CB
+so basically this is the energy between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this is the energy between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically this is the energy between
+the bottom of the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the well
+and what it breaks this is DC okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it breaks this is DC okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it breaks this is DC okay so
+this this is a well interpreted all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a well interpreted all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a well interpreted all the
+rest of the action is in here I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the action is in here I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the action is in here I'm sorry
+yep thank you simply it's an innocent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep thank you simply it's an innocent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep thank you simply it's an innocent
+factor but it turns out to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but it turns out to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor but it turns out to be very
+important okay so let's let's square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so let's let's square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so let's let's square
+this we have V of X is equal to de times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have V of X is equal to de times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have V of X is equal to de times
+1 minus 2 e to the minus a X plus e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 e to the minus a X plus e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 2 e to the minus a X plus e to
+the minus 2ax okay so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 2ax okay so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 2ax okay so we're going to do
+power series expansions of these and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series expansions of these and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power series expansions of these and you
+can do that and so we have plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that and so we have plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that and so we have plus some
+function of X plus some function of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X plus some function of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X plus some function of x
+squared etc now what is the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared etc now what is the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared etc now what is the function of
+X we're taking our derivatives at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we're taking our derivatives at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we're taking our derivatives at the
+equilibrium at x equals 0 so and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at x equals 0 so and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium at x equals 0 so and we have
+a potential which has a minimum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential which has a minimum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential which has a minimum so
+what's the derivative of the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of the potential
+at equilibrium yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium yes
+right and so the X term goes away and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the X term goes away and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the X term goes away and so
+we have a constant term which we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a constant term which we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a constant term which we usually
+choose to be zero and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be zero and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be zero and we have this
+quadratic term looks like a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term looks like a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term looks like a harmonic
+oscillator and then there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and then there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and then there are other
+terms which express the personality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which express the personality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which express the personality of
+the potential this is universal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential this is universal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential this is universal and the
+rest becomes a special case so we have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest becomes a special case so we have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest becomes a special case so we have V
+of X is de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X is de
+squared x squared plus other stuff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared x squared plus other stuff okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared x squared plus other stuff okay
+we're gonna call this one half okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call this one half okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna call this one half okay why
+because we'd like it to look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'd like it to look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'd like it to look like a
+harmonic oscillator I mean we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator I mean we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator I mean we know that
+the potential for a harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential for a harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential for a harmonic oscillator
+is described in this way and so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described in this way and so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is described in this way and so let's
+just draw a picture so we have it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a picture so we have it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw a picture so we have it a
+spring mass and I should have drawn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring mass and I should have drawn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring mass and I should have drawn this
+higher okay so at equilibrium there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so at equilibrium there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so at equilibrium there's no
+force if the if the mass is down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force if the if the mass is down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force if the if the mass is down here
+there's a force pulling it up and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a force pulling it up and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a force pulling it up and if
+it's up here there's a force pushing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up here there's a force pushing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up here there's a force pushing it
+down Hookes law says that the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Hookes law says that the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down Hookes law says that the force is
+equal to minus K X minus x0 okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus K X minus x0 okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus K X minus x0 okay and now
+we're going to switch to just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch to just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to switch to just the
+lowercase X in a second but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase X in a second but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase X in a second but now the
+force according to Newton is my is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force according to Newton is my is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force according to Newton is my is
+gradient of the potential so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the potential so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the potential so the
+potential for this problem is V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for this problem is V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for this problem is V of
+little X is equal to 1/2 K expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have what we expect for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have what we expect for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have what we expect for a
+harmonic oscillator and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and we're going to
+say our mean the the small displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our mean the the small displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our mean the the small displacement
+part of the Morse oscillator it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Morse oscillator it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Morse oscillator it looks
+like 1/2 K x squared looks harmonic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1/2 K x squared looks harmonic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1/2 K x squared looks harmonic and
+so what do we do now well one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do now well one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do now well one of
+Newton's laws force is equal to the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws force is equal to the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws force is equal to the mass
+times the acceleration and so we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration and so we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the acceleration and so we can say
+oh well the acceleration is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well the acceleration is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well the acceleration is the second
+derivative of X with respect to T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the force is a minus gradient of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is a minus gradient of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is a minus gradient of the
+potential so it's minus 1/2 KX squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus K X ok so this is the gradient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K X ok so this is the gradient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K X ok so this is the gradient of
+the potential this is the the mass why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential this is the the mass why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential this is the the mass why I
+need the mass times the acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the mass times the acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the mass times the acceleration and
+so this is an equation we have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we want to find the solution X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to find the solution X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we want to find the solution X of
+T and this is a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and this is a second order
+differential equation because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation because we have
+second derivative so there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative so there's going to be
+two terms and they'll be will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and they'll be will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and they'll be will have some
+sign and some cosine function and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and some cosine function and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and some cosine function and we're
+going to want a derivative second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want a derivative second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want a derivative second
+derivative that brings down a constant K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that brings down a constant K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that brings down a constant K
+and so we know that these are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know that these are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we know that these are going to
+be things that have the form a sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things that have the form a sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things that have the form a sign okay
+X okay or M square root X plus B cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay or M square root X plus B cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay or M square root X plus B cosine
+okay X so this is the solution and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay X so this is the solution and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay X so this is the solution and we
+have to find a and B now why is do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find a and B now why is do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find a and B now why is do we
+have K over m well you can look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K over m well you can look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K over m well you can look at this
+differential equation and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and you can see
+that we have an M here we have a K here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an M here we have a K here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an M here we have a K here
+and that's what you need in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you need in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you need in order to
+solve it so now our job is simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so now our job is simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it so now our job is simply to
+find a and B you know sometimes I I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a and B you know sometimes I I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a and B you know sometimes I I go
+on to automatic pilot and because I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to automatic pilot and because I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to automatic pilot and because I you
+know it's so familiar to me I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's so familiar to me I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's so familiar to me I'm just
+writing what comes up in my subconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing what comes up in my subconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing what comes up in my subconscious
+but yes that that that's a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes that that that's a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes that that that's a good point
+and so all right so we wanted X of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all right so we wanted X of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all right so we wanted X of T and
+it is this combination okay so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this combination okay so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this combination okay so now we
+put in some insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we want to know what the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know what the period of
+oscillation is and so X X T plus tau has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is and so X X T plus tau has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is and so X X T plus tau has
+to be equal to X of T okay and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to X of T okay and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to X of T okay and so when
+we do that we discovered and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we discovered and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we discovered and I'm just
+going to skip a lot of steps that K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip a lot of steps that K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to skip a lot of steps that K over
+m square root times tau that's to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m square root times tau that's to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m square root times tau that's to be
+equal to 2 pi in order to satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we call K over m Omega just to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call K over m Omega just to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call K over m Omega just to simplify
+the equations but we also discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations but we also discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations but we also discover that
+this actually is an angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if we say Omega tau is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we say Omega tau is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we say Omega tau is equal to
+2 pi then tau equals 2 PI over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi then tau equals 2 PI over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi then tau equals 2 PI over Omega
+which is equal to 1 over the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to 1 over the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to 1 over the frequency
+just exactly what we expect so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly what we expect so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly what we expect so we have
+the beginning of a solution and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a solution and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a solution and Omega
+tau and frequency makes sense everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau and frequency makes sense everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau and frequency makes sense everything
+is what we sort of expect ok so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we sort of expect ok so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we sort of expect ok so now the
+next step is to determine the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is to determine the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step is to determine the values of
+the constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so normally when we have a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when we have a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so normally when we have a differential
+equation after we find the general form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation after we find the general form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation after we find the general form
+we apply boundary conditions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply boundary conditions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply boundary conditions and so
+we're going to we're going to apply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to apply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're going to apply some
+boundary condition so here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition so here we have a
+potential and so this is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so this is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so this is the potential
+as a function of coordinate and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of coordinate and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of coordinate and this is
+the turning point at this is the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turning point at this is the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turning point at this is the inner
+turning point at energy E and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point at energy E and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point at energy E and this is
+the outer turning point well what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer turning point well what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer turning point well what's that
+what's true at the turning point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true at the turning point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's true at the turning point the
+potential is equal to the energy at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two turning points so okay X plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two turning points so okay X plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two turning points so okay X plus or
+minus squared so if we know e we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus squared so if we know e we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus squared so if we know e we know
+where the turning points are and so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the turning points are and so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the turning points are and so okay
+X of plus minus V we can solve this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of plus minus V we can solve this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of plus minus V we can solve this and
+so we have to e over K is that what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to e over K is that what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to e over K is that what I
+yeah so this is the turning points these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the turning points these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the turning points these
+are the turning points now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the turning points now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the turning points now this is a
+fairly frequent exercise in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly frequent exercise in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly frequent exercise in quantum
+mechanics you're going to want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you're going to want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you're going to want to know
+what are where are the turning points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are where are the turning points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are where are the turning points
+because this is how you impose boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is how you impose boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is how you impose boundary
+conditions easily and so knowing that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions easily and so knowing that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions easily and so knowing that a
+turning point corresponds to when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point corresponds to when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point corresponds to when the
+potential is equal to the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is equal to the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is equal to the total energy
+is enough to be able to solve for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to be able to solve for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to be able to solve for this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so suppose we start f x equals x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we start f x equals x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we start f x equals x plus
+and so X of 0 is equal to X plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so X of 0 is equal to X plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so X of 0 is equal to X plus and
+that determines one of the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines one of the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines one of the coefficients
+so X of 0 so we have at T equals 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X of 0 so we have at T equals 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X of 0 so we have at T equals 0 the
+sine term is 0 in the cosine term is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine term is 0 in the cosine term is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine term is 0 in the cosine term is 1
+and so the the first thing we get at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the first thing we get at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the the first thing we get at T
+equals 0 is that B is equal to X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is that B is equal to X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is that B is equal to X plus
+right the next step is to find a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the next step is to find a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the next step is to find a and
+there are several ways to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several ways to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several ways to do this but
+it's used to useful to draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to useful to draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used to useful to draw a little
+picture so X plus is here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so X plus is here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so X plus is here and that
+occurs at T equals 0 and X minus occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at T equals 0 and X minus occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at T equals 0 and X minus occurs
+at tau over 2 and in the middle we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tau over 2 and in the middle we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tau over 2 and in the middle we have
+towel over 4 so let's ask for what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel over 4 so let's ask for what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel over 4 so let's ask for what is
+the value of the wave function when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the wave function when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the wave function when X is
+equal to 0 so how do we make the X be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so how do we make the X be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 so how do we make the X be 0
+at towel over 4 and that determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at towel over 4 and that determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at towel over 4 and that determines the
+value of B I mean the value of a ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B I mean the value of a ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B I mean the value of a ok so
+we we have everything we need and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have everything we need and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have everything we need and now
+before just rushing on let me just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just rushing on let me just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just rushing on let me just say
+well we this just gives a is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we this just gives a is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we this just gives a is equal to 0
+ok there's a different approach because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there's a different approach because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok there's a different approach because
+when we have a sine plus a cosine term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a sine plus a cosine term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have a sine plus a cosine term
+we can always reexpress it as X of T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always reexpress it as X of T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can always reexpress it as X of T is
+equal to some other constant times sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some other constant times sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some other constant times sine
+Omega T plus 5 and so the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus 5 and so the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus 5 and so the same sort of
+analysis gives C is equal to 2e or K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis gives C is equal to 2e or K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis gives C is equal to 2e or K
+square root and Phi is equal to minus PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and Phi is equal to minus PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root and Phi is equal to minus PI
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+okay I just writing this you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I just writing this you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I just writing this you want to do
+that okay so now we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so now we're going to be
+preparing for to do quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for to do quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for to do quantum mechanics
+the the quantumatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantumatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantumatic
+quantum mechanical solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical solution of the
+harmonic oscillator and so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator and so are there
+going to be other things that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be other things that we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be other things that we care
+about and one is the kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and one is the kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and one is the kinetic energy and
+what is the potential energy and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the potential energy and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the potential energy and in
+particular we'd like to know the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we'd like to know the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we'd like to know the kinetic
+energy which we call T and we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which we call T and we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which we call T and we'd like to
+know the expectation value of T is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the expectation value of T is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the expectation value of T is a
+function of time or just T bar of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time or just T bar of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time or just T bar of T and
+similarly we'd like to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we'd like to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we'd like to know the
+potential the expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential the expectation value of the
+potential energy is a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy is a function of time
+and that's going to be V bar and so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be V bar and so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be V bar and so from
+classical mechanics we should know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics we should know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics we should know we
+should be able to determine what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to determine what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to determine what these
+average values of the kinetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average values of the kinetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average values of the kinetic and
+potential energy so what do we know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so what do we know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy so what do we know we
+know that the frequency is Omega over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the frequency is Omega over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the frequency is Omega over 2
+pi we know the period is 1 over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi we know the period is 1 over Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi we know the period is 1 over Omega
+okay and so T of T is 1/2 MV squared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so T of T is 1/2 MV squared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so T of T is 1/2 MV squared of
+T or P squared over 2m okay but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T or P squared over 2m okay but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T or P squared over 2m okay but all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+V is the part of the derivative of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the part of the derivative of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V is the part of the derivative of X
+with respect to T and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to T and we have the
+solutions over here and so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions over here and so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions over here and so we know that
+we can write x of T and V of T just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write x of T and V of T just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write x of T and V of T just by
+taking derivatives and so we have X of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives and so we have X of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking derivatives and so we have X of T
+is 2 e over K square root sine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 e over K square root sine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 e over K square root sine Omega T
+plus Phi and V of T is omega x to e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi and V of T is omega x to e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi and V of T is omega x to e over
+K square cosa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square cosa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square cosa
+Koch's cosine Omega T plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want V squared to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want V squared to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want V squared to be able to
+calculate the kinetic energy and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the kinetic energy and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the kinetic energy and so we
+do that and so the kinetic energy T of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and so the kinetic energy T of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and so the kinetic energy T of T
+is 1/2 M Omega squared 2 e over K cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/2 M Omega squared 2 e over K cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/2 M Omega squared 2 e over K cosine
+squared Omega T plus Phi this here Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Omega T plus Phi this here Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Omega T plus Phi this here Omega
+is K over m square root of K over m so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K over m square root of K over m so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is K over m square root of K over m so
+this is M times K over m so we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M times K over m so we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is M times K over m so we just get
+K out there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so now we would like to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we would like to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we would like to know the
+average value of the kinetic energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the kinetic energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the kinetic energy okay
+so we have M Omega squared and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have M Omega squared and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have M Omega squared and so that's
+K over K and so we just get e integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over K and so we just get e integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over K and so we just get e integral
+from 0 to tau DT of cosine squared Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to tau DT of cosine squared Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to tau DT of cosine squared Omega
+T plus Phi over tau we want the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus Phi over tau we want the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T plus Phi over tau we want the time
+averaged and so we calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged and so we calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged and so we calculate this
+integral and we divide by tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we divide by tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we divide by tau
+that's how we take an average and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we take an average and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we take an average and what
+we discover is that this integral is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover is that this integral is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discover is that this integral is the
+integral of the numerator is 1 one-half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the numerator is 1 one-half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the numerator is 1 one-half
+tau times e I'm sorry one half tau we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau times e I'm sorry one half tau we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau times e I'm sorry one half tau we
+have e times one half tau divided by tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have e times one half tau divided by tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have e times one half tau divided by tau
+and this becomes e over to an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this becomes e over to an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this becomes e over to an important
+result and we're going to discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and we're going to discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result and we're going to discover that
+this expectation the average value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation the average value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation the average value of
+the momentum is for a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is for a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is for a harmonic
+oscillator is he over to inquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is he over to inquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is he over to inquire
+mechanics we do the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we do the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we do the same thing for the
+potential and we discovered it is also Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and we discovered it is also Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and we discovered it is also Y
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know that E is equals to T of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that E is equals to T of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that E is equals to T of T
+plus V of T but it's also true that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V of T but it's also true that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus V of T but it's also true that the
+average is equaled so T of T bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is equaled so T of T bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is equaled so T of T bar is
+equal to V Bar C for the giver two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V Bar C for the giver two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to V Bar C for the giver two so
+now we have an important interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an important interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an important interpretation
+of the harmonic oscillator the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic oscillator the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the harmonic oscillator the harmonic
+oscillator is moving from Turning Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is moving from Turning Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is moving from Turning Point
+to the the middle to the other turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the middle to the other turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the middle to the other turning
+point and what's happening is energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and what's happening is energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and what's happening is energy is
+being exchanged between all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exchanged between all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being exchanged between all all
+potential energy at a turning point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy at a turning point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy at a turning point to
+all kinetic energy in the middle and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinetic energy in the middle and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinetic energy in the middle and all
+so energy is going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy is going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy is going back and forth
+between the kinetic energy and potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the kinetic energy and potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the kinetic energy and potential
+energy we can solve for the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we can solve for the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we can solve for the relationship
+between T of T and V of T and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T of T and V of T and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T of T and V of T and we can
+find that V of T is equal to t big t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that V of T is equal to t big t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that V of T is equal to t big t
+minus PI over 4 however for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is telling us just what we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is telling us just what we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is telling us just what we said
+I said before that energy is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before that energy is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said before that energy is being
+exchanged between potential and kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged between potential and kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanged between potential and kinetic
+energy and that the potential energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that the potential energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that the potential energy is
+lagging by tau over for behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagging by tau over for behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagging by tau over for behind the
+potential energy be behind the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy be behind the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy be behind the momentum
+okay this is all very fast but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is all very fast but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is all very fast but it's all
+quantum it's all classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum it's all classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum it's all classical mechanics
+which you know and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know and we're going to be
+rediscovering all of this in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovering all of this in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovering all of this in quantum
+mechanics and so we have to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so we have to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and so we have to know what
+are we aiming for in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we aiming for in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we aiming for in quantum mechanics
+so that we can completely say yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can completely say yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can completely say yes it's
+consistent with classical mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with classical mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with classical mechanics and
+there's some really now there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really now there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really now there's another
+really neat thing so if we look at X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat thing so if we look at X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat thing so if we look at X of
+T X of T is oscillating and suppose we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T X of T is oscillating and suppose we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T X of T is oscillating and suppose we
+start out at a turning point the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at a turning point the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out at a turning point the outer
+turning point so we can tell from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point so we can tell from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point so we can tell from this
+that derivative of X with respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative of X with respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative of X with respect to T
+at x equals x plus is going to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals x plus is going to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals x plus is going to be zero
+so at a turning point the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a turning point the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at a turning point the particle is
+hardly moving that movie and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly moving that movie and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly moving that movie and so what
+about the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the momentum
+well the momentum is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the momentum is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the momentum is going to look like
+this yeah it's going to look like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so at at the time that we started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at at the time that we started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so at at the time that we started at
+a turning point the momentum is the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turning point the momentum is the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turning point the momentum is the time
+derivative of the momentum is that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the momentum is that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the momentum is that its
+maximum value so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value so this is going to be
+really important when we start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important when we start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important when we start looking
+at properties of time evolving wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at properties of time evolving wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at properties of time evolving wave
+functions because what we're doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions because what we're doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions because what we're doing to
+discover is suppose we start our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is suppose we start our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is suppose we start our system
+here at a turning point and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at a turning point and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at a turning point and that's
+actually something that we can do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something that we can do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually something that we can do very
+easily in an experiment because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily in an experiment because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily in an experiment because we can
+when we excite from one electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we excite from one electronic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we excite from one electronic state
+to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another
+you automatically create a wave packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you automatically create a wave packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you automatically create a wave packet
+which is localized at a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is localized at a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is localized at a particular
+internuclear distance and so you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance and so you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internuclear distance and so you go from
+a you go typically to a turning point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you go typically to a turning point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you go typically to a turning point so
+then what's going to happen well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's going to happen well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's going to happen well there's
+a thing in quantum mechanics which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing in quantum mechanics which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing in quantum mechanics which you
+will become familiar with called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become familiar with called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become familiar with called the
+autocorrelation function no it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function no it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation function no it's nice
+called the survival probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the survival probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the survival probability and
+that's going to be the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be the product of the
+time-dependent wave function at X and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent wave function at X and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent wave function at X and T
+time the time-dependent wave function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the time-dependent wave function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the time-dependent wave function at
+X and 0 so this is expressing somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and 0 so this is expressing somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and 0 so this is expressing somehow
+how the wave function that is created at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the wave function that is created at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the wave function that is created at
+T equals 0 gets away from itself it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals 0 gets away from itself it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals 0 gets away from itself it's a
+very important idea because you you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important idea because you you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important idea because you you make
+something and it evolves and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it evolves and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and it evolves and for a
+harmonic oscillator if you make it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator if you make it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator if you make it at a
+turning point this thing changes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point this thing changes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point this thing changes because
+the momentum changes and the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum changes and the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum changes and the the the
+contribution of the coordinate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the coordinate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the coordinate to the
+decay of the survival probability is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the survival probability is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay of the survival probability is its
+it's all due to the momentum and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all due to the momentum and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all due to the momentum and not the
+coordinate change that's actually at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate change that's actually at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate change that's actually at a
+very important insight because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important insight because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important insight because the
+momentum the time rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the time rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the time rate of change of the
+momentum is the gradient minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is the gradient minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is the gradient minus the
+gradient of the potential so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the potential so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the potential so this is one
+way we learn about the potential simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we learn about the potential simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we learn about the potential simply
+by starting at a turning point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by starting at a turning point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by starting at a turning point and
+knowing that this thing which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that this thing which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that this thing which we can
+measure is measuring the thing we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is measuring the thing we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is measuring the thing we want
+to know now we will get to this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know now we will get to this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know now we will get to this very
+soon because I haven't even told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon because I haven't even told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon because I haven't even told you
+about time to fit quantum mechanics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time to fit quantum mechanics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about time to fit quantum mechanics but
+those are the things that we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the things that we expect to
+encounter ok now I want to give you I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter ok now I want to give you I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter ok now I want to give you I'm
+going to throw at you some useful stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw at you some useful stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to throw at you some useful stuff
+which turns out to be really easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns out to be really easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which turns out to be really easy
+suppose we have we want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have we want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have we want to know the
+expectation values or the average values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values or the average values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation values or the average values
+of X x squared P and P squared ok so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X x squared P and P squared ok so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X x squared P and P squared ok so we
+have a harmonic oscillator and do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a harmonic oscillator and do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a harmonic oscillator and do we
+know what this is do we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this is do we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this is do we know the
+expectation value of the coordinate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the coordinate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of the coordinate it's
+0 why is it 0 there's two ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 why is it 0 there's two ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 why is it 0 there's two ways of
+answering that question but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering that question but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering that question but these are
+easy questions which on an exam you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy questions which on an exam you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy questions which on an exam you
+don't want to evaluate an integral you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to evaluate an integral you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to evaluate an integral you
+want to know why is it zero and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know why is it zero and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know why is it zero and there's
+two answer you said zero right why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two answer you said zero right why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two answer you said zero right why did
+you say zero yes ok so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say zero yes ok so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say zero yes ok so there's a
+symmetry argument another is well is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry argument another is well is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry argument another is well is the
+potential moving the particle is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential moving the particle is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential moving the particle is in the
+potential is going back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is going back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is going back and forth and
+potential is stationary so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is stationary so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is stationary so there's no
+way that X could move X could be tied up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that X could move X could be tied up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that X could move X could be tied up
+in it so we know this is zero what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so we know this is zero what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so we know this is zero what about
+Pete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pete
+same thing whether you use symmetry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing whether you use symmetry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing whether you use symmetry or
+just physical insight but what about x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just physical insight but what about x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just physical insight but what about x
+squared well x squared is equal to V of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well x squared is equal to V of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared well x squared is equal to V of
+X over K over 2 so expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over K over 2 so expectation value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X over K over 2 so expectation value of
+x squared is equal to the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared is equal to the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x squared is equal to the expectation
+value of V over a over 2 but we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of V over a over 2 but we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of V over a over 2 but we know the
+expectation value of V it C over 2 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of V it C over 2 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of V it C over 2 so we
+know without doing any integrals what X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know without doing any integrals what X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know without doing any integrals what X
+the expectation value of x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of x squared is
+and similarly for P squared and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for P squared and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly for P squared and that's
+just going to be M times E ok so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be M times E ok so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to be M times E ok so why do
+I care about these things well we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about these things well we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care about these things well we have a
+little thing called the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing called the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing called the uncertainty
+principle and we'd like to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and we'd like to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle and we'd like to know the
+uncertainty in the coordinate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the coordinate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in the coordinate and the
+momentum and this is our classical view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and this is our classical view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and this is our classical view
+of it but it's going to remind us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but it's going to remind us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but it's going to remind us of
+what we find quantum mechanically so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find quantum mechanically so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we find quantum mechanically so the
+uncertainty in X can be defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in X can be defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in X can be defined as the
+average value of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of x squared
+whoops yeah we value the x squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops yeah we value the x squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops yeah we value the x squared minus
+the average value of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average value of x squared
+that's just the variance and well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the variance and well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just the variance and well this
+is zero and we know what this is so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and we know what this is so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and we know what this is so we
+know that the uncertainty in X is e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the uncertainty in X is e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the uncertainty in X is e over
+K square root and against therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square root and against therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square root and against therefore the
+MP is going to be P squared average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP is going to be P squared average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP is going to be P squared average
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+this P squared this is still zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P squared this is still zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this P squared this is still zero and
+this one is then M that's e square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is then M that's e square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is then M that's e square root
+run so Delta X Delta P it looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so Delta X Delta P it looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run so Delta X Delta P it looks like the
+uncertainty principle this is classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle this is classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle this is classical
+mechanics is just e over Omega well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is just e over Omega well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is just e over Omega well what
+C over Meghan right so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over Meghan right so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C over Meghan right so this is really
+it's all going to come around we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to come around we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to come around we're
+going to get you know this is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you know this is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get you know this is related to
+the uncertainty principle in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uncertainty principle in quantum
+mechanics there is a minimum joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there is a minimum joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics there is a minimum joint
+uncertainty between X and P and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty between X and P and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty between X and P and it's
+just related to this constant now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just related to this constant now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just related to this constant now this
+doesn't say the uncertainty grows as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say the uncertainty grows as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't say the uncertainty grows as you
+go to higher and higher energy as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to higher and higher energy as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to higher and higher energy as it
+will in quantum mechanics but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in quantum mechanics but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in quantum mechanics but this is
+really a neat thing to see okay I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a neat thing to see okay I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a neat thing to see okay I've got
+two minutes left so if we wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes left so if we wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two minutes left so if we wanted to know
+the probability of finding X as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding X as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding X as a
+function of the coordinates the turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coordinates the turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the coordinates the turning
+points so here are the turning points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so here are the turning points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so here are the turning points
+and we can calculate what is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can calculate what is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can calculate what is going to be
+the probability of finding the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the particle
+at one turning point well it's ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one turning point well it's ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one turning point well it's ghost
+comes on from infinity just back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on from infinity just back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes on from infinity just back up to
+infinity so here at the turning points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so here at the turning points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so here at the turning points
+the particle is stopped and so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is stopped and so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle is stopped and so the the
+probability of finding it at a turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding it at a turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding it at a turning
+point is infinite times the X so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is infinite times the X so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is infinite times the X so if we
+don't have an infinite number in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an infinite number in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an infinite number in quantum
+mechanics we're going to discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we're going to discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics we're going to discover that
+quantum mechanics is smarter than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is smarter than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is smarter than that
+and what quantum mechanics does suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what quantum mechanics does suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what quantum mechanics does suppose
+we have this is the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what quantum mechanics does is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantum mechanics does is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantum mechanics does is that the
+probability at a turning point is is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability at a turning point is is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability at a turning point is is not
+zero and there's something what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's something what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and there's something what happens
+is there's tunneling tails that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's tunneling tails that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's tunneling tails that instead
+of going to infinity it has a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going to infinity it has a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going to infinity it has a finite
+value and it reaches out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it reaches out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and it reaches out into the
+forbidden region in an exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region in an exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden region in an exponentially
+decreasing way and that's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing way and that's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing way and that's basically the
+difference between classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between classical mechanics
+and quantum mechanics and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantum mechanics and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantum mechanics and there's an
+awful lot of important stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of important stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of important stuff that
+happens there now I've been very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there now I've been very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there now I've been very fast
+through all of this because it's built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of this because it's built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of this because it's built
+on stuff that you're supposed to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stuff that you're supposed to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stuff that you're supposed to know
+and it's built on stuff that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's built on stuff that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's built on stuff that we're going
+to work hard to understand from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work hard to understand from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work hard to understand from a
+quantum mechanical point of view but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical point of view but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical point of view but
+this sets the stage for what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sets the stage for what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sets the stage for what are the
+things we have to look for in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to look for in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we have to look for in quantum
+mechanics so I do recommend that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so I do recommend that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so I do recommend that you
+look at the notes and make sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the notes and make sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the notes and make sure you can
+follow all the steps which I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow all the steps which I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow all the steps which I went
+through incredibly rapidly and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through incredibly rapidly and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through incredibly rapidly and it'll be
+really helpful because your job will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful because your job will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful because your job will be
+to draw cartoons and these will guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw cartoons and these will guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw cartoons and these will guide
+you through them okay so I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through them okay so I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you through them okay so I'll see you on
+Friday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZsqPyPe7B5w.txt b/ZsqPyPe7B5w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d512693d3c552cc11f77e63330252e217822354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZsqPyPe7B5w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13883 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+recap a little the introduction to Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap a little the introduction to Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap a little the introduction to Monte
+Carlo and then I want to show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo and then I want to show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo and then I want to show you in
+different types of systems systems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of systems systems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of systems systems with
+different types of degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of degrees of freedom
+how you would Implement a mon Carlo move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would Implement a mon Carlo move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would Implement a mon Carlo move
+um and then towards the end depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then towards the end depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then towards the end depending on
+how far we get I'll talk a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far we get I'll talk a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far we get I'll talk a little about
+um I'll talk a little about air analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll talk a little about air analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'll talk a little about air analysis
+in Mont Carlo and also about um things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mont Carlo and also about um things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Mont Carlo and also about um things
+like free energy integration and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like free energy integration and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like free energy integration and how to
+detect uh phase transitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh phase transitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh phase transitions in
+Monaro okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monaro okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monaro okay
+um I wanted to go through the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to go through the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I wanted to go through the list of
+references first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+references first
+um for the general statistical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the general statistical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the general statistical mechanics
+uh the books I particularly like are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the books I particularly like are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the books I particularly like are um
+David Chandler's book and uh don
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Chandler's book and uh don
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Chandler's book and uh don
+macari's book those of you who've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macari's book those of you who've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macari's book those of you who've taken
+320 with me um statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+320 with me um statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+320 with me um statistical
+thermodynamics is exactly the book we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is exactly the book we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics is exactly the book we
+use in in 320 um but if you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in in 320 um but if you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in in 320 um but if you've never
+sort of seen the relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seen the relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seen the relation between
+statistical mechanics and thermal then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics and thermal then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics and thermal then I
+I would really recommend uh Dave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would really recommend uh Dave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would really recommend uh Dave
+Chandler's little green book um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chandler's little green book um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chandler's little green book um it's
+really sort of an excellent but short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of an excellent but short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of an excellent but short
+tutorial I think to uh modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial I think to uh modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial I think to uh modern
+statistical mechanics more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical mechanics more specifically
+on the Monte Carlo uh my favorite is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Monte Carlo uh my favorite is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Monte Carlo uh my favorite is the
+book by Frankl and Smith which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Frankl and Smith which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Frankl and Smith which I think
+is now in a second edition I I I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now in a second edition I I I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now in a second edition I I I sort of
+noticed that people had a book that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that people had a book that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that people had a book that
+looked very different uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked very different uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked very different uh if it's
+anywhere like the first edition I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere like the first edition I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere like the first edition I
+thought it was a really good book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a really good book um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was a really good book um
+it's um I think it's a little deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um I think it's a little deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um I think it's a little deeper
+than all the other books I've seen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all the other books I've seen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all the other books I've seen on
+Monte Carlo because of that it may look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo because of that it may look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo because of that it may look
+a little more abstract on some occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more abstract on some occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more abstract on some occasions
+H and because these guys are chemists uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and because these guys are chemists uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and because these guys are chemists uh
+it tends to focus heavily on molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to focus heavily on molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tends to focus heavily on molecular
+systems rather than solid state but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems rather than solid state but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems rather than solid state but I
+think it's a great book to uh learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a great book to uh learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a great book to uh learn the
+the proper statistical mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper statistical mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper statistical mechanics and
+sort of the theory of Monte Carlo um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the theory of Monte Carlo um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the theory of Monte Carlo um the
+Newman book is uh pretty good as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman book is uh pretty good as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newman book is uh pretty good as well
+and then a classic for Monte Carlo books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a classic for Monte Carlo books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a classic for Monte Carlo books
+is all the books by binder binder has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the books by binder binder has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the books by binder binder has
+actually several books C binder there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually several books C binder there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually several books C binder there's
+probably at least four or five some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least four or five some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least four or five some
+thick some Thin um and binder's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick some Thin um and binder's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick some Thin um and binder's
+expertise is essentially Monte Carlo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise is essentially Monte Carlo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise is essentially Monte Carlo and
+lus models I mean he does other stuff as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus models I mean he does other stuff as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus models I mean he does other stuff as
+well but that's really where his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that's really where his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that's really where his
+expertise like uh and in particular um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise like uh and in particular um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise like uh and in particular um
+long chain molecules for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chain molecules for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chain molecules for example if you
+do polymers on latus models and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do polymers on latus models and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do polymers on latus models and I'll
+show an example of that um linder's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an example of that um linder's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show an example of that um linder's book
+is great for that but he has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for that but he has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for that but he has the
+standard introduction in there with lat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard introduction in there with lat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard introduction in there with lat
+Ms with uh easing likes or spin models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms with uh easing likes or spin models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms with uh easing likes or spin models
+how to do the statistical mechanics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do the statistical mechanics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do the statistical mechanics of
+those so uh how to look at transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so uh how to look at transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so uh how to look at transitions
+it's a it's a great reference if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a great reference if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a great reference if you're
+first starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first starting
+out okay so let me sort of recap how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so let me sort of recap how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so let me sort of recap how we
+got to mon Carlo um remember that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to mon Carlo um remember that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to mon Carlo um remember that we
+talked about an ensemble as a collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about an ensemble as a collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about an ensemble as a collection
+of the microscopic states that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscopic states that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscopic states that really
+belong to one macroscopic state so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to one macroscopic state so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to one macroscopic state so the
+macroscopic state is thermodynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic state is thermodynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic state is thermodynamically
+defined The Ensemble is the collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined The Ensemble is the collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined The Ensemble is the collection
+of microscopic states that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microscopic states that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of microscopic states that the system
+goes through for a given set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through for a given set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through for a given set of
+thermodynamic boundary conditions um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic boundary conditions um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic boundary conditions um the
+probability that your state is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that your state is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that your state is in a
+given system is the exponential of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given system is the exponential of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given system is the exponential of minus
+beta to hamiltonian normalized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta to hamiltonian normalized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta to hamiltonian normalized by the
+partition function and so the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function and so the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition function and so the way you
+track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track
+averages uh is simply by taking uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages uh is simply by taking uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages uh is simply by taking uh by
+averaging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging the
+property over the micro states with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property over the micro states with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property over the micro states with the
+relevant probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant probability
+uh we distinguish two types of sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we distinguish two types of sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we distinguish two types of sampling
+and I'll come back to this later to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll come back to this later to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll come back to this later to show
+you intermediates uh simple sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you intermediates uh simple sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you intermediates uh simple sampling
+where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you would
+randomly pick in The Ensemble and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly pick in The Ensemble and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly pick in The Ensemble and then
+weigh the property let's say that a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh the property let's say that a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh the property let's say that a is
+the property you're trying to average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property you're trying to average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property you're trying to average
+weigh that property with the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh that property with the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh that property with the correct
+probability okay and I've shown you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay and I've shown you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability okay and I've shown you why
+in many cases in systems with a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases in systems with a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many cases in systems with a large
+amount of large number of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of large number of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of large number of degrees of
+freedom why simple sampling will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom why simple sampling will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom why simple sampling will not
+work because you will to to tend to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because you will to to tend to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because you will to to tend to pick
+the states that have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states that have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states that have high
+degeneracy okay so the type of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy okay so the type of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracy okay so the type of the
+states that have high frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have high frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that have high frequency of
+occurrence not the states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence not the states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence not the states that
+necessarily determine your average well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily determine your average well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily determine your average well
+I mean the and the classic example is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the and the classic example is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the and the classic example is if
+you take the spin model if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the spin model if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the spin model if you're in a
+low temperature State the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature State the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature State the dominant
+states are the ferromagnetic States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are the ferromagnetic States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are the ferromagnetic States
+whereas if you randomly picked spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you randomly picked spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you randomly picked spin
+States you would all pick disordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you would all pick disordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States you would all pick disordered
+States okay you would barely ever have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay you would barely ever have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States okay you would barely ever have
+any states with significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any states with significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any states with significant
+ferromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic
+patches um so that's why we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches um so that's why we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patches um so that's why we went to
+important sampling and important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sampling and important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important sampling and important
+sampling is essentially you try to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is essentially you try to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is essentially you try to pick
+the states in your sample immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states in your sample immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states in your sample immediately
+with the correct probability or with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the correct probability or with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the correct probability or with a
+rate that's proportional to the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's proportional to the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's proportional to the correct
+probability so if you pick him with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so if you pick him with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so if you pick him with a
+proper rate you literally just average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper rate you literally just average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper rate you literally just average
+the property you're getting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property you're getting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property you're getting because
+these are these already occur in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these already occur in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these already occur in this
+sample with a frequency proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample with a frequency proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample with a frequency proportional to
+the correct probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct probability
+okay that's the idea of important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sampling okay so I've shown you how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling okay so I've shown you how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling okay so I've shown you how a
+typical Metropolis algorithm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Metropolis algorithm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical Metropolis algorithm with
+boltman sampling would work um you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltman sampling would work um you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltman sampling would work um you would
+start with some configuration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some configuration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some configuration in the
+system which could be pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which could be pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which could be pretty much
+anything you would choose a perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you would choose a perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you would choose a perturbation
+of the system system and I'll come I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system system and I'll come I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system system and I'll come I'll
+do a lot more examples of what these can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot more examples of what these can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot more examples of what these can
+be you compute the energy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you compute the energy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you compute the energy of that
+perturbation if it's if um the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation if it's if um the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation if it's if um the energy
+goes down you accept the perturbation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down you accept the perturbation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down you accept the perturbation if
+the energy goes up you accept it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy goes up you accept it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy goes up you accept it with a
+probability uh of the boltzman factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh of the boltzman factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh of the boltzman factor so
+the exponential minus beta Delta e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential minus beta Delta e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential minus beta Delta e and
+then you kind of circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you kind of circle
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+it's not totally clear who first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not totally clear who first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not totally clear who first
+developed modern Monte Carlo but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed modern Monte Carlo but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed modern Monte Carlo but it's
+often attributed to Metropolis um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often attributed to Metropolis um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often attributed to Metropolis um
+Metropolis in this famous paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis in this famous paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis in this famous paper
+Metropolis Rosen BL Rosen blue teller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis Rosen BL Rosen blue teller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis Rosen BL Rosen blue teller
+and Teller I know these tellers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Teller I know these tellers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Teller I know these tellers were
+husband and wife I'm not sure about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and wife I'm not sure about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband and wife I'm not sure about the
+Rosen BL gr they also so see these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosen BL gr they also so see these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosen BL gr they also so see these were
+couples doing research together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples doing research together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples doing research together
+um and you know no surprise I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know no surprise I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know no surprise I mean the
+sort of modern version of Monte Carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of modern version of Monte Carlos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of modern version of Monte Carlos
+entally started with the Advent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entally started with the Advent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entally started with the Advent of
+computers because to do the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers because to do the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers because to do the statistical
+sampling essentially what you needed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling essentially what you needed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling essentially what you needed was
+computers so the time frame is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers so the time frame is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers so the time frame is about the
+same um I gave you one example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um I gave you one example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same um I gave you one example of a
+model that I'm going to come back to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I'm going to come back to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that I'm going to come back to um
+the easing spin model where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easing spin model where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easing spin model where you
+literally have up and down spins on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally have up and down spins on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally have up and down spins on a
+given lat sides with a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given lat sides with a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given lat sides with a simple
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+hamiltonian um and the reason these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian um and the reason these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian um and the reason these
+modes are nights you can very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are nights you can very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are nights you can very quickly
+calculate uh the excitation energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh the excitation energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh the excitation energy so
+for example if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you had a
+if you were say in a ferromagnetic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were say in a ferromagnetic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were say in a ferromagnetic state
+so a central spin is surrounded by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a central spin is surrounded by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a central spin is surrounded by four
+up spins so you're in the ferromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up spins so you're in the ferromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up spins so you're in the ferromagnetic
+State you can easily calculate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you can easily calculate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you can easily calculate what the
+spin flip energy is of these um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin flip energy is of these um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin flip energy is of these um you know
+if you flip here you have four parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip here you have four parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you flip here you have four parallel
+bonds if you flip this over you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds if you flip this over you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds if you flip this over you have
+four anti-parallel bonds so the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four anti-parallel bonds so the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four anti-parallel bonds so the Delta
+e is essentially eight times the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy assuming in this case say that J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy assuming in this case say that J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy assuming in this case say that J
+is positive um so an excitation occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive um so an excitation occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive um so an excitation occurs
+with the rate of exponential minus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rate of exponential minus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the rate of exponential minus beta
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+e um you know if you ever want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e um you know if you ever want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e um you know if you ever want to like
+play games and try to write really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play games and try to write really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play games and try to write really
+really fast mon Carlo code um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast mon Carlo code um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast mon Carlo code um if you
+just have a nearest neighbor interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a nearest neighbor interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a nearest neighbor interaction
+you see that the the the the the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the the the the the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the the the the the number
+of different excitation energies you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different excitation energies you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different excitation energies you can
+get is very finite because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is very finite because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is very finite because there's
+really only a small number of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only a small number of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only a small number of possible
+nearest neighbor environments and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor environments and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor environments and so
+what you can do is tabulate them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is tabulate them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is tabulate them you can
+tabulate them you can tabulate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate them you can tabulate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate them you can tabulate their
+exponential at a given temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential at a given temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential at a given temperature and
+so then you save all the calculations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you save all the calculations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you save all the calculations of
+these exponentials and you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentials and you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentials and you can write
+extremely fast mon Carlo code I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fast mon Carlo code I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fast mon Carlo code I mean
+this is code where you can easily reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is code where you can easily reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is code where you can easily reach
+a 100 million spin flip attempts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100 million spin flip attempts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 100 million spin flip attempts per
+second so you can do just for the th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you can do just for the th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you can do just for the th of
+it amazing statistics um you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it amazing statistics um you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it amazing statistics um you can sort of
+keep on doing that you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on doing that you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on doing that you know it's
+something to keep in mind that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to keep in mind that if you're
+going to do Monte Carlo where speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do Monte Carlo where speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do Monte Carlo where speed
+becomes an issue um sometimes if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an issue um sometimes if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an issue um sometimes if you
+have discrete environments it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discrete environments it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discrete environments it can be
+efficient to tabulate them ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to tabulate them ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient to tabulate them ahead of time
+because if you can tabulate them you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can tabulate them you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you can tabulate them you can
+tabulate their energy that means you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate their energy that means you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate their energy that means you can
+tabulate their exponential uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate their exponential uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulate their exponential uh and
+there's a big chunk of time uh you tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big chunk of time uh you tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big chunk of time uh you tend
+to save um the way we implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save um the way we implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to save um the way we implement the
+probability uh is with random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh is with random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh is with random numbers
+and I still want to come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I still want to come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I still want to come back to that
+issue that I brought up last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that I brought up last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that I brought up last time
+because I may have not been very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I may have not been very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I may have not been very clear
+um from the comments I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got uh normally random number generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh normally random number generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh normally random number generation
+works pretty well but there's one issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well but there's one issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works pretty well but there's one issue
+so remember the way you implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the way you implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the way you implement the
+probability is that you take a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that you take a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is that you take a random
+number say between zero and one and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number say between zero and one and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number say between zero and one and when
+that random number uh is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random number uh is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that random number uh is less than the
+exponential then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+execute okay really got to calibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute okay really got to calibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute okay really got to calibrate
+this pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pen
+um but the way random numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the way random numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the way random numbers are
+typically made in a lot of computers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically made in a lot of computers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically made in a lot of computers is
+that uh you don't generate reals you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you don't generate reals you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you don't generate reals you
+generate integers uh and typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate integers uh and typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate integers uh and typically
+between zero and some largest integer 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and some largest integer 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and some largest integer 2
+N minus one depending on the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus one depending on the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus one depending on the type of
+random number generator and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generator and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generator and then you
+divide that by two to the end to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that by two to the end to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide that by two to the end to get the
+real between zero and one um but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real between zero and one um but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real between zero and one um but what
+that means is that um you really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that um you really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that um you really have a
+set of discrete real random numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of discrete real random numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of discrete real random numbers and
+they start from Z Z you know 1 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start from Z Z you know 1 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start from Z Z you know 1 over two
+to the end two over two to the end um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end two over two to the end um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end two over two to the end um so
+the important part of this is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important part of this is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important part of this is that on
+occasion we'll cause you trouble is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion we'll cause you trouble is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion we'll cause you trouble is that
+that you draw zero with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you draw zero with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you draw zero with a certain
+probability uh with a finite probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh with a finite probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh with a finite probability
+which is actually 1 over two to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually 1 over two to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually 1 over two to the end
+you get zero and you may think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero and you may think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero and you may think that's
+not a problem but the problem is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem but the problem is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a problem but the problem is that uh
+whenever your random number is zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever your random number is zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever your random number is zero you
+will execute any perturbation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will execute any perturbation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will execute any perturbation you
+attempt okay so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt okay so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt okay so if you have a
+perturbation algorithm that allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation algorithm that allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation algorithm that allows you
+that can occasionally pick very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can occasionally pick very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can occasionally pick very high
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+perturbations okay um normally that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations okay um normally that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations okay um normally that's a
+safe thing to do because if your random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe thing to do because if your random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe thing to do because if your random
+number generation was continuous then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generation was continuous then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generation was continuous then
+means you would never hit zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you would never hit zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you would never hit zero and the
+probability of hitting zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of hitting zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of hitting zero is
+essentially zero uh then that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero uh then that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially zero uh then that would
+never be accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be accept
+it okay but because of the discreetness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but because of the discreetness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but because of the discreetness
+of the random number generator you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random number generator you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the random number generator you do
+accept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it
+and so uh this is a great way of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this is a great way of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this is a great way of sort of
+blowing up your system I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up your system I mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up your system I mean you could
+imagine like let's say for some silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like let's say for some silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine like let's say for some silly
+reason you could occasionally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you could occasionally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you could occasionally do
+perturbation say atoms in a liquid where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation say atoms in a liquid where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation say atoms in a liquid where
+you put all the atoms on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all the atoms on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put all the atoms on top of each
+other so that would be a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that would be a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that would be a very high
+energy perturbation would never be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy perturbation would never be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy perturbation would never be
+accepted but here it would be accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted but here it would be accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted but here it would be accepted
+at a rate of 1 over two to the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate of 1 over two to the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a rate of 1 over two to the end okay
+and and usually um that means that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and usually um that means that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and usually um that means that in a
+sort of regular set of samplings um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regular set of samplings um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of regular set of samplings um
+you know you you tend to do typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you tend to do typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you you tend to do typically
+more than two to the end passes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two to the end passes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than two to the end passes for a
+reasonable random number generator you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable random number generator you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable random number generator you
+will actually hit up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay want to come back to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay want to come back to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay want to come back to what the
+quantity is what essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is what essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is what essentially the
+hamiltonian is uh very briefly um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is uh very briefly um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is uh very briefly um so if
+you did a latus model um you where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a latus model um you where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a latus model um you where you
+can actually change the overall spin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually change the overall spin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually change the overall spin so
+you're flipping up Spin and down spin um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flipping up Spin and down spin um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're flipping up Spin and down spin um
+you would typically have a field term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would typically have a field term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would typically have a field term in
+the hamiltonian so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian so you have the
+interaction term and then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term and then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term and then you have a
+field term so you can think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field term so you can think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field term so you can think of it as a
+chemical potential for the spin which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential for the spin which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential for the spin which
+try to essentially Force the Spin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to essentially Force the Spin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to essentially Force the Spin to
+have a given average value and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a given average value and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a given average value and you would
+put that full in some sense almost that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that full in some sense almost that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that full in some sense almost that
+Leander transform of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leander transform of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leander transform of the hamiltonian
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential
+and I showed you last time how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I showed you last time how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I showed you last time how you
+actually get the quantity that goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get the quantity that goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get the quantity that goes into
+the exponential for example if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential for example if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential for example if you were
+to work at constant temperature pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at constant temperature pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at constant temperature pressure
+and number of particles you the your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of particles you the your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and number of particles you the your
+hamiltonian the exponential would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian the exponential would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian the exponential would be the
+energy plus PV or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PV okay um what I will do now is tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV okay um what I will do now is tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV okay um what I will do now is tell
+you a little about the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little about the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little about the problem we're
+going to give you in the lab uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you in the lab uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you in the lab uh I think
+the lab is still like more than a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab is still like more than a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab is still like more than a week
+away uh because of scheduling that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh because of scheduling that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away uh because of scheduling that to
+move it back but um I wanted to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it back but um I wanted to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it back but um I wanted to show you
+introduce you to the problem we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the problem we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you to the problem we're going
+to solve there um essentially what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve there um essentially what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve there um essentially what we're
+do is an absorption model for hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is an absorption model for hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is an absorption model for hydrogen
+on on a padium one z0 surface and padium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a padium one z0 surface and padium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on a padium one z0 surface and padium
+is an FCC metal so the one0 surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an FCC metal so the one0 surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an FCC metal so the one0 surface is
+essentially uh a centered Square lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh a centered Square lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially uh a centered Square lce
+remember it's the if you take the 001
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's the if you take the 001
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's the if you take the 001
+plane of a FCC Cube It's a centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of a FCC Cube It's a centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of a FCC Cube It's a centered
+Square latus which if you rotate it 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square latus which if you rotate it 45°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square latus which if you rotate it 45°
+is a simple Square lce so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple Square lce so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a simple Square lce so that's going
+to make this a at least topologically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this a at least topologically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this a at least topologically a
+very simple model we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple model we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple model we're going to have a
+square lce um and we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square lce um and we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square lce um and we're going to look at
+hydrogen absorption on that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen absorption on that so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen absorption on that so the
+question is really at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is really at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is really at every
+Lite check you see can't really draw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lite check you see can't really draw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lite check you see can't really draw on
+the latto sites anymore um is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latto sites anymore um is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latto sites anymore um is there a
+hydrogen there or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen there or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen there or
+not typically you'll see that written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not typically you'll see that written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not typically you'll see that written in
+what's called alatus hamiltonian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called alatus hamiltonian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called alatus hamiltonian and
+alatus hamiltonian has occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alatus hamiltonian has occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alatus hamiltonian has occupation
+variables which are either one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are either one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are either one or
+zero uh so one when the site is occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so one when the site is occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh so one when the site is occupied
+by hydrogen zero when the site is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hydrogen zero when the site is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hydrogen zero when the site is not
+occupied so only when you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied so only when you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied so only when you have two
+occupations across a bond Ling say I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J will you actually get interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J will you actually get interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J will you actually get interaction
+energy between the two hydrogens so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the two hydrogens so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the two hydrogens so you
+can write your hamiltonian as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write your hamiltonian as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write your hamiltonian as something
+like you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some
+over IJ bonds and I J you could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over IJ bonds and I J you could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over IJ bonds and I J you could have the
+restriction on here say that IG are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on here say that IG are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restriction on here say that IG are
+nearest neighbor so then you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor so then you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor so then you just have a
+nearest neighbor interaction W1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor interaction W1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbor interaction W1 so that
+gives you the interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the interaction between the
+hydrogen and then if you work if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and then if you work if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and then if you work if you do
+this as an open system you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an open system you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an open system you have a
+chemical potential like term which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential like term which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential like term which you
+think of as the absorption energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the absorption energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the absorption energy for
+hydrogen but which is is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen but which is is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen but which is is essentially the
+difference between the absorption energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the absorption energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the absorption energy
+and whatever chemical potential you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever chemical potential you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever chemical potential you have
+in your source of hydrogen okay but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your source of hydrogen okay but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your source of hydrogen okay but in
+the end it's just a number times this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it's just a number times this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it's just a number times this is
+the total amount of hydrogen on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount of hydrogen on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount of hydrogen on your
+surface some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface some I
+pii um you can transform this to a lus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pii um you can transform this to a lus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pii um you can transform this to a lus
+model hamiltonian I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model hamiltonian I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model hamiltonian I don't know if
+everybody's familiar with that I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar with that I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar with that I mean
+essentially we um we like to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we um we like to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially we um we like to work with
+lus small hamiltonian so we do the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus small hamiltonian so we do the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lus small hamiltonian so we do the spin
+transformation you know Sigma I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you know Sigma I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you know Sigma I is
+um How does it go again is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um How does it go again is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um How does it go again is 2
+pi minus one so if Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi minus one so if Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi minus one so if Pi is
+1 uh then Sigma I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and if sorry if Pi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if sorry if Pi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if sorry if Pi is
+zero then Sigma I is minus one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then Sigma I is minus one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then Sigma I is minus one so you
+transform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the
+variables um and if you substitute so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um and if you substitute so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables um and if you substitute so if
+you invert this that means that Pi is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invert this that means that Pi is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you invert this that means that Pi is um
+1 + Sigma I /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + Sigma I /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + Sigma I /
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+2 if you substitute do that in here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if you substitute do that in here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 if you substitute do that in here you
+transform your latus model hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform your latus model hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform your latus model hamiltonian
+into a spin in spin hamiltonian and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a spin in spin hamiltonian and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a spin in spin hamiltonian and what
+you'll see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions the relation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the relation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the relation between the
+interactions V1 in the spin model and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions V1 in the spin model and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions V1 in the spin model and in
+the lce model uh the interaction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lce model uh the interaction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lce model uh the interaction in the
+spin model is a factor of four smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model is a factor of four smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model is a factor of four smaller
+than the interaction in the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the interaction in the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the interaction in the lattice
+model um and the chemical potential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um and the chemical potential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um and the chemical potential in
+the spin model also relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin model also relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin model also relate to the
+absorption energy in the latus model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption energy in the latus model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption energy in the latus model
+it's useful to keep these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to keep these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to keep these
+transformations in mind because um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in mind because um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in mind because um this
+one a spin model is often mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a spin model is often mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a spin model is often mathematically
+much easier to deal with than a lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to deal with than a lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to deal with than a lattice
+model but the latus model U it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but the latus model U it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but the latus model U it's often
+easier to interpret the quantities in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to interpret the quantities in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to interpret the quantities in a
+physical sense and the reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sense and the reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical sense and the reason is that
+here you only have you you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you only have you you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you only have you you only have
+interaction when I and J are occupied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction when I and J are occupied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction when I and J are occupied by
+a hydrogen so w is sort of a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen so w is sort of a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen so w is sort of a true
+hydrogen hydrogen interaction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen hydrogen interaction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen hydrogen interaction on the
+surface in a spin model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in a spin model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface in a spin model
+you have terms here for any occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have terms here for any occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have terms here for any occupation
+of I and J okay when I and J are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I and J okay when I and J are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I and J okay when I and J are
+hydrogen then it's you know you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it's you know you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen then it's you know you have the
+interaction energy V1 when I and J are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy V1 when I and J are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy V1 when I and J are
+both vacant so they're minus one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both vacant so they're minus one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both vacant so they're minus one minus
+one you also have plus one so you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you also have plus one so you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you also have plus one so you also
+have the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the interaction
+V1 and then when you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and then when you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 and then when you just have a
+hydrogen at either I or J so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen at either I or J so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen at either I or J so you have
+plus one and minus one then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and minus one then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and minus one then you get
+minus V1 okay so it it's harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V1 okay so it it's harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V1 okay so it it's harder to
+interpret these constants phys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret these constants phys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret these constants phys
+physically uh we always tend to use spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically uh we always tend to use spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically uh we always tend to use spin
+models though because they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models though because they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models though because they're they're
+mathematically much more elegant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically much more elegant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically much more elegant and the
+reason is that the variable is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the variable is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that the variable is symmetric
+the variable symmetric around zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable symmetric around zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable symmetric around zero you
+have plus one and minus one which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus one and minus one which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus one and minus one which gives
+you um a lot of useful properties okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm must draw too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm must draw too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm must draw too
+much okay here we go um like I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay here we go um like I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much okay here we go um like I mentioned
+already before to equilibrate the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already before to equilibrate the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already before to equilibrate the system
+so essentially what your assignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what your assignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially what your assignment is
+going to be um for a hamiltonian that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um for a hamiltonian that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um for a hamiltonian that's
+a little more complicated than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated than the one
+I've shown you it's actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you it's actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you it's actually going to be
+a first and second neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first and second neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first and second neighbor
+hamiltonian um and the interactions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian um and the interactions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian um and the interactions were
+calculated in paper from electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in paper from electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in paper from electronic
+structure I want you to essentially get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I want you to essentially get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure I want you to essentially get
+the phase diagram for hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram for hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram for hydrogen
+absorption on padium 1 so that means as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption on padium 1 so that means as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption on padium 1 so that means as
+a function of coverage how much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of coverage how much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of coverage how much of the
+size of c and temperature what the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of c and temperature what the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of c and temperature what the phase
+diagram looks like um and again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram looks like um and again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram looks like um and again to
+equilibrate that you have to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate that you have to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrate that you have to keep in
+mind that um it's of much faster to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that um it's of much faster to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that um it's of much faster to do
+Grand canonical Ensemble than canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand canonical Ensemble than canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand canonical Ensemble than canonical
+Ensemble so uh you know an obvious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble so uh you know an obvious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble so uh you know an obvious way
+that you may think of doing this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may think of doing this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may think of doing this is if
+you plot the hydrogen coverage versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot the hydrogen coverage versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot the hydrogen coverage versus
+temperature uh you may think of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh you may think of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh you may think of like you
+know initializing a system at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know initializing a system at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know initializing a system at a given
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+coverage and then just sort of heating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage and then just sort of heating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage and then just sort of heating
+it and looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and looking at
+it uh the problem there occurs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the problem there occurs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh the problem there occurs when
+you're in two-phase regions okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in two-phase regions okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in two-phase regions okay if
+you're in a canonical system and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a canonical system and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a canonical system and you're
+in a two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two-phase
+region uh your system has to phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh your system has to phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region uh your system has to phase
+separate within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate within your
+cell um so for example that means it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell um so for example that means it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell um so for example that means it may
+make a region with a lot of height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a region with a lot of height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a region with a lot of height
+hydogen and a region with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydogen and a region with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydogen and a region with less
+hydrogen and so what happens is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so what happens is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and so what happens is that if
+you're in a two-phase region you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a two-phase region you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a two-phase region you need a
+boundary in your cell essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in your cell essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary in your cell essentially a
+phase boundary and the phase boundary um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase boundary and the phase boundary um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase boundary and the phase boundary um
+you know a boundary carries energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a boundary carries energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a boundary carries energy with
+it and because the system here is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and because the system here is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and because the system here is really
+small you know maybe you'll do like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you know maybe you'll do like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you know maybe you'll do like a
+40x 40 cell or something or even 100 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40x 40 cell or something or even 100 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40x 40 cell or something or even 100 by
+100 cell the system is really small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cell the system is really small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 cell the system is really small so
+the boundary has a non- negligible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary has a non- negligible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary has a non- negligible uh
+perturb effect on your total energy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb effect on your total energy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb effect on your total energy okay
+whereas in reality in real systems the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in reality in real systems the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in reality in real systems the
+the patches that coexist would be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patches that coexist would be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the patches that coexist would be much
+bigger and so the boundary would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so the boundary would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and so the boundary would have
+proportionally a much smaller energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally a much smaller energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally a much smaller energy
+contribution so if you do canonical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution so if you do canonical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution so if you do canonical and
+you're in these two phase regions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in these two phase regions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in these two phase regions um
+your energy will depend somewhat on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy will depend somewhat on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy will depend somewhat on your
+system size because the system size with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system size because the system size with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system size because the system size with
+with the system size I mean the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the system size I mean the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the system size I mean the size of
+the Mont Carlo box determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mont Carlo box determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mont Carlo box determines the
+relative proportion of boundary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative proportion of boundary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative proportion of boundary to
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+system okay and so you get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and so you get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay and so you get a different
+energy so it's much better to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so it's much better to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so it's much better to do
+canonical simulations where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical simulations where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical simulations where you
+essentially assume some hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assume some hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially assume some hydrogen
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+potential and use as the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and use as the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and use as the hamiltonian
+some interactions you know Su i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interactions you know Su i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interactions you know Su i
+j v j Sigma I Sigma J so you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j v j Sigma I Sigma J so you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j v j Sigma I Sigma J so you have an
+interaction term and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction term and then you just
+control the amount of hydrogen with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the amount of hydrogen with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the amount of hydrogen with a
+chemical potential term mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential term mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential term mu
+semi Sigma I okay so how will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi Sigma I okay so how will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi Sigma I okay so how will you
+see phase boundaries then well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see phase boundaries then well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see phase boundaries then well
+essentially at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature you just tweak mu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you just tweak mu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you just tweak mu the
+chemical potential this is just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential this is just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential this is just like in
+an experiment where you would control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment where you would control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment where you would control
+the gas pressure and you may start say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas pressure and you may start say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas pressure and you may start say
+if you start with very um High mu it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with very um High mu it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start with very um High mu it's
+actually a little makes a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little makes a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little makes a little more
+sense I guess if I use a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I guess if I use a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I guess if I use a minus
+so if I start with very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I start with very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I start with very low
+mu okay uh so very negative mu then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay uh so very negative mu then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu okay uh so very negative mu then I
+want this to be low so then the spin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be low so then the spin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be low so then the spin is
+going to drift to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drift to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drift to minus
+one and depending on what you've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and depending on what you've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and depending on what you've defined
+to be hydrogen if you define minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hydrogen if you define minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hydrogen if you define minus one
+to be a vacant side and plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a vacant side and plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a vacant side and plus one
+hydrogen so you're going to drift your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so you're going to drift your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so you're going to drift your
+system is going to tend towards having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to tend towards having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to tend towards having
+no hydrogen and then as you crank up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hydrogen and then as you crank up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hydrogen and then as you crank up
+your chemical potential you'll get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chemical potential you'll get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chemical potential you'll get more
+and more hydrogen in your system system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more hydrogen in your system system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more hydrogen in your system system
+um but the nice thing is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the nice thing is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the nice thing is that if you
+have two phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two phase
+regions um you'll essentially jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions um you'll essentially jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions um you'll essentially jump
+across them so let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them so let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them so let me give you an
+example let's say that this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's say that this phase
+diagram simply looked like this but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram simply looked like this but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram simply looked like this but it
+I'll tell you already it doesn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you already it doesn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you already it doesn't but
+it's a sort of simple example let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of simple example let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a sort of simple example let's say
+it was just sort of a visibility Gap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just sort of a visibility Gap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was just sort of a visibility Gap so
+at low temperature you have States this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature you have States this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low temperature you have States this
+is essentially the state here with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the state here with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially the state here with no
+hydrogen and this is full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage
+and so in here you have coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in here you have coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in here you have coexistence
+between patches of full coverage and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between patches of full coverage and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between patches of full coverage and no
+hydrogen um if you do this by cranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um if you do this by cranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen um if you do this by cranking
+up the com potential you'll essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the com potential you'll essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the com potential you'll essentially
+sort of move from here to here from no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move from here to here from no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of move from here to here from no
+hydrogen you'll move to this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you'll move to this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen you'll move to this phase
+boundary and then you'll jump across to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and then you'll jump across to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and then you'll jump across to
+this phase boundary and you will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase boundary and you will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase boundary and you will never
+live in the two-phase region so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in the two-phase region so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in the two-phase region so let me
+actually plot that if you were to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plot that if you were to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plot that if you were to plot
+the hydrogen coverage as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen coverage as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen coverage as a function of
+the chemical potential you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential you'll
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+um go up very small and then at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go up very small and then at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um go up very small and then at some
+critical chemical potential you'll jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical chemical potential you'll jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical chemical potential you'll jump
+up and then you'll sort of go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then you'll sort of go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then you'll sort of go to
+one and this discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's the width of your two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the width of your two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the width of your two-phase
+region okay so you never live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so you never live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so you never live in a
+two-phase region when you do Grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region when you do Grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region when you do Grand
+canonical because you work only with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical because you work only with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical because you work only with
+intensive variables in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive variables in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive variables in your
+thermodynamics okay so you essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics okay so you essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics okay so you essentially
+jump across the first order transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump across the first order transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump across the first order transitions
+rather than living in the discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than living in the discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than living in the discontinuity
+that defines them okay so it tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines them okay so it tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines them okay so it tends to be
+much more efficient to get base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more efficient to get base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more efficient to get base
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um one of the nice aspects of Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the nice aspects of Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the nice aspects of Monte
+Carlo simulation is that um because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation is that um because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo simulation is that um because it's
+um it's a simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a simulation
+method um with essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um with essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method um with essentially no
+approximations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in the
+approach uh there are essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh there are essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach uh there are essentially no
+approximations in the Metropolis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in the Metropolis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in the Metropolis
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+um so you can get the answer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can get the answer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you can get the answer as
+accurately as you want or as accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as you want or as accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately as you want or as accurately
+as you can afford this is is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can afford this is is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can afford this is is probably
+the better way to say it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better way to say it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better way to say it um
+so you know where do inac come from when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know where do inac come from when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know where do inac come from when
+you do Monte Carlo sampling so um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Monte Carlo sampling so um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do Monte Carlo sampling so um we're
+going to talk about the inaccuracies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the inaccuracies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about the inaccuracies of
+the integration of of The Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of of The Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of of The Ensemble
+averaging so um we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging so um we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging so um we're not going to talk
+about the inaccuracy of the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inaccuracy of the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the inaccuracy of the hamiltonian
+you start with you know that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with you know that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with you know that's something
+you take you're going to Ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you're going to Ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you're going to Ensemble
+average some properties defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average some properties defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average some properties defined by
+hamiltonian if the hamiltonian is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian if the hamiltonian is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian if the hamiltonian is not
+accurate well you know we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate well you know we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate well you know we're not going
+to deal with that but the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that but the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with that but the question is
+how accurate is the sampling um well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate is the sampling um well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how accurate is the sampling um well you
+get sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get sources
+from two things the fact that you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two things the fact that you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two things the fact that you take a
+finite time sample or a finite sample so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time sample or a finite sample so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time sample or a finite sample so
+you don't really collect the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really collect the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really collect the whole
+ensemble um and you tend to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble um and you tend to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensemble um and you tend to work with
+finite size and finite size is is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite size and finite size is is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite size and finite size is is is a
+bit of a misnomer unfortunately we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a misnomer unfortunately we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a misnomer unfortunately we all
+use it because if you use periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it because if you use periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it because if you use periodic
+boundary conditions of course your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions of course your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions of course your
+system is always infinite okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is always infinite okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is always infinite okay it's just
+that you have imposed a periodicity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have imposed a periodicity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have imposed a periodicity on
+it so the error really comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the error really comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the error really comes from
+imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposed
+periodicity uh but but we just tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity uh but but we just tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity uh but but we just tend to
+call them finite size effects that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them finite size effects that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them finite size effects that you
+know if you set up a 20x 20 lattice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you set up a 20x 20 lattice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you set up a 20x 20 lattice you
+can't get any things in there that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get any things in there that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get any things in there that have
+periodicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity
+35 okay they won't fit in there uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 okay they won't fit in there uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 okay they won't fit in there uh you
+can't get any truly random things in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get any truly random things in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get any truly random things in any
+anything with finite with periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with finite with periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything with finite with periodic
+boundary conditions you don't have truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions you don't have truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions you don't have truly
+random things because you force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random things because you force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random things because you force that
+that unit repeats and to get in more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit repeats and to get in more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unit repeats and to get in more and
+more random you can make the Box bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more random you can make the Box bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more random you can make the Box bigger
+so the repeat period becomes longer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the repeat period becomes longer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the repeat period becomes longer but
+in the end it's all non periodic so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it's all non periodic so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it's all non periodic so you
+can truly simulate a random liquid say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can truly simulate a random liquid say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can truly simulate a random liquid say
+okay uh notice that you also impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh notice that you also impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh notice that you also impose
+symmetry from your periodic boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry from your periodic boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry from your periodic boundary
+condition so if you take let's say in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so if you take let's say in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so if you take let's say in um
+3D you take a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you take a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D you take a cubic
+yourself okay and you simulate a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay and you simulate a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay and you simulate a liquid
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there what's the symmetry of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system I what's the symmetry of a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I what's the symmetry of a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I what's the symmetry of a liquid
+a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid has it has perfect spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid has it has perfect spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid has it has perfect spherical
+symmetry actually okay it's Point group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry actually okay it's Point group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry actually okay it's Point group
+it has perfect spherical symmetry every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has perfect spherical symmetry every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has perfect spherical symmetry every
+direction is identical so it's higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is identical so it's higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is identical so it's higher
+than cubic symmetry actually but what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than cubic symmetry actually but what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than cubic symmetry actually but what do
+you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you
+impose cubic symmetry because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose cubic symmetry because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose cubic symmetry because you
+essentially have a cubic lattice of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have a cubic lattice of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially have a cubic lattice of a
+repeat unit that you displaced now for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat unit that you displaced now for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat unit that you displaced now for a
+lot of properties this won't matter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of properties this won't matter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of properties this won't matter at
+all okay but it's just something to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay but it's just something to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay but it's just something to keep
+in mind so you get errors from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so you get errors from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind so you get errors from your
+sample time and from your um fin or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample time and from your um fin or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample time and from your um fin or or
+or your periodic boundary conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your periodic boundary conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your periodic boundary conditions so
+put it like that right the sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it like that right the sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it like that right the sampling
+error is the easiest one to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is the easiest one to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is the easiest one to deal with
+because you can quantify it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can quantify it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can quantify it if you
+really want to work on it having said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to work on it having said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to work on it having said
+that let me tell you most people who run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me tell you most people who run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me tell you most people who run
+on the col just run long enough and hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the col just run long enough and hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the col just run long enough and hope
+it's long enough rarely ever do you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's long enough rarely ever do you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's long enough rarely ever do you see
+this quantitative analysis but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantitative analysis but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantitative analysis but I want to
+show you that you can actually do it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that you can actually do it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you that you can actually do it if
+you really wanted to um and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really wanted to um and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really wanted to um and it's it's
+essentially very basic statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially very basic statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially very basic statistic
+so um we're only going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're only going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we're only going to talk about
+averages so far because the errors on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so far because the errors on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so far because the errors on
+quantities that are not average like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are not average like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities that are not average like
+heat capacity and free energy and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity and free energy and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity and free energy and so on
+entropy will come to later so I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy will come to later so I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy will come to later so I'm only
+going to talk about quantities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about quantities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about quantities that
+exist in the microscopic State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the microscopic State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the microscopic State and the
+macroscopic value is just the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic value is just the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic value is just the average
+over the microscopic defined variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the microscopic defined variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the microscopic defined variables
+uh so things like a volume or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so things like a volume or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so things like a volume or an
+energy uh or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh or a
+concentration okay so if you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration okay so if you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration okay so if you want the
+the average for some property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average for some property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average for some property
+a um I'm going to use um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um I'm going to use um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um I'm going to use um different
+terminology here uh when I write a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here uh when I write a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here uh when I write a with
+a bar on top I mean the true average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar on top I mean the true average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar on top I mean the true average of
+a in The Ensemble so The Ensemble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in The Ensemble so The Ensemble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in The Ensemble so The Ensemble is
+some gives you some distribution of A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gives you some distribution of A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gives you some distribution of A's
+uh a a bar is the true vary U the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a bar is the true vary U the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a a bar is the true vary U the true
+average and a between these brackets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and a between these brackets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and a between these brackets is
+the average I actually collect in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average I actually collect in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average I actually collect in my
+finite sample okay and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sample okay and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sample okay and the question is
+how different are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how different are
+those um well that's basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um well that's basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those um well that's basic
+statistics um you know that if you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um you know that if you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics um you know that if you um
+that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a
+fluctuates um with some um spread around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates um with some um spread around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuates um with some um spread around
+the true average okay so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true average okay so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true average okay so you have some
+standard deviation uh which I'll call um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation uh which I'll call um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation uh which I'll call um
+which is the the the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the the standard deviation
+of a in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a in the
+distribution for example if the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for example if the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for example if the property
+here was the energy we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was the energy we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was the energy we were looking at
+that standard deviation is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that standard deviation is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that standard deviation is essentially
+the heat capacity heat capacity is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity heat capacity is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity heat capacity is a
+measure of the standard deviation in The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the standard deviation in The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the standard deviation in The
+Ensemble so if you take a finite sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble so if you take a finite sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble so if you take a finite sample
+in this distribution you will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this distribution you will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this distribution you will not get
+the true average but you'll get some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true average but you'll get some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true average but you'll get some a
+other average now if you do that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other average now if you do that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other average now if you do that a lot
+of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times
+you can actually see how the average you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see how the average you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see how the average you
+sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is
+distributed okay and if the sample you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay and if the sample you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed okay and if the sample you
+take is uncorrelated then you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is uncorrelated then you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is uncorrelated then you know that
+the standard deviation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation on the
+average okay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay is
+essentially the standard deviation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the standard deviation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the standard deviation on
+the distribution divide by the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution divide by the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution divide by the square
+root of M so I've written it here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of M so I've written it here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of M so I've written it here with
+squares the square of the average the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares the square of the average the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares the square of the average the
+standard deviation on the average goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation on the average goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation on the average goes
+like the square on the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the square on the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the square on the standard
+deviation of the distribution divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the distribution divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the distribution divided by
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+which m is the sample size Ian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which m is the sample size Ian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which m is the sample size Ian is
+everybody familiar with that okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody familiar with that okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody familiar with that okay it's
+essentially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially if
+you um you pick averages from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um you pick averages from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um you pick averages from a
+distribution okay you know this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay you know this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay you know this could be
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+population um that distribution itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population um that distribution itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population um that distribution itself
+um has a standard deviation you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has a standard deviation you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has a standard deviation you know not
+everybody sits at the mean okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sits at the mean okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody sits at the mean okay so if
+you only take say three or four let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only take say three or four let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only take say three or four let's
+say you take you sample with only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you take you sample with only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you take you sample with only three
+or four members you're going to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four members you're going to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four members you're going to get some
+average for that distri distribution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average for that distri distribution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average for that distri distribution but
+you won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be
+right okay so if you do that many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so if you do that many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so if you do that many times
+so you take many times a sample of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take many times a sample of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take many times a sample of four
+you're going to get different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get different values of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+average and if you plot how that average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and if you plot how that average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and if you plot how that average
+is distributed okay that also tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed okay that also tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed okay that also tends to
+be a gan if your original distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a gan if your original distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a gan if your original distribution
+is a gan your average is a gan and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gan your average is a gan and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gan your average is a gan and you
+can look at the root means Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the root means Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the root means Square
+distribution at the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution at the standard deviation
+for your average and it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your average and it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your average and it turns out that
+if your sample is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your sample is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your sample is is
+uncorrelated that they relate like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated that they relate like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated that they relate like this
+okay um now why is that useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now why is that useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um now why is that useful because
+you actually have all these quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have all these quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually have all these quantities
+in your simulation in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your simulation in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your simulation in your
+simulation um you actually get some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation um you actually get some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation um you actually get some idea
+about the standard deviation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the standard deviation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the standard deviation on the
+distribution because you take a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because you take a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution because you take a very
+large sample you can average it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sample you can average it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large sample you can average it by
+essentially the standard deviation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the standard deviation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the standard deviation in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+sample okay so you essentially say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so you essentially say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay so you essentially say that
+the standard deviation I get in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation I get in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation I get in my
+sample is going to be pretty close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is going to be pretty close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is going to be pretty close to
+the standard deviation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard deviation of the
+distribution and then if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then if you know the
+sample size you have an idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size you have an idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size you have an idea of the
+error on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error on your
+average okay so this you get in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so this you get in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so this you get in your
+simulation because you can easily you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation because you can easily you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation because you can easily you
+know this is the average of a squ this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the average of a squ this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the average of a squ this
+is what you get in your distribution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get in your distribution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you get in your distribution but
+you can also keep track of a squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also keep track of a squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also keep track of a squar
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um there is one carat so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um there is one carat so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um there is one carat so this is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+if the samples you take are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the samples you take are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the samples you take are
+uncorrelated um so it means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated um so it means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated um so it means that if you
+literally randomly pick from The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally randomly pick from The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally randomly pick from The
+Ensemble the problem is that in a Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble the problem is that in a Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble the problem is that in a Markov
+chain that we set up through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that we set up through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that we set up through a
+metropolis algorithm the samples are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolis algorithm the samples are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolis algorithm the samples are not
+uncorrelated because every step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated because every step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated because every step in the
+marov chain comes from the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marov chain comes from the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marov chain comes from the previous one
+okay and you can sort of see why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can sort of see why that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can sort of see why that is
+I mean if I did let's say I did Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if I did let's say I did Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if I did let's say I did Monte
+Carlo on a liquid and I did really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo on a liquid and I did really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo on a liquid and I did really small
+perturbations so just move the atom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations so just move the atom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations so just move the atom you
+know within a range of a tenth of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know within a range of a tenth of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know within a range of a tenth of an
+angstrom or something like that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom or something like that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom or something like that so that
+that way I will almost always accept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way I will almost always accept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way I will almost always accept the
+moves but obviously my states are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but obviously my states are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves but obviously my states are very
+correlated you know one state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated you know one state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated you know one state in the
+Markov chain is just has one atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is just has one atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain is just has one atom
+displaced 01 anstrom from the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced 01 anstrom from the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced 01 anstrom from the other one
+so I have a high degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a high degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have a high degree of
+correlation okay correlation reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation okay correlation reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation okay correlation reduces the
+quality of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your
+sampling um actually you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling um actually you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling um actually you know the
+extreme limit is if you do hard if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme limit is if you do hard if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme limit is if you do hard if you
+do do perturbations with very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do perturbations with very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do do perturbations with very high
+energy in a Markov chain they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a Markov chain they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a Markov chain they will
+almost never be accepted and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never be accepted and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost never be accepted and then your
+Markov chain just has identical States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain just has identical States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain just has identical States
+for a long time because if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time because if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time because if you don't
+accept the state you actually keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the state you actually keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept the state you actually keep the
+old one in the Markov chain so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old one in the Markov chain so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old one in the Markov chain so you have
+a high degree of correlation so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high degree of correlation so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high degree of correlation so the
+quality of a sample uh gets polluted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of a sample uh gets polluted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of a sample uh gets polluted by
+What's called the correlation time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the correlation time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the correlation time and
+the correlation time is again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation time is again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation time is again something
+you can calculate um essentially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate um essentially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate um essentially with
+this equation and what does it measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and what does it measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and what does it measure
+uh if what is correlation time in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if what is correlation time in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if what is correlation time in case
+you're not familiar with it um if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not familiar with it um if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not familiar with it um if I look
+at a quantity let's say as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a quantity let's say as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a quantity let's say as a function of
+time a and you know time could be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a and you know time could be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a and you know time could be here
+sample length you know the length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample length you know the length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample length you know the length the
+the distance in my mark of chain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance in my mark of chain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance in my mark of chain um
+let's say I I sort of get a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I I sort of get a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I I sort of get a bunch of
+points scattered like this you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points scattered like this you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points scattered like this you're
+essentially trying to measure if um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially trying to measure if um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially trying to measure if um what
+comes at any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes at any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes at any time
+say t if that can be predicted from what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say t if that can be predicted from what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say t if that can be predicted from what
+you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had
+at some T here say where this is T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some T here say where this is T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some T here say where this is T minus
+to if it can be then what happens that T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if it can be then what happens that T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if it can be then what happens that T
+and T minus t are correlated okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T minus t are correlated okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T minus t are correlated okay and
+they're correlated over a distance town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated over a distance town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're correlated over a distance town
+and so that's what you're doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what you're doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's what you're doing here
+what you're doing here is you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing here is you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing here is you're looking
+at whether this is the the perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whether this is the the perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whether this is the the perturbation
+away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+equilibrium this is how far a is away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is how far a is away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this is how far a is away
+from equilibrium at time T let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium at time T let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equilibrium at time T let's not
+call it equilibrium let's call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it equilibrium let's call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it equilibrium let's call it the
+average sorry and this is how far a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sorry and this is how far a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average sorry and this is how far a is
+away from the average at time t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the average at time t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the average at time t+
+to okay and so you're seeing if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay and so you're seeing if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to okay and so you're seeing if these
+are correlated you're looking at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated you're looking at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correlated you're looking at how
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+fluctuation um looks like when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation um looks like when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation um looks like when you
+normalize it by the a by by the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it by the a by by the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it by the a by by the overall
+fluctuations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so the correlation
+function essentially measures over what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function essentially measures over what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function essentially measures over what
+time you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you keep
+correlation so for example in a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so for example in a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation so for example in a liquid
+where the system over a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system over a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the system over a long time
+behaves purely randomly you'll have of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves purely randomly you'll have of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves purely randomly you'll have of
+course short correlation time you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course short correlation time you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course short correlation time you know
+probably after a in a real liquid after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably after a in a real liquid after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably after a in a real liquid after
+a Pico second the system still has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Pico second the system still has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Pico second the system still has a lot
+of memory from Time Zero but after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory from Time Zero but after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of memory from Time Zero but after a
+whole second maybe it doesn't anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole second maybe it doesn't anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole second maybe it doesn't anymore so
+you'll have a finite correlation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a finite correlation time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a finite correlation time
+and this is what you'll typically see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you'll typically see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you'll typically see if
+you plot correlation time for systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot correlation time for systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot correlation time for systems
+with some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disorder you know it'll start at out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder you know it'll start at out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder you know it'll start at out at
+one because that's the way this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because that's the way this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because that's the way this function
+is normalized and then sort of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normalized and then sort of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normalized and then sort of go
+down there are systems where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there are systems where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there are systems where the
+correlation time is infant uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time is infant uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time is infant uh you know
+if you have a perfect harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a perfect harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a perfect harmonic
+oscillator and you look at say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and you look at say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and you look at say the
+velocity of a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of a harmonic
+oscillator versus since this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator versus since this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator versus since this is a
+periodic system it just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic system it just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic system it just sort of
+oscillates back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillates back in
+for and if the period if if the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and if the period if if the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and if the period if if the harmonic
+oscillator is perfect then once I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is perfect then once I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator is perfect then once I know
+what happens at one time I can exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at one time I can exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at one time I can exactly
+predict what happens at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what happens at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what happens at another
+time okay so that system has an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that system has an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that system has an infinite
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+time um essentially what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um essentially what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um essentially what happens is that
+the quality of the average gets diluted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the average gets diluted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the average gets diluted
+by the correlation time if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the correlation time if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the correlation time if you have
+correlation in your sample the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in your sample the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation in your sample the standard
+deviation on the average is what we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation on the average is what we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation on the average is what we had
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+this is the standard deviation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard deviation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the standard deviation on the
+uncorrelated sample but it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated sample but it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated sample but it gets
+multiplied by essentially a factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by essentially a factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by essentially a factor that
+depends on the correlation time and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the correlation time and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the correlation time and the
+correlation time is the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time is the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time is the integral of the
+correlation function so it's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function so it's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function so it's sort of the
+integrated time over which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated time over which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated time over which you have
+correlation um so these are all things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation um so these are all things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation um so these are all things
+that are relatively easy to calculate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relatively easy to calculate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are relatively easy to calculate um
+it actually costs you no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually costs you no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually costs you no
+more Computing time to keep track of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Computing time to keep track of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Computing time to keep track of all
+these things essentially uh this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things essentially uh this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things essentially uh this can be
+done by post processing this correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by post processing this correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by post processing this correlation
+time if you output the trajectory at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you output the trajectory at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you output the trajectory at you
+can do this simply by post processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this simply by post processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this simply by post processing
+and it's a fairly fast operation so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a fairly fast operation so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a fairly fast operation so if
+you are interested you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are interested you can look at the
+quality of your averages like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your averages like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of your averages like I said
+most people just kind of eyeball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it but I want to show you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I want to show you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I want to show you a few
+correlation times in this latus model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation times in this latus model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation times in this latus model
+spin model uh this is actually from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model uh this is actually from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model uh this is actually from your
+homework assignment uh from the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment uh from the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignment uh from the lab
+assignment so so it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so so it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so so it's actually
+correlation time in this hydrogen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time in this hydrogen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time in this hydrogen on
+padium system um because I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padium system um because I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padium system um because I kind of
+learned a lesson from it myself that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lesson from it myself that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lesson from it myself that um
+I hadn't figured out until I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hadn't figured out until I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hadn't figured out until I started
+doing this homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem um and I should tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and I should tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem um and I should tell you
+something up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up
+front uh random number generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front uh random number generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front uh random number generate
+generation is expensive in a computer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is expensive in a computer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation is expensive in a computer it
+takes time because the the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time because the the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time because the the sort of the
+the fraction algorithm that calculates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction algorithm that calculates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction algorithm that calculates
+it does quite a few operations quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does quite a few operations quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does quite a few operations quite a
+few multipli applications um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few multipli applications um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few multipli applications um so
+especially if your energy calculation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if your energy calculation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if your energy calculation is
+fast um like if you did this latus model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um like if you did this latus model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast um like if you did this latus model
+this um magnetic spin model uh 95% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um magnetic spin model uh 95% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um magnetic spin model uh 95% of
+the time would be spent in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time would be spent in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time would be spent in the random
+number generator okay the rest is all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator okay the rest is all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator okay the rest is all so
+fast so people often try to do shortcuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so people often try to do shortcuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so people often try to do shortcuts
+to uh reduce the number of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh reduce the number of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh reduce the number of random
+numbers you have to take because think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have to take because think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have to take because think
+about it you have to take quite a few um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you have to take quite a few um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you have to take quite a few um
+let's say you do a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do a three-dimensional
+spin model first of all you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model first of all you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin model first of all you have to
+randomly pick a spin you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly pick a spin you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly pick a spin you're trying to
+perturb that takes three random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb that takes three random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb that takes three random numbers
+so you have to randomize three you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to randomize three you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to randomize three you know
+XYZ and then you need a fourth random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and then you need a fourth random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ and then you need a fourth random
+number to compare with the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to compare with the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to compare with the exponential
+of minus beta Delta e so that's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus beta Delta e so that's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus beta Delta e so that's four
+random numbers per pass so that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers per pass so that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers per pass so that's not
+what we usually do here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually do here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we usually do here's what we
+usually do we don't randomly pick spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do we don't randomly pick spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually do we don't randomly pick spins
+in the latus we run through the latus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the latus we run through the latus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the latus we run through the latus
+sequentially okay because it kills three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay because it kills three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially okay because it kills three
+random number operations so you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number operations so you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number operations so you just
+kind of go and most of the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go and most of the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of go and most of the time that
+works out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out
+fine except this time so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine except this time so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine except this time so here's the
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation
+time um here's the correlation time in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um here's the correlation time in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um here's the correlation time in a
+lattice model this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice model this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice model this is actually the
+hydrogen on padium at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on padium at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen on padium at different
+temperatures and the the scale down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and the the scale down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and the the scale down here
+is the number of Monte Carlo passes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of Monte Carlo passes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of Monte Carlo passes so
+this is It's correlation time in units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is It's correlation time in units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is It's correlation time in units
+of Monte Carlo time which is one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Monte Carlo time which is one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Monte Carlo time which is one unit of
+time is One path through the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is One path through the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is One path through the whole
+lattice so if you have a 10x 10 it's 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so if you have a 10x 10 it's 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice so if you have a 10x 10 it's 100
+perturbations if you have a 100 by 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations if you have a 100 by 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations if you have a 100 by 100
+it' be 10,000 perturbation that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be 10,000 perturbation that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it' be 10,000 perturbation that's one
+unit of time and to give you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time and to give you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time and to give you an idea
+this is a system at these conditions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a system at these conditions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a system at these conditions it
+under goes a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under goes a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under goes a second order
+transition um near about somewhere t is8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition um near about somewhere t is8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition um near about somewhere t is8
+or nine or something like that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nine or something like that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nine or something like that okay so
+below that you're in in ordered state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that you're in in ordered state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that you're in in ordered state
+above that you're in a disordered State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that you're in a disordered State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that you're in a disordered State
+okay so let's first look at the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's first look at the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's first look at the low
+temperature um so you're in an ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um so you're in an ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature um so you're in an ordered
+State you actually a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you actually a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you actually a very short
+correlation time um it goes down very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time um it goes down very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time um it goes down very
+quickly to zero and then there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to zero and then there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly to zero and then there are these
+spirous oscillations and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirous oscillations and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirous oscillations and I'll show you
+tell you a second where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a second where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a second where they come from
+which is really weird because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really weird because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really weird because you
+wouldn't you don't expect large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you don't expect large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you don't expect large
+correlation times at either low or high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation times at either low or high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation times at either low or high
+temperature basically at either low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature basically at either low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature basically at either low
+temperature you barely have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you barely have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you barely have any
+fluctuations and at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and at very high
+temperature everything is so random that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature everything is so random that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature everything is so random that
+it's uncorrelated it's at intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uncorrelated it's at intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uncorrelated it's at intermediate
+temperature that you have the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that you have the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that you have the longest
+correlation and in particular near phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and in particular near phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and in particular near phase
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+um you sort of see the same thing at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you sort of see the same thing at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you sort of see the same thing at t
+equal 0 correlation time is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 correlation time is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 correlation time is a little
+longer remember the correlation time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer remember the correlation time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer remember the correlation time is
+the integral under this curve uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral under this curve uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral under this curve uh and
+then you got these fluctuations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got these fluctuations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got these fluctuations and then
+at tal 8 you're very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tal 8 you're very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at tal 8 you're very close to the
+transition you see now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you see now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you see now you
+have um you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um you have
+um fairly High degree of Fairly long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairly High degree of Fairly long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fairly High degree of Fairly long
+correlation time I mean you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time I mean you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation time I mean you know if you
+sort of eyeball the integration here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of eyeball the integration here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of eyeball the integration here I
+mean we'd sort of almost have a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we'd sort of almost have a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we'd sort of almost have a triangle
+from 1 to 15 so we'd have what about 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 15 so we'd have what about 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 15 so we'd have what about 7
+and a half under this integral um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half under this integral um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half under this integral um so
+that means that the quality of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the quality of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the quality of your
+averaging here has almost gone down by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging here has almost gone down by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging here has almost gone down by a
+factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+10 okay from what you would get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay from what you would get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay from what you would get if you
+did a random sample it's actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a random sample it's actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a random sample it's actually more
+because remember the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember the quality of the
+average goes down by a factor 1 plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average goes down by a factor 1 plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average goes down by a factor 1 plus 2
+times the correlation time so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the correlation time so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the correlation time so we have
+seven and a half we have a factor of 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half we have a factor of 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half we have a factor of 16
+there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay
+so the quality of our average is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quality of our average is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the quality of our average is pretty
+poor near the second or transition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor near the second or transition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor near the second or transition and
+then at high temperature it goes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at high temperature it goes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at high temperature it goes you
+really have a short correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a short correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a short correlation
+time now the reason I I keep this bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now the reason I I keep this bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now the reason I I keep this bad
+data up here because it's a mistake I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data up here because it's a mistake I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data up here because it's a mistake I
+made myself um the spurious fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made myself um the spurious fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made myself um the spurious fluctuations
+at first I thought they were noise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first I thought they were noise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first I thought they were noise but
+they're obviously way too big to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously way too big to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're obviously way too big to be
+noise and they don't go away when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and they don't go away when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and they don't go away when you
+take a longer sample so if they're noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a longer sample so if they're noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a longer sample so if they're noise
+and I think well well you know I go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think well well you know I go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think well well you know I go on
+order of magnitud longer path they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitud longer path they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitud longer path they don't
+go away those fluctuation stay and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away those fluctuation stay and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away those fluctuation stay and they
+can't be real you know at T equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be real you know at T equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be real you know at T equals two
+you can't have correlation over 20 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have correlation over 20 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't have correlation over 20 and
+why would you have correlation time over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you have correlation time over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you have correlation time over
+you know at 20 but not 15 and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at 20 but not 15 and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at 20 but not 15 and so these
+actually come from sequentially stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come from sequentially stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come from sequentially stepping
+through the lattice what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lattice what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lattice what actually
+happens is that um your lattice starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that um your lattice starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that um your lattice starts
+locking in with the random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locking in with the random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locking in with the random number
+generator see your random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator see your random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator see your random number
+generator has a period to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator has a period to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator has a period to it
+and if you sequentially step through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you sequentially step through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you sequentially step through the
+latus you're visiting every site at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus you're visiting every site at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus you're visiting every site at a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+periodicity of time and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of time and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of time and at some point
+that periodicity of Time start locking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that periodicity of Time start locking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that periodicity of Time start locking
+in with the periodicity of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the periodicity of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the periodicity of the random
+number generator which really what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator which really what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator which really what it's
+saying is that certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that certain
+spins um are not randomly flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins um are not randomly flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins um are not randomly flipped
+anymore because they occur at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they occur at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they occur at a certain
+time scale in the random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale in the random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale in the random number
+generator okay and all random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator okay and all random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator okay and all random number
+generators have a period in them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators have a period in them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generators have a period in them and
+that's what causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what causes
+this so you can easily solve it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can easily solve it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you can easily solve it if you
+if you just um randomly pick spins um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just um randomly pick spins um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just um randomly pick spins um
+another way you can do it if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do it if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you can do it if you want to
+sort of uh have it both ways uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh have it both ways uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh have it both ways uh the the
+things we do now sometimes is that um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we do now sometimes is that um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we do now sometimes is that um um
+you can just once in a while randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just once in a while randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just once in a while randomly
+Jump Ahead in the number in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jump Ahead in the number in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jump Ahead in the number in the random
+number generator okay or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator okay or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number generator okay or you can
+randomly um Jump Ahead in the spins you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly um Jump Ahead in the spins you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly um Jump Ahead in the spins you
+touch in the lattice rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch in the lattice rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch in the lattice rather than
+sequentially you just sort of stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially you just sort of stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequentially you just sort of stop and
+you go to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay size effects I'm not going to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay size effects I'm not going to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay size effects I'm not going to say a
+lot about because there's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about because there's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about because there's kind of
+obvious um there's there's the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious um there's there's the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious um there's there's the obvious
+part of size effect that if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of size effect that if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of size effect that if your
+system has some periodicity that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has some periodicity that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system has some periodicity that doesn't
+fit in your box you're kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in your box you're kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit in your box you're kind of like
+messing up your system essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up your system essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up your system essentially
+you're forcing on a periodicity which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forcing on a periodicity which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forcing on a periodicity which it
+doesn't have and so often that's if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have and so often that's if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have and so often that's if it's
+a solid state system often what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid state system often what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid state system often what it's
+going to do is make some kind of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is make some kind of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is make some kind of phase
+pH boundaries to try to fit into it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH boundaries to try to fit into it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH boundaries to try to fit into it uh
+so that's an obvious one that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an obvious one that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an obvious one that your
+period if your system has real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period if your system has real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period if your system has real
+periodicity your your box size should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity your your box size should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity your your box size should be
+commensurate with that periodicity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurate with that periodicity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commensurate with that periodicity okay
+it's kind of the obvious thing um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the obvious thing um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the obvious thing um the
+other obvious thing if your system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obvious thing if your system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other obvious thing if your system is
+really way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really way too
+small um you can start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um you can start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um you can start seeing
+interaction between the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the the the
+perturbation in one in in your Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation in one in in your Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation in one in in your Monte
+Carlo box and its image okay coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo box and its image okay coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo box and its image okay coming from
+the prity boundary conditions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prity boundary conditions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prity boundary conditions but
+usually you got to have pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you got to have pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you got to have pretty small
+systems to actually uh run into that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to actually uh run into that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to actually uh run into that uh
+and then there's the sort of um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the sort of um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the sort of um um
+classic problem of near second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic problem of near second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic problem of near second or
+transitions near second or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions near second or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions near second or
+transitions um the fluctuations in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions um the fluctuations in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions um the fluctuations in a
+system go towards Infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system go towards Infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system go towards Infinity the
+correlation length of the fluctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation length of the fluctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation length of the fluctuation
+becomes infinite and at the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes infinite and at the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes infinite and at the transition
+it's actually infinite okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually infinite okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually infinite okay so for
+example if you do a Ferro this pherom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you do a Ferro this pherom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you do a Ferro this pherom
+magnet spins all up uh if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet spins all up uh if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet spins all up uh if you do that
+for a ferromagnet that go a second door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a ferromagnet that go a second door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a ferromagnet that go a second door
+transition there will be whole patches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition there will be whole patches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition there will be whole patches
+of spins kind of flipping over and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spins kind of flipping over and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spins kind of flipping over and the
+spatial correlation over which distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial correlation over which distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial correlation over which distance
+over which they do that becomes infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which they do that becomes infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which they do that becomes infinite
+at the second door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second door
+transition that means there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that means there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition that means there will be a
+point where your cell is by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where your cell is by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where your cell is by definition
+not large enough to capture those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not large enough to capture those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not large enough to capture those
+fluctuations and essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and essentially what
+happens is that if you work at a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that if you work at a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that if you work at a finite
+cell you remove all fluctuations below a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you remove all fluctuations below a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell you remove all fluctuations below a
+certain wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wavelength
+okay any wavelength that's larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any wavelength that's larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any wavelength that's larger than
+your box those fluctuations are are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your box those fluctuations are are gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your box those fluctuations are are gone
+essentially from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially from your
+system so that does things to the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that does things to the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so that does things to the heat
+capacity remember that the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity remember that the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity remember that the heat capacity
+is a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a measure of the
+fluctuations okay it's e^2 average minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations okay it's e^2 average minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations okay it's e^2 average minus
+E average squ essentially over KT s okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E average squ essentially over KT s okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E average squ essentially over KT s okay
+so this is the really funny thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the really funny thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the really funny thing the
+heat capacity in a at a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity in a at a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity in a at a second order
+trans I depends on the system size even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans I depends on the system size even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trans I depends on the system size even
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+normalized okay so you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized okay so you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized okay so you calculate the
+heat capacity of your system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity of your system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity of your system you
+normalize it by the number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it by the number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it by the number of particles
+or spins in your system you think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spins in your system you think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or spins in your system you think that's
+a constant quantity it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant quantity it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant quantity it's not that
+depends on your system size and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your system size and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your system size and that's
+what I've shown here this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've shown here this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've shown here this is actually
+not the heat capacity it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the heat capacity it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the heat capacity it's the
+susceptibility variant of it so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility variant of it so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility variant of it so it's the
+fluctuation of the spin rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation of the spin rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation of the spin rather than the
+energy but look at it this is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but look at it this is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but look at it this is for a
+pherom magnet um this is a small size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pherom magnet um this is a small size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pherom magnet um this is a small size
+this is a 5x5 latus the green thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 5x5 latus the green thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 5x5 latus the green thing this
+blue thing here is a 10x 10 20x 20 30 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue thing here is a 10x 10 20x 20 30 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue thing here is a 10x 10 20x 20 30 by
+30 50 by 5050 and so what you see is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 50 by 5050 and so what you see is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 50 by 5050 and so what you see is the
+bigger your system the bigger your heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger your system the bigger your heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger your system the bigger your heat
+capacity and I don't know if if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and I don't know if if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and I don't know if if we did
+it right it should go like the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it should go like the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right it should go like the square
+root of n essentially where n is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n essentially where n is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n essentially where n is the
+number of particles in your system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles in your system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles in your system um
+this is a great thing to remember if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great thing to remember if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great thing to remember if um
+if you see phase transitions in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see phase transitions in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see phase transitions in your
+system if you want to know their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you want to know their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you want to know their first
+or second order this is the test to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or second order this is the test to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or second order this is the test to do
+if you absolutely want to know um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you absolutely want to know um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you absolutely want to know um we'll
+talk later in more detail about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later in more detail about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk later in more detail about how to
+see phase transitions but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see phase transitions but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see phase transitions but if you want to
+be absolutely sure you'll often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absolutely sure you'll often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absolutely sure you'll often see
+humps in susceptibilities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps in susceptibilities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps in susceptibilities so
+susceptibilities I mean second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities I mean second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities I mean second order
+derivatives of free energy so heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of free energy so heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of free energy so heat
+capacities you know magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities you know magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities you know magnetic
+susceptibilities chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities chemical
+susceptibilities all those things tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities all those things tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibilities all those things tend
+to show Peak Behavior near phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show Peak Behavior near phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show Peak Behavior near phase
+transitions but you'll often see peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions but you'll often see peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions but you'll often see peaks
+in them even when you're not phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them even when you're not phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them even when you're not phase
+transition uh and the way to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh and the way to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition uh and the way to know that
+it's a second order transition is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second order transition is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a second order transition is often
+just to look at the scaling with system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size okay um I think I talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay um I think I talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay um I think I talked about this
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+time um keep in mind that if you do Mont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um keep in mind that if you do Mont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um keep in mind that if you do Mont
+Carlo you can pretty much choose any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo you can pretty much choose any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo you can pretty much choose any
+types of moves and I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of moves and I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of moves and I talked
+um last time about diffusion like moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time about diffusion like moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um last time about diffusion like moves
+and exchange moves um one thing I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchange moves um one thing I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exchange moves um one thing I wanted
+to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+out okay let me see if I still I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay let me see if I still I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay let me see if I still I'll do
+it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here
+um knowing sometimes looking carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um knowing sometimes looking carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um knowing sometimes looking carefully
+at your system can really help you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your system can really help you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your system can really help you do
+moves I'll give you an example um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves I'll give you an example um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves I'll give you an example um a
+while ago I was studying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago I was studying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while ago I was studying a
+oxygen transport on Platinum surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen transport on Platinum surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen transport on Platinum surfaces
+and um it's sort of the same like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's sort of the same like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um it's sort of the same like the
+hydron padium you have a in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydron padium you have a in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydron padium you have a in this case
+it's a it's a platinum 111 so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a platinum 111 so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a platinum 111 so it's a
+triangular lce but but you have oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular lce but but you have oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular lce but but you have oxygen
+sitting on particular Lattis sites but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on particular Lattis sites but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on particular Lattis sites but
+because of some reason the oxygen wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some reason the oxygen wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some reason the oxygen wanted
+to form strong triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form strong triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form strong triplet
+clusters so that means on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so that means on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so that means on different
+places in the lat you all have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the lat you all have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in the lat you all have these
+triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clusters so I'm drawing on a lce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so I'm drawing on a lce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters so I'm drawing on a lce you
+can't see it but anyway um see if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see it but anyway um see if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see it but anyway um see if your
+perturbation mechanism is moving one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation mechanism is moving one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation mechanism is moving one
+oxygen or flipping one oxygen into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or flipping one oxygen into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen or flipping one oxygen into a
+vacant site okay okay um this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacant site okay okay um this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacant site okay okay um this the
+Dynamics of these kind of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of these kind of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of these kind of systems
+becomes really poor and the reason is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really poor and the reason is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes really poor and the reason is so
+remember if you en the system what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you en the system what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if you en the system what it's
+going to do is form these triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is form these triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is form these triplet
+clusters but then what you'll find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters but then what you'll find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters but then what you'll find in
+your mon you can't move them anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mon you can't move them anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mon you can't move them anymore
+because these these clusters then would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these these clusters then would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these these clusters then would
+have to arrange in some pattern but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to arrange in some pattern but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to arrange in some pattern but
+you're going to have really poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have really poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have really poor
+convergence in your monola and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in your monola and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence in your monola and what's
+the reason that the only way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that the only way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that the only way that you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+displace this thing is by breaking it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace this thing is by breaking it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace this thing is by breaking it up
+because the perturbation you assign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the perturbation you assign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the perturbation you assign is
+you know I take this and I make it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I take this and I make it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I take this and I make it into
+a vacant side but now you break up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacant side but now you break up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vacant side but now you break up the
+triplet or I want to start a new one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet or I want to start a new one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet or I want to start a new one
+here okay but it's the trip if it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but it's the trip if it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay but it's the trip if it's the
+triplet clusters that are very stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet clusters that are very stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet clusters that are very stable
+then all these perturbations of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all these perturbations of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all these perturbations of breaking
+one up or starting a new one with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up or starting a new one with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one up or starting a new one with one
+atom are very high in energy so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom are very high in energy so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom are very high in energy so what
+essentially happens is that your mcol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially happens is that your mcol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially happens is that your mcol
+doesn't move anymore because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move anymore because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move anymore because any
+excitation you've given it is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation you've given it is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation you've given it is very high
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+energy even though the system may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy even though the system may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy even though the system may have
+low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy
+excitations you know maybe moving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations you know maybe moving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations you know maybe moving this
+whole thing over sort of keeps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing over sort of keeps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing over sort of keeps the
+triplet together and if there's a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet together and if there's a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet together and if there's a weak
+energy interacting with them that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy interacting with them that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy interacting with them that's a
+low energy excitation so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy excitation so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy excitation so sometimes
+especially at low temperature what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at low temperature what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially at low temperature what you
+should do is uh look at your system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is uh look at your system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do is uh look at your system and
+especially if there are stable ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if there are stable ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if there are stable ordered
+units that form for example those could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that form for example those could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that form for example those could
+be molecular units if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be molecular units if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be molecular units if you're doing
+enough latus molecular simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough latus molecular simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough latus molecular simulation
+sometimes it then pays to move those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it then pays to move those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it then pays to move those
+things as a whole it can be a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as a whole it can be a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as a whole it can be a much more
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+perturbation um it becomes of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation um it becomes of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation um it becomes of course
+more complicated to do those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moves this is by far the biggest problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves this is by far the biggest problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves this is by far the biggest problem
+I see in complicated systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see in complicated systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see in complicated systems
+equilibrating complex systems they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrating complex systems they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrating complex systems they tend
+to have multiple energy scales and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have multiple energy scales and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have multiple energy scales and as
+soon as you freeze out um one of them it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you freeze out um one of them it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as you freeze out um one of them it
+becomes hard to even like equilibrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes hard to even like equilibrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes hard to even like equilibrate
+the lower energy scale okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy scale okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower energy scale okay so let me
+sort of do a very different system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do a very different system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do a very different system now
+to give you an idea of how you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea of how you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea of how you can do
+what kind of perturbations you can pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of perturbations you can pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of perturbations you can pick
+so now instead of a easing magnet easing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now instead of a easing magnet easing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now instead of a easing magnet easing
+magnet is one with two states up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet is one with two states up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet is one with two states up and
+down we'll look at a Heisenberg magnet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we'll look at a Heisenberg magnet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down we'll look at a Heisenberg magnet a
+Heisenberg magnet is one in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg magnet is one in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg magnet is one in which you
+have a fixed spin but it can rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed spin but it can rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed spin but it can rotate
+continuously in space so it can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously in space so it can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously in space so it can take any
+direction in space not discretized um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in space not discretized um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in space not discretized um so
+the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spin
+Vector has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector has three
+components x y and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components x y and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components x y and and
+z um the hamiltonian is very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z um the hamiltonian is very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z um the hamiltonian is very similar to
+an easing hamiltonian you can Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easing hamiltonian you can Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easing hamiltonian you can Define the
+interaction energy through the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy through the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy through the dot
+product okay so again you know the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so again you know the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product okay so again you know the dot
+product of the spins are parallel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the spins are parallel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the spins are parallel the
+dot product is one if they're anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product is one if they're anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot product is one if they're anti
+parallel product is minus one if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel product is minus one if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel product is minus one if they're
+orthogonal it's zero and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal it's zero and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal it's zero and then you can
+have anything in between so again the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything in between so again the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything in between so again the J
+has a very similar meaning positive J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very similar meaning positive J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very similar meaning positive J
+will give you ferromagnets negative J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you ferromagnets negative J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you ferromagnets negative J
+will give you antiferromagnets and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you antiferromagnets and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you antiferromagnets and you
+can have a field term or chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a field term or chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a field term or chemical
+potential term to control the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term to control the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential term to control the amount of
+spin so how would we do mon Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so how would we do mon Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so how would we do mon Carlo
+perturbations on this system well first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations on this system well first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations on this system well first
+we need a coordinate system and rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a coordinate system and rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need a coordinate system and rather
+than uh XYZ you know if we conserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh XYZ you know if we conserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh XYZ you know if we conserve the
+amount of spin we can just use a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of spin we can just use a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of spin we can just use a set of
+spherical coordinates um Theta fi and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates um Theta fi and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates um Theta fi and R
+so essentially you need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially you need three
+coordinates to give the direction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to give the direction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to give the direction of a
+vector and that's all we need since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that's all we need since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that's all we need since the
+norm the length of the vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm the length of the vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm the length of the vector is
+conserved um and this is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved um and this is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved um and this is one of these
+ones where maybe if you didn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where maybe if you didn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones where maybe if you didn't think
+carefully right away uh you'd pick Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully right away uh you'd pick Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully right away uh you'd pick Theta
+and F randomly so remember Theta can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F randomly so remember Theta can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F randomly so remember Theta can go
+anywhere from um so what's the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from um so what's the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from um so what's the range of
+theta is let's say 0 to yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is let's say 0 to yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is let's say 0 to yeah
+180 okay because the vector can go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 okay because the vector can go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180 okay because the vector can go all
+the way down down and five has a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down down and five has a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down down and five has a range
+of 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0 to
+360 okay can this one can go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 okay can this one can go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 okay can this one can go all the way
+around now if you picked Theta and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now if you picked Theta and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around now if you picked Theta and five
+randomly uh in that interval you'd make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh in that interval you'd make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly uh in that interval you'd make
+a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+mistake and the reason is um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and the reason is um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and the reason is um if you
+think about it um when you're at theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it um when you're at theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it um when you're at theta
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+zero then all the states for five you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then all the states for five you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then all the states for five you
+know from 0 to 360 map onto the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from 0 to 360 map onto the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from 0 to 360 map onto the same
+state so you'd very often end up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so you'd very often end up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so you'd very often end up there
+whereas if theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if theta equals
+90° so you're in this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so you're in this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° so you're in this plane
+then all the states for five from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the states for five from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the states for five from 0 to
+360 are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360 are different
+states okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially okay when um the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially okay when um the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially okay when um the density
+with which you sample Theta should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which you sample Theta should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which you sample Theta should
+depend on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on its
+value okay let me show that in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide
+okay for a given Theta the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a given Theta the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a given Theta the number of
+states that that that have that angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that that that have that angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that that that have that angle
+Theta is proportional to the slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is proportional to the slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is proportional to the slice of
+the sphere so it's proportional to 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere so it's proportional to 2 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sphere so it's proportional to 2 2
+pi sin Theta this should be a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi sin Theta this should be a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi sin Theta this should be a d
+Theta okay so you know it's proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so you know it's proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so you know it's proportional
+to the area that you curve out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area that you curve out from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the area that you curve out from the
+sphere so really what you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so really what you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere so really what you need to do is
+you need to pick Theta proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pick Theta proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pick Theta proportional to
+sin Theta D Theta okay or proportion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta D Theta okay or proportion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta D Theta okay or proportion to
+sin Theta really because sin Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta really because sin Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta really because sin Theta is
+zero when Theta is zero okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when Theta is zero okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when Theta is zero okay so there
+are very few States here and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very few States here and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very few States here and there's
+maximum amount of states around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of states around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of states around the
+sphere when you're at theta equals 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere when you're at theta equals 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere when you're at theta equals 9
+90° so how do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you go
+you have to go from an um a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go from an um a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go from an um a homogeneous
+distribution of random numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of random numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of random numbers which
+I've taken for convenience here going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken for convenience here going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've taken for convenience here going
+from minus one to one rather than from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus one to one rather than from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus one to one rather than from 0
+to one and you want to go to a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and you want to go to a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one and you want to go to a random
+variable now though that's distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now though that's distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable now though that's distributed
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+frequency you're going to go to a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you're going to go to a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you're going to go to a random
+distribution between 0 and 180 if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution between 0 and 180 if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution between 0 and 180 if you're
+working in for an angle but you want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in for an angle but you want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in for an angle but you want it
+to be distributed like the S of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be distributed like the S of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be distributed like the S of theta
+and I'm taken one half s of theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taken one half s of theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm taken one half s of theta so
+that the integral under that curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral under that curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integral under that curve is
+one okay so what you need to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what you need to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so what you need to do is find
+some relation between Theta and X since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relation between Theta and X since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some relation between Theta and X since
+X is what you're going to pick from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is what you're going to pick from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is what you're going to pick from your
+random number generator and Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generator and Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number generator and Theta is
+what you sample so that Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you sample so that Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you sample so that Theta is
+distributed like that okay and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like that okay and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed like that okay and the way
+you can do that is um I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that is um I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that is um I can actually
+write it out I WR written down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out I WR written down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out I WR written down the
+solution but the way you find that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but the way you find that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but the way you find that is by
+saying that in a given interval around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that in a given interval around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that in a given interval around
+Theta you should have the same States as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you should have the same States as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you should have the same States as
+a given interval around X so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given interval around X so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given interval around X so that means
+that P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P
+Theta D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta D
+Theta has to equal PX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta has to equal PX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta has to equal PX
+DX and this is2 s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and this is2 s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX and this is2 s of
+theta D Theta PX is 1 12 because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta D Theta PX is 1 12 because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta D Theta PX is 1 12 because it's
+normalized there is2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized there is2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized there is2
+DX so I lose this I lose this so D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so I lose this I lose this so D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so I lose this I lose this so D Theta
+DX uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+uh cross the side DX D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cross the side DX D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cross the side DX D
+Theta is the S of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is the S of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta is the S of
+theta that means that X is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that means that X is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that means that X is minus the
+cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+theta okay and that means that Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay and that means that Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay and that means that Theta is
+the r cosine of minus X so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r cosine of minus X so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r cosine of minus X so it's the
+cosine minus one okay so this is how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine minus one okay so this is how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine minus one okay so this is how you
+can go from a a flat homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from a a flat homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from a a flat homogeneous
+distribution to some other distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to some other distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to some other distribution
+so if you pick the angles with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pick the angles with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you pick the angles with this
+function you'll actually get a properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you'll actually get a properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you'll actually get a properly
+distributed value of data and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed value of data and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed value of data and then of
+course F the other angle will you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course F the other angle will you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course F the other angle will you call
+that again I always forget the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again I always forget the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again I always forget the names of
+these angles um um you can pick randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles um um you can pick randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these angles um um you can pick randomly
+from 0 to 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on okay let me actually before I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay let me actually before I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay let me actually before I show
+this go to a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what I've done here is set up a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've done here is set up a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what I've done here is set up a um
+ferromagnetic Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic Heisenberg
+model um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a ferromagnetic Heisenberg model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a ferromagnetic Heisenberg model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a ferromagnetic Heisenberg model
+and looked at the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked at the heat
+capacity um I'm actually not sure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity um I'm actually not sure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity um I'm actually not sure this
+is ferromagnetic but it's a Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ferromagnetic but it's a Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ferromagnetic but it's a Heisenberg
+model but um this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but um this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but um this is the
+temperature axis and this is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature axis and this is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature axis and this is the heat
+capacity um and I'm going to tell you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity um and I'm going to tell you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity um and I'm going to tell you in
+a second this is the way it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second this is the way it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second this is the way it's supposed
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+look the the bottom thing but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the the bottom thing but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the the bottom thing but this is
+actually how it looks you sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it looks you sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how it looks you sort of you
+know at lower temperature you get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at lower temperature you get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at lower temperature you get higher
+heat capacity and then it kind of bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity and then it kind of bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity and then it kind of bends
+over and this piece is wrong so I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and this piece is wrong so I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and this piece is wrong so I did
+exactly the algorithm that I told you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithm that I told you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithm that I told you um
+I did um you know I implemented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did um you know I implemented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did um you know I implemented the
+distribution for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for data
+correctly um and I sort randomly picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um and I sort randomly picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly um and I sort randomly picked
+angles to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles to look for
+perturbations um and this is what I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations um and this is what I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations um and this is what I get
+and you know the first time I saw this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the first time I saw this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the first time I saw this I
+remember ah there must be a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ah there must be a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember ah there must be a phase
+transition here because there's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here because there's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition here because there's a sort
+of maximum in heat capacity but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum in heat capacity but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum in heat capacity but there
+actually isn't because I'll show in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually isn't because I'll show in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually isn't because I'll show in a
+second if you do it right you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if you do it right you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if you do it right you get the
+heat capacity slide on the bottom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity slide on the bottom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity slide on the bottom here
+um well keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well keep in mind
+that heat capacity is sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat capacity is sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat capacity is sampling
+fluctuations so if you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations so if you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations so if you do something
+wrong and you don't allow your system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you don't allow your system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and you don't allow your system to
+fluctuate enough you will reduce its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate enough you will reduce its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate enough you will reduce its
+heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity
+artificially and that's what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially and that's what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially and that's what's going on
+there I'm basically not allowing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm basically not allowing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm basically not allowing I'm
+basically not doing a good job about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not doing a good job about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not doing a good job about
+sampling certain fluctuations and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling certain fluctuations and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling certain fluctuations and that's
+why the heat capacity as I go towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the heat capacity as I go towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the heat capacity as I go towards
+zero spiritually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero spiritually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero spiritually goes
+down and it's interesting because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it's interesting because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it's interesting because these
+fluctuations that I'm missing have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations that I'm missing have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations that I'm missing have no
+counterpart in discrete models like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart in discrete models like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart in discrete models like
+latus models in this model what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus models in this model what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latus models in this model what they
+actually are are spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are are spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are are spin
+waves and that's the prev previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and that's the prev previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and that's the prev previous slide
+um you know in a lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in a lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know in a lce
+model the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the lowest energy
+fluctuation is a finite amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation is a finite amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation is a finite amount of energy
+above the ground state if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state if you think of
+your ferromagnetic model you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ferromagnetic model you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ferromagnetic model you know what's
+the lowest energy fluctuation flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy fluctuation flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy fluctuation flipping
+one spin over remember I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spin over remember I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spin over remember I told you that
+cost you AJ that's the energy cost it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you AJ that's the energy cost it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost you AJ that's the energy cost it's
+a finite number above the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number above the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite number above the ground state
+in a continuous model you usually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous model you usually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a continuous model you usually have
+excitations that are an infinite decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations that are an infinite decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations that are an infinite decimal
+amount above the ground state okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount above the ground state okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount above the ground state okay that
+means these fluctuations are reachable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means these fluctuations are reachable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means these fluctuations are reachable
+at any temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any temperature
+because if they're infinitesimal amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they're infinitesimal amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if they're infinitesimal amount
+above the ground state you can get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state you can get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state you can get them
+as soon as T is infinite amount above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as T is infinite amount above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as T is infinite amount above
+zero and in a Heisenberg model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and in a Heisenberg model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and in a Heisenberg model the
+equivalent the thing are spin waves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the thing are spin waves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent the thing are spin waves okay
+you know we may have thought that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we may have thought that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we may have thought that we
+have a ferromagnet and the lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ferromagnet and the lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ferromagnet and the lowest order
+fluctuation is to take one Spin and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation is to take one Spin and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation is to take one Spin and kind
+of randomly Orient it well they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomly Orient it well they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of randomly Orient it well they're not
+uh the lowest energy fluctuation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lowest energy fluctuation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the lowest energy fluctuation is a
+spin wave it's literally sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin wave it's literally sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin wave it's literally sort of like
+the wave in a stadium you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave in a stadium you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave in a stadium you know like
+where everybody moves a little um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody moves a little um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody moves a little um it's
+essentially where you move every spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially where you move every spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially where you move every spin
+just a little bit correspond to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit correspond to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit correspond to the next
+one and if you actually calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you actually calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you actually calculate the
+energy of that and you take the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that and you take the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that and you take the long
+wavelength limit okay you find that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength limit okay you find that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength limit okay you find that uh
+the energy is actually only an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is actually only an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is actually only an infinite
+decimal amount above the ground stick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal amount above the ground stick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal amount above the ground stick so
+for the in for the infinite wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in for the infinite wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the in for the infinite wavelength
+and as the wavelength gets shorter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the wavelength gets shorter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the wavelength gets shorter the
+energy of the fluctuation goes up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the fluctuation goes up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the fluctuation goes up so you
+can see now that we don't get that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see now that we don't get that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see now that we don't get that in
+our sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sampling
+algorithm and the Reon reason is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and the Reon reason is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and the Reon reason is that
+we're just never efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just never efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just never efficient
+enough to get to perturb states where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get to perturb states where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to get to perturb states where
+you have just these really small amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just these really small amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have just these really small amounts
+of spin canting over a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spin canting over a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spin canting over a very long
+wavelength because you know what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength because you know what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength because you know what do we
+do think about if we're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think about if we're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do think about if we're in a
+ferromagnetic State what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic State what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferromagnetic State what we're going to
+do with our algorithm we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with our algorithm we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with our algorithm we're going to be
+picking a spin and taking a random new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a spin and taking a random new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking a spin and taking a random new
+orientation and we're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and we're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and we're never going to
+accept it if you're at low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it if you're at low enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it if you're at low enough
+temperature that's a finite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that's a finite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that's a finite energy
+perturbation so you're never going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so you're never going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation so you're never going to
+accept it okay so how do you fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it okay so how do you fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept it okay so how do you fix this
+problem well if you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well if you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem well if you understand the
+physics you start building it in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you start building it in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics you start building it in you
+start taking other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start taking other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start taking other
+perturbations and here's there a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and here's there a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations and here's there a very
+simple solution to it so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple solution to it so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple solution to it so if you have a
+spin at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orientation okay rather than you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation okay rather than you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation okay rather than you know
+finding a random new orientation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a random new orientation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a random new orientation of the
+spin you say I'm going to randomize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin you say I'm going to randomize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin you say I'm going to randomize it
+just within a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cone okay so I'm only allowing a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone okay so I'm only allowing a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone okay so I'm only allowing a certain
+amount of deviation from that angle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of deviation from that angle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of deviation from that angle and
+as you make that smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you make that smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you make that smaller and smaller
+you'll start getting spin waves because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start getting spin waves because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start getting spin waves because
+every spin will only be perturbed a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every spin will only be perturbed a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every spin will only be perturbed a very
+small amount of time you're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of time you're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small amount of time you're essentially
+just making your sampling algorithm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making your sampling algorithm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making your sampling algorithm a
+lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficient and if you do that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and if you do that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and if you do that you get
+this heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this heat
+capacity so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so it's
+perfect notice that um the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect notice that um the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect notice that um the heat capacity
+is finite at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite at zero
+which did you expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or I mean heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I mean heat capacity
+cannot be non zero at Zer Kelvin if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be non zero at Zer Kelvin if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be non zero at Zer Kelvin if you
+have finite heat capacity heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finite heat capacity heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have finite heat capacity heat capacity
+that's not zero at 0 degrees Kelvin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not zero at 0 degrees Kelvin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not zero at 0 degrees Kelvin you
+have infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have infinite
+entropy okay because remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay because remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy okay because remember the
+entropy is the integral of CV over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT s is heat capacity or any heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT s is heat capacity or any heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT s is heat capacity or any heat
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+essentially so if this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so if this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially so if this goes to
+zero this has to go to zero because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this has to go to zero because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this has to go to zero because
+otherwise this integral blows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and heat capacity always goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and heat capacity always goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and heat capacity always goes to
+zero so there's something wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so there's something wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so there's something wrong with the
+model and what's wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's wrong with it is kind of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with it is kind of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's wrong with it is kind of what I
+pointed out that it has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that it has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out that it has um
+infinitesimal infinitesimally small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal infinitesimally small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal infinitesimally small
+excitation energies because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energies because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation energies because it's a
+continual model in any real system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual model in any real system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual model in any real system
+remember that the states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the states are
+quantized that means that um the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized that means that um the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized that means that um the first
+excitation is always a finite energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is always a finite energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is always a finite energy
+above the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground
+state okay and you see this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay and you see this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state okay and you see this is important
+if you're a finite energy above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a finite energy above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a finite energy above the
+ground state there will always be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state there will always be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state there will always be some
+temperature that's low enough to freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that's low enough to freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature that's low enough to freeze
+out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that
+excitation you know if your um first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation you know if your um first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation you know if your um first
+excitation is one mil electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is one mil electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation is one mil electron volt
+above the ground state you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the ground state you can do the
+math you know when KT is about 1 M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you know when KT is about 1 M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math you know when KT is about 1 M
+electon volt below that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electon volt below that temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electon volt below that temperature
+you'll start freezing out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start freezing out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start freezing out that
+excitation and it won't contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and it won't contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation and it won't contribute to
+the heat capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat capacity
+anymore okay and this is how heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay and this is how heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore okay and this is how heat
+capacities go to zero it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities go to zero it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities go to zero it's because
+energy states are in reality quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states are in reality quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states are in reality quantized
+so anytime you work with a Continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anytime you work with a Continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anytime you work with a Continuum
+model let me restate that I mean a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model let me restate that I mean a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model let me restate that I mean a model
+with continuous degrees of freedom this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with continuous degrees of freedom this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with continuous degrees of freedom this
+was one the Heisenberg angle uh atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one the Heisenberg angle uh atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one the Heisenberg angle uh atoms
+moving like at you know continuous set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving like at you know continuous set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving like at you know continuous set
+of coordinates in space will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates in space will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coordinates in space will give you
+finite heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite heat
+capacity okay at at zero Kelvin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity okay at at zero Kelvin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity okay at at zero Kelvin and
+that's wrong um so how should you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong um so how should you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wrong um so how should you solve
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that's a difficult problem the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a difficult problem the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a difficult problem the way to
+solve that is you would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that is you would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that is you would have to
+know what the quantized excitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are and like if you had say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and like if you had say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and like if you had say
+atoms you know there your continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you know there your continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you know there your continuous
+degree of freedom is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom is a
+displacement so what's the quantise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so what's the quantise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so what's the quantise
+degree of Freedom there atoms in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid remember if you do this on a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid remember if you do this on a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid remember if you do this on a solid
+just display the atom small amounts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just display the atom small amounts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just display the atom small amounts you
+get infinite heat you get non-zero heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get infinite heat you get non-zero heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get infinite heat you get non-zero heat
+capacity so how do you quantize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so how do you quantize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity so how do you quantize the
+displacement degree of freedom in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement degree of freedom in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement degree of freedom in a
+solid those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid those are called
+phons okay it's by Fon diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phons okay it's by Fon diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phons okay it's by Fon diagonalization
+that you find the igen states so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find the igen states so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you find the igen states so those
+are the quantum States and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the quantum States and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the quantum States and they are
+finite energy above the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy above the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite energy above the ground state
+what are they in a Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnet I don't know and and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet I don't know and and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet I don't know and and I think
+nobody knows finding the IG states of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows finding the IG states of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody knows finding the IG states of a
+Heisenberg model seems to be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg model seems to be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heisenberg model seems to be a really
+difficult problem that to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem that to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult problem that to my
+understanding is not fully resolved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is not fully resolved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding is not fully resolved so
+we don't even know what the igen states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even know what the igen states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't even know what the igen states
+are of the system if you wanted to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the system if you wanted to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of the system if you wanted to do it
+fully quantized in an easing model we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully quantized in an easing model we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully quantized in an easing model we
+know they're actually trivial the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're actually trivial the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're actually trivial the igen
+states are states with just one spin per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are states with just one spin per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are states with just one spin per
+turbed from say plus one to minus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbed from say plus one to minus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbed from say plus one to minus one so
+there we're actually getting the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're actually getting the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we're actually getting the right
+excitations as we go to the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations as we go to the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations as we go to the ground state
+as we go to zero um in atoms in solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to zero um in atoms in solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go to zero um in atoms in solids
+we know what they are they're phonons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what they are they're phonons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what they are they're phonons we
+can those are the igen states for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can those are the igen states for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can those are the igen states for the
+displacements of the system in a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the system in a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements of the system in a model
+like this we don't know what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are okay um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are okay um other
+things um if you go to more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um if you go to more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um if you go to more complex
+geometries the the the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries the the the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries the the the kind of
+perturbation algorithms in Monte Carlo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation algorithms in Monte Carlo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation algorithms in Monte Carlo
+gets successively more complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets successively more complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets successively more complicated and
+and tedious and I'll give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tedious and I'll give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tedious and I'll give you an example
+let's say you do a um a long chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do a um a long chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you do a um a long chain
+molecule a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule a
+polymer so you know this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer so you know this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer so you know this is sort of a
+simplified version of a polymer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of a polymer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of a polymer it's
+it's it's the kind of um um um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the kind of um um um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the kind of um um um you know
+you you you kind of remove all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you kind of remove all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you kind of remove all the
+degrees of freedom from the side group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom from the side group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom from the side group
+so it's essentially a chain that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's essentially a chain that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's essentially a chain that because
+of the fixed angle of say certain carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fixed angle of say certain carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fixed angle of say certain carbon
+carbon bonds it can only rotate along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bonds it can only rotate along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon bonds it can only rotate along
+these bonds so often for a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bonds so often for a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bonds so often for a polymer
+people don't use all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't use all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't use all the possible
+degrees Freedom they say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Freedom they say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Freedom they say well you know
+an SP2 or an sp3 carbon bond has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SP2 or an sp3 carbon bond has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SP2 or an sp3 carbon bond has a
+certain angle so all I can do is rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle so all I can do is rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain angle so all I can do is rotate
+around that angle so that I I keep that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that angle so that I I keep that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that angle so that I I keep that
+bonding angle so it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding angle so it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding angle so it essentially
+restricts the rotation degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts the rotation degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricts the rotation degrees of
+freedom of every carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of every carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of every carbon
+joint uh along um along the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uh along um along the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint uh along um along the polymer
+chain axis so what then you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain axis so what then you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain axis so what then you have to do
+is you have to sample space with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to sample space with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to sample space with those
+degrees of freedom and I've given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and I've given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and I've given here
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+example um you know let's say you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you know let's say you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um you know let's say you want
+to start rotating this end of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start rotating this end of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start rotating this end of the chain
+from that carbon so you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that carbon so you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that carbon so you would
+essentially like keep this fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like keep this fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially like keep this fixed and
+kind of Swing the rest of the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Swing the rest of the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Swing the rest of the chain
+around okay but what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay but what you see is that
+these are going to be very inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be very inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be very inefficient
+algorithms because if this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms because if this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms because if this is a really
+long chain if you just like do a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chain if you just like do a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long chain if you just like do a small
+Omega you're kind of swinging that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega you're kind of swinging that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega you're kind of swinging that far
+end of the chain really far and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the chain really far and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the chain really far and it's
+going to bump into other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bump into other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bump into other
+atoms okay so people use these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms okay so people use these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms okay so people use these kind of
+algorithms but if you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but if you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but if you read the
+literature of how to do the Carlo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of how to do the Carlo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of how to do the Carlo on
+polymers um in in not on laes or in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers um in in not on laes or in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers um in in not on laes or in real
+space it's full of like all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's full of like all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's full of like all kinds of
+tricks to find good perturbations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks to find good perturbations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks to find good perturbations that
+make these algorithms more efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these algorithms more efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these algorithms more efficient but
+in the end it is a difficult problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it is a difficult problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the end it is a difficult problem
+because you know the problem with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the problem with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the problem with a
+polymer or or any bi long biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer or or any bi long biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer or or any bi long biological
+molecule is that it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is that it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is that it's really hard to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+excitations uh that sample all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations uh that sample all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitations uh that sample all your
+degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of
+freedom um but that don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom um but that don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom um but that don't make
+large piece of your chain bump into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large piece of your chain bump into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large piece of your chain bump into
+other things because you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things because you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things because you see the
+annoying thing about polymers is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying thing about polymers is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying thing about polymers is that
+yes your atoms can move freely a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes your atoms can move freely a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes your atoms can move freely a little
+bit but they are all connected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but they are all connected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but they are all connected and
+building in that constraint in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in that constraint in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in that constraint in the
+perturbation is is not trivial you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation is is not trivial you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation is is not trivial you know
+those of us who work with small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who work with small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of us who work with small
+molecules and atoms have it much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and atoms have it much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and atoms have it much easier
+there are sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sort of you know the
+perturbations tend to be relatively uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivial okay I got to move on um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial okay I got to move on um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial okay I got to move on um because
+of this often people do polymers on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this often people do polymers on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this often people do polymers on a
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+and you can do that reasonably well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that reasonably well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do that reasonably well I
+mean I'll show you the trivial version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'll show you the trivial version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'll show you the trivial version
+of it but people have much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but people have much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it but people have much more
+sophisticated you know um a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated you know um a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated you know um a really
+simple way of putting a polymer is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of putting a polymer is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of putting a polymer is by
+snaking it on a lattice so this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snaking it on a lattice so this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snaking it on a lattice so this may be
+every bead so you say well you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bead so you say well you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bead so you say well you know this
+is sort of a polymer snaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around um and and people have even built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um and and people have even built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um and and people have even built
+lattice models that are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice models that are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice models that are much
+denser so where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser so where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denser so where um
+every segment of the polymer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every segment of the polymer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every segment of the polymer where
+there's a lot more lattice points than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more lattice points than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot more lattice points than
+segments of the polymer so the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the polymer so the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the polymer so the density
+of lattice points um um there are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lattice points um um there are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lattice points um um there are much
+more lce points per unit length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lce points per unit length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lce points per unit length of the
+polymer so that you start to approach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer so that you start to approach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer so that you start to approach a
+continum okay um so the latus algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continum okay um so the latus algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continum okay um so the latus algorithms
+are sort of an important class of mon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of an important class of mon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of an important class of mon
+Carlo algorithms in polymer Dynamics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo algorithms in polymer Dynamics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo algorithms in polymer Dynamics so
+um how would you like let's say perturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you like let's say perturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you like let's say perturb
+let's say this is your polymer how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is your polymer how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is your polymer how would
+you do mon Carlo perturbation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do mon Carlo perturbation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do mon Carlo perturbation on
+that you know how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you first of all let me tell you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first of all let me tell you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you first of all let me tell you an
+obvious way like um you could rebuild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious way like um you could rebuild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious way like um you could rebuild
+that polymer so what's the length there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polymer so what's the length there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that polymer so what's the length there
+one 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 so you could
+build essentially all self-avoiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build essentially all self-avoiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build essentially all self-avoiding
+random walks of length 11 and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walks of length 11 and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walks of length 11 and that is
+The Ensemble of your polymer of chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ensemble of your polymer of chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Ensemble of your polymer of chain
+length 11 now because of it's 11 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 11 now because of it's 11 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 11 now because of it's 11 that's
+actually quite doable but of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite doable but of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite doable but of course if
+we go to 50 you know that's not doable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore um I'm I get to see all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um I'm I get to see all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore um I'm I get to see all kinds of
+other things here on the TV so you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things here on the TV so you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things here on the TV so you can't
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um so how would you do an algorithm to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how would you do an algorithm to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so how would you do an algorithm to
+sort of perturb chains like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of perturb chains like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of perturb chains like
+that remember you can it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember you can it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that remember you can it doesn't have to
+be realistic as long as it samples your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space I'm just going to stand here until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm just going to stand here until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I'm just going to stand here until
+I get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer I mean look at that how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I mean look at that how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I mean look at that how would you
+perturb that snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially come on you have to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially come on you have to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially come on you have to come up
+with at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least one
+scheme there's just three or four kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme there's just three or four kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme there's just three or four kind
+of different types of perturbations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of perturbations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of perturbations you
+can do on that in sample space remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do on that in sample space remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do on that in sample space remember
+the idea is how can you make this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is how can you make this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is how can you make this thing
+how can you make this thing move on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make this thing move on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you make this thing move on the
+lce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lce
+and and and and take on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and take on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and take on different
+configurations I think you pointed it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I think you pointed it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I think you pointed it I
+I'm pretty sure that what you said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure that what you said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm pretty sure that what you said is
+right you just cut it some regrow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just cut it some regrow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you just cut it some regrow it
+yeah you can cut it and regrow it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can cut it and regrow it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can cut it and regrow it there
+definitely a way you do it so again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a way you do it so again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a way you do it so again so
+rather than sampling the whole random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than sampling the whole random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than sampling the whole random
+walk of the long polymer you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk of the long polymer you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk of the long polymer you can just
+cut it and regra part of it when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it and regra part of it when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it and regra part of it when you do
+that you got to be really careful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got to be really careful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you got to be really careful that
+you do your whole sampling statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your whole sampling statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your whole sampling statistics
+right for the parts that you keep but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the parts that you keep but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the parts that you keep but
+with these you can actually do simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these you can actually do simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these you can actually do simpler
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+like uh here's an obvious one well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh here's an obvious one well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh here's an obvious one well you
+can take the end and you know this end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the end and you know this end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take the end and you know this end
+here and fluctuate it like you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and fluctuate it like you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and fluctuate it like you could say
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+segment and like make it go either here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and like make it go either here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and like make it go either here
+or here uh you could slide the snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here uh you could slide the snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or here uh you could slide the snake
+forward okay so you could say I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay so you could say I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay so you could say I'm going
+to like put a vector on this and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like put a vector on this and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like put a vector on this and like
+move this forward one so that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this forward one so that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this forward one so that means I
+and I I randomly pick where I I put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I randomly pick where I I put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I randomly pick where I I put the
+next segment so I take this segment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next segment so I take this segment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next segment so I take this segment so
+that means I can either slide it to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I can either slide it to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I can either slide it to here
+or to here and I slide the whole snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to here and I slide the whole snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to here and I slide the whole snake
+forward okay that's essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay that's essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward okay that's essentially the same
+as you know the way people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the way people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know the way people often
+describe it is I take the end piece and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is I take the end piece and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it is I take the end piece and
+I put it on the front with a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it on the front with a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put it on the front with a random
+orientation um you can do other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation um you can do other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation um you can do other things
+um you can do uh what's called the king
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do uh what's called the king
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do uh what's called the king
+jump see this is a whenever you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump see this is a whenever you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump see this is a whenever you have a a
+sort of square corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of square corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of square corner
+you can Kink it over and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Kink it over and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Kink it over and do
+this okay again that's a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay again that's a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay again that's a symmetric
+perturbation you can just as easy go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation you can just as easy go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation you can just as easy go
+from here to here then from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here then from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here then from here to here
+okay in in 3D that's called a crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in in 3D that's called a crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in in 3D that's called a crank
+crankshaft jump because in 3D if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crankshaft jump because in 3D if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crankshaft jump because in 3D if I can
+let's say you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have
+a sort of polymer like this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of polymer like this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of polymer like this you can
+rotate this piece like a crankshaft okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this piece like a crankshaft okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate this piece like a crankshaft okay
+you can do those kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do those kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do those kind of of
+perturbations so you know you can pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations so you know you can pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations so you know you can pretty
+much choose the kind of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much choose the kind of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much choose the kind of things that you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay let me stop here this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let me stop here this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let me stop here this is kind
+of a new topic so I'll pick that up um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new topic so I'll pick that up um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new topic so I'll pick that up um
+today's Tuesday so I guess Thursday then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's Tuesday so I guess Thursday then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's Tuesday so I guess Thursday then
+so I'll see you Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_NYsYuzMLs0.txt b/_NYsYuzMLs0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97c755d55140f260b6d81002413aff77b0bfe15a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_NYsYuzMLs0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13491 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello, good morning, good afternoon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, good morning, good afternoon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, good morning, good afternoon.
+Hope everyone's doing well. Welcome back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope everyone's doing well. Welcome back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hope everyone's doing well. Welcome back
+to 61200.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 61200.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 61200.
+Um, today we are going to be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, today we are going to be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, today we are going to be talking
+more about proofs. Um, we spent all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about proofs. Um, we spent all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about proofs. Um, we spent all of
+last lecture going through twothirds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture going through twothirds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture going through twothirds of
+our definition of a mathematical proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of a mathematical proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our definition of a mathematical proof.
+Um and the last term we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the last term we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the last term we haven't talked
+about yet uh is logical deductions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we said that mathematical proofs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we said that mathematical proofs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we said that mathematical proofs are
+built from are verifications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from are verifications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from are verifications of
+propositions. We talked a lot about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions. We talked a lot about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions. We talked a lot about what
+propositions are um using a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions are um using a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions are um using a sequence of
+logical deductions starting from a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical deductions starting from a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical deductions starting from a base
+set of axioms and we talked about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of axioms and we talked about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of axioms and we talked about what
+axioms are. So finally we get to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms are. So finally we get to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axioms are. So finally we get to talk
+about logical deductions. This is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about logical deductions. This is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about logical deductions. This is going
+to be the heart of how we build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the heart of how we build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the heart of how we build and
+construct and check our proofs. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct and check our proofs. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct and check our proofs. Um, so
+this is where most of the proofing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where most of the proofing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where most of the proofing
+happens inside of our proofs. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens inside of our proofs. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens inside of our proofs. Um, so
+what is a logical deduction? Let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a logical deduction? Let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a logical deduction? Let's see.
+So an inference rule,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see,
+is a rule for combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true propositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true propositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true propositions
+to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form
+other true propositions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For example, one of the classic ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, one of the classic ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, one of the classic ones and
+one we've um we've talked about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we've um we've talked about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we've um we've talked about uh
+briefly is called modus ponins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I'm writing this just to say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm writing this just to say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm writing this just to say let's
+not ever use those words again. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ever use those words again. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ever use those words again. Um the
+the concept is um is intuitive enough.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is um is intuitive enough.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept is um is intuitive enough.
+If we know P and we know P implies Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If we know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know these
+then we know Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we know Q.
+Yeah. If we know P and we know P implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. If we know P and we know P implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. If we know P and we know P implies
+Q then we know Q. If I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then we know Q. If I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then we know Q. If I think and
+thinking implies amming then I am. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking implies amming then I am. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking implies amming then I am. Um
+very intuitive. Let's again never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive. Let's again never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive. Let's again never
+mention this by name. That's way too uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this by name. That's way too uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this by name. That's way too uh
+precise for our uh for our purposes. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise for our uh for our purposes. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise for our uh for our purposes. Um
+there are some other famous ones like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other famous ones like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some other famous ones like if
+we know P implies Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know P implies Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know P implies Q
+and we know not Q sorry not Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know not Q sorry not Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know not Q sorry not Q
+then all of this implies all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of this implies all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of this implies all of that
+implies not P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is sort of the opposite direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of the opposite direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is sort of the opposite direction.
+If we know P implies Q but Q is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know P implies Q but Q is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we know P implies Q but Q is false
+then P better be false as well. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P better be false as well. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P better be false as well. Um
+here's another fun one. Uh if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another fun one. Uh if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another fun one. Uh if we know
+that not P implies false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then that implies P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that implies P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that implies P.
+Basically saying if P isn't false then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically saying if P isn't false then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Basically saying if P isn't false then
+it's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true.
+Hopefully intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully intuitive
+but we have the tools to not just rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have the tools to not just rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have the tools to not just rely
+on intuition here. We can verify these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on intuition here. We can verify these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on intuition here. We can verify these
+statements are actual inference rules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are actual inference rules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements are actual inference rules.
+Uh for example by drawing a truth table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example by drawing a truth table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh for example by drawing a truth table.
+Um let's do that last one just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's do that last one just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's do that last one just because
+it's smaller. Uh let's see. So uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller. Uh let's see. So uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's smaller. Uh let's see. So uh we
+have our we have P and it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our we have P and it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our we have P and it has two
+possible values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values.
+Um and then we have our big old formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we have our big old formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then we have our big old formula.
+So not P implies false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So not P implies false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So not P implies false.
+PNS imply P. I want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PNS imply P. I want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PNS imply P. I want to make sure that
+this formula on the right is always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula on the right is always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula on the right is always true
+no matter what P is. Um okay. Well, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what P is. Um okay. Well, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what P is. Um okay. Well, a
+useful way to fill out these uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to fill out these uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful way to fill out these uh these
+truth tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth tables
+um is to go sort of one step at a time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to go sort of one step at a time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is to go sort of one step at a time.
+And I like to do that by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I like to do that by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I like to do that by drawing
+directly under the symbol I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly under the symbol I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly under the symbol I'm working
+with. So like not P. When P is true, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So like not P. When P is true, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So like not P. When P is true, not
+P is false. And when P is false, not P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is false. And when P is false, not P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is false. And when P is false, not P
+is true. And I put that right under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true. And I put that right under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true. And I put that right under the
+the P bar. So I know I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P bar. So I know I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P bar. So I know I'm talking about
+the P bar. Now let's talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P bar. Now let's talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P bar. Now let's talk about this
+implies. Does false imply false?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies. Does false imply false?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies. Does false imply false?
+Yeah. Yeah, that's true. Does true imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, that's true. Does true imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, that's true. Does true imply
+false?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false?
+No, that's the case we need to avoid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, that's the case we need to avoid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, that's the case we need to avoid for
+implication. Okay, so finally um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication. Okay, so finally um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication. Okay, so finally um this
+this implies is really this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies is really this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies is really this whole
+parenthetical um clause there. Does true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical um clause there. Does true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical um clause there. Does true
+imply true? Because remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply true? Because remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply true? Because remember this is
+true and false here. Does true imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and false here. Does true imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and false here. Does true imply
+true?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true?
+Yeah. So this implies in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this implies in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this implies in this case is
+true. Does false imply false? also yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Does false imply false? also yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Does false imply false? also yes.
+Okay, so the column that corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the column that corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the column that corresponds to
+the whole formula is always true no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole formula is always true no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole formula is always true no
+matter what. And that is how we verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what. And that is how we verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what. And that is how we verify
+that this statement right here is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this statement right here is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this statement right here is always
+true. This is one possible way to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. This is one possible way to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. This is one possible way to verify
+that. Um these other um inference rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um these other um inference rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um these other um inference rules
+and lots of other ones that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of other ones that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots of other ones that we're going
+to use in this class. You can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in this class. You can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in this class. You can also
+verify this way if you wish. Please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this way if you wish. Please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this way if you wish. Please
+don't like do this in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like do this in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like do this in the middle of a
+proof. Let's just use these rules. um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Let's just use these rules. um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Let's just use these rules. um as
+rules that we're familiar with. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we're familiar with. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that we're familiar with. You
+don't have to reprove them every time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to reprove them every time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to reprove them every time.
+I'm just showing you that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you that we have the
+tools to do it if we wanted to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do it if we wanted to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do it if we wanted to.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Um in general, when writing proofs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in general, when writing proofs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in general, when writing proofs in
+this class, um we're going to want each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class, um we're going to want each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class, um we're going to want each
+step to be clear and logical. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to be clear and logical. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step to be clear and logical. We're
+going to want to use a valid um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to use a valid um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to use a valid um uh
+inference rule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference rule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference rule.
+Um but we just want to use it. Um, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we just want to use it. Um, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we just want to use it. Um, it
+should be clear from your writing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be clear from your writing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be clear from your writing what
+rule is being used, but you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is being used, but you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule is being used, but you don't have
+to call it out every time. Like modus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it out every time. Like modus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it out every time. Like modus
+pollins, modus tolins, I didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollins, modus tolins, I didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollins, modus tolins, I didn't even
+tell you what that second one means. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what that second one means. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what that second one means. Um,
+just go ahead and use it. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and use it. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and use it. We're going to
+have a familiar set of tools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a familiar set of tools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a familiar set of tools and
+deductions uh when writing these proofs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions uh when writing these proofs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions uh when writing these proofs.
+So just um if you use those or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just um if you use those or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just um if you use those or you're
+doing something else that is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else that is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something else that is clear
+enough um use that. And if it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um use that. And if it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um use that. And if it's less
+clear, explain it more. Um, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear, explain it more. Um, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear, explain it more. Um, of course,
+you should be explaining your steps. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be explaining your steps. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be explaining your steps. Um,
+usually you're relying on facts that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you're relying on facts that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you're relying on facts that we
+proved before or axioms that maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved before or axioms that maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved before or axioms that maybe we
+haven't explicitly written down yet. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explicitly written down yet. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't explicitly written down yet. And
+you should be identifying those. When
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be identifying those. When
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be identifying those. When
+you're relying on something, tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on something, tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're relying on something, tell us
+what you're relying on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're relying on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're relying on.
+Um, let's see. Please don't use what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see. Please don't use what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see. Please don't use what's
+called proof by intimidation. Clearly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called proof by intimidation. Clearly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called proof by intimidation. Clearly,
+this is true. This is obvious. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. This is obvious. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true. This is obvious. This is
+intuitive. Uh, in fact, I would strongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. Uh, in fact, I would strongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. Uh, in fact, I would strongly
+recommend striking those words from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend striking those words from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend striking those words from your
+mathematical vocabulary entirely. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical vocabulary entirely. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical vocabulary entirely. Um,
+anything that is clear and obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is clear and obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that is clear and obvious to
+you, well, first of all, it might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, well, first of all, it might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, well, first of all, it might not be
+clear and obvious to your readers, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and obvious to your readers, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and obvious to your readers, um,
+who might be your graders, who might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might be your graders, who might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might be your graders, who might be
+your peers. Um, and that can lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers. Um, and that can lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your peers. Um, and that can lose your
+points, u, because you didn't explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, u, because you didn't explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, u, because you didn't explain
+yourself fully. That can be demotivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself fully. That can be demotivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself fully. That can be demotivating
+for whoever is reading it, like, wait,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whoever is reading it, like, wait,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whoever is reading it, like, wait,
+this isn't obvious to me. Am I not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't obvious to me. Am I not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't obvious to me. Am I not as
+smart as I thought I was? Um, and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart as I thought I was? Um, and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart as I thought I was? Um, and of
+course, it runs the risk that the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, it runs the risk that the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, it runs the risk that the thing
+you said is obvious is wrong. Um, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said is obvious is wrong. Um, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said is obvious is wrong. Um, in
+fact, this is a common source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, this is a common source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact, this is a common source of
+mistakes because instead of proving it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes because instead of proving it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes because instead of proving it,
+you just glossed over it. Um, the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just glossed over it. Um, the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just glossed over it. Um, the proof
+is there to help you check that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there to help you check that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there to help you check that things
+are correct and help you catch mistakes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct and help you catch mistakes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correct and help you catch mistakes.
+And if you're skipping the proof, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're skipping the proof, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you're skipping the proof, then
+you're skipping that redundancy. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're skipping that redundancy. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're skipping that redundancy. Um, so
+things are never obvious, things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are never obvious, things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are never obvious, things are
+never clear. Please explain it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never clear. Please explain it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never clear. Please explain it.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+um I I mentioned last time that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I mentioned last time that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I mentioned last time that we're
+going to take basically all of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take basically all of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take basically all of high
+school math as our common set of axioms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school math as our common set of axioms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school math as our common set of axioms.
+Uh the the one exception to that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the the one exception to that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the the one exception to that is if
+we ask you to prove a theorem and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to prove a theorem and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to prove a theorem and you
+say, "I know this from high school math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I know this from high school math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "I know this from high school math.
+It's an axiom. I'm done." That's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an axiom. I'm done." That's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an axiom. I'm done." That's maybe
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um adhering to the spirit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adhering to the spirit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um adhering to the spirit of the
+assignment. If we ask you to prove a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. If we ask you to prove a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment. If we ask you to prove a
+statement that you already know is true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that you already know is true,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that you already know is true,
+please please go and prove it. Um, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please go and prove it. Um, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please please go and prove it. Um, we're
+asking you to think more deeply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think more deeply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to think more deeply about
+why it's true. Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's true. Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's true. Does that make sense?
+Cool. All right. So, using these logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. All right. So, using these logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. All right. So, using these logical
+deductions and things like them, I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions and things like them, I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deductions and things like them, I want
+to talk about a couple very common proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a couple very common proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about a couple very common proof
+outlines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Proof outlines. Oh, that's not a Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proof outlines. Oh, that's not a Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proof outlines. Oh, that's not a Q.
+That's a U. about lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a U. about lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a U. about lines
+for proving some of the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving some of the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proving some of the most common
+shapes that our theorems might take.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes that our theorems might take.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes that our theorems might take.
+For example, if we have a theorem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a natural number n such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number n such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number n such
+that n is at least 10 and uh n is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here's our theorem. There exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our theorem. There exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our theorem. There exists a
+number that's at least 10 and is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's at least 10 and is prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that's at least 10 and is prime.
+There exists a prime um bigger than n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There exists a prime um bigger than n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There exists a prime um bigger than n.
+Can someone prove this for me?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+17. That's actually the same example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17. That's actually the same example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17. That's actually the same example in
+my notes. Well done. Um proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes. Well done. Um proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my notes. Well done. Um proof
+n equals 17. Is that a full proof?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 17. Is that a full proof?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 17. Is that a full proof?
+I mean kind of. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we one more time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so the suggestion was we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so the suggestion was we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so the suggestion was we should
+be going through all of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going through all of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going through all of the possible
+factors of 17 and show that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of 17 and show that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of 17 and show that they're not
+factors to to verify that 17 is prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors to to verify that 17 is prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors to to verify that 17 is prime.
+Absolutely. Um that is something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Um that is something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely. Um that is something we
+haven't done. Um also we haven't checked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done. Um also we haven't checked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done. Um also we haven't checked
+that explicitly. We probably want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explicitly. We probably want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explicitly. We probably want to do
+that. Um, but let me back up and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, but let me back up and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, but let me back up and let me
+write down what the general proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the general proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the general proof
+usually looks like. Um, let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually looks like. Um, let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually looks like. Um, let's see.
+Proof. Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We'll show that n equals fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll show that n equals fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll show that n equals fill in the
+blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank
+works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This n
+is in the set we asked for. It's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the set we asked for. It's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the set we asked for. It's in the
+natural numbers. In this case, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers. In this case, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers. In this case, we're
+going to secretly be using 17. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to secretly be using 17. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to secretly be using 17. Um, so
+it's pretty clear, but in general, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear, but in general, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty clear, but in general, it
+might be less clear. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be less clear. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be less clear. So,
+for reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and n is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n is prime
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+reasons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is in general how we recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is in general how we recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is in general how we recommend
+writing a proof of a of an exists. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a proof of a of an exists. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a proof of a of an exists. If
+you want to show something exists in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show something exists in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to show something exists in a
+set with a property, you tell us what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set with a property, you tell us what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set with a property, you tell us what it
+is. You show us why it's in the set, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. You show us why it's in the set, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. You show us why it's in the set, you
+show us why it has the property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us why it has the property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show us why it has the property.
+Pretty intuitive, right? Hopefully. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty intuitive, right? Hopefully. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty intuitive, right? Hopefully. I
+know I just used that word that I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just used that word that I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just used that word that I said
+we weren't we aren't supposed to use. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't we aren't supposed to use. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't we aren't supposed to use. Um
+but this is sort of inextricably tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is sort of inextricably tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is sort of inextricably tied
+with what this symbol means. In general,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what this symbol means. In general,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what this symbol means. In general,
+there exists a natural number. To to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number. To to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a natural number. To to
+prove that there exists a number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that there exists a number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that there exists a number with
+this property, you have to show me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property, you have to show me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this property, you have to show me a
+number with this property. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with this property. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with this property. That's the
+most straightforward way to do it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most straightforward way to do it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most straightforward way to do it. Um,
+and that's what this proof outline is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this proof outline is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this proof outline is
+letting us do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting us do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting us do.
+In this particular problem, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this particular problem, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this particular problem, we're going
+to say we'll show n= 17 works. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we'll show n= 17 works. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we'll show n= 17 works. This
+number 17 is a natural number because,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 17 is a natural number because,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 17 is a natural number because,
+well, yeah, that I I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, yeah, that I I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, yeah, that I I don't know how to
+convince you of that if you're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you of that if you're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you of that if you're not sure
+of that. Um and n equ= 17 is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. Um and n equ= 17 is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that. Um and n equ= 17 is prime
+because and this is where we should if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and this is where we should if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because and this is where we should if
+we want to be super careful check all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be super careful check all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be super careful check all
+the possible factors um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible factors um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible factors um it's not
+divisible by two by three by four etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by two by three by four etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by two by three by four etc.
+Uh Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh Eric
+I am missing n greater equal to 10 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am missing n greater equal to 10 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am missing n greater equal to 10 um
+yeah we need to show that n satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we need to show that n satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we need to show that n satisfies
+this whole property um and n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime and greater equal to 10 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and greater equal to 10 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and greater equal to 10 because
+reasons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So more abstractly, if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So more abstractly, if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So more abstractly, if our
+theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is
+um there exists X in some set such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there exists X in some set such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there exists X in some set such that
+P of X holds, then our proof can often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X holds, then our proof can often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of X holds, then our proof can often
+look like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like um
+choose X equals some specific value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose X equals some specific value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose X equals some specific value that
+you have to put in. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put in. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put in. Um
+then X is in S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X is in S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then X is in S
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+big to-do there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to-do there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big to-do there.
+These are these are our to-dos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are these are our to-dos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are these are our to-dos
+and p of x is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p of x is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and p of x is true
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+to-do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+Similarly, what if we're asked to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, what if we're asked to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, what if we're asked to prove
+a for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for all
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all numbers
+x in the reals. So for all real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the reals. So for all real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the reals. So for all real numbers
+x x^2 - 6x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x^2 - 6x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x^2 - 6x
+is greater than -10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this theorem is about a for all not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this theorem is about a for all not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this theorem is about a for all not
+an exists. Um when we're asking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exists. Um when we're asking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exists. Um when we're asking about
+exists we need just a single example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we need just a single example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists we need just a single example.
+But when we're asking about for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when we're asking about for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when we're asking about for all
+examples aren't enough. Remember last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples aren't enough. Remember last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples aren't enough. Remember last
+time when we talked about n^2 + n + 41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we talked about n^2 + n + 41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we talked about n^2 + n + 41
+being prime lots of times? Well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prime lots of times? Well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prime lots of times? Well it's not
+prime every time. If we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime every time. If we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime every time. If we're trying to
+prove a for all, we need to show it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a for all, we need to show it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a for all, we need to show it that
+the property is true for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property is true for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property is true for every possible
+choice of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of X.
+And in general, let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general, let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in general, let's see what this
+outline might look like. So if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline might look like. So if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline might look like. So if our
+theorem is for all X in some set, P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is for all X in some set, P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is for all X in some set, P of X
+is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+Our proof usually looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our proof usually looks like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our proof usually looks like this.
+Proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose X is a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element of S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then P of X is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P of X is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P of X is true
+because reasons,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? I'm think it makes sense to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm think it makes sense to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I'm think it makes sense to put
+little question marks in there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question marks in there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little question marks in there so we
+know that we we have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we we have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we we have to figure out
+what's going on. There we go. this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. There we go. this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. There we go. this first
+line. Suppose X is some element of S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Suppose X is some element of S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. Suppose X is some element of S.
+Which element? We're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which element? We're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which element? We're not allowed to
+know. We're not allowed to choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. We're not allowed to choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. We're not allowed to choose a
+particular one. We need to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one. We need to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one. We need to prove that
+this is true for every possible choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for every possible choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for every possible choice
+of X. Which means in our proof, the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X. Which means in our proof, the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X. Which means in our proof, the only
+thing we assume about X is that it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we assume about X is that it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we assume about X is that it's in
+S. So you start by taking something in S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So you start by taking something in S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. So you start by taking something in S
+and assuming nothing else about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assuming nothing else about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assuming nothing else about it and
+then going and and concluding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going and and concluding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going and and concluding the
+property that we need to show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we need to show.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that we need to show.
+Again, this kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, this kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, this kind of like
+These might look very similar to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These might look very similar to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These might look very similar to you and
+they are. Um this says everything in S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. Um this says everything in S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are. Um this says everything in S
+has this thing. This says a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this thing. This says a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this thing. This says a generic
+thing in S has this property. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in S has this property. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in S has this property. Um the
+difference is that suppose X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that suppose X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that suppose X is a
+generic element of S or however you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic element of S or however you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic element of S or however you want
+to phrase that makes it concrete. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phrase that makes it concrete. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to phrase that makes it concrete. It
+gives us a particular X to talk about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a particular X to talk about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a particular X to talk about.
+So now we have something to use and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have something to use and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have something to use and talk
+about and reason about inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and reason about inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and reason about inside of our
+proof. Whereas up here, every how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Whereas up here, every how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Whereas up here, every how do we
+approach every that that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach every that that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach every that that's a little
+daunting. I I only know how to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting. I I only know how to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting. I I only know how to deal with
+one. So this gives us one. It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this gives us one. It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this gives us one. It's called
+x. We know nothing about it except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. We know nothing about it except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. We know nothing about it except that
+it's an s. But at least we have the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an s. But at least we have the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an s. But at least we have the one
+and we can work with it. So whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can work with it. So whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can work with it. So whenever you
+see a theorem that starts with a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a theorem that starts with a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a theorem that starts with a for
+all, your first line is almost always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, your first line is almost always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, your first line is almost always
+going to be this in order to bring some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this in order to bring some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this in order to bring some
+into scope that we can talk about. Sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into scope that we can talk about. Sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into scope that we can talk about. Sound
+good? Awesome. So how do we prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good? Awesome. So how do we prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good? Awesome. So how do we prove this
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof? Let's see. Let's see. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof? Let's see. Let's see. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof? Let's see. Let's see. Um
+suppose x is an element of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x is an element of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose x is an element of the real
+numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then let's see x - 3^ squared is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then let's see x - 3^ squared is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then let's see x - 3^ squared is greater
+equal 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0.
+Um because all reals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have non- negative squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This can be a fact we're citing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This can be a fact we're citing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This can be a fact we're citing from
+high school. We know how the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school. We know how the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school. We know how the real
+numbers multiply to each other. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers multiply to each other. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers multiply to each other. All
+right. Right. And once we know this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Right. And once we know this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Right. And once we know this um
+let's see equivalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing says that x^2 - 6x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing says that x^2 - 6x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing says that x^2 - 6x
+uh is greater or equal to -9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is greater or equal to -9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is greater or equal to -9
+which in turn is greater or equal to -10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn is greater or equal to -10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn is greater or equal to -10
+as needed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we started with pick some element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started with pick some element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started with pick some element of
+r without specifying which one. We ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r without specifying which one. We ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r without specifying which one. We ended
+with the property we need is true. QED.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property we need is true. QED.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the property we need is true. QED.
+Sound good? QED by the way um is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good? QED by the way um is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good? QED by the way um is a
+common way to mark the end of a proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to mark the end of a proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common way to mark the end of a proof.
+It's Latin for quote erat demonstrandom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's Latin for quote erat demonstrandom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's Latin for quote erat demonstrandom
+which was to be shown. So it's a synonym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to be shown. So it's a synonym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was to be shown. So it's a synonym
+for like as needed or um as desired. QED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like as needed or um as desired. QED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like as needed or um as desired. QED
+all the same thing. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same thing. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same thing. All right.
+Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question.
+Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the question was could we do this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question was could we do this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question was could we do this a
+different way? Could we look at like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way? Could we look at like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way? Could we look at like all
+the negative numbers and they behave one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative numbers and they behave one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative numbers and they behave one
+way and then look at all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then look at all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then look at all the numbers
+between zero and three or zero and six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and three or zero and six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and three or zero and six
+or something and they behave a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and they behave a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something and they behave a different
+way and then look at all the rest. Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then look at all the rest. Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then look at all the rest. Yes,
+absolutely we can do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely we can do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely we can do something like
+that. That's called proof by cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's called proof by cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That's called proof by cases.
+We're going to talk about it next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to talk about it next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to talk about it next
+lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+Um but for now let's move on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but for now let's move on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but for now let's move on to the next
+common outline which is proving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common outline which is proving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common outline which is proving uh
+implications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications.
+If we have a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we have a theorem
+that says P implies Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says P implies Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says P implies Q.
+I mentioned we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned we're going to be using
+implies all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies all the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies all the time.
+And often theorems say if this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And often theorems say if this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And often theorems say if this then
+that. If P then Q. How do we prove this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. If P then Q. How do we prove this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. If P then Q. How do we prove this?
+Our proof often looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume P
+then Q is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again looks pretty similar to the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looks pretty similar to the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again looks pretty similar to the kind
+of thing we're talking about. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we're talking about. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing we're talking about. But this
+first sentence assume P assume P is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence assume P assume P is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sentence assume P assume P is true
+makes things concrete. It instantiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things concrete. It instantiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things concrete. It instantiates
+um the thing we're supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the thing we're supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the thing we're supposed to be
+assuming. Um it gives us something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming. Um it gives us something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming. Um it gives us something
+concrete to work with. We can now live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete to work with. We can now live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete to work with. We can now live
+in this hypothetical where we know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hypothetical where we know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this hypothetical where we know for
+certain that P is true and then work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain that P is true and then work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain that P is true and then work
+with it as if it's true because inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as if it's true because inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it as if it's true because inside
+of this proof for the rest of this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this proof for the rest of this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this proof for the rest of this proof
+it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is.
+Assume P. Use that to show Q. Whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume P. Use that to show Q. Whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume P. Use that to show Q. Whenever
+we're trying to prove an implication,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove an implication,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove an implication,
+this is a common way to do it. Um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a common way to do it. Um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a common way to do it. Um this
+is called a direct proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+we're going to see indirect proofs a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see indirect proofs a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see indirect proofs a bit
+later. Um but there is a another common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Um but there is a another common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Um but there is a another common
+way uh actually sorry before that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh actually sorry before that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh actually sorry before that um
+let's do an example of proving something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example of proving something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example of proving something
+um in this fashion theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this fashion theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this fashion theorem.
+Um, if n is a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if n is a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if n is a multiple
+of 10,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10,
+then it is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it is even.
+If n is a multiple of 10, then it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If n is a multiple of 10, then it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If n is a multiple of 10, then it is
+even. We're proving an implication. N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. We're proving an implication. N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even. We're proving an implication. N
+multiple of 10 implies even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 10 implies even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 10 implies even.
+P implies Q. So even without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P implies Q. So even without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P implies Q. So even without having to
+think very hard proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume n is a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume n is a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume n is a multiple
+of 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10.
+We know we're going to start with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know we're going to start with that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know we're going to start with that.
+Assume the first thing we know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume the first thing we know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume the first thing we know we're
+we're going to end with the last thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end with the last thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end with the last thing.
+Therefore n is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore n is even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore n is even.
+So question mark question mark question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So question mark question mark question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So question mark question mark question
+mark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Therefore, n is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, n is even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, n is even.
+And if we can connect the dots from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we can connect the dots from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we can connect the dots from the
+first line to the last line, we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line to the last line, we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first line to the last line, we'll have
+our proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof.
+Notice, by the way, that was kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice, by the way, that was kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice, by the way, that was kind of an
+automatic process. If the theorem is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic process. If the theorem is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic process. If the theorem is an
+implication, then kind of this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication, then kind of this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication, then kind of this is what
+our proof is commonly going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof is commonly going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proof is commonly going to look
+like. So, we can just write it down. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So, we can just write it down. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. So, we can just write it down. And
+now we have a clearer, more concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a clearer, more concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a clearer, more concrete
+sense of the task we're supposed to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the task we're supposed to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the task we're supposed to do.
+Starting from the fact that n is even,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starting from the fact that n is even,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starting from the fact that n is even,
+we're supposed to derive the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to derive the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to derive the fact that
+it's sorry, starting from the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sorry, starting from the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sorry, starting from the fact that
+it's a multiple of 10, derive the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multiple of 10, derive the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a multiple of 10, derive the fact
+that it's even. So, let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's even. So, let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's even. So, let's go ahead and
+do that. Assume n is a multiple of 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Assume n is a multiple of 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that. Assume n is a multiple of 10.
+Um, what does it mean to be a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what does it mean to be a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, what does it mean to be a multiple
+of 10?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10?
+So, n is 10 * k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, n is 10 * k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, n is 10 * k
+for some integer k,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Um, but then n equ= 2 * 5 * k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but then n equ= 2 * 5 * k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but then n equ= 2 * 5 * k
+and so it's 2 * an integer. Therefore,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's 2 * an integer. Therefore,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's 2 * an integer. Therefore,
+it's even. There's our proof. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even. There's our proof. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even. There's our proof. We're
+done. Just by identifying where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Just by identifying where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Just by identifying where we're
+supposed to start and where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to start and where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to start and where we're
+supposed to end, we were able to bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to end, we were able to bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to end, we were able to bridge
+the gap. Sound good?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap. Sound good?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gap. Sound good?
+Nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nice.
+So, there's another common way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's another common way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's another common way of
+proving implications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving implications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving implications.
+Um this is called proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is called proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is called proof by
+contraositive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Recall last uh last lecture we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recall last uh last lecture we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recall last uh last lecture we said that
+P oops P implies Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P oops P implies Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P oops P implies Q
+is equivalent to its contraositive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to its contraositive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to its contraositive
+uh let's see not Q implies not P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see not Q implies not P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see not Q implies not P.
+This right here is the contraositive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This right here is the contraositive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This right here is the contraositive
+contraositive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so if we're supposed to be proving P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if we're supposed to be proving P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so if we're supposed to be proving P
+implies Q, sometimes it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies Q, sometimes it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies Q, sometimes it's more
+convenient to instead prove not Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to instead prove not Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to instead prove not Q
+implies not P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies not P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies not P.
+And so our proof outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so our proof outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so our proof outline
+um would say proof by contraositive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So assume
+Q is false. Assume not Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is false. Assume not Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q is false. Assume not Q.
+See assume Q is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then P is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because question mark,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Same as we did for for direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Same as we did for for direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Same as we did for for direct
+implications, but we're proving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications, but we're proving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications, but we're proving this
+implication instead. So assume not Q,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication instead. So assume not Q,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication instead. So assume not Q,
+use it to prove not P. And let's see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to prove not P. And let's see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to prove not P. And let's see an
+example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh let's see. So for all integers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's see. So for all integers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's see. So for all integers n
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+if n^ squ is even then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is even
+for all natural numbers n. If n squ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all natural numbers n. If n squ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all natural numbers n. If n squ is
+even then n is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then n is even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then n is even.
+Now automatically oh we're proving a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now automatically oh we're proving a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now automatically oh we're proving a for
+all. I know how to write that proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. I know how to write that proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. I know how to write that proof
+proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Suppose n is an integer. Now we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose n is an integer. Now we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose n is an integer. Now we have an
+n to work with right we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to work with right we need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to work with right we need to prove
+this implication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implication.
+Um let's see. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's see. So
+proof by contraositive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always nice to say what proof technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nice to say what proof technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nice to say what proof technique
+you're using if it's maybe not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using if it's maybe not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using if it's maybe not as
+self-evident as it might be. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident as it might be. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident as it might be. So now
+we're indicating we're proving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're indicating we're proving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're indicating we're proving this
+implication by contraositive. And once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication by contraositive. And once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication by contraositive. And once
+we've said that both you the writer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said that both you the writer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've said that both you the writer and
+your audience the readers know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your audience the readers know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your audience the readers know what's
+supposed to come next. Proof of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to come next. Proof of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to come next. Proof of
+contraositive. So assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraositive. So assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraositive. So assume
+this thing on the right is false. Assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing on the right is false. Assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing on the right is false. Assume
+n is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is odd
+because that's the opposite of n being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the opposite of n being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the opposite of n being
+even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Want to show
+n squ is is not even. N squ is odd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squ is is not even. N squ is odd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n squ is is not even. N squ is odd.
+This by the way wts um want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This by the way wts um want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This by the way wts um want to show
+this. This I find is really useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This I find is really useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This I find is really useful for
+me when planning out proofs, thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when planning out proofs, thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me when planning out proofs, thinking
+about proofs, sometimes even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about proofs, sometimes even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about proofs, sometimes even when
+writing proofs. Um, this is an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing proofs. Um, this is an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing proofs. Um, this is an indicator
+that this is where I'm trying to go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where I'm trying to go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where I'm trying to go.
+This is the end of our proof. This is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the end of our proof. This is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the end of our proof. This is my
+goal. Um, and it signals both to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal. Um, and it signals both to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal. Um, and it signals both to you
+that this is work that's left to do. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is work that's left to do. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is work that's left to do. Um,
+it signals to your reader that okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it signals to your reader that okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it signals to your reader that okay,
+great. We we agree that we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. We we agree that we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great. We we agree that we're working
+towards the right thing. So now let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the right thing. So now let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the right thing. So now let's go
+and do it. Um, and also as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it. Um, and also as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do it. Um, and also as you're
+writing scratchwork and solving these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing scratchwork and solving these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing scratchwork and solving these
+proofs, um, and maybe you get distracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs, um, and maybe you get distracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs, um, and maybe you get distracted
+and have to come back later and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to come back later and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have to come back later and you see
+a bunch of statements on your page.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of statements on your page.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of statements on your page.
+Wait, which of these statements did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wait, which of these statements did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wait, which of these statements did we
+prove and which are we trying to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and which are we trying to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove and which are we trying to work
+towards? So, um, as I'm working on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards? So, um, as I'm working on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards? So, um, as I'm working on these
+proofs, I really like to be organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs, I really like to be organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs, I really like to be organized
+and say, we know this, we know that, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say, we know this, we know that, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say, we know this, we know that, we
+want to show this other thing. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show this other thing. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show this other thing. So, I
+know that we haven't proven it yet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we haven't proven it yet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we haven't proven it yet and
+we want to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to.
+All right. So proof a contraositive. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So proof a contraositive. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So proof a contraositive. So
+assume n is odd. We want to show that n^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume n is odd. We want to show that n^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume n is odd. We want to show that n^
+squ is odd,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ is odd,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ is odd,
+right? Because that's that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because that's that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because that's that's what the
+proof method tells us to do. And now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof method tells us to do. And now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof method tells us to do. And now we
+can go do it. Okay. So assume n is odd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go do it. Okay. So assume n is odd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go do it. Okay. So assume n is odd.
+Um so n is 2k + 1. That's what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so n is 2k + 1. That's what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so n is 2k + 1. That's what it means
+to be odd for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be odd for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be odd for some
+integer k. Then n^2 is 4k ^2 + 4k + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer k. Then n^2 is 4k ^2 + 4k + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer k. Then n^2 is 4k ^2 + 4k + 1
+which is 2 * an integer + 1 which is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+q e d. And just to be precise about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q e d. And just to be precise about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q e d. And just to be precise about it
+2k oop sorry 2k^ 2 + 2k but two times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2k oop sorry 2k^ 2 + 2k but two times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2k oop sorry 2k^ 2 + 2k but two times an
+integer plus one is what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer plus one is what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer plus one is what it means to be
+odd. So we're done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd. So we're done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd. So we're done.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So, we have proven implication. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have proven implication. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we have proven implication. We've
+shown two different proof outlines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown two different proof outlines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown two different proof outlines for
+how to show P implies Q. One direct, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to show P implies Q. One direct, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to show P implies Q. One direct, you
+assume P, use it to conclude Q. Um, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume P, use it to conclude Q. Um, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume P, use it to conclude Q. Um, one
+sort of flipped around. Um, assume not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flipped around. Um, assume not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flipped around. Um, assume not
+Q, use it to derive not P. Uh, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, use it to derive not P. Uh, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q, use it to derive not P. Uh, there's a
+related proof technique called proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related proof technique called proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related proof technique called proof by
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, in growing up, you might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, in growing up, you might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, in growing up, you might have been
+told, "Don't use double negatives.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told, "Don't use double negatives.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told, "Don't use double negatives.
+They're not as clear. It's always much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not as clear. It's always much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not as clear. It's always much
+stronger to more directly say what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger to more directly say what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger to more directly say what you
+mean." But sometimes in math, a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean." But sometimes in math, a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean." But sometimes in math, a double
+negative isn't what we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative isn't what we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative isn't what we don't want to
+avoid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid.
+I think there were four negatives in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there were four negatives in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there were four negatives in
+there. Got it right. Yeah. Uh double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Got it right. Yeah. Uh double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Got it right. Yeah. Uh double
+negatives can sometimes work to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives can sometimes work to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives can sometimes work to our
+favor. uh and proof by contradiction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor. uh and proof by contradiction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favor. uh and proof by contradiction is
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+that technique as a proof outline. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technique as a proof outline. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technique as a proof outline. So
+let's talk about what this does. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what this does. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what this does. Um
+proof by contradiction. So theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction. So theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction. So theorem
+P whatever P is proof by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P whatever P is proof by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P whatever P is proof by contradiction
+can be used to prove anything you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to prove anything you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used to prove anything you want.
+You know sometimes sometimes it it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know sometimes sometimes it it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know sometimes sometimes it it works
+sometimes it doesn't sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it doesn't sometimes it's
+nicer but it's not assuming a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer but it's not assuming a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer but it's not assuming a specific
+form of theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of theorem.
+Our proof looks like this. Um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our proof looks like this. Um let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our proof looks like this. Um let's see
+um for the sake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the sake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the sake
+of contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Assume P is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Assume P is false. Then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Assume P is false. Then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Assume P is false. Then the
+proof continues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then some other statement R. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then some other statement R. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then some other statement R. Any
+statement R we want we get to choose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement R we want we get to choose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement R we want we get to choose.
+Then r is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true and false,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is bad. That breaks math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bad. That breaks math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is bad. That breaks math.
+Propositions are supposed to be true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Propositions are supposed to be true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Propositions are supposed to be true or
+false, not both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false, not both.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false, not both.
+Um, that's a sign that our set of axioms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's a sign that our set of axioms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's a sign that our set of axioms
+is inconsistent. And remember, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inconsistent. And remember, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inconsistent. And remember, that's
+the the one thing we don't want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one thing we don't want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the one thing we don't want them to
+be. Um, if something's true and false,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Um, if something's true and false,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Um, if something's true and false,
+then everything's true and everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything's true and everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everything's true and everything's
+false. And and that's bad. let's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. And and that's bad. let's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. And and that's bad. let's not
+break math. Um, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break math. Um, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break math. Um, which is a
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and then to to explain it further,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then to to explain it further,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then to to explain it further,
+so our assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, P is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we started by assuming P is false. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started by assuming P is false. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we started by assuming P is false. We
+broke math. So the assumption that P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke math. So the assumption that P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke math. So the assumption that P is
+false must be wrong. So if P is false,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false must be wrong. So if P is false,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false must be wrong. So if P is false,
+it isn't true. Um now I put this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't true. Um now I put this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't true. Um now I put this last
+sentence in parenthesis because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in parenthesis because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence in parenthesis because it's
+clear, it's clearer than if you leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear, it's clearer than if you leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear, it's clearer than if you leave it
+out. Um, but if you're writing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um, but if you're writing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um, but if you're writing between
+people that all agree on how proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that all agree on how proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that all agree on how proof by
+contradiction works and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction works and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction works and understand
+what's going on, then just including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on, then just including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on, then just including
+this word contradiction at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word contradiction at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word contradiction at the beginning
+and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying
+uh what the contradiction that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the contradiction that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the contradiction that we've
+reached is, that's usually enough. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached is, that's usually enough. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached is, that's usually enough. You
+don't have to have that that summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have that that summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to have that that summary
+statement at the end if you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement at the end if you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement at the end if you don't want
+it. Um, that's a matter of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, that's a matter of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, that's a matter of personal
+style, but you should be saying right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style, but you should be saying right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style, but you should be saying right at
+the beginning that you're doing a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that you're doing a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that you're doing a proof
+by contradiction, and you should say at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction, and you should say at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by contradiction, and you should say at
+the end what your contradiction is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what your contradiction is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end what your contradiction is.
+Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+Cool. Um, yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Um, that's exactly right. This uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, that's exactly right. This uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Um, that's exactly right. This uh
+inference rule that we analyzed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference rule that we analyzed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference rule that we analyzed at the
+beginning is exactly what's justifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is exactly what's justifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is exactly what's justifying
+proof by contradiction as a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction as a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction as a proof
+outline. Um, if not P implies that false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline. Um, if not P implies that false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline. Um, if not P implies that false
+is true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true,
+then P has to be true. That's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P has to be true. That's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P has to be true. That's exactly
+what this is saying and that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying and that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying and that's what the
+proof technique is doing. Very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof technique is doing. Very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof technique is doing. Very well
+spotted. Thank you. Um, I meant to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotted. Thank you. Um, I meant to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotted. Thank you. Um, I meant to say
+that and might have forgotten. So, thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and might have forgotten. So, thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and might have forgotten. So, thank
+you for the reminder. Um, a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the reminder. Um, a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for the reminder. Um, a couple other
+things about this. Um, for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this. Um, for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about this. Um, for the sake of
+contradiction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction,
+um, there are lots of other ways to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, there are lots of other ways to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, there are lots of other ways to say
+that. You can just say proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You can just say proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. You can just say proof by
+contradiction and that's enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction and that's enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction and that's enough to
+signal to the reader that you're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the reader that you're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal to the reader that you're doing a
+proof by contradiction. Um, I've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction. Um, I've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by contradiction. Um, I've also
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block by way of contradiction assume P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block by way of contradiction assume P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block by way of contradiction assume P
+is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false.
+Uh, I have seen that. I like it. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I have seen that. I like it. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I have seen that. I like it. I don't
+use it as much because I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as much because I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it as much because I don't think
+it's as standard. Um, but it's silly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as standard. Um, but it's silly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as standard. Um, but it's silly and
+I like it. Um, at the end when you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it. Um, at the end when you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it. Um, at the end when you find
+your contradiction and you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contradiction and you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your contradiction and you want to say
+this is a contradiction, we've broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a contradiction, we've broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a contradiction, we've broken
+math. We're done. However you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. We're done. However you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math. We're done. However you want to
+say that part. Um, I've also seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that part. Um, I've also seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that part. Um, I've also seen this
+symbol equals x equals because it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol equals x equals because it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol equals x equals because it looks
+like two arrows pointing at each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two arrows pointing at each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two arrows pointing at each other
+contradicting each other. That's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradicting each other. That's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradicting each other. That's another
+fun embellishment if you want. But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun embellishment if you want. But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun embellishment if you want. But now
+that we've seen the proof outline, hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen the proof outline, hey,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen the proof outline, hey,
+that looks like a smiley face. Um, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a smiley face. Um, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a smiley face. Um, now
+that we've seen the proof outline, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen the proof outline, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've seen the proof outline, let's
+use it um on a real theorem. and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it um on a real theorem. and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it um on a real theorem. and that is
+that the square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the square root of two
+is not a rational number. So remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a rational number. So remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a rational number. So remember
+this blackboard bold q is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blackboard bold q is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blackboard bold q is the set of
+rational numbers of um integer divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers of um integer divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers of um integer divided
+by non-zero integer the set of all such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by non-zero integer the set of all such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by non-zero integer the set of all such
+things. Uh and the theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh and the theorem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Uh and the theorem is that
+square root of two is not rational.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two is not rational.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of two is not rational.
+So let's prove it. Often when your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's prove it. Often when your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's prove it. Often when your
+theorem has a knot on the outside, it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem has a knot on the outside, it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem has a knot on the outside, it is
+not true that property. Contradiction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true that property. Contradiction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true that property. Contradiction is
+a common way to handle that because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common way to handle that because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common way to handle that because if
+um because our proof by contradiction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because our proof by contradiction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because our proof by contradiction is
+going to say well proof by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+and again I want to emphasize the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I want to emphasize the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I want to emphasize the moment
+we say this is a proof by contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this is a proof by contradiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say this is a proof by contradiction
+what we assume is fixed. There's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we assume is fixed. There's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we assume is fixed. There's only
+one thing we're supposed to assume. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we're supposed to assume. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing we're supposed to assume. The
+outline tells us what we have to assume,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline tells us what we have to assume,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline tells us what we have to assume,
+which is that the entire theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the entire theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the entire theorem is
+false. That's the only thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. That's the only thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. That's the only thing we're
+supposed to do. We should still say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do. We should still say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to do. We should still say it
+because we want you and the reader to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want you and the reader to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want you and the reader to
+agree that the correct procedure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that the correct procedure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that the correct procedure is
+being followed. You're assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being followed. You're assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being followed. You're assuming the
+correct thing. So assume that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct thing. So assume that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct thing. So assume that this is
+false. In other words, assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. In other words, assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false. In other words, assume that
+square<unk> of two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of two is
+a rational number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is not isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do what I say not what I write.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I say not what I write.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I say not what I write.
+Um okay and now let's let's keep going.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay and now let's let's keep going.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay and now let's let's keep going.
+What does it mean for square root of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does it mean for square root of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does it mean for square root of two
+to be a rational number? Okay. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a rational number? Okay. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a rational number? Okay. Um so
+square<unk> of two equals a over b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of two equals a over b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of two equals a over b
+um for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for some
+integers a and b where b does not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers a and b where b does not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers a and b where b does not equal
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+And as we might recall from high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we might recall from high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we might recall from high school
+math, we can always assume that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, we can always assume that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, we can always assume that a
+fraction is in lowest terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is in lowest terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction is in lowest terms.
+Um, in lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in lowest
+terms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms,
+so a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a and b
+have no common divisor,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? We can always reduce a fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We can always reduce a fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We can always reduce a fraction
+to lowest terms. So let's take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lowest terms. So let's take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lowest terms. So let's take that
+fraction already written in lowest terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction already written in lowest terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction already written in lowest terms
+and let's keep going from there. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's keep going from there. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's keep going from there. Okay.
+So a over b=<unk> 2 means a =<unk> 2 * b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a over b=<unk> 2 means a =<unk> 2 * b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a over b=<unk> 2 means a =<unk> 2 * b
+means a^2 = 2 b ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a^2 = 2 b ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a^2 = 2 b ^2
+which means a^2 is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And wait, we already proved something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And wait, we already proved something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And wait, we already proved something
+about if the square of a number is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if the square of a number is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if the square of a number is even
+then the number itself is even. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number itself is even. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number itself is even. It's
+very convenient that we already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient that we already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very convenient that we already have
+that there. So since a^ squ is even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there. So since a^ squ is even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there. So since a^ squ is even this
+theorem shows us that a is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem shows us that a is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem shows us that a is even
+by the theorem over there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem over there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem over there on the
+previous board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous board.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. What does it mean for a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What does it mean for a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What does it mean for a to be
+even? So a equals 2 times some integer c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for some c oop sorry for some integer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some c oop sorry for some integer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some c oop sorry for some integer I
+did it again c in the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it again c in the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it again c in the integers
+right that's what it means for a to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what it means for a to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what it means for a to be
+even it's two times an integer so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it's two times an integer so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it's two times an integer so let's
+keep going let's put this back into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going let's put this back into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going let's put this back into our
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+um so now this says that 2 c^ 2 = 2 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now this says that 2 c^ 2 = 2 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so now this says that 2 c^ 2 = 2 b
+^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2.
+Right? So this says that 4 c ^2 = 2 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this says that 4 c ^2 = 2 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So this says that 4 c ^2 = 2 b
+^2. We can divide by 2. This says 2 c ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. We can divide by 2. This says 2 c ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. We can divide by 2. This says 2 c ^2
+= b ^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= b ^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= b ^2.
+But now b ^2 is even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And as we know by our by our lema over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we know by our by our lema over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we know by our by our lema over
+there again b is now even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again b is now even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there again b is now even
+by the same theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same theorem.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+A and B are now both even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, they have a common factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I to be more precise, no common divisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to be more precise, no common divisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to be more precise, no common divisor
+is greater than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than one.
+um a and if a and b are in lowest terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a and if a and b are in lowest terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a and if a and b are in lowest terms
+then there's no integer bigger than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no integer bigger than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's no integer bigger than one
+that divides both of them. But we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divides both of them. But we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divides both of them. But we just
+found that two divides both of them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that two divides both of them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that two divides both of them. So
+this is our contradiction. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our contradiction. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our contradiction. This
+statement here contradicts this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here contradicts this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here contradicts this
+statement here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? We have a single statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have a single statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? We have a single statement that
+we showed is both true and false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed is both true and false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed is both true and false.
+So we've reached a contradiction and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've reached a contradiction and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've reached a contradiction and our
+proof is done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is done.
+Does that make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that make sense?
+Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+Very nice. Very nice. Um, let me take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very nice. Very nice. Um, let me take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very nice. Very nice. Um, let me take an
+one more minute to talk about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more minute to talk about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more minute to talk about these
+proof outline techniques in general. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof outline techniques in general. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof outline techniques in general. Um,
+now these aren't meant to restrict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these aren't meant to restrict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these aren't meant to restrict the
+way you're allowed to prove things or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're allowed to prove things or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're allowed to prove things or
+restrict the way you're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the way you're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict the way you're allowed to
+express things. They're there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express things. They're there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express things. They're there as
+scaffolds to make sure you're proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolds to make sure you're proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolds to make sure you're proving
+the right things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right things
+um and to direct your thinking. The more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to direct your thinking. The more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to direct your thinking. The more
+you can break down a proof into smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can break down a proof into smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can break down a proof into smaller
+and smaller to-dos.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller to-dos.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller to-dos.
+Um first of all, the easier it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um first of all, the easier it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um first of all, the easier it is to
+make sure that your proof is correct. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your proof is correct. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that your proof is correct. Um
+and secondly, the the easier it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly, the the easier it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly, the the easier it's going
+to be to think about those individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to think about those individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to think about those individual
+tasks. Smaller tasks are easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks. Smaller tasks are easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks. Smaller tasks are easier to
+handle than larger tasks. Um, also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle than larger tasks. Um, also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle than larger tasks. Um, also a
+common mistake when writing proofs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common mistake when writing proofs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common mistake when writing proofs in
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general
+is when you're presented with a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you're presented with a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you're presented with a theorem
+to dive right in. Why is this true? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive right in. Why is this true? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dive right in. Why is this true? How
+am I going to figure this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to figure this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I going to figure this out
+without taking the time to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without taking the time to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without taking the time to realize that
+actually what's going on in your head,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's going on in your head,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's going on in your head,
+what you're trying to prove is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to prove is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to prove is not
+actually what the theorem is asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the theorem is asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the theorem is asking you
+to prove. And so that's just a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove. And so that's just a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove. And so that's just a bunch of
+wasted effort and lost points on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted effort and lost points on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted effort and lost points on your
+homework. Um if you had taken a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework. Um if you had taken a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework. Um if you had taken a few
+minutes um or with practice a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um or with practice a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes um or with practice a few
+seconds to do these um standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to do these um standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to do these um standard
+outlining procedures to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining procedures to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining procedures to figure out what
+the structure of the proof is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the proof is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the proof is supposed
+to be,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be,
+then now you know what the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you know what the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now you know what the structure of
+the proof is supposed to be and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is supposed to be and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof is supposed to be and you can
+spend your um your precious thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend your um your precious thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend your um your precious thinking
+cycles thinking about the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles thinking about the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles thinking about the things that
+you're actually supposed to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually supposed to prove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually supposed to prove.
+uh and let me demonstrate this um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let me demonstrate this um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let me demonstrate this um that
+with proof you can make this automatic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proof you can make this automatic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with proof you can make this automatic.
+You can make this fast. You can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can make this fast. You can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can make this fast. You can really
+use it to help inform your uh your proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to help inform your uh your proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to help inform your uh your proof
+writing endeavors. So let's say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing endeavors. So let's say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing endeavors. So let's say we have
+a theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theorem.
+Let's see. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. So
+an integer n is foolish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer n is foolish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer n is foolish
+precisely when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n+1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n+1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n+1
+is barome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do these underlying words mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do these underlying words mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do these underlying words mean?
+Absolutely nothing. But let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely nothing. But let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Absolutely nothing. But let's imagine
+they actually mean something. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually mean something. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually mean something. Let's
+imagine this theorem is meaningful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this theorem is meaningful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine this theorem is meaningful and
+we've been asked to prove it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been asked to prove it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been asked to prove it.
+I claim there's a lot of progress we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim there's a lot of progress we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim there's a lot of progress we can
+make in writing and structuring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in writing and structuring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make in writing and structuring this
+proof even before we go and look up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof even before we go and look up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof even before we go and look up what
+these two weird terms mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two weird terms mean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two weird terms mean.
+So let's do that. Okay. So this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do that. Okay. So this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do that. Okay. So this theorem
+we can we can phrase it as for all n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can phrase it as for all n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can we can phrase it as for all n in
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+n is foolish if and only if n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is foolish if and only if n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is foolish if and only if n plus one
+is barome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Excuse me. Um, now this sorry I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Um, now this sorry I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Um, now this sorry I would I
+prefer to write it like this. FN if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to write it like this. FN if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to write it like this. FN if and
+only if BN plus one. I don't remember if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if BN plus one. I don't remember if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if BN plus one. I don't remember if
+we talked about if and only if on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about if and only if on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about if and only if on
+Tuesday. Great. Let's talk about it now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday. Great. Let's talk about it now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday. Great. Let's talk about it now.
+Um, so P if and only if Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so P if and only if Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so P if and only if Q
+also written as P if and only if Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also written as P if and only if Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also written as P if and only if Q
+um means that P and Q are both true or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um means that P and Q are both true or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um means that P and Q are both true or
+both false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both false.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both false.
+um P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um P and Q
+both true or both false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It means they're expressing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It means they're expressing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It means they're expressing the same
+condition. They're they're true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. They're they're true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition. They're they're true in
+exactly the same times. They're false in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same times. They're false in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same times. They're false in
+exactly the same times. So they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same times. So they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same times. So they're
+logically equivalent. Um one way you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically equivalent. Um one way you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically equivalent. Um one way you can
+define this like we we could just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this like we we could just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this like we we could just draw
+the truth table like we did last time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table like we did last time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table like we did last time,
+but also commonly Oops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also commonly Oops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also commonly Oops.
+Um this is this can be defined as P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is this can be defined as P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is this can be defined as P
+implies Q and Q implies P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies Q and Q implies P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies Q and Q implies P.
+If P is true then Q is true and if Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If P is true then Q is true and if Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If P is true then Q is true and if Q is
+true then P is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then P is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then P is true.
+All right. Um and this if and only if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um and this if and only if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um and this if and only if um
+implies in both directions this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies in both directions this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies in both directions this concept
+is what we mean when we say precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we mean when we say precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we mean when we say precisely
+when these are true or false together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these are true or false together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these are true or false together.
+Sound good?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sound good?
+Okay. So, we have our theorem. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we have our theorem. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, we have our theorem. Let's
+prove it. Proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it. Proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove it. Proof.
+Okay. The theorem starts with a for all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The theorem starts with a for all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The theorem starts with a for all.
+I know how to handle a for all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to handle a for all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know how to handle a for all.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+suppose n is an integer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fn if and only if bn plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn if and only if bn plus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn if and only if bn plus one.
+Right? That was that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That was that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That was that was one of the
+first outlines we talked about. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first outlines we talked about. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first outlines we talked about. If you
+have a for all, you introduce a generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a for all, you introduce a generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a for all, you introduce a generic
+one and you want to show the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you want to show the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you want to show the property
+for that n. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that n. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that n. Right?
+Okay. Well, now we want to show an if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, now we want to show an if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, now we want to show an if
+and only if which we know is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if which we know is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if which we know is defined
+like this. So really instead of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So really instead of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So really instead of all of
+that, we can be a little more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we can be a little more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we can be a little more precise
+with it. We want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. We want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. We want to show
+that f(n) implies bn plus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f(n) implies bn plus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f(n) implies bn plus one and
+that bn plus one implies fn. And once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bn plus one implies fn. And once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bn plus one implies fn. And once
+we've done both of those tasks, we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done both of those tasks, we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done both of those tasks, we will
+have proved the ifolith.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proved the ifolith.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proved the ifolith.
+Okay. Well, now we're trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, now we're trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, now we're trying to prove
+implications. We know how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications. We know how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications. We know how to prove
+implications. Let let's use a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications. Let let's use a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications. Let let's use a direct
+method for each of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for each of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for each of these.
+So assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um fn is true. Now we want to show bn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fn is true. Now we want to show bn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um fn is true. Now we want to show bn
+plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are sort of separate sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are sort of separate sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are sort of separate sections
+in our proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our proof.
+In this part we are temporarily assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this part we are temporarily assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this part we are temporarily assuming
+that fn is true and using that to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn is true and using that to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fn is true and using that to prove
+that bn plus one is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bn plus one is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bn plus one is true.
+And now down here uh assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now down here uh assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now down here uh assume
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that bn plus one is true. And now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bn plus one is true. And now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bn plus one is true. And now we
+want to show fn is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show fn is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show fn is true.
+And now our tasks are very clear to us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now our tasks are very clear to us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now our tasks are very clear to us.
+We need to show that if fn then bn plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to show that if fn then bn plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need to show that if fn then bn plus
+one. We need to show um in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We need to show um in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We need to show um in addition to
+that we need to show that if bn plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to show that if bn plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to show that if bn plus1
+then fn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fn.
+And now at this point, there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now at this point, there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now at this point, there's not
+really much else we can do without going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much else we can do without going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really much else we can do without going
+to look up what these terms mean, use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up what these terms mean, use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up what these terms mean, use
+their definitions, figure out why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their definitions, figure out why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their definitions, figure out why this
+thing is true. But this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true. But this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is true. But this is where the
+interesting part of the proof happens,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of the proof happens,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting part of the proof happens,
+where the unique part of the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unique part of the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the unique part of the proof
+happens, the part that's specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, the part that's specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, the part that's specific to
+this problem. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. Um,
+yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah,
+and that's a lot of progress that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lot of progress that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lot of progress that we
+made even before the theorem even makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made even before the theorem even makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made even before the theorem even makes
+sense. So once you get better at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So once you get better at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. So once you get better at this
+task um the easier it will be to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task um the easier it will be to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task um the easier it will be to set
+things up correctly and set yourself up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up correctly and set yourself up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up correctly and set yourself up
+for success.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for success.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for success.
+Questions on that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions on that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions on that?
+Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+All right. So the other main topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the other main topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So the other main topic for
+today, we talked a lot about proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, we talked a lot about proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, we talked a lot about proof
+outlines, proof by contradiction. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines, proof by contradiction. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlines, proof by contradiction. The
+other main topic is proof by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other main topic is proof by induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other main topic is proof by induction.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+And interesting I didn't I didn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And interesting I didn't I didn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And interesting I didn't I didn't hear
+the groan that I usually get. Um proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groan that I usually get. Um proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the groan that I usually get. Um proof
+by induction is one of those t one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction is one of those t one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction is one of those t one of
+those topics that um some students come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those topics that um some students come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those topics that um some students come
+in with the impression that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the impression that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with the impression that it's
+difficult um that it's hard to grasp. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um that it's hard to grasp. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult um that it's hard to grasp. Um
+and there are reasons for that. Um even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are reasons for that. Um even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are reasons for that. Um even
+before telling you what induction is, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before telling you what induction is, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before telling you what induction is, I
+can tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell you that
+it's kind of a shame that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a shame that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a shame that we have to
+teach you induction so early. um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you induction so early. um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you induction so early. um because
+we're in we're now in the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in we're now in the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in we're now in the process of
+telling you that proofs are supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that proofs are supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that proofs are supposed to
+be clear and self-evident and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear and self-evident and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear and self-evident and um and
+easy to follow. And then we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to follow. And then we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to follow. And then we come to
+proof by induction which has a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by induction which has a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by induction which has a weird
+outline that has lots of things you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline that has lots of things you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline that has lots of things you have
+to say in weird orders for some arcane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in weird orders for some arcane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say in weird orders for some arcane
+region like we're summoning an ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region like we're summoning an ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region like we're summoning an ancient
+demon. Why do we have to say this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon. Why do we have to say this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demon. Why do we have to say this in
+that particular way in this place? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular way in this place? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular way in this place? I
+don't know. It's confusing and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. It's confusing and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. It's confusing and it is
+confusing and there's a reason it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and there's a reason it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and there's a reason it's
+confusing that sort of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing that sort of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing that sort of the reason
+induction works and the reason that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction works and the reason that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction works and the reason that um
+that the proof is structured the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the proof is structured the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the proof is structured the way
+it's structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's structured
+isn't explained in every proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't explained in every proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't explained in every proof
+byinduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byinduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+byinduction
+because everyone who's writing a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone who's writing a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone who's writing a proof
+by induction assumes that everyone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction assumes that everyone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction assumes that everyone who's
+reading their proof by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading their proof by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading their proof by induction
+knows what proof by induction is and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what proof by induction is and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what proof by induction is and why
+it works. So every proof by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works. So every proof by induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works. So every proof by induction
+you see is completely opaque and makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is completely opaque and makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is completely opaque and makes
+absolutely no sense until you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no sense until you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no sense until you know what
+induction is. And I think that's why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction is. And I think that's why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction is. And I think that's why it
+can be difficult to approach. Um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be difficult to approach. Um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be difficult to approach. Um what
+we're going to talk about right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about right now is
+first of all before I tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all before I tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all before I tell you what
+proof by induction is let's solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by induction is let's solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by induction is let's solve a
+problem together that's sort of going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem together that's sort of going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem together that's sort of going to
+lead us to the the why and the how and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us to the the why and the how and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead us to the the why and the how and
+the what of induction. It's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what of induction. It's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what of induction. It's going to
+tell us what we need to do and what tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what we need to do and what tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us what we need to do and what tool
+we need to do it and then induction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do it and then induction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do it and then induction will
+be there right at the end to say I'm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there right at the end to say I'm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there right at the end to say I'm the
+tool for the job.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for the job.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool for the job.
+So here is a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here is a theorem
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all n and z for uh sorry for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n and z for uh sorry for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n and z for uh sorry for all
+natural numbers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers n
+1 + 2 + 3 + up to n equals n * n + 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + 3 + up to n equals n * n + 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + 3 + up to n equals n * n + 1 /
+2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.
+This might be familiar to some of you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This might be familiar to some of you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This might be familiar to some of you.
+There are lots of ways to prove it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are lots of ways to prove it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are lots of ways to prove it. You
+can prove it by induction. You can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it by induction. You can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it by induction. You can prove
+it by picture. You can prove it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by picture. You can prove it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by picture. You can prove it by
+counting. There are lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting. There are lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting. There are lots and lots of
+ways. Um, we're going to talk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. Um, we're going to talk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. Um, we're going to talk through
+one particular way of making sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular way of making sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular way of making sense of
+this theorem. And let's just go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem. And let's just go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem. And let's just go by
+intuition. I'm not we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition. I'm not we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition. I'm not we're not doing
+induction right now. We're just we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction right now. We're just we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction right now. We're just we're
+just figuring out why this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figuring out why this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figuring out why this thing is
+true. Uh, so first of all, let's make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Uh, so first of all, let's make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. Uh, so first of all, let's make
+sure we understand what this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we understand what this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we understand what this thing is
+even saying. Um for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even saying. Um for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even saying. Um for example
+um so eg when n equals 4 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so eg when n equals 4 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so eg when n equals 4 this is
+claiming that 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 equals 4 * 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 equals 4 * 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claiming that 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 equals 4 * 5
+over 2 which looks pretty good. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 which looks pretty good. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 which looks pretty good. This is
+10 this is 20 over2. Yeah they're equal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 this is 20 over2. Yeah they're equal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 this is 20 over2. Yeah they're equal.
+And we're supposed to prove this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're supposed to prove this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we're supposed to prove this um this
+kind of thing for every natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing for every natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing for every natural number
+n. Yeah. Um even all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Yeah. Um even all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. Yeah. Um even all the way down to
+just n equals 1. eg n equals 1. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n equals 1. eg n equals 1. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n equals 1. eg n equals 1. What's
+the sum from one up to one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from one up to one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from one up to one?
+It's just the one itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just the one itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just the one itself.
+One is the sum of one term. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is the sum of one term. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is the sum of one term. Um, and
+that's supposed to equal 1 * 2 over 2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to equal 1 * 2 over 2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's supposed to equal 1 * 2 over 2,
+which looks like it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like it does
+even down to n equals 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even down to n equals 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even down to n equals 0.
+What is the sum from one up to zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the sum from one up to zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the sum from one up to zero?
+That's weird.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's weird.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's weird.
+Um, that is a little weird. Turns out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that is a little weird. Turns out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that is a little weird. Turns out we
+can make sense of it. um in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sense of it. um in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make sense of it. um in this in this
+context. So another way to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. So another way to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context. So another way to write this
+is with what's called sigma notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with what's called sigma notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is with what's called sigma notation
+k goes from one up to n of k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k goes from one up to n of k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k goes from one up to n of k.
+And you can think of this like a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can think of this like a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can think of this like a for
+loop. You start at k equals 1 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. You start at k equals 1 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. You start at k equals 1 and you
+write down the value of k in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the value of k in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the value of k in that case
+one. Then you go up to k equals 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Then you go up to k equals 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Then you go up to k equals 2 and
+write down the value. k equals 3 write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the value. k equals 3 write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the value. k equals 3 write
+down the value. All the way up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the value. All the way up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the value. All the way up to this
+part you go up to k equals n write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you go up to k equals n write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you go up to k equals n write down
+the value. And the sigma says you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value. And the sigma says you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value. And the sigma says you add
+all these together. Sigma is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these together. Sigma is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these together. Sigma is the the
+Greek s for sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek s for sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek s for sum.
+Um so this is notation for exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is notation for exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so this is notation for exactly this
+sum from 1 to n. Um and by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from 1 to n. Um and by convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from 1 to n. Um and by convention
+and there are good reasons for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are good reasons for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are good reasons for this
+convention. But by convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the sum from k= 1 to 0 the sum of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from k= 1 to 0 the sum of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from k= 1 to 0 the sum of zero
+terms of whatever you want in here. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whatever you want in here. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of whatever you want in here. But
+now we're talking about the sum k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're talking about the sum k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're talking about the sum k
+is just zero. The empty sum is zero. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero. The empty sum is zero. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just zero. The empty sum is zero. If
+you're adding nothing, you have a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding nothing, you have a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're adding nothing, you have a total
+of zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero.
+And in that case, the sum the empty sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in that case, the sum the empty sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in that case, the sum the empty sum
+is 0, which is supposed to equal 0 * 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0, which is supposed to equal 0 * 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0, which is supposed to equal 0 * 1 /
+2. And it does. Hooray. This theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. And it does. Hooray. This theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. And it does. Hooray. This theorem is
+true when n equals 0 and one. And four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when n equals 0 and one. And four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true when n equals 0 and one. And four.
+We verified three cases, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We verified three cases, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We verified three cases, which is a
+pretty good 0% of all the cases we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good 0% of all the cases we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good 0% of all the cases we're
+trying to show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show.
+But it's a good start. So, let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's a good start. So, let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's a good start. So, let's see
+how to continue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to continue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to continue.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we are trying to show that 0 = 0 * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we are trying to show that 0 = 0 * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we are trying to show that 0 = 0 * 1
+/ 2. 1 = 1 * 2 / 2. 1 + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2. 1 = 1 * 2 / 2. 1 + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2. 1 = 1 * 2 / 2. 1 + 2
+uh is 2 * 3 / 2. 1 + 2 + 3 uh is 3 * 4 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is 2 * 3 / 2. 1 + 2 + 3 uh is 3 * 4 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is 2 * 3 / 2. 1 + 2 + 3 uh is 3 * 4 /
+2. I'll stop in a minute, I promise. 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. I'll stop in a minute, I promise. 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. I'll stop in a minute, I promise. 1 +
+2 + 3 + 4 uh = 4 * 5 / 2. Let's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 3 + 4 uh = 4 * 5 / 2. Let's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + 3 + 4 uh = 4 * 5 / 2. Let's stop
+there for now. But we're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for now. But we're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for now. But we're supposed to
+prove all of these statements. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove all of these statements. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove all of these statements. That's
+what the theorem is asking from us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the theorem is asking from us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the theorem is asking from us.
+And we can we can think about this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can we can think about this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can we can think about this a
+little bit. Um, if we stare at this, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Um, if we stare at this, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Um, if we stare at this, we
+can notice that on the left side, to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can notice that on the left side, to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can notice that on the left side, to get
+from this to this, we're adding one. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to this, we're adding one. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this to this, we're adding one. To
+get from this to this, we're adding two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this to this, we're adding two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from this to this, we're adding two.
+It's right there in how this sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's right there in how this sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's right there in how this sum is
+created. To get from here to here, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created. To get from here to here, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created. To get from here to here, we're
+adding three. Again, we're just adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding three. Again, we're just adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding three. Again, we're just adding
+one more term to the sum. Then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more term to the sum. Then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more term to the sum. Then we're
+adding four. Then we're adding five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding four. Then we're adding five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding four. Then we're adding five.
+Then six, then seven, then eight, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then six, then seven, then eight, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then six, then seven, then eight, and so
+on. There's a very simple pattern that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. There's a very simple pattern that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. There's a very simple pattern that
+explains how these numbers are changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how these numbers are changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains how these numbers are changing
+from one row to the next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one row to the next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one row to the next.
+So, wouldn't it be convenient if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, wouldn't it be convenient if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, wouldn't it be convenient if the
+numbers on the right side followed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on the right side followed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers on the right side followed that
+same pattern?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pattern?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same pattern?
+And if they did, it would it would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if they did, it would it would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if they did, it would it would make
+a lot of sense, at least to me, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense, at least to me, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of sense, at least to me, that
+since they start at the same number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they start at the same number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since they start at the same number and
+we're making the same changes to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making the same changes to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're making the same changes to both
+sides every time we move down a row,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides every time we move down a row,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides every time we move down a row,
+that all the rows are going to be equal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the rows are going to be equal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the rows are going to be equal,
+that the left side is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left side is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the left side is going to be the
+right side in every row. Yeah. So, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side in every row. Yeah. So, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side in every row. Yeah. So, we're
+hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping
+that that's a plus one and that's a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a plus one and that's a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a plus one and that's a plus
+two and that's a plus three and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that's a plus three and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that's a plus three and that's a
+plus4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus4
+and so on. These are question marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. These are question marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. These are question marks
+because we don't really know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't really know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't really know whether
+that's true yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true yet.
+Uh, so let's write down what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so let's write down what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so let's write down what we're
+hoping is true. 1 + 2 + up to n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping is true. 1 + 2 + up to n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping is true. 1 + 2 + up to n is
+supposed to equal n * n + 1 / 2. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to equal n * n + 1 / 2. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to equal n * n + 1 / 2. And
+then the next row, 1 plus 2 + n plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next row, 1 plus 2 + n plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next row, 1 plus 2 + n plus the
+next term, n + 1 is supposed to equal n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term, n + 1 is supposed to equal n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term, n + 1 is supposed to equal n
++ 1 * n + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 * n + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 * n + 2
+divided by two. These are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two. These are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by two. These are two
+consecutive rows in our big list. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive rows in our big list. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive rows in our big list. And
+what we were saying is to get from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were saying is to get from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were saying is to get from here
+to there, we're definitely adding n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there, we're definitely adding n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to there, we're definitely adding n plus
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+We're just adding this one more term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're just adding this one more term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're just adding this one more term
+over here. So is it true that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So is it true that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So is it true that to get
+from here to here, we're adding n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here, we're adding n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here, we're adding n plus
+one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we can check that. Let's see. Um, n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can check that. Let's see. Um, n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can check that. Let's see. Um, n
++ 1 * n + 2 / 2 minus n * n + 1 / 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 * n + 2 / 2 minus n * n + 1 / 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 * n + 2 / 2 minus n * n + 1 / 2.
+Well, we can factor in n+1 from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can factor in n+1 from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we can factor in n+1 from both
+sides. That's n +1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. That's n +1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides. That's n +1 *
+n + 2 / 2 - n /2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + 2 / 2 - n /2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + 2 / 2 - n /2.
+That's looking pretty good. That's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's looking pretty good. That's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's looking pretty good. That's going
+to be n +1 * 2 over2 * 1. That's just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n +1 * 2 over2 * 1. That's just n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n +1 * 2 over2 * 1. That's just n
+plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So our hunch about that pattern is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our hunch about that pattern is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our hunch about that pattern is true.
+To go from the nth row to the n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To go from the nth row to the n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To go from the nth row to the n plus
+first row, we're adding n plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row, we're adding n plus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row, we're adding n plus one.
+Yeah. So what we said earlier is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So what we said earlier is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So what we said earlier is true.
+This pattern of add one then two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This pattern of add one then two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This pattern of add one then two then
+three then four then five that we saw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then four then five that we saw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then four then five that we saw on
+the left is recreated on the right. Add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is recreated on the right. Add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left is recreated on the right. Add
+one, add two, add three, add four, add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, add two, add three, add four, add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, add two, add three, add four, add
+five and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and so on.
+So, at least to me, this feels like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at least to me, this feels like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at least to me, this feels like an
+explanation that should make sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that should make sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that should make sense and
+an explanation that we should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation that we should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explanation that we should be able to
+write down somehow as a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down somehow as a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down somehow as a mathematical
+proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof.
+Does anyone have questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anyone have questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anyone have questions about this
+idea? I haven't said anything about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea? I haven't said anything about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea? I haven't said anything about how
+we're going to write this, but is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write this, but is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write this, but is the
+idea clear?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awesome.
+Um, let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see.
+So let's dig in a little more and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's dig in a little more and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's dig in a little more and see
+what exactly we accomplished over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this argument here on the right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this argument here on the right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this argument here on the right um
+that we did over here, let me write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did over here, let me write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did over here, let me write down
+a little more carefully what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more carefully what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more carefully what we
+accomplished.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished.
+Um and it's going to look like this. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and it's going to look like this. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and it's going to look like this. Um,
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+1 + 2 + n = n * n + 1 over two. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + n = n * n + 1 over two. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 + n = n * n + 1 over two. If
+that's true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true,
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 + 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + 2 +
+n + 1 equals n + 1 n + 2 over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+added n + one to both sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You would also want the algebra work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would also want the algebra work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would also want the algebra work to
+show that going from this to this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that going from this to this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that going from this to this really
+is just adding n plus one. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just adding n plus one. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just adding n plus one. And that's
+exactly what we did over there. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we did over there. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we did over there. I don't
+want to write it again, so I just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write it again, so I just wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to write it again, so I just wrote
+the word algebra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word algebra.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word algebra.
+Does it make sense that this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does it make sense that this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does it make sense that this is what we
+accomplished?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplished?
+If this row of our list is true, if left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this row of our list is true, if left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this row of our list is true, if left
+side equals right side, then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equals right side, then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equals right side, then the next
+row is also true. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is also true. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is also true. Yeah,
+cool. So, let's put some notation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, let's put some notation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, let's put some notation to
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+I'm going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say that
+P of N is the statement. By the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of N is the statement. By the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of N is the statement. By the way,
+this colon equals is a way that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this colon equals is a way that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this colon equals is a way that we'll
+commonly say P of N is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly say P of N is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly say P of N is defined to be
+this thing. So not only is it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. So not only is it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. So not only is it equal to
+this, but this line right here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but this line right here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, but this line right here is the
+definition of P of N. So let's define P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of P of N. So let's define P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of P of N. So let's define P
+of N to be the statement that 1 + 2 + up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N to be the statement that 1 + 2 + up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of N to be the statement that 1 + 2 + up
+to N equals N * N + 1 / 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N equals N * N + 1 / 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N equals N * N + 1 / 2.
+So PN is a predicate. It's not a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So PN is a predicate. It's not a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So PN is a predicate. It's not a theorem
+on its own. Uh what is a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own. Uh what is a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its own. Uh what is a theorem
+is that for all n greater equal zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for all n greater equal zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for all n greater equal zero,
+p of n is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of n is true.
+That's what we're being asked to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we're being asked to prove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what we're being asked to prove.
+That's that's just a restatement of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's just a restatement of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's just a restatement of our
+theorem from the top board over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem from the top board over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem from the top board over there.
+And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now
+what we accomplished over on that board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we accomplished over on that board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we accomplished over on that board.
+Actually, I want a fresh board for this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I want a fresh board for this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, I want a fresh board for this.
+Um, that's going to be this board up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's going to be this board up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, that's going to be this board up
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What we accomplished is first of all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we accomplished is first of all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we accomplished is first of all we
+proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P of 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0.
+That's the the first line up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the the first line up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the the first line up here.
+And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then
+um these these statements up here, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these these statements up here, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these these statements up here, what
+that's saying is that PN implies PN plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is that PN implies PN plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's saying is that PN implies PN plus
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+So we proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we proved
+P 0 implies P1. We proved P1 implies P2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 0 implies P1. We proved P1 implies P2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P 0 implies P1. We proved P1 implies P2.
+P2 implies P3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 implies P3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 implies P3.
+P3, I'll stop, I promise, implies P4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3, I'll stop, I promise, implies P4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P3, I'll stop, I promise, implies P4,
+and all the way down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the way down.
+This is what we really accomplished on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we really accomplished on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is what we really accomplished on
+these last couple boards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these last couple boards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these last couple boards.
+But this isn't the theorem we're aiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this isn't the theorem we're aiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this isn't the theorem we're aiming
+for, right? The theorem we're aiming for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+asks for P of zero, oops,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks for P of zero, oops,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks for P of zero, oops,
+and P of one and P of two and P of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P of one and P of two and P of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P of one and P of two and P of three
+and P of four and all the way down. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P of four and all the way down. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P of four and all the way down. We
+want to know that all of these are true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that all of these are true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that all of these are true.
+These implications are are not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These implications are are not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These implications are are not what
+we're asking for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking for.
+However, it kind of feels like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, it kind of feels like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, it kind of feels like this
+should be enough, right? Because once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be enough, right? Because once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be enough, right? Because once we
+know P of 0 and we know P of 0 implies P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know P of 0 and we know P of 0 implies P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know P of 0 and we know P of 0 implies P
+of one then modus ponins we know P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one then modus ponins we know P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one then modus ponins we know P of
+one and once we know P of one this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and once we know P of one this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and once we know P of one this
+implication tells us P of two once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication tells us P of two once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication tells us P of two once we
+know P of two pair with this we get P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know P of two pair with this we get P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know P of two pair with this we get P of
+three then we get P of four then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then we get P of four then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then we get P of four then all the
+way down we get all of them I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down we get all of them I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down we get all of them I don't know
+how to write that yet but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write that yet but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to write that yet but that's the
+intuition that I have guiding this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that I have guiding this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that I have guiding this um
+and so it really feels like if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it really feels like if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it really feels like if we
+accomplish the left side we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the left side we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish the left side we should be
+able to conclude the right side. Do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to conclude the right side. Do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to conclude the right side. Do we
+agree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree?
+All right. Um and now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um and now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um and now we have the
+principle of induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just says
+what we wanted to say.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to say.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to say.
+The left hand side of this table implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The left hand side of this table implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The left hand side of this table implies
+the right hand side of this table. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of this table. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of this table. If
+you know all of these, then you conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of these, then you conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know all of these, then you conclude
+all of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these.
+So when we're structuring a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we're structuring a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when we're structuring a proof by
+induction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we must prove everything here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must prove everything here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we must prove everything here on the
+left. That is our responsibility. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. That is our responsibility. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. That is our responsibility. And
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything on the right we get for free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right we get for free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the right we get for free.
+by the principle of induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the principle of induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the principle of induction.
+To be more precise, principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To be more precise, principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To be more precise, principle of
+induction says if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction says if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction says if you know
+P of 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of 0 and
+for all n greater equal z, p of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n greater equal z, p of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n greater equal z, p of n
+implies p of n plus one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies p of n plus one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies p of n plus one.
+That implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That implies
+for all n greater equal z p of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n greater equal z p of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all n greater equal z p of n.
+So that's exactly what's written in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's exactly what's written in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's exactly what's written in this
+table just in formula form. P of 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table just in formula form. P of 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table just in formula form. P of 0 is
+this first one over here. And then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first one over here. And then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first one over here. And then all
+of the PN's imply PN plus1's are all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PN's imply PN plus1's are all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PN's imply PN plus1's are all of
+the remaining stuff. And it says if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining stuff. And it says if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining stuff. And it says if we
+accomplish all of these then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish all of these then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish all of these then we can
+conclude these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude these.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good question. So is the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So is the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good question. So is the principle of
+induction a new axiom or is it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction a new axiom or is it just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction a new axiom or is it just a
+name for this this intuitive fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this this intuitive fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this this intuitive fact that
+we have? Um in truth what it's really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have? Um in truth what it's really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have? Um in truth what it's really an
+axiom about is how the how the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom about is how the how the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axiom about is how the how the natural
+numbers are constructed. Um really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are constructed. Um really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are constructed. Um really what
+it's saying is that if you start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is that if you start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying is that if you start from
+zero and then add one add one add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then add one add one add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then add one add one add one
+add one add one um to infinity you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one add one um to infinity you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one add one um to infinity you will
+hit all the natural numbers. That's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit all the natural numbers. That's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit all the natural numbers. That's one
+way of thinking about it. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about it. But in
+practice when we use the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice when we use the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice when we use the principle of
+induction we're using it like this. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction we're using it like this. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction we're using it like this. Um
+so yeah you can take it as an axiom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you can take it as an axiom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you can take it as an axiom you
+can take it as following from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it as following from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it as following from the
+definition of the natural numbers. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the natural numbers. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the natural numbers. We
+didn't really go that far down in um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really go that far down in um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really go that far down in um in
+defining our fundamentals. So we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining our fundamentals. So we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining our fundamentals. So we'll just
+leave it like this. Good question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it like this. Good question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it like this. Good question.
+All right. So we have the principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we have the principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we have the principle of
+induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction.
+We know what it's accomplishing and why.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know what it's accomplishing and why.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know what it's accomplishing and why.
+So how do we actually write using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do we actually write using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do we actually write using the
+principle of induction? Let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of induction? Let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of induction? Let's actually
+write this proof now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the thing to always keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the thing to always keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the thing to always keep in mind
+when writing a proof by induction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when writing a proof by induction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when writing a proof by induction is
+this table.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table.
+We are responsible for proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We are responsible for proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We are responsible for proving
+everything on the left side and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left side and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left side and then
+we're able to conclude everything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to conclude everything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to conclude everything on the
+right side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side.
+So the theorem that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the theorem that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the theorem that we're trying to
+prove should be the right side and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove should be the right side and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove should be the right side and then
+we're going to do the left side to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the left side to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the left side to get
+it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So
+proof by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um we need to say what p of n um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need to say what p of n um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we need to say what p of n um let's
+see p of n is defined as the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see p of n is defined as the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see p of n is defined as the sum
+n + one over two same way we defined pn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + one over two same way we defined pn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + one over two same way we defined pn
+um before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before
+and we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PN is true for every n greater equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN is true for every n greater equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN is true for every n greater equal 0
+by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the first thing we're responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing we're responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the first thing we're responsible for
+is P 0. That's usually called the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P 0. That's usually called the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P 0. That's usually called the base
+case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+Base case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Base case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Base case
+want to show P of zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show P of zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show P of zero.
+Well, P of 0 says that 0 = 0 * 1 / 2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, P of 0 says that 0 = 0 * 1 / 2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, P of 0 says that 0 = 0 * 1 / 2,
+which is true. So, we verified P of 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is true. So, we verified P of 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is true. So, we verified P of 0.
+Usually, the base cases are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually, the base cases are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually, the base cases are pretty
+straightforward. Um, it's the inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. Um, it's the inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. Um, it's the inductive
+step,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step,
+inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step that we need to watch out for. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we need to watch out for. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step that we need to watch out for. Um,
+we we now need to prove this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we now need to prove this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we now need to prove this whole
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+And we usually write it like this. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we usually write it like this. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we usually write it like this. um
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+n is greater or equal zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is greater or equal zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is greater or equal zero
+and assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pn is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pn is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pn is true.
+We want to show pn plus one is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And notice what we just wrote is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And notice what we just wrote is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And notice what we just wrote is exactly
+the unpacked outline for this theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unpacked outline for this theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unpacked outline for this theorem.
+It starts with for all. So assume n. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It starts with for all. So assume n. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It starts with for all. So assume n. It
+then has an implication. So assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then has an implication. So assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then has an implication. So assume the
+left side. Let's prove the right side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side. Let's prove the right side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side. Let's prove the right side.
+Right? The things we write when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The things we write when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The things we write when we're
+doing a proof by induction are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a proof by induction are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a proof by induction are not
+magic. They're just unpacking this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic. They're just unpacking this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic. They're just unpacking this.
+And now we can do it. The next thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can do it. The next thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we can do it. The next thing I
+always recommend um when proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend um when proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always recommend um when proving
+something by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something by induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something by induction.
+What is P of N? What is P of N plus one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is P of N? What is P of N plus one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is P of N? What is P of N plus one?
+I know we defined it, but I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know we defined it, but I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know we defined it, but I can't
+remember what it is. I always find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is. I always find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it is. I always find it
+much more useful to write these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more useful to write these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more useful to write these things
+down in context. So in other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+we're supposed to assume p of n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to assume p of n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to assume p of n. So
+assume 1 + 2 + up to n = n * n + 1 / 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume 1 + 2 + up to n = n * n + 1 / 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume 1 + 2 + up to n = n * n + 1 / 2.
+And we want to show PN plus one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want to show PN plus one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we want to show PN plus one which
+says that the next row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh n plus1 * n plus2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n plus1 * n plus2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n plus1 * n plus2
+over two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two.
+All right. And just by following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And just by following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And just by following the
+proof outline and by identifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof outline and by identifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof outline and by identifying the
+things we're supposed to identify now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're supposed to identify now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're supposed to identify now we
+have a very clear task in front of us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very clear task in front of us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very clear task in front of us.
+Assume this row, use it to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume this row, use it to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assume this row, use it to prove this
+next row. And we've already done that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next row. And we've already done that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next row. And we've already done that.
+We know how to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know how to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know how to do that.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+we know that this thing equals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this thing equals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that this thing equals that
+thing and then this plus that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then this plus that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then this plus that equals
+that because of algebra. This is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of algebra. This is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of algebra. This is all the
+work we already did. And now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we already did. And now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we already did. And now we're
+seeing how the induction outline leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how the induction outline leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how the induction outline leads
+us to figuring out that that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to figuring out that that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to figuring out that that is the
+right work to do. Did that all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right work to do. Did that all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right work to do. Did that all make
+sense? Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Great question. Does this have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great question. Does this have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great question. Does this have to start
+at zero or could it start somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero or could it start somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero or could it start somewhere
+else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+Um, yeah, it can start wherever we want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, it can start wherever we want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, it can start wherever we want.
+Um, if if we didn't know that P of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if if we didn't know that P of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if if we didn't know that P of zero
+really made sense, uh, and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made sense, uh, and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made sense, uh, and we wanted to
+start at P of one, we absolutely could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at P of one, we absolutely could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at P of one, we absolutely could
+have started at P of one as our base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started at P of one as our base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have started at P of one as our base
+case and then all the implications above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then all the implications above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then all the implications above
+that. Just keep in mind that by not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Just keep in mind that by not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Just keep in mind that by not
+mentioning P of zero, we didn't prove P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning P of zero, we didn't prove P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning P of zero, we didn't prove P
+of zero and so we can't conclude it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero and so we can't conclude it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero and so we can't conclude it
+either. But wherever we started and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. But wherever we started and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. But wherever we started and all
+the implications after it um those fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications after it um those fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications after it um those fit
+together um to give us the thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um to give us the thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together um to give us the thing on the
+right side. Um yes that's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side. Um yes that's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side. Um yes that's a slightly
+more general form of the proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general form of the proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general form of the proof of the
+induction principle. Um please go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction principle. Um please go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction principle. Um please go ahead
+and use that version as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that version as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use that version as well.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So let's do one more proof by induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do one more proof by induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do one more proof by induction.
+Uh this is a really pretty problem. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is a really pretty problem. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is a really pretty problem. This
+seems to be a mandatory problem for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a mandatory problem for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be a mandatory problem for any
+textbook on discrete math. Um, it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook on discrete math. Um, it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook on discrete math. Um, it's one
+of my favorites. And here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorites. And here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my favorites. And here is the
+problem. Which board did I leave on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Which board did I leave on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Which board did I leave on?
+This one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, the story is like this. We have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the story is like this. We have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the story is like this. We have a
+big old courtyard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um subdivided into lots and lots of tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subdivided into lots and lots of tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subdivided into lots and lots of tiny
+little cells. It's going to be 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cells. It's going to be 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cells. It's going to be 2 to the
+n tall and 2 to the n wide. So imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n tall and 2 to the n wide. So imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n tall and 2 to the n wide. So imagine
+like 64 by 64. It's a big old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 64 by 64. It's a big old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 64 by 64. It's a big old
+checkerboard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkerboard.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+I'm just going to draw 8 by 8 because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to draw 8 by 8 because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to draw 8 by 8 because I
+don't have that kind of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now we're going to take a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're going to take a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we're going to take a single
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+and get rid of it. Which cell? I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of it. Which cell? I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get rid of it. Which cell? I don't
+know. Doesn't matter. Um the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Doesn't matter. Um the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Doesn't matter. Um the question
+is, can we then fill the remaining cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, can we then fill the remaining cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, can we then fill the remaining cells
+with these LORs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You might know the word domino. It's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might know the word domino. It's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might know the word domino. It's two
+squares next to each other. It's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares next to each other. It's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares next to each other. It's a it's
+a fun game. Um this is like a domino,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun game. Um this is like a domino,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun game. Um this is like a domino,
+but it's three squares instead of two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's three squares instead of two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's three squares instead of two.
+and it's in the shape of an L. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in the shape of an L. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's in the shape of an L. So it's
+called the L traumo. And the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the L traumo. And the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the L traumo. And the question is
+can we fill all of this board without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we fill all of this board without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we fill all of this board without
+that one missing cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one missing cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one missing cell
+um using L trainos and nothing else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using L trainos and nothing else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um using L trainos and nothing else.
+So that is our theorem theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is our theorem theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is our theorem theorem
+um a 2 to the n by 2 to the n board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a 2 to the n by 2 to the n board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a 2 to the n by 2 to the n board
+uh without one cell without any one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can be tiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be tiled
+with l prominos.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's what we're supposed to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what we're supposed to prove.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what we're supposed to prove.
+And let's see if I can set this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's see if I can set this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's see if I can set this up
+quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly.
+Um, yeah, that's all right. See if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, that's all right. See if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah, that's all right. See if I can
+get the glare a little different. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the glare a little different. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the glare a little different. Okay,
+I do want to plug in. Thank you. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to plug in. Thank you. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want to plug in. Thank you. I
+always forget this in Zoom meetings,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always forget this in Zoom meetings,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always forget this in Zoom meetings,
+too. Please share your screen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. All right. So, I I I laser cut some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. All right. So, I I I laser cut some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. All right. So, I I I laser cut some
+toys to help us play with this puzzle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys to help us play with this puzzle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys to help us play with this puzzle.
+Um, so we're supposed to prove that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're supposed to prove that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're supposed to prove that a
+two to the n by two to the n board can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n by two to the n board can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the n by two to the n board can
+always be tiled with elmos. Here, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be tiled with elmos. Here, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be tiled with elmos. Here, let me
+put something on there for you to enjoy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something on there for you to enjoy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something on there for you to enjoy.
+Well, let's phrase it like it were um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's phrase it like it were um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, let's phrase it like it were um
+like we were going to prove it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were going to prove it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we were going to prove it with
+induction because we are. So let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction because we are. So let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction because we are. So let's say
+that P of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P of N
+is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be
+um a two to the N by two to the N board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a two to the N by two to the N board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a two to the N by two to the N board
+without one cell without any one cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without one cell without any one cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without one cell without any one cell.
+Doesn't matter which one you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't matter which one you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't matter which one you pick
+can be tiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with L's. Going to call them L's not L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L's. Going to call them L's not L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L's. Going to call them L's not L
+trromos. And notice I kind of just wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trromos. And notice I kind of just wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trromos. And notice I kind of just wrote
+the same thing twice. That often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing twice. That often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing twice. That often
+happens. P of N is not our theorem. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. P of N is not our theorem. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. P of N is not our theorem. It's
+the predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicate
+um which is inside of the for all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is inside of the for all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is inside of the for all that
+is part of the theorem. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the theorem. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of the theorem. So this is
+really every 2 to the n by two to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really every 2 to the n by two to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really every 2 to the n by two to the n
+board. Um so if p of n is this then our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Um so if p of n is this then our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. Um so if p of n is this then our
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+is that for all n greater equal 1 p of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for all n greater equal 1 p of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that for all n greater equal 1 p of n
+is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true.
+All right. And now we need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now we need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now we need to prove
+this. Okay. Um let's start with n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. Um let's start with n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Okay. Um let's start with n equals
+1. You can think about what n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. You can think about what n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. You can think about what n equals 0
+means. It turns out it's true. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. It turns out it's true. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. It turns out it's true. Um but
+let's start with n equals 1. So a 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with n equals 1. So a 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with n equals 1. So a 2 to
+the 1x 2 to the one board. That's a 2 x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1x 2 to the one board. That's a 2 x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1x 2 to the one board. That's a 2 x
+two board. Um and can you see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two board. Um and can you see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two board. Um and can you see the the
+little um crosshairs in there? It's a 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um crosshairs in there? It's a 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um crosshairs in there? It's a 2
+x two grid. And we're supposed to say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x two grid. And we're supposed to say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x two grid. And we're supposed to say no
+matter which single piece no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which single piece no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which single piece no matter
+which single cell we remove, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which single cell we remove, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which single cell we remove, we can
+always tile what remains with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tile what remains with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tile what remains with these
+L-shapes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anyone see how to do it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone see how to do it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone see how to do it?
+Yeah. All right. I'm gonna put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. I'm gonna put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. I'm gonna put that
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+Solved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solved.
+What if the missing cell was in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if the missing cell was in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What if the missing cell was in a
+different place? Like there. Yep. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place? Like there. Yep. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place? Like there. Yep. Okay.
+Can still solve that. We're allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can still solve that. We're allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can still solve that. We're allowed to
+rotate. So the 2 by 2 case isn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate. So the 2 by 2 case isn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate. So the 2 by 2 case isn't very
+hard. Um, so let's keep track of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um, so let's keep track of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Um, so let's keep track of our
+progress.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress.
+P of one. Actually, I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of one. Actually, I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of one. Actually, I'm going to write
+this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+the 2x two case. Not very hard. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2x two case. Not very hard. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2x two case. Not very hard. Let's
+let's step it up a little. What about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step it up a little. What about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's step it up a little. What about
+the 4x4 case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 case?
+And say we're trying to avoid that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And say we're trying to avoid that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And say we're trying to avoid that one
+cell. Well, we also need to solve it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. Well, we also need to solve it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. Well, we also need to solve it for
+avoiding that one cell and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding that one cell and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding that one cell and that one
+cell. We need to solve all 16 cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. We need to solve all 16 cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell. We need to solve all 16 cases
+because the theorem says it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the theorem says it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the theorem says it doesn't
+matter which one you exclude. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one you exclude. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which one you exclude. You can
+always tile the rest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tile the rest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always tile the rest.
+Um, well, you can play around with this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, well, you can play around with this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, well, you can play around with this.
+I have lots and lots of of pieces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have lots and lots of of pieces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have lots and lots of of pieces to
+play with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with.
+You can you can tell I had way too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can you can tell I had way too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can you can tell I had way too much
+fun designing this thing. Um, and turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun designing this thing. Um, and turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun designing this thing. Um, and turns
+out you can you can make it work. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can you can make it work. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you can you can make it work. Um,
+like this one. This is one of the 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one. This is one of the 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one. This is one of the 16
+examples. Turns out if I put that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. Turns out if I put that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. Turns out if I put that one
+there and then that one there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that one there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that one there and there
+and there and there, then I've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and there, then I've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and there, then I've solved
+it. I've solved this one out of 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I've solved this one out of 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. I've solved this one out of 16
+cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+Um, but also it turns out it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but also it turns out it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but also it turns out it's not too
+difficult to generalize from there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, like if the missing cell is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like if the missing cell is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, like if the missing cell is in
+one of these four positions, then I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these four positions, then I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these four positions, then I know
+how to do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do it.
+If it's in one of these four positions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's in one of these four positions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If it's in one of these four positions,
+then I also know how to do it. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also know how to do it. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I also know how to do it. If it's
+there, I can just put that there. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, I can just put that there. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, I can just put that there. If
+it's there, I can put that there. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there, I can put that there. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there, I can put that there. If
+it's in one of these four spots, can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in one of these four spots, can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in one of these four spots, can
+still do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do it.
+if it's one of these four spots can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's one of these four spots can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's one of these four spots can
+still do it. So by looking at all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do it. So by looking at all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do it. So by looking at all of
+those 16 cases combined, we now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 16 cases combined, we now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 16 cases combined, we now have a
+way that can put that yellow cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that can put that yellow cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that can put that yellow cell
+anywhere we want and finish tiling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere we want and finish tiling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere we want and finish tiling the
+rest. Not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest. Not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest. Not a very
+nice or clean argument, but at least we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice or clean argument, but at least we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice or clean argument, but at least we
+did all 16 cases. So that's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all 16 cases. So that's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all 16 cases. So that's good enough
+for now. Let's call the 4x4 case solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now. Let's call the 4x4 case solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now. Let's call the 4x4 case solved
+for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and move on. Um, and I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move on. Um, and I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and move on. Um, and I want to emphasize
+this is actually a key moment in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a key moment in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a key moment in this
+proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof.
+We just solved the 4x4 case by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just solved the 4x4 case by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just solved the 4x4 case by looking
+at all 16 cases and showing that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all 16 cases and showing that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all 16 cases and showing that they're
+all possible. I want you to hold that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible. I want you to hold that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible. I want you to hold that
+deep in your heart that we have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in your heart that we have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep in your heart that we have solved
+4x4. Any 4x4 you ever see with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4. Any 4x4 you ever see with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4. Any 4x4 you ever see with a single
+missing cell can be tiled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing cell can be tiled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing cell can be tiled.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+I want you to hold that deeply in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to hold that deeply in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to hold that deeply in your
+heart and then not worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and then not worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and then not worry too much about
+how we did all the 16 cases. Just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did all the 16 cases. Just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we did all the 16 cases. Just know
+that it's true. Are we comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true. Are we comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's true. Are we comfortable with
+that for now? 4x4 case is fully solved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for now? 4x4 case is fully solved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for now? 4x4 case is fully solved.
+Let's move on to 8 by8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's move on to 8 by8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's move on to 8 by8.
+We have an 8 by8. There's a single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have an 8 by8. There's a single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have an 8 by8. There's a single cell
+we're trying to avoid. Maybe it's there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to avoid. Maybe it's there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to avoid. Maybe it's there.
+Um maybe it's over here. Let's leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe it's over here. Let's leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um maybe it's over here. Let's leave it
+there. I don't care. Um what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I don't care. Um what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I don't care. Um what we're
+really looking for here is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking for here is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking for here is sort of a
+generalizable method. I don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable method. I don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable method. I don't want to do
+64 cases and in the 16 x 16 case I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 cases and in the 16 x 16 case I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 cases and in the 16 x 16 case I don't
+want to do what is that 256 cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do what is that 256 cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do what is that 256 cases.
+Please don't make me. Um we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please don't make me. Um we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please don't make me. Um we want a
+generalizable process that we can that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable process that we can that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizable process that we can that
+we can use to solve every board size.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use to solve every board size.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use to solve every board size.
+Um and here is a cool idea that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and here is a cool idea that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and here is a cool idea that works
+nicely. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. Um
+so first thing we're going to do, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first thing we're going to do, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first thing we're going to do, we're
+going to we're going to shift our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to shift our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to shift our
+perspective. This isn't an 8 by8 board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. This isn't an 8 by8 board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective. This isn't an 8 by8 board.
+This is for 4x4 boards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for 4x4 boards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for 4x4 boards.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+And now um let me just make this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now um let me just make this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now um let me just make this one
+purple for now to remember that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple for now to remember that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple for now to remember that that's
+the special one. We cannot move that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special one. We cannot move that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the special one. We cannot move that
+one. However, remember we we have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. However, remember we we have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. However, remember we we have solved
+the 4x4 case. So like if we if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 case. So like if we if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 case. So like if we if we're
+missing a cell somewhere in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a cell somewhere in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a cell somewhere in this
+quadrant and missing a cell somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant and missing a cell somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant and missing a cell somewhere in
+this quadrant and missing a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadrant and missing a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadrant and missing a cell
+somewhere in this quadrant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this quadrant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this quadrant,
+but now we just have four instances of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we just have four instances of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we just have four instances of
+the 4x4 problem. We have four 4x4s each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 problem. We have four 4x4s each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 problem. We have four 4x4s each
+missing a single cell. And we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell. And we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell. And we know how
+to solve all of those, right? So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve all of those, right? So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve all of those, right? So, we
+know how to solve all of the red that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve all of the red that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to solve all of the red that
+remains. Unfortunately, we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains. Unfortunately, we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains. Unfortunately, we're not
+actually allowed to use these individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed to use these individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allowed to use these individual
+cells. We're supposed to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. We're supposed to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. We're supposed to cover
+everything with our L-shaped tiles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with our L-shaped tiles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with our L-shaped tiles.
+Um, but remember, doesn't matter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but remember, doesn't matter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but remember, doesn't matter where
+we put these yellow ones. Anywhere we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put these yellow ones. Anywhere we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put these yellow ones. Anywhere we
+put this in here, we know how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in here, we know how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in here, we know how to solve
+that quadrant. Anywhere we put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quadrant. Anywhere we put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quadrant. Anywhere we put this in
+here, we know how to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we know how to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we know how to solve that
+quadrant. The purple one was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant. The purple one was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant. The purple one was the one
+that's given to us. We're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to us. We're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to us. We're not allowed to
+move that. Um, but the next clever idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that. Um, but the next clever idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that. Um, but the next clever idea
+is what if we put the yellow ones right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if we put the yellow ones right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if we put the yellow ones right
+there and then think of them as not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then think of them as not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then think of them as not
+three individual cells, but as an L in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three individual cells, but as an L in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three individual cells, but as an L in
+their own right. No, there we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right. No, there we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right. No, there we go.
+So now this is going to be our key idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now this is going to be our key idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now this is going to be our key idea.
+Um, if we're trying to tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if we're trying to tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if we're trying to tile
+everything except the single special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the single special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the single special
+cell, step one, think about it as four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, step one, think about it as four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, step one, think about it as four
+separate quadrants. Step two, put an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate quadrants. Step two, put an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate quadrants. Step two, put an L
+right in the middle, directly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle, directly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the middle, directly in the
+middle, to make sure that each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle, to make sure that each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle, to make sure that each of the
+four quadrants is now missing one cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quadrants is now missing one cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quadrants is now missing one cell.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+If this initial cell that we're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this initial cell that we're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this initial cell that we're supposed
+to avoid is somewhere else, well, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid is somewhere else, well, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid is somewhere else, well, then
+we just put the L to touch the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just put the L to touch the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just put the L to touch the other
+three quadrants. So, we just rotate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quadrants. So, we just rotate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quadrants. So, we just rotate it
+this way instead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way instead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way instead.
+And once again, every single quadrant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once again, every single quadrant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And once again, every single quadrant,
+all four quadrants are missing a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four quadrants are missing a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four quadrants are missing a single
+cell to really drive that home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to really drive that home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to really drive that home.
+Let's see. Uh, we have this shape here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. Uh, we have this shape here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. Uh, we have this shape here.
+That's a 4x4 missing a corner. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a 4x4 missing a corner. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a 4x4 missing a corner. This
+shape here is a 4x4 missing a corner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here is a 4x4 missing a corner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape here is a 4x4 missing a corner.
+Here's a 4x4 missing a corner. Here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a 4x4 missing a corner. Here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a 4x4 missing a corner. Here's a
+4x4 missing that initial cell. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 missing that initial cell. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4 missing that initial cell. So we
+have four separate problems where if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four separate problems where if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four separate problems where if we
+can solve the four orange cases, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve the four orange cases, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve the four orange cases, we'll
+be able to piece them back together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to piece them back together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to piece them back together to
+form a solution. And this is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a solution. And this is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a solution. And this is why we
+stored that deep in our heart. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored that deep in our heart. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored that deep in our heart. We know
+we can solve 4x4s with a cell missing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve 4x4s with a cell missing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can solve 4x4s with a cell missing.
+So we know all four of these orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know all four of these orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we know all four of these orange
+quadrants can be filled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants can be filled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrants can be filled.
+So we already know that this bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we already know that this bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we already know that this bigger
+shape can also be filled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape can also be filled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape can also be filled.
+So we're done. No matter where this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're done. No matter where this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're done. No matter where this one
+started,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started,
+um, we can do this thing. We, we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, we can do this thing. We, we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, we can do this thing. We, we put
+down the cross, we put the L in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the cross, we put the L in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the cross, we put the L in the
+middle. Now we have four quadrants, each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Now we have four quadrants, each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Now we have four quadrants, each
+missing a cell. We invoke the 4x4 case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a cell. We invoke the 4x4 case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a cell. We invoke the 4x4 case.
+And now we've solved any 8 by8 case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we've solved any 8 by8 case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we've solved any 8 by8 case
+that's given to us. Does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to us. Does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's given to us. Does that make
+sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense?
+So if we believe that we can solve every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we believe that we can solve every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we believe that we can solve every
+4x4,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4,
+then we also believe that we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also believe that we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we also believe that we can solve
+every 8 by 8. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 8 by 8. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 8 by 8. Yeah.
+And this keeps going. If you instead had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this keeps going. If you instead had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this keeps going. If you instead had
+an 8 by8, sorry, if you instead had a 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8 by8, sorry, if you instead had a 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8 by8, sorry, if you instead had a 16
+x6, you can do the same thing. Draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x6, you can do the same thing. Draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x6, you can do the same thing. Draw the
+crosshairs, put the L in the middle. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshairs, put the L in the middle. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosshairs, put the L in the middle. Now
+all four 8 by8 quadrants are missing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four 8 by8 quadrants are missing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four 8 by8 quadrants are missing a
+single cell. Invoke the 8 by8 case. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell. Invoke the 8 by8 case. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell. Invoke the 8 by8 case. Um,
+we can even see that here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can even see that here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can even see that here.
+Go away webcam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so here here is a 16x6 with one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here here is a 16x6 with one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so here here is a 16x6 with one cell
+we're supposed to avoid. So let's cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to avoid. So let's cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supposed to avoid. So let's cut it
+into four quadrants and put an L right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four quadrants and put an L right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into four quadrants and put an L right
+there in the middle. Now we should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the middle. Now we should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the middle. Now we should think
+of this as four separate 8 by8s each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as four separate 8 by8s each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as four separate 8 by8s each
+missing a single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell
+and we trust in our heart that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we trust in our heart that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we trust in our heart that we have
+solved the 8 by8 case. Right? Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the 8 by8 case. Right? Don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the 8 by8 case. Right? Don't
+worry too much about how we solved it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about how we solved it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry too much about how we solved it.
+Just be confident that we solved the 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just be confident that we solved the 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just be confident that we solved the 8
+by8 case. Um that there is a way to tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by8 case. Um that there is a way to tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by8 case. Um that there is a way to tile
+each of the 8 by8 corners. Um so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the 8 by8 corners. Um so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the 8 by8 corners. Um so now we
+can piece them together to form our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can piece them together to form our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can piece them together to form our our
+16x6 solution. And now it's all it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16x6 solution. And now it's all it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16x6 solution. And now it's all it's all
+L tile tiles and we win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L tile tiles and we win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L tile tiles and we win.
+So this is the idea behind this proof uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the idea behind this proof uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the idea behind this proof uh
+that we're that we're able to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that PN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that PN
+always implies P of N plus one. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always implies P of N plus one. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always implies P of N plus one. If you
+can tile a 2 to the N by two to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tile a 2 to the N by two to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tile a 2 to the N by two to the N
+missing one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing one cell
+then you can tile Oops. Then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can tile Oops. Then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can tile Oops. Then you can
+tile a 2 to the n plus1 by 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile a 2 to the n plus1 by 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile a 2 to the n plus1 by 2 to the n
+plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus1
+missing a tile using our strategy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a tile using our strategy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a tile using our strategy of
+taking the 2 to the n plus1 by 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the 2 to the n plus1 by 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the 2 to the n plus1 by 2 to the
+n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus one
+and cutting it into four quadrants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cutting it into four quadrants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cutting it into four quadrants
+of 2 to the n by 2 to the n. Put an l in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 to the n by 2 to the n. Put an l in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 to the n by 2 to the n. Put an l in
+the middle. Make sure each quadrant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle. Make sure each quadrant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle. Make sure each quadrant is
+missing a cell. Invoke the the inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a cell. Invoke the the inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a cell. Invoke the the inductive
+hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis.
+That was a little sketchy. Um I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was a little sketchy. Um I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was a little sketchy. Um I didn't
+write this down carefully. uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down carefully. uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down carefully. uh you can
+check the lecture notes later if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the lecture notes later if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the lecture notes later if you
+want to see this written down a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see this written down a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see this written down a little
+more carefully but that is the core idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carefully but that is the core idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more carefully but that is the core idea
+um and the problem I want you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the problem I want you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the problem I want you to see
+there's one more thing I want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more thing I want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more thing I want to mention
+before we go um so I I kept saying store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go um so I I kept saying store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go um so I I kept saying store
+it deep in your heart that we've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deep in your heart that we've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deep in your heart that we've solved
+the 4x4 and then use that to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 and then use that to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4x4 and then use that to believe
+that we've solved 8 by8 um believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've solved 8 by8 um believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've solved 8 by8 um believe that
+we solved 8 by8 in order to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved 8 by8 in order to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved 8 by8 in order to believe that
+we've solved 16 x6 but sometimes belief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved 16 x6 but sometimes belief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've solved 16 x6 but sometimes belief
+isn't quite enough and you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite enough and you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite enough and you really want
+to actually run this algorithm. Um well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually run this algorithm. Um well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually run this algorithm. Um well,
+for then all all you have to do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for then all all you have to do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for then all all you have to do is um
+when you h when we have the 16 x 16 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you h when we have the 16 x 16 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you h when we have the 16 x 16 and
+you break it down into 8 by8s. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it down into 8 by8s. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break it down into 8 by8s. Well,
+let's actually remember how we solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually remember how we solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually remember how we solved
+the 8 by8s. We did that by splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8 by8s. We did that by splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 8 by8s. We did that by splitting
+them up into 4x4s. And then turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into 4x4s. And then turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up into 4x4s. And then turns out
+you can do the same thing and split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the same thing and split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the same thing and split the
+4x4s into 2 x2s. So now each 2x two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s into 2 x2s. So now each 2x two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s into 2 x2s. So now each 2x two is
+missing a single cell, but a 2 x two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell, but a 2 x two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell, but a 2 x two
+missing a single cell is just an L. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell is just an L. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a single cell is just an L. So
+it's all L's. And then we just recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all L's. And then we just recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all L's. And then we just recombine
+uh reverse what we did before. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reverse what we did before. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reverse what we did before. And now
+we've tiled everything and we're done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tiled everything and we're done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've tiled everything and we're done.
+And that's the algorithm. Thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the algorithm. Thank you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the algorithm. Thank you so
+much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much.
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_NvBNFDldV4.txt b/_NvBNFDldV4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..da28c047229066a7deafd0e85cf9a5f5e1d577b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_NvBNFDldV4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um, welcome back. Uh, thanks for not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, welcome back. Uh, thanks for not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, welcome back. Uh, thanks for not
+dropping the class yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping the class yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping the class yet.
+>> Oh, I got to do that right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, I got to do that right now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, I got to do that right now.
+>> Funny you mention that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Funny you mention that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Funny you mention that.
+Uh let's see. Uh just a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's see. Uh just a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's see. Uh just a reminder
+actually the one big reminder for folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one big reminder for folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the one big reminder for folks
+who weren't here on Friday is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who weren't here on Friday is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who weren't here on Friday is that we
+swapped around Friday and Mondays 17th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapped around Friday and Mondays 17th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapped around Friday and Mondays 17th
+and the 20th have been swapped.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 20th have been swapped.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the 20th have been swapped.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> In terms of readings and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> In terms of readings and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> In terms of readings and what we're
+going to do in class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do in class.
+>> Yes. So, uh we're still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. So, uh we're still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. So, uh we're still going to be
+playing the games on Friday on Friday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the games on Friday on Friday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the games on Friday on Friday.
+Uh but uh the brainstorming activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but uh the brainstorming activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but uh the brainstorming activity
+that we have scheduled for Monday is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have scheduled for Monday is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have scheduled for Monday is
+going to be on this Friday instead. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on this Friday instead. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on this Friday instead. And
+and then we can flip around otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can flip around otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can flip around otherwise.
+So um I want to manage to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um I want to manage to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um I want to manage to get through
+the readings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings.
+Uh cool. Uh let let's see where should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh cool. Uh let let's see where should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh cool. Uh let let's see where should
+we start? Um so there was D Church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start? Um so there was D Church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start? Um so there was D Church
+article which was on Gamma Sutra and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article which was on Gamma Sutra and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article which was on Gamma Sutra and uh
+if if you're familiar with Gamma Sutra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're familiar with Gamma Sutra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're familiar with Gamma Sutra
+it's or if you're not actually it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's or if you're not actually it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's or if you're not actually it's a
+fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly
+well read news and industry sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well read news and industry sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well read news and industry sort of
+industry news blog for uh for the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry news blog for uh for the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry news blog for uh for the games
+industry but largely the digital game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry but largely the digital game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry but largely the digital game
+industry. Um that particular article I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Um that particular article I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry. Um that particular article I
+think was originally written not for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was originally written not for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was originally written not for the
+website but for the magazine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website but for the magazine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website but for the magazine that the
+associated company publishers for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated company publishers for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated company publishers for the
+game development magazine uh and Doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development magazine uh and Doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development magazine uh and Doug
+Church is actually an MIT alum uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church is actually an MIT alum uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church is actually an MIT alum uh
+him and the other article that was read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and the other article that was read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and the other article that was read
+Mark actually MIT alums so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark actually MIT alums so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark actually MIT alums so that's one
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+um so Dr. proposes a a set of tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Dr. proposes a a set of tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Dr. proposes a a set of tools.
+Anyone remember what they call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone remember what they call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyone remember what they call the
+formal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal?
+>> Yeah, the fat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, the fat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, the fat.
+>> Yeah. Um so and and uh uh framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um so and and uh uh framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um so and and uh uh framework
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+>> m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> m
+>> Yeah. Mechanics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Mechanics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Mechanics.
+>> Yeah. Um and we kind of kind kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um and we kind of kind kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um and we kind of kind kind of
+covered mechanics and dynamics on uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered mechanics and dynamics on uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered mechanics and dynamics on uh uh
+on Friday and today we have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday and today we have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday and today we have a little bit
+of time to talk about aesthetics. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to talk about aesthetics. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to talk about aesthetics. But
+the reason why these two essays were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why these two essays were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why these two essays were
+kind of put right next to each other was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put right next to each other was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of put right next to each other was
+NDA is an example of what uh Duncan was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDA is an example of what uh Duncan was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDA is an example of what uh Duncan was
+describing for design. Um in fact at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing for design. Um in fact at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing for design. Um in fact at the
+time when NDA came out it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when NDA came out it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when NDA came out it was pretty
+much the only one that caught on. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the only one that caught on. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the only one that caught on. um
+everybody all the problems that Doug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody all the problems that Doug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody all the problems that Doug
+Church lays out in his article about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church lays out in his article about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Church lays out in his article about the
+problems that we don't have a vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we don't have a vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that we don't have a vocabulary
+that consistent vocabulary to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistent vocabulary to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consistent vocabulary to talk about
+our craft and thus we can't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our craft and thus we can't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our craft and thus we can't actually
+improve on it. Um and thus we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on it. Um and thus we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve on it. Um and thus we need some
+some formal tools to uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal tools to uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some formal tools to uh that that
+everyone uses. Uh unfortunately not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone uses. Uh unfortunately not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone uses. Uh unfortunately not much
+has caught up um MDA being one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has caught up um MDA being one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has caught up um MDA being one of the
+few that has um because it you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that has um because it you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few that has um because it you know for
+a number of different reasons. First of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different reasons. First of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different reasons. First of
+all, it it actually is a is a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, it it actually is a is a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, it it actually is a is a useful
+framework. You know, you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework. You know, you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework. You know, you can think of
+many many ways to formally look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many ways to formally look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many ways to formally look at
+games, but from a designer, you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, but from a designer, you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, but from a designer, you need to
+to to think of something which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think of something which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to think of something which you can
+actually apply to help improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apply to help improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually apply to help improve your
+games. And MDA actually gives you a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. And MDA actually gives you a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. And MDA actually gives you a uh
+uh a reason why design is hard, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a reason why design is hard, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a reason why design is hard, you
+know. So, if nothing else, designers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So, if nothing else, designers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So, if nothing else, designers
+like it a lot because it says this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it a lot because it says this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it a lot because it says this is
+why my job is hard. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why my job is hard. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why my job is hard. Um,
+and the reason being you get to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason being you get to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason being you get to control
+the mechanics, but that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics, but that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics, but that's not what
+you're going for. You're not going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going for. You're not going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going for. You're not going for
+really interesting mechanics. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting mechanics. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting mechanics. They're
+really they're going for a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're going for a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really they're going for a really
+interesting aesthetic. They're going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aesthetic. They're going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aesthetic. They're going for
+a fun, engaging play experience. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun, engaging play experience. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun, engaging play experience. There
+are Mark uh uh in the MDA paper this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Mark uh uh in the MDA paper this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Mark uh uh in the MDA paper this
+eight kinds of fun. And I've asked him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight kinds of fun. And I've asked him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight kinds of fun. And I've asked him
+about this when he gave this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this when he gave this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this when he gave this
+presentation here in in MIT. Those eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation here in in MIT. Those eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation here in in MIT. Those eight
+were not meant to be comprehensive. they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not meant to be comprehensive. they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not meant to be comprehensive. they
+they were meant to be. These are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were meant to be. These are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were meant to be. These are the
+eight that I could think of at the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight that I could think of at the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight that I could think of at the time.
+Um and the and Idos had I have a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the and Idos had I have a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the and Idos had I have a list
+somewhere where Idos has like a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where Idos has like a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where Idos has like a full
+page of different kinds of fun. Um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of different kinds of fun. Um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of different kinds of fun. Um now
+different kinds of experiences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of experiences that
+people are trying to get out of playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to get out of playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to get out of playing
+the game. That's what a game designer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. That's what a game designer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. That's what a game designer is
+trying to get. The only problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get. The only problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get. The only problem is that
+the game designer doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game designer doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game designer doesn't actually
+control that experience. The game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that experience. The game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that experience. The game
+designer only gets to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer only gets to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer only gets to control the
+mechanics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics.
+Depending on what company you are, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depending on what company you are, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depending on what company you are, maybe
+you have the title of game designer, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the title of game designer, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the title of game designer, but
+you're also in charge of the art. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also in charge of the art. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also in charge of the art. you
+know, you're also you're actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you're also you're actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you're also you're actually also
+the lead programmer. It's possible uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead programmer. It's possible uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead programmer. It's possible uh
+that you also have more control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also have more control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also have more control over
+things than just the mechanics, but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than just the mechanics, but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things than just the mechanics, but most
+designers mechanics is where is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers mechanics is where is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers mechanics is where is what
+their job scope is. Um so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job scope is. Um so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job scope is. Um so they they
+write the the the the rules, the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the the the the rules, the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the the the the rules, the rules
+interact in some sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in some sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in some sort of like
+ridiculously hard to predict way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously hard to predict way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously hard to predict way and
+then you get the experience of playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the experience of playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the experience of playing
+the game with the aesthetic and you hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game with the aesthetic and you hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game with the aesthetic and you hope
+that's what you were going for. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you were going for. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you were going for. It
+usually isn't. and uh and you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually isn't. and uh and you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually isn't. and uh and you you know
+and then you make a change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make a change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you make a change to the
+mechanics try again and the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics try again and the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics try again and the nice thing
+about that is that that works really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is that that works really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that is that that works really
+well with iterative design. Um in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with iterative design. Um in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with iterative design. Um in fact
+without iterative design it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without iterative design it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without iterative design it becomes
+really hard to control this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to control this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to control this entire
+process because basically um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because basically um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because basically um you're
+you're two orders removed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two orders removed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two orders removed from the
+experience that you're trying to create.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that you're trying to create.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that you're trying to create.
+It's like, you know, um trying to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like, you know, um trying to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like, you know, um trying to draw
+on a piece of paper where uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper where uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper where uh not only
+can you not see the paper that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you not see the paper that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you not see the paper that you're
+drawing on, uh you're also, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing on, uh you're also, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing on, uh you're also, you know,
+controlling the brush or the pencil, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the brush or the pencil, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the brush or the pencil, you
+know, tied to a stick or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, tied to a stick or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, tied to a stick or something like
+that life of it. That's kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life of it. That's kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life of it. That's kind of what
+being a game design is like. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a game design is like. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a game design is like. Um
+so, so that's the experience of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so that's the experience of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so that's the experience of the game
+design side. Uh you get to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design side. Uh you get to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design side. Uh you get to control the
+mechanics and you're going for some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and you're going for some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and you're going for some sort
+of aesthetic. And on the other side, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aesthetic. And on the other side, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aesthetic. And on the other side, the
+player is experiencing kind some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is experiencing kind some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is experiencing kind some kind of
+aesthetic and you know, and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and you know, and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and you know, and they can
+sort of work their way back. Um, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work their way back. Um, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of work their way back. Um, you
+know, it's like, I'm getting this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's like, I'm getting this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's like, I'm getting this kind
+of experience. Um, why am I getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience. Um, why am I getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience. Um, why am I getting this
+kind of experience? You know, if you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experience? You know, if you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experience? You know, if you got
+a particularly insightful game player,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly insightful game player,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particularly insightful game player,
+maybe you're taking CMS 300,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're taking CMS 300,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you're taking CMS 300,
+introduction to video game, and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to video game, and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to video game, and you're
+analyzing games. Um, and you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing games. Um, and you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing games. Um, and you're trying
+to say, how did we get here? And, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, how did we get here? And, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, how did we get here? And, and
+you know, if you're taking this class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if you're taking this class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if you're taking this class,
+you're going to be doing that a lot. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing that a lot. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing that a lot. You
+know this game, Heroes Might Magic 3 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this game, Heroes Might Magic 3 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this game, Heroes Might Magic 3 for
+instance, you know, you know, uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, you know, you know, uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, you know, you know, uh has
+give me a particularly, you know, a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a particularly, you know, a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a particularly, you know, a a
+sensation. Describe a sensation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation. Describe a sensation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation. Describe a sensation that you
+got when you were playing that game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got when you were playing that game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got when you were playing that game that
+that you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you recall
+>> strategic, outsmarting, playing friends,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> strategic, outsmarting, playing friends,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> strategic, outsmarting, playing friends,
+outsmart them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsmart them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsmart them.
+>> So, so, so it made you feel smart. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so, so it made you feel smart. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so, so it made you feel smart. It
+made you have to think really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you have to think really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made you have to think really really
+hard and everything. So and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and everything. So and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and everything. So and then you
+think about what dynamics might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what dynamics might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what dynamics might have
+resulted in that you know what what sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in that you know what what sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in that you know what what sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+>> fog of war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> fog of war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> fog of war
+>> huh f fog of war you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> huh f fog of war you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> huh f fog of war you have to figure out
+what what is behind the areas you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is behind the areas you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is behind the areas you can't
+see. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Yeah,
+>> but there's some information that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but there's some information that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but there's some information that you
+can see that may give you clues. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that may give you clues. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that may give you clues. And
+then you know might actually be be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know might actually be be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know might actually be be
+already a mechanic. But you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a mechanic. But you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a mechanic. But you know the
+idea of there is information that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of there is information that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of there is information that you
+can deduce even though you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deduce even though you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deduce even though you can't
+actually see it. And there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it. And there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see it. And there's some
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+of getting it right uh based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting it right uh based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of getting it right uh based on your
+experience with game. Fall war being one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with game. Fall war being one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with game. Fall war being one
+to uh one one game mechanic that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh one one game mechanic that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh one one game mechanic that gets
+you there. So you can sort of analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there. So you can sort of analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there. So you can sort of analyze it
+backwards and uh figure out okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and uh figure out okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards and uh figure out okay that's
+one thing for war gets you. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing for war gets you. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing for war gets you. Sometimes
+fog of war just confuses people, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fog of war just confuses people, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fog of war just confuses people, right?
+That there could be anything behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That there could be anything behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That there could be anything behind this
+corner. I mean, technically Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner. I mean, technically Final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner. I mean, technically Final
+Fantasy random combat system is like fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy random combat system is like fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy random combat system is like fog
+of war, right? I don't know if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of war, right? I don't know if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of war, right? I don't know if there's a
+random encounter here. I will walk into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random encounter here. I will walk into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random encounter here. I will walk into
+it and then oh look, there's slime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then oh look, there's slime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then oh look, there's slime
+slimes at Dragon Quest. Um, Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slimes at Dragon Quest. Um, Final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slimes at Dragon Quest. Um, Final
+Fantasy 10 slimes, I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy 10 slimes, I think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fantasy 10 slimes, I think.
+>> Were you in Final Fantasy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Were you in Final Fantasy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Were you in Final Fantasy?
+>> The Square Enix version is complet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Mhm. FL. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. You are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mhm. FL. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. You are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mhm. FL. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. You are
+fighting cake.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting cake.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting cake.
+Um but there is actually a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but there is actually a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but there is actually a problem.
+Actually I I don't need to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually I I don't need to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually I I don't need to write this
+down that there is a problem with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that there is a problem with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that there is a problem with um
+well it means no problem. There is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means no problem. There is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means no problem. There is an
+issue that I have with formal abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that I have with formal abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that I have with formal abstract
+design tools and come to the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tools and come to the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design tools and come to the word
+formal. Um Doug Church uses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal. Um Doug Church uses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal. Um Doug Church uses it
+specifically to say well it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to say well it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to say well it should be
+sort of serious business right? You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of serious business right? You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of serious business right? You know
+it's formal with a capital F. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's formal with a capital F. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's formal with a capital F. We're not
+talking about how cool this game is. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how cool this game is. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how cool this game is. You
+know, we want to be very precise in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we want to be very precise in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we want to be very precise in our
+vocabulary. We want to be um you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary. We want to be um you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary. We want to be um you know,
+we want to treat it like this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to treat it like this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to treat it like this because
+that's capital that's capital B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's capital that's capital B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's capital that's capital B.
+However,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However,
+that the other assumption with the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other assumption with the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other assumption with the word
+formal comes from formalism. You you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal comes from formalism. You you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal comes from formalism. You you are
+thinking about the form of the game in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the form of the game in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the form of the game in a
+way that if you were trying to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that if you were trying to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that if you were trying to apply the
+same technique to talk about art, you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same technique to talk about art, you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same technique to talk about art, you'd
+be talking about the form of visual art,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about the form of visual art,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about the form of visual art,
+you know, the form of cinema. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the form of cinema. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, the form of cinema. Um and uh
+and that is actually a fairly narrow way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is actually a fairly narrow way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is actually a fairly narrow way
+to look at something which at a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at something which at a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at something which at a topic
+that's as broad as a game. Um you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as broad as a game. Um you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as broad as a game. Um you are
+you know it is as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is as if
+as if we were trying to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if we were trying to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if we were trying to analyze
+something like like life heroes might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like life heroes might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like like life heroes might
+have met and completely ignoring your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have met and completely ignoring your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have met and completely ignoring your
+the fact that you were playing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you were playing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that you were playing it with
+friends from French class. You know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends from French class. You know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends from French class. You know that
+would be an example of well that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of well that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of well that had
+nothing to do with the game. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the game. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with the game. Well,
+actually, it probably had a lot to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, it probably had a lot to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, it probably had a lot to do
+with how you experience the game. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how you experience the game. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how you experience the game. Um,
+you know, uh, you know, playing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, you know, playing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, you know, playing that's
+the rules of chess. There's, uh, and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of chess. There's, uh, and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules of chess. There's, uh, and and
+you could just look at the game based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just look at the game based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just look at the game based on
+this rules of the rules of chess. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rules of the rules of chess. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rules of the rules of chess. You
+could also look at the history of chess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look at the history of chess.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also look at the history of chess.
+You could also look at who you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also look at who you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could also look at who you're
+playing it against. Are you playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it against. Are you playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it against. Are you playing
+against random person or against a dad?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against random person or against a dad?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against random person or against a dad?
+You know, uh, big difference. Uh, uh, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, uh, big difference. Uh, uh, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, uh, big difference. Uh, uh, or
+in my case, my mom. Um, are you uh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my case, my mom. Um, are you uh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my case, my mom. Um, are you uh, you
+know, playing it in a club? Are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, playing it in a club? Are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, playing it in a club? Are you
+playing it, you know, against the chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it, you know, against the chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it, you know, against the chess
+master in in the cupboard square or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master in in the cupboard square or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master in in the cupboard square or
+something like that? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that? Um,
+uh, what what does this game mean? I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, what what does this game mean? I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, what what does this game mean? I are
+you using the game metaphorically in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using the game metaphorically in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you using the game metaphorically in in
+speech or, you know, just saying and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech or, you know, just saying and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech or, you know, just saying and and
+and I had, you know, and and my opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had, you know, and and my opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I had, you know, and and my opponent
+was in a checkmated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in a checkmated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in a checkmated
+uh, position. does it necessarily mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, position. does it necessarily mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, position. does it necessarily mean
+that you were playing chess with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were playing chess with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you were playing chess with your
+with with someone someone else in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with someone someone else in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with someone someone else in order
+to get that point across. Um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that point across. Um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that point across. Um there's a
+whole range of different ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of different ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of different ways that you
+can look at games even as a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at games even as a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at games even as a game
+designer that isn't specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer that isn't specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer that isn't specifically
+formless that isn't specifically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formless that isn't specifically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formless that isn't specifically just
+look just looking at the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just looking at the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look just looking at the form of the
+game. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Um
+just understanding what context people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understanding what context people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just understanding what context people
+are going to be playing the game in for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be playing the game in for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be playing the game in for.
+So for a lot of the games that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a lot of the games that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a lot of the games that you guys
+are going to be designing this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be designing this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be designing this semester
+specifically uh in this class, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh in this class, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically uh in this class, you know,
+you have to think about the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to think about the fact that a
+lot of these games are actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these games are actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these games are actually going to
+be played by your instructors uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be played by your instructors uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be played by your instructors uh are
+going to be played uh in a setting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be played uh in a setting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be played uh in a setting very
+similar to this by your colleagues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this by your colleagues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this by your colleagues in
+this room. Um are probably going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room. Um are probably going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room. Um are probably going to end
+up being tested by dorm mates, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being tested by dorm mates, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being tested by dorm mates, you know,
+fraternity f uh friends, uh folks around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity f uh friends, uh folks around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternity f uh friends, uh folks around
+campus. And all that is going to heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus. And all that is going to heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus. And all that is going to heavily
+influence the kind of game that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the kind of game that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the kind of game that you
+make. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make. Um,
+now for for better or worse, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for for better or worse, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for for better or worse, you know,
+you are pretty much making a game for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are pretty much making a game for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are pretty much making a game for an
+MIT audience. And we're trying to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT audience. And we're trying to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT audience. And we're trying to change
+that a little bit uh for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit uh for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a little bit uh for the last
+assignment, but uh keep in mind that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment, but uh keep in mind that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment, but uh keep in mind that,
+you know, you have to be uh that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you have to be uh that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, you have to be uh that that's
+not necessarily every single game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily every single game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily every single game that
+you're going to make in the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make in the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to make in the future and
+that shouldn't be. But knowing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't be. But knowing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't be. But knowing that you
+can try to cater to the audience that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to cater to the audience that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to cater to the audience that
+you've got for every round. um that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got for every round. um that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got for every round. um that has
+very little I mean in some ways this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little I mean in some ways this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little I mean in some ways this is
+going to affect the design decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect the design decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect the design decisions
+that you make in your game. What will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make in your game. What will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you make in your game. What will be
+perfectly acceptable to a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly acceptable to a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly acceptable to a uh a
+competitive MIT audience might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive MIT audience might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive MIT audience might not be
+perfectly acceptable to your average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly acceptable to your average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly acceptable to your average
+board game buyer in Target or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board game buyer in Target or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board game buyer in Target or something
+like that um and vice versa. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um and vice versa. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that um and vice versa. Um, and so
+what may be a perfectly engrossing game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may be a perfectly engrossing game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may be a perfectly engrossing game
+mechanic, dynamic, aesthetic experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic, dynamic, aesthetic experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic, dynamic, aesthetic experience
+that you will get, but just by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will get, but just by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will get, but just by looking
+at a formal aspects of a game, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a formal aspects of a game, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a formal aspects of a game, you know,
+this this will be really cool if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will be really cool if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this will be really cool if you
+understood the mechanic, played it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the mechanic, played it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood the mechanic, played it out
+in the way that create a desired dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that create a desired dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that create a desired dynamic
+to give you the aesthetic experience.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the aesthetic experience.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you the aesthetic experience.
+But if you're if you don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're if you don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you're if you don't understand
+the context that you're playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context that you're playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context that you're playing the
+game, as an example, then uh your player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, as an example, then uh your player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, as an example, then uh your player
+may not even get that part. Your players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not even get that part. Your players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not even get that part. Your players
+may may may look at your game say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may may may look at your game say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may may may look at your game say this
+game is not for me. Yeah. Uh and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is not for me. Yeah. Uh and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is not for me. Yeah. Uh and just
+walk away. Um it might mean that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away. Um it might mean that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk away. Um it might mean that uh you
+might I I'm thinking of things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I I'm thinking of things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might I I'm thinking of things like uh
+we we just had this discussion over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just had this discussion over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we just had this discussion over
+lunch about social games that you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch about social games that you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch about social games that you find
+on Facebook for instance. Um and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Facebook for instance. Um and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Facebook for instance. Um and a lot
+of social games I might have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social games I might have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of social games I might have already
+made this point but it has been argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this point but it has been argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this point but it has been argued
+that social games aren't all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that social games aren't all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that social games aren't all that
+social. All you do is really beg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social. All you do is really beg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social. All you do is really beg and
+spam your friends. Uh that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam your friends. Uh that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spam your friends. Uh that's the whole
+point of playing. But in many ways, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of playing. But in many ways, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of playing. But in many ways, it's
+also saying to your friends, we're kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying to your friends, we're kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saying to your friends, we're kind
+of doing the same thing. You know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing the same thing. You know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing the same thing. You know, we
+may be separated by time and separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be separated by time and separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be separated by time and separated
+by distance, but we're all doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by distance, but we're all doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by distance, but we're all doing the
+same thing. And we we could be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. And we we could be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. And we we could be playing
+this game. We could be talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game. We could be talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game. We could be talking about the
+show that we that that that that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we that that that that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that we that that that that we are
+watching in our own apartments, but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching in our own apartments, but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching in our own apartments, but then
+we get to discuss it. But in many ways,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to discuss it. But in many ways,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to discuss it. But in many ways,
+this is just me telling you we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just me telling you we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just me telling you we're doing
+the same thing that we're part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that we're part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing that we're part of the
+same group. And that serves a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group. And that serves a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same group. And that serves a function
+that has almost that that really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has almost that that really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has almost that that really doesn't
+have anything to do with the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything to do with the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything to do with the formal
+analysis of how a game mechanic works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of how a game mechanic works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of how a game mechanic works.
+Um but it's still incredibly crucial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but it's still incredibly crucial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but it's still incredibly crucial to
+the popularity of these games. So uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popularity of these games. So uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popularity of these games. So uh so
+that so so so keep that in mind that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so so keep that in mind that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so so so keep that in mind that um
+even DJ makes this point but I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even DJ makes this point but I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even DJ makes this point but I think a
+lot of uh designers actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh designers actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh designers actually kind of
+ignore that when they read his his essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that when they read his his essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore that when they read his his essay
+that it's only one set of tools. the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's only one set of tools. the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's only one set of tools. the the
+formal tools are only one set of tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal tools are only one set of tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal tools are only one set of tools.
+Even uh there are tools uh at looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even uh there are tools uh at looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even uh there are tools uh at looking at
+games culturally, personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games culturally, personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games culturally, personally
+um uh and uh and other things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and uh and other things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh and uh and other things that that
+that that you may get in this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you may get in this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you may get in this class and
+in classes like like CNS 300 um uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classes like like CNS 300 um uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classes like like CNS 300 um uh that
+that that will affect it how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will affect it how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will affect it how people
+experience the game and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the game and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the game and how much
+pleasure that that they're running at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure that that they're running at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure that that they're running at
+the game to understand whether your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game to understand whether your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game to understand whether your game
+is doing what it does, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing what it does, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing what it does, right?
+um that aren't that don't have anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that aren't that don't have anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that aren't that don't have anything
+to do necessarily with just by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do necessarily with just by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do necessarily with just by looking
+at the self-contained system of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the self-contained system of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the self-contained system of the of
+of the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game.
+Just as a side note, um how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just as a side note, um how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just as a side note, um how many of you
+folks have heard of the narrative versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks have heard of the narrative versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks have heard of the narrative versus
+nudology debate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudology debate?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nudology debate?
+How many of you are sick of this? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many of you are sick of this? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many of you are sick of this? Okay.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, don't you I'm I'm sick of it too,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, don't you I'm I'm sick of it too,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, don't you I'm I'm sick of it too,
+but I bring it up for one reason that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I bring it up for one reason that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I bring it up for one reason that I
+there is an interesting case that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an interesting case that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an interesting case that if you
+actually look at narrat marintology as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at narrat marintology as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at narrat marintology as a
+study and nudology as a study, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and nudology as a study, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and nudology as a study, they're
+both formalist studies. And in fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both formalist studies. And in fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both formalist studies. And in fact,
+they're more accurate than more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more accurate than more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more accurate than more more
+precise. They're both structuralist,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. They're both structuralist,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. They're both structuralist,
+which is kind of if you look at at at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of if you look at at at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of if you look at at at at
+philosophies, it's kind of a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophies, it's kind of a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophies, it's kind of a subset of
+formalism or at least a more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism or at least a more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism or at least a more recent
+version of of of it. They're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of of of it. They're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of of of it. They're both
+basically focused on these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically focused on these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically focused on these are the
+elements of this art form and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this art form and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this art form and this is
+how they interact to produce some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interact to produce some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they interact to produce some sort
+of effect. Um, and all that matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effect. Um, and all that matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of effect. Um, and all that matters is
+what's contained in this art form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's contained in this art form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's contained in this art form.
+What's outside this art form doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's outside this art form doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's outside this art form doesn't
+matter. That's what narratology does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. That's what narratology does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. That's what narratology does for
+stories. That's what dudology does for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories. That's what dudology does for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories. That's what dudology does for
+games. Um, and uh, that's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Um, and uh, that's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. Um, and uh, that's in fact
+probably why most people who study games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably why most people who study games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably why most people who study games
+have kind of walked away from from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of walked away from from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kind of walked away from from from
+ludology because it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ludology because it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ludology because it's not that
+interesting to just study what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to just study what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to just study what's inside
+the system. People want to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. People want to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. People want to see what's
+outside. Um, and uh, so when you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. Um, and uh, so when you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside. Um, and uh, so when you compare
+structuralistic and structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuralistic and structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuralistic and structural
+structuralism wins, that's that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuralism wins, that's that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structuralism wins, that's that that's
+one case. Um, and uh, you only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case. Um, and uh, you only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case. Um, and uh, you only have a
+and and you may not realize that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you may not realize that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you may not realize that you're
+actually looking at your game through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at your game through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looking at your game through a
+very very narrow lens. So try to broaden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very narrow lens. So try to broaden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very narrow lens. So try to broaden
+the range of tools that you've got. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of tools that you've got. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of tools that you've got. You
+know, this this class is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this this class is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, this this class is going to give
+you a small set of them. Uh and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a small set of them. Uh and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a small set of them. Uh and it's not
+by by any means the beyond and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by any means the beyond and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by any means the beyond and all of
+every single way that you can look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single way that you can look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single way that you can look at it
+at at the game. And again, they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the game. And again, they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the game. And again, they're not
+they're not just restricted to the tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just restricted to the tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just restricted to the tools
+that we're specifically teaching you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're specifically teaching you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're specifically teaching you in
+this class. So keep so keep looking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class. So keep so keep looking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class. So keep so keep looking out
+for new ones. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new ones. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for new ones. Um
+>> let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> let's see.
+Any questions so far? That was my rant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 10 minute rant. 15 minutes. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 minute rant. 15 minutes. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 minute rant. 15 minutes. Okay. All
+right. No more ranting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. No more ranting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. No more ranting.
+All right. We have a uh activity and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. We have a uh activity and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. We have a uh activity and do
+you want to run through?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to run through?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to run through?
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um Okay. So, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um Okay. So, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um Okay. So, I'm going to
+pass around. This is um my crappy race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around. This is um my crappy race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass around. This is um my crappy race
+game. So, you're going to need one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, you're going to need one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So, you're going to need one one
+copy per pair. Um, there's also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy per pair. Um, there's also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy per pair. Um, there's also some
+nifty set of dice. You need one copy per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nifty set of dice. You need one copy per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nifty set of dice. You need one copy per
+or one dye per character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one dye per character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one dye per character
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+I just aside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> And then um each person is going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then um each person is going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then um each person is going to need
+three of these poker chips. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these poker chips. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of these poker chips. It doesn't
+matter what color. So just grab three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um, and then you're going to need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, and then you're going to need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, and then you're going to need a
+marker to indicate yourself. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker to indicate yourself. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker to indicate yourself. And I
+recommend just grabbing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> copies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You only need one per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason.
+>> So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So,
+>> one d for every two people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> one d for every two people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> one d for every two people.
+>> Yeah. One of the six-sided die for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. One of the six-sided die for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. One of the six-sided die for every
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+>> And then you need markers for yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then you need markers for yourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then you need markers for yourselves
+and then bonus markers. And that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bonus markers. And that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then bonus markers. And that's what
+the poker chips are for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poker chips are for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poker chips are for.
+>> So, keep the keep the poker chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, keep the keep the poker chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, keep the keep the poker chips
+circulating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating.
+>> Three per person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Three per person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Three per person.
+>> Three per person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Three per person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Three per person.
+>> One piece per person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> One piece per person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> One piece per person.
+>> Okay. You can use coins. You can use D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. You can use coins. You can use D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. You can use coins. You can use D
+likeid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likeid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likeid
+paper. Whatever you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm a maker with a penny and a crown.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So, we have three of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Most people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Most people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Most people.
+>> How many? Take that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How many? Take that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How many? Take that.
+>> If you need markers for yourself, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you need markers for yourself, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you need markers for yourself, you
+can try one of the multi-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try one of the multi-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try one of the multi-sided
+polyhedral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+>> Okay. Okay. What now? have what now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Okay. What now? have what now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Okay. What now? have what now?
+>> Okay, I should have used this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, I should have used this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, I should have used this.
+>> I'm more well versed in the person.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm more well versed in the person.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm more well versed in the person.
+>> I can see defeat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I can see defeat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I can see defeat.
+>> Is that even correcting?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is that even correcting?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Is that even correcting?
+>> I think you're going to have to die.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think you're going to have to die.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think you're going to have to die.
+>> The direct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay. So, can everyone hold for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, can everyone hold for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, can everyone hold for a
+second? So, what we're going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second? So, what we're going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second? So, what we're going to ask you
+to do is just play through this game a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just play through this game a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just play through this game a
+couple times. Um, then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple times. Um, then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple times. Um, then we're going to
+come back and kind of apply the MGA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and kind of apply the MGA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and kind of apply the MGA
+framework to the game itself and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to the game itself and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework to the game itself and then if
+we have time, I think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time, I think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time, I think we're going to
+spend some time tweaking it. Yeah. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time tweaking it. Yeah. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time tweaking it. Yeah. Okay,
+cool. So, we'll interrupt you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, we'll interrupt you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, we'll interrupt you in
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+>> uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh
+actually 10 minutes. It's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 10 minutes. It's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 10 minutes. It's a pretty
+>> uh Okay. So, I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh Okay. So, I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh Okay. So, I mean
+>> this is sort of on the fly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> this is sort of on the fly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> this is sort of on the fly.
+>> Yeah. So, so what we what we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, so what we what we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, so what we what we kind of
+like to do is hear about I guess we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is hear about I guess we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is hear about I guess we'll
+just go around the room in pairs and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go around the room in pairs and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go around the room in pairs and you
+guys can talk or do you want a minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can talk or do you want a minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can talk or do you want a minute to
+talk to apply MTA to this and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to apply MTA to this and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to apply MTA to this and kind of
+something so I'm not like calling on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I'm not like calling on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I'm not like calling on you
+on the spot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the spot.
+>> Anybody wonder what how they felt what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Anybody wonder what how they felt what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Anybody wonder what how they felt what
+the aesthetic of this game?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aesthetic of this game?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aesthetic of this game?
+>> There is none.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There is none.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There is none.
+>> People were pretty loud for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> People were pretty loud for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> People were pretty loud for their
+crappy race game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy race game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy race game.
+>> It felt competitive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It felt competitive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It felt competitive.
+>> Well, the thing is it's like very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the thing is it's like very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the thing is it's like very simple
+aesthetic. So, so in the paper they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic. So, so in the paper they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic. So, so in the paper they say
+you're going to go straight like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go straight like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go straight like the
+player should be using the aesthetic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player should be using the aesthetic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player should be using the aesthetic,
+but here you go straight to the mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you go straight to the mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here you go straight to the mechanic
+and you're wondering about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're wondering about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're wondering about it.
+>> Yeah, I mean the you definitely is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I mean the you definitely is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I mean the you definitely is easy
+especially for board games because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for board games because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for board games because the
+mechanics are written down right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics are written down right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics are written down right in
+front of you is really judge. But how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you is really judge. But how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you is really judge. But how
+did you feel while you were playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you feel while you were playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you feel while you were playing
+this? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? I
+>> think there was a there was a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> think there was a there was a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> think there was a there was a sense of
+tension. There was maybe a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. There was maybe a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension. There was maybe a sense of
+brinkmanship perhaps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brinkmanship perhaps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brinkmanship perhaps.
+There was a a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a a sense of
+um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean
+like there was the intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was the intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was the intellectual
+challenge of working out like like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of working out like like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of working out like like is
+there really a meaningful decision to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really a meaningful decision to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really a meaningful decision to be
+made here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made here
+and if there is like what is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there is like what is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there is like what is what is the
+correct decision?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct decision?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct decision?
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> so so so just put put opinion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so so just put put opinion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so so just put put opinion in the
+mind of like can can I optimize this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of like can can I optimize this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of like can can I optimize this?
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah.
+>> Especially for this crowd. I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Especially for this crowd. I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Especially for this crowd. I think this
+is immediate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is immediate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is immediate.
+Can I figure out what's the right way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I figure out what's the right way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I figure out what's the right way to
+play this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play this?
+>> And and I know you tried to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and I know you tried to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and I know you tried to figure it
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+>> I think I think he I think he correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think I think he I think he correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think I think he I think he correct.
+>> He figured it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He figured it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He figured it out.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> So, what's So, is there an optimal way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, what's So, is there an optimal way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, what's So, is there an optimal way
+to play this game?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this game?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play this game?
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, if you're losing, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, if you're losing, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, if you're losing, you're
+going to if you keep putting tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if you keep putting tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to if you keep putting tokens
+down, you're going to lose anyway. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, you're going to lose anyway. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down, you're going to lose anyway. So,
+you want to be rolling in order to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be rolling in order to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be rolling in order to like
+increase the variance. Um, and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the variance. Um, and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the variance. Um, and if you're
+winning, you want to be putting tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning, you want to be putting tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning, you want to be putting tokens
+down in order to remove the variance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in order to remove the variance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in order to remove the variance.
+You can imagine it as like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can imagine it as like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can imagine it as like a
+distribution. Whereas, if you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. Whereas, if you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution. Whereas, if you're like
+below uh if you're like below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below uh if you're like below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below uh if you're like below the
+winning line, you want to like widen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning line, you want to like widen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning line, you want to like widen it
+out as much as possible. So, as much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as much as possible. So, as much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as much as possible. So, as much of
+that distribution is above the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution is above the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution is above the winning
+line. And if you're above the winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And if you're above the winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And if you're above the winning
+line, you want to be as narrow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, you want to be as narrow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, you want to be as narrow as
+possible. So, you stay above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. So, you stay above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. So, you stay above the
+winning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning.
+>> So, your strategy is basically based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, your strategy is basically based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, your strategy is basically based on
+what's what's the current state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the current state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the current state of the
+game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.
+>> Yeah. until like the last turn where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. until like the last turn where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. until like the last turn where
+obviously you don't want to put a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you don't want to put a token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you don't want to put a token
+down if you're two from the end. Um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you're two from the end. Um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down if you're two from the end. Um like
+as long as no one can win on this turn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as no one can win on this turn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as no one can win on this turn.
+If I'm behind him, I'm putting down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm behind him, I'm putting down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I'm behind him, I'm putting down a
+I'm rolling the die and if I'm ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rolling the die and if I'm ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rolling the die and if I'm ahead of
+him, I'm putting down a token.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him, I'm putting down a token.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him, I'm putting down a token.
+>> Did anyone like prefer a strategy before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did anyone like prefer a strategy before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did anyone like prefer a strategy before
+you started thinking about what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started thinking about what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started thinking about what was the
+best or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best or
+>> So I was too lazy to use a token, so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I was too lazy to use a token, so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I was too lazy to use a token, so I
+would just keep rolling.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just keep rolling.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just keep rolling.
+>> That's right. That's and that but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's right. That's and that but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's right. That's and that but that's
+also part of the aesthetic of it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of the aesthetic of it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also part of the aesthetic of it, right?
+It's like you just happen to prefer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like you just happen to prefer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's like you just happen to prefer.
+>> Yeah. Well, in the first six spaces, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Well, in the first six spaces, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Well, in the first six spaces, I
+mean, you should have got the average if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you should have got the average if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you should have got the average if
+you were all the same. If you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were all the same. If you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were all the same. If you put the
+token down, I personally like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token down, I personally like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token down, I personally like being
+conservative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative.
+>> True.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> True.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> True.
+>> See, and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> See, and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> See, and so that's
+>> Sorry. Go ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry. Go ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry. Go ahead.
+>> That is more exciting because it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That is more exciting because it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That is more exciting because it does
+different things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things.
+>> The token the illusion that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The token the illusion that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The token the illusion that you're
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Did anyone like get to a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did anyone like get to a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did anyone like get to a situation where
+like really far behind and just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really far behind and just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really far behind and just like
+caught up?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught up?
+>> No. quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Right. Like the actual difference, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right. Like the actual difference, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right. Like the actual difference, one
+of the things that you do get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you do get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you do get in this
+game is sort of perceived distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is sort of perceived distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is sort of perceived distance
+between players is actually, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between players is actually, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between players is actually, you know,
+not that not that far. If what if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that not that far. If what if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that not that far. If what if if the
+one behind actually has has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one behind actually has has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one behind actually has has to do with
+it then uh I think people refer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then uh I think people refer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then uh I think people refer to this
+as the American Gladiators effect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the American Gladiators effect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the American Gladiators effect.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Um you know how like American Gladiators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um you know how like American Gladiators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um you know how like American Gladiators
+you uh uh actually is this your example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh uh actually is this your example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh uh actually is this your example
+that I'm stealing here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm stealing here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm stealing here?
+>> I don't remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't remember.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't remember.
+>> Okay. Honestly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Honestly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Honestly,
+>> this someone's example that I'm stealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> this someone's example that I'm stealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> this someone's example that I'm stealing
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+>> I think it's in the book at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's in the book at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's in the book at some point
+but I think we had applied it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we had applied it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think we had applied it to
+>> Yes. Yes. Uh well, I'm crediting someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Yes. Uh well, I'm crediting someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Yes. Uh well, I'm crediting someone
+for this, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this, but
+I wish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wish I
+citation. Um so yeah, uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation. Um so yeah, uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation. Um so yeah, uh the the the
+basic idea being you know if who's who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea being you know if who's who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea being you know if who's who's
+seen American Gladiators or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen American Gladiators or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen American Gladiators or um
+>> it might be too old.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I've never heard I don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I've never heard I don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I've never heard I don't know what it
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+>> Okay. Okay. Um there also a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Okay. Um there also a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Okay. Um there also a number of
+different like Japanese game shows which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like Japanese game shows which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like Japanese game shows which
+are kind of similar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of similar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of similar.
+Did you guys seen Japanese game trips?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did you guys seen Japanese game trips?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Did you guys seen Japanese game trips?
+>> Yeah. The basic idea in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The basic idea in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The basic idea in American
+Gladiators is that it's basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gladiators is that it's basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gladiators is that it's basically an
+obstacle course where the obstacles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle course where the obstacles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacle course where the obstacles are
+uh h happen to be kind of these like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h happen to be kind of these like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh h happen to be kind of these like
+athletic dudes and women who have um who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletic dudes and women who have um who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletic dudes and women who have um who
+are either pummeling you with buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either pummeling you with buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either pummeling you with buffer
+sticks or like shooting tennis balls at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks or like shooting tennis balls at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks or like shooting tennis balls at
+you gun and stuff like that. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gun and stuff like that. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gun and stuff like that. And you
+basically have to get from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to get from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have to get from the beginning
+to to the end faster than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the end faster than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the end faster than the other
+teams. Actually faster than than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. Actually faster than than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. Actually faster than than the
+other players. So, it's two regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players. So, it's two regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players. So, it's two regular
+dudes, a bunch a whole bunch of athletes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudes, a bunch a whole bunch of athletes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudes, a bunch a whole bunch of athletes
+who are throwing things at you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are throwing things at you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are throwing things at you.
+Every time you get a kid, you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every time you get a kid, you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every time you get a kid, you have to go
+back a little bit. But the thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit. But the thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a little bit. But the thing about
+the the thing about American Gladiators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing about American Gladiators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the thing about American Gladiators
+is that so you have this long obstacle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so you have this long obstacle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so you have this long obstacle
+course. In fact, this was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. In fact, this was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. In fact, this was one of the
+events. This was always the final event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events. This was always the final event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events. This was always the final event
+of the entire uh of the entire TV show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire uh of the entire TV show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the entire uh of the entire TV show
+is that um you will you will have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you will you will have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you will you will have two
+people doing the same course. They would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing the same course. They would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing the same course. They would
+have to climb up a wall and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to climb up a wall and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to climb up a wall and then they
+will have to go down um uh flying fast a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to go down um uh flying fast a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to go down um uh flying fast a
+net. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net. Yeah.
+>> But it was it was like a cargo net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it was it was like a cargo net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it was it was like a cargo net
+specifically. So it was really difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically. So it was really difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically. So it was really difficult
+to climb up it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to climb up it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to climb up it.
+>> Yeah. It's like this big webbing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. It's like this big webbing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. It's like this big webbing kind of
+thing. If you ever try and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. If you ever try and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. If you ever try and it's like
+climbing the rigging of a ship, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing the rigging of a ship, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing the rigging of a ship, right?
+You know, it's like really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it's like really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, it's like really really
+difficult your feet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult your feet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult your feet.
+So what happens is that you know you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what happens is that you know you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what happens is that you know you if
+you have two people who are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two people who are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two people who are really
+really far apart one one person way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far apart one one person way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far apart one one person way
+ahead and that person starts climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and that person starts climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and that person starts climbing
+the cargo net it takes that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cargo net it takes that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cargo net it takes that person
+forever to get to the end of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to get to the end of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever to get to the end of the car
+coconut because climbing up cargo net is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coconut because climbing up cargo net is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coconut because climbing up cargo net is
+really really hard no matter who you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard no matter who you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard no matter who you are
+that gives the person behind plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the person behind plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the person behind plenty of
+time to catch up uh and start climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to catch up uh and start climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to catch up uh and start climbing
+the cargo net. Um but then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cargo net. Um but then that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cargo net. Um but then that the
+person who wasn't the lead in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wasn't the lead in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who wasn't the lead in the first
+place hits the zipline and all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place hits the zipline and all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place hits the zipline and all of a
+sudden there's a huge increase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden there's a huge increase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden there's a huge increase of
+distance. Um so that this whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. Um so that this whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. Um so that this whole idea
+that they never really were all that far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they never really were all that far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they never really were all that far
+uh they they never really changed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they never really changed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they they never really changed their
+position for most for most uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for most for most uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for most for most uh uh
+gladiators games. They the the winner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gladiators games. They the the winner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gladiators games. They the the winner
+has already been decided by that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been decided by that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already been decided by that point
+because first person who reaches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first person who reaches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because first person who reaches the
+cargo net tends to win to tends to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo net tends to win to tends to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cargo net tends to win to tends to win
+the match. But it looks like the lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match. But it looks like the lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the match. But it looks like the lead
+just shrank because suddenly you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shrank because suddenly you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shrank because suddenly you got
+both of them in one camera shot. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them in one camera shot. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them in one camera shot. Um, and
+then you get that huge huge relief that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get that huge huge relief that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get that huge huge relief that
+that Mark likes to call that dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mark likes to call that dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Mark likes to call that dramatic
+tension, which I think is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension, which I think is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension, which I think is a better
+description than his other term for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description than his other term for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description than his other term for the
+same thing, which is drama, because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing, which is drama, because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing, which is drama, because it's
+not drama. It's just tension release. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drama. It's just tension release. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not drama. It's just tension release. Um
+but uh but that's an aesthetic, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but that's an aesthetic, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but that's an aesthetic, you
+know, going for that aesthetic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, going for that aesthetic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, going for that aesthetic of
+tension and coming up with a game that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and coming up with a game that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and coming up with a game that
+makes you feel like a price is closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel like a price is closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel like a price is closer
+than it actually is or you know uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it actually is or you know uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it actually is or you know uh or
+allowing someone to close the gap really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing someone to close the gap really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing someone to close the gap really
+really quick quickly because as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick quickly because as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quick quickly because as many of
+you have pointed out these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have pointed out these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have pointed out these things
+probabilistically mean exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically mean exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically mean exactly the same
+thing as a di um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a di um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a di um
+let's see um so that's you know but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see um so that's you know but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see um so that's you know but the
+the the ability to, you know, increase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ability to, you know, increase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ability to, you know, increase a
+for for a gap to to to open up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a gap to to to open up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for a gap to to to open up and then
+to close. That's actually a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close. That's actually a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to close. That's actually a dynamic
+that's actually a result of a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a result of a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a result of a number of
+different rules that are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules that are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rules that are in this
+particular game. And um it's not written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular game. And um it's not written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular game. And um it's not written
+down that that's going to happen, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that that's going to happen, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that that's going to happen, but
+it's pretty much going to happen if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much going to happen if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much going to happen if you
+have two people playing those particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people playing those particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two people playing those particular
+strategies. And it's one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies. And it's one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies. And it's one thing that
+happens pretty often. Um so yeah, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens pretty often. Um so yeah, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens pretty often. Um so yeah, that's
+so that's one to keep in mind. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What are the constraints that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the constraints that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the constraints that you're
+seeing uh in the design of this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh in the design of this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing uh in the design of this game
+here? Like like what what was this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Like like what what was this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Like like what what was this game
+what what does this game have to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does this game have to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does this game have to do in
+order for it to be a viable in-class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be a viable in-class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be a viable in-class
+exercise?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise?
+>> Fit on a sheet of paper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fit on a sheet of paper.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fit on a sheet of paper.
+>> Fit on a sheet of paper. That's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fit on a sheet of paper. That's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Fit on a sheet of paper. That's a huge
+one actually. Uh because first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually. Uh because first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually. Uh because first of all
+limits how many spaces you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits how many spaces you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits how many spaces you've got
+assuming everyone's using like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everyone's using like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming everyone's using like something
+this size or a coin or something. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size or a coin or something. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this size or a coin or something. Uh,
+>> you mean you can I mean you can laugh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you mean you can I mean you can laugh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you mean you can I mean you can laugh at
+that, but that's literally how it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but that's literally how it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but that's literally how it went
+is I wanted it to fit on a sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I wanted it to fit on a sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I wanted it to fit on a sheet of
+paper and the spaces had to accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the spaces had to accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the spaces had to accommodate
+a die. So the number of spaces is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a die. So the number of spaces is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a die. So the number of spaces is a
+result of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that.
+>> So 12 was an accident.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So 12 was an accident.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So 12 was an accident.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you probably could have fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably could have fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably could have fit the
+square, but you know some margins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square, but you know some margins.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square, but you know some margins.
+>> Yeah, it's hard. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's hard. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's hard. Um,
+see the rules have to fit on one sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the rules have to fit on one sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the rules have to fit on one sheet
+of paper as well. So the rules can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper as well. So the rules can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper as well. So the rules can't be
+that complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complicated.
+>> Yep. Um most of these rules are single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yep. Um most of these rules are single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yep. Um most of these rules are single
+sentences for the most part. Uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences for the most part. Uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences for the most part. Uh it's
+just that because the college are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that because the college are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that because the college are so
+small they look really much complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small they look really much complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small they look really much complicated.
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> it had to be quick. It had to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it had to be quick. It had to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it had to be quick. It had to work for
+10 minutes. Uh in fact it had to work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes. Uh in fact it had to work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes. Uh in fact it had to work so
+that you could get a few games hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get a few games hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get a few games hopefully
+through within 10 minutes. Anyone only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through within 10 minutes. Anyone only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through within 10 minutes. Anyone only
+managed to get through?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get through?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get through?
+>> Yeah. Okay. that being really hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So, so different aesthetics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so different aesthetics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so different aesthetics.
+Um so you know this this game tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so you know this this game tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so you know this this game tries to
+get it like really really tense but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it like really really tense but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it like really really tense but you
+know obviously the decision that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously the decision that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously the decision that you're
+actually making in this game you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making in this game you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making in this game you know is
+minimal that you you do get to to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal that you you do get to to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal that you you do get to to say
+well if you are already losing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you are already losing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you are already losing then
+there's really only one r one one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really only one r one one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really only one r one one one
+rational thing to do but if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational thing to do but if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational thing to do but if you were
+playing this game as Jason recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game as Jason recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game as Jason recommended
+if I was playing this game against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was playing this game against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I was playing this game against
+myself you know there really is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself you know there really is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself you know there really is no
+optimal strategy I could pick two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal strategy I could pick two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal strategy I could pick two
+different strategies for each side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies for each side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies for each side and
+because then who plays first basically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then who plays first basically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then who plays first basically.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Person who plays first is by default on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Person who plays first is by default on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Person who plays first is by default on
+on average. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average. Um
+and depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending
+game but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game but one
+>> I'm bad at rolling dice because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm bad at rolling dice because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm bad at rolling dice because if
+you're rolling out right you could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rolling out right you could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're rolling out right you could it
+could be bad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be bad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be bad.
+>> So um I would like actually folks to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So um I would like actually folks to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So um I would like actually folks to uh
+try mixing this up a little bit. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try mixing this up a little bit. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try mixing this up a little bit. You
+know pick a rule in here any rule uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pick a rule in here any rule uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know pick a rule in here any rule uh and
+uh and alter it. you know either you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and alter it. you know either you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and alter it. you know either you can
+do things like adding more squares you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like adding more squares you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like adding more squares you
+can change the movement chart uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the movement chart uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the movement chart uh
+one idea that I had and someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea that I had and someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea that I had and someone who's
+taken probability more recent than me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken probability more recent than me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken probability more recent than me
+which is uh what happens if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh what happens if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh what happens if you use the
+high of two dice rolls instead of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high of two dice rolls instead of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high of two dice rolls instead of just
+one uh you know because dashing just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh you know because dashing just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh you know because dashing just a
+probability and uh play around with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh play around with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and uh play around with that
+um see what that feels like and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see what that feels like and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see what that feels like and uh and
+if that feels just boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that feels just boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that feels just boring
+cash need something else. So, um we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash need something else. So, um we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash need something else. So, um we've
+got 15 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 15 minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 15 minutes.
+>> Yeah, it's reasonable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's reasonable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, it's reasonable.
+>> Yeah. And then and then you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. And then and then you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. And then and then you know and
+then you'll tell you'll tell the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll tell you'll tell the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll tell you'll tell the class
+about what you changed and how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you changed and how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you changed and how that
+changed the feeling you made.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the feeling you made.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the feeling you made.
+>> Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool.
+>> So, every two people uh uh work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, every two people uh uh work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, every two people uh uh work with the
+the team next to you, explain how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team next to you, explain how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team next to you, explain how your
+game how your version works uh and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game how your version works uh and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game how your version works uh and have
+the other group play it. Um and what and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other group play it. Um and what and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other group play it. Um and what and
+what I'm going to do after every um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do after every um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do after every um and
+vice versa and what what what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa and what what what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa and what what what we're
+going to do once everyone's done this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do once everyone's done this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do once everyone's done this is
+you tell u you will have tell the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell u you will have tell the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell u you will have tell the class
+what you felt that game well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you felt that game well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you felt that game well the the
+other group's game felt like. So let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group's game felt like. So let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other group's game felt like. So let
+someone else figure out what your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else figure out what your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else figure out what your game
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+>> Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool.
+>> So uh does uh any team want to just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So uh does uh any team want to just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So uh does uh any team want to just go
+first describe the the other teams? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first describe the the other teams? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first describe the the other teams? Um,
+>> okay. That's studying with you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay. That's studying with you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> okay. That's studying with you.
+>> Do you want to like describe the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you want to like describe the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Do you want to like describe the rules
+they changed?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they changed?
+>> Uh, sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, sure.
+>> Just like So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Just like So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Just like So,
+>> uh, the the the main change in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh, the the the main change in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh, the the the main change in this
+version was that it's modular, so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version was that it's modular, so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version was that it's modular, so you
+have to land exactly on the end or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to land exactly on the end or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to land exactly on the end or
+otherwise you wrap around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you wrap around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you wrap around.
+It it changed the aesthetic a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it changed the aesthetic a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it changed the aesthetic a lot
+because it stopped being like a race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it stopped being like a race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it stopped being like a race
+against your opponent and it became more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your opponent and it became more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your opponent and it became more
+of like a a trying to figure out how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a a trying to figure out how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a a trying to figure out how you
+can use your tokens to like precision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use your tokens to like precision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use your tokens to like precision
+just hit the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hit the end.
+>> Very mathematical. like uh methodical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Very mathematical. like uh methodical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Very mathematical. like uh methodical
+you just like you decided whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just like you decided whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just like you decided whether or not
+you're going to stock those things give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stock those things give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to stock those things give
+you more like winning squares and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more like winning squares and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more like winning squares and then
+you just waited until you landed on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just waited until you landed on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just waited until you landed on a
+winning square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning square.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning square.
+>> So you get into this computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you get into this computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you get into this computational
+model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+>> Yeah. It's not it's not as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. It's not it's not as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. It's not it's not as like
+competitive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive.
+>> So one of the discussions we had was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So one of the discussions we had was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So one of the discussions we had was if
+you had three tokens you would just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had three tokens you would just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had three tokens you would just get
+to the end because we made our token so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end because we made our token so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end because we made our token so
+you move four spaces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move four spaces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move four spaces.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+>> But I just realized you have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But I just realized you have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But I just realized you have to do the
+die roll after that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die roll after that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die roll after that.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> So automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So automatically
+>> Oh yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah.
+>> Okay. Anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Anyway,
+uh let's see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see.
+>> Yeah. So, they had a really creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, they had a really creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, they had a really creative
+rule where they had a a d10 here. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule where they had a a d10 here. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule where they had a a d10 here. So, if
+it goes from 0 to 9 and you roll it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from 0 to 9 and you roll it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes from 0 to 9 and you roll it
+under a cup and that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a cup and that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a cup and that's the number of
+spaces away from the end. So, from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces away from the end. So, from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces away from the end. So, from 0 to
+9 that the winning point is okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 that the winning point is okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 that the winning point is okay.
+>> And in your turn, you can either play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And in your turn, you can either play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And in your turn, you can either play
+normally or you can check to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally or you can check to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally or you can check to see where
+the winning point is. If you've won,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning point is. If you've won,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winning point is. If you've won,
+that triggers you winning, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triggers you winning, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that triggers you winning, but you
+cannot win until you physically check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot win until you physically check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot win until you physically check
+and confirm that you've won.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and confirm that you've won.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and confirm that you've won.
+So, it eats up a turn, but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it eats up a turn, but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it eats up a turn, but it could be
+that after one roll like or two rolls of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after one roll like or two rolls of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after one roll like or two rolls of
+two and if this was a nine, you've won.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if this was a nine, you've won.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and if this was a nine, you've won.
+And and so there's there's and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so there's there's and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and so there's there's and that was
+a lot of fun basically because we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fun basically because we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of fun basically because we had
+yet figured out the optimal strategy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet figured out the optimal strategy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet figured out the optimal strategy,
+but it was just fun. Yeah, it was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was just fun. Yeah, it was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was just fun. Yeah, it was.
+>> So, so what's it feel like when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so what's it feel like when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, so what's it feel like when you're
+like when you're trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're trying to figure out
+what you're going to do? He's beat me by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do? He's beat me by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to do? He's beat me by
+checking when it was far away and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking when it was far away and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking when it was far away and being
+lucky.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So if you don't check, you have to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So if you don't check, you have to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So if you don't check, you have to reach
+the end to win. So you have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end to win. So you have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end to win. So you have to check
+usually anyway in that game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually anyway in that game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually anyway in that game.
+>> So So one thing we wish I had in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So So one thing we wish I had in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So So one thing we wish I had in mind
+when we were thinking about the rule was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were thinking about the rule was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were thinking about the rule was
+that there ought to be information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there ought to be information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there ought to be information that
+you can get from how your opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from how your opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get from how your opponent
+reacts after they look under the cup. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts after they look under the cup. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts after they look under the cup. So
+like if they then go and start rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if they then go and start rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if they then go and start rolling
+again or what have you or they then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or what have you or they then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or what have you or they then like
+stop file shift some I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop file shift some I don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop file shift some I don't know.
+>> Well I mean obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well I mean obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well I mean obviously
+>> but there must be an abil some way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but there must be an abil some way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but there must be an abil some way that
+you can get leaked information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get leaked information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get leaked information from
+their behavior which makes it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior which makes it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior which makes it kind of
+interesting in a different way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in a different way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in a different way.
+>> If you have already seen the cup and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you have already seen the cup and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you have already seen the cup and you
+get past the point do you have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get past the point do you have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get past the point do you have to check
+to win?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to win?
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah. There are we there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. There are we there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. There are we there are two
+different variants. One way you didn't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variants. One way you didn't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variants. One way you didn't.
+>> Oh I see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh I see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh I see.
+>> Well you don't have to check the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well you don't have to check the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well you don't have to check the second
+time. If you check the first time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. If you check the first time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. If you check the first time then
+you pass it. You win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it. You win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pass it. You win.
+>> So that's one way of playing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's one way of playing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's one way of playing.
+>> Okay. So the person who checks could win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So the person who checks could win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So the person who checks could win
+even if both of them have passed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if both of them have passed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if both of them have passed the
+point. Am I understand?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Am I understand?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Am I understand?
+>> Well, so if he's the first pass a point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, so if he's the first pass a point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, so if he's the first pass a point,
+the way that we're doing is if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're doing is if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we're doing is if if you
+don't have to check to fit to win. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to check to fit to win. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to check to fit to win. So if
+you just need the knowledge of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need the knowledge of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need the knowledge of what the
+end point is, then if he passes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point is, then if he passes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end point is, then if he passes it
+first, he wins. If when he checks both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, he wins. If when he checks both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, he wins. If when he checks both
+players are at that spot, then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are at that spot, then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are at that spot, then it's a
+tie.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie.
+>> Okay. Um, but since it's a sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um, but since it's a sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um, but since it's a sequential
+game, it's impossible other than at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, it's impossible other than at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, it's impossible other than at the
+moment of the check, if both players are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the check, if both players are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the check, if both players are
+at the same spot, it's impossible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same spot, it's impossible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same spot, it's impossible for
+them to hand out at the same time. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to hand out at the same time. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to hand out at the same time. So,
+that's not really an issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really an issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really an issue.
+>> What if I check and you're past me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What if I check and you're past me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What if I check and you're past me and
+you have passed the checks part?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have passed the checks part?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have passed the checks part?
+>> I don't win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't win.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+>> I never checked. So, as long as I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I never checked. So, as long as I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I never checked. So, as long as I don't
+know, I don't win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't win.
+>> That immediately makes me think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That immediately makes me think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That immediately makes me think of a
+different variant. Okay. Okay. Cool. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variant. Okay. Okay. Cool. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variant. Okay. Okay. Cool. Um,
+so what they did was they had it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they had it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did was they had it they
+introduced a couple new rules. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a couple new rules. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced a couple new rules. The first
+rule being that the person who rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule being that the person who rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule being that the person who rolls
+first on their first turn, they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first on their first turn, they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first on their first turn, they cannot
+put down a token. So they actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down a token. So they actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down a token. So they actually have
+to roll. The second rule is whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll. The second rule is whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll. The second rule is whenever you
+roll, if you have a bonus, a token on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll, if you have a bonus, a token on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll, if you have a bonus, a token on
+the stockpile, you have two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stockpile, you have two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stockpile, you have two options
+after you roll. One is you can take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you roll. One is you can take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you roll. One is you can take it
+off and move two spaces like normal. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and move two spaces like normal. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and move two spaces like normal. The
+second is you can choose to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is you can choose to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is you can choose to make that
+block impassible. And so what this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block impassible. And so what this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block impassible. And so what this does
+is you cannot your opponent cannot land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you cannot your opponent cannot land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you cannot your opponent cannot land
+on that block. If they are already on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that block. If they are already on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that block. If they are already on
+that block, they get pushed one uh block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block, they get pushed one uh block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that block, they get pushed one uh block
+back. If they are behind it, they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. If they are behind it, they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. If they are behind it, they and
+they roll and they move to that block,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they roll and they move to that block,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they roll and they move to that block,
+they get pushed one block behind it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get pushed one block behind it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get pushed one block behind it.
+>> So they're changing the map while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So they're changing the map while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So they're changing the map while you're
+playing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing.
+>> Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+>> And and how that feels while you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and how that feels while you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And and how that feels while you're
+actually playing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually playing.
+>> We didn't actually use that much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> It felt like a rule.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It felt like a rule.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It felt like a rule.
+I felt like the penalty for the impassel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like the penalty for the impassel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt like the penalty for the impassel
+block should have been more because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block should have been more because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block should have been more because if
+you land on the block that they're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you land on the block that they're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you land on the block that they're on
+and make them move back one, that token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them move back one, that token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them move back one, that token
+would otherwise have made you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise have made you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would otherwise have made you move
+forward too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward too.
+>> So, it doesn't really reward you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, it doesn't really reward you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, it doesn't really reward you for
+that. I feel like if it had if it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I feel like if it had if it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I feel like if it had if it could
+have been really awesome uh if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been really awesome uh if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been really awesome uh if the
+penalty was like significantly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty was like significantly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penalty was like significantly more
+severe because it's hard to like get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe because it's hard to like get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe because it's hard to like get in
+front of them enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of them enough
+>> to actually make a block impassible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> to actually make a block impassible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> to actually make a block impassible and
+have them land on it later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them land on it later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them land on it later.
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> Oh, all the way back or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, all the way back or something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, all the way back or something.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah, exactly. So yeah, you know, try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, exactly. So yeah, you know, try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, exactly. So yeah, you know, try
+multiplying it by two and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by two and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it by two and see what
+happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> You just go too forward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You just go too forward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You just go too forward.
+>> Yeah. Yeah. And then you're not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. And then you're not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. And then you're not always
+going to land on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to land on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to land on it.
+>> Yeah. If if if you're like hm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. If if if you're like hm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. If if if you're like hm that
+should have changed the game play, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have changed the game play, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have changed the game play, but
+that didn't one the one one one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't one the one one one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't one the one one one of the
+tricks in chapter one was, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks in chapter one was, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks in chapter one was, you know,
+just multi just make it bigger and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multi just make it bigger and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multi just make it bigger and see
+what happens. you know, if nothing else,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens. you know, if nothing else,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens. you know, if nothing else,
+it will it will just give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it will just give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will it will just give you more
+information on you know, whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on you know, whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on you know, whether you
+should be spending any more time with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be spending any more time with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be spending any more time with
+this direction uh or whether it uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction uh or whether it uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction uh or whether it uh you
+know, it really isn't going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it really isn't going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it really isn't going to affect
+the way how people play because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way how people play because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way how people play because people
+don't end up caring a lot. Uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up caring a lot. Uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't end up caring a lot. Uh so the
+rule of two is just like multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of two is just like multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of two is just like multiply
+something by two or half it by two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something by two or half it by two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something by two or half it by two and
+see what happens. Um obviously hopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens. Um obviously hopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens. Um obviously hopping
+by two will not take so long. Okay, who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two will not take so long. Okay, who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two will not take so long. Okay, who
+else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+So essentially they had these tokens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially they had these tokens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So essentially they had these tokens as
+powerups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerups
+>> and you would never actually take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and you would never actually take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and you would never actually take them
+off to move more spaces. You would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to move more spaces. You would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to move more spaces. You would just
+keep adding tokens and you could roll.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adding tokens and you could roll.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep adding tokens and you could roll.
+So you could spend one turn to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could spend one turn to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you could spend one turn to put a
+token on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token on
+>> and then uh consequent rolls you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then uh consequent rolls you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then uh consequent rolls you could
+essentially say I have n tokens. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say I have n tokens. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say I have n tokens. So
+therefore I roll n plus one dice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I roll n plus one dice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I roll n plus one dice and
+subtract n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract n.
+>> N + one dice. So I have three tokens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> N + one dice. So I have three tokens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> N + one dice. So I have three tokens.
+>> You roll and then you roll a dieice for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You roll and then you roll a dieice for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You roll and then you roll a dieice for
+each token you have and then move back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each token you have and then move back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each token you have and then move back
+one space for each token you have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one space for each token you have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one space for each token you have.
+>> Interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Interesting.
+>> So it moves your average and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it moves your average and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it moves your average and your
+maximum up each time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum up each time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum up each time.
+>> So you could add tokens to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you could add tokens to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you could add tokens to power
+yourself up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself up.
+>> And you could also remove tokens to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And you could also remove tokens to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And you could also remove tokens to take
+away tokens from the other guy, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away tokens from the other guy, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away tokens from the other guy, right?
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Okay. So we never actually did it wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So we never actually did it wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So we never actually did it wrong.
+Oh, one thing we didn't realize with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, one thing we didn't realize with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, one thing we didn't realize with uh
+they I guess we forgot to go over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I guess we forgot to go over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I guess we forgot to go over the
+fact that uh you don't take out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that uh you don't take out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that uh you don't take out all the
+tokens when you do your special move.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens when you do your special move.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens when you do your special move.
+They stay in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They stay in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They stay in there
+>> because mathematically speaking, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> because mathematically speaking, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> because mathematically speaking, if you
+take them all, it's just mov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well that that that's an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that that that's an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well that that that's an important
+object lesson in how to explain your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object lesson in how to explain your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object lesson in how to explain your
+rules to people, but you know uh how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to people, but you know uh how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules to people, but you know uh how it
+feels there. Uh, it was it made my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels there. Uh, it was it made my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels there. Uh, it was it made my mind
+tired being like n + 1 minus n blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired being like n + 1 minus n blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired being like n + 1 minus n blah blah
+blah. But it was interesting. I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah. But it was interesting. I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah. But it was interesting. I actually
+used it. Like before I said that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it. Like before I said that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used it. Like before I said that I would
+only use the D, but this time I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use the D, but this time I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only use the D, but this time I actually
+use token.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use token.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use token.
+>> And what happens when you actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And what happens when you actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And what happens when you actually use
+the token? Was it like yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the token? Was it like yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the token? Was it like yes or
+>> like I said like the math made it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like I said like the math made it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like I said like the math made it too
+hard for me to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to actually
+>> Oh, something happened.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, something happened.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, something happened.
+>> Okay. Well, it made you use the tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Well, it made you use the tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Well, it made you use the tokens
+uh as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as opposed to
+>> interesting. Okay, cool. Who has any?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> interesting. Okay, cool. Who has any?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> interesting. Okay, cool. Who has any?
+Yeah. Jason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Jason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Jason.
+>> Uh, so the rule that they gave was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, so the rule that they gave was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh, so the rule that they gave was that
+if you are behind the player, by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are behind the player, by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are behind the player, by by
+behind they mean if your token if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind they mean if your token if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind they mean if your token if if
+your piece is like behind the other one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your piece is like behind the other one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your piece is like behind the other one,
+not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like
+>> in losing second place,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in losing second place,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in losing second place,
+>> right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right?
+>> But but not in the imaginary sense. in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But but not in the imaginary sense. in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But but not in the imaginary sense. in
+the well whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the well whatever
+>> if you're physically if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you're physically if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you're physically if you're
+physically behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically behind
+>> if you're if you're physically behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you're if you're physically behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you're if you're physically behind
+them then when you use a token you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then when you use a token you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them then when you use a token you get
+to move one extra space in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move one extra space in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move one extra space in it.
+>> Okay. Uh if you can't if you use two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh if you can't if you use two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh if you can't if you use two
+tokens you end up getting like one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens you end up getting like one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens you end up getting like one.
+>> So how so how that feel?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So how so how that feel?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So how so how that feel?
+>> Uh it actually changed the strategy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh it actually changed the strategy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh it actually changed the strategy a
+little bit because you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because you know in the
+beginning you basically don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you basically don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you basically don't want to be
+the person who moves first because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who moves first because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who moves first because then
+your opponent can just use all their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent can just use all their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent can just use all their
+tokens and get a lot further ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens and get a lot further ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tokens and get a lot further ahead of
+you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you.
+>> Oh, I see.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, I see.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, I see.
+>> Interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Interesting.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+Maybe you want to stockpile tokens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe you want to stockpile tokens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe you want to stockpile tokens and
+then wait for the other player to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wait for the other player to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then wait for the other player to get
+ahead of you so that you can reuse them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of you so that you can reuse them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of you so that you can reuse them.
+You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can
+>> then you just sit at the start line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then you just sit at the start line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then you just sit at the start line with
+three tokens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tokens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tokens.
+>> But then you're forced to roll.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But then you're forced to roll.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But then you're forced to roll.
+>> So pretty much the person can go second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So that's actually a negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's actually a negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's actually a negative feedback
+loop uh uh which we'll get to I guess in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop uh uh which we'll get to I guess in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop uh uh which we'll get to I guess in
+the next class. But you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class. But you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next class. But you know the the
+whole idea being if there is a gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea being if there is a gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea being if there is a gap
+between players and you have game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between players and you have game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between players and you have game
+mechanics that specifically are designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that specifically are designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics that specifically are designed
+to narrow the gap uh those are negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to narrow the gap uh those are negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to narrow the gap uh those are negative
+feedback loops. You know pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops. You know pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops. You know pretty much
+>> Mario Kart has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mario Kart has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mario Kart has
+>> Mario Kart blue shell is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mario Kart blue shell is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mario Kart blue shell is the other
+direction right is to knock back the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right is to knock back the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right is to knock back the the
+the person who's leading rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's leading rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's leading rather than
+helping you catch up. Um but actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you catch up. Um but actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping you catch up. Um but actually a
+lot of Mario Kart's mechanics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Mario Kart's mechanics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Mario Kart's mechanics are
+basically designed trying to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically designed trying to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically designed trying to reduce the
+lead. All right cool. Um who has it on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead. All right cool. Um who has it on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead. All right cool. Um who has it on?
+>> Yeah. Um they added one rule keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um they added one rule keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um they added one rule keeping
+everything else equal. They added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else equal. They added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else equal. They added a
+second die and then the way it worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second die and then the way it worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second die and then the way it worked
+was you arbitrarily assign people odd or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you arbitrarily assign people odd or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was you arbitrarily assign people odd or
+even numbers and then you roll to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even numbers and then you roll to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even numbers and then you roll to see
+who would go on that particular turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would go on that particular turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would go on that particular turn
+>> and then that person whoever it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then that person whoever it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then that person whoever it was
+assigned to would play and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to would play and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned to would play and then you
+would roll again to see who went at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would roll again to see who went at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would roll again to see who went at the
+next turn and so forth and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next turn and so forth and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next turn and so forth and so forth.
+>> How feel?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How feel?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How feel?
+I got I got I got bad memories with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I got I got bad memories with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I got I got bad memories with
+Mario Kart. It's like what again?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart. It's like what again?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart. It's like what again?
+>> Boy like I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Boy like I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Boy like I I
+many mechanics I just described as very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mechanics I just described as very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many mechanics I just described as very
+Mario Kart like phenomenon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart like phenomenon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart like phenomenon.
+>> Well, Mario Kart is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, Mario Kart is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, Mario Kart is actually a
+collection of a lot of fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of a lot of fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of a lot of fairly
+fundamental mechanics. But you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mechanics. But you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mechanics. But you know
+describe specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe specific
+>> I felt like like just rolling to see who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I felt like like just rolling to see who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I felt like like just rolling to see who
+went like amplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went like amplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went like amplified
+the sense that you were just playing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you were just playing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that you were just playing for
+luck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck.
+>> So it it amplified a randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it it amplified a randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it it amplified a randomness
+basically which which I actually detest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically which which I actually detest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically which which I actually detest
+personally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally.
+>> Well the original game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well the original game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well the original game
+>> yeah that rule is like the initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah that rule is like the initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah that rule is like the initiative
+rule in Star Wars miniatures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in Star Wars miniatures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule in Star Wars miniatures and
+Dungeons and Dragons miniatures. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dungeons and Dragons miniatures. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dungeons and Dragons miniatures. Um, and
+like in that case where there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in that case where there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in that case where there's like
+actual strategic decisions to be made,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual strategic decisions to be made,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual strategic decisions to be made,
+then it's it's actually kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's it's actually kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's it's actually kind of cool
+because it means that you never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means that you never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means that you never know
+like whether you're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether you're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whether you're going to be able to
+capitalize on the position that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalize on the position that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalize on the position that you were
+in at the end of the turn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the end of the turn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the end of the turn.
+>> That's exactly I was going to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's exactly I was going to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's exactly I was going to say it's
+like since we both know optimal strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like since we both know optimal strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like since we both know optimal strategy
+for the original game just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original game just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the original game just
+>> if there was harder strategy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if there was harder strategy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if there was harder strategy.
+>> So it almost becomes like a a gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it almost becomes like a a gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it almost becomes like a a gambling
+game of chance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of chance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of chance.
+>> Cool. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. All right.
+They added uh different dice you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They added uh different dice you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They added uh different dice you could
+roll for different effects such as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll for different effects such as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll for different effects such as if
+you rolled the d20 you could uh go 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rolled the d20 you could uh go 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you rolled the d20 you could uh go 10
+spaces if you manage to get a 17 18 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces if you manage to get a 17 18 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces if you manage to get a 17 18 19
+>> 18 1920
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 18 1920
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 18 1920
+>> or 18 1920. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or 18 1920. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or 18 1920. Yeah.
+>> Um and they added the d10 which also had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um and they added the d10 which also had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um and they added the d10 which also had
+similar effects and the d8. So Patrick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar effects and the d8. So Patrick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar effects and the d8. So Patrick
+and I pretty much experimented with well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pretty much experimented with well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pretty much experimented with well
+he just rolled the entire time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> and I experimented with rolling the d8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and I experimented with rolling the d8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and I experimented with rolling the d8
+from the d10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the d10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the d10
+>> and just choose which one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and just choose which one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and just choose which one you
+>> get and you use the d6 as well. Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> get and you use the d6 as well. Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> get and you use the d6 as well. Why
+would he not roll?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he not roll?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would he not roll?
+>> Why would he not roll?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Why would he not roll?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Why would he not roll?
+>> Yeah, I started feeling impatient. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I started feeling impatient. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, I started feeling impatient. Like
+I I I would forget everything about Alec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I would forget everything about Alec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I would forget everything about Alec
+and what he wanted to do. And every turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he wanted to do. And every turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he wanted to do. And every turn
+I would roll the d20 hoping to get 18,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would roll the d20 hoping to get 18,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would roll the d20 hoping to get 18,
+19 or 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 or 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 or 20.
+>> By the way, with the d20, if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> By the way, with the d20, if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> By the way, with the d20, if you don't
+roll any of those, you go zero spaces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll any of those, you go zero spaces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll any of those, you go zero spaces.
+So that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's actually
+>> you could either win the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I would roll the d20 waiting to get 18,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I would roll the d20 waiting to get 18,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I would roll the d20 waiting to get 18,
+1920. And not until I rolled the 1820.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920. And not until I rolled the 1820.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920. And not until I rolled the 1820.
+Would I care where he was on the board?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would I care where he was on the board?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would I care where he was on the board?
+>> You and you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You and you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You and you.
+>> It's just you and you and the random.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's just you and you and the random.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's just you and you and the random.
+>> I won like twice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I won like twice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I won like twice.
+>> No, I won twice, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, I won twice, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, I won twice, too.
+>> Equal chances,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Equal chances,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Equal chances,
+>> which which was slightly different. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which which was slightly different. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which which was slightly different. I
+mean, like what you described earlier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, like what you described earlier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, like what you described earlier is
+that, you know, whe whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, whe whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, you know, whe whether you're
+behind or in front of someone changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind or in front of someone changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind or in front of someone changed
+the way that you play in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you play in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you play in the original
+version. This one now no longer really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version. This one now no longer really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version. This one now no longer really
+matters anymore, right? It is just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters anymore, right? It is just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters anymore, right? It is just you
+and the dice and and if the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dice and and if the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dice and and if the universe
+loves you, you would just automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves you, you would just automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves you, you would just automatically
+win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win.
+>> Well, the intention was to have the D20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the intention was to have the D20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the intention was to have the D20
+that if you were like way behind and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you were like way behind and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you were like way behind and the
+other ones if you were only slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones if you were only slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones if you were only slightly
+behind, but apparently that's not how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind, but apparently that's not how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind, but apparently that's not how it
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+>> Well, we have iterative design, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, we have iterative design, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, we have iterative design, right?
+>> Well, it's a great example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, it's a great example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, it's a great example of the
+aesthetic you were going for, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic you were going for, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic you were going for, not
+necessarily being the aesthetic that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily being the aesthetic that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily being the aesthetic that was
+actually experienced. So, you know, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually experienced. So, you know, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually experienced. So, you know, uh
+it's still a powerful aesthetic. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a powerful aesthetic. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a powerful aesthetic. It's
+just a different thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a different thing that
+>> um I'm going to skip to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um I'm going to skip to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um I'm going to skip to you.
+>> Yeah. Sorry about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Sorry about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Sorry about that.
+>> Yeah. Uh so their new rule was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Uh so their new rule was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Uh so their new rule was
+um if you're physically ahead and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're physically ahead and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're physically ahead and you
+roll a six instead of only getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll a six instead of only getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll a six instead of only getting
+three, you go four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, you go four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, you go four.
+>> If you're physically ahead and you roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you're physically ahead and you roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you're physically ahead and you roll
+a six, you go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six, you go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a six, you go.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Exact opposite from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Exact opposite from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Exact opposite from
+>> Yeah. So at first we tried playing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So at first we tried playing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So at first we tried playing it in
+a similar way to how we did before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way to how we did before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar way to how we did before and
+it really felt like the person who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really felt like the person who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really felt like the person who was
+ahead was ahead even more and it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead was ahead even more and it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead was ahead even more and it all
+everyone rolling because as soon as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone rolling because as soon as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone rolling because as soon as you
+roll you get a higher expectation value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll you get a higher expectation value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll you get a higher expectation value.
+>> So so you are more you you prefer to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So so you are more you you prefer to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So so you are more you you prefer to go
+for luck rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for luck rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for luck rather than the
+>> So the problem is if you put a token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So the problem is if you put a token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So the problem is if you put a token
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+>> then they're guarante they roll at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then they're guarante they roll at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then they're guarante they roll at least
+a one so you're guaranteably going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one so you're guaranteably going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one so you're guaranteably going to be
+behind and then they have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and then they have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and then they have a higher
+expectation. So, so but how how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. So, so but how how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation. So, so but how how does it
+feel? I mean, sure, mathematically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel? I mean, sure, mathematically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel? I mean, sure, mathematically that
+that's what it means, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means, but
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+in play in the first game, I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play in the first game, I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in play in the first game, I don't think
+it actually came up at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually came up at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually came up at all.
+>> So, and then in the second game,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, and then in the second game,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, and then in the second game,
+I believe it did. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it did. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe it did. And
+>> yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah,
+>> I don't know. It to me it didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. It to me it didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. It to me it didn't really
+feel like it changed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it changed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it changed.
+>> I don't know. For me, the entire time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. For me, the entire time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't know. For me, the entire time I
+felt like the person who was head was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like the person who was head was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt like the person who was head was
+more ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ahead.
+>> It would come up more if your board was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It would come up more if your board was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It would come up more if your board was
+longer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> cuz you're only encouraged to stockpile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> cuz you're only encouraged to stockpile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> cuz you're only encouraged to stockpile
+for the first few turns. But if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first few turns. But if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first few turns. But if you're
+encouraged more, then you switch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged more, then you switch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged more, then you switch.
+>> Even in games where no one rolled a six,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Even in games where no one rolled a six,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Even in games where no one rolled a six,
+do you feel like it changed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel like it changed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you feel like it changed your
+strategy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy?
+>> Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+>> Yeah. It changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. It changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. It changed
+>> just it made rolling feel like a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> just it made rolling feel like a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> just it made rolling feel like a better
+engineer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+>> which was the which was the point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which was the which was the point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which was the which was the point,
+right? That was what you guys were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That was what you guys were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That was what you guys were
+aiming for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming for.
+>> Yeah. The the alternate rule that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The the alternate rule that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The the alternate rule that we had
+toyed with uh was that if you are ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toyed with uh was that if you are ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toyed with uh was that if you are ahead
+and you put down a token, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put down a token, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put down a token, you have to
+roll and if you get a sick, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and if you get a sick, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll and if you get a sick, you have to
+move one step back. So like a one in six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one step back. So like a one in six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one step back. So like a one in six
+chance of there being a penalty for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of there being a penalty for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of there being a penalty for a
+token because precisely what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token because precisely what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token because precisely what you
+mentioned which is that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned which is that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned which is that when you're
+ahead, the diamond strategy basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, the diamond strategy basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead, the diamond strategy basically is
+to reduce the variance. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the variance. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce the variance. So you're
+playing with stuff to make you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with stuff to make you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with stuff to make you want to
+roll more basically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll more basically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll more basically.
+>> So So okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So So okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So So okay. So,
+>> so dynamically that uh that that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so dynamically that uh that that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so dynamically that uh that that tell
+that that tell tells you ro more uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tell tells you ro more uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that tell tells you ro more uh and
+uh I think I would say aesthetically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I would say aesthetically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think I would say aesthetically you
+have the whole monopoly situation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole monopoly situation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the whole monopoly situation of the
+person who's winning keeps winning. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's winning keeps winning. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's winning keeps winning. Uh
+and that's you know there are times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know there are times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's you know there are times
+where you actually want that feeling. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually want that feeling. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually want that feeling. Uh
+especially when it came to the game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when it came to the game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when it came to the game of
+of monopoly the whole point of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of monopoly the whole point of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of monopoly the whole point of the game
+was huge financial imbalances and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was huge financial imbalances and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was huge financial imbalances and then
+it's like wow I have no money and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like wow I have no money and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like wow I have no money and I'm
+just going to keep losing money. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to keep losing money. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to keep losing money. That
+was the point of the game actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point of the game actually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the point of the game actually.
+That's why it's called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why it's called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why it's called an
+>> the amusing thing with that is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the amusing thing with that is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the amusing thing with that is that the
+person who's physically ahead might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's physically ahead might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who's physically ahead might not
+actually be ahead in terms of in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be ahead in terms of in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be ahead in terms of in terms
+of absolute gameplay because he might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolute gameplay because he might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolute gameplay because he might
+have the other person may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other person may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other person may have
+stockpiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockpiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockpiled
+>> right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right
+>> uh tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh tokens
+>> and and we weren't sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and we weren't sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and we weren't sure whether
+determining who was ahead by counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining who was ahead by counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining who was ahead by counting
+the tokens in the equation or not was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens in the equation or not was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tokens in the equation or not was a
+better game rule if we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better game rule if we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better game rule if we didn't have
+enough time to test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to test.
+>> Give it a shot after test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Give it a shot after test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Give it a shot after test.
+Um, the one that we came up with was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the one that we came up with was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the one that we came up with was at
+first we thought it wouldn't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we thought it wouldn't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we thought it wouldn't change the
+game at all, I guess, which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at all, I guess, which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game at all, I guess, which is basically
+instead of spending tokens to go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of spending tokens to go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of spending tokens to go forward
+two steps, you spend a token to knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps, you spend a token to knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two steps, you spend a token to knock
+your opponent back two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent back two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent back two steps
+>> and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and change the
+>> completely change the game play. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> completely change the game play. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> completely change the game play. I think
+other people we tried it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we tried it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people we tried it really
+what happened is like you stockpile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is like you stockpile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened is like you stockpile
+first and then you knock people back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then you knock people back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then you knock people back and
+so like you didn't go anywhere for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you didn't go anywhere for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you didn't go anywhere for the
+first like 10 turns and you realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like 10 turns and you realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like 10 turns and you realize that
+nothing was going to happen and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing was going to happen and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing was going to happen and we just
+kept rolling the rest of the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept rolling the rest of the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept rolling the rest of the time.
+Yeah, but but which is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but but which is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, but but which is a completely
+different way to play the game. Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to play the game. Yeah. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way to play the game. Yeah. Um
+that that that whole process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that whole process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that whole process of
+stockpiling right in the beginning is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockpiling right in the beginning is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stockpiling right in the beginning is I
+mean sure we could have both started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure we could have both started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sure we could have both started
+with a stack of three each because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stack of three each because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stack of three each because
+that's really what will happen three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what will happen three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really what will happen three
+turns in but this but the whole act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns in but this but the whole act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns in but this but the whole act of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> you know that that felt really like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you know that that felt really like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you know that that felt really like okay
+clearly you are setting up to kill me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you are setting up to kill me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly you are setting up to kill me.
+Could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could
+you move the very start?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the very start?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the very start?
+>> Huh?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Huh?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Huh?
+>> Can you move?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you move?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can you move?
+>> No. No. But we we we had it so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. No. But we we we had it so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No. No. But we we we had it so that it
+wouldn't be any point spending it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be any point spending it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be any point spending it uh
+when you were right at the beginning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were right at the beginning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were right at the beginning.
+But but there was that whole arms race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but there was that whole arms race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but there was that whole arms race
+feel that we didn't have any game. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that we didn't have any game. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that we didn't have any game. Uh so
+uh we didn't but I mean it all it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we didn't but I mean it all it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we didn't but I mean it all it did
+really was make the game longer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was make the game longer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was make the game longer.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> But it felt mean. Okay. Um that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it felt mean. Okay. Um that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But it felt mean. Okay. Um that's pretty
+much it for today I guess. Yeah. So, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it for today I guess. Yeah. So, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it for today I guess. Yeah. So, uh,
+cool. And we need the poker chips and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. And we need the poker chips and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. And we need the poker chips and
+all the dice back, but you can keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dice back, but you can keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the dice back, but you can keep the
+game boards really fast.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game boards really fast.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game boards really fast.
+>> Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> How long did this game take you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How long did this game take you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> How long did this game take you to take
+you to make?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make?
+>> Um, it took longer to make the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, it took longer to make the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, it took longer to make the board
+than to make the rules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to make the rules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to make the rules.
+>> I illustrated going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I illustrated going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I illustrated going on.
+>> I know. It's a word document.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aFh1ZyxcHbQ.txt b/aFh1ZyxcHbQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb37e4cfa0f07cf560823070f9aacf6736353a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aFh1ZyxcHbQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12002 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit open courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok this is
+a discussion of vibronic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion of vibronic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion of vibronic coupling
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+with particular relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particular relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with particular relevance to
+formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've given you two papers one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've given you two papers one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've given you two papers one
+paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keith ennis's special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keith ennis's special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keith ennis's special
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+uh vibronic coupling and formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibronic coupling and formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibronic coupling and formaldehyde
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+really a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a beautiful
+treatment and the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and the other is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+famous paper on vibronic coupling or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper on vibronic coupling or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper on vibronic coupling or the
+crude adiabatic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude adiabatic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude adiabatic approximation
+uh from the journal of photo chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the journal of photo chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the journal of photo chemistry
+and photobiology and it is the basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and photobiology and it is the basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and photobiology and it is the basis for
+pat ficaro's lecture which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat ficaro's lecture which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat ficaro's lecture which is
+attached to the back of the electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the back of the electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the back of the electrodes
+and it is really complete and beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is really complete and beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is really complete and beautiful
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+even though the journal has biology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the journal has biology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the journal has biology in
+its title it is this particular article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its title it is this particular article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its title it is this particular article
+is very worth studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very worth studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very worth studying
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me just begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just begin with
+what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we
+what we saw in formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw in formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw in formaldehyde
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+we we saw that a transition which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we saw that a transition which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we saw that a transition which was
+electronically forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically forbidden
+was observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was observable
+because of mixing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electronic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electronic state
+through a promoter mode which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a promoter mode which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a promoter mode which was the
+auto plane bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto plane bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto plane bend
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh certain transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh certain transitions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+were well the the origin band was prohib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well the the origin band was prohib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well the the origin band was prohib
+it was forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was forbidden
+and the vibronic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibronic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vibronic coupling
+did not turn that on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not turn that on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not turn that on but
+the vibronic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibronic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibronic coupling
+made observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half of the vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the vibrational levels
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+outer plane bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of as a separate thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i discussed the the spacing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discussed the the spacing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i discussed the the spacing of the
+vibrational levels and said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels and said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels and said that was
+indicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicative
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+symmetric double minimum potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric double minimum potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric double minimum potential
+so there's two things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things which
+uh which are going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which are going on
+and it would be really really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be really really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be really really beautiful
+if these two disparate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these two disparate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these two disparate things
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+produced by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by the same
+uh by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by one
+mechanism and that's what keith innis's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and that's what keith innis's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and that's what keith innis's
+paper is about and i will end this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is about and i will end this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is about and i will end this
+lecture uh attempting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh attempting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh attempting to
+uh explain how this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explain how this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh explain how this works
+but it's a it's a beautiful example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's a beautiful example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a it's a beautiful example of
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+being careless and creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careless and creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being careless and creating
+an observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observable
+situation which is far more confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which is far more confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which is far more confusing
+and complicated than the reality one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated than the reality one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and complicated than the reality one
+uses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to
+explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in some sense the deeper term model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the deeper term model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the deeper term model the
+model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that
+captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures
+what is observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is observed
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is more beautiful and more simple than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more beautiful and more simple than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more beautiful and more simple than
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual
+observation we're short one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation we're short one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation we're short one set of
+lecture notes one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes one two
+yeah i guess we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's just begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just begin
+with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the way in which we approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which we approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which we approach
+vibronic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic coupling
+we start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with
+what we call the crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call the crude
+adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis functions where j is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions where j is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions where j is the
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+state and t is the vibrational state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and t is the vibrational state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and t is the vibrational state
+and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are
+functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of
+electronic and nuclear coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and nuclear coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic and nuclear coordinates
+and we think of them as a zero order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of them as a zero order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of them as a zero order
+electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where the electronic wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electronic wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electronic wave function is
+determined at the equilibrium position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at the equilibrium position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined at the equilibrium position
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electronic state
+and that we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're not going to
+allow the electronic wave function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the electronic wave function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow the electronic wave function to
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+as the internuclear distance changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the internuclear distance changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the internuclear distance changes and
+we have the crude adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the crude adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the crude adiabatic
+vibrational state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational state
+which does change internuclear distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does change internuclear distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does change internuclear distance
+so this we have a wave function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we have a wave function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we have a wave function which is
+valid over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid over all
+which is defined as a function of r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as a function of r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as a function of r and
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+without restriction yet the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without restriction yet the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without restriction yet the electronic
+wave function itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function itself
+is restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is restricted to
+a particular value of the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value of the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular value of the nuclear
+coordinates and then we have vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and then we have vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and then we have vibrational
+wave functions so this is the crude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions so this is the crude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions so this is the crude
+adiabatic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it is the way we normally think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the way we normally think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is the way we normally think
+about electronic states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electronic states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electronic states
+we think about electronic states as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about electronic states as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about electronic states as
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+existing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+having an electronic potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an electronic potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an electronic potential energy
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+and we have the different vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the different vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the different vibrational
+levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels
+they do their thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do their thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do their thing
+and we associate them all with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we associate them all with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we associate them all with one
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+wave function we don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function we don't want the
+electronic wave function to change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic wave function to change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic wave function to change with
+nuclear positions we know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear positions we know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear positions we know that's
+ridiculous because if the nuclei move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous because if the nuclei move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous because if the nuclei move
+they'd have to they have to carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to they have to carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to they have to carry the
+electrons with them in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with them in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with them in some sense
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+we our way the way we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our way the way we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we our way the way we think about
+molecules is that they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is that they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is that they have an
+electronic wave function and that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic wave function and that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic wave function and that that's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+equivalent to the name of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the name of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the name of the state
+and it's not going to respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not going to respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not going to respond to the
+nuclei of course we have to fix this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei of course we have to fix this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei of course we have to fix this
+this is an approximation that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximation that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an approximation that's the way
+we think but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think but we're going to
+go beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go beyond
+this point of view okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point of view okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point of view okay
+why do we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we do this
+we need to define a complete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define a complete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define a complete set of
+basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis functions
+and so the complete set of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the complete set of basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the complete set of basis
+functions reflects the way we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions reflects the way we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions reflects the way we think
+about the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem
+but we're honest people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're honest people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're honest people
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the the reason we create a complete set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reason we create a complete set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the reason we create a complete set
+is that we're going to attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're going to attempt to
+describe reality using it and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe reality using it and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe reality using it and so we
+always go beyond the approximation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go beyond the approximation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always go beyond the approximation the
+crude adiabatic approximation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude adiabatic approximation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude adiabatic approximation that
+enables us to write an explicit function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how do we go beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we go beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we go beyond that
+well we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have to
+write a shorter equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a shorter equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a shorter equation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and uh i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i mean
+not only how do we go beyond it how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only how do we go beyond it how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only how do we go beyond it how do
+we get these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these things
+you know how do we get these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do we get these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how do we get these wave
+functions i mean this is it's all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions i mean this is it's all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions i mean this is it's all very
+nice if you write things on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if you write things on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if you write things on a
+on a blackboard but somehow you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a blackboard but somehow you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a blackboard but somehow you need to
+be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to
+not just formally determine the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just formally determine the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just formally determine the the
+functions but actually determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but actually determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but actually determine
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and so we write a schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we write a schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we write a schrodinger equation
+so it consists of several terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the nuclear kinetic energy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear kinetic energy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear kinetic energy term
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is simpler than it seems this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simpler than it seems this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is simpler than it seems this is
+the potential energy of bare nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of bare nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of bare nuclei
+okay now may they don't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now may they don't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now may they don't have to be
+completely bare they can have core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely bare they can have core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely bare they can have core
+electrons but formally they are bare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but formally they are bare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but formally they are bare
+nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei
+and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the minimum
+of the j-th electronic state or the j-th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the j-th electronic state or the j-th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the j-th electronic state or the j-th
+electronic state at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state at this
+reference value so this is an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference value so this is an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference value so this is an energy
+that's calculated by picking q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's calculated by picking q0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's calculated by picking q0
+and that's an electronic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an electronic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an electronic energy
+and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+a catch-all of almost all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catch-all of almost all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catch-all of almost all the other
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i just want to make sure i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to make sure i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to make sure i've got
+everything here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the hamiltonian and okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hamiltonian and okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hamiltonian and okay so this
+is now the electronic expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the electronic expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now the electronic expectation value
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+operator that says okay let the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that says okay let the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that says okay let the nuclei
+move there's some kind of correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the change in interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the change in interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the change in interaction
+between the electrons and the nuclei and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electrons and the nuclei and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electrons and the nuclei and
+between the electrons and the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electrons and the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electrons and the electrons
+and this is all formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is all formal
+so this then is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this then is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this then is the uh
+schroedinger equation the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schroedinger equation the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schroedinger equation the the
+hamiltonian i did ran out of room and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian i did ran out of room and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian i did ran out of room and so
+we want to be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to be able to find
+the vibrational wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational wave function so
+this is all multiplying the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all multiplying the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all multiplying the vibrational
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the t vibrational wave function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t vibrational wave function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t vibrational wave function for the
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+electronic state crude adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state crude adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state crude adiabatic
+approximation function of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation function of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation function of q
+and that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+of that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that level
+chi j t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi j t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi j t
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+root adiabatic so this is the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root adiabatic so this is the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root adiabatic so this is the nuclear
+schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schrodinger equation
+that we use to determine the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to determine the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use to determine the energies
+and the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wave functions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+this is a simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple thing
+this is a simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple thing
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+pair nuclei will or point charges you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair nuclei will or point charges you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair nuclei will or point charges you
+can calculate what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate what they are
+this is uh an electronic energy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh an electronic energy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh an electronic energy that you
+can calculate at an issue or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate at an issue or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate at an issue or you can
+just parameterize and all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameterize and all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just parameterize and all of this is
+the complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so then this is an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so then this is an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so then this is an exact
+expression no it's not quite exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression no it's not quite exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression no it's not quite exact
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well but i mean we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow attempting to represent reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow attempting to represent reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow attempting to represent reality
+by fixing things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fixing things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by fixing things at
+some equilibrium geometry and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium geometry and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium geometry and so we're
+going to want to go beyond this but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to go beyond this but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to go beyond this but this
+is formally how we define these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formally how we define these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formally how we define these things
+okay we you know it's all kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we you know it's all kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we you know it's all kind of a
+circular argument until we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular argument until we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular argument until we actually
+start reducing things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start reducing things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start reducing things to
+to fit parameters and and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit parameters and and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit parameters and and you'll see
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we want to go beyond this we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go beyond this we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to go beyond this we want to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+wave functions which are not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions which are not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions which are not so
+artificially restricted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially restricted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially restricted so
+we use perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use perturbation theory
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so here is a wave function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a wave function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a wave function which is
+beyond the crude adiabatic approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the crude adiabatic approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the crude adiabatic approximation
+and it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's equal to
+the crude adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crude adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crude adiabatic
+wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave
+function um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um
+and then some correction terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some correction terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some correction terms
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+we're doing first order correction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing first order correction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing first order correction of
+the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function
+so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and some mixing coefficients in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some mixing coefficients in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some mixing coefficients in here
+so the usual thing we have the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usual thing we have the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the usual thing we have the original
+wave function the zero-order wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function the zero-order wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function the zero-order wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+called crude adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called crude adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called crude adiabatic
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then other crude adiabatic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other crude adiabatic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other crude adiabatic wave
+functions with mixing coefficients and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with mixing coefficients and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions with mixing coefficients and
+the mixing coefficients always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an energy denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay always the state you're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay always the state you're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay always the state you're starting
+with minus the the the other state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minus the the the other state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minus the the the other state so
+these are zero or energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are zero or energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are zero or energies
+and then we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have
+a coupling matrix element now we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coupling matrix element now we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coupling matrix element now we got
+we've got nuclear coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got nuclear coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got nuclear coordinates
+and electron coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electron coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electron coordinates
+and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both
+and so we need a notation that says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need a notation that says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need a notation that says what
+are we going to integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to integrate over
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+we'll use curly brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use curly brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use curly brackets
+to indicate we're integrating over both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate we're integrating over both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate we're integrating over both
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ordinary angle brackets for our electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary angle brackets for our electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary angle brackets for our electron
+and parentheses for nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's in fact right okay and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in fact right okay and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in fact right okay and so we have
+an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral
+which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+vibronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibronic
+uh j t c a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j t c a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh j t c a
+delta u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is an integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an integral of
+between crude adiabatic wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between crude adiabatic wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between crude adiabatic wave function
+this is the correction term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correction term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correction term
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+we still don't this is just moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't this is just moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still don't this is just moving
+things around we have we haven't learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around we have we haven't learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things around we have we haven't learned
+anything yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yet
+what we what we're going to want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we're going to want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we what we're going to want to do
+is to say okay how do we describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say okay how do we describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say okay how do we describe this
+and we're always going to be expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're always going to be expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're always going to be expressing
+things in a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a power series
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the nuclear coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear coordinates
+and we're always going to throw away all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're always going to throw away all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're always going to throw away all
+but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the
+the lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of the higher order terms keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the higher order terms keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the higher order terms keeping
+only a term that is going to uh give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a term that is going to uh give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a term that is going to uh give us
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+logical structure we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical structure we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical structure we're going to use
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace
+these things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things by
+the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product
+that they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they they
+symbolize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+that's just a replacement that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a replacement that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a replacement that's what
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to
+re-express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-express this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to have a sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have a sum over all
+electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other than the state we're starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the state we're starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the state we're starting in
+and then we're going to have a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to have a sum over
+all vibrational levels in that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vibrational levels in that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vibrational levels in that state
+and then we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vibrational wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh
+that vibrational wave function is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vibrational wave function is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vibrational wave function is part
+of a an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a an integral
+over an electronic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an electronic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an electronic function
+okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we
+uh we have now the electronic matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have now the electronic matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have now the electronic matrix
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this electronic matrix element is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this electronic matrix element is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this electronic matrix element is a
+function of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jt
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's right
+and i just have to get this notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just have to get this notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just have to get this notation
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then we still have the same stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we still have the same stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we still have the same stuff in the
+denominator jt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator jt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator jt
+adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're already remembering the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're already remembering the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're already remembering the first
+rule of bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of bob
+never listen to me do a derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never listen to me do a derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never listen to me do a derivation
+especially if you don't have the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you don't have the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you don't have the notes
+okay so we're continuing yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're continuing yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're continuing yeah so
+we have an integral over the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an integral over the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an integral over the electronic
+way this is the operator in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is the operator in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this is the operator in question
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+uh an electronic integral this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an electronic integral this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an electronic integral this is going
+to be expanded in a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expanded in a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be expanded in a power series
+and so we'll have a derivative term a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll have a derivative term a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll have a derivative term a
+derivative of this correction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this correction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this correction with
+respect to each of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to each of the normal
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the normal coordinate which will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal coordinate which will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal coordinate which will be
+acting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting here
+so this is all a formal reduction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all a formal reduction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all a formal reduction here
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i still don't have a wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still don't have a wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still don't have a wave function so
+this all is multiplying this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all is multiplying this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all is multiplying this is the
+mixing coefficient that multiplies psi k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient that multiplies psi k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficient that multiplies psi k
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+r q zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k r true d diabetic cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k r true d diabetic cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k r true d diabetic cube
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the next step is to simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step is to simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next step is to simplify this
+and this is the but this expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the but this expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the but this expansion of
+the wave function is called the herzberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is called the herzberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is called the herzberg
+teller expansion it's famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller expansion it's famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teller expansion it's famous
+hertzberg uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertzberg uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertzberg uh
+collaborated with edward teller and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with edward teller and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborated with edward teller and uh
+this was one of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was one of one of the
+beautiful things that teller did okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things that teller did okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things that teller did okay so
+now let's use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's use it
+so we now have this delta u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now have this delta u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now have this delta u
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+r and q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and q
+and we want to expand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to expand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to expand that
+in a power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a power series
+about q zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+we start out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start out with
+delta u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta u
+r q zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r q zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r q zero
+we're expanding about zero but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're expanding about zero but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're expanding about zero but of course
+by definition this first term is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+linear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+partial derivative of it should be delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of it should be delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of it should be delta
+u but we're just calling it u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but we're just calling it u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but we're just calling it u
+uh of r cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of r cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of r cube
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+and the nth normal mode this is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nth normal mode this is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nth normal mode this is the sum
+over the normal modes yes josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the normal modes yes josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the normal modes yes josh
+can i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i just
+ask you a question about the yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a question about the yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a question about the yes
+you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have the
+electronic energies anywhere in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energies anywhere in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic energies anywhere in there
+those the energy denominators are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the energy denominators are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the energy denominators are only
+the vibrational state energies that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational state energies that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational state energies that come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+solving the hamiltonian that you listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the hamiltonian that you listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the hamiltonian that you listed
+before the epsilon sub js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the epsilon sub js
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the epsilon sub js
+are not in there but you're mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in there but you're mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not in there but you're mixing
+states from different electronic states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states from different electronic states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states from different electronic states
+they should be there these really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be there these really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be there these really are
+differences in energies overall between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in energies overall between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in energies overall between
+that's not the same eca that you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same eca that you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same eca that you put
+previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously
+that that eca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that eca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that eca
+there at the bottom of the top board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the bottom of the top board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the bottom of the top board
+that's not the same eca that's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same eca that's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the same eca that's in the
+energy denominator yet another you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy denominator yet another you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy denominator yet another you're
+missing that that you're pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that that you're pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing that that you're pointing to
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+it down here on the bottom board it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down here on the bottom board it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down here on the bottom board it
+should be in those energy denominators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the total energy
+oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so i think it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i think it's okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+there are places in the notes where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places in the notes where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are places in the notes where i
+think factors disappear never to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think factors disappear never to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think factors disappear never to be
+heard from but this is not yet one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from but this is not yet one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from but this is not yet one of
+them okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so we
+uh we want to deal with this so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to deal with this so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to deal with this so that we
+can at least massage this into a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least massage this into a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least massage this into a form
+that we can see qualitatively how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see qualitatively how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see qualitatively how it
+enters into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters into
+uh the the structure of the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the structure of the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the structure of the problem and
+we start defining parameters that become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start defining parameters that become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start defining parameters that become
+fit parameters as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit parameters as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit parameters as opposed to
+things that you would calculate de novo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would calculate de novo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you would calculate de novo
+or ab an issue you could calculate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ab an issue you could calculate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ab an issue you could calculate these
+things up in a show but really this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up in a show but really this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up in a show but really this is
+designed to create a model for what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to create a model for what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to create a model for what you
+observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe
+which is expressed in a formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is expressed in a formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is expressed in a formally
+complete sense and which has a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sense and which has a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sense and which has a few
+adjustable parameters which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable parameters which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustable parameters which have
+definite meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite meanings
+but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we
+would derive those parameters from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would derive those parameters from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would derive those parameters from
+a fit to the data rather than from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fit to the data rather than from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fit to the data rather than from a
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+we have a first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a first derivative
+term times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term times
+the displacement from equilibrium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement from equilibrium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement from equilibrium for
+the nth coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth coordinate
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+higher order terms which we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms which we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms which we are going to
+throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unless it's not good enough and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's not good enough and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless it's not good enough and you have
+to go to higher order and so but usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to higher order and so but usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to higher order and so but usually
+when you you do a vibronic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you you do a vibronic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you you do a vibronic coupling
+calculation you keep the lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you keep the lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you keep the lowest order
+terms and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and sometimes
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have a special name for a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special name for a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a special name for a calculation
+where you have to keep higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to keep higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to keep higher order
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+and for the yanteller effect there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the yanteller effect there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the yanteller effect there's
+there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's
+an ordinary yawn teller and a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary yawn teller and a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ordinary yawn teller and a dynamic
+young teller and i believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young teller and i believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young teller and i believe that
+corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to
+the next higher term but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next higher term but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next higher term but the important
+thing is the the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the the structure of this
+problem okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay so
+we have this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this uh
+uh expansion of the evil term in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expansion of the evil term in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh expansion of the evil term in there
+and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so
+now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can
+write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+the zero order wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order wave function
+at q0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+the zero order function and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order function and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order function and this is
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+write a correction to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a correction to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a correction to it
+and that correction comes from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that correction comes from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that correction comes from now
+k not equal to j some over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k not equal to j some over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k not equal to j some over all
+electronic states some over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states some over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states some over the
+vibrational levels of those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels of those that
+electronic state sum over the promoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state sum over the promoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state sum over the promoting
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we have gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have gamma
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+j k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j k
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+j t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j t
+psi zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+q zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q zero
+so this is just a mixing coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a mixing coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a mixing coefficient
+we've just condensed a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just condensed a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just condensed a whole bunch of
+garbage into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we we're writing our wave function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're writing our wave function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we're writing our wave function as
+itself the zero order term plus a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the zero order term plus a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the zero order term plus a bunch
+of corrections and all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corrections and all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of corrections and all of those
+corrections are controlled by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mixing coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the mixing coefficient is defined i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mixing coefficient is defined i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mixing coefficient is defined i
+should have written that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+j t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j t
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+and that's not a power that's just which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not a power that's just which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not a power that's just which
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just this
+this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um
+now from the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from the structure of this
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing
+has to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be different from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay
+so i'm getting i'm getting ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm getting i'm getting ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm getting i'm getting ahead of
+myself so we have the the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so we have the the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself so we have the the first
+correction term it involves a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction term it involves a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction term it involves a derivative
+with respect to the nth coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the nth coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the nth coordinate and
+the nth coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth coordinate
+so the derivative has to be zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative has to be zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative has to be zero in
+non-zero by group theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero by group theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero by group theory
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+direct product of these two characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct product of these two characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct product of these two characters
+has to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be equal to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the
+belong to the direct product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the direct product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the direct product of these
+two irreducible representations has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two irreducible representations has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two irreducible representations has to
+be the irreducible representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the irreducible representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the irreducible representation of the
+derivative term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative term
+and so we're taking derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're taking derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're taking derivative with
+respect to the nth coordinate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the nth coordinate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the nth coordinate so
+the direct product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product of these two
+irreducible representations has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representations has to be
+the character of the nth coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we get a q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get a q
+out of here and q n and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here and q n and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of here and q n and this
+the direct product of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product of these two
+uh vibrational wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibrational wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vibrational wave functions
+has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+irreducible representation of the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation of the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible representation of the nth
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+so we have an electronic wave electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an electronic wave electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an electronic wave electronic
+integral that has to be not zero and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that has to be not zero and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that has to be not zero and a
+vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational
+integral that has to be not zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that has to be not zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that has to be not zero and the
+overall requirement is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cross gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j
+must include and i don't know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must include and i don't know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must include and i don't know whether
+i'm writing these symbols the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm writing these symbols the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm writing these symbols the right way
+around or the wrong way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or the wrong way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around or the wrong way around
+qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn
+because we have a derivative here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a derivative here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have a derivative here with
+respect to qn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to qn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to qn
+so this electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this electronic
+so and we then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we then have
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+that also must include gamma q n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can be condensed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+r cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r cross
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+j t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j t
+must include totally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+totally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+that the the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the two
+coupled wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled wave functions
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh
+the direct product their direct product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product their direct product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direct product their direct product
+must be totally symmetric because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be totally symmetric because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be totally symmetric because the
+hamiltonian is totally symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is totally symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is totally symmetric
+but the coupling mechanism has to be via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the coupling mechanism has to be via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the coupling mechanism has to be via
+a non-totally symmetric coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the formal theory and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the formal theory and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the formal theory and now
+let's try to apply it to a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to apply it to a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to apply it to a specific
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to in order to see how beautiful it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to see how beautiful it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in order to see how beautiful it is
+and how it helps us to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it helps us to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it helps us to make sense of
+amazing stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing stuff
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're going to come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+keith dennis's model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keith dennis's model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keith dennis's model
+keith tennis was one of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keith tennis was one of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keith tennis was one of it was
+often called the dean of polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the dean of polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the dean of polyatomic
+molecule electronic spectroscopy he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule electronic spectroscopy he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule electronic spectroscopy he was
+a wonderful man i knew him very well he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful man i knew him very well he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wonderful man i knew him very well he
+went out of his way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out of his way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out of his way to
+help me when i was beginning to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me when i was beginning to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me when i was beginning to do
+formaldehyde experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formaldehyde experiments
+and he spent a sabbatical at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spent a sabbatical at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spent a sabbatical at mit
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+there are just a series of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just a series of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just a series of great
+spectroscopists that i've i've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists that i've i've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopists that i've i've had
+friendships with and and keith was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships with and and keith was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships with and and keith was
+really one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one of the
+most amazing people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most amazing people so
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+his model says is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his model says is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his model says is let's
+take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take two
+harmonic potential surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're going to explain everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to explain everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to explain everything that
+is observed in formaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is observed in formaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is observed in formaldehyde
+by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+harmonic potentials for the bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic potentials for the bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic potentials for the bend
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+this would correspond to the the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would correspond to the the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would correspond to the the zero
+order structure formaldehyde being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order structure formaldehyde being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order structure formaldehyde being
+planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the energy levels tell you that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels tell you that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels tell you that it's not
+planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar
+but the group theory tells you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the group theory tells you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the group theory tells you it's
+acting like it's planar but so he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like it's planar but so he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting like it's planar but so he says
+okay let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's take
+two identical potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identical potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two identical potentials
+harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic
+with minima at the high symmetry point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minima at the high symmetry point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minima at the high symmetry point
+and all of the coupling comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the coupling comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the coupling comes from this
+partial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this correction term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correction term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correction term
+that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first
+all of this come and with this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this come and with this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this come and with this model
+saying two harmonic potentials coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying two harmonic potentials coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying two harmonic potentials coupled
+by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this
+identical frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical frequencies
+you get level staggering and intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're able to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're able to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're able to explain
+two classes of phenomena with a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of phenomena with a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two classes of phenomena with a simple
+or very simple model and you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very simple model and you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or very simple model and you know it's
+similar to the way we look at diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the way we look at diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the way we look at diatomic
+molecules we look at a diatomic molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we look at a diatomic molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules we look at a diatomic molecule
+and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we say
+that's a good potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good potential
+that's a bad potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bad potential
+we don't believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't believe that
+even if the energy levels are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the energy levels are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the energy levels are telling
+you that that's what the potential is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's what the potential is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that that's what the potential is we
+believe this and any departure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this and any departure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this and any departure from
+that shape is somehow nature screwing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape is somehow nature screwing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shape is somehow nature screwing up
+and that's a very arrogant point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very arrogant point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a very arrogant point of view
+but if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you can
+create a simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a simple model
+that makes sense of not just one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense of not just one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes sense of not just one thing
+but two disparate things you begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two disparate things you begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but two disparate things you begin to
+think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well
+nature really did screw up or is hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature really did screw up or is hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature really did screw up or is hiding
+from us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from us the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+beautiful truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful truth
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+that the potentials have the right shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potentials have the right shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potentials have the right shape
+but there's just a coupling term and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's just a coupling term and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's just a coupling term and one
+kind of coupling term and one coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coupling term and one coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coupling term and one coupling
+mechanism enables you to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism enables you to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism enables you to recover
+everything that you observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you observe
+that behind complexity there's beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind complexity there's beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that behind complexity there's beautiful
+simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is uh
+an attitude that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attitude that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attitude that uh
+i i got very much from keith edis there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i got very much from keith edis there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i got very much from keith edis there
+were other spectroscopists who loved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other spectroscopists who loved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were other spectroscopists who loved the
+complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+and said well i don't care i can i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well i don't care i can i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well i don't care i can i can
+deal with this but innis felt somehow as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this but innis felt somehow as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with this but innis felt somehow as
+i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did
+insulted by the complexity and felt he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulted by the complexity and felt he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulted by the complexity and felt he
+had to win by creating a model which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to win by creating a model which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to win by creating a model which was
+simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and i think that you know if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that you know if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that you know if anybody
+can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh
+uh gets what i have to offer it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets what i have to offer it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gets what i have to offer it's this
+idea that there is a simplicity behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there is a simplicity behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there is a simplicity behind
+whatever nature throws at you and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever nature throws at you and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever nature throws at you and that
+your job is to find it and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job is to find it and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your job is to find it and so this is
+really you know a beautiful example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know a beautiful example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know a beautiful example of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+how you try to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let me just continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me just continue
+uh with some of the formal theory before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with some of the formal theory before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with some of the formal theory before
+we get to innis's model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to innis's model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to innis's model
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go to page five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so since we we talked about which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we we talked about which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since we we talked about which are
+the what is the mechanism by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the mechanism by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what is the mechanism by which
+acetylene can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene can borrow
+intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity
+i'm going to just assume that we we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to just assume that we we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to just assume that we we know
+this and so we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so we're going to look at
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+two electronic states the singlet b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electronic states the singlet b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electronic states the singlet b2
+state and the singlet a2 state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the singlet a2 state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and the singlet a2 state
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+two excited states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two excited states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two excited states
+this is the first excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first excited state
+and we're going to just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to just look at the
+autoplane bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoplane bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoplane bend
+in both states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both states
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+the outer plane bend is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer plane bend is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer plane bend is
+mode 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode 4
+0 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 2
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states
+have different symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different symmetries
+a2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 times
+b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2
+is b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is b1
+and it's the b1 this mode has b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the b1 this mode has b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the b1 this mode has b1
+symmetry and so the b1 mode the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and so the b1 mode the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and so the b1 mode the outer
+plane mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane mode
+uh has the right symmetry so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has the right symmetry so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has the right symmetry so that
+a2 cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 cross
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+one is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is equal to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+v2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v2
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the distortion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distortion of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecular geometry from planar by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular geometry from planar by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular geometry from planar by this
+outer plane vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer plane vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer plane vibration
+mixes in some electronic character of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes in some electronic character of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixes in some electronic character of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+b2 state and so we want to build a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2 state and so we want to build a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b2 state and so we want to build a model
+that shows how this can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we write
+the wave function for the a state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function for the a state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function for the a state and
+the b vibrational level of the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b vibrational level of the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the b vibrational level of the a state
+and that's going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be equal to
+the zero order contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order contribution
+for the a state evaluated at q equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a state evaluated at q equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the a state evaluated at q equals
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+the crude adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is just i've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is just i've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is just i've just
+written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written
+the product of the electronic times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the electronic times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the electronic times the
+vibrational these are the zero-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational these are the zero-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational these are the zero-order
+functions and then we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and then we're going to have a
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+levels of the b state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+psi zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero
+chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime
+group adiabatic and then mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group adiabatic and then mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group adiabatic and then mixing
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+so the mixing coefficients have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mixing coefficients have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mixing coefficients have the
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+and a little n up here indicating which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little n up here indicating which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little n up here indicating which
+mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're writing the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're writing the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're writing the wave function
+as the zero order function times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the zero order function times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the zero order function times an
+expansion over the other state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion over the other state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion over the other state and
+mixing coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing coefficients
+and we know what this mixing coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know what this mixing coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know what this mixing coefficient
+is formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formally
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so let me just write that because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write that because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write that because we're
+going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+the selection rules for vibrational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection rules for vibrational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the selection rules for vibrational wave
+functions that come out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that come out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that come out of this
+so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have
+gamma is equal to an electronic matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is equal to an electronic matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma is equal to an electronic matrix
+element psi b0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+partial of u with respect to q4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluated at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at equilibrium
+psi zero a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi zero a
+let's put the twiddle on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the twiddle on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put the twiddle on it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the vibrational so we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the vibrational so we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the vibrational so we have we
+did a power series and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a power series and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a power series and so this is the
+electronic integral and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic integral and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic integral and that's
+multiplied by q4 and we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by q4 and we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by q4 and we do the
+vibrational integral over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational integral over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational integral over that
+and we have the energy denominator a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the energy denominator a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the energy denominator a
+v4 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 minus
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v4 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 prime
+and little twiddles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little twiddles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and little twiddles
+and we call these crude adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call these crude adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call these crude adiabatic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is the mixing coefficient that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the mixing coefficient that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the mixing coefficient that
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if we say that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electronic states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic states
+have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bending potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are free to do this especially if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are free to do this especially if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are free to do this especially if we
+don't know anything about this state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about this state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about this state or
+don't need to know anything we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know anything we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know anything we can just
+say well there's some other state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there's some other state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well there's some other state that
+acts as if it has the same vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as if it has the same vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts as if it has the same vibrational
+frequency what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what would happen
+and if the real state doesn't well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the real state doesn't well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the real state doesn't well then
+you could correct again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could correct again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could correct again
+but you always want to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always want to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you always want to choose the
+simplest possible model so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible model so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest possible model so here we have
+an integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral of the
+harmonic displacement coordinate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic displacement coordinate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic displacement coordinate and
+this has selection rules delta v of plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has selection rules delta v of plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has selection rules delta v of plus
+and minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus 1.
+and so it has selection rules delta v a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has selection rules delta v a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it has selection rules delta v a
+plus and minus one and it has a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus one and it has a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and minus one and it has a factor
+by making this dimensionless you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making this dimensionless you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making this dimensionless you know
+that it has a factor that's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a factor that's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has a factor that's related to
+one over the the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the the square root of the
+vibrational frequency for that mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this
+we also know this is the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know this is the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know this is the difference in
+energy between the minima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the minima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the minima
+plus the difference in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the difference in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the difference in energy
+uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the difference in electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the difference in electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the difference in electronic
+in well let's just write it this way t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well let's just write it this way t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in well let's just write it this way t a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+plus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus omega
+v a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+plus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus omega
+v b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so we have t a minus t b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus omega times va minus vb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+gives us the mixing coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the mixing coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the mixing coefficient
+so there's a lot of stuff that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of stuff that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of stuff that uh
+comes in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in now
+we have selection rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have selection rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have selection rule
+v4 prime can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 prime can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 prime can only be
+one larger or one smaller than v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one larger or one smaller than v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one larger or one smaller than v4
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+we can write the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write the wave functions
+psi a v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+the zero order term that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order term that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order term that we know
+plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus beta
+psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi
+b zero beta is just uh it contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b zero beta is just uh it contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b zero beta is just uh it contains all
+of the stuff that's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stuff that's uh uh
+that that we don't know or that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we don't know or that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we don't know or that we we
+want to treat as a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat as a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat as a parameter
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi
+c a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+v 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+v4 plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 plus 1
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ca
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1.
+remember the matrix elements are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the matrix elements are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the matrix elements are always
+the square root of the vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the vibrational
+quantum number for the larger value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number for the larger value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number for the larger value
+and so that's why there's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why there's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why there's a little bit
+of asymmetry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can write the wave function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write the wave function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can write the wave function for
+the b state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+as basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the zero term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero term
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+more or less the same except we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same except we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less the same except we have the
+opposite sign because the sign of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sign because the sign of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sign because the sign of the
+energy denominator is reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy denominator is reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy denominator is reversed
+and we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have different
+things that go in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go in here
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+if we have now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have now our
+wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions
+corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected
+in this simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simple way
+we can then calculate the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then calculate the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can then calculate the intensity of
+transitions i'm going to have to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions i'm going to have to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions i'm going to have to erase
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have an electronically forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an electronically forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have an electronically forbidden
+transition from the x state the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the x state the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the x state the a state
+we know it's electronically forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's electronically forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's electronically forbidden
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the zero order term in here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order term in here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order term in here is going to
+be irrelevant so we want to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be irrelevant so we want to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be irrelevant so we want to calculate
+the intensity of a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity of a transition
+to the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the a state
+the v4 prime level of the a-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v4 prime level of the a-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v4 prime level of the a-state
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the x-state v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-state v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-state v
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+double prime level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime level
+so prime and double prime here are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prime and double prime here are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so prime and double prime here are just
+lower state upper state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower state upper state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower state upper state
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always going to be
+given by or it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by or it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by or it's going to be
+proportional to the square of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square of a
+transition matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition matrix element
+so psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so psi
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+v4 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 prime
+transition moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition moment
+so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i
+x v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x v
+for double prime quantity squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for double prime quantity squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for double prime quantity squared
+okay so now we put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we put in
+all of this good stuff that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this good stuff that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this good stuff that we had
+worked out for the form of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for the form of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for the form of the wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+and we don't care about this we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't care about this we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't care about this we care
+about that because this is the b state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because this is the b state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that because this is the b state
+we can go from the a x state to the b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go from the a x state to the b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can go from the a x state to the b
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and so we're going to have a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have a matrix
+element from the x state to the b state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element from the x state to the b state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element from the x state to the b state
+and we'll get a we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get a we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll get a we're going to take the
+square of the matrix element and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the matrix element and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the matrix element and so
+we'll we'll get a factor of beta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get a factor of beta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get a factor of beta squared
+out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+beta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta squared
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+the squared terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squared terms
+um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh
+well i better write it this way okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i better write it this way okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i better write it this way okay so
+we have i b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have i b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have i b
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+mu b because it's a b type transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu b because it's a b type transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu b because it's a b type transition
+psi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psi
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+just the electronic transition from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the electronic transition from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the electronic transition from the
+ground state to this other state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state to this other state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state to this other state
+times now the vibrational factors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now the vibrational factors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now the vibrational factors we
+have v 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have v 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have v 4
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlap between b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap between b
+v 4 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 4 minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 4 minus 1
+crude adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+v4 now we haven't made any assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 now we haven't made any assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 now we haven't made any assumptions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the form of the vibrational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the vibrational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the vibrational wave
+functions for the x state relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the x state relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for the x state relative to
+the and b states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and b states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and b states
+the a and b states have the identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a and b states have the identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a and b states have the identical
+potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+in our model but the x state can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model but the x state can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our model but the x state can be
+anything so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so this is
+a vibrational overlap integral that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibrational overlap integral that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vibrational overlap integral that we
+would calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would calculate
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+then we have the other term v4 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the other term v4 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the other term v4 plus one
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+v4 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 4.
+and so we're going to be taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to be taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to be taking the
+square of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we do that
+we get beta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get beta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get beta squared
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're going to have squared terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have squared terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have squared terms
+and cross terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cross terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cross terms
+so the squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the squared term
+is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be
+v 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 4
+times q the front common factor for b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q the front common factor for b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times q the front common factor for b
+v 4 minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+v 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so let's just put the x up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's just put the x up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's just put the x up here so
+that's a frank connor factor which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a frank connor factor which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a frank connor factor which would
+calculate just for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate just for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate just for one
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for the two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two states
+and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+qbx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qbx
+another frame counter factor b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another frame counter factor b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another frame counter factor b
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+v4 so those are the the squared terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 so those are the the squared terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 so those are the the squared terms
+from here and then we have a cross term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and then we have a cross term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here and then we have a cross term
+now the squared terms are both positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cross term can have either sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can have constructive destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can have constructive destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can have constructive destructive
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the cross term there's two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross term there's two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross term there's two of them
+and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+v4 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4 plus one
+all right and then we have two overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we have two overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we have two overlap
+integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+and v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+v4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v4
+so double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is the whole story this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole story this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the whole story this term
+because either two vibrational overlaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either two vibrational overlaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because either two vibrational overlaps
+involving a common initial state but two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a common initial state but two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a common initial state but two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+uh values of the upper state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh values of the upper state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh values of the upper state
+uh this is the transition to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the transition to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the transition to a
+particular vibrational level of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vibrational level of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular vibrational level of the a
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+this intensity is governed by three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intensity is governed by three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intensity is governed by three
+terms two positive terms different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms two positive terms different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms two positive terms different
+common factors for the other electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factors for the other electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common factors for the other electronic
+state and then this peculiar crosster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now we have to remember that the b state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to remember that the b state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to remember that the b state
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is a singlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a singlet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a singlet
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+2 state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the transition
+is it be is this thing with b2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it be is this thing with b2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it be is this thing with b2 or
+singlet b1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet b1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlet b1
+doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter
+um a2 times b1 okay it is b2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a2 times b1 okay it is b2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a2 times b1 okay it is b2 uh
+from the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the x
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+one state this is electronically allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state this is electronically allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one state this is electronically allowed
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode four
+new four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four
+in both states is non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both states is non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both states is non
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that
+if you have an allowed transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can only have transitions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only have transitions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only have transitions between
+vibrational states of the same symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational states of the same symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational states of the same symmetry
+so you can only go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can only go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can only go
+even to even or odd to odd in mode four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to even or odd to odd in mode four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to even or odd to odd in mode four
+if we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're starting
+from v equals zero of the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v equals zero of the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v equals zero of the ground state
+we can only go to we can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only go to we can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can only go to we can only
+use even quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use even quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use even quanta
+of the b state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the b state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the b state
+and the even quanah of the b-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the even quanah of the b-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the even quanah of the b-state
+only talked to odd quanah at the a-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talked to odd quanah at the a-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talked to odd quanah at the a-state
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this vibronic allowed mechanism says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vibronic allowed mechanism says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vibronic allowed mechanism says if
+we're starting from the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting from the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting from the ground state
+we're only going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to see
+odd quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd quanta
+of the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the a state
+or if we're doing a hot band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if we're doing a hot band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if we're doing a hot band
+from one quantum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one quantum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one quantum of
+mode 4 in the x state we'll only see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode 4 in the x state we'll only see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode 4 in the x state we'll only see
+transitions to even corner of mode 4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to even corner of mode 4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions to even corner of mode 4 in
+the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a state
+well this is perfectly okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is perfectly okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is perfectly okay that's what
+we saw last time this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time this is what we
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+frank connor factors that involve all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frank connor factors that involve all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frank connor factors that involve all
+modes and so we can factor out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and so we can factor out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and so we can factor out
+the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is going to be beta squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be beta squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be beta squared
+times q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes
+except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new four
+so these are squared vibrate products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are squared vibrate products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are squared vibrate products of
+squared vibrational overlap integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared vibrational overlap integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared vibrational overlap integrals
+involving all the other modes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving all the other modes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving all the other modes and so
+from that point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point of view
+we have a transition that involves frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transition that involves frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a transition that involves frank
+kind of factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of factors
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+those of a different electronic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have an electronic matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an electronic matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have an electronic matrix
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element
+m b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m b
+b x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared and because this is b type that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and because this is b type that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and because this is b type that
+means that there's a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's a factor
+from the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that controls the rotational transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the rotational transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the rotational transitions
+the rotational transitions express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational transitions express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational transitions express the
+transformation between the laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between the laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation between the laboratory
+and the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the body
+and the so this is going to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so this is going to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so this is going to control the
+selection rules for the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules for the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection rules for the rotational
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+multiplying all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying all of this
+we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in my notes i wrote this as a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my notes i wrote this as a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in my notes i wrote this as a product
+of individual mode frame common factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual mode frame common factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual mode frame common factors
+but we can just say they're all one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can just say they're all one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can just say they're all one and
+then we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have this
+sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over
+v4b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+va
+
+ align:start position:0%
+va
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+va
+va
+
+ align:start position:0%
+va
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+va
+mode four q4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode four q4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode four q4
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+for b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is
+coming from the vibronic coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the vibronic coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the vibronic coupling
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+this would reduces something simple if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would reduces something simple if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would reduces something simple if
+the frequencies in the a and the x state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies in the a and the x state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies in the a and the x state
+were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same
+and then we have a vibrational overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a vibrational overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have a vibrational overlap
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're summing inside the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing inside the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing inside the square
+and the square is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the square is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the square is uh
+that didn't get lost there it got lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't get lost there it got lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't get lost there it got lost
+earlier in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the notes
+and so we're going to have two paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have two paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to have two paths
+that interfere so this is the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interfere so this is the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interfere so this is the overall
+structure of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you
+are going to do vibrato coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do vibrato coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do vibrato coupling
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are all the things you manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the things you manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the things you manipulate
+and the surprising thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the surprising thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the surprising thing is that
+you have frank common factors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have frank common factors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have frank common factors that
+control the transitions to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the transitions to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the transitions to individual
+vibrational levels which are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels which are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational levels which are those
+appropriate for the non-promoting modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the non-promoting modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for the non-promoting modes
+appropriate to the other electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to the other electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to the other electronic
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there's stuff in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's stuff in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's stuff in here
+it's usually two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they they're the square modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they're the square modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they're the square modulus of
+two terms and they can just interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and they can just interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms and they can just interfere
+constructively or destructively so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively or destructively so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively or destructively so
+that's the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the overall
+pattern for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern for the
+intensities now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities now
+qualitatively what does it do to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively what does it do to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively what does it do to the
+energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels
+page eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is an interest-like model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an interest-like model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an interest-like model but
+it's it's qualitative suppose now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's qualitative suppose now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's qualitative suppose now we
+have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+zeroer potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroer potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroer potentials
+and we're only looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're only looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're only looking at the
+promoting mode symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we're interested in what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're interested in what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're interested in what is the
+matrix element as a function of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element as a function of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix element as a function of the uh
+non-totally symmetric coordinate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-totally symmetric coordinate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-totally symmetric coordinate well
+there's no matrix element between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no matrix element between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no matrix element between these
+two potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two potentials
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at equilibrium
+by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition
+the farther you will get away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farther you will get away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farther you will get away from
+equilibrium the larger the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the larger the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium the larger the matrix
+element is so what does that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is so what does that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is so what does that do
+well it's a two-level problem two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a two-level problem two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a two-level problem two-level
+uh not in a vibrational sense but an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in a vibrational sense but an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not in a vibrational sense but an
+electronic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic sense
+the uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh one
+gets pushed up one gets pushed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed up one gets pushed down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets pushed up one gets pushed down
+equal amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal amounts
+and so what you end up discovering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you end up discovering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you end up discovering is
+that this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this potential
+becomes narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes narrower
+and this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this potential
+develops a double minimum structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i better be careful double minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i better be careful double minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i better be careful double minimum
+structure like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is just a natural consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two levels interacting one being pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels interacting one being pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two levels interacting one being pushed
+up one being pushed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one being pushed down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up one being pushed down
+and it's possible that the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's possible that the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's possible that the interaction
+is too small to create the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too small to create the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too small to create the double
+minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just
+maybe makes it broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe makes it broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe makes it broader
+maybe it makes it looks flat bottomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it makes it looks flat bottomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it makes it looks flat bottomed
+but this one always gets narrower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one always gets narrower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one always gets narrower
+and this one always gets broader and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acquire this double minimum structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire this double minimum structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire this double minimum structure
+now you can say oh it's got a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can say oh it's got a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can say oh it's got a double
+minimum structure that i'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum structure that i'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum structure that i'm going to get
+level staggering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level staggering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level staggering
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+model is enables you to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is enables you to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is enables you to explain
+the vibrational selection rules and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational selection rules and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibrational selection rules and the
+appearance of level level staggering in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of level level staggering in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of level level staggering in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lower of the two interacting states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now we come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we come to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+exact treatment what time is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact treatment what time is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact treatment what time is it
+okay we should probably stop pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we should probably stop pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we should probably stop pretty soon
+the tricky thing uh so on pages nine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky thing uh so on pages nine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tricky thing uh so on pages nine and
+ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treatment of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of this problem
+and the key equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key equation is
+we have the interaction matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the interaction matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the interaction matrix
+element which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element which is
+given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this is not the interactive matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is not the interactive matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is not the interactive matrix
+element this is a potential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element this is a potential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element this is a potential curve
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the zero-order potential curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero-order potential curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero-order potential curve
+has this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this form
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so omega squared is just k over mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so omega squared is just k over mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so omega squared is just k over mu and
+so k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k
+but these are mass really weighted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are mass really weighted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are mass really weighted so
+uh we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're going to have
+uh a k a force constant over a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a k a force constant over a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a k a force constant over a mass
+factor there's going to be this mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor there's going to be this mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor there's going to be this mass
+factor out of here and so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out of here and so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out of here and so that's just a
+harmonic oscillator potential and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator potential and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator potential and then
+we have the second order correction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the second order correction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the second order correction of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and so that's expressed in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's expressed in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's expressed in terms of this
+gamma parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma parameter
+qn squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qn squared
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have two different frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two different frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have two different frequencies
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and that just expresses how the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just expresses how the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that just expresses how the energy
+denominator how as you change q the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator how as you change q the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator how as you change q the
+different vibrational frequencies cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vibrational frequencies cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different vibrational frequencies cause
+the energy denominator to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy denominator to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy denominator to change
+the q n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the q n squared
+and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium
+position for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position for the
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k
+potential and equilibrium position for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and equilibrium position for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and equilibrium position for
+the j potential so this is second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j potential so this is second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j potential so this is second order
+perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+now the tricky thing is you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the tricky thing is you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the tricky thing is you want to
+expand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this
+about q n equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about q n equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about q n equals zero
+and when you do that you get a q squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you get a q squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you do that you get a q squared
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+and a q fourth term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and no constant term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no constant term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no constant term because
+at q equals zero this is zero so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at q equals zero this is zero so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at q equals zero this is zero so there's
+a q squared term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q squared term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a q squared term
+and a q four term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a q four term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a q four term
+in the power series expansion the q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the power series expansion the q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the power series expansion the q
+squared term combines with this to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term combines with this to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term combines with this to give
+an omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an omega
+prime squared q n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squared q n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime squared q n squared
+and the q4 is going to give an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the q4 is going to give an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the q4 is going to give an alpha
+cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+to the fourth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth power
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so that then enables you to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then enables you to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that then enables you to describe
+the potential curves the perturbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential curves the perturbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential curves the perturbed
+potential curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential curves
+and the upper one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the upper one
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+this modified quadratic modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modified quadratic modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modified quadratic modified
+harmonic potential harmonic frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic potential harmonic frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic potential harmonic frequency
+and they each have a q to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they each have a q to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they each have a q to the fourth
+term with opposite sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with opposite sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with opposite sign
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can solve for the vibrational levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve for the vibrational levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve for the vibrational levels
+of these two potentials assuming they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two potentials assuming they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two potentials assuming they're
+the zero order potentials are harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order potentials are harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero order potentials are harmonic
+and you get all of this stuff that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get all of this stuff that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get all of this stuff that i
+said you would and this is innis model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you would and this is innis model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you would and this is innis model
+and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for
+for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh
+for formaldehyde innis was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formaldehyde innis was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for formaldehyde innis was able to
+account for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for everything
+uh given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh given
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fit parameters where he uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit parameters where he uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit parameters where he uh
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+had the difference in energy between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the difference in energy between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the difference in energy between the
+b and a states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and a states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and a states
+the he used the harmonic frequency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he used the harmonic frequency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the he used the harmonic frequency for
+modes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+and he had a coupling term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a coupling term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a coupling term
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that coupling term so with these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coupling term so with these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that coupling term so with these three
+parameters he was able to account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters he was able to account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters he was able to account for
+everything the intensities and the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the intensities and the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything the intensities and the level
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+observed in the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the a state
+and and this is just a remarkably simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is just a remarkably simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and this is just a remarkably simple
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+and i i'm pretty sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i'm pretty sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i'm pretty sure that the
+energy for the b state relative to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for the b state relative to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for the b state relative to the a
+state also corresponded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state also corresponded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state also corresponded to
+reality uh the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality uh the observed
+b state i've got that in the notes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b state i've got that in the notes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b state i've got that in the notes here
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the b state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts
+above the a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the a state
+and 3.6 electron volts is pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3.6 electron volts is pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 3.6 electron volts is pretty close
+to 28 000 wave numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 28 000 wave numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 28 000 wave numbers
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+not only did this model with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only did this model with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only did this model with three
+parameters account for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters account for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters account for everything
+observed in the a state it corresponded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the a state it corresponded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in the a state it corresponded
+to something that was semi-realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that was semi-realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that was semi-realistic
+so anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway that's
+a neat model i'm sorry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat model i'm sorry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neat model i'm sorry that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's it's concealed by all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's concealed by all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's concealed by all these
+equations but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but the
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's such a simple thing you say we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a simple thing you say we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a simple thing you say we got
+one mode that's doing the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode that's doing the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mode that's doing the job
+if we need to we'll make the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need to we'll make the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need to we'll make the frequency
+of that mode the same in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that mode the same in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that mode the same in the two
+interacting states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting states
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then we just do perturbation theory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just do perturbation theory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just do perturbation theory we
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+we diagonalize the two by two problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we diagonalize the two by two problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we diagonalize the two by two problem
+for the two potentials we get potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two potentials we get potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the two potentials we get potential
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do second order perturbation on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do second order perturbation on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do second order perturbation on that and
+we get the energy levels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the energy levels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the energy levels and the
+intensities it's really incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities it's really incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities it's really incredibly
+beautiful
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c5Myaxq44mI.txt b/c5Myaxq44mI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..820f4effe8689e34e4683b1f52076c4ad0654efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c5Myaxq44mI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean there's a saying that uh the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a saying that uh the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a saying that uh the best
+way to learn material is to try to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to learn material is to try to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to learn material is to try to teach
+it and that's definitely been the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's definitely been the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's definitely been the case
+in this class I was learning every week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class I was learning every week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class I was learning every week
+learning a ton of material and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a ton of material and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a ton of material and then
+figuring out what part of it I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what part of it I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what part of it I should
+actually teach in lecture um and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually teach in lecture um and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually teach in lecture um and I think
+it's valuable for the students to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's valuable for the students to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's valuable for the students to get
+that kind of experience as well where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of experience as well where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of experience as well where uh
+just by trying to write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by trying to write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by trying to write down the
+material that I covered they can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I covered they can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I covered they can think
+about how would they presented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how would they presented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how would they presented in
+written form which is a different style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written form which is a different style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written form which is a different style
+of communication so it has different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communication so it has different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communication so it has different um
+different sort of allowable structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of allowable structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of allowable structures
+and things like that um and just forcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um and just forcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that um and just forcing
+them to go through the exercise of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to go through the exercise of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to go through the exercise of how
+would I write down this material we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I write down this material we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I write down this material we just
+saw it presented one way maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it presented one way maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw it presented one way maybe I'll
+write it slightly differently or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it slightly differently or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it slightly differently or maybe
+I'll try to mimic exactly how Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to mimic exactly how Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to mimic exactly how Professor
+domain did it whatever their approach I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain did it whatever their approach I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain did it whatever their approach I
+think it's valuable to to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's valuable to to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's valuable to to go through
+that exercise and see what it's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exercise and see what it's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exercise and see what it's like to
+write these things down and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write these things down and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write these things down and they
+describe just one or two like is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe just one or two like is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe just one or two like is usually
+in a in a group of two or three people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a group of two or three people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a group of two or three people
+so that gives them uh gives them just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives them uh gives them just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gives them uh gives them just a
+flavor of what it's like of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of what it's like of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of what it's like of course
+another useful product is that uh we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another useful product is that uh we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another useful product is that uh we get
+these lecture notes at the end so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lecture notes at the end so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lecture notes at the end so
+students can read each other's notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can read each other's notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can read each other's notes and
+have this kind of reference material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of reference material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of reference material and
+good for o ocw as well um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for o ocw as well um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for o ocw as well um so that
+everyone can uh read have a written form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can uh read have a written form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can uh read have a written form
+of the lecture if they don't like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture if they don't like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture if they don't like the
+videos or they want to go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos or they want to go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos or they want to go through it
+more quickly or is a supplement to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly or is a supplement to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more quickly or is a supplement to the
+videos I think it's also valuable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos I think it's also valuable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos I think it's also valuable for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+one day this material might turn into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day this material might turn into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day this material might turn into a
+textbook so it could also be a step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so it could also be a step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so it could also be a step in
+that direction so there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction so there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction so there are lots of
+reasons to do scribe notes but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to do scribe notes but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons to do scribe notes but I think
+mostly it's as a useful experience for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's as a useful experience for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly it's as a useful experience for
+the students to actually do the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to actually do the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to actually do the writing
+see what that's like I guess it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that's like I guess it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what that's like I guess it also
+helps them learn the material a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them learn the material a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps them learn the material a little
+bit deeper uh because by forcing them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit deeper uh because by forcing them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit deeper uh because by forcing them to
+essentially teach it in this written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially teach it in this written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially teach it in this written
+form uh they they really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh they they really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form uh they they really have to
+understand everything that I said and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything that I said and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand everything that I said and
+not just kind of Cally understand follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just kind of Cally understand follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just kind of Cally understand follow
+up on the references and and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the references and and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on the references and and things like
+that so it's too much to ask everyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's too much to ask everyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's too much to ask everyone to
+do that for all lectures but just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for all lectures but just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that for all lectures but just to
+give get a flavor of that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give get a flavor of that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give get a flavor of that I think is
+valuable so writing is hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so writing is hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable so writing is hard and
+um I think the only way to learn to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the only way to learn to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think the only way to learn to be
+really good at writing is by lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at writing is by lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at writing is by lots of
+experience and then lots of feedback on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and then lots of feedback on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience and then lots of feedback on
+it so a lot of the Scribe notes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a lot of the Scribe notes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so a lot of the Scribe notes that we
+get in are poorly written and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in are poorly written and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in are poorly written and uh it's
+you know an area everyone can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an area everyone can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an area everyone can always
+improve so uh we always we give feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve so uh we always we give feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve so uh we always we give feedback
+on how to improve the writing mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to improve the writing mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to improve the writing mostly
+um occasionally there's some missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um occasionally there's some missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um occasionally there's some missing
+parts like they forgot about one section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts like they forgot about one section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts like they forgot about one section
+of the lecture and so say hey you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture and so say hey you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture and so say hey you've got
+to add in this but mostly we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in this but mostly we're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in this but mostly we're uh
+aiming to improve uh say oh we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming to improve uh say oh we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aiming to improve uh say oh we need a
+figure here this is not clear just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure here this is not clear just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure here this is not clear just in
+written form um or the grammar needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written form um or the grammar needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written form um or the grammar needs
+Improvement here or that kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement here or that kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Improvement here or that kind of thing
+or maybe you could restructure it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you could restructure it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe you could restructure it this
+way um so we try to uh help students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so we try to uh help students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way um so we try to uh help students
+learn the uh good ways to organize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the uh good ways to organize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the uh good ways to organize their
+writing and that kind of thing so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and that kind of thing so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and that kind of thing so it's
+certainly not the main part of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not the main part of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not the main part of the class
+but uh it leads to much better scribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it leads to much better scribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it leads to much better scribe
+notes and I think more valuable learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I think more valuable learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I think more valuable learning
+experience for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience for the the
+writers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cdRMY39EYbs.txt b/cdRMY39EYbs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a7f46ec9f97a8650086778160d24d2e34c2fcab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cdRMY39EYbs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you discussed the some of the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discussed the some of the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discussed the some of the inverse
+trigonometric functions as part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions as part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions as part of your
+discussion of inverse functions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of inverse functions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of inverse functions in
+general and implicit differentiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and implicit differentiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and implicit differentiation and
+I just wanted to talk about one briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to talk about one briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to talk about one briefly
+that you didn't uh mention in lecture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't uh mention in lecture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't uh mention in lecture as
+as far as I recall which is the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I recall which is the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as I recall which is the inverse
+cosine so what what I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so what what I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine so what what I'm going to call
+the arc cosine function um so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc cosine function um so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arc cosine function um so I just
+wanted to go briefly through its graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go briefly through its graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to go briefly through its graph
+and its derivative so here I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its derivative so here I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its derivative so here I have the
+graph of the curve y equals cosine X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the curve y equals cosine X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the curve y equals cosine X so
+this is a you know U you you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a you know U you you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a you know U you you should have
+seen this before I hope so it has at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before I hope so it has at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this before I hope so it has at at
+x equals z it has its maximum value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals z it has its maximum value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals z it has its maximum value one
+and then to the right it goes down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to the right it goes down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to the right it goes down it's
+zero its first zero is at pi over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero its first zero is at pi over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero its first zero is at pi over two
+and then it has its its trough at at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has its its trough at at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has its its trough at at x
+equals pi and then it goes back up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi and then it goes back up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals pi and then it goes back up again
+and okay and it's an even function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay and it's an even function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay and it's an even function it
+looks the same to the right and the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the same to the right and the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks the same to the right and the left
+of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of
+the y axis and it's periodic with Period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis and it's periodic with Period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y axis and it's periodic with Period
+2 pi and it's also you know what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi and it's also you know what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi and it's also you know what you get
+by Shifting the S function to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Shifting the S function to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Shifting the S function to the to the
+left the graph of the sign function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the graph of the sign function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the graph of the sign function to
+the left by pi/ 2 so okay so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left by pi/ 2 so okay so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left by pi/ 2 so okay so so this is
+yal cosine X so in order to com to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal cosine X so in order to com to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yal cosine X so in order to com to to
+graph y equals AR cosine of x we do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph y equals AR cosine of x we do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph y equals AR cosine of x we do what
+we do for every inverse function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do for every inverse function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do for every inverse function which
+is we just take the graph and we reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we just take the graph and we reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we just take the graph and we reflect
+it across the line yals X so I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it across the line yals X so I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it across the line yals X so I've done
+that over here so this is the the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over here so this is the the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over here so this is the the what
+we get when we reflect this curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get when we reflect this curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get when we reflect this curve the
+the yal cosin X curve when we reflect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yal cosin X curve when we reflect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yal cosin X curve when we reflect it
+through that diagonal line yals X um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that diagonal line yals X um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that diagonal line yals X um so
+one thing you'll notice about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you'll notice about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing you'll notice about this is
+that it's not a function right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a function right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not a function right the the
+the this curve is not the graph of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this curve is not the graph of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this curve is not the graph of a
+function because every all these humps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because every all these humps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because every all these humps
+on cosine X you know there are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cosine X you know there are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cosine X you know there are more
+humps out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps out
+here those horizontal lines cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those horizontal lines cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those horizontal lines cut the
+humps in many points and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps in many points and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps in many points and when you
+reflect you get vertical lines that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect you get vertical lines that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect you get vertical lines that that
+cut this curve in many points so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this curve in many points so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this curve in many points so it
+doesn't pass the vertical line test so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pass the vertical line test so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't pass the vertical line test so
+in order to get a function out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a function out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get a function out of this
+what we have to do is we we we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do is we we we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do is we we we just have
+to take a a chunk of this curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a a chunk of this curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a a chunk of this curve that
+does pass the vertical line test and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does pass the vertical line test and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does pass the vertical line test and so
+there are many many ways we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many ways we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many many ways we could do
+this and we choose one basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we choose one basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we choose one basically
+arbitrarily meaning we could make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily meaning we could make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily meaning we could make a
+different choice and we could do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice and we could do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice and we could do all of
+our trigonometry around some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trigonometry around some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our trigonometry around some other
+choice but it's convenient to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice but it's convenient to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice but it's convenient to just
+choose one and if everyone agrees that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one and if everyone agrees that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose one and if everyone agrees that
+that's what that one is then we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that one is then we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that one is then we can use
+it and it and it and it's nice we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it and it and it's nice we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it and it and it's nice we have a
+function and we can the other ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we can the other ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we can the other ones are
+are you know all closely related to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know all closely related to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know all closely related to this
+one choice that we can make so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice that we can make so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice that we can make so in
+particular here I think there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here I think there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here I think there's an
+easiest choice um which is we we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest choice um which is we we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest choice um which is we we take
+the curve y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals R cosine X to be just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one piece of the Arc here so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of the Arc here so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one piece of the Arc here so this has
+maximum so it it goes from x = -1 to xal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so it it goes from x = -1 to xal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum so it it goes from x = -1 to xal
+1 and when X is minus one we have y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and when X is minus one we have y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and when X is minus one we have y is
+pi and then when xal 1 Y is zero so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then when xal 1 Y is zero so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and then when xal 1 Y is zero so this
+is the this curve is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this curve is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this curve is the the
+graph of the function yal R cosine of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the function yal R cosine of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of the function yal R cosine of x
+and if you want so there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want so there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want so there's there's a
+that mathematicians use sometimes to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematicians use sometimes to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mathematicians use sometimes to to
+to show that we're talking about oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that we're talking about oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that we're talking about oh the
+particular AR coine function that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular AR coine function that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular AR coine function that has
+this as its domain and this is its range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as its domain and this is its range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as its domain and this is its range
+so we sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we sometimes
+write Arc cosine and it takes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Arc cosine and it takes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write Arc cosine and it takes its
+domain the values between one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the values between one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain the values between one and one
+and it spits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it spits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it spits
+out values between zero and Pi so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out values between zero and Pi so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out values between zero and Pi so this
+is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sort
+of fancy notation that mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fancy notation that mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fancy notation that mathematicians
+used to say the arc cosine function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say the arc cosine function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to say the arc cosine function
+takes values in the interval minus1 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values in the interval minus1 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values in the interval minus1 1 so
+it takes values between 1 and 1 and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes values between 1 and 1 and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes values between 1 and 1 and it
+spits out values in the interval 0 Pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out values in the interval 0 Pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spits out values in the interval 0 Pi so
+so every value that it spits out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every value that it spits out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so every value that it spits out is
+between zero and Pi okay so if you graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and Pi okay so if you graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and Pi okay so if you graph
+the the function so now this is a proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function so now this is a proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the function so now this is a proper
+function right it's a it's single valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right it's a it's single valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right it's a it's single valued
+it passes the vertical line test um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passes the vertical line test um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passes the vertical line test um so
+okay and so that's the the graph of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's the the graph of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so that's the the graph of y
+equals R cosine of x um so the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R cosine of x um so the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals R cosine of x um so the other the
+other thing that we did in lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that we did in lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that we did in lecture I
+think we talked about Ark sign and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we talked about Ark sign and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we talked about Ark sign and we
+graphed it and we talked about Arc tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed it and we talked about Arc tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed it and we talked about Arc tan
+and we graphed and we also computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we graphed and we also computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we graphed and we also computed
+their derivatives so let's let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their derivatives so let's let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their derivatives so let's let's do that
+for the arc cosine as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the arc cosine as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the arc cosine as well
+so what have we got well so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we got well so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what have we got well so in order to
+compute the derivative this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivative this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the derivative this this
+function is defined as an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined as an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is defined as an inverse
+function so we do the same thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we do the same thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we do the same thing that we
+did in lecture which is we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in lecture which is we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in lecture which is we use this
+trick from implicit differentiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick from implicit differentiation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick from implicit differentiation so
+in particular we have that if y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we have that if y is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we have that if y is equal
+to R cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x then we can take the cosine of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then we can take the cosine of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x then we can take the cosine of both
+sides and cosine of Arc cosine since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and cosine of Arc cosine since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides and cosine of Arc cosine since
+we've chosen it as an inverse function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've chosen it as an inverse function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've chosen it as an inverse function
+uh that just gives us back s x so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that just gives us back s x so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that just gives us back s x so we get
+cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of
+Y is equal to X and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to X and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to X and now we can
+differentiate so what we're after is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so what we're after is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so what we're after is the
+derivative of our cosine of x so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of our cosine of x so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of our cosine of x so we're
+after Dy DX so we different iate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Dy DX so we different iate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Dy DX so we different iate this
+through with respect to X so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with respect to X so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through with respect to X so on the
+right hand side we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side we just get
+one and on the left hand side well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and on the left hand side well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and on the left hand side well we
+have a a chain rule here right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a chain rule here right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a chain rule here right because
+we have cosine of Y and Y is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cosine of Y and Y is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cosine of Y and Y is a function
+of X so this is so the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X so this is so the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X so this is so the derivative of
+cosine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+y and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiply by the derivative of y which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the derivative of y which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the derivative of y which is
+dydx now Dy DX is the thing we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx now Dy DX is the thing we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dydx now Dy DX is the thing we're we're
+after so we solve this equation for dydx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so we solve this equation for dydx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after so we solve this equation for dydx
+and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we
+get Dy DX is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Dy DX is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get Dy DX is equal to
+-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1
+/ sin y okay which is fine this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ sin y okay which is fine this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ sin y okay which is fine this is a
+nice a nice formula but what we'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice a nice formula but what we'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice a nice formula but what we'd really
+like ideally is to express this back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ideally is to express this back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ideally is to express this back in
+terms of X and so we can well we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and so we can well we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of X and so we can well we can we
+can substitute right we have we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can substitute right we have we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can substitute right we have we have an
+expression for y in terms of X so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for y in terms of X so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for y in terms of X so that's
+Y is equal to R cosine of x so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to R cosine of x so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to R cosine of x so this is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+minus 1 ided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 ided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 ided
+by S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by S
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Arc cosine of x now this looks really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc cosine of x now this looks really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc cosine of x now this looks really
+ugly and here this is another place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly and here this is another place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly and here this is another place
+where we could stop but actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could stop but actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we could stop but actually it
+turns out that because trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that because trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that because trigonometric
+functions are are nicely behaved we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are are nicely behaved we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are are nicely behaved we can
+we can make this this nicer so um so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make this this nicer so um so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make this this nicer so um so I'm
+going to appeal here to the case where X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appeal here to the case where X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to appeal here to the case where X
+is uh between zero and one so then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh between zero and one so then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh between zero and one so then then
+X then then we have a a a right triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then then we have a a a right triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then then we have a a a right triangle
+that we can draw and in the other case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can draw and in the other case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can draw and in the other case
+you can do a similar argument with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a similar argument with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a similar argument with the
+unit circle but but the I'll just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle but but the I'll just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit circle but but the I'll just do
+this this one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if okay so AR cosine of x what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if okay so AR cosine of x what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if okay so AR cosine of x what does
+that mean that is the angle whose Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that is the angle whose Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that is the angle whose Co
+sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign is
+X right so if you draw a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangle and you make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and you make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and you make this
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+Arc 2 C is Arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc 2 C is Arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc 2 C is Arc
+cosine of x well that angle has cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x well that angle has cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x well that angle has cosine
+equal to X so this is a right triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X so this is a right triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X so this is a right triangle
+so it's adjacent side over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's adjacent side over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's adjacent side over the
+hypotenuse is equal to X and one easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is equal to X and one easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse is equal to X and one easy
+way to to get that arrangement of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to get that arrangement of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to get that arrangement of things
+is to say is if this side is X and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say is if this side is X and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say is if this side is X and this
+side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+one so okay so so what well why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so okay so so what well why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so okay so so what well why do I
+care because I because I need s of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because I because I need s of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because I because I need s of that
+angle so this is the angle AR cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so this is the angle AR cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so this is the angle AR cosine of
+x so s of that angle is the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so s of that angle is the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so s of that angle is the opposite
+side over the hypotenuse and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side over the hypotenuse and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side over the hypotenuse and what's the
+opposite side well I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side well I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side well I can use the
+Pythagorean theorem here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pythagorean theorem here and the
+opposite side is square OT of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side is square OT of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side is square OT of 1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+X2 that's the length of the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that's the length of the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 that's the length of the opposite
+side so the S of AR cosine of x is < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the S of AR cosine of x is < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the S of AR cosine of x is < TK
+of 1 - x^2 / 1 so s of R cosine of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - x^2 / 1 so s of R cosine of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - x^2 / 1 so s of R cosine of x is
+just < TK of 1 - x^2 so we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just < TK of 1 - x^2 so we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just < TK of 1 - x^2 so we can write
+this in the somewhat nicer form minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the somewhat nicer form minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the somewhat nicer form minus
+one over the < TK of 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x^2 so if you remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so if you remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 so if you remember what the
+derivative of AR sign of X was you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of AR sign of X was you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of AR sign of X was you'll
+notice that this is a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is a very similar
+looking function and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking function and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking function and this is just
+because cosine and S are very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine and S are very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cosine and S are very similar
+looking functions so in fact the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking functions so in fact the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking functions so in fact the the
+graph of AR cosine is just a reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of AR cosine is just a reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of AR cosine is just a reflection
+of the graph of Ark sign um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph of Ark sign um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph of Ark sign um and and
+that's why the the derivatives are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the the derivatives are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the the derivatives are are
+so closely related to each other so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so closely related to each other so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so closely related to each other so okay
+so there you go you've got the graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go you've got the graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there you go you've got the graph of
+Arc cosine up there and you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc cosine up there and you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc cosine up there and you've got the
+formula for its derivative so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for its derivative so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for its derivative so that that
+sort of completes the tour of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of completes the tour of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of completes the tour of the the
+most important inverse trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important inverse trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important inverse trigonometric
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+uh so I think I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dTAIYaSBols.txt b/dTAIYaSBols.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4afada97b8a95a95b1b4cce4becbea780c6ebbde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dTAIYaSBols.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to 8701
+so in this lecture we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this lecture we'll talk about the
+higgs mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs mechanism
+as you might know the higgs boson was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might know the higgs boson was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you might know the higgs boson was
+discovered in 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered in 2012
+by the lhc experiments um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the lhc experiments um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the lhc experiments um but the
+theoretical discovery of the higgs boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical discovery of the higgs boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical discovery of the higgs boson
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+much much earlier than that in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much earlier than that in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much earlier than that in the mid
+1960s peter hicks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s peter hicks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1960s peter hicks
+and a few others proposed a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few others proposed a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few others proposed a mechanism
+which gives rise to masses of the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives rise to masses of the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives rise to masses of the gauge
+both on the w and the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on the w and the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on the w and the z
+boson and the higgs boson or the hex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson and the higgs boson or the hex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson and the higgs boson or the hex
+fields and can only also be used to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and can only also be used to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and can only also be used to give
+masses to the fermions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses to the fermions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses to the fermions
+so let's have a look at this and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a look at this and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's have a look at this and start
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+a simple observation um when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple observation um when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple observation um when we have
+write down our lagrangian force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our lagrangian force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down our lagrangian force
+simple spin one field gauge field um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple spin one field gauge field um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple spin one field gauge field um
+like a photon we find that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a photon we find that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a photon we find that we want to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+local gauge invariants for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local gauge invariants for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local gauge invariants for this
+lagrangian which means that we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian which means that we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian which means that we can do a
+local gauge transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local gauge transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local gauge transformation
+of our fields and the physics should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our fields and the physics should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our fields and the physics should be
+unchanged of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged of this
+so the physics meaning the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physics meaning the description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the physics meaning the description
+by the lag martian should be invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the lag martian should be invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the lag martian should be invariant
+under this transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the problem however is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the problem however is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the problem however is that if
+you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to have
+a spin one gauge field which is massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin one gauge field which is massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin one gauge field which is massive
+you have to have terms in your like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have terms in your like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have terms in your like
+version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version
+like this one here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where you have a mass mass term for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a mass mass term for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a mass mass term for your
+for your fields so in general this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your fields so in general this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your fields so in general this is
+not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not possible
+um without breaking gauge invariants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without breaking gauge invariants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um without breaking gauge invariants
+and this is a guiding principle of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a guiding principle of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a guiding principle of our
+for all lagoon theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all lagoon theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all lagoon theory
+so this is a real bummer um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a real bummer um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a real bummer um so
+you know if you want a stopping point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want a stopping point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want a stopping point so
+you have a beautiful theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a beautiful theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a beautiful theory which
+describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes
+all the interactions but one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interactions but one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the interactions but one important
+one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important
+characteristics the masses of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics the masses of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics the masses of the
+particle is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is missing
+but you are able to actually do this not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you are able to actually do this not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you are able to actually do this not
+just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by
+not by adding a specific mass term but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by adding a specific mass term but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by adding a specific mass term but
+by breaking the symmetry by breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by breaking the symmetry by breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by breaking the symmetry by breaking the
+local gauge symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local gauge symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local gauge symmetry
+there's various ways to do this and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various ways to do this and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's various ways to do this and one
+of the ways is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways is to
+use spontaneous symmetry breaking so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use spontaneous symmetry breaking so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use spontaneous symmetry breaking so
+what is spontaneous symmetry breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is spontaneous symmetry breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is spontaneous symmetry breaking
+imagine you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you have
+a symmetry rotation symmetry like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetry rotation symmetry like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symmetry rotation symmetry like this
+pen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen here
+um and by applying some force on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by applying some force on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by applying some force on top
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+pen would bend and by bending this pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen would bend and by bending this pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen would bend and by bending this pen
+it you know bends in one specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know bends in one specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know bends in one specific
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+that breaks the rotational symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks the rotational symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks the rotational symmetry
+another way to look at this is to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to look at this is to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to look at this is to just
+let this pen drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this pen drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this pen drop
+let it go to its ground state lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go to its ground state lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go to its ground state lowest
+possible energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energy state
+and it will land somewhere on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will land somewhere on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will land somewhere on the table
+and by doing this breaking the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing this breaking the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing this breaking the symmetry
+and it does this spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at spontaneous symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at spontaneous symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at spontaneous symmetry
+breaking in a toy model first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking in a toy model first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking in a toy model first
+so what we want to do here is just add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do here is just add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want to do here is just add a
+complex scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar field
+and the corresponding potential for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corresponding potential for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corresponding potential for this
+field potential is shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this general potential can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this general potential can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this general potential can have
+multiple forms so the first form would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple forms so the first form would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple forms so the first form would
+just be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be this
+parabola here this is solution where mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola here this is solution where mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola here this is solution where mu
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+this term with square is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term with square is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term with square is greater than
+zero in this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in this term
+um there's this unique minimum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's this unique minimum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's this unique minimum the
+minimum is here at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is here at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum is here at zero
+and because of that uh the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that uh the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that uh the mass of the
+sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere
+would be equal to zero and the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to zero and the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to zero and the mass of
+our gauge field would also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gauge field would also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our gauge field would also be
+equal to zero but what happens now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero but what happens now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero but what happens now
+if we have through this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have through this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have through this potential
+uh a breaking of the symmetry so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a breaking of the symmetry so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a breaking of the symmetry so in this
+case here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here
+the vacuum itself the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum itself the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum itself the lowest energy
+state breaks the symmetry you go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state breaks the symmetry you go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state breaks the symmetry you go away
+from the zero point and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the zero point and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the zero point and you
+you're breaking this symmetry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're breaking this symmetry um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're breaking this symmetry um
+so this minimum is at v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this minimum is at v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this minimum is at v
+over square root two um v is the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root two um v is the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over square root two um v is the vacuum
+expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value
+of this field and you can just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this field and you can just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this field and you can just simply
+rewrite then this field itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite then this field itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite then this field itself
+by evolving it around its minimum and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by evolving it around its minimum and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by evolving it around its minimum and so
+you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find
+two fields here the sky and this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fields here the sky and this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fields here the sky and this h
+again the h is already kind of pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the h is already kind of pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the h is already kind of pointing
+towards the higgs boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the higgs boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the higgs boson
+and the vacuum expectation value now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum expectation value now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum expectation value now if
+you add this back into your lagrangian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add this back into your lagrangian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add this back into your lagrangian
+and i'll do this again this is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll do this again this is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll do this again this is shown
+here but also on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but also on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but also on the next slide
+you can start to identify terms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to identify terms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start to identify terms which
+look like mass terms for your particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like mass terms for your particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like mass terms for your particle
+and the first one is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which can be identified as a mass term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be identified as a mass term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be identified as a mass term
+for our gauge field the mass is e times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our gauge field the mass is e times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our gauge field the mass is e times
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+e times v is the strength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e times v is the strength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e times v is the strength of
+the coupling of this gauge field e times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling of this gauge field e times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling of this gauge field e times
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+value of the vacuum expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the vacuum expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the vacuum expectation value
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so this is interesting so we used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting so we used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting so we used this
+this new scalar field um to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new scalar field um to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new scalar field um to break
+spontaneously this symmetry and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously this symmetry and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously this symmetry and then a
+mass term appears which is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term appears which is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass term appears which is proportional
+to the strength of the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the strength of the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the strength of the coupling
+and the vacuum expectation value so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum expectation value so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vacuum expectation value so the
+mass is generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is generated
+through electro weak through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electro weak through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through electro weak through the
+spontaneous symmetry breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous symmetry breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous symmetry breaking
+and the coupling to the field you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coupling to the field you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coupling to the field you also
+find the mass term for the sixth field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the mass term for the sixth field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the mass term for the sixth field
+here for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this
+h field this is not the higgs boson it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h field this is not the higgs boson it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h field this is not the higgs boson it's
+just a field which looks like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a field which looks like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a field which looks like it
+and so this mass term is here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this mass term is here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this mass term is here but
+remember that mu square is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that mu square is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that mu square is less than
+zero and then this sky or the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then this sky or the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then this sky or the so-called
+volts goldstone boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts goldstone boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts goldstone boson
+its mass is zero but then we have those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass is zero but then we have those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass is zero but then we have those
+terms left over here which we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms left over here which we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms left over here which we cannot
+really interpret it very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interpret it very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interpret it very well
+and it's possible to remove them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's possible to remove them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's possible to remove them by
+the by choosing a specific field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by choosing a specific field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by choosing a specific field
+so we do a gauge transformation by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do a gauge transformation by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do a gauge transformation by just
+re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re
+relabeling things and then the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relabeling things and then the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relabeling things and then the new
+lagrangian is independent of this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian is independent of this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lagrangian is independent of this field
+just as a reminder goldstone the gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a reminder goldstone the gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a reminder goldstone the gold
+spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn
+goldstone boson you find those goldstone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldstone boson you find those goldstone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goldstone boson you find those goldstone
+bosons in many places in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosons in many places in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bosons in many places in physics
+and jeffrey goldstone is a retired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jeffrey goldstone is a retired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jeffrey goldstone is a retired
+faculty at mit so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at mit so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty at mit so you might
+in the spring or next summer you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring or next summer you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spring or next summer you find
+them walking across the corridors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them walking across the corridors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them walking across the corridors
+um so we find our new lagrangian which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we find our new lagrangian which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we find our new lagrangian which
+you know has our mass terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has our mass terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know has our mass terms here
+which has the term for the higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the term for the higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has the term for the higgs field
+and has our potential for the higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has our potential for the higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has our potential for the higgs
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+so this specific gauge we just decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this specific gauge we just decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this specific gauge we just decided
+to use is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is the
+so-called unitarity gauge um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called unitarity gauge um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called unitarity gauge um and it's
+important to note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to note that
+the lagrangian itself contains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangian itself contains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lagrangian itself contains all
+physical part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical part
+particles but the sky this goldstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but the sky this goldstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but the sky this goldstein
+golden is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden is gone
+and the lingo we sometimes use here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lingo we sometimes use here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lingo we sometimes use here as
+the goldstone boudon has been eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goldstone boudon has been eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goldstone boudon has been eaten
+by the physical bosons and the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the physical bosons and the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the physical bosons and the way it
+has been eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been eaten
+is through uh the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through uh the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is through uh the longitudinal
+polarization of those both under that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of those both under that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of those both under that
+equivalent of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of saying that
+it has acquired mass so the pocket guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has acquired mass so the pocket guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has acquired mass so the pocket guide
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+for symmetry for spontaneous symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for symmetry for spontaneous symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for symmetry for spontaneous symmetry
+breaking is such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking is such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking is such that
+um in some spontaneous symmetry breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some spontaneous symmetry breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in some spontaneous symmetry breaking
+of a u1 gauge symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a u1 gauge symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a u1 gauge symmetry
+by a non-zero vacuum expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a non-zero vacuum expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a non-zero vacuum expectation value
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+complex scalar field results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar field results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar field results in a
+massive gauge boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive gauge boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive gauge boson
+and one real massive scalar field so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one real massive scalar field so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one real massive scalar field so we
+created mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created mass
+but as a side product we also have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a side product we also have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as a side product we also have an
+additional field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional field
+and that field itself has a mass term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that field itself has a mass term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that field itself has a mass term so
+it's massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's massive
+the second scalar field we had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second scalar field we had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second scalar field we had just
+disappeared the ghost and boson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared the ghost and boson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared the ghost and boson
+has been eaten by the longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been eaten by the longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been eaten by the longitudinal
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+of the gauge field itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that was a simplified toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that was a simplified toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that was a simplified toy
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+let's look at the standard model so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the standard model so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the standard model so now
+here we have to generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to generalize
+from u1 to su-2 or s-u-n h-groups the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u1 to su-2 or s-u-n h-groups the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u1 to su-2 or s-u-n h-groups the
+scala field is now an n-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scala field is now an n-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scala field is now an n-dimensional
+fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental
+representation of that group for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that group for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that group for the
+standard model that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model that would be
+su2 um the gauge fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su2 um the gauge fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su2 um the gauge fields
+are n square minus one dimensional joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n square minus one dimensional joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n square minus one dimensional joint
+representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations
+now for like our photon for example or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for like our photon for example or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for like our photon for example or
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+unmixed w uh bottom field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmixed w uh bottom field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmixed w uh bottom field
+and the lagrangian looks very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lagrangian looks very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lagrangian looks very similar to
+the one we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we just
+before with our potential again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with our potential again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with our potential again we have
+this mu square term we also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mu square term we also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mu square term we also have a
+lambda term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we require a local gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we require a local gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we require a local gauge
+invariance again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now for the standard model again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for the standard model again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now for the standard model again
+sc2 cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sc2 cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sc2 cross
+u1 gauge groups uh we introduce a sky a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 gauge groups uh we introduce a sky a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u1 gauge groups uh we introduce a sky a
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+field a comp complex six field in su-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field a comp complex six field in su-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field a comp complex six field in su-2
+it's a duplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a duplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a duplet
+meaning that it has four components uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it has four components uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that it has four components uh
+it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's
+complex and has two components which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and has two components which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and has two components which
+means there's a total of four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a total of four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a total of four components
+to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it
+so we already know that we want to use m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already know that we want to use m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already know that we want to use m
+square less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square less than zero
+for our potential to allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our potential to allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our potential to allow for
+spontaneous symmetry breaking to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous symmetry breaking to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous symmetry breaking to occur
+the minimum is then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum is then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum is then at
+um 1 over square root 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 over square root 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 1 over square root 2
+0 for the upper component and v the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for the upper component and v the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 for the upper component and v the
+vacuum expectation for the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum expectation for the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum expectation for the lower
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+that's the choice already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again why musically less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why musically less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why musically less than zero
+because if that we would have chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if that we would have chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if that we would have chosen to
+use a positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a positive value
+positive value for mu square we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value for mu square we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value for mu square we wouldn't
+have spontaneously broken the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spontaneously broken the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spontaneously broken the symmetry
+okay so we need to have potential which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to have potential which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to have potential which
+looks like this mexican head here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this mexican head here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this mexican head here
+all right so now we can you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we can you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we can you know what
+happens now to our w and z bosons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now to our w and z bosons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens now to our w and z bosons
+we have discussed electro weak mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed electro weak mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have discussed electro weak mixing
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+good so that was the first step now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that was the first step now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that was the first step now we
+understand we'll understand where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we'll understand where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we'll understand where the
+mass terms actually come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass terms actually come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass terms actually come from
+so now we we just did the electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we we just did the electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we we just did the electro
+we did the spontaneous symmetry breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the spontaneous symmetry breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did the spontaneous symmetry breaking
+and now we're looking at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're looking at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we're looking at what happens
+now if we also couple the higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we also couple the higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we also couple the higgs field
+to the botons so again we write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the botons so again we write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the botons so again we write this
+this way and then we just try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and then we just try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and then we just try to find
+terms it's really like a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it's really like a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms it's really like a mechanical
+writing of the individual terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of the individual terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing of the individual terms
+and you find again terms which have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find again terms which have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find again terms which have a
+vacuum expectation value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum expectation value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum expectation value here
+and the coupling here and we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coupling here and we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coupling here and we find the
+coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling
+um to the u1 term and the the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the u1 term and the the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the u1 term and the the coupling
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+su-2 and the coupling to the u1 term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su-2 and the coupling to the u1 term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su-2 and the coupling to the u1 term uh
+representative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative to
+the coupling to the original photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling to the original photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling to the original photon
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and our uh gauge field for seo2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our uh gauge field for seo2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our uh gauge field for seo2
+all right the rest is rewriting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the rest is rewriting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the rest is rewriting and
+identifying terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying terms
+if we do this and this is like a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this and this is like a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do this and this is like a couple
+of pages of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pages of writing
+fine but if we do this we find again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if we do this we find again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine but if we do this we find again
+like before that we find the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before that we find the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like before that we find the first and
+second component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second component
+of our gauge sq2 gauge field gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our gauge sq2 gauge field gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our gauge sq2 gauge field gives us
+the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charged
+um the charge vector both and the w plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the charge vector both and the w plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the charge vector both and the w plus
+and the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the w
+minus and then the z bother and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then the z bother and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then the z bother and the
+photon are mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon are mixtures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon are mixtures
+of the third component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the third component
+and the the field b all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the field b all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the field b all right
+so this is another or physical fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another or physical fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is another or physical fields
+and then we may try to identify the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we may try to identify the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we may try to identify the mass
+terms we find for the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we find for the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we find for the w
+that the w mass is proportional or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the w mass is proportional or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the w mass is proportional or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the coupling in the coupling strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling in the coupling strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupling in the coupling strength
+of the se2 group times the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the se2 group times the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the se2 group times the vacuum
+expectation value over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value over two
+and the mass of the z boson is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of the z boson is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of the z boson is given by
+both couplings times the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both couplings times the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both couplings times the square root of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+square root of the square sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the square sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the square sum of the
+squared times v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times v
+over two okay if you're trying to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two okay if you're trying to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two okay if you're trying to look
+for mass term for the photon we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mass term for the photon we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for mass term for the photon we find
+none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none
+meaning that the photon is massless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the photon is massless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the photon is massless and
+then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can
+look again at our weak mixing angles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again at our weak mixing angles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look again at our weak mixing angles and
+they are now defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are now defined
+directly through the couplings in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly through the couplings in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly through the couplings in those
+two gauge groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gauge groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gauge groups
+the masses of the w and the z-bosons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses of the w and the z-bosons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses of the w and the z-bosons are
+related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related
+via this weak mixing angle cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this weak mixing angle cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this weak mixing angle cosine theta
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+right those elements we already saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those elements we already saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those elements we already saw
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+now we find that the masses of the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we find that the masses of the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we find that the masses of the gauge
+botans are given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botans are given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botans are given by
+spontaneous imagery breaking we are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous imagery breaking we are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous imagery breaking we are the
+vacuum expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum expectation value
+and the strength of the coupling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength of the coupling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the strength of the coupling of the
+gauge field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge field
+to the hex field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so summary we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so summary we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so summary we started with a
+complex scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex scalar field
+a representation of su-2 is 4 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of su-2 is 4 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation of su-2 is 4 degrees of
+freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom
+the higgs vacuum expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higgs vacuum expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higgs vacuum expectation value
+breaks the symmetry spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the symmetry spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks the symmetry spontaneously
+the w plus and w minus and the z voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w plus and w minus and the z voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w plus and w minus and the z voltage
+acquire mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mass
+and the three goldstone bosons are each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three goldstone bosons are each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the three goldstone bosons are each
+absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed
+into the w's and the z boson we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the w's and the z boson we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the w's and the z boson we also
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find
+an additional scalar hex bodon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional scalar hex bodon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional scalar hex bodon that
+remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains
+and so that was the study the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was the study the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that was the study the the
+understanding in the 60s and 70s and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding in the 60s and 70s and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding in the 60s and 70s and the
+standard model was further developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model was further developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model was further developed
+and then it took us all the way to 2012
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it took us all the way to 2012
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it took us all the way to 2012
+to actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually find
+this new scholar particle export on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dkHcgAzsvAk.txt b/dkHcgAzsvAk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2cff3ae7f53ce1edb2ca3119f2350d9f5373d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dkHcgAzsvAk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1994 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, let me start
+here with the temperature
+
+dependence of k.
+
+And this turns out to be
+extremely important.
+
+And it's due to Arrhenius
+in 1889.
+
+And Mr. Arrhenius is famous
+for many reasons.
+
+Not just for his rate law.
+
+So I learned recently, turns
+out that he was also one of
+
+the first people to calculate
+the potential effect of carbon
+
+dioxide in the atmosphere.
+
+And and its potential effect
+on global warming.
+
+This was the Industrial
+Revolution and people were
+
+starting to use fossil fuels
+at increasing amounts.
+
+And back then, already, some
+people started to get worried.
+
+And so he did the calculation.
+
+It was a very crude
+calculation.
+
+And he extrapolated, assuming
+that the rate to fossil fuel
+
+use would keep going,
+he got his
+
+calculation pretty much right.
+
+What he didn't get right was the
+amount of fossil fuel that
+
+people would be using.
+
+And so when he did his
+calculation, which is again a
+
+very crude calculation, he got
+that we would get in trouble
+
+at about 2,000 years from the
+time of his calculation.
+
+So he said, no problem,
+2,000 years, we've
+
+got a lot of time.
+
+And ever since then people have
+redone these calculations
+
+and more and more
+sophisticated.
+
+But his crude calculation
+was good enough.
+
+And as people redo the
+calculations, the time that
+
+they say we're in trouble to
+the time of the calculation
+
+gets closer and closer
+together.
+
+And the reason for that isn't
+that their calculations are
+
+wrong, it's that the rate at
+which we put out carbon
+
+dioxide just keeps getting
+faster and faster and faster.
+
+So it's interesting to go back
+to these calculations through
+
+the last century and a
+half and see that.
+
+Anyway, so Mr. Arrhenius
+predicted global warming.
+
+And he wrote his rate equation,
+k is equal to e to
+
+the minus Ea over RT.
+
+Famous Arrhenius
+rate equation.
+
+If you plot it as log of k is
+equal to log A minus Ea over
+
+RT, you find that it looks
+like a straight line.
+
+With an intercept at log A,
+where A is the pre-factor here
+
+and Ea is going to be the
+activation energy.
+
+And the slope is Ea,
+minus Ea over RT.
+
+R is the gas constant.
+
+T is the temperature.
+
+And if you put in some typical
+numbers, activation energies
+
+typically are on the order of
+a few tens to hundreds of
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+Let's say 50 to 300 kilojoules
+per mole.
+
+And typical activation
+factors, typical
+
+pre-exponential factors, are
+depending if it's a first
+
+order or second order.
+
+Let's say, first order 10 to the
+12th, 10 to the 15th, per
+
+second, so the A carries the
+units for the rate here.
+
+So if you have A, so this is for
+first order, if you have a
+
+second order, then the units
+of A will be different.
+
+And typically they're going to
+be on the order of 10 to the
+
+11th or so, 10 to the 10th, 10
+to the 12th, one over molar
+
+per second, for second order.
+
+And it's interesting to do sort
+of a back of the envelope
+
+example to figure out how
+important this rate is.
+
+And one of the interesting
+things to look at is, suppose
+
+that I'm at some temperature
+and I want to know how do I
+
+change the temperature.
+
+How much do I need to change
+the temperature
+
+to double the rate.
+
+And let's say my temperature's
+at, say, T1 is on the order of
+
+300 degrees Kelvin,
+room temperature.
+
+Room temperature, and let's take
+a typical Ea on the order
+
+of 100 kilojoules per mole.
+
+Room temperature, or body
+temperature are roughly the
+
+same, right?
+
+These things are.
+
+And so the question is, what
+does T2 need to be to double
+
+the rate connected with an
+activation energy which is
+
+fairly typical of 100
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+So we want to know, what is, if
+I have k2 over k1 is equal
+
+to two, what's the new T2.
+
+Alright so A e to the minus Ea
+over R T2 divided by A e to
+
+the minus Ea over R T1, we want
+that equal to two, the
+
+A's cancel out.
+
+So log k2 over k1, which is
+equal to log two, is equal to
+
+Ea over R, one over T1
+minus one over T2.
+
+We know what this is, we know
+what this is, we solve for T2
+
+and we find that T2 is
+305 degrees kelvin.
+
+It's a pretty small change
+to double the rate.
+
+So it's pretty important that
+your body temperature doesn't
+
+change very much.
+
+If you have a fever and your
+temperature goes up, rates
+
+start going up.
+
+In your body, you could cause a
+lot of problems if the rates
+
+of some reactions go up
+by a factor of two.
+
+So, very sensitive
+to temperature.
+
+Rates are very sensitive
+to temperature.
+
+What are these things
+physically?
+
+Ea and and the pre-exponent
+factor.
+
+Let's take a look at that.
+
+So physically what's going on
+is, you have your two, let's
+
+say it's a bimolecular reaction,
+A plus B goes to C.
+
+So mechanistically what we think
+is happening is that the
+
+molecules come together
+and collide, right?
+
+You have A and B getting
+together and colliding.
+
+And the hypothesis
+is that when they
+
+collide they form a complex.
+
+They sort of bind together
+momentarily.
+
+And form this complex that has
+all the kinetic energy, or
+
+part of the kinetic energy of
+this collision as part of it.
+
+So A and B are bound
+together in some
+
+highly excited complex.
+
+Which then falls apart to give
+the product by rearranging its
+
+atoms around.
+
+And if you plot the energy of
+this process as a function of
+
+the reaction, we call this the
+reaction coordinate, then
+
+we're going to start at some
+delta G, or some energy.
+
+For the reactants.
+
+We're going to end up with some
+energy for the products.
+
+And it could be higher
+or lower.
+
+Let me make them higher here,
+just because I don't have
+
+enough room on the board.
+
+Products.
+
+So if this is an endothermic
+reaction, that's the energy
+
+for C, this is the energy for
+A plus B, and then along the
+
+way we have this complex that
+captures some of the energy of
+
+the collision.
+
+Up here somewhere.
+
+And this is the energy, then, at
+A B star, which we call the
+
+activated complex.
+
+So for the reaction to happen,
+then, we have to go over the
+
+barrier and then back
+to the product.
+
+And this distance from the
+energy of the reactants to the
+
+top of the barrier, that's Ea.
+
+That's the energy
+of activation.
+
+How much extra energy you
+have to put in there
+
+to go over the barrier.
+
+So it's very clear that as you
+increase the temperature and
+
+you increase the amount of
+energy that the reactants
+
+thermally have, or in terms of
+their kinetic energy, as you
+
+raise the temperature you get
+more and more kinetic energy,
+
+you're going up higher and
+higher in the Boltzmann
+
+distribution.
+
+And the number of reactants
+that can make it over the
+
+barrier clearly goes
+up exponentially.
+
+As the temperature goes up.
+
+So this is Ea for the
+forward reaction.
+
+Clearly there's going to be an
+equivalent activation energy
+
+for the backward reaction.
+
+The two are related.
+
+The difference between the
+forward and backward
+
+reactions, so E backwards minus
+Ea forward gives you the
+
+delta G for the reaction
+itself.
+
+So, Ea backwards minus Ea
+forwards gives you delta E for
+
+the reaction.
+
+Where E could be enthalpy or
+it could be free energy.
+
+So that's the physical
+origin of this Ea,
+
+this activation energy.
+
+Now, A, the pre-exponential
+factor, that's the rate of
+
+attempt for the molecules to
+try to go over the barrier.
+
+So it has units that make
+sense for that.
+
+And this A is different than
+this molecule here.
+
+Rate of attempt.
+
+How many times per unit time, or
+how many times per second,
+
+do these two molecules
+try to collide?
+
+They never collide, they
+never try, they'll
+
+never make it over.
+
+So it's one over second, or
+one over mole second.
+
+So this is the rate
+of attempt.
+
+Then e to the minus Ea over RT
+is the probability of success,
+
+of making it over the barrier.
+
+So the rate of attempt times
+the probability of success
+
+gives you the rate
+per unit time of
+
+making it over the barrier.
+
+Any questions on the
+dissection of this
+
+Arrhenius rate law?
+
+Alright, so here's some
+examples, a few examples that
+
+you know of.
+
+Let's look at OH minus
+plus methyl bromide.
+
+Displacement reaction going to
+this OH minus attacks the
+
+carbon right here.
+
+To form an activated complex
+H, H, H, with the OH
+
+coming in like this.
+
+Let me go like this.
+
+OK, there's the intermediate
+right here.
+
+The activated complex
+in your reaction.
+
+Which then falls apart.
+
+It can fall apart two ways.
+
+The OH can be spit out again,
+forming back to the reactants,
+
+or the bromine can be spit
+out, forming the product.
+
+Which in this case
+here is methanol.
+
+H, H, H, OH, plus Br minus.
+
+Typical example.
+
+So, given this picture here,
+which you're probably already
+
+somewhat familiar with, we can
+then move on to talk about how
+
+to affect this barrier.
+
+How to change the rate.
+
+Oh, I should say a couple
+more things.
+
+One more thing, too.
+
+Now, the rate of, so clearly
+the Ea's are related.
+
+Because the difference of the
+two Ea's is the delta E for
+
+the reaction.
+
+But the pre-exponential factors,
+these A's, for the
+
+forward reaction and the
+backward reactions aren't
+
+necessarily related.
+
+You can imagine that in one case
+you have, first of all
+
+they don't even have to
+have the same units.
+
+You could have a bimolecular
+reaction one way.
+
+And a unimolecular reaction
+the other way.
+
+So you can't really say anything
+about the forward
+
+versus the backward
+rate this way.
+
+All you know is about
+the energies.
+
+OK, catalysis.
+
+So now we have this barrier
+we have to overcome.
+
+And, so suppose that you
+have two motivators.
+
+Suppose you have an equilibrium
+
+case which is slow.
+
+And a reaction which
+is slow in both
+
+directions, k1, k minus one.
+
+And you don't want to wait
+for this to happen.
+
+And this could be in a
+biological environment.
+
+Or it could be an industrial
+process,
+
+like the Haber process.
+
+You don't want to wait.
+
+And so one of the ways that you
+can speed it up, you know
+
+is by changing the
+temperature.
+
+You change the temperature,
+the rate goes up.
+
+You change it by five degrees,
+the rate goes up
+
+by a factor of two.
+
+You can make a huge change by
+changing the temperature.
+
+But, so if you raise
+T, speeds up.
+
+But, K equilibrium
+also changes.
+
+And we saw that when we
+did the Haber process.
+
+We raised the temperature.
+
+The rate speeds up, but
+the equilibrium
+
+switches to the reactants.
+
+That's no good.
+
+So changing the temperature is
+not always the best thing to
+
+do if you want to
+change the rate.
+
+Instead, what you can do
+is use a catalyst.
+
+if you find one.
+
+A molecule that reacts with
+your reactant to form a
+
+product, that's B, spitting
+back that molecule C again
+
+without using it up.
+
+And now with the activation
+energy, we can understand what
+
+the catalyst does.
+
+What the catalyst does is speeds
+up those rates, k2 and
+
+k minus one, by changing
+the activation energy.
+
+By making the E smaller.
+
+So now I have a catalyst,
+and I can
+
+make this energy smaller.
+
+So this would be A plus A C
+activated, getting ready to
+
+spit out B.
+
+So in my example here where
+I have A plus B goes to
+
+products, so I would have A,
+some combination of A, B, and
+
+C together, to give
+out the products.
+
+In this case, the difference
+in energies doesn't change.
+
+All that you're changing is that
+the hump, in both ways.
+
+Equilibrium constant
+doesn't change.
+
+Just the rate changes through
+the Arrhenius rate law.
+
+And this is extremely
+powerful.
+
+Especially in biology.
+
+So let me give you some
+examples here.
+
+This is sort of a typical
+example of increasing rates.
+
+Let's say you have the reaction,
+hydrogen peroxide,
+
+goes to water plus oxygen.
+
+If you take a little bit of
+hydrogen peroxide and you put
+
+it on your skin, it
+starts to bubble.
+
+But if you let it sit on the
+bottle nothing happens to it.
+
+Put it on your hair, your
+hair turns white.
+
+Blond.
+
+But again, if you just
+let it sit in the
+
+bottle very little happens.
+
+Well, it happens but very,
+very slowly over time.
+
+So if you look at the rate of
+this reaction here, if the
+
+rate, moles per second, with no
+catalyst at all, the rate
+
+is 10 to the minus 8
+molar per second.
+
+Which is very slow.
+
+And the activation energy in
+kilojoules per mole, in this
+
+case here is 71 kilojoules
+per mole.
+
+Now we can start adding
+catalysts.
+
+We can start adding inorganic
+catalysts
+
+like hydrogen bromide.
+
+Increase the rate at
+10 to the minus 4.
+
+So this creates a complex with
+the hydrogen peroxide, which
+
+lowers the barrier to 50
+kilojoules per mole, a small
+
+amount of lowering.
+
+But because the energy is in the
+exponent there, it makes a
+
+big change in the rate.
+
+Yes.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The rate is
+independent of the catalyst
+
+concentration.
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The rate would
+have to change.
+
+You're right.
+
+That's a good question and I'm
+not prepared to answer it.
+
+I'm going to have to
+think about this.
+
+Let's pretend now that we are
+at per unit concentration of
+
+the catalyst.
+
+And then, and I'll
+look into it.
+
+OK, so this is what happens with
+an inorganic catalyst.
+
+And instead if you use a generic
+biological catalyst,
+
+an enzyme catalase, it's a sort
+ubiquitous enzyme which
+
+is why you have it on your skin,
+et cetera, then this
+
+rate become 10 to the 7th.
+
+And the activation energy
+drops to eight
+
+kilojoules per mole.
+
+So your question really has to
+do with the units of A. Of the
+
+pre-factor right there.
+
+OK, and so there are all these
+examples of reactions.
+
+That are very important
+biologically.
+
+Where with an inorganic
+catalyst, an organic catalyst,
+
+you can change the
+rate by maybe a
+
+few orders of magnitude.
+
+But as soon as you put in an
+enzyme, the rate changes by
+
+ten orders of magnitude.
+
+Or in this case eight
+plus seven,
+
+fifteen orders of magnitude.
+
+Humongous change in the rate.
+
+So you've probably done some
+enzyme catalysis before.
+
+But it's probably a good idea
+to quickly do it again.
+
+Because it's just
+so important.
+
+And it ties together our
+approximations that we've
+
+learned about.
+
+So enzyme catalysis, so enzymes
+can be either, could
+
+be heterogeneous catalysis, can
+be homogeneous catalysis.
+
+Enzymes are ubiquitous in the
+biological environment.
+
+They serve to regulate the
+cellular activity in very
+
+complicated ways.
+
+The cell will up-regulate
+or down-regulate the
+
+concentration of enzymes
+as it needs to make
+
+more or less products.
+
+And there's whole cascades
+of events that
+
+happen in this way.
+
+And they're in very small
+concentrations.
+
+But they play an extremely
+important role.
+
+Because they're also
+extremely specific.
+
+So you can have an enzyme that
+will only act on one part of
+
+the biological cycle.
+
+And affect it by 10 orders
+of magnitude or
+
+15 orders of magnitude.
+
+But not affect any other
+protein that's around.
+
+And that's amazing.
+
+And it turns out that a lot of
+the diseases of old age like,
+
+what I'm about to face, or am
+facing already, you, not yet,
+
+but, are the result of some of
+these enzyme up-regulation,
+
+down-regulation, beginning
+to break down.
+
+So we have all these reactions
+going on that need to be
+
+essentially perfect.
+
+When you have DNA replication
+or protein folding,
+
+or things like this.
+
+And errors are made.
+
+Errors are made all the time
+in these processes.
+
+And errors cause diseases.
+
+And so, even as a baby,
+your biological
+
+processes make errors.
+
+But you have these processes,
+these enzymes especially based
+
+on enzymes, that can go in there
+and sort of fix things.
+
+Fix things and make sure that
+you don't end up getting
+
+Alzheimer's at age six months.
+
+But as we get older, for some
+reason, these repair processes
+
+lose their bearings.
+
+Just like we lose
+our bearings.
+
+And and they can't repair
+things any more.
+
+They don't do it very well.
+
+And that causes all
+sorts of diseases.
+
+Cancer is probably one of the
+diseases, due to the lack of
+
+being able to repair problems.
+
+Alzheimer's.
+
+All sorts of dementias.
+
+MS. Just name a chronic disease
+and it's probably due
+
+to a problem with
+up-regulation or
+
+down-regulation of some
+proteins, some enzymes, that
+
+are due to a repair process.
+
+So anyway, these enzymes
+are big proteins.
+
+10 to the 4th, 10 to the 6th
+molecular weight proteins.
+
+On that order or so.
+
+They tend to be fairly
+large in size.
+
+On the order of nanometers.
+
+Let's say ten nanometers
+to 100 nanometers.
+
+That could be, that's a little
+bit on the big side.
+
+Probably closer to
+ten nanometers.
+
+Ten nanometers is kind
+of big, for any sort
+
+of biological molecule.
+
+And they always end with
+their name ase.
+
+Like catalase, uriase, rnase.
+
+Esterase, clips ester bonds.
+
+Your liver is full
+of esterases.
+
+Because it likes to break things
+down into smaller and
+
+smaller pieces and lots of ester
+bonds and things that
+
+are not very biologically
+interesting.
+
+And that's one way of the liver
+breaking things down.
+
+So the way it works is that you
+have your reactants, which
+
+in the biological language are
+called your substrate, come
+
+in, into an enzyme.
+
+Gets bound up in a pocket
+of, there's
+
+the substrate, reactant.
+
+There's the enzyme here.
+
+Forms a complex.
+
+And then product
+gets spit out.
+
+And the product floats off.
+
+And does its thing.
+
+It probably gets bound to
+another enzyme, which makes
+
+another product.
+
+Et cetera, and the
+cascade goes on.
+
+The signaling cascade goes on.
+
+And this enzyme is in very
+small concentration.
+
+The product goes away, so that's
+going to stay as a very
+
+small concentration as well.
+
+So let's observe experimentally,
+then.
+
+Experimentally, what's seen is
+that the substrate makes
+
+products in the presence
+of the enzyme.
+
+With a rate dP/dt, that's, at
+t equals zero this is the
+
+initial rate is proportional
+to the
+
+concentration of the enzyme.
+
+This is initial rate.
+
+And in the language of enzymatic
+kinetics, this is
+
+called the velocity. dP/dt is
+also called the velocity.
+
+Velocity, moles per unit time.
+
+And this would be called, then,
+the initial velocity of
+
+v initial. v initial's
+proportional to the enzyme
+
+concentration.
+
+And what else is seen?
+
+For fixed, if I fix my
+concentration of enzyme, I
+
+look at the velocity over time,
+let's say minus dS/dt,
+
+which is dP/dt, I find that
+that's proportional to S. For
+
+small S. Small concentration
+of substrate.
+
+And then at large
+
+concentration, it's a constant.
+
+So it's not a straight line.
+
+In fact, I don't want to do
+it on this board here.
+
+I'll do it on this board here.
+
+Plot the concentration of
+substrate on this axis, and I
+
+plot the velocity, or the
+rate, of the reaction
+
+on that axis here.
+
+What I find is that
+it's a constant.
+
+So it's going to saturate, the
+rate is going to saturate to
+
+some number.
+
+And it's going to start
+linear with
+
+substrate at the beginning.
+
+So it's going to be a straight
+line at the beginning.
+
+And eventually it
+will saturate.
+
+That sort of slope.
+
+And the saturation point, that's
+the maximum velocity,
+
+or maximum rate that
+it can have.
+
+So we call this v max.
+
+And this part here, the velocity
+is proportional to S.
+
+And somehow we have to
+find, explain this.
+
+Using what we know
+from kinetics.
+
+So we have to come up with
+a mechanism, and
+
+then solve the mechanism.
+
+And make sure that it
+reproduces the data.
+
+So we're not the first ones
+to do this, obviously.
+
+Michaelis and Menton did
+this many years ago.
+
+For this mechanism.
+
+And the idea is, you have the
+enzyme plus a substrate react,
+
+k1, k minus one, to
+form a complex.
+
+Enzyme substrate complex.
+
+But unlike what we've drawn
+before in terms of this hump,
+
+where there's an activated
+complex which is not stable,
+
+in this case here this enzyme
+substrate combination lasts a
+
+long enough time that it's
+basically a stable complex.
+
+So we're going to write this
+as a real intermediate that
+
+lasts long enough for you to
+be able to fish it out.
+
+And characterize it.
+
+And then eventually, that, k2,
+k minus two, goes to product
+
+plus enzyme.
+
+So the enzyme is a catalyst
+that forms
+
+a long-lived complex.
+
+And if you were to draw this,
+then, in our energy diagram,
+
+where we have the reaction
+coordinate here, you start out
+
+with your enzyme
+plus substrate.
+
+Go up, and you form your
+intermediate up here.
+
+ES.
+
+And I put a little dimple in
+there, because it's stable
+
+enough that it's not on the top
+of the hump, but it lives
+
+long enough.
+
+And it comes back down
+to form the product.
+
+Plus the enzyme.
+
+Without the enzyme in there,
+this hump would
+
+be way, way up there.
+
+Would be maybe a factor
+of ten higher.
+
+So this really lowers
+it a lot.
+
+Now we can start to solve
+this mechanism.
+
+And I forgot one arrow.
+
+There which is the
+arrow going back.
+
+Which you usually don't
+see, but we might as
+
+well keep it there.
+
+For the sake of completeness.
+
+So what do we know?
+
+We know that this intermediate
+concentration is very small.
+
+The enzyme concentration
+itself is very small.
+
+Intermediate is very small.
+
+And it doesn't change
+very much.
+
+Not changing much.
+
+So that means that we need
+to use a steady state
+
+approximation.
+
+So let's write down
+the rate for this
+
+intermediate, d[ES]/dt.
+
+It gets formed through
+the forward process.
+
+I'm going to put my brackets
+back in because E and ES would
+
+look the same otherwise.
+
+Gets destroyed.
+
+Through the backward ways.
+
+And I'm going to use a steady
+state approximation.
+
+So I'm already going to start
+adding steady state here every
+
+time I see an intermediate.
+
+Get it destroyed to
+make products.
+
+It gets recreated through
+the backwards
+
+reaction from the products.
+
+And I'm going to set that equal
+to zero for the steady
+
+state approximation.
+
+Now, we don't really
+want to have this E
+
+floating around here.
+
+Because this is something that
+is very hard to measure.
+
+It's much easier to measure the
+initial concentration of
+
+the enzyme.
+
+What you put in there, instead
+of the amount that's
+
+not being bound up.
+
+So we're going to solve,
+instead, in terms of [E] is
+
+equal to [E]0 minus [ES], where
+this is the initial
+
+concentration and this
+is the amount
+
+that's binding substrate.
+
+And this is the amount of
+free enzyme here then.
+
+And when you do that, and you
+plug in here, and you plug in
+
+here, you get your result.
+
+Which is that [E] steady state,
+[ES] steady state, is
+
+this ratio. k1 times [S] plus k
+minus two times the product
+
+divided by k minus one plus k2
+plus k1 times [S] plus k minus
+
+two times the product, times
+proportional to the initial
+
+concentration of enzyme.
+
+And then you can take your
+steady state approximation for
+
+the intermediate and plug it
+back into your rate equation.
+
+So the velocity, we defined
+as the rate which is minus
+
+d[S]/dt, which is k1 times [E]
+times [S], this is the
+
+destruction of the substrate
+minus k minus one, times [ES]
+
+steady state, the backwards
+process.
+
+So we put in, instead of this
+[E] we put in [E] is equal to
+
+[E]0 minus [ES]
+
+steady state.
+
+And then we put in for [ES]
+
+steady state, we put in
+what we found here.
+
+We turn the crank
+on the algebra.
+
+And we find that the velocity,
+then, is k1 k2 times the
+
+substrate concentration.
+
+Minus k minus one times k minus
+two times the product
+
+concentration.
+
+The whole thing times the
+initial enzyme concentration.
+
+And then k minus one plus
+k2 on the bottom.
+
+Plus k1 [S] plus k minus
+two times the product.
+
+So, as I mentioned, this product
+here usually just
+
+floats away.
+
+And so locally, where you're
+doing the, and then it gets
+
+used by the next step
+in the cycle.
+
+So this is pretty much zero.
+
+We can pretty much
+ignore this.
+
+We can ignore this
+guy here too.
+
+Because it's not, you don't have
+any steady state or an
+
+equilibrium.
+
+You have a steady state but not
+an equilibrium situation.
+
+And so in that case here, you
+can rewrite this then as k1 k2
+
+times the substrate times [E]0
+divided by k minus one plus k2
+
+plus k1 times the substrate.
+
+And now we can look at these
+experimental observations and
+
+see whether they match
+our mechanism.
+
+If we can understand
+something.
+
+So let's look at the
+initial rate.
+
+Initial rate is supposed to be
+proportional to the substrate.
+
+Initial rate is supposed to be
+proportional to the substrate.
+
+So the initial rate, k1
+k2 plus k1, if at
+
+early times, plus one.
+
+So the initial rate is going
+to be, somehow I've got the
+
+product missing here.
+
+No, I got it backwards here.
+
+This is not the initial rate.
+
+This is the rate where
+[S] is small.
+
+The initial rate is when you
+don't have any products made.
+
+Or when the product
+concentration is very low.
+
+And because we're making the
+assumption that the product
+
+concentration is basically equal
+to zero here, this is
+
+basically the initial
+rate here.
+
+So by taking the product equal
+to zero here, we're also
+
+saying that this is the same
+thing as the initial rate.
+
+So this is what it
+looks like here..
+
+The initial rate here.
+
+And this is, this, you rewrite
+as v initial is equal to k2
+
+times [S] times [E]0.
+
+You divide by k1 up and down.
+
+And you have this k minus one
+plus k2 over k1 and then plus
+
+[S] sitting down there.
+
+And you define this ratio of
+rates, k minus one plus k2
+
+over k1 as the KM, the Michaelis
+constant, by
+
+definition.
+
+And this is an interesting
+ratio.
+
+This is the rate, k minus one is
+the rate of destroying the
+
+enzyme substrate complex by
+going back to the reactants.
+
+k2 is the destruction
+of the complex by
+
+going to the product.
+
+And k1's the creation
+of the complex.
+
+So this is the rate of
+destruction of the complex
+
+divided by the rate of creation
+of the complex.
+
+So if the rate of destruction of
+the complex is much faster
+
+than the rate of creation,
+meaning that this is a large
+
+number, then you're not going
+to pile up any complex.
+
+It's going to be destroyed
+as soon as you create it.
+
+So if KM is large, then the
+concentration, [ES], is going
+
+to be very small.
+
+Compared to [E]0.
+
+But if the rate of destruction
+of the complex is small
+
+compared to the rate of
+creation, you create
+
+complexes, you create complexes
+but you don't keep
+
+up in terms of destroying
+them, in terms of making
+
+products, or going back
+to reactants.
+
+And so you end up saturating
+your enzyme.
+
+Every enzyme ends up having
+substrate bound to it.
+
+So when KM is very small, then
+[ES] goes to saturation.
+
+Basically, when KM is very
+small, then you're limited by
+
+the rate, the second rate in
+the process, of the enzyme
+
+falling apart.
+
+To form the product.
+
+You have to wait until
+that happens.
+
+Because then the product
+just floats away.
+
+And that becomes your
+rate limiting step.
+
+Another way that you also will
+see this written is as this,
+
+then, is equal to, we'll define
+k cat is equal to k2. k
+
+cat times the enzyme
+concentration times the
+
+substrate, [E]0, divided by
+KM plus but the substrate
+
+concentration.
+
+So let's look at a few
+limiting cases then.
+
+First limiting case is, suppose,
+that [S] is large.
+
+Let's take [S] to be much
+larger than KM.
+
+Because you look at the
+denominator, and you see it's
+
+this ratio of rates but there's
+this concentration
+
+that's important here.
+
+So in one case KM is going to
+dominate, and in the other
+
+limiting case the substrate
+
+concentration is going to dominate.
+
+So let's say that the substrate
+
+concentration dominates.
+
+Meaning K sub M is small.
+
+In which case we already saw.
+
+If K sub M is small then
+you reach saturation.
+
+And in the equation, then, the
+velocity, KM is small, [S] is
+
+large, the [S]'s cancel out and
+the velocity is equal to k
+
+cat times the initial substrate
+concentration.
+
+Both of these are constants.
+
+The velocity is constant.
+
+And the rate is constant,
+it's that limit up here.
+
+That's experimentally seen.
+
+And the rate is depending
+on the initial substrate
+
+concentration.
+
+Initial enzyme concentration.
+
+All the enzymes have a
+substrate in there.
+
+The more enzymes you have
+to begin with, the more
+
+intermediates you're going to
+have, the faster you going to
+
+make products.
+
+And then it's going to depend
+on this on the rate, k cat,
+
+which is just k2, which is the
+rate of formation of products.
+
+That becomes the rate
+limiting step here.
+
+The other special case is if
+substrate concentration is
+
+very small compared to KM.
+
+And in that case here, and the
+other thing that we're going
+
+to do is, we're going to,
+because we now understand this
+
+as this maximum rate up there,
+we're going to call this v
+
+max. k cat times [E]0, we're
+going to call it v max.
+
+And so when [S] is very small,
+v, then, is equal to v max,
+
+which is k cat times [E]0.
+
+This is v max here now.
+
+So we can rewrite this as v max
+times substrate divided by
+
+KM plus the substrate
+concentration.
+
+Another way of writing it.
+
+Capital K.
+
+v max times the substrate
+concentration.
+
+And we have KM plus [S].
+
+But [S] is very small.
+
+So we drop it.
+
+And this is then proportional
+to the substrate
+
+concentration.
+
+And then that's small substrate
+concentration
+
+compared to KM, we're
+sitting right here.
+
+Where it's linear, where
+the rate is linear.
+
+And there's a third place
+on the graph which is
+
+interesting.
+
+Which is when the substrate
+concentration is equal to KM.
+
+In that case there, you plug [S]
+equal to KM, and you end
+
+up with the velocity then is
+equal to v max divided by two.
+
+So when [S] is equal to KM,
+you are halfway up.
+
+There's v max over two and
+there's KM sitting here.
+
+When [S] is equal to KM, you're
+at v max over two.
+
+And so enzymes, then, are
+labeled by their KM's.
+
+Because then it becomes very
+important to know how strongly
+
+they bind the substrate.
+
+Sometimes you want the enzyme
+to bind it very strongly.
+
+Sometimes you don't, you
+want it to be fleeting.
+
+Depends on the role that
+the enzyme plays.
+
+Now there's a way to plot this
+that extracts out these
+
+important numbers.
+k cat and KM.
+
+And that's the Lineweaver-Burk
+plot..
+
+Lineweaver-Burk plot..
+
+And I just looked up this
+morning to see if Mr.
+
+Lineweaver was still alive.
+
+And as far as I can tell
+he's still alive.
+
+He was 97, in 2003.
+
+So as of 2007 he was
+still alive.
+
+He's getting up there.
+
+One of the most cited papers
+that you have in your notes is
+
+the in Jack's, was the paper
+that showed how to go from
+
+this curved line to a straight
+line by plotting one over v
+
+versus [S], instead
+of v versus [S].
+
+So if you take your equation and
+massage it, one over v KM
+
+over v max times [S], plus one
+over v max, we haven't done
+
+anything except rewrite the
+equation in terms of one of v
+
+versus one over [S].
+
+So it becomes linear.
+
+In one over [S], and there's
+one over v sitting here.
+
+And you get a straight line.
+
+With an intercept here that's
+one over v max.
+
+And if you keep going,
+extrapolate out, you get this
+
+point here to be minus 1
+over KM and the slope
+
+is KM over v max.
+
+And v max was equal to k cat
+times [E]0, so you get k cat
+
+out of this.
+
+So it turned out to be
+a very useful plot.
+
+It's very easy to plot a
+straight line, especially
+
+before computers.
+
+In the age of computers.
+
+And the referees, there were
+six referees that got this
+
+paper and pretty much turned
+it down because they didn't
+
+think there was any new
+chemistry in it.
+
+Which is true, there's
+no new chemistry.
+
+It's just a way of rewriting
+the plot.
+
+But it was very important
+nevertheless.
+
+OK, any questions on catalysis?
+
+Enzymes?
+
+Arrhenius?
+
+Alright, next time we'll
+oscillating reactions and
+
+recap the course.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e-yQFC6dACA.txt b/e-yQFC6dACA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4612bdcf2f615e273353411322c020d74d53616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e-yQFC6dACA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the most important applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important applications
+of conditional probability is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional probability is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional probability is in
+analyzing the results of diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the results of diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the results of diagnostic
+tests of uncertain reliability so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of uncertain reliability so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests of uncertain reliability so let's
+look at a fundamental example suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a fundamental example suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a fundamental example suppose
+that I have a diagnostic test for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a diagnostic test for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a diagnostic test for
+tuberculosis it really sounds great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuberculosis it really sounds great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuberculosis it really sounds great
+because it's gonna be 99% accurate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna be 99% accurate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's gonna be 99% accurate in
+fact more than 99% accurate really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact more than 99% accurate really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact more than 99% accurate really
+because here are the properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here are the properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here are the properties that
+this test has if you have TB this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test has if you have TB this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this test has if you have TB this test
+is guaranteed to detect it and say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to detect it and say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to detect it and say yes
+you have TB if you don't have TB 99% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB if you don't have TB 99% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB if you don't have TB 99% of
+the time the the test says correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the the test says correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the the test says correctly
+that you don't have TB and 1% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have TB and 1% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have TB and 1% of the
+time it gets it wrong now suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it gets it wrong now suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it gets it wrong now suppose the
+doctor gives you the test and the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor gives you the test and the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor gives you the test and the test
+comes up saying that you have TB that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up saying that you have TB that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up saying that you have TB that's
+kind of scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of scary
+because TV is a fact quite a serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because TV is a fact quite a serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because TV is a fact quite a serious
+disease it's getting worse because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease it's getting worse because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease it's getting worse because there
+are all of these antibiotic resistant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of these antibiotic resistant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of these antibiotic resistant
+versions of TB now in Asia where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of TB now in Asia where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of TB now in Asia where all the
+known antibiotics are not very effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known antibiotics are not very effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known antibiotics are not very effective
+if effective at all at curing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if effective at all at curing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if effective at all at curing it
+and this test that was 99% accurate says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this test that was 99% accurate says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this test that was 99% accurate says
+I have this disease it sounds really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this disease it sounds really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have this disease it sounds really
+worrisome but in fact we can ask more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome but in fact we can ask more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome but in fact we can ask more
+technically should you really be worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically should you really be worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically should you really be worried
+what is the probability given that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability given that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability given that this
+apparently highly accurate test says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently highly accurate test says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently highly accurate test says you
+have TB what's the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB what's the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB what's the probability that you
+actually have TB that's what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have TB that's what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have TB that's what we want to
+calculate what's the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what's the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what's the probability that
+you have it so in other words I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it so in other words I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it so in other words I want the
+conditional probability of that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability of that I have
+TB given that the test comes in positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB given that the test comes in positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB given that the test comes in positive
+the test says yes you have TV TV um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test says yes you have TV TV um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test says yes you have TV TV um that
+test positive is a big word that I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test positive is a big word that I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test positive is a big word that I won't
+have room for another slide so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room for another slide so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have room for another slide so let's
+just abbreviate it by plus plus means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just abbreviate it by plus plus means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just abbreviate it by plus plus means in
+green that the test said yes positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green that the test said yes positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green that the test said yes positive it
+has you have TB okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has you have TB okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has you have TB okay so that's the
+probability that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we're trying to
+calculate this conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this conditional probability
+what do we know about the test let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about the test let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about the test let's
+translate the information we have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the information we have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate the information we have about
+the tests into the language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests into the language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests into the language of
+conditional probability and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probability and the first
+thing we said was the test is guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we said was the test is guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we said was the test is guaranteed
+to get it right if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it right if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it right if you had
+tbh so given that you have TB the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbh so given that you have TB the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tbh so given that you have TB the
+probability that the test will say so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test will say so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test will say so it
+will return a positive result is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return a positive result is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return a positive result is one
+okay given that you don't have TB the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay given that you don't have TB the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay given that you don't have TB the
+probability that the test will say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test will say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test will say that
+you do have TB is only 1 in 100 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have TB is only 1 in 100 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have TB is only 1 in 100 because
+99% of the time it correctly says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of the time it correctly says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of the time it correctly says you
+don't have TB and 1% of the time it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have TB and 1% of the time it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have TB and 1% of the time it says
+oops you do have TB so this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops you do have TB so this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops you do have TB so this is what's
+called the false positive rate it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the false positive rate it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the false positive rate it's
+falsely claiming that you have teamed TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsely claiming that you have teamed TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsely claiming that you have teamed TB
+when you really don't and that rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you really don't and that rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you really don't and that rate
+we're hypothesizing is only 1% now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're hypothesizing is only 1% now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're hypothesizing is only 1% now what
+we're trying to calculate again is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to calculate again is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to calculate again is the
+probability that you have TB given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB given that
+the test came in positive and said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test came in positive and said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test came in positive and said you
+had TB well let's look at the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had TB well let's look at the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had TB well let's look at the definition
+of conditional probability the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional probability the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional probability the
+probability that you have TB given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB given that
+the test came in positive said that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test came in positive said that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test came in positive said that said
+you do is simply the the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is simply the the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is simply the the probability
+that both the test comes in positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both the test comes in positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both the test comes in positive and
+you have TB divided by the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB divided by the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB divided by the probability
+that the test comes in positive well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test comes in positive well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the test comes in positive well
+using the definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the definition of conditional
+probability again this intersection this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability again this intersection this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability again this intersection this
+end of having TB and the test coming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of having TB and the test coming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of having TB and the test coming and
+positive is simply the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is simply the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is simply the probability that
+the test comes in positive given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test comes in positive given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test comes in positive given that
+you have TB times the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB times the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB times the probability that
+you have TB now this one we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB now this one we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB now this one we know it's
+one because the test is perfect if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the test is perfect if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because the test is perfect if you
+have TB the test is definitely going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB the test is definitely going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB the test is definitely going to
+say positive so that lets me simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say positive so that lets me simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say positive so that lets me simplify
+things nicely what I've just figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things nicely what I've just figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things nicely what I've just figured out
+is the probability that you have TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that you have TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that you have TB
+given that the test says you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the test says you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the test says you do is
+simply the quotient of the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the quotient of the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the quotient of the probability
+that you have TB given no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have TB given no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have TB given no other
+information and the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the probability that the
+test comes in positive well what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test comes in positive well what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test comes in positive well what is that
+probability that the test comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+positive how are we going to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive how are we going to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive how are we going to calculate
+that that's the key unknown here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the key unknown here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the key unknown here and
+we're going to use the probability rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the probability rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the probability rule
+the profit total probability rule total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit total probability rule total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profit total probability rule total
+probability says that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability says that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability says that you do
+don't have TB so that the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have TB so that the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have TB so that the way to
+calculate the probability that the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the test
+comes in positive is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in positive is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in positive is to look at the
+probability that the test comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+positive when you do and don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when you do and don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when you do and don't have to
+be and we know those numbers so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and we know those numbers so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and we know those numbers so let's
+look at the total probability formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the total probability formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the total probability formula
+the probability that the test comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the test comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the test comes in
+positive is simply the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is simply the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive is simply the probability that
+it comes in positive if you have TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes in positive if you have TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes in positive if you have TB
+times the probability you have TB plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability you have TB plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability you have TB plus
+the probability it comes in positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability it comes in positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability it comes in positive
+given that you don't have TB times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you don't have TB times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you don't have TB times the
+probability you don't have TB well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you don't have TB well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you don't have TB well we
+know a lot of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a lot of these terms
+let's work them out well the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work them out well the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work them out well the probability
+they the test comes in positive given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the test comes in positive given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the test comes in positive given
+that you have TB is one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have TB is one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have TB is one and the
+probability that the test comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+positive given that you don't have TB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive given that you don't have TB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive given that you don't have TB is
+1/100 that's the false positive rate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/100 that's the false positive rate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/100 that's the false positive rate we
+figured out already what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out already what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out already what about the
+probability that you don't have TB well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you don't have TB well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you don't have TB well
+that's simply 1 minus the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply 1 minus the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simply 1 minus the probability
+that you do have TB now I have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do have TB now I have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you do have TB now I have this nice
+arithmetic formula in the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic formula in the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic formula in the probability of
+TB so I wind up with a probability of TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB so I wind up with a probability of TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB so I wind up with a probability of TB
+plus 100 minus 100 of the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 100 minus 100 of the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 100 minus 100 of the probability of
+TB it leaves me with a hundredths plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB it leaves me with a hundredths plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB it leaves me with a hundredths plus
+the ninety-nine hundredths of TB so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ninety-nine hundredths of TB so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ninety-nine hundredths of TB so
+that's what this simplifies to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this simplifies to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this simplifies to the
+probability that the test comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the test comes in
+positive given no other information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive given no other information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive given no other information is
+99 100 the probability that a person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 100 the probability that a person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 100 the probability that a person has
+TB plus 1/100 will come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB plus 1/100 will come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB plus 1/100 will come back to this
+formula well we were working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula well we were working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula well we were working on the
+probability that you have TB given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB given the
+test came in positive we figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test came in positive we figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test came in positive we figured out
+that it was this quotient and now I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was this quotient and now I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was this quotient and now I know
+what the denominator is the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the denominator is the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the denominator is the denominator
+is 99 100 times the probability of TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 99 100 times the probability of TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 99 100 times the probability of TB
+plus 100th multiply numerator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 100th multiply numerator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 100th multiply numerator and
+denominator through by a hundred and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator through by a hundred and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator through by a hundred and you
+get that the probability that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the probability that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that the probability that you have
+TB given that the test says you do is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB given that the test says you do is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB given that the test says you do is a
+hundred times the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times the probability that you
+have TB divided by 99 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB divided by 99 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB divided by 99 times the
+probability that you have TB plus one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB plus one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have TB plus one so
+let's hold that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hold that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hold that formula
+notice the key unknown here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the key unknown here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the key unknown here is the
+probability that you have to be given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have to be given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have to be given a
+independent of the test the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the test the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the test the probability
+that a random person in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random person in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random person in the population
+has TB if we can figure that out or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has TB if we can figure that out or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has TB if we can figure that out or if
+we can look that up then we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look that up then we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look that up then we know what
+this unknown is the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unknown is the probability that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this unknown is the probability that you
+have TB given that the test says you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB given that the test says you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have TB given that the test says you do
+well what is the probability that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is the probability that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what is the probability that a
+person in the United imperson has TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the United imperson has TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in the United imperson has TB
+well there were 11,000 cases of TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there were 11,000 cases of TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there were 11,000 cases of TB
+reported in 2011 according to the Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in 2011 according to the Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported in 2011 according to the Center
+for Disease Control in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Disease Control in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Disease Control in the United States
+and you could assume that there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could assume that there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could assume that there's going
+to be a lot of unreported cases if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of unreported cases if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot of unreported cases if there
+are 11,000 reported ones because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 11,000 reported ones because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 11,000 reported ones because a lot
+of people don't even know they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people don't even know they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people don't even know they have the
+disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease
+so let's estimate on that basis given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's estimate on that basis given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's estimate on that basis given
+that the population of the u.s. around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population of the u.s. around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population of the u.s. around
+350 million a billion of a million that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350 million a billion of a million that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+350 million a billion of a million that
+the probability of TB is about 110
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of TB is about 110
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of TB is about 110
+thousand let's plug that into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand let's plug that into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand let's plug that into our
+formula the probability that you have TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the probability that you have TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula the probability that you have TB
+given the test is positive is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the test is positive is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the test is positive is this
+formula when I plug in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when I plug in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when I plug in one
+ten-thousandth for TB I get a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-thousandth for TB I get a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten-thousandth for TB I get a hundred
+over 10,000 and 99 over 10,000 plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10,000 and 99 over 10,000 plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 10,000 and 99 over 10,000 plus one
+well now I can see the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I can see the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now I can see the denominator is
+essentially 1 its 1.0 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 1 its 1.0 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially 1 its 1.0 1 and the
+numerator is a hundredth and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is a hundredth and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator is a hundredth and this is
+basically about 1/100 in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about 1/100 in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about 1/100 in other words
+it's not very likely that you have TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very likely that you have TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very likely that you have TB
+because of the relatively high false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the relatively high false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the relatively high false
+positive rate that was relatively high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate that was relatively high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive rate that was relatively high
+of one percent that was positive rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one percent that was positive rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one percent that was positive rate
+washed out on the the actual number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washed out on the the actual number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washed out on the the actual number of
+TB cases which where the TB rate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB cases which where the TB rate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB cases which where the TB rate was
+only 0.01 percent so that almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 0.01 percent so that almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 0.01 percent so that almost all of
+the reports of TB were caused by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reports of TB were caused by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reports of TB were caused by the
+high false positive rate and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high false positive rate and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high false positive rate and that means
+that when you have a report that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have a report that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you have a report that you've
+got TB you still only have a 1 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got TB you still only have a 1 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got TB you still only have a 1 percent
+chance that you actually have the TB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you actually have the TB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that you actually have the TB
+so the 99% accurate test was not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 99% accurate test was not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 99% accurate test was not very
+useful here for you to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful here for you to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful here for you to figure out what
+kind of action to take and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of action to take and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of action to take and what kind of
+medicine to take her treatment to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine to take her treatment to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine to take her treatment to take
+given that the test came in positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the test came in positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the test came in positive
+with one in 100 chance the odds are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one in 100 chance the odds are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one in 100 chance the odds are you
+won't do anything in which case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do anything in which case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do anything in which case you
+could wonder why did your doctor give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wonder why did your doctor give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could wonder why did your doctor give
+you the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the test
+well the 99 percent test sounds good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 99 percent test sounds good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the 99 percent test sounds good we
+figured out that it isn't and a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that it isn't and a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out that it isn't and a hint
+about why 99 percent accurate isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why 99 percent accurate isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why 99 percent accurate isn't
+really so useful is that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so useful is that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really so useful is that there's an
+obvious test that's 99.99% accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious test that's 99.99% accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious test that's 99.99% accurate
+what's the test always say no after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the test always say no after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the test always say no after all
+the probability is only 1 in 10,000 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is only 1 in 10,000 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability is only 1 in 10,000 that
+you're going to be wrong and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be wrong and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be wrong and that's the
+99.99% right so it sounds as though this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.99% right so it sounds as though this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.99% right so it sounds as though this
+test is really worthless but no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is really worthless but no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is really worthless but no it's not
+if you think about it a little bit oh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it a little bit oh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it a little bit oh it
+will it will be useful explain that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it will be useful explain that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will it will be useful explain that a
+minute I forgot I'm getting ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I forgot I'm getting ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute I forgot I'm getting ahead of
+myself because the basic formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because the basic formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because the basic formula that we
+used here was we figured out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here was we figured out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used here was we figured out what the
+probability of TB were given that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of TB were given that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of TB were given that the
+test said you had TB in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test said you had TB in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test said you had TB in terms of the
+inverse probabilities which we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse probabilities which we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse probabilities which we know that
+is the probability that the test came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that the test came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability that the test came in
+positive given that you had TB this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive given that you had TB this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive given that you had TB this was
+an example of what's a famous rule in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of what's a famous rule in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of what's a famous rule in
+probability theory it's called Bayes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory it's called Bayes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability theory it's called Bayes
+rule or Bayes law and this is it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or Bayes law and this is it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule or Bayes law and this is it's just
+stated in terms of arbitrary events a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated in terms of arbitrary events a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated in terms of arbitrary events a
+and B it expresses the probability of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B it expresses the probability of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B it expresses the probability of B
+given a in terms of the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a in terms of the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a in terms of the probability of a
+given B and the probabilities of a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B and the probabilities of a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given B and the probabilities of a and B
+independently now I can actually never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently now I can actually never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently now I can actually never
+remember this law but I read the rive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this law but I read the rive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this law but I read the rive it
+every time I need to do it as we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I need to do it as we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time I need to do it as we've done
+in the previous slides it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous slides it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous slides it's really a
+quite straightforward law to derive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite straightforward law to derive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite straightforward law to derive and
+prove but let's go back to this 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but let's go back to this 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove but let's go back to this 99%
+accurate test that seemed worthless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate test that seemed worthless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate test that seemed worthless
+since there was a trivial test that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there was a trivial test that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there was a trivial test that was
+99.9% accurate but in fact it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% accurate but in fact it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% accurate but in fact it's really
+helpful because it did increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful because it did increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful because it did increase the
+probability that you had PB by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you had PB by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you had PB by a factor
+of 100 before you took the test and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 before you took the test and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 before you took the test and
+before you know anything you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know anything you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know anything you thought
+that your probability was the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your probability was the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your probability was the same as
+everybody else is about one in 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is about one in 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is about one in 10,000
+now the test says the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the test says the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the test says the probability that
+you have TB is 1 in 100 that's 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB is 1 in 100 that's 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have TB is 1 in 100 that's 100 times
+larger what's the value of that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger what's the value of that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger what's the value of that well
+suppose you only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you only had
+five million doses of medicine to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million doses of medicine to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five million doses of medicine to treat
+this American population of 350 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this American population of 350 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this American population of 350 million
+people who should you medicate well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who should you medicate well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who should you medicate well if
+you medicated a random 5 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you medicated a random 5 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you medicated a random 5 million people
+out of 350 million the likelihood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 350 million the likelihood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of 350 million the likelihood that
+you're going to get in very many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get in very many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get in very many of the
+real TB cases is small it's only gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real TB cases is small it's only gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real TB cases is small it's only gonna
+be about 1 in 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 1 in 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about 1 in 30
+you'll only get about one 30th of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only get about one 30th of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll only get about one 30th of the
+cases but if you use your 5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but if you use your 5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but if you use your 5 million
+doses to medicate the 3.5 million people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses to medicate the 3.5 million people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses to medicate the 3.5 million people
+who would test positive under this 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would test positive under this 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would test positive under this 99%
+accurate test then when you test all 350
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate test then when you test all 350
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate test then when you test all 350
+million people you're going to get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people you're going to get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people you're going to get about
+3.5 million who test positive you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 million who test positive you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 million who test positive you have
+enough medication to treat all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough medication to treat all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough medication to treat all of them
+and if you treat all of them you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you treat all of them you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you treat all of them you're
+almost certain to get all of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certain to get all of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certain to get all of the actual
+TB cases all 10,000 of them so the 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB cases all 10,000 of them so the 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB cases all 10,000 of them so the 99%
+accurate test does have a important use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate test does have a important use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate test does have a important use
+in this final setting a lot more so than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final setting a lot more so than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this final setting a lot more so than
+the 99.99% accurate test that simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 99.99% accurate test that simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 99.99% accurate test that simply
+always said no food for thought
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e6BWg8_PXII.txt b/e6BWg8_PXII.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9e8d4d33d3759a12ce386c26183a6adcaaeb6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e6BWg8_PXII.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrostatic precipitation demonstrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic precipitation demonstrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic precipitation demonstrates
+how air ions generated by a Corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how air ions generated by a Corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how air ions generated by a Corona
+discharge can be used to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge can be used to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge can be used to charge
+macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic
+particles and how those particles can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and how those particles can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and how those particles can
+then be removed from the air by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be removed from the air by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then be removed from the air by the
+applied electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field although it's made of glass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field although it's made of glass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field although it's made of glass so
+that we can see through it this cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see through it this cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can see through it this cylinder
+is coated on the inside by tin oxide so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coated on the inside by tin oxide so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is coated on the inside by tin oxide so
+that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is
+conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting
+for the present purposes it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the present purposes it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the present purposes it can be
+regarded as a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as a perfect
+conductor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor it's
+grounded through this microammeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this fine wire is stretched along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fine wire is stretched along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fine wire is stretched along the
+axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the
+cylinder it's connected to a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder it's connected to a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder it's connected to a positive
+source of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage because we only require modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage because we only require modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage because we only require modest
+currents we can protect ourselves by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents we can protect ourselves by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents we can protect ourselves by
+having a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a series
+resistance to limit the short circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to limit the short circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance to limit the short circuit
+current the voltage is indicated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter because the wire is so fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter because the wire is so fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter because the wire is so fine
+raising its voltage results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising its voltage results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising its voltage results in
+ionization of the air in a hissing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization of the air in a hissing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization of the air in a hissing
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+breakdown this discharge is confined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown this discharge is confined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown this discharge is confined to
+the immediate vicinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate vicinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate vicinity of the
+wire with the help of this microphone we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire with the help of this microphone we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire with the help of this microphone we
+can hear this Corona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear this Corona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hear this Corona
+discharge as it starts as the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raised it starts at just a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised it starts at just a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised it starts at just a little more
+than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10
+kilts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once charged the smoke particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once charged the smoke particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once charged the smoke particles are
+themselves pulled toward the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves pulled toward the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves pulled toward the outer
+electrode by the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode by the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode by the electric
+field let's see this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field let's see this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field let's see this happen
+with the voltage off and the upper end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage off and the upper end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the voltage off and the upper end
+of the cylinder closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cylinder closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cylinder closed
+off we'll fill it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoke watch the smoke as the voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applied the particles are presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the particles are presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied the particles are presumably
+charged in less than a tenth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged in less than a tenth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged in less than a tenth of a
+second so the charging time cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the charging time cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the charging time cannot
+account for the few seconds it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the few seconds it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the few seconds it takes to
+precipitate the Smoke On The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wall apparently the smoke particles do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall apparently the smoke particles do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall apparently the smoke particles do
+not move through the air with nearly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not move through the air with nearly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not move through the air with nearly the
+velocity of the ions which we estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the ions which we estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the ions which we estimated
+to be on the order of 20 m/s or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more what we see at relatively large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what we see at relatively large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more what we see at relatively large
+particle densities is particle motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle densities is particle motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle densities is particle motions
+that are complicated by the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are complicated by the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are complicated by the motion of
+the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air
+itself induced by both the ions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself induced by both the ions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself induced by both the ions and the
+particles this is typical of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this is typical of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles this is typical of practical
+precipitators which are used for air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitators which are used for air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitators which are used for air
+pollution control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the macroscopic particle motions can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscopic particle motions can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the macroscopic particle motions can be
+made more evident by using styrofoam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made more evident by using styrofoam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made more evident by using styrofoam
+particles rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smoke Watch What Happens as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke Watch What Happens as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke Watch What Happens as they
+encounter the combination of radially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter the combination of radially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter the combination of radially
+migrating ions and Radial electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as long as the field is on the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the field is on the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as the field is on the particles
+are electrically pinned to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically pinned to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrically pinned to the
+wall but when the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall but when the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall but when the field is
+removed so is the pinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so is the pinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed so is the pinning
+Force as purchased these particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force as purchased these particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force as purchased these particles are
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+insulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulators
+they're naturally sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're naturally sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're naturally sufficiently
+insulating that they can contact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating that they can contact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulating that they can contact a
+conducting surface like the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting surface like the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting surface like the cylinder
+wall and still retain most of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and still retain most of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall and still retain most of their
+charge if the charge were retained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge if the charge were retained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge if the charge were retained on
+the particles we would expect that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles we would expect that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles we would expect that they
+would stick to the wall after the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stick to the wall after the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would stick to the wall after the field
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+removed to understand what we've seen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed to understand what we've seen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed to understand what we've seen we
+need to explain that these particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to explain that these particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to explain that these particles
+have been sprayed with antistatic agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sprayed with antistatic agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sprayed with antistatic agent
+much is used to prevent electrification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is used to prevent electrification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is used to prevent electrification
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+laundry so their charge leaks away after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry so their charge leaks away after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laundry so their charge leaks away after
+the the is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+removed
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eMbKfsi_DwU.txt b/eMbKfsi_DwU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1867b5fd6b98dff8571b7b5b566dd45ee2c33606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eMbKfsi_DwU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12803 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+101 or ebio 101 all the other numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 or ebio 101 all the other numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+101 or ebio 101 all the other numbers
+usually we'll start these with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we'll start these with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we'll start these with a very
+brief one slide overview of last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with a slightly different angle on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slightly different angle on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slightly different angle on some
+of the topics and then and then we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the topics and then and then we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the topics and then and then we'll go
+over a preview of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a preview of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a preview of today's
+so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last
+session we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was more an emphasis on the biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more an emphasis on the biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more an emphasis on the biological
+side of computational biology and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of computational biology and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of computational biology and this
+one will be more a computational side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be more a computational side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be more a computational side of
+computational biology but obviously both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology but obviously both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology but obviously both
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+are we're trying to interweave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we're trying to interweave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we're trying to interweave them
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+in the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first one
+we were specifically looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were specifically looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were specifically looking at the
+simplest components and the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest components and the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest components and the simplest
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+living systems and computational systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living systems and computational systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living systems and computational systems
+and how self-assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how self-assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how self-assembly
+here defined broadly to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here defined broadly to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here defined broadly to include
+symbiotic relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationships between
+different living forms and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human inventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human inventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human inventions
+and self-assembly is a very critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self-assembly is a very critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self-assembly is a very critical
+part of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of biology
+in the mathematics that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mathematics that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mathematics that we use
+both symbolic and numeric you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both symbolic and numeric you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both symbolic and numeric you must
+know about the approximations when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the approximations when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the approximations when we
+talk about the various theories going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the various theories going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the various theories going
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+somewhat subatomic to the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat subatomic to the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat subatomic to the population
+level there's an approximation at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there's an approximation at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level there's an approximation at each
+level that subsumes previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that subsumes previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that subsumes previous
+approximations in it and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in it and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in it and when you
+represent uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh
+floating point numbers in computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point numbers in computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating point numbers in computers
+there are further approximations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are further approximations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are further approximations which
+can accumulate as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accumulate as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accumulate as you do
+calculations and we saw some of the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and we saw some of the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and we saw some of the ways
+of coping with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coping with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coping with this
+such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as
+using higher precision arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using higher precision arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using higher precision arithmetic
+in mathematica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematica
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+aspect of this was was differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this was was differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this was was differential
+equations as a as a tool and studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as a as a tool and studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as a as a tool and studying
+replication in particular auto catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication in particular auto catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication in particular auto catalytic
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh
+uh were illustrated by this ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were illustrated by this ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were illustrated by this ver
+really simplest possible differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simplest possible differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simplest possible differential
+equation where the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the the
+incremental increase in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental increase in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental increase in y
+as a function of time the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time the the
+vertical and and horizontal axis is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and and horizontal axis is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and and horizontal axis is a
+direct function of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct function of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct function of y
+a simple linear function of the say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple linear function of the say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple linear function of the say the
+population size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size
+its growth being proportional then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its growth being proportional then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its growth being proportional then we
+add this extra term one minus y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this extra term one minus y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this extra term one minus y to
+to represent rather than just the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent rather than just the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent rather than just the simple
+exponential curve that you get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve that you get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential curve that you get at the
+beginning with population growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with population growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning with population growth and
+infinite resources as you get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite resources as you get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite resources as you get close to
+the maximum resources here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum resources here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum resources here
+one you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you start to
+either plateau as you would if this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plateau as you would if this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either plateau as you would if this were
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ordinary differential equation or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equation or you
+start to oscillate as you do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to oscillate as you do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to oscillate as you do this with
+an iterative solution which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative solution which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an iterative solution which we
+illustrated and if the the rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated and if the the rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated and if the the rate constant
+k gets large enough then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k gets large enough then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k gets large enough then you get
+uh chaotic behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chaotic behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh chaotic behavior
+where it can go close enough to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can go close enough to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can go close enough to zero
+that you're effectively simulating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're effectively simulating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're effectively simulating a
+an extinction of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extinction of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extinction of the population
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+the issues behind replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues behind replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issues behind replication
+and approximation come together or came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approximation come together or came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and approximation come together or came
+together in the concept of mutation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the concept of mutation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in the concept of mutation and
+in particular the mutations that occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the mutations that occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular the mutations that occur
+that might occur in single molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might occur in single molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might occur in single molecules
+life being full of very important single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life being full of very important single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life being full of very important single
+molecules such as dna and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules such as dna and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules such as dna and here
+even though you know there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you know there must be
+stochastics underlying this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastics underlying this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastics underlying this process
+because it is a single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is a single molecule
+there has to be some way of overcoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some way of overcoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some way of overcoming
+it because we went through a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we went through a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we went through a calculation
+that indicated the 46 chromosomes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicated the 46 chromosomes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicated the 46 chromosomes every
+one of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of your
+cells in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in your body
+has to be replicating quite faithfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be replicating quite faithfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be replicating quite faithfully
+or else you'd be getting cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else you'd be getting cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else you'd be getting cancer
+and that noise is overcome by the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that noise is overcome by the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that noise is overcome by the single
+moleculeness of the dna being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moleculeness of the dna being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moleculeness of the dna being
+compensated by a multi-moleculeness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+energy containing molecules such as atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy containing molecules such as atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy containing molecules such as atp
+and associated proteins and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and associated proteins and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and associated proteins and so forth
+this so now we've brought together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now we've brought together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so now we've brought together the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+approximations and replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and replication
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what this uh what replication leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this uh what replication leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this uh what replication leads to
+are pedigrees uh pedigrees are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pedigrees uh pedigrees are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pedigrees uh pedigrees are an
+example of many that we listed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of many that we listed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of many that we listed of
+directed acyclic graphs we'll have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acyclic graphs we'll have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acyclic graphs we'll have more
+pedigrees today in a certain sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees today in a certain sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees today in a certain sense the
+ultimate pedigree will be shown today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate pedigree will be shown today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate pedigree will be shown today
+and uh and the mutations also can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the mutations also can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and the mutations also can be
+nicely modeled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely modeled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely modeled by
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+depending on the exact application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the exact application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the exact application of
+your thought of about mutations by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thought of about mutations by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thought of about mutations by the
+binomial the poisson of the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial the poisson of the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binomial the poisson of the normal
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+uh the normal being continuous the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the normal being continuous the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the normal being continuous the other
+two being discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two being discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two being discrete
+and selection figured prominently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selection figured prominently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selection figured prominently and
+optimality figures prominently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality figures prominently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimality figures prominently in
+biology you typically won't lose a bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you typically won't lose a bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you typically won't lose a bet
+betting on optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting on optimality
+for at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least
+exactly the circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the circumstances
+under which the system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which the system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under which the system has
+been subjected for millions of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been subjected for millions of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been subjected for millions of years
+so this is the outline for today again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the outline for today again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the outline for today again
+supposedly more on the biological side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly more on the biological side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly more on the biological side
+we'll go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through
+uh how purification has played a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how purification has played a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how purification has played a central
+role in the reductionist approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the reductionist approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in the reductionist approach to
+biology and biochemistry and how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and biochemistry and how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and biochemistry and how how
+that purification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that purification is
+is also the antidote to the reductionism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the antidote to the reductionism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the antidote to the reductionism
+and that it provides a way of creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it provides a way of creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that it provides a way of creating
+synthesis and going back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and going back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and going back up
+to systems systems biology is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to systems systems biology is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to systems systems biology is a second
+topic and this is both relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and this is both relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and this is both relevant to the
+models applications of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models applications of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models applications of models
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+making the interconnections of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the interconnections of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the interconnections of the
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ultimately in a synthetic loop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately in a synthetic loop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately in a synthetic loop of
+discovery and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and uh
+recreation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreation
+perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation
+then this is the ultimate pedigree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the ultimate pedigree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the ultimate pedigree that
+i was talking about continuity of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was talking about continuity of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was talking about continuity of life
+and how it applies to central dogma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it applies to central dogma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it applies to central dogma is
+the illustration of one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illustration of one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illustration of one of the most
+robust algorithms that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust algorithms that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust algorithms that we have in
+computational biology which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology which is the
+genetic code of truly uh elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code of truly uh elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic code of truly uh elegant
+discovery and elegant partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and elegant partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and elegant partly because
+that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+the biology underlying it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology underlying it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biology underlying it is so
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+then we go into the issues behind how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go into the issues behind how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go into the issues behind how we
+get quan qualitative models from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quan qualitative models from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get quan qualitative models from
+quantitative data and then how we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative data and then how we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative data and then how we go
+from those quantitative qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those quantitative qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those quantitative qualitative
+models and fill them again with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and fill them again with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and fill them again with the
+quantitation that's required for true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation that's required for true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation that's required for true
+simulation prediction and design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation prediction and design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation prediction and design
+and then we end up again on mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we end up again on mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we end up again on mutations
+and selection just as we did last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selection just as we did last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and selection just as we did last time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+familiar face the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar face the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar face the periodic table
+uh just like last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just like last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just like last time the
+elements that are involved in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are involved in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that are involved in the in the
+three major biopolymers in the cell dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major biopolymers in the cell dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three major biopolymers in the cell dna
+goes to rna goes to protein is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to rna goes to protein is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to rna goes to protein is the
+central dogma and all those can be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central dogma and all those can be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central dogma and all those can be made
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these
+six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six
+elements plus counter ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements plus counter ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements plus counter ions
+of the polyanionic so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polyanionic so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polyanionic so those are
+typically sodium potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically sodium potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically sodium potassium
+uh and other counter ions and so total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and other counter ions and so total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and other counter ions and so total
+of 19 elements you can find in almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 19 elements you can find in almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 19 elements you can find in almost
+all life forms and i would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all life forms and i would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all life forms and i would say
+many of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the other
+elements on here that at least have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on here that at least have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements on here that at least have some
+stable isotope in nature have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isotope in nature have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable isotope in nature have probably
+have some story that some living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some story that some living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some story that some living
+organism could tell you if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism could tell you if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism could tell you if you were
+interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested
+enough and that might make a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and that might make a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and that might make a good
+thesis project or a good project for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis project or a good project for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis project or a good project for
+this class to talk about what organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to talk about what organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to talk about what organisms
+do to either detoxify or to use in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to either detoxify or to use in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to either detoxify or to use in some
+exotic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic way
+each of the stable isotopes on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the stable isotopes on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the stable isotopes on this
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+organisms do not use these in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms do not use these in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms do not use these in the
+elemental form they typically that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental form they typically that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental form they typically that in
+the middle here are elemental forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here are elemental forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here are elemental forms of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen are
+commonly uh used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elemental forms but but there's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental forms but but there's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elemental forms but but there's there
+exists life forms for which none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists life forms for which none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists life forms for which none of
+these are really required i mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really required i mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really required i mean for
+example oxygen is toxic to a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example oxygen is toxic to a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example oxygen is toxic to a variety of
+so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called
+constitutive anaerobes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nitrogen gas is only used by not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas is only used by not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen gas is only used by not just
+fixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microorganisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microorganisms
+each of these elements exist in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these elements exist in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these elements exist in a
+gaseous form they tend to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous form they tend to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaseous form they tend to be more
+reduced that is to say more hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced that is to say more hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced that is to say more hydrogen
+containing on the far left hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing on the far left hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing on the far left hand side of
+the slide they tend to be more oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide they tend to be more oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slide they tend to be more oxidized
+on the right hand side and and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and and in the
+oxidized form tend to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form tend to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form tend to be uh
+found often as salts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found often as salts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found often as salts
+um here uh carbonate for example being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here uh carbonate for example being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here uh carbonate for example being
+the salt form of carbon dioxide in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salt form of carbon dioxide in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the salt form of carbon dioxide in the
+oxidized form this is fixed uh by plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form this is fixed uh by plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized form this is fixed uh by plants
+and and photosynthetic bacteria in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and photosynthetic bacteria in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and photosynthetic bacteria in the
+oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans
+and unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately
+in its co2 form major global warming gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its co2 form major global warming gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its co2 form major global warming gas
+and you can see that every every of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that every every of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that every every of the
+basic elements here has uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic elements here has uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic elements here has uh can be
+obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained
+as salts many organisms require much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as salts many organisms require much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as salts many organisms require much
+more complicated versions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated versions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated versions of this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+require eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require eating
+macromolecules like steak and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules like steak and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules like steak and uh
+and maybe have even very much much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe have even very much much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe have even very much much more
+exotic ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic ones
+as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we
+purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we represent the elements in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we represent the elements in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we represent the elements in that
+periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+those were the hard work of chemists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were the hard work of chemists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were the hard work of chemists
+that had to purify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to purify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had to purify
+each of those elements not just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those elements not just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those elements not just as
+molecules but all it wasn't sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but all it wasn't sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but all it wasn't sufficient
+to get hydrocarbons it had to get pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get hydrocarbons it had to get pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get hydrocarbons it had to get pure
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then but that was only the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but that was only the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but that was only the starting
+point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for
+determining not just the properties the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining not just the properties the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining not just the properties the
+elements but putting them back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but putting them back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but putting them back together
+as molecules and this reduction down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as molecules and this reduction down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as molecules and this reduction down to
+elements and then resynthesis back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then resynthesis back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then resynthesis back the
+molecules meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules meant
+was part of the proof that they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the proof that they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part of the proof that they really
+understood what the molecule is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what the molecule is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what the molecule is all
+about and the same thing can be obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the same thing can be obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the same thing can be obtained
+in living systems we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in living systems we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in living systems we typically
+start with molecules that are a covalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with molecules that are a covalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with molecules that are a covalent
+uh connection in some sort or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connection in some sort or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connection in some sort or another
+and when they non-covalently associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they non-covalently associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they non-covalently associate
+they're called assemblies typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called assemblies typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called assemblies typically the
+assemblies that most biologists work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies that most biologists work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies that most biologists work
+with are assemblies of proteins or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are assemblies of proteins or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are assemblies of proteins or
+proteins and nucleic acids but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and nucleic acids but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and nucleic acids but there are
+many many kinds of assemblies and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many kinds of assemblies and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many kinds of assemblies and these
+assemblies blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies blur
+in their ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their ins
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+their definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their definition
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+organelles organelles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles organelles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles organelles are
+basically assemblies that start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assemblies that start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically assemblies that start getting
+large enough that they can be seen under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that they can be seen under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that they can be seen under
+micro under simple micro microscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro under simple micro microscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro under simple micro microscopy
+scenarios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios
+organelles are not always but are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles are not always but are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles are not always but are often
+bounded by lipid membranes these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by lipid membranes these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by lipid membranes these are
+hydrocarbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrocarbon
+containing bilayers or multi-layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing bilayers or multi-layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing bilayers or multi-layers
+anyway the distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the distinction between
+macromolecular assemblies and organelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular assemblies and organelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecular assemblies and organelles
+is is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is uh
+soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft
+and then cells are collections of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then cells are collections of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then cells are collections of these
+assemblies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies
+again typically bounded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again typically bounded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again typically bounded by a
+fossil lipid bilayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil lipid bilayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fossil lipid bilayer
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+some organisms are cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organisms are cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organisms are cells
+unicellular organisms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicellular organisms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicellular organisms are
+vast majority of organisms on earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of organisms on earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vast majority of organisms on earth
+and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are
+many of them are single cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are single cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are single cellular
+aggregates of cells while multicellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregates of cells while multicellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregates of cells while multicellular
+organisms such as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms such as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms such as uh
+years truly and everybody in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years truly and everybody in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years truly and everybody in this room
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it it can contain up to 10 to the 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can contain up to 10 to the 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can contain up to 10 to the 14th
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct
+and regulated descendants now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulated descendants now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulated descendants now what are
+examples of purification methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of purification methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of purification methods that
+are actually used in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually used in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually used in in
+in on the road to computational biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the road to computational biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the road to computational biology
+we have uh chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh chromatography
+electrophoresis and sedimentation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis and sedimentation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis and sedimentation are
+very common ways of separating molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common ways of separating molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common ways of separating molecules
+including protein molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including protein molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including protein molecules and
+assemblies actually organelles cells uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies actually organelles cells uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemblies actually organelles cells uh
+as well can be separated by these media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well can be separated by these media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well can be separated by these media
+by far one of the most common ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far one of the most common ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far one of the most common ways of
+separating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating these
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein molecules is by chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein molecules is by chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein molecules is by chromatography
+and electrophoresis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrophoresis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electrophoresis
+and we'll see some examples in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see some examples in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see some examples in just a
+couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides
+a very incredibly powerful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very incredibly powerful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very incredibly powerful way of
+separating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating
+entities in general is represented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities in general is represented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities in general is represented here
+on the far right hand side this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the far right hand side this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the far right hand side this is
+clonal growth or cl this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal growth or cl this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal growth or cl this
+is essentially an analysis of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially an analysis of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially an analysis of single
+molecules or single organisms each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or single organisms each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules or single organisms each of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+colonies which might be growing on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies which might be growing on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies which might be growing on a
+petri plate about the size of my fist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri plate about the size of my fist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petri plate about the size of my fist
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+rep represents the growth from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep represents the growth from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rep represents the growth from one
+starting cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting cell to
+10 to the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the eighth
+or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so
+final cells finally going through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final cells finally going through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final cells finally going through an
+exponential growth just as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth just as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential growth just as we
+went through in last class until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through in last class until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through in last class until the
+point that they have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that they have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that they have uh
+depleted the local resources near them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted the local resources near them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted the local resources near them
+or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or have
+produced enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced enough
+toxic waste products that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic waste products that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic waste products that they have
+slowed down their growth to form these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down their growth to form these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down their growth to form these
+colonies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies
+in certain organisms they'll just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain organisms they'll just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in certain organisms they'll just keep
+growing until they get to the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing until they get to the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing until they get to the edge of
+the of the petri dish but this is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the petri dish but this is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the petri dish but this is much
+more general than just growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general than just growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general than just growing
+bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial
+colonies you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies you can see it
+almost any um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost any um
+organism that has a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that has a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that has a limited
+ability to limited motility these will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to limited motility these will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to limited motility these will
+form little clones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form little clones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form little clones
+such as this happens in various tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this happens in various tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this happens in various tree
+populations for example also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations for example also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations for example also it
+represents the ultimate purification in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the ultimate purification in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the ultimate purification in
+one step you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step you're getting
+something that's that would by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that would by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's that would by
+combinations of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of different
+chromatographic steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatographic steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatographic steps and
+electrophoretic and sedimentation steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoretic and sedimentation steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoretic and sedimentation steps
+you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might
+have to serially do several of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to serially do several of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to serially do several of these
+steps in a row to get a molecule or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in a row to get a molecule or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in a row to get a molecule or an
+assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly
+pure purified while here in one step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure purified while here in one step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure purified while here in one step by
+essentially limiting dilution you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially limiting dilution you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially limiting dilution you you
+dilute the the molecule of interest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute the the molecule of interest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute the the molecule of interest to
+the point where it's a single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it's a single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it's a single molecule
+well now if they don't undergo coronal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now if they don't undergo coronal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now if they don't undergo coronal
+growth this is not terribly useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth this is not terribly useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth this is not terribly useful
+because it's very hard to study single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very hard to study single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very hard to study single
+molecules even if they're well isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules even if they're well isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules even if they're well isolated
+from all the contaminating molecules now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the contaminating molecules now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the contaminating molecules now
+there are ways and we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways and we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are ways and we will talk about
+them in the course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the course but
+but you need ideally you need some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need ideally you need some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need ideally you need some way
+of amplifying them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amplifying them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of amplifying them
+there is a there oh there are ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there oh there are ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there oh there are ways to
+amplify nucleic acid molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify nucleic acid molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify nucleic acid molecules
+such that they exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they exhibit
+clonal growth like this and in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal growth like this and in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal growth like this and in principle
+any either either by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any either either by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any either either by uh
+putting them into a bacterium so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them into a bacterium so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them into a bacterium so that
+the bacterium behaves in this manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterium behaves in this manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bacterium behaves in this manner
+carrying along with it the artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying along with it the artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying along with it the artificial
+piece of nucleic acid you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of nucleic acid you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of nucleic acid you're interested
+or you can do it entirely with enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do it entirely with enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do it entirely with enzymes
+so the nucleic acids replicate and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nucleic acids replicate and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nucleic acids replicate and make
+these colony-like objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colony-like objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colony-like objects
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+idiosyncratic view of this purification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic view of this purification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncratic view of this purification
+of this process by which we uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process by which we uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this process by which we uh as
+scientists have gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have gone through
+purification and then are returning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification and then are returning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purification and then are returning to
+much less pure systems as the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less pure systems as the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less pure systems as the subject of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+of our research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our research
+this is we'll call this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we'll call this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we'll call this three
+revolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the priests 1970s we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the priests 1970s we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the priests 1970s we had
+column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column
+chromatography so-called chromatography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography so-called chromatography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatography so-called chromatography
+in the last slide because literally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last slide because literally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last slide because literally the
+substances were being separated were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances were being separated were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances were being separated were
+highly colored as were those bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly colored as were those bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly colored as were those bands
+in the last slide those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last slide those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last slide those two
+dark bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark bands
+hence the name chromatography it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name chromatography it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence the name chromatography it's
+really a separation by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a separation by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a separation by uh
+by the properties of the solid phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the properties of the solid phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the properties of the solid phase and
+the properties of the mobile phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the mobile phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the mobile phase and
+the molecules in the mobile phase being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in the mobile phase being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules in the mobile phase being
+separated by differential absorption to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by differential absorption to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by differential absorption to
+the solid phase gel electrophoresis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid phase gel electrophoresis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid phase gel electrophoresis
+and uh and sedimentation in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and sedimentation in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and sedimentation in a in a
+gravitational field these were all part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field these were all part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field these were all part
+of the of this amazing revolution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of this amazing revolution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of this amazing revolution that
+allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed us
+allowed scientists to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed scientists to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed scientists to get
+molecules assemblies and cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules assemblies and cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules assemblies and cells
+purified away from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified away from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purified away from other
+contaminants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminants
+then recombinant dna did that trick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recombinant dna did that trick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recombinant dna did that trick that
+was in the lower and height slide of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the lower and height slide of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the lower and height slide of the
+previous slide which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going directly to purification by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going directly to purification by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going directly to purification by going
+to a single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a single molecule
+isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation
+by dilution to the point where you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dilution to the point where you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dilution to the point where you had
+less than one molecule per cell and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one molecule per cell and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one molecule per cell and less
+than one cell per square centimeter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one cell per square centimeter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one cell per square centimeter on
+the petri plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the petri plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the petri plate
+that gives you single step purity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you single step purity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you single step purity of the
+gene which which in effect allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene which which in effect allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene which which in effect allows you to
+get single step purity of whatever is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get single step purity of whatever is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get single step purity of whatever is
+encoded by the gene the rna the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by the gene the rna the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded by the gene the rna the protein
+or the enzymatic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the enzymatic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the enzymatic activity
+this was a huge change suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a huge change suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a huge change suddenly
+everybody was spending a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was spending a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was spending a lot of time
+so-called cloning of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called cloning of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called cloning of dna
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+sequencing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing it
+and almost every thesis and paper of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost every thesis and paper of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and almost every thesis and paper of
+that time everybody was turning into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time everybody was turning into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time everybody was turning into
+molecular biologists in order to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biologists in order to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular biologists in order to do this
+and became very routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and became very routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and became very routine
+and very time consuming and expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very time consuming and expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very time consuming and expensive
+and so the third revolution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the third revolution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the third revolution was
+automating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+using economies of scale so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using economies of scale so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using economies of scale so that
+all the genes were obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the genes were obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the genes were obtained
+at once and sequenced at once rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once and sequenced at once rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once and sequenced at once rather
+than going through here you where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going through here you where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than going through here you where you
+would have to go through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to go through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to go through the entire
+library of all the genes just to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of all the genes just to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library of all the genes just to find
+your favorite one and then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite one and then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite one and then you would
+sequence that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that one
+working uh hard on isolating away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh hard on isolating away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh hard on isolating away from
+everything else but with sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but with sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else but with sequencing
+genomes it was more a process of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes it was more a process of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes it was more a process of every
+everything you came upon was interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you came upon was interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you came upon was interesting
+and so you didn't have to do quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you didn't have to do quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you didn't have to do quite as
+much time selecting you just made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time selecting you just made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time selecting you just made it
+more of a production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a production
+effort but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort but
+the subtext of this was not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtext of this was not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subtext of this was not just
+automation and uh and economies of scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation and uh and economies of scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation and uh and economies of scale
+it also started to return us to thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also started to return us to thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also started to return us to thinking
+about whole systems and doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whole systems and doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whole systems and doing things
+systematically and this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically and this was uh
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+valuable in the in this in the sequelae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable in the in this in the sequelae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable in the in this in the sequelae
+of of genome sequencing which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of genome sequencing which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of genome sequencing which was
+functional genomics which we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional genomics which we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional genomics which we'll talk
+about quite a bit in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quite a bit in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quite a bit in this course
+um applying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um applying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um applying the same
+attitude to uh to other biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude to uh to other biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude to uh to other biological
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+and this returns us the whole systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this returns us the whole systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this returns us the whole systems
+now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that
+leads us to the discussion of whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to the discussion of whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to the discussion of whole
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems biology and the models they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology and the models they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology and the models they're
+in so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just one of the earlier papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one of the earlier papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one of the earlier papers
+there are many now that that are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many now that that are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many now that that are trying
+to we're trying to group our way towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're trying to group our way towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we're trying to group our way towards
+what we mean by system biology but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by system biology but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by system biology but this
+is uh sort of paraphrasing from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of paraphrasing from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh sort of paraphrasing from that
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+we want to follow these four steps as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to follow these four steps as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to follow these four steps as a
+protocol to find all the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to find all the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to find all the components of
+the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system
+systematically perturb and monitor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically perturb and monitor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically perturb and monitor the
+components of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the system
+so that uh we can do this either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh we can do this either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that uh we can do this either
+genetically or environmentally meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically or environmentally meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically or environmentally meaning
+changing the small and large molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the small and large molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the small and large molecules
+that program the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program the the
+biological system from the outside then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system from the outside then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological system from the outside then
+refine the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the model
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+which you had maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you had maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you had maybe
+before uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh
+perturbing it such that the predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing it such that the predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing it such that the predictions
+most closely agree with observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+listen carefully to that that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen carefully to that that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen carefully to that that statement
+refine the model so that predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the model so that predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the model so that predictions
+agree with observations and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with observations and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with observations and then do
+new perturbation experiments to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new perturbation experiments to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new perturbation experiments to
+distinguish among the model hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish among the model hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish among the model hypotheses
+we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a cyclic fashion basically going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cyclic fashion basically going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cyclic fashion basically going back
+up to item two so that we're perturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to item two so that we're perturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to item two so that we're perturbing
+and monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and monitoring
+now what is the what's the critique of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the what's the critique of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is the what's the critique of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology
+manifesto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifesto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifesto
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+those of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have
+read books that predate the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read books that predate the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read books that predate the genome
+project in systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in systems biology
+say hey this this what's new here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey this this what's new here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey this this what's new here
+this is the way biologists were doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way biologists were doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way biologists were doing it
+even before recombinant dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before recombinant dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even before recombinant dna
+so it is an old approach but the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is an old approach but the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is an old approach but the new
+spin on it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin on it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin on it is that
+is the word all components typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the word all components typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the word all components typically
+before you the components would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you the components would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you the components would be
+chosen and the perturbations would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and the perturbations would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen and the perturbations would be
+chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+um based on the latest biological fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on the latest biological fad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on the latest biological fad
+or what was available technically at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what was available technically at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what was available technically at the
+time based on the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time based on the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time based on the history of the
+component studies before that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component studies before that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component studies before that so it's
+it's it's a significant deviation to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a significant deviation to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a significant deviation to now
+even set as a goal all components a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even set as a goal all components a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even set as a goal all components a very
+challenging goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging goal
+has been met in the case of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been met in the case of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been met in the case of certain
+genome sequences it has not been met in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome sequences it has not been met in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome sequences it has not been met in
+any functional genomics that i'm aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any functional genomics that i'm aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any functional genomics that i'm aware
+of but it certainly is a goal and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but it certainly is a goal and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but it certainly is a goal and we're
+getting asymptotically close to it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting asymptotically close to it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting asymptotically close to it just
+as we got asymptotically close to genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we got asymptotically close to genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we got asymptotically close to genome
+sequences to systematically perturb has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to systematically perturb has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to systematically perturb has
+the conceit that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceit that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conceit that we
+can list the sort of perturbations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can list the sort of perturbations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can list the sort of perturbations we
+would want to do and then walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do and then walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do and then walk through
+them in a systematic way rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a systematic way rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in a systematic way rather than a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a more whimsical way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more whimsical way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more whimsical way
+now so that so that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that so that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so that so that's this is
+new spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new spins
+but what's missing from this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's missing from this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's missing from this uh
+manifesto in the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifesto in the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifesto in the previous slide
+that in systems biology for one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in systems biology for one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in systems biology for one thing
+and i i cautioned you in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i cautioned you in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i cautioned you in the previous
+slide that when you start fitting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that when you start fitting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that when you start fitting your
+model to the data and refining your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to the data and refining your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to the data and refining your
+model there's a problem of overfitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's a problem of overfitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model there's a problem of overfitting
+and i'll this will come up a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll this will come up a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll this will come up a couple of
+times in the in the in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the in the in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the in the in this course
+if you have enough adjustable parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have enough adjustable parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have enough adjustable parameters
+you can fit almost anything and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit almost anything and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit almost anything and so you
+have to be careful that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful that as you
+refine your model that you state exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine your model that you state exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine your model that you state exactly
+how many adjustable parameters you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many adjustable parameters you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many adjustable parameters you have
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many
+data points you have that are truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points you have that are truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points you have that are truly
+independent for fitting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent for fitting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent for fitting that
+so we have methods to recapture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have methods to recapture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have methods to recapture on
+automated data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this there is a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there is a step
+implicit in the previous one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in the previous one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit in the previous one actually
+explicitly stated elsewhere in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly stated elsewhere in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly stated elsewhere in some of
+these papers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these papers uh
+that you that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you that when you
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+as you're developing the model you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're developing the model you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you're developing the model you will
+draw not not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw not not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw not not only
+upon the systematically collected data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the systematically collected data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the systematically collected data
+but also upon the literature and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also upon the literature and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also upon the literature and the
+literature as we'll see in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature as we'll see in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature as we'll see in the next
+couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides
+not only has unautomated data but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only has unautomated data but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only has unautomated data but it has
+models that are derived in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of somewhat undisciplined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhat undisciplined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of somewhat undisciplined
+or a different discipline it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a different discipline it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a different discipline it's not not
+an electronically compatible discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronically compatible discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronically compatible discipline
+and so there's a there's a process by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a there's a process by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a there's a process by
+which one captures this on automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one captures this on automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one captures this on automated
+data data and integrates with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data data and integrates with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data data and integrates with the
+automated data which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated data which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated data which can be
+either challenging or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either challenging or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either challenging or
+pathological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we need to make more explicit these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make more explicit these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to make more explicit these the
+logical connections that are used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical connections that are used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical connections that are used for
+deriving these systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving these systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving these systems biology
+diagrams and quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and quantitative
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+finally when you when you make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally when you when you make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally when you when you make these
+perturbation experiments if they're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation experiments if they're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation experiments if they're done
+using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+there's a new optimization that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new optimization that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new optimization that needs to
+be made in order to integrate them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made in order to integrate them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made in order to integrate them with
+the systems biology loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems biology loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the systems biology loop
+as i mentioned in the previous uh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned in the previous uh talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned in the previous uh talk
+the thing that makes the killer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that makes the killer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that makes the killer
+applications in computational biology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in computational biology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications in computational biology so
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+searching merging and checking if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching merging and checking if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching merging and checking if you
+can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find
+uh ways to to to search merge and check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ways to to to search merge and check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ways to to to search merge and check
+large data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large data sets
+via models then you've made a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via models then you've made a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via models then you've made a great deal
+of progress and that should be the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of progress and that should be the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of progress and that should be the goal
+here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here too
+so what the systems biology will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the systems biology will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what the systems biology will do
+i think possibly more well illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think possibly more well illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think possibly more well illustrated
+by this slide in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this slide in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this slide in the last
+talk than by some of the examples so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk than by some of the examples so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk than by some of the examples so far
+in the literature on system biology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature on system biology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature on system biology but
+the goal is to be able to work with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to be able to work with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to be able to work with very
+simple parts this reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple parts this reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple parts this reduction
+down to the basic parts and then move up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the basic parts and then move up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the basic parts and then move up
+through models that are hierarchical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through models that are hierarchical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through models that are hierarchical and
+include all these intermediate steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all these intermediate steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all these intermediate steps
+to very high level ways of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very high level ways of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very high level ways of describing
+understanding a system this one you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a system this one you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding a system this one you have
+the unfair advantage the entire thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfair advantage the entire thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfair advantage the entire thing
+was designed from scratch by humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designed from scratch by humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was designed from scratch by humans
+but in biological systems you want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in biological systems you want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in biological systems you want you
+want to reverse engineer it to the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reverse engineer it to the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reverse engineer it to the point
+where it has some of the same flavor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it has some of the same flavor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it has some of the same flavor of
+ford engineered systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford engineered systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford engineered systems
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+developed ways of simulating the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed ways of simulating the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed ways of simulating the systems
+so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you can
+design new versions of it whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design new versions of it whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design new versions of it whenever you
+find yourself doing an experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself doing an experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself doing an experiment or
+computational biology you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational biology you're going to be
+asking yourself why am i doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself why am i doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking yourself why am i doing this
+why i'm in this classroom and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i'm in this classroom and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i'm in this classroom and whenever
+you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should ask yourself why a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask yourself why a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should ask yourself why a bunch of
+times until you get down to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times until you get down to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times until you get down to the real
+core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core
+reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons
+and so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example
+we were in effect sequencing the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in effect sequencing the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were in effect sequencing the genome
+prior to the genome project we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to the genome project we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to the genome project we were
+spending hundreds of millions of dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending hundreds of millions of dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending hundreds of millions of dollars
+of nih money and other every funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nih money and other every funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nih money and other every funding
+organization's money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization's money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization's money
+doing it in a very inefficient way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in a very inefficient way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it in a very inefficient way and
+we knew why we were doing it i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew why we were doing it i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew why we were doing it i think we
+wanted to map variation in sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to map variation in sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to map variation in sequences
+variation within a species like humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation within a species like humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation within a species like humans
+that make us different from one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make us different from one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make us different from one another
+variation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation between
+different species which is comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species which is comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different species which is comparative
+genomics item three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics item three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics item three
+in between item two we wanted to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between item two we wanted to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between item two we wanted to have a
+complete set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete set
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+human rnas proteins and regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human rnas proteins and regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human rnas proteins and regulatory
+elements and for every other organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and for every other organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and for every other organism
+too i just used human as an illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too i just used human as an illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too i just used human as an illustration
+because it was called the human genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was called the human genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was called the human genome
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+and we wanted this complete set so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted this complete set so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted this complete set so that
+we could go back and measure them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go back and measure them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go back and measure them
+systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically
+well this was not articulated in any in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was not articulated in any in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was not articulated in any in
+any in any way it was we never did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any in any way it was we never did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any in any way it was we never did we
+didn't use the words complete or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the words complete or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the words complete or
+systematic very much prior to the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic very much prior to the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic very much prior to the genome
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+and if we said these were the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we said these were the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we said these were the reasons
+then we could ask why do we want to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could ask why do we want to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could ask why do we want to map
+variation why do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation why do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation why do we want
+a partial or complete set of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partial or complete set of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a partial or complete set of these
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+molecules and regulatory elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and regulatory elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and regulatory elements and
+why do we want to compare them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we want to compare them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we want to compare them in
+different organisms and in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and in different
+environments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments
+and the answer to that would be that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that would be that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer to that would be that we
+would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to
+make quantitative biosystems models such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make quantitative biosystems models such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make quantitative biosystems models such
+as the ones we were describing the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ones we were describing the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ones we were describing the last
+couple of slides of the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides of the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of slides of the molecular
+interactions at all the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions at all the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions at all the levels
+extending from atoms to cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending from atoms to cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending from atoms to cells to
+organisms and populations of organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and populations of organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and populations of organisms
+because it's the population upon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the population upon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the population upon which
+selection acts and it's the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection acts and it's the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection acts and it's the population
+that allows us to understand and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to understand and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to understand and make
+useful products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful products
+and so when we ask why do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we ask why do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we ask why do we want to
+make this biosystems models we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this biosystems models we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this biosystems models we have
+three reasons some of which we touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three reasons some of which we touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three reasons some of which we touched
+all of which we touched upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which we touched upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of which we touched upon
+last time when we asked why do we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time when we asked why do we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time when we asked why do we model
+same thing why why are we collecting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing why why are we collecting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing why why are we collecting all
+this data to model we model so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data to model we model so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data to model we model so we can
+share information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share information
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so that we can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can construct
+a test of understanding one of the tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test of understanding one of the tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test of understanding one of the tests
+of understanding as making useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding as making useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding as making useful
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+on that theme of why and making useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that theme of why and making useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that theme of why and making useful
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+i will i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will i will
+put this in the context of say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in the context of say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this in the context of say the
+projects you'll be doing for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you'll be doing for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects you'll be doing for this class
+i like to stimulate you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to stimulate you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to stimulate you to think about
+this early on in every class i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early on in every class i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early on in every class i'll
+mention something now you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention something now you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention something now you might say well
+grand challenges grand and useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand challenges grand and useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grand challenges grand and useful
+challenges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges are
+really not a great place to be doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a great place to be doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not a great place to be doing a
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+term project for a course but actually i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term project for a course but actually i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term project for a course but actually i
+think that the piece that you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the piece that you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the piece that you choose
+should be a piece of a grand challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a piece of a grand challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a piece of a grand challenge
+because it really gives you the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really gives you the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really gives you the context
+and so i'm just going to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm just going to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm just going to walk through
+these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+of challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of challenge
+not to not so you will feel limited but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to not so you will feel limited but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to not so you will feel limited but
+you so that you will feel uh broadened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you will feel uh broadened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that you will feel uh broadened
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+in your mandate for what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mandate for what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your mandate for what you can do
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+at the simplest level kind of reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the simplest level kind of reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the simplest level kind of reflecting
+last lecture simple uh going from atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture simple uh going from atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture simple uh going from atoms
+to small cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to small cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to small cells
+with small genomes maybe even minimal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small genomes maybe even minimal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small genomes maybe even minimal or
+miniature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniature
+just like you want to downscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you want to downscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you want to downscale
+electronic components we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic components we have
+if we really want to show that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we really want to show that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we really want to show that we
+understand the the biosynthetic root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the biosynthetic root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the the biosynthetic root
+that will be the topic of today this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the topic of today this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the topic of today this
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+key mechanism by which we make go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mechanism by which we make go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key mechanism by which we make go from
+dna to proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna to proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna to proteins
+we should be able to take it apart put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to take it apart put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should be able to take it apart put
+it back together again that's the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back together again that's the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back together again that's the way we
+that's one way of proving that we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way of proving that we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one way of proving that we really
+understand it that has not been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that has not been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that has not been done
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in a purely synthetic route we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a purely synthetic route we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a purely synthetic route we have
+taken apart protein synthetic apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken apart protein synthetic apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken apart protein synthetic apparatus
+and put it back together again but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back together again but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it back together again but we
+have not completely synthesized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not completely synthesized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not completely synthesized the
+synthetic apparatus that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic apparatus that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic apparatus that sounds
+odd but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd but that's
+that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be
+one step but the impact of that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step but the impact of that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step but the impact of that would
+not be just proving that we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be just proving that we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be just proving that we can do it
+the impact would be that we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact would be that we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact would be that we can now
+make a simple biological system that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a simple biological system that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a simple biological system that is
+self-replicating uses proteins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-replicating uses proteins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-replicating uses proteins and
+allows us to to link the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to to link the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to to link the atomic
+changes to population evolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to population evolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to population evolution in
+populations of humans this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of humans this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations of humans this would be
+daunting computationally but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting computationally but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting computationally but when you
+think of populations of self-replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of populations of self-replicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of populations of self-replicating
+molecules such as the simplest one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules such as the simplest one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules such as the simplest one last
+week which is these trinucleotides being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week which is these trinucleotides being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week which is these trinucleotides being
+ligated into hexanucleotides you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligated into hexanucleotides you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligated into hexanucleotides you can
+start to conceive of actually connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to conceive of actually connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to conceive of actually connecting
+the atomic modeling the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic modeling the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic modeling the population
+modeling which is basically the breadth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling which is basically the breadth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling which is basically the breadth
+of this course that covers the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course that covers the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this course that covers the whole
+breath it was collapsed down into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath it was collapsed down into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath it was collapsed down into that
+simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model
+but more possibly even more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more possibly even more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more possibly even more importantly
+we can start engineering smart materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start engineering smart materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start engineering smart materials
+materials that have important properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that have important properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that have important properties
+that uh in certain sense compute in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in certain sense compute in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh in certain sense compute in in
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make
+a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole
+alternative chemistry of stereospecific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative chemistry of stereospecific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative chemistry of stereospecific
+meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning
+sensitive to the actual handedness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the actual handedness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to the actual handedness of
+the molecules which is so critical in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules which is so critical in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecules which is so critical in in
+pharmaceuticals and in enzymatics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals and in enzymatics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceuticals and in enzymatics in
+general this can be engineered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this can be engineered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general this can be engineered by
+getting a handle on the on the synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a handle on the on the synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a handle on the on the synthetic
+machinery of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery of life
+okay so that's one that's at the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one that's at the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one that's at the simple
+end of the spectrum what about going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the spectrum what about going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the spectrum what about going
+from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+that's going from atoms to cells how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going from atoms to cells how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going from atoms to cells how
+about cells to tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cells to tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cells to tissues
+when we typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we typically
+and many of you are either already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you are either already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of you are either already in
+the biotech pharmaceutical industry or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biotech pharmaceutical industry or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biotech pharmaceutical industry or
+feel that the research that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that the research that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that the research that you might be
+doing as a graduate student would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as a graduate student would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing as a graduate student would
+contribute to that in some way however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to that in some way however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to that in some way however
+indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect
+the way that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+program a computer we might fill up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a computer we might fill up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program a computer we might fill up this
+room full of laptops and go pouring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room full of laptops and go pouring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room full of laptops and go pouring
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+chemicals on them to see if they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals on them to see if they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemicals on them to see if they didn't
+produce the graphical user interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the graphical user interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the graphical user interface
+that we desire this would be the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we desire this would be the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we desire this would be the drug
+screening approach to programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening approach to programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening approach to programming
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and obviously the way we program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously the way we program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously the way we program
+actually is we work in the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is we work in the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is we work in the natural
+biopolymers of of computers which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymers of of computers which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopolymers of of computers which is the
+strings of zeros and ones represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of zeros and ones represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings of zeros and ones represented
+in the computer and we program those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computer and we program those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computer and we program those as
+long strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long strings
+and so the equivalent in cells if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the equivalent in cells if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the equivalent in cells if you
+might be to manipulate the genome itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to manipulate the genome itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be to manipulate the genome itself
+we're doing genome-level programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing genome-level programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing genome-level programming
+either at dna rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at dna rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either at dna rna
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+via nucleic acids this is not an either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via nucleic acids this is not an either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via nucleic acids this is not an either
+or this is probably something that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is probably something that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this is probably something that where
+one is augmenting by studying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is augmenting by studying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is augmenting by studying and
+programming at the at this detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming at the at this detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming at the at this detailed
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this
+manipulation of stem cells is a growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of stem cells is a growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation of stem cells is a growing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+avenue of research this this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue of research this this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue of research this this gives us
+access the stem cells of cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the stem cells of cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the stem cells of cells that are
+capable of replicating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of replicating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of replicating and
+differentiating into almost any cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating into almost any cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating into almost any cell in
+your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+rather than dosing your entire body with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than dosing your entire body with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than dosing your entire body with
+a drug you can now specifically deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug you can now specifically deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug you can now specifically deliver
+a particular cell to a particular place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular cell to a particular place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular cell to a particular place
+and have it take its uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have it take its uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have it take its uh
+its role as a replacement and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its role as a replacement and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its role as a replacement and so this is
+this is the kind of program i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of program i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of program i think we
+should be thinking about as a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking about as a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be thinking about as a grand
+challenge remember grand challenges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge remember grand challenges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge remember grand challenges are
+not going to happen tomorrow you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen tomorrow you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to happen tomorrow you have to
+do some piece of it question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+we don't really yet know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really yet know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really yet know what the
+function of a protein is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a protein is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a protein is going to be
+unless we know how it pulls right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we know how it pulls right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we know how it pulls right right
+so we might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might be able to
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what do we know about
+or rephrasing the question what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rephrasing the question what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or rephrasing the question what do we
+know about a protein before we know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a protein before we know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a protein before we know it's
+fold and actually historically we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and actually historically we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold and actually historically we knew
+more about protein much more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about protein much more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about protein much more about
+protein function than we knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein function than we knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein function than we knew about
+their folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their folding
+because the and we'll get to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the and we'll get to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the and we'll get to some of the
+definitions of functions in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of functions in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of functions in just a
+moment but you can study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but you can study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but you can study it
+biochemically in terms of what it binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemically in terms of what it binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemically in terms of what it binds
+to what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what what
+place it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it
+it holds in the replication of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds in the replication of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds in the replication of the cell
+and so on we we do know the folding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on we we do know the folding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on we we do know the folding of
+of most proteins and that will be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most proteins and that will be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most proteins and that will be part
+of the post genomic era will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the post genomic era will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the post genomic era will be
+producing the three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the three-dimensional
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+and um biochemical function of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um biochemical function of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um biochemical function of all the
+proteins but here you're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but here you're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins but here you're asking for
+changing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the parts that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parts that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the parts that you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+i mean obviously we do engineer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean obviously we do engineer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean obviously we do engineer a
+variety of physical and biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of physical and biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of physical and biological
+systems without full understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems without full understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems without full understanding
+it will an even grander challenge would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will an even grander challenge would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will an even grander challenge would
+be full understanding here we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be full understanding here we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be full understanding here we're trying
+to take subsystems that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take subsystems that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take subsystems that we do
+it could even be a highly integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even be a highly integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could even be a highly integrated
+system where you do model the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you do model the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you do model the entire
+system but there will always be gaps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but there will always be gaps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but there will always be gaps in
+your knowledge just like there are gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge just like there are gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your knowledge just like there are gaps
+in the human genome sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human genome sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human genome sequence
+and the final illustration of number c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final illustration of number c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the final illustration of number c
+is uh going up to the most complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh going up to the most complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh going up to the most complex
+systems that we that we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we that we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that we that we're dealing with
+which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morphological systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphological systems
+um and even uh and the populations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even uh and the populations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and even uh and the populations that
+result from that and here we will be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from that and here we will be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result from that and here we will be you
+you can deal with morphology in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with morphology in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can deal with morphology in a way
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+at the molecular level all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the molecular level all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the molecular level all the way up
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+morphology of assemblies of cells how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology of assemblies of cells how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morphology of assemblies of cells how
+cells aggregate and all this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells aggregate and all this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells aggregate and all this can be
+modeled and used to great effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled and used to great effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeled and used to great effect
+whether it's smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's smart
+materials or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials or
+replacements in human systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacements in human systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacements in human systems
+so let's talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk a little bit more about
+these components and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components and how they're
+interconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected
+whether we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we are
+taking these components apart or putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these components apart or putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking these components apart or putting
+them back together again we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back together again we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back together again we need to
+understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how
+how many of them there are and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them there are and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them there are and uh and
+how we're going to access them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to access them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to access them in
+databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases
+i'm illustrating this with three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm illustrating this with three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm illustrating this with three uh
+organisms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms that
+are nicely poised to show the extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nicely poised to show the extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nicely poised to show the extremes
+on the left and right and something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and right and something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and right and something in
+between so this is mycoplasma pneumoniae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so this is mycoplasma pneumoniae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so this is mycoplasma pneumoniae
+sorry mycoplasma genitalia one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry mycoplasma genitalia one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry mycoplasma genitalia one of the
+smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living
+organisms and smallest genome its genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and smallest genome its genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms and smallest genome its genome
+size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is
+a little over half a million base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little over half a million base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little over half a million base pairs
+the worms center that is elegans one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worms center that is elegans one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worms center that is elegans one of
+the first metazoan multicellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first metazoan multicellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first metazoan multicellular
+organisms sequenced was a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms sequenced was a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms sequenced was a little less
+than 100 million bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 million bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 million bases
+and the human at three billion bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the human at three billion bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the human at three billion bases
+neither the worm nor the human is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the worm nor the human is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither the worm nor the human is
+completely sequenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sequenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sequenced
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite
+the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some
+possible indications to the contrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible indications to the contrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible indications to the contrary
+there are quite a number of gaps in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a number of gaps in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are quite a number of gaps in each
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+many bacterial genomes are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bacterial genomes are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bacterial genomes are completely
+sequenced including mycoplasma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced including mycoplasma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequenced including mycoplasma the
+number of dnas in each of these you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dnas in each of these you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dnas in each of these you have
+one circular genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one circular genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one circular genome
+in many bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many bacteria
+some have multiple chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some have multiple chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some have multiple chromosomes
+the worm has seven chromosomes and human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worm has seven chromosomes and human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worm has seven chromosomes and human
+has 25. those of you who have studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 25. those of you who have studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 25. those of you who have studied
+biology or just listed in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or just listed in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or just listed in the last
+lecture where i said we had 23 pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where i said we had 23 pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where i said we had 23 pairs of
+chromosomes to segregate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to segregate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes to segregate you
+nevertheless there are 25 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless there are 25 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless there are 25 different
+kinds of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of molecules
+and i'll leave that as an exercise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll leave that as an exercise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll leave that as an exercise for
+you you can ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can ask me
+in just a couple of minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a couple of minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a couple of minutes
+the number of genes encoded in these dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of genes encoded in these dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of genes encoded in these dna
+depends on your definition of gene if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your definition of gene if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on your definition of gene if we
+define it somewhat arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it somewhat arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it somewhat arbitrarily
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a piece of inherited material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of inherited material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of inherited material that
+encodes one or more rnas where those one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes one or more rnas where those one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes one or more rnas where those one
+or more rnas share some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more rnas share some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more rnas share some of the
+the same inherited material so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same inherited material so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same inherited material so
+in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle
+there's inherited mater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's inherited mater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's inherited mater
+material which is not nucleic acid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which is not nucleic acid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which is not nucleic acid but
+for most intensive purposes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most intensive purposes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most intensive purposes these
+the genes that we'll be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes that we'll be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes that we'll be interested in
+do pass through rna on their way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pass through rna on their way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do pass through rna on their way to
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+and the number of genes in mycoplasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of genes in mycoplasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of genes in mycoplasma is
+roughly one gene per kilobase it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly one gene per kilobase it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly one gene per kilobase it's about
+500 genes or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 genes or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 genes or so
+the number in worms is estimated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number in worms is estimated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number in worms is estimated at
+um around twenty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around twenty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around twenty thousand
+and in humans it ranges from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in humans it ranges from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in humans it ranges from
+uh thirty thousand two hundred fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thirty thousand two hundred fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thirty thousand two hundred fifty
+thousand and there are betting pools on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and there are betting pools on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and there are betting pools on
+exactly how many there are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many there are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how many there are and
+there probably should be a betting pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probably should be a betting pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there probably should be a betting pool
+on when it is we will know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when it is we will know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when it is we will know how many
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+it's been announced at various times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been announced at various times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been announced at various times
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+to some extent the exact number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent the exact number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent the exact number
+um will have some softness to it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will have some softness to it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um will have some softness to it because
+some of the genes will be of marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the genes will be of marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the genes will be of marginal
+utility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility to
+the humans they will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humans they will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humans they will have
+been of some consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been of some consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been of some consequence
+maybe many generations ago but on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe many generations ago but on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe many generations ago but on a
+day-to-day basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day basis
+they will be hard to detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be hard to detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will be hard to detect the
+importance of whether that gene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of whether that gene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of whether that gene is
+present or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of rnas
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+bacteria you have a tendency to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria you have a tendency to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria you have a tendency to have
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+genes and you have rnas because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and you have rnas because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and you have rnas because the
+genes will be constructed in a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes will be constructed in a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes will be constructed in a series
+such that one rna can make it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that one rna can make it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that one rna can make it through
+multiple genes in an operon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple genes in an operon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple genes in an operon
+then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that
+operon will then make multiple proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon will then make multiple proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operon will then make multiple proteins
+so you might have slightly fewer rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have slightly fewer rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have slightly fewer rnas
+than you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you have
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+in a worms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a worms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a worms
+are an example of a multicellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an example of a multicellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an example of a multicellular
+organism that also has operons where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that also has operons where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that also has operons where
+genes will be strung together they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes will be strung together they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes will be strung together they tend
+to be shorter and fewer in number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shorter and fewer in number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be shorter and fewer in number
+but then they but that doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they but that doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they but that doesn't just
+reduce the number of rnas you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of rnas you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the number of rnas you can then
+increase them because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase them because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase them because you have
+alternative splicing where the rnas will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative splicing where the rnas will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative splicing where the rnas will
+be made up of multiple pieces called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made up of multiple pieces called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made up of multiple pieces called
+exons which are stitched together by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons which are stitched together by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons which are stitched together by a
+specific biochemical machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific biochemical machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific biochemical machine
+splicing machinery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing machinery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing machinery and
+that could happen in more than one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen in more than one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen in more than one way
+they tend to be in a linear order in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be in a linear order in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to be in a linear order in the
+genome but there's exotic mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome but there's exotic mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome but there's exotic mechanisms
+like tran splicing where you pull up an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tran splicing where you pull up an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tran splicing where you pull up an
+exon from a completely different part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exon from a completely different part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exon from a completely different part of
+the genome and and splicing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome and and splicing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome and and splicing them
+together so this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this number
+is larger than the number of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than the number of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is larger than the number of genes
+because one gene can produce multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one gene can produce multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one gene can produce multiple
+rnas by alternative splicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for proteins there's additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins there's additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for proteins there's additional
+diversification and that you can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification and that you can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversification and that you can modify
+the rnas in various ways and prokaryotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rnas in various ways and prokaryotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rnas in various ways and prokaryotes
+the number of rna modifications is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of rna modifications is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of rna modifications is
+relatively limited but the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively limited but the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively limited but the number of
+protein modifications starts to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein modifications starts to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein modifications starts to go up
+you can have proteolytic modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have proteolytic modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have proteolytic modifications
+phosphorylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylation
+of various amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of various amino acids
+and uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and in
+multicellular organisms like worms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular organisms like worms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular organisms like worms in
+humans the number of modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans the number of modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans the number of modifications
+reaches up into about 250 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches up into about 250 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches up into about 250 different
+amino modified amino acids of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino modified amino acids of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino modified amino acids of the basic
+20 amino acids which we'll talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 amino acids which we'll talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 amino acids which we'll talk about in
+just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment
+the number of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cell
+types in a very simple organism in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types in a very simple organism in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types in a very simple organism in a
+very simple environment might be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple environment might be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple environment might be as
+little as what we don't really know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as what we don't really know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little as what we don't really know how
+many cell types there are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cell types there are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cell types there are but
+but basically all the cell types for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically all the cell types for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically all the cell types for an
+organism like mycoplasma look fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism like mycoplasma look fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism like mycoplasma look fairly
+similar morphologically and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar morphologically and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar morphologically and probably
+functionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally
+on the other hand the worm has 595
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the worm has 595
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the worm has 595
+500 959
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 959
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 959
+cells and those three this is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and those three this is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and those three this is three
+significant figures which is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures which is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures which is pretty good
+for biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology
+and uh these are non-gonadal cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh these are non-gonadal cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh these are non-gonadal cells
+and the reason we know this so precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we know this so precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason we know this so precisely
+is the entire lineage the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entire lineage the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entire lineage the entire
+division of all the cells have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of all the cells have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of all the cells have been
+mapped out for this worm and we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped out for this worm and we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped out for this worm and we'll show
+this a few slides from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a few slides from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a few slides from now
+humans on the other hand uh not only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans on the other hand uh not only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans on the other hand uh not only is
+the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of uh
+the lineages is very poorly defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lineages is very poorly defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lineages is very poorly defined for
+most of the cell types human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cell types human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the cell types human body
+and even the number of cell types is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the number of cell types is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the number of cell types is
+unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some people will estimate as few as 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will estimate as few as 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people will estimate as few as 200
+cell types this is just a sound bite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types this is just a sound bite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types this is just a sound bite
+that just made up as far as i can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just made up as far as i can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just made up as far as i can tell
+some people say two hundred thousand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say two hundred thousand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people say two hundred thousand uh
+it's probably a safe bet that a given at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a safe bet that a given at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably a safe bet that a given at
+any given time point there are fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time point there are fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given time point there are fewer
+than ten to the fourteenth cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ten to the fourteenth cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ten to the fourteenth cell types
+this is probably not very reassuring for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably not very reassuring for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably not very reassuring for
+those of you who would like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who would like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who would like to say
+measure expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure expression
+in all the different cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the different cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the different cell types
+because 10 to the 14th expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 10 to the 14th expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 10 to the 14th expression
+patterns would be quite a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns would be quite a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns would be quite a number
+in addition uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition uh
+you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh
+various developmental stages where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various developmental stages where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various developmental stages where
+let's say you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have uh
+as you grow from single cell to 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you grow from single cell to 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you grow from single cell to 10 to
+the 14 cells you pass through stages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14 cells you pass through stages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 14 cells you pass through stages and
+what may be appear to be the same cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may be appear to be the same cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what may be appear to be the same cell
+type in at one stage and an earlier time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in at one stage and an earlier time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type in at one stage and an earlier time
+point may have completely different gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point may have completely different gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point may have completely different gene
+expression that is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that is known
+even though the total number of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the total number of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the total number of cell
+types is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yes i meant to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes i meant to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes i meant to to
+caution you that just that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you that just that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caution you that just that that the
+terminology here is used uh quite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here is used uh quite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology here is used uh quite uh
+loosely gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loosely gene
+gene expression is often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression is often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression is often used
+interchangeably with rna expression uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably with rna expression uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably with rna expression uh
+clearly uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly uh and then
+in almost the same paper they will refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost the same paper they will refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in almost the same paper they will refer
+to as genes as protein encoding genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as genes as protein encoding genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as genes as protein encoding genes
+completely sidestepping uh a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sidestepping uh a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sidestepping uh a large
+number of rnas which really are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rnas which really are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rnas which really are
+never uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never uh
+translated into proteins such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into proteins such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated into proteins such as
+ribosomal rnas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal rnas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomal rnas are
+trnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small nuclear rnas and a whole variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small nuclear rnas and a whole variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small nuclear rnas and a whole variety
+of regulatory rnas rnai's and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulatory rnas rnai's and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regulatory rnas rnai's and so forth
+is becoming very important this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming very important this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is becoming very important this class of
+rnas which stay as rnas so be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas which stay as rnas so be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas which stay as rnas so be careful
+when when people use genes and rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when people use genes and rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when people use genes and rnas
+interchangeably or genes and proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably or genes and proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably or genes and proteins
+interchangeably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is
+an example of molecular morphology a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of molecular morphology a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of molecular morphology a
+particularly elegant uh example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly elegant uh example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly elegant uh example
+that illustrated last time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that illustrated last time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that illustrated last time it
+the in a certain sense the morphology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a certain sense the morphology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a certain sense the morphology of
+these two strands of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two strands of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two strands of dna
+greatly go a long way towards explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly go a long way towards explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly go a long way towards explaining
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+inheritance and fidelity of of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and fidelity of of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and fidelity of of the basic
+macromolecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecule
+which stores the information what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stores the information what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which stores the information what we're
+going to do is expand on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is expand on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is expand on the on the
+look outside of these bases which form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look outside of these bases which form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look outside of these bases which form
+the the base pairs uh down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the base pairs uh down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the base pairs uh down the
+that have stacked up along the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have stacked up along the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have stacked up along the core of
+the dna to look at what how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna to look at what how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna to look at what how they're
+actually covalently attached what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually covalently attached what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually covalently attached what the
+precursors are when we go from monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors are when we go from monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precursors are when we go from monomers
+to polymers we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to polymers we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to polymers we're going to talk about
+polymer synthesis for the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer synthesis for the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer synthesis for the next few
+slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in order to get this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get this this
+this exquisite base pairing here which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exquisite base pairing here which a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exquisite base pairing here which a
+recent article has argued is is optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent article has argued is is optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent article has argued is is optimal
+of all the different base pairs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different base pairs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the different base pairs that
+could have formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have formed
+in the prebiotic times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prebiotic times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the prebiotic times
+this is these are some of the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are some of the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are some of the optimal
+alignment of hydrogen bonds but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of hydrogen bonds but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment of hydrogen bonds but the
+hydrogen bond just guides the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond just guides the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond just guides the base
+pairing the polymerization occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing the polymerization occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing the polymerization occurs
+in something not shown on this slide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something not shown on this slide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in something not shown on this slide but
+shown on the sub on the next line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the sub on the next line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the sub on the next line
+here are the the two two examples two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the the two two examples two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the the two two examples two
+very similar uh bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar uh bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar uh bases
+for dna and rna this is the the monomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dna and rna this is the the monomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dna and rna this is the the monomers
+that are polymerized by enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are polymerized by enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are polymerized by enzymes
+polymerases to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerases to make
+dna and rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna and rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna and rna
+so on the top is the deoxy atp and below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the top is the deoxy atp and below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on the top is the deoxy atp and below
+is the riboatp riboatp is distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the riboatp riboatp is distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the riboatp riboatp is distinguished
+not only as a precursor for polymer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only as a precursor for polymer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only as a precursor for polymer but
+it's one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biomolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecules
+providing energy or transmitting energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing energy or transmitting energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing energy or transmitting energy
+from one part of the cell to another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one part of the cell to another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one part of the cell to another one
+machine to another if you looked at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to another if you looked at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to another if you looked at a
+network diagram of the metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network diagram of the metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network diagram of the metabolism
+riboatp would probably be one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboatp would probably be one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboatp would probably be one of the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+is one of the most highly connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the most highly connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the most highly connected
+nodes in that graph it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in that graph it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in that graph it's
+it's it's connected hundreds of times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's connected hundreds of times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's connected hundreds of times in
+a graph where many things are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph where many things are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph where many things are connected
+once or twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once or twice
+and this is the structure this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the structure this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the structure this is the
+base here in skeletal form and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base here in skeletal form and space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base here in skeletal form and space
+filling form the space filling form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling form the space filling form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling form the space filling form uh
+aside from the colors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from the colors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside from the colors is
+is a is getting to be a more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is getting to be a more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a is getting to be a more accurate
+representation of the electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the electron density
+sort of the electron density you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the electron density you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the electron density you might
+observe in crystallography or in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in crystallography or in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe in crystallography or in quantum
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+but the skeletal form allows you to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the skeletal form allows you to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the skeletal form allows you to see
+some of the hidden atoms a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the hidden atoms a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the hidden atoms a little bit
+better you can see the nitrogens are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can see the nitrogens are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can see the nitrogens are
+color coded for by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color coded for by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color coded for by
+by blue and the phosphates and sulfurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by blue and the phosphates and sulfurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by blue and the phosphates and sulfurs
+but in this case phosphates but yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case phosphates but yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case phosphates but yellow
+and the oxygens by red carbon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oxygens by red carbon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oxygens by red carbon's
+gray or black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray or black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray or black
+and so what you see is the only real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see is the only real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you see is the only real
+difference between the deoxy atp and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the deoxy atp and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the deoxy atp and the
+riboatp refers to this oxygen at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboatp refers to this oxygen at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riboatp refers to this oxygen at the two
+prime position which is uh the deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh they both they both share the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh they both they both share the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh they both they both share the uh
+the the this ribose and phosphate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this ribose and phosphate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the this ribose and phosphate which
+which were what was not represented on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were what was not represented on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were what was not represented on
+the previous slide are the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide are the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide are the are the
+repeating backbone you go from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating backbone you go from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating backbone you go from this
+three prime hydroxyl the numbering here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl the numbering here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl the numbering here
+by the way for the ribose has primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way for the ribose has primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way for the ribose has primes
+after it to distinguish it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it to distinguish it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it to distinguish it from the
+numbering of the bases these were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering of the bases these were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering of the bases these were just
+studied chemically by chemists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied chemically by chemists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied chemically by chemists and
+numbered independently and so when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered independently and so when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbered independently and so when they
+were found in the same molecule you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were found in the same molecule you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were found in the same molecule you had
+to have a separate so that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a separate so that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a separate so that's the reason
+throughout the rest of this course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the rest of this course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the rest of this course and
+the rest of your life probably you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your life probably you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of your life probably you'll be
+referring to things going from five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to things going from five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to things going from five
+prime to three prime it's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to three prime it's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to three prime it's because the
+the people studying the bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people studying the bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people studying the bases
+one over the people studying the riboses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the people studying the riboses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the people studying the riboses
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+anyway so the last two phosphates just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the last two phosphates just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the last two phosphates just
+provide a higher higher energy bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a higher higher energy bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a higher higher energy bonds and
+these these by equilibrium is pushed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these by equilibrium is pushed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these by equilibrium is pushed so
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+so that this whole uh splitting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this whole uh splitting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this whole uh splitting and
+polymerization is a very favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization is a very favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization is a very favorable
+in terms of free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of free energy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+as we discuss so those were the nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss so those were the nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discuss so those were the nucleic
+acid components and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid components and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid components and then
+the proteins that they encode and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins that they encode and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins that they encode and the
+proteins are required for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are required for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are required for the
+replication of the nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication of the nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication of the nucleic acid
+components are made up of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are made up of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are made up of simple
+derivatives of glycine which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of glycine which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of glycine which can be
+represented full name three-letter code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented full name three-letter code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented full name three-letter code
+one letter code you should you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter code you should you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter code you should you should
+learn the 21-letter codes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the 21-letter codes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the 21-letter codes because
+they're very valuable in this course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very valuable in this course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very valuable in this course and
+in bioinformatics in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bioinformatics in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bioinformatics in general
+again the same color coding here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same color coding here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same color coding here you
+have nitrogen carb this is the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nitrogen carb this is the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nitrogen carb this is the central
+carbon of c alpha and this is a carboxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of c alpha and this is a carboxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon of c alpha and this is a carboxyl
+group so this is as an amino acid as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so this is as an amino acid as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so this is as an amino acid as a
+zwitter ion with a positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zwitter ion with a positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zwitter ion with a positively charged
+nitrogen and negatively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and negatively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and negatively charged
+carboxylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxylate
+and the way you represent this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you represent this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you represent this
+in a computer you can either represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a computer you can either represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a computer you can either represent
+it as a pretty picture here either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a pretty picture here either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a pretty picture here either
+skeletal or space filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal or space filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeletal or space filling
+that's of course represented by zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course represented by zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of course represented by zeros
+and ones but it's not a very useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones but it's not a very useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones but it's not a very useful way
+for searching merging or checking right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for searching merging or checking right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for searching merging or checking right
+it's going to if you rotate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to if you rotate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to if you rotate this
+slightly in three dimensions it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly in three dimensions it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly in three dimensions it's going
+to give a completely different image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a completely different image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a completely different image and
+it'll be hard to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be hard to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be hard to search
+you could represent it as the three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could represent it as the three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could represent it as the three the
+coordinates the x y and z coordinates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the x y and z coordinates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the x y and z coordinates of
+each of these atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these atoms
+and that is something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something that you can
+search but you also need to represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search but you also need to represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search but you also need to represent it
+in a in a way that uh represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a way that uh represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a way that uh represents the
+hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+structure by which these things form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by which these things form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure by which these things form
+covalent bonds and so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds and so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalent bonds and so that you can
+recognize groups groupings of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize groups groupings of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize groups groupings of atoms
+into polymers polymers into assemblies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into polymers polymers into assemblies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into polymers polymers into assemblies
+and so all the way up and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the way up and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the way up and this is an
+example of such a hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of such a hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of such a hierarchical
+description which would be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description which would be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description which would be you know
+recognizable to all the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable to all the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable to all the computer
+scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists
+here uh if they were comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if they were comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh if they were comfortable with
+some of the biochemical terms so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the biochemical terms so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the biochemical terms so here's
+the configuration of this thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of this thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the configuration of this thing we're
+calling glycine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling glycine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling glycine um
+by the way there'll be a lot of jargon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there'll be a lot of jargon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there'll be a lot of jargon
+in this court for those of you that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this court for those of you that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this court for those of you that are
+computer scientists um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists um
+the point of this course is not to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this course is not to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of this course is not to give
+you an encyclopedic knowledge it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an encyclopedic knowledge it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an encyclopedic knowledge it's more
+to flesh out the concepts that supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flesh out the concepts that supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flesh out the concepts that supplies
+both the computer and biologists in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the computer and biologists in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the computer and biologists in the
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+and so if you learn a lot of facts some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you learn a lot of facts some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you learn a lot of facts some
+will hold it against you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hold it against you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will hold it against you but
+but every time you see a piece of jargon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every time you see a piece of jargon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but every time you see a piece of jargon
+you think i haven't defined it just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think i haven't defined it just call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think i haven't defined it just call
+it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know
+you know fred or george or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fred or george or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know fred or george or something
+like that it's an arbitrary name it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's an arbitrary name it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that it's an arbitrary name it will
+be defined in the databases and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined in the databases and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be defined in the databases and that's
+what the database is for keeping track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the database is for keeping track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the database is for keeping track
+of this but you will have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this but you will have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this but you will have to understand
+the concepts and the concept here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts and the concept here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts and the concept here we're
+trying to illustrate different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to illustrate different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to illustrate different ways of
+representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the
+molecular definitions here by describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular definitions here by describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular definitions here by describing
+the the the syntax as you would um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the syntax as you would um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the syntax as you would um in in
+breaking up a english sentence into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up a english sentence into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up a english sentence into its
+structure um so you have here it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um so you have here it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um so you have here it's it
+has a substituent of a backbone here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a substituent of a backbone here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a substituent of a backbone here
+in order to try to tie together all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to tie together all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to try to tie together all
+amino acids you've made something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids you've made something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids you've made something that's
+a little nonsensical which is you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little nonsensical which is you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little nonsensical which is you talk
+about the l backbone of amino acid all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the l backbone of amino acid all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the l backbone of amino acid all
+the amino acids except for glycine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids except for glycine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids except for glycine
+actually have a handedness that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a handedness that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a handedness that is to
+say if you hold them up in the mirror it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you hold them up in the mirror it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you hold them up in the mirror it
+looks different from what the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks different from what the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks different from what the thing that
+you're holding in your hand if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding in your hand if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding in your hand if you take
+a say a space-filling model hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say a space-filling model hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a say a space-filling model hold the
+mirror and the reason is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and the reason is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror and the reason is that you can
+have these two hydrogens here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two hydrogens here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two hydrogens here and
+glycine will have an actual side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine will have an actual side chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycine will have an actual side chain
+coming off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off
+in amino acids and if it comes off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amino acids and if it comes off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in amino acids and if it comes off
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here then it's a d amino acid it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it's a d amino acid it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then it's a d amino acid it comes
+off of the other hydrogen uh it's an l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the other hydrogen uh it's an l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the other hydrogen uh it's an l
+amino acid so here you're saying natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid so here you're saying natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid so here you're saying natural
+amino acids are l amino acids and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are l amino acids and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids are l amino acids and so you
+want to take this l backbone and put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take this l backbone and put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take this l backbone and put a
+substitution on it that substituent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution on it that substituent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution on it that substituent is
+hyd for hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyd for hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyd for hydrogen
+and it's linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's linked
+through carbon 1 to another hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through carbon 1 to another hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through carbon 1 to another hydrogen and
+so forth mil means nothing and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth mil means nothing and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth mil means nothing and here's
+another way of representing it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of representing it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of representing it slightly
+more compact you can think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compact you can think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more compact you can think of this as
+just one long string even though it's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one long string even though it's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one long string even though it's on
+multiple lines here's one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lines here's one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lines here's one that's
+definitely the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the bottom line
+is uh is you've got this ch2 group this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is you've got this ch2 group this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is you've got this ch2 group this
+methylene group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene group
+uh right in the middle uh bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right in the middle uh bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right in the middle uh bounded by
+this positively charged nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positively charged nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this positively charged nitrogen and
+negatively charged carboxyl group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged carboxyl group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged carboxyl group
+so you can see these these uh nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these these uh nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see these these uh nested
+parenthetical ways of indicating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical ways of indicating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthetical ways of indicating the
+hierarchy this allows you to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy this allows you to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy this allows you to search
+through complicated databases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through complicated databases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through complicated databases of
+compounds looking for shared properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds looking for shared properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds looking for shared properties
+say of all the drugs that bind to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of all the drugs that bind to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of all the drugs that bind to a
+receptor whether or not you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor whether or not you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor whether or not you know the
+structure of the receptor if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the receptor if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the receptor if you know
+their structure of the drugs you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their structure of the drugs you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their structure of the drugs you can do
+a structure activity relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's the significance of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the significance of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's the significance of the fact
+that you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've got the
+amino group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino group and
+both at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the end
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're asking what why is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what why is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking what why is a particular
+order well you can think of this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order well you can think of this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order well you can think of this like
+with your calculators you can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your calculators you can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your calculators you can either
+enter enter them in the natural way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter enter them in the natural way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter enter them in the natural way that
+you do it or you can do reverse polish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it or you can do reverse polish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it or you can do reverse polish
+notation and and different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and and different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and and different different
+ways of setting up syntax have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of setting up syntax have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of setting up syntax have this
+different thing if you really wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing if you really wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing if you really wanted to
+research this you'd look into the smiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research this you'd look into the smiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research this you'd look into the smiles
+definition this is a particular chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is a particular chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is a particular chemical
+definition and they could justify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and they could justify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and they could justify this
+much better than i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are 20 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are 20 amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are 20 amino acids
+in the simple genetic code there are 280
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple genetic code there are 280
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple genetic code there are 280
+that are post synthetic modifications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are post synthetic modifications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are post synthetic modifications of
+these simple 20 amino acids we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple 20 amino acids we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these simple 20 amino acids we've been
+talking about glycine as the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about glycine as the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about glycine as the basic
+backbone shown here in black on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone shown here in black on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone shown here in black on this
+slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide um
+and in blue are these these side chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in blue are these these side chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in blue are these these side chains
+that lin linded its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lin linded its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lin linded its
+its chiral nature it's it's nature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its chiral nature it's it's nature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its chiral nature it's it's nature that
+has a mirror image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a mirror image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a mirror image
+and each of them provides the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them provides the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them provides the properties
+which are color coded here orange have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are color coded here orange have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are color coded here orange have
+the property that that the side chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that that the side chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that that the side chains
+and hence the the amino acid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence the the amino acid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence the the amino acid and the
+protein are hydrophobic they they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein are hydrophobic they they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein are hydrophobic they they try to
+get out of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of water
+they're they're not they try to bury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not they try to bury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're not they try to bury
+themselves in other hydrophobic moieties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in other hydrophobic moieties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in other hydrophobic moieties
+like other amino acids like this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other amino acids like this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other amino acids like this in the
+core proteins or in lipids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core proteins or in lipids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core proteins or in lipids
+which are hydrophobic as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are hydrophobic as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are hydrophobic as well
+green or hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green or hydrophilic
+blue and red are also hydrophilic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and red are also hydrophilic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue and red are also hydrophilic but
+they're not only that so they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not only that so they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not only that so they're also
+charged the red ones being negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged the red ones being negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged the red ones being negatively
+charged as as in the red of oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged as as in the red of oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged as as in the red of oxygen and
+blue being positively charged is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue being positively charged is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue being positively charged is in the
+blue of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue of nitrogen
+and the yellow being the sulfur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow being the sulfur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yellow being the sulfur
+containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing
+moderately hydrophilic amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately hydrophilic amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately hydrophilic amino acids
+you can have more than one chiral center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have more than one chiral center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have more than one chiral center
+of symmetry like this this mirror image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetry like this this mirror image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetry like this this mirror image
+you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two
+such centers as in threonine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such centers as in threonine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such centers as in threonine
+so now we're going to put these amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to put these amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're going to put these amino
+acids in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in the context
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+the central dogma going from dna to rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central dogma going from dna to rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central dogma going from dna to rna
+to protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to protein
+we want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to uh
+illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate
+this in in a case of a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in a case of a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in a case of a very complicated
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+and a very elegant and simple algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very elegant and simple algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very elegant and simple algorithm
+this algorithm is simple because biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is simple because biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this algorithm is simple because biology
+cooperates largely with us the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperates largely with us the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperates largely with us the code
+unlike many codes in biology is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike many codes in biology is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike many codes in biology is is
+fairly universal found in almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly universal found in almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly universal found in almost all
+organisms in the same form and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms in the same form and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms in the same form and it's very
+strict and with with relatively few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict and with with relatively few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict and with with relatively few
+exceptions where you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions where you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions where you have three
+nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides
+which encode one amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which encode one amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which encode one amino acid
+so there are 64 possible trinucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are 64 possible trinucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are 64 possible trinucleotides
+right four to the third power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four to the third power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right four to the third power
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+most of those trinucleotides encode some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those trinucleotides encode some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of those trinucleotides encode some
+amino acid the exceptions are stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid the exceptions are stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid the exceptions are stop
+codons indicated here little dashes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons indicated here little dashes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codons indicated here little dashes in
+this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table
+and so let's just go through the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just go through the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just go through the table
+because that's the algorithm part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the algorithm part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the algorithm part of it
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the color coded amino acids in here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color coded amino acids in here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color coded amino acids in here in
+the single little code remember orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single little code remember orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single little code remember orange
+is hydrophobic green is hydrophilic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hydrophobic green is hydrophilic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hydrophobic green is hydrophilic
+blue is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is positive
+and red is negative amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red is negative amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red is negative amino acids
+and what we have is an example would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have is an example would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have is an example would be
+aug on the messenger rna this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aug on the messenger rna this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aug on the messenger rna this is the
+going from dna to rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from dna to rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from dna to rna
+is uh decoded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh decoded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh decoded by
+a complementary trinucleotide on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complementary trinucleotide on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complementary trinucleotide on this
+transfer rna here it's sort of unfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rna here it's sort of unfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rna here it's sort of unfolded
+uh but in re in reality and in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in re in reality and in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but in re in reality and in in the
+last lecture and in the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture and in the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture and in the next couple of
+slides you will see it more folded up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you will see it more folded up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides you will see it more folded up
+but this is unfolding it to show the 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is unfolding it to show the 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is unfolding it to show the 76
+nucleotides or so of the transfer rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides or so of the transfer rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides or so of the transfer rna
+which has been pre-loaded with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been pre-loaded with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has been pre-loaded with a with a
+an enzyme which is truly the miraculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme which is truly the miraculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme which is truly the miraculous
+part of the genetic code which is amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the genetic code which is amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the genetic code which is amino
+acid trna synthetases which recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid trna synthetases which recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid trna synthetases which recognize
+the transfer rna recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer rna recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer rna recognize this
+methionine away from all the 20 other 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine away from all the 20 other 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methionine away from all the 20 other 20
+amino acids and put it on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and put it on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and put it on the right
+transfer rna once that's done then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rna once that's done then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rna once that's done then the
+rest is base pairing mostly very watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is base pairing mostly very watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is base pairing mostly very watson
+quick base pairing or something like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick base pairing or something like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick base pairing or something like it
+where the first two positions dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first two positions dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first two positions dominate
+and the second one can wobble here a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one can wobble here a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one can wobble here a g
+and a u is not part of the apg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a u is not part of the apg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a u is not part of the apg
+canon of watson and crick but it's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canon of watson and crick but it's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canon of watson and crick but it's close
+enough and it allows some ambiguity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and it allows some ambiguity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and it allows some ambiguity at
+this third position so for example uuu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third position so for example uuu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this third position so for example uuu
+not only includes phenylalanine but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only includes phenylalanine but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only includes phenylalanine but you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+c can also hear that the triplet in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c can also hear that the triplet in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c can also hear that the triplet in this
+table is u x u where the x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is u x u where the x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is u x u where the x is
+u c a or g along the top of the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u c a or g along the top of the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u c a or g along the top of the table
+and so you can look this you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can look this you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can look this you basically
+look up the trinucleotide in a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the trinucleotide in a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the trinucleotide in a table
+like this in the computer and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the computer and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the computer and you can
+find the corresponding amino acid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the corresponding amino acid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the corresponding amino acid this
+allows you to go basically from a dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go basically from a dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to go basically from a dna
+sequence to an rna sequence to a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to an rna sequence to a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to an rna sequence to a protein
+in the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's
+so okay that sounded too simple well i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay that sounded too simple well i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay that sounded too simple well i'm
+going to give you a couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a couple of slides
+that illustrate why it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that illustrate why it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that illustrate why it's more
+complicated first of all why it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated first of all why it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated first of all why it's more
+complicated biochemically is not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated biochemically is not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated biochemically is not only do
+you have that amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein molecule sometimes one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein molecule sometimes one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein molecule sometimes one or two
+subunit proteins are sufficient to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit proteins are sufficient to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit proteins are sufficient to take
+these trnas here encoded by red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trnas here encoded by red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these trnas here encoded by red and
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+where one amino acid is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one amino acid is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one amino acid is going to be
+added to the growing peptide chain on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the growing peptide chain on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added to the growing peptide chain on
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+and the two the two business ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two the two business ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two the two business ends of the
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+that are responsible for handing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are responsible for handing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are responsible for handing off
+amino acids where they get coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids where they get coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids where they get coupled
+together in this polymerization reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in this polymerization reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in this polymerization reaction
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+transfer rnas have been properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rnas have been properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer rnas have been properly
+charged by the amino acid tna synthetase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged by the amino acid tna synthetase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged by the amino acid tna synthetase
+but then they have this require this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they have this require this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then they have this require this
+truly huge apparatus one of the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly huge apparatus one of the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly huge apparatus one of the largest
+molecular machines in the cell arguably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machines in the cell arguably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular machines in the cell arguably
+similar or larger than any other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar or larger than any other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar or larger than any other one
+which which which allows the messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which which allows the messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which which allows the messenger
+rna not shown to bind to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna not shown to bind to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna not shown to bind to these two
+trinucleotides in the tree rnas and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinucleotides in the tree rnas and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinucleotides in the tree rnas and then
+a catalytic reaction occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catalytic reaction occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a catalytic reaction occurs
+where the amino acid is shifted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the amino acid is shifted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the amino acid is shifted from
+from one trna to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one trna to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one trna to the other
+making a growing peptide chain and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a growing peptide chain and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a growing peptide chain and this
+chemical reaction here shown with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction here shown with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reaction here shown with all
+these circles and arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles and arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circles and arrows
+for the for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the uh
+chemical bond reformation is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond reformation is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond reformation is actually
+catalyzed by an rna this is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by an rna this is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by an rna this is the second
+rna catalyst that we've talked about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna catalyst that we've talked about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna catalyst that we've talked about in
+this course the first one was briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course the first one was briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course the first one was briefly
+mentioned on the subject of replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned on the subject of replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned on the subject of replication
+in last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last class
+where where you can find rnas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you can find rnas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where you can find rnas that
+can be engineered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be engineered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be engineered
+and probably existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably existed
+in other scenarios which can replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other scenarios which can replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other scenarios which can replicate
+using small molecule precursors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using small molecule precursors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using small molecule precursors
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+by far most catalysts that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far most catalysts that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by far most catalysts that we will be
+dealing with will be proteins but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with will be proteins but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with will be proteins but in
+order to get the proteins we need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the proteins we need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the proteins we need this
+really complicated ribozyme rna enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated ribozyme rna enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated ribozyme rna enzyme
+to catalyze this here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalyze this here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to catalyze this here the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+white are the base pairs the watson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white are the base pairs the watson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white are the base pairs the watson
+crick and non-watson creek base pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crick and non-watson creek base pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crick and non-watson creek base pairs of
+the rna the gold is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna the gold is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna the gold is the
+backbone ribosome phosphates of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone ribosome phosphates of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone ribosome phosphates of all of
+those rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rnas
+and then the blue are the proteins which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the blue are the proteins which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the blue are the proteins which
+you can see are mostly out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see are mostly out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see are mostly out of the
+periphery not involved in the either the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery not involved in the either the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periphery not involved in the either the
+enzymatic reaction or the recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reaction or the recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymatic reaction or the recognition
+reaction that does the decoding at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that does the decoding at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that does the decoding at the
+trinucleotide codon level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinucleotide codon level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trinucleotide codon level
+this is uh made up of total of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh made up of total of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh made up of total of three
+rnas here here you see two of the rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas here here you see two of the rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas here here you see two of the rnas
+in the large subunit there's a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the large subunit there's a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the large subunit there's a small
+subunit that fits on top of this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit that fits on top of this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit that fits on top of this which
+would mask the reaction we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mask the reaction we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would mask the reaction we were
+interested in over 50 different proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in over 50 different proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in over 50 different proteins
+and the complete three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complete three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complete three-dimensional
+structure is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is known
+from a variety of different organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a variety of different organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a variety of different organisms
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+after the break we will then take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the break we will then take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the break we will then take this
+table that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that we had
+and the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the complex
+biochemical machinery have and turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical machinery have and turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical machinery have and turn it
+into a program that does the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a program that does the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a program that does the central
+dogma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+dna to rna protein take a brief break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna to rna protein take a brief break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna to rna protein take a brief break
+and come back we'll talk about this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eeMJg4uI7o0.txt b/eeMJg4uI7o0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99735523e83b64bf59794282efe3bdbcf254c037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eeMJg4uI7o0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1936 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as long as I'm introducing the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as I'm introducing the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as long as I'm introducing the idea
+of a vector space I better introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector space I better introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector space I better introduce the
+things that go with it the idea of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go with it the idea of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that go with it the idea of its
+Dimension and all important the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and all important the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and all important the idea of
+a basis for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for that
+space that space could be all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that space could be all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that space could be all of
+three-dimensional space the space we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space the space we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space the space we
+live in in that case the dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in in that case the dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in in that case the dimension is
+three but what's the meaning of a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but what's the meaning of a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but what's the meaning of a basis
+a basis for three-dimensional space or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for three-dimensional space or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for three-dimensional space or a
+basis for other spaces okay so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for other spaces okay so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for other spaces okay so I have to
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+Independence basis and dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence basis and dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence basis and dimension
+dimension's easy if you get the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension's easy if you get the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension's easy if you get the first
+two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay
+Independence in are those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence in are those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence in are those vectors
+independent well if I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent well if I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent well if I draw
+them in three-dimensional space I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in three-dimensional space I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in three-dimensional space I can
+imagine 215 going in some Direction let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 215 going in some Direction let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 215 going in some Direction let
+me draw it how's that 215 whatever grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw it how's that 215 whatever grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me draw it how's that 215 whatever grows
+there that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's a
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay now is A2 on the same line if A2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is A2 on the same line if A2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is A2 on the same line if A2 is
+on the same line then it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same line then it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same line then it would be
+dependent the two vectors would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent the two vectors would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent the two vectors would be
+dependent if they're on the same line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if they're on the same line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if they're on the same line
+but this one is not on that line it's 42
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one is not on that line it's 42
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this one is not on that line it's 42
+0 so it doesn't go up at all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so it doesn't go up at all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so it doesn't go up at all it's
+somewhere in this plane 42 0 I'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this plane 42 0 I'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this plane 42 0 I'll say
+there whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there whatever
+A2 so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 so those are
+independent now now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent now now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent now now where
+does so they their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so they their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does so they their
+combinations give me a space their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give me a space their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations give me a space their
+combinations of A1 and A2 give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A1 and A2 give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of A1 and A2 give me a
+plane a flat plane in three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a flat plane in three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane a flat plane in three-dimensional
+space that plane is I would say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that plane is I would say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that plane is I would say they
+span the plane A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2
+span a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane and here's the key word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and here's the key word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and here's the key word
+span so there are two vectors they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span so there are two vectors they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span so there are two vectors they're in
+three-dimensional space and the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space and the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space and the plane
+they span is all their combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they span is all their combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they span is all their combinations
+that's what we're always doing taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're always doing taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're always doing taking
+all the combinations of these vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the combinations of these vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the combinations of these vectors
+okay so so there and and and actually A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there and and and actually A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there and and and actually A1
+and A2 are a basis for that plane A1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 are a basis for that plane A1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A2 are a basis for that plane A1 and
+A2 are a basis for that plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 are a basis for that plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 are a basis for that plane
+because they their combinations fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they their combinations fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they their combinations fill the
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+and also they're independent I I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're independent I I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're independent I I need
+them both if I threw away one I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both if I threw away one I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both if I threw away one I would
+only have one vector left and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one vector left and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one vector left and it would
+only span a line okay now let me bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only span a line okay now let me bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only span a line okay now let me bring
+in a third Vector in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a third Vector in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a third Vector in three dimensions
+well what shall I take for that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what shall I take for that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what shall I take for that third
+Vector huh suppose I take A1 Plus A2 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector huh suppose I take A1 Plus A2 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector huh suppose I take A1 Plus A2 as
+my third Vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my third Vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my third Vector so
+635 what about the vector 635 what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+635 what about the vector 635 what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+635 what about the vector 635 what what
+do I know it's obviously special it's A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know it's obviously special it's A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I know it's obviously special it's A1
++
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++
+A2 it's in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 it's in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 it's in the same
+plane so if I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so if I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so if I took
+A3 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+635 that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependent if the three vectors would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if the three vectors would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent if the three vectors would be
+dependent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent with that
+A3 they would span the plane still their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 they would span the plane still their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 they would span the plane still their
+combinations would still give the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations would still give the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations would still give the plane
+but they wouldn't be a basis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they wouldn't be a basis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they wouldn't be a basis for the
+plane A1 and A2 and A3 together that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane A1 and A2 and A3 together that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane A1 and A2 and A3 together that's
+too much too many vectors for a s single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much too many vectors for a s single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much too many vectors for a s single
+plane the vectors are dependent and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the vectors are dependent and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the vectors are dependent and we
+don't a basis has to be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't a basis has to be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't a basis has to be independent
+vectors you have to need them all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you have to need them all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors you have to need them all we
+don't need all three here so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need all three here so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need all three here so that's a
+dependent one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent one it
+it it can't it won't go in can't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can't it won't go in can't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can't it won't go in can't go into
+a basis with A1 and A2 because the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis with A1 and A2 because the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis with A1 and A2 because the three
+vectors are dependent now let me make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are dependent now let me make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are dependent now let me make a
+different choice so that that was dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice so that that was dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different choice so that that was dead
+that did not do it all right let me take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did not do it all right let me take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did not do it all right let me take
+A3 equal some other not a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 equal some other not a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 equal some other not a combination of
+these but headed off in some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but headed off in some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but headed off in some new
+Direction well I don't know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction well I don't know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction well I don't know what that
+new direction is maybe one0 what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new direction is maybe one0 what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new direction is maybe one0 what the
+heck I believe I hope I'm right that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck I believe I hope I'm right that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck I believe I hope I'm right that one
+0 is not a combination here I think one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is not a combination here I think one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 is not a combination here I think one
+z0 goes off it's pretty short there's A3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 goes off it's pretty short there's A3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z0 goes off it's pretty short there's A3
+better a A3 then that loser 635 one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a A3 then that loser 635 one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better a A3 then that loser 635 one is a
+winner these three vectors so now A1 A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner these three vectors so now A1 A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner these three vectors so now A1 A2
+and let me add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me add in
+A3 all three of them span a what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 all three of them span a what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A3 all three of them span a what do they
+span what are all the combinations of A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span what are all the combinations of A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span what are all the combinations of A1
+A2 A3 it's three-dimensional it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 A3 it's three-dimensional it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 A3 it's three-dimensional it's the
+whole three-dimensional space they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole three-dimensional space they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole three-dimensional space they
+span all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span all
+of 3D the whole three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3D the whole three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3D the whole three-dimensional space
+they're a basis for the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a basis for the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a basis for the whole
+three-dimensional space they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space they're
+independent so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so let
+me do you see that picture before I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do you see that picture before I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do you see that picture before I move
+it A1 A2 A3 are independent no none of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it A1 A2 A3 are independent no none of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it A1 A2 A3 are independent no none of
+them is a combination of the others they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a combination of the others they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a combination of the others they
+fill a three-dimensional space they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a three-dimensional space they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill a three-dimensional space they're a
+basis for that three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for that three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for that three-dimensional space
+and that space is the in this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that space is the in this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that space is the in this example is
+the whole of R3 so let me just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole of R3 so let me just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole of R3 so let me just write
+down on the next back word what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the next back word what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on the next back word what I mean
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent so independent Columns of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so independent Columns of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so independent Columns of of
+a matrix independent Columns of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix independent Columns of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix independent Columns of a matrix
+a means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to
+a v = 0 is V =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 so if I have independent columns then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so if I have independent columns then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so if I have independent columns then
+I haven't got any null space if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got any null space if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't got any null space if I have
+independent columns then the null space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns then the null space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns then the null space
+of the Matrix is just the zero Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix is just the zero Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix is just the zero Vector is
+the zero Vector so that's this is let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector so that's this is let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero Vector so that's this is let me
+write down that example again a was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that example again a was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down that example again a was the
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+420 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+420 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+420 1 0
+0 so I believe that Matrix has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so I believe that Matrix has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so I believe that Matrix has
+independent columns so its column space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns so its column space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent columns so its column space
+is the full three-dimensional space its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the full three-dimensional space its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the full three-dimensional space its
+null space only contains let me put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space only contains let me put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null space only contains let me put it
+make that clear that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+and and uh and and now I'm ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and and now I'm ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh and and now I'm ready to
+explain write down the idea of a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain write down the idea of a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain write down the idea of a basis
+so what is a basis for this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a basis for this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is a basis for this for the
+space a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+for a sub a space a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace independent vectors that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace independent vectors that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace independent vectors that's the
+key independent vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+span the space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace Whatever It Is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace Whatever It Is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace Whatever It Is by the
+way if the column space is all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if the column space is all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if the column space is all of
+three-dimensional space as it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space as it is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space as it is here
+that's a Subspace too it's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Subspace too it's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Subspace too it's the whole
+space but the whole Space counts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the whole Space counts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but the whole Space counts as a
+Subspace of itself and the zero Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of itself and the zero Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace of itself and the zero Vector
+alone counts as the smallest possible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone counts as the smallest possible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone counts as the smallest possible so
+if we're in three dimensions the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in three dimensions the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're in three dimensions the idea of
+subspaces has we have just the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces has we have just the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspaces has we have just the zero
+Vector just one point that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector just one point that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector just one point that's the
+smallest we have the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest we have the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest we have the whole
+three-dimensional space that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space that's the
+biggest and then we have all the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and then we have all the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest and then we have all the lines
+through zero those are on the small side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero those are on the small side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through zero those are on the small side
+we have all the planes through zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the planes through zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all the planes through zero
+those are a bit figger so we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a bit figger so we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a bit figger so we have and
+those dimensions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dimensions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dimensions are
+zero 1 2 3 the possible Dimensions it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 1 2 3 the possible Dimensions it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 1 2 3 the possible Dimensions it is
+told To Us by how many basis vectors we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told To Us by how many basis vectors we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told To Us by how many basis vectors we
+need so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so let me
+uh look at that and then come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at that and then come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at that and then come to
+Dimension okay so so independent means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension okay so so independent means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension okay so so independent means
+that the only that no combination no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only that no combination no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only that no combination no
+other combination of the vectors no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other combination of the vectors no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other combination of the vectors no
+combination of these vectors gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these vectors gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these vectors gives the
+zero Vector except to take zero of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector except to take zero of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Vector except to take zero of that
+zero of that and zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of that and zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero of that and zero of
+that basis so those are those are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basis so those are those are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basis so those are those are a
+basis for the column space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the column space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the column space because
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+independent and their combinations give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and their combinations give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and their combinations give
+the whole column space okay and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole column space okay and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole column space okay and now I
+wanted to say something about Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay dimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay dimens
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number it's the number of basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factors for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace oh but you might say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace oh but you might say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace oh but you might say that the
+the Subspace has other bases not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Subspace has other bases not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Subspace has other bases not just
+the one you happen to think of first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you happen to think of first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you happen to think of first and
+I agree many different bases all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree many different bases all I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree many different bases all I need
+for this example all I need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example all I need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this example all I need for
+the to get a basis for in this case for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to get a basis for in this case for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to get a basis for in this case for
+three-dimensional space is I need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is I need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is I need three
+independent vectors any three but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors any three but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent vectors any three but the
+point is the point about Dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the point about Dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the point about Dimension is
+that I need exactly three I can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need exactly three I can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need exactly three I can never
+get two vectors that span all of R3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two vectors that span all of R3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two vectors that span all of R3 and
+I can never get four vectors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never get four vectors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can never get four vectors that are
+independent in R3 I if I have fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in R3 I if I have fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in R3 I if I have fewer than
+the B than the dimension number I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B than the dimension number I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B than the dimension number I don't
+have enough they they don't span if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough they they don't span if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough they they don't span if I
+have too many than the dimension they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many than the dimension they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have too many than the dimension they're
+independ they're dependent they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independ they're dependent they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independ they're dependent they they
+they won't they won't be independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't they won't be independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't they won't be independent
+they can't be a basis every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be a basis every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't be a basis every
+basis every basis has the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis every basis has the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis every basis has the same number
+and that number is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that number is the
+dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Subspace all right let's just take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace all right let's just take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subspace all right let's just take an
+example just with a picture I'll stay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just with a picture I'll stay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just with a picture I'll stay in
+three-dimensional space but my Subspace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space but my Subspace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space but my Subspace
+will just be a plane so here I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be a plane so here I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just be a plane so here I'm in
+three-dimensional space good now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space good now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space good now I have
+my Subspace is a plane so it can goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Subspace is a plane so it can goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Subspace is a plane so it can goes
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the
+origin but it's only a plane so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but it's only a plane so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin but it's only a plane so I'm
+expecting that I could take a vector in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that I could take a vector in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting that I could take a vector in
+the in the plane and I could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the plane and I could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the plane and I could take
+another Vector in the plane and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector in the plane and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Vector in the plane and they
+could be independent they are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be independent they are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be independent they are they're
+different directions but I couldn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions but I couldn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions but I couldn't find
+a third independent Vector in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third independent Vector in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third independent Vector in the plane
+every basis for the plane uh so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every basis for the plane uh so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every basis for the plane uh so here
+every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+for the This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the This
+Plane contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+vectors always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors always
+two and that number two is the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that number two is the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and that number two is the dimension
+of the plane well I'm just saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane well I'm just saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane well I'm just saying the
+plane there is two-dimensional it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there is two-dimensional it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane there is two-dimensional it's not
+the same as R2 it's not the same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as R2 it's not the same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as R2 it's not the same that
+plane is a plane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is a plane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is a plane in
+R3 it's not ordinary two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 it's not ordinary two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 it's not ordinary two-dimensional
+space but it has its Dimension is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but it has its Dimension is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but it has its Dimension is two
+because it takes any vector and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes any vector and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it takes any vector and if I
+didn't like the looks of this one well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like the looks of this one well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't like the looks of this one well
+that's no problem let me let me go that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no problem let me let me go that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's no problem let me let me go that
+way that's just as good those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's just as good those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's just as good those two
+vectors are independent they span the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are independent they span the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are independent they span the
+plane they're a basis for the plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they're a basis for the plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane they're a basis for the plane the
+plane is two-dimensional that's the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is two-dimensional that's the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is two-dimensional that's the set
+of key ideas independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key ideas independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key ideas independent
+span basis basis is fundamental basis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span basis basis is fundamental basis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span basis basis is fundamental basis is
+a bunch of vectors and Dimension is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of vectors and Dimension is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of vectors and Dimension is how
+many vectors okay those are key ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vectors okay those are key ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many vectors okay those are key ideas in
+linear algebra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra and
+uh you'll see them come into the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll see them come into the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you'll see them come into the big
+picture of linear algebra thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f4BQ_VHXgd8.txt b/f4BQ_VHXgd8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa541666362587275b3c27ba53e5739da4f187ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f4BQ_VHXgd8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12352 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so last time we were talking
+about the standard model as an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the standard model as an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the standard model as an effective
+field Theory and we decided that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory and we decided that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory and we decided that the
+power counting would be in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting would be in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting would be in this
+Epsilon the masses of the particles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the masses of the particles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon the masses of the particles in
+the standard model the scales in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model the scales in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model the scales in the
+standard model divided by some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model divided by some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model divided by some new
+physics scale scale outside the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics scale scale outside the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics scale scale outside the standard
+model and I made the statement that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I made the statement that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I made the statement that this
+was connected to operator Dimension but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connected to operator Dimension but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was connected to operator Dimension but
+I didn't make that precise and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't make that precise and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't make that precise and I want to
+do that now as a first thing we do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's spend a few minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's spend a few minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's spend a few minutes and
+talk about marginal irrelevant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about marginal irrelevant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about marginal irrelevant and
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+operators and their connection to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and their connection to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and their connection to power
+Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to write power counting over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write power counting over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to write power counting over
+and over again and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again and I'm going to
+abbreviate it P do c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate it P do c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviate it P do c
+Dot from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so let's consider an effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let's consider an effective field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let's consider an effective field
+Theory it'll be a scalar effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory it'll be a scalar effective field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory it'll be a scalar effective field
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimensions standard kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term 54 term so it'll be a 54 scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 54 term so it'll be a 54 scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 54 term so it'll be a 54 scalar
+field Theory it'll be an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory it'll be an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory it'll be an effective
+Theory so we won't stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and I'll just write down up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'll just write down up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I'll just write down up to
+five though in principle I could keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going so we can look at the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so we can look at the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so we can look at the dimensions
+of the various objects here the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various objects here the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the various objects here the action
+with our units is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our units is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our units is
+dimensionless H bar and C or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless H bar and C or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless H bar and C or
+one so the mass dimensions of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the mass dimensions of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the mass dimensions of the field
+in D dimensions are D minus 2 over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D dimensions are D minus 2 over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in D dimensions are D minus 2 over two
+since the dimensions of DDX are minus D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the dimensions of DDX are minus D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the dimensions of DDX are minus D
+we have to compensate for that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to compensate for that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to compensate for that and we
+have to compensate for the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compensate for the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to compensate for the two
+derivatives the canonically normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the canonically normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives the canonically normalized
+kinetic term tells us how to what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic term tells us how to what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic term tells us how to what the
+dimensions of f are and then we can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of f are and then we can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of f are and then we can work
+out the dimensions of everything else so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dimensions of everything else so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the dimensions of everything else so
+Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass
+squ Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two to Dimension 6 - 2D Lambda would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to Dimension 6 - 2D Lambda would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to Dimension 6 - 2D Lambda would be
+Dimension zero if D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension zero if D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension zero if D is
+four Okay so hopefully somewhat familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Okay so hopefully somewhat familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four Okay so hopefully somewhat familiar
+stuff so let's say we want to study a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so let's say we want to study a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so let's say we want to study a
+correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of a bunch of FS at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bunch of FS at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bunch of FS at different
+space-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+points and we want to look at it at long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we want to look at it at long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and we want to look at it at long
+distance long distance is small momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way I'm going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way I'm going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way I'm going to make the
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+long is I'm going to say that all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is I'm going to say that all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long is I'm going to say that all these
+X's that are appearing in my f X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's that are appearing in my f X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's that are appearing in my f X1
+through xn I'm going to redefine them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn I'm going to redefine them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through xn I'm going to redefine them as
+some s common parameter time x Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some s common parameter time x Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some s common parameter time x Prime and
+then I'm just going to take s goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just going to take s goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm just going to take s goes to
+Infinity with the X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixed so that makes all the X's large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when I do that if I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do that if I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do that if I make a
+redefinition like that I can mess up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition like that I can mess up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition like that I can mess up the
+normalization of my kinetic term it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of my kinetic term it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization of my kinetic term it'll
+no longer be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer be
+canonical but I can fix that by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical but I can fix that by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical but I can fix that by just
+redefining my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefining my
+field and the way to do that is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the way to do that is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the way to do that is to do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following to find a new field find Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following to find a new field find Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following to find a new field find Prime
+that's equal to the old field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the old field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to the old field but
+rescaled by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S and the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and the outcome of
+that so that we get an action for the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that we get an action for the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that we get an action for the F
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+field written in terms of prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates which has a kinetic term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates which has a kinetic term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates which has a kinetic term
+it's the same form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same form
+but then s's start showing up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then s's start showing up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then s's start showing up in the
+other places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you look at the powers of the s's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the powers of the s's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the powers of the s's
+that are showing up it's related also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are showing up it's related also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are showing up it's related also to
+the powers of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers of these
+parameters yeah are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you did I get backwards it be D minus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did I get backwards it be D minus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did I get backwards it be D minus 4
+I think it should be D and the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D yeah that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D yeah that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D yeah that looks
+right oh you have to be so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh you have to be so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh you have to be so let's see
+there's D's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's D's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's D's here
+right so it's not D you got to keep yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not D you got to keep yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not D you got to keep yeah
+I stick by what I wrote check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it all right so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so let's look at the
+correlation function in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function in terms of the
+five Prime because the F Prime is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime because the F Prime is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Prime because the F Prime is just a
+function of X primes and the X primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X primes and the X primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X primes and the X primes
+are holding fixed so if we rescale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are holding fixed so if we rescale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are holding fixed so if we rescale
+everything in terms of the X primes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of the X primes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in terms of the X primes then
+we have some Matrix element that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some Matrix element that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some Matrix element that's not
+growing with s we can make all the s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicit so we take our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy which in terms of our new variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which in terms of our new variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which in terms of our new variables
+looks like that we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that we make this
+redefinition we get some powers of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front and then we get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is just in terms of the X primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just in terms of the X primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just in terms of the X primes
+and won't grow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so we could study this in in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so we could study this in in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so we could study this in in various
+Dimensions if we wanted to Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions if we wanted to Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions if we wanted to Let's
+for Simplicity and also since it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity and also since it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Simplicity and also since it's the
+most common case we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common case we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common case we're interested in
+take D equal 4 I still May write D's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take D equal 4 I still May write D's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take D equal 4 I still May write D's but
+but let's from here on take D equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's from here on take D equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's from here on take D equal
+4 and ask the question what happens as s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and ask the question what happens as s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 and ask the question what happens as s
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+large so now we've made all the s's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so now we've made all the s's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so now we've made all the s's
+explicit this is something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit this is something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit this is something that you
+often do when you're doing effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do when you're doing effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do when you're doing effective
+field theory if you figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory if you figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field theory if you figure out what the
+how to how you're going to study the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how you're going to study the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to how you're going to study the
+large uh distance Behavior you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh distance Behavior you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large uh distance Behavior you want to
+make the parameter that's controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the parameter that's controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the parameter that's controlling
+that limit explicit so you can see it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit explicit so you can see it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that limit explicit so you can see it so
+it's not hiding anywhere and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hiding anywhere and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hiding anywhere and that's what
+we've done with this algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as s goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as s goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as s goes to
+Infinity because we have this explicit s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity because we have this explicit s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity because we have this explicit s
+squ there the M squ term is becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ there the M squ term is becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ there the M squ term is becoming
+more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relevant to term is becoming less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to term is becoming less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to term is becoming less
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if I put in D equal 4 then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I put in D equal 4 then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I put in D equal 4 then this
+is s Theus 2 tracking the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s Theus 2 tracking the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s Theus 2 tracking the S
+is making it less important as s grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making it less important as s grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making it less important as s grows
+and the Lambda term is equally as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lambda term is equally as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Lambda term is equally as
+important as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before and the term ology that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the term ology that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the term ology that goes
+along with this is an association to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this is an association to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with this is an association to so
+that was a statement about parameters we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a statement about parameters we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a statement about parameters we
+could also make a statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also make a statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also make a statement about
+operators since obviously they were part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators since obviously they were part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators since obviously they were part
+of the story here that gave the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story here that gave the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the story here that gave the S
+factors so we would say that 5^2 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so we would say that 5^2 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors so we would say that 5^2 is a
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator the 54 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marginal and 56 is irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see because of the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see because of the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see because of the argument
+that we made that this was just directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made that this was just directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we made that this was just directly
+connected to dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and also to the so either to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to the so either to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also to the so either to the
+dimension of The Operators or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of The Operators or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of The Operators or to the
+dimension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters okay so we're connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so we're connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so we're connecting
+something that we can say which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can say which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can say which is the
+power counting and in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting and in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting and in this case we're
+controlling that with s using S as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling that with s using S as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling that with s using S as our
+control parameter to look at long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control parameter to look at long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control parameter to look at long
+distances and we're seeing that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and we're seeing that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and we're seeing that that
+gets connected to the dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets connected to the dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets connected to the dimensions of
+operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions so let's take as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's take as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so let's take as
+finite but large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're not usually we're not interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not usually we're not interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not usually we're not interested
+in taking it all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking it all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking it all the way to
+Infinity although we may make it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity although we may make it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity although we may make it as
+large as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want to study some longdistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study some longdistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study some longdistance
+Behavior so what I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+said is that we can see from the powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is that we can see from the powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said is that we can see from the powers
+of s the importance of the various terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relevant terms are more important than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant terms are more important than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant terms are more important than
+marginal terms and marginal terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal terms and marginal terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal terms and marginal terms are
+more important than irrelevant terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than irrelevant terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than irrelevant terms the
+words say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all so that means that if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so that means that if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so that means that if you want to
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+of how to do the power counting and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to do the power counting and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how to do the power counting and you
+don't want to think of introducing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to think of introducing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to think of introducing this
+s since that was kind of just our choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s since that was kind of just our choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s since that was kind of just our choice
+we introduced it as a way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced it as a way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we introduced it as a way of thinking
+about this this question but if we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this question but if we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this question but if we went
+back to the original action we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original action we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the original action we should
+have a way of doing the power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of doing the power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of doing the power counting
+from that without having to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that without having to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that without having to do this
+rescaling and we know how to do that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling and we know how to do that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescaling and we know how to do that now
+this exercise teaches us that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise teaches us that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exercise teaches us that we can
+just look at Mass dimensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at Mass dimensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at Mass dimensions of the
+parameters to do the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting so if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associate a a power to the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're still in D equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still in D equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still in D equals
+4 then we would get this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 then we would get this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 then we would get this this
+Association this being the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association this being the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association this being the statement
+that it's relevant marginal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's relevant marginal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's relevant marginal and
+irrelevant and we can do a Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and we can do a Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant and we can do a Power
+counting in this Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can then say in a language which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can then say in a language which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can then say in a language which
+would be familiar from fan diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be familiar from fan diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be familiar from fan diagrams
+where we do everything in momentum space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do everything in momentum space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we do everything in momentum space
+that the momentum we want to study p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the momentum we want to study p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the momentum we want to study p is
+has to be much less than this Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be much less than this Lambda new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be much less than this Lambda new
+and we'll do the power counting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do the power counting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll do the power counting in the
+Lambda new and that will make the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new and that will make the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new and that will make the for
+example TOA term an irrelevant less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example TOA term an irrelevant less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example TOA term an irrelevant less
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+operator so there's one comment here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so there's one comment here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so there's one comment here we
+did the scalar field Theory just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the scalar field Theory just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the scalar field Theory just because
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+simplest it also has a relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest it also has a relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest it also has a relevant
+operator and we see that relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we see that relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we see that relevant
+operators actually can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dangerous because we'd like to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because we'd like to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because we'd like to set the
+the power catting for the whole problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power catting for the whole problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power catting for the whole problem
+by the kinetic term we'd like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the kinetic term we'd like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the kinetic term we'd like to say
+that the kinetic term which had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinetic term which had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kinetic term which had was
+canonically normalized and had no s's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically normalized and had no s's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonically normalized and had no s's in
+it we'd like to say that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'd like to say that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we'd like to say that that was
+relevant that that's part of the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant that that's part of the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant that that's part of the leading
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+lran but when we went through it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran but when we went through it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran but when we went through it we
+found something that was more relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found something that was more relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found something that was more relevant
+the mass term 5^ squ could become even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass term 5^ squ could become even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass term 5^ squ could become even
+larger right than the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ter so we have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter so we have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ter so we have to be careful about
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+operators and in this this is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and in this this is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and in this this is of course
+related to the higs fine tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in so even though I'm using a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so even though I'm using a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so even though I'm using a scalar
+field Theory I'm for the most part going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory I'm for the most part going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field Theory I'm for the most part going
+to just fine-tune and ignore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fine-tune and ignore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fine-tune and ignore this
+problem since if I was using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem since if I was using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem since if I was using some
+thionic field Theory I could set things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thionic field Theory I could set things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thionic field Theory I could set things
+up so I could ignore it from the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I could ignore it from the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so I could ignore it from the start
+but still using a scalar field theory is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still using a scalar field theory is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still using a scalar field theory is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+convenient so I want to also come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient so I want to also come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient so I want to also come back
+to something that something else that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that something else that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that something else that we
+mentioned last time and go into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time and go into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time and go into a little
+more detail and that is the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail and that is the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail and that is the discussion
+of divergences so last time we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divergences so last time we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divergences so last time we said that
+there was two different ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two different ways of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was two different ways of thinking
+about renormalizability a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about renormalizability a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about renormalizability a traditional
+sense of renormalizability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of renormalizability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of renormalizability
+renormalizability of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalizability of the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalizability of the standard
+model or an effective field Theory way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or an effective field Theory way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model or an effective field Theory way
+of thinking about renormalizability so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about renormalizability so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about renormalizability so I
+want to come back to that with our with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back to that with our with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to come back to that with our with
+our example this scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example this scalar field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our example this scalar field
+Theory so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so let's
+take let's get rid of this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's get rid of this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take let's get rid of this issue of
+having something that can upset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something that can upset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having something that can upset the
+power counting either by taking M to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting either by taking M to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting either by taking M to be
+zero or just fine- tuning it to be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or just fine- tuning it to be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or just fine- tuning it to be small
+and what that means is I just demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is I just demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that means is I just demand
+that as a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a s
+grows I shrink M and if I do that then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows I shrink M and if I do that then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows I shrink M and if I do that then I
+can by hand tune this term and this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can by hand tune this term and this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can by hand tune this term and this term
+to be the same size so if you like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same size so if you like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same size so if you like I'm
+assigning a scaling to m in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning a scaling to m in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning a scaling to m in order to
+make the mass term be always as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the mass term be always as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the mass term be always as
+important as the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so with that little provisor we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so with that little provisor we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so with that little provisor we can
+start thinking about divergences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about divergences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about divergences and
+when we start drawing fing diagrams they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start drawing fing diagrams they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start drawing fing diagrams they
+will generically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generically have
+divergences so we could have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences so we could have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergences so we could have two
+fourpoint interactions which I label by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourpoint interactions which I label by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourpoint interactions which I label by
+Lambda because that's the F that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda because that's the F that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda because that's the F that's the
+parameter that shows up in the fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that shows up in the fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that shows up in the fan
+rule if this is K and this is some K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if this is K and this is some K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule if this is K and this is some K
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+P then this guy is going to have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then this guy is going to have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then this guy is going to have two
+powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda and it's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intergal like that we won't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergal like that we won't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergal like that we won't worry about
+overall factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall factors
+here I'm regulating with dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regularization I'll often do that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization I'll often do that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization I'll often do that when
+it's convenient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient for
+us if you ask how this integral diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if you ask how this integral diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if you ask how this integral diverges
+you could ask how it diverges just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask how it diverges just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could ask how it diverges just in
+terms of thinking about it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking about it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking about it in terms of
+some parameter that's controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter that's controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter that's controlling the
+ultraviolet like a cut off so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet like a cut off so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet like a cut off so even if
+I'm using dim RG I could ask what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using dim RG I could ask what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using dim RG I could ask what's
+what's the power of the Divergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the power of the Divergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the power of the Divergence and
+it diverges as in D Dimensions Lambda to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges as in D Dimensions Lambda to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it diverges as in D Dimensions Lambda to
+D minus 4 so you say D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus 4 so you say D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D minus 4 so you say D minus
+4 is the degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divergence and that's because you have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence and that's because you have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence and that's because you have D
+power D powers of K from the measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power D powers of K from the measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power D powers of K from the measure and
+minus 4 from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagators so if D is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators so if D is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators so if D is equal to
+4 you say degree of Divergence is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you say degree of Divergence is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you say degree of Divergence is zero
+but that means log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divergent so if you take D equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent so if you take D equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergent so if you take D equal
+4 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 in the
+UV four powers of K downstairs D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV four powers of K downstairs D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV four powers of K downstairs D
+upstairs but if d four that's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs but if d four that's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs but if d four that's four
+upstairs and four downstairs so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and four downstairs so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs and four downstairs so it's
+scaling like DK over K I made it ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling like DK over K I made it ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling like DK over K I made it ukian
+that's exactly what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what it would
+become and that's like a log so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become and that's like a log so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become and that's like a log so it's a
+log of the cut off so it's a one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the cut off so it's a one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the cut off so it's a one over
+Epsilon and dim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R where D is 4 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon and if you just want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and if you just want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and if you just want to think
+about what this does well it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this does well it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this does well it's something
+that renormalizes the Lambda 54 operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that renormalizes the Lambda 54 operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that renormalizes the Lambda 54 operator
+so you need a counter term for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a counter term for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need a counter term for the
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+54 so you add to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 so you add to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 so you add to your
+theory that counter term and you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that counter term and you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that counter term and you can get
+rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of this
+Divergence okay so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence okay so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence okay so so far
+hopefully standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully standard
+stuff let's keep going think about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff let's keep going think about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff let's keep going think about other
+diagrams so what if I put in a tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so what if I put in a tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so what if I put in a tow
+term and a Lambda term this integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and a Lambda term this integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and a Lambda term this integrals
+the same same intergral I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same intergral I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same intergral I just have
+different fields on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fields on the
+outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's got the same
+Divergence but now the operator it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence but now the operator it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence but now the operator it's
+we're normalizing is an operator with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're normalizing is an operator with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're normalizing is an operator with
+six points on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outside so it's we normalizing the T6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so it's we normalizing the T6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside so it's we normalizing the T6
+term so insert one to and one Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so insert one to and one Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so insert one to and one Lambda and
+I have to get back the normalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to get back the normalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to get back the normalization of
+to well that's not so bad we had to from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well that's not so bad we had to from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well that's not so bad we had to from
+the start if we include the tow term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start if we include the tow term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start if we include the tow term so
+not really a problem from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a problem from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a problem from the point of
+view of standard R normalization program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of standard R normalization program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of standard R normalization program
+but we could also include two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+towels like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towels like this
+again same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so same Divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so same Divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so same Divergence
+and now this normalizes something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this normalizes something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now this normalizes something that
+we haven't included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't included
+yet something with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet something with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet something with eight
+points a I8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so in order to R normalize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so in order to R normalize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so in order to R normalize that
+diagram and make the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and make the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and make the theory
+renormalizable in an effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalizable in an effective field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalizable in an effective field
+Theory sense we need to include the f8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator so if I ignored the dots that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so if I ignored the dots that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so if I ignored the dots that I
+wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me say without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dots then f8 wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots then f8 wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots then f8 wasn't
+there and so then therefore we would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so then therefore we would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and so then therefore we would say
+the theory is not renormalizable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is not renormalizable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory is not renormalizable that's
+that's what makes the theory that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes the theory that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes the theory that's what
+makes the to operator the 56 operator be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the to operator the 56 operator be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the to operator the 56 operator be
+a non-renormalizable uh theory in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-renormalizable uh theory in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a non-renormalizable uh theory in in the
+traditional sense if we include that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional sense if we include that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional sense if we include that
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the classic way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking and the effective Theory way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and the effective Theory way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and the effective Theory way of
+thinking is just that we have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is just that we have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is just that we have to add
+that operator as soon as this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator as soon as this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operator as soon as this diagram
+would become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relevant so we just determined a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so we just determined a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so we just determined a minute
+ago the to goes like Lambda new Theus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to goes like 1 over Lambda New 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to goes like 1 over Lambda New 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to goes like 1 over Lambda New 2 and
+in this diagram we have two powers of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram we have two powers of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this diagram we have two powers of to
+so it's even less important Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's even less important Lambda new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's even less important Lambda new
+to the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+downstairs and so when it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs and so when it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs and so when it becomes
+relevant to us we want that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to us we want that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to us we want that kind of
+accuracy that we want to include things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that we want to include things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy that we want to include things
+like that go like one over Lambda new to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that go like one over Lambda new to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that go like one over Lambda new to
+the four we have to consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four we have to consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four we have to consider this
+diagram and we have to consider adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we have to consider adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and we have to consider adding
+that operator to the effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory and that's the sense in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and that's the sense in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and that's the sense in which we
+say that the theory can be renormalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the theory can be renormalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the theory can be renormalized
+order by order in its power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in its power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order by order in its power counting
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one over L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+so head order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disorder then you have to add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder then you have to add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder then you have to add this
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay Mak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense silence means that it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense silence means that it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense silence means that it makes sense
+jumping up and down and saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping up and down and saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping up and down and saying it
+doesn't make sense means that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense means that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make sense means that it doesn't
+make sense or puzzle looks from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense or puzzle looks from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense or puzzle looks from
+everybody but it's harder to to discern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can
+summarize this way of thinking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this way of thinking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this way of thinking in the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+way remember with the effective theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way remember with the effective theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way remember with the effective theory
+that we're only interested in Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're only interested in Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're only interested in Computing
+things to some accuracy and the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to some accuracy and the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to some accuracy and the accuracy
+controls where we stop in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls where we stop in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls where we stop in the
+series so if we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so if we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series so if we're interested in
+stopping at Lambda new to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping at Lambda new to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping at Lambda new to the
+r or 1 / s the r s was big and Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or 1 / s the r s was big and Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r or 1 / s the r s was big and Lambda
+new is also much bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P but let's stick to talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but let's stick to talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P but let's stick to talking about
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new and we include all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and we include all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and we include all
+operators that have Dimensions up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that have Dimensions up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that have Dimensions up to a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+level and since the power counting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and since the power counting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and since the power counting is
+connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dimensions we're kind of guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we're kind of guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions we're kind of guaranteed that
+we will have everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+promised what this little argument or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised what this little argument or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promised what this little argument or
+discussion tells us is how power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion tells us is how power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion tells us is how power
+counting is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting is connected to
+dimensions and this is the classic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and this is the classic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and this is the classic way
+of thinking about effective field theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about effective field theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about effective field theory
+is that the power counting is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the power counting is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the power counting is connected
+to dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this seems pretty generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems pretty generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this seems pretty generic
+actually you could imagine that if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you could imagine that if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you could imagine that if I did
+scalers and I mean INF firmians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers and I mean INF firmians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers and I mean INF firmians and
+scalers or gauge Theory then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers or gauge Theory then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalers or gauge Theory then I could
+still go through the same type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go through the same type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still go through the same type of
+arguments write down higher Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments write down higher Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments write down higher Dimension
+operators go through all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators go through all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators go through all these
+arguments and so it seems like that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and so it seems like that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments and so it seems like that I've
+actually shown you something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown you something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually shown you something more
+powerful than what I've claimed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than what I've claimed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful than what I've claimed because
+I said here it seems like it it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said here it seems like it it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said here it seems like it it's almost
+this right that power counting is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right that power counting is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right that power counting is always
+connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to
+Dimensions so can anyone SP where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so can anyone SP where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so can anyone SP where there
+was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an
+assumption in what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption in what we did
+that that actually where in some case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually where in some case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that actually where in some case
+the power counting might not have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power counting might not have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power counting might not have been
+related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dimensions tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question uh yeah but I'm sort of I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh yeah but I'm sort of I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh yeah but I'm sort of I want
+a little bit more than that right track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more than that right track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more than that right track
+but uh so going back to this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so going back to this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh so going back to this example
+that we did what did we assume at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did what did we assume at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did what did we assume at the
+beginning that L us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you change the
+M uh no it wasn't the ma the mass wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh no it wasn't the ma the mass wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M uh no it wasn't the ma the mass wasn't
+so much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much the
+issue so what it was is that we scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so what it was is that we scaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so what it was is that we scaled
+all the coordinates by the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the coordinates by the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the coordinates by the same amount
+we said all the coordinates are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said all the coordinates are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said all the coordinates are getting
+large in the same way and we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the same way and we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in the same way and we could have
+done something more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something more complicated than
+that we could have said some components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have said some components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could have said some components
+of this coordinate are getting larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coordinate are getting larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coordinate are getting larger
+faster than other components that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than other components that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than other components that's what
+you do in a non-relativistic theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in a non-relativistic theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do in a non-relativistic theory
+where the time component and the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the time component and the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the time component and the space
+coordinates would scale in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates would scale in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates would scale in different
+ways so that was the Assumption we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so that was the Assumption we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so that was the Assumption we
+assumed basically that everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed basically that everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed basically that everything was
+getting large all the coordinates were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting large all the coordinates were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting large all the coordinates were
+getting large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting large
+uniformly with s when we said X mui was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly with s when we said X mui was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly with s when we said X mui was
+equal to s x Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mui with a universal s for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui with a universal s for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mui with a universal s for all the
+components that was an assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that was an assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that was an assumption that
+led us here and we may not always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led us here and we may not always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led us here and we may not always do
+that in fact in some of our examples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact in some of our examples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact in some of our examples we
+won't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that but here for the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but here for the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but here for the standard model
+that's what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do so if if we have the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so if if we have the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so if if we have the standard model
+which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just
+l0 the usual standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 the usual standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 the usual standard model
+and we know as part of the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know as part of the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know as part of the way of
+constructing it that we put wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing it that we put wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing it that we put wrote down
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators with Dimension less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators with Dimension less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators with Dimension less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four and we also know that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalizable in a traditional sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's talk about the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's talk about the standard
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+Corrections IE terms in the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections IE terms in the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections IE terms in the standard
+model from an effective field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from an effective field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from an effective field Theory
+point of view that are operators we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that are operators we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view that are operators we can
+write down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L1 so L1 will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so L1 will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so L1 will look
+like I can write it in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can write it in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I can write it in the following way
+which is kind of a convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of a convenient
+thing to do pull out the scale Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do pull out the scale Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do pull out the scale Lambda
+new leave over some dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new leave over some dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new leave over some dimensionless
+constant so I'll just use some scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so I'll just use some scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so I'll just use some scale
+Lambda new for all the operators that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new for all the operators that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda new for all the operators that I
+consider and I'll just allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and I'll just allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider and I'll just allow for
+differences between the various scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the various scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between the various scales
+that the operators could have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the operators could have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the operators could have to be
+taken up by dimensionless constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up by dimensionless constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken up by dimensionless constants and
+05 here is a dimension five operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the dimension of C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dimension of C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dimension of C is
+zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and
+we'll in a power counting notation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll in a power counting notation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll in a power counting notation we
+say C is of order one that means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C is of order one that means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C is of order one that means that we
+don't count any powers of Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count any powers of Lambda new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't count any powers of Lambda new
+Associated to C what we've done here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated to C what we've done here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated to C what we've done here is
+we've made the power explicit by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made the power explicit by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've made the power explicit by just
+writing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in so that's often convenient just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that's often convenient just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so that's often convenient just in
+the same way it was convenient to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way it was convenient to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way it was convenient to make
+the S's explicit in that argument now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S's explicit in that argument now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S's explicit in that argument now
+we're just building up the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just building up the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just building up the theory
+writing down operators making the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down operators making the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down operators making the Lambda
+news which are our power counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news which are our power counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news which are our power counting
+parameter very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicit now the statement that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit now the statement that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit now the statement that in the
+standard model it was normalizable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model it was normalizable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model it was normalizable in
+the traditional sense I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional sense I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional sense I told you that
+what that meant is that nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that meant is that nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that meant is that nothing in
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+0 nothing in lran zero really tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 nothing in lran zero really tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 nothing in lran zero really tells us
+about Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're free to take it as big as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want there's no constraint on it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there's no constraint on it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there's no constraint on it from
+our M our lamb our leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our M our lamb our leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our M our lamb our leading order
+lran in particular we can take it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran in particular we can take it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran in particular we can take it much
+bigger than things like the top mass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than things like the top mass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than things like the top mass or
+the W Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can make these corrections as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can make these corrections as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can make these corrections as
+small as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want so L1 is therefore really we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so L1 is therefore really we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so L1 is therefore really we can
+think of it as really giving some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as really giving some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as really giving some small
+Corrections and we can adjust how small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and we can adjust how small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and we can adjust how small
+they are by just dialing up the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are by just dialing up the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are by just dialing up the scale of
+Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's get down to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get down to business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's get down to business
+and actually talk about what this lran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so our notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so our notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so our notation
+that we index the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we index the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we index the
+lran in a series this is our sum Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran in a series this is our sum Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran in a series this is our sum Over N
+that we talked about last time and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about last time and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about last time and our
+power counting is that we associate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting is that we associate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power counting is that we associate this
+guy here with no powers of Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here with no powers of Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy here with no powers of Lambda
+new this guy here with one inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new this guy here with one inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new this guy here with one inverse
+power this guy here with two inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this guy here with two inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power this guy here with two inverse
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+Etc and we want to think about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and we want to think about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and we want to think about using
+this for some P which you could say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for some P which you could say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for some P which you could say is
+of order M top squar some scale it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order M top squar some scale it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order M top squar some scale it's
+much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less
+than the Lambda new could be larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Lambda new could be larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the Lambda new could be larger than
+up top could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up top could be
+10TV whatever we decide but it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10TV whatever we decide but it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10TV whatever we decide but it's just
+for in order for me to write something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in order for me to write something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in order for me to write something
+on the board let's let me write M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board let's let me write M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board let's let me write M
+top okay so how do we construct L1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top okay so how do we construct L1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top okay so how do we construct L1 and
+L2 what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 what do we
+assume well one thing we assume or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume well one thing we assume or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume well one thing we assume or we
+are free to assume and is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to assume and is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are free to assume and is a reasonable
+assumption is that there not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that there not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption is that there not going to be
+any Loren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Loren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Loren
+invariance or gaug in variant violating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms okay so we can maintain these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so we can maintain these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay so we can maintain these as
+symmetries of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory so we assume that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so we assume that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so we assume that they're
+unbroken so that means when we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken so that means when we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbroken so that means when we write
+down these L1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these L1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these L1 and
+L2 or generically each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 or generically each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 or generically each
+Li but we're going to have to do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li but we're going to have to do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li but we're going to have to do it by
+writing down operators that are gaug inv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down operators that are gaug inv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down operators that are gaug inv
+variant even though they're higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant even though they're higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant even though they're higher
+Dimension we still have to satisfy gaug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension we still have to satisfy gaug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension we still have to satisfy gaug
+inv variants of the stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inv variants of the stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inv variants of the stat
+model and Loren in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance okay so that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance okay so that's going to
+restrict what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do we also construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we also construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we also construct
+Li from the same degrees of freedom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li from the same degrees of freedom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Li from the same degrees of freedom that
+we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l0o so we know what fields to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use okay so that's important it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay so that's important it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay so that's important it means
+that once you've got the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you've got the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that once you've got the leading order
+effective field Theory you know where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective field Theory you know where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective field Theory you know where to
+go for the higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the higher order
+terms you're just using the same fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll also make the assumption that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll also make the assumption that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll also make the assumption that the
+higs vacuum expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value is going to stay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is going to stay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is going to stay to
+be the value in L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zer and that so we're the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and that so we're the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer and that so we're the way that the
+gauge group is broken by the higs vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge group is broken by the higs vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge group is broken by the higs vacuum
+expectation value is spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value is spontaneously
+broken we're not going to mess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and built into this idea that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and built into this idea that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and built into this idea that we do
+this is that there's no new particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that there's no new particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that there's no new particles
+that are produced at P if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced at P if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced at P if there was a
+new particle produced at P then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle produced at P then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle produced at P then we would
+it would have to have a mass that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to have a mass that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to have a mass that would
+allow us to produce it and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to produce it and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to produce it and that would
+mean that it doesn't have a mass up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it doesn't have a mass up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that it doesn't have a mass up at
+this Lambda new scale and we'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda new scale and we'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda new scale and we'd have to
+included in our effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in our effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in our effective
+lran so by taking this point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so by taking this point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran so by taking this point of view
+we're assuming that there's no new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that there's no new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that there's no new
+particles that are produced at the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are produced at the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that are produced at the scale
+P only at Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new and effectively we've integrated out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and effectively we've integrated out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and effectively we've integrated out
+if you want to use that language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use that language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to use that language
+although we're doing this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we're doing this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we're doing this from the
+bottom up um if you want to have a top-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up um if you want to have a top-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up um if you want to have a top-
+down language you'd say we integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down language you'd say we integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down language you'd say we integrated
+out the particles at the scale on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the particles at the scale on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the particles at the scale on the
+new okay so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logic so then we just start seeing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic so then we just start seeing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic so then we just start seeing what
+we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write
+down and for the dimension five it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and for the dimension five it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and for the dimension five it's
+actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+restrictive gauge symmetry is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive gauge symmetry is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive gauge symmetry is very
+restrictive for Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive for Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictive for Dimension
+five and there's basically only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and there's basically only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and there's basically only one
+operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we won't stop with Dimension five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we won't stop with Dimension five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we won't stop with Dimension five
+we'll go up to Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six so at Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so at Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so at Dimension
+5 it turns out that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 it turns out that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 it turns out that once you
+satisfy the gauge symmetry A Unique term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the gauge symmetry A Unique term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the gauge symmetry A Unique term
+that you can write down looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my
+notation is that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is that this guy
+is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+lefthanded leptons with a charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lefthanded leptons with a charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lefthanded leptons with a charge
+conjugation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation
+operator and these guys are doublets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and these guys are doublets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and these guys are doublets so
+the higs doublet is a doublet like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higs doublet is a doublet like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higs doublet is a doublet like that
+and the left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the left-handed
+alapon neutrino and electron it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alapon neutrino and electron it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alapon neutrino and electron it's a
+doublet like that so these are doublets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet like that so these are doublets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doublet like that so these are doublets
+and I'm figuring out how to contract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm figuring out how to contract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm figuring out how to contract the
+doubled indices but I have to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled indices but I have to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled indices but I have to satisfy
+the U1 hypercharged gaug in variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U1 hypercharged gaug in variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U1 hypercharged gaug in variance
+this has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has no
+color so that's automatically satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so that's automatically satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so that's automatically satisfied
+and then I have to satisfy the su2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to satisfy the su2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I have to satisfy the su2 and
+I've done that by the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done that by the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done that by the way that the
+indices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contracted one thing I didn't write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted one thing I didn't write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contracted one thing I didn't write down
+in this in this operator is Flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices so if you were to add flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so if you were to add flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices so if you were to add flavor
+indices you could do a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices you could do a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices you could do a bit more
+but that's just a in some sense that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just a in some sense that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just a in some sense that's a
+pretty simple generalization so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple generalization so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple generalization so we'll
+still we'll still count it as one even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we'll still count it as one even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we'll still count it as one even
+though we could think about having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we could think about having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we could think about having more
+flavors and Contracting things with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and Contracting things with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and Contracting things with more
+flavors and that wouldn't of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and that wouldn't of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavors and that wouldn't of course
+affect arguments made on gauge symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alone so in all my counting today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so in all my counting today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone so in all my counting today I
+won't I'll be uh agnostic about Flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't I'll be uh agnostic about Flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't I'll be uh agnostic about Flavor
+matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when I say only that Proviso is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say only that Proviso is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say only that Proviso is
+hidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden
+there okay so this guy is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this guy is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so this guy is kind of
+interesting from a phological point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from a phological point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting from a phological point of
+view because if you replace the higs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view because if you replace the higs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view because if you replace the higs
+field by its vacuum expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by its vacuum expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by its vacuum expectation value
+which means getting rid of H+ and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means getting rid of H+ and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means getting rid of H+ and taking
+h0 to be a constant which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V then that gives a my on a mass term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the observed left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observed left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observed left-handed
+nutrino we get a term in its Lan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrino we get a term in its Lan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrino we get a term in its Lan that
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+like after we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after we do
+that it looks like that and that's a my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks like that and that's a my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it looks like that and that's a my
+onic last term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where this m new is a parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this m new is a parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this m new is a parameter that
+shows up but it's built out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up but it's built out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up but it's built out of the
+parameters that were in this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that were in this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that were in this thing so
+once I replace these by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I replace these by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I replace these by
+veves and go through the various factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veves and go through the various factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veves and go through the various factors
+have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so just the fact that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just the fact that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so just the fact that we know that
+the observed matrino masses are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed matrino masses are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observed matrino masses are less
+than say 0 5 EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tells us something about the scale so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something about the scale so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us something about the scale so if
+this is small if C5 is of order one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is small if C5 is of order one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is small if C5 is of order one I
+told you we know what V is it's 246 GV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you we know what V is it's 246 GV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you we know what V is it's 246 GV
+that tells us something about L the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big so we could try to think up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so we could try to think up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big so we could try to think up some
+reasons why the C5 maybe has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why the C5 maybe has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why the C5 maybe has some
+suppression in it and make the scale a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression in it and make the scale a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppression in it and make the scale a
+little bit smaller but if C5 is order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smaller but if C5 is order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit smaller but if C5 is order
+one then we get a very large Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale I'll I'll give you a problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale I'll I'll give you a problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale I'll I'll give you a problem on
+your problem set to explore this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set to explore this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem set to explore this in a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+detail I should also note that the Maron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I should also note that the Maron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail I should also note that the Maron
+a mass term having two neutrinos like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass term having two neutrinos like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass term having two neutrinos like
+this violates lepton number which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this violates lepton number which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this violates lepton number which was a
+global symmetry of the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model at least classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's to mentioned six operators that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's to mentioned six operators that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's to mentioned six operators that
+we so this guy violates lepon numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this guy violates lepon numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we so this guy violates lepon numbers
+you can also write down Dimension six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write down Dimension six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also write down Dimension six
+operators that violate Baron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number and I'm going to leave that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I'm going to leave that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and I'm going to leave that also
+as a problem set problem so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a problem set problem so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a problem set problem so you'll
+figure out what those operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so example
+three if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if I
+conserve lepton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve lepton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserve lepton
+number and barion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number which are things that are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which are things that are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which are things that are you
+know if they're broken that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're broken that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're broken that's that's
+obviously having a a big impact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously having a a big impact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously having a a big impact and
+there's obviously strong constraints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so you could ask then if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you could ask then if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you could ask then if you go to
+Dimension six and we conserve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension six and we conserve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension six and we conserve those
+things because they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because they're highly
+constrained how many operators there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained how many operators there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained how many operators there's
+other left over and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+80 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 so
+L2 we can count exactly how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 we can count exactly how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 we can count exactly how many
+operators there are and there's I from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators there are and there's I from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators there are and there's I from 1
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+80 some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 some
+coefficients and some operators that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and some operators that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and some operators that are
+Dimension six and if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension six and if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension six and if I want to
+make a Lambda new explicit I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a Lambda new explicit I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a Lambda new explicit I put a
+Lambda the new squar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so 80 sounds like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so 80 sounds like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so 80 sounds like a big
+number but big is always relative so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but big is always relative so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but big is always relative so if
+you think about 80 relative to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about 80 relative to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about 80 relative to for
+example how many soft Suzie braking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many soft Suzie braking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many soft Suzie braking
+parameters you have in the mssm which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you have in the mssm which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you have in the mssm which is
+greater than 100 and 80 doesn't sound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 100 and 80 doesn't sound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than 100 and 80 doesn't sound so
+bad also you should remember that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad also you should remember that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad also you should remember that if
+you're going to do some phenomenology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do some phenomenology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do some phenomenology
+with this L2 that many of the ad are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this L2 that many of the ad are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this L2 that many of the ad are not
+going to contribute if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contribute if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to contribute if you look at a
+particular process only some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular process only some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular process only some small
+subset of them will contribute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of them will contribute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of them will contribute and
+there's many many many observables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many many observables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many many many observables in
+the standard model with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model with all the
+different particles so 80 once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different particles so 80 once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different particles so 80 once you start
+dividing it up into camps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing it up into camps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing it up into camps that
+contribute to different observables is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to different observables is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to different observables is
+not such a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not such a large
+number or at least at least it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or at least at least it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or at least at least it's not an
+unmanageable number and people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanageable number and people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmanageable number and people do
+phenomenology with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for any observable in the IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any observable in the IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for any observable in the IM
+manageable number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contribute and I should also say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute and I should also say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute and I should also say that if
+you have a top down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a top down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a top down
+perspective where you have a new physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective where you have a new physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective where you have a new physics
+theory that you've constructed that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that you've constructed that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that you've constructed that has
+a scale Lambda new in it then from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale Lambda new in it then from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale Lambda new in it then from this
+point of view what that theory predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view what that theory predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view what that theory predicts
+is a particular pattern for the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hopefully if it has less parameters than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully if it has less parameters than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully if it has less parameters than
+80 then you get some patterns you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 then you get some patterns you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 then you get some patterns you can
+connections between the C's okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the C's okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections between the C's okay so if
+you have some new physics model it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some new physics model it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some new physics model it has
+the number of parameters in are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parameters in are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of parameters in are less
+than 80 then you get connections between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 80 then you get connections between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 80 then you get connections between
+these C's and you could think that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these C's and you could think that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these C's and you could think that if
+you use this LR and constrain the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this LR and constrain the C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this LR and constrain the C's
+that you could test for generically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could test for generically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could test for generically for
+classes of new the new physics theories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of new the new physics theories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes of new the new physics theories
+that are ruled in or ruled out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ruled in or ruled out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are ruled in or ruled out because
+they have to if you match onto these C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to if you match onto these C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to if you match onto these C's
+from those theories uh obey whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those theories uh obey whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those theories uh obey whatever
+constraints you would derive from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you would derive from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints you would derive from this
+logic of course that assumes that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of course that assumes that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of course that assumes that that
+the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+physics particles are at a high scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics particles are at a high scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics particles are at a high scale so
+we can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can make this
+expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion
+okay questions about that yeah about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about that yeah about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about that yeah about
+your assumption that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have yeah if you want them to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah if you want them to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yeah if you want them to be like
+comparable or measurable for high would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable or measurable for high would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable or measurable for high would
+I expect that like they have to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect that like they have to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expect that like they have to be like
+higher energy and why is high eny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy and why is high eny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy and why is high eny
+no so it's it's not to say that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so it's it's not to say that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so it's it's not to say that at
+higher energy the no new degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy the no new degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy the no new degrees of
+freedom would show up if I really probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom would show up if I really probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom would show up if I really probe
+those energies directly but what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energies directly but what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energies directly but what I'm
+doing is I'm saying that I'm probing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is I'm saying that I'm probing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is I'm saying that I'm probing the
+physics at small energy and the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics at small energy and the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics at small energy and the way that
+a high energy degrees of freedom would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high energy degrees of freedom would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high energy degrees of freedom would
+show up is by a contribution to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up is by a contribution to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up is by a contribution to one of
+these operators so say I added in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operators so say I added in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operators so say I added in some
+new particle at 10TV mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle at 10TV mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle at 10TV mass of
+10TV if I expand in momentum over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10TV if I expand in momentum over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10TV if I expand in momentum over that
+mass then what will happen is you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass then what will happen is you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass then what will happen is you'll get
+an operator like this 06 where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator like this 06 where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator like this 06 where that
+particle is removed because I expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is removed because I expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is removed because I expanded
+it it got it got removed and its mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it got it got removed and its mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it got it got removed and its mass
+will be exactly in this denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly in this denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be exactly in this denominator
+it'll show up here as Lambda new so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll show up here as Lambda new so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll show up here as Lambda new so
+think about it as like Lambda new squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as like Lambda new squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as like Lambda new squar
+could just be the propagator if I had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be the propagator if I had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be the propagator if I had it
+one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over
+p^2 minus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 minus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 minus some
+massive I don't know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive I don't know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive I don't know some
+gluino right and then I start expanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluino right and then I start expanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluino right and then I start expanding
+this the first term where I dropped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first term where I dropped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the first term where I dropped the
+momentum is just that and this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is just that and this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is just that and this could
+that could be exactly this Lambda new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be exactly this Lambda new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be exactly this Lambda new
+squ so the new physics particles don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so the new physics particles don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so the new physics particles don't
+show up in oi 6 what they affect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in oi 6 what they affect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up in oi 6 what they affect is the
+preactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you don't need to add new physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need to add new physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need to add new physics
+particles in order to construct The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in order to construct The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in order to construct The
+Operators you're just building those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators you're just building those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators you're just building those
+operators out of the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators out of the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators out of the standard model
+degrees of freedom so you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom so you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom so you're still
+working yes yes than the Lambda new is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working yes yes than the Lambda new is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working yes yes than the Lambda new is
+there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there another
+question okay so I've been assuming you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so I've been assuming you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so I've been assuming you
+know some familiarity with the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some familiarity with the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some familiarity with the standard
+model here and I've posted also as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here and I've posted also as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model here and I've posted also as I
+said last time my lecture notes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time my lecture notes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said last time my lecture notes on
+Quantum field the3 and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field the3 and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum field the3 and there's some
+review reading there some of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review reading there some of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review reading there some of this is
+familiar to you is discussing bevs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you is discussing bevs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to you is discussing bevs and
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+that okay so what kind of operators can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what kind of operators can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what kind of operators can
+we have at Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six I'm not going to list all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I'm not going to list all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six I'm not going to list all
+80 obviously but I'll list a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 obviously but I'll list a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 obviously but I'll list a few of
+them so we could take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we could take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we could take an
+operator that's the following built out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's the following built out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that's the following built out
+of gluon field strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so making it Loren and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making it Loren and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so making it Loren and variant
+Contracting up the indices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting up the indices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting up the indices and
+Contracting up color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices Contracting up color indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices Contracting up color indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices Contracting up color indices
+with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an
+FBC that's an operator that's Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FBC that's an operator that's Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FBC that's an operator that's Dimension
+six cuz the G's are Dimension two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six cuz the G's are Dimension two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six cuz the G's are Dimension two that's
+one of the 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could also do something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fons you here whoops yeah what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons you here whoops yeah what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons you here whoops yeah what happened
+all right there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks so here's something with a lepton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so here's something with a lepton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks so here's something with a lepton
+dublet and a quark dublet we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dublet and a quark dublet we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dublet and a quark dublet we already
+introduced the notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the notation for
+LL and ql is similar but just for up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down so that's each fion Dimension three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that's each fion Dimension three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that's each fion Dimension three
+half so four of them is dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six there's something called magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators so there's lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so there's lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so there's lots of different
+things you can do with four firmance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with four firmance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with four firmance
+I've only given you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've only given you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've only given you one
+example and I've posted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I've posted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I've posted the
+reference for the paper that lists all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for the paper that lists all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference for the paper that lists all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at it if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at it if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at it if you want to
+look at the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+list so we could do something where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so we could do something where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so we could do something where we
+have leptons a higs field as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leptons a higs field as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have leptons a higs field as well as a
+field strength for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+su2 so this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+su2 and these are all gaug and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su2 and these are all gaug and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su2 and these are all gaug and variant
+as you can convince yourself bying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can convince yourself bying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can convince yourself bying
+looking at the standard mod gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the standard mod gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the standard mod gauge
+transformations of these operators and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of these operators and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations of these operators and
+so if I write something like this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I write something like this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I write something like this where
+this is a doubled and this is a DED and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a doubled and this is a DED and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a doubled and this is a DED and
+I don't write the double it contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't write the double it contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't write the double it contraction
+then it's I'm just Contracting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices these two here contribute to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices these two here contribute to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices these two here contribute to the
+muon a Magnetic Moment anomalous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so they contribute to G minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Gus 2 with the muon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gus 2 with the muon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Gus 2 with the muon which is
+something that we've measured to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we've measured to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we've measured to very
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Precision has what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision has what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision has what you would
+call sometimes you would call Standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sometimes you would call Standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sometimes you would call Standard
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+contributions which people usually mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions which people usually mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions which people usually mean
+is the contributions in our notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the contributions in our notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the contributions in our notation
+from l0 and then plus some contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l0 and then plus some contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from l0 and then plus some contributions
+from these higher Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these higher Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these higher Dimension
+operators whatever coefficients these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators whatever coefficients these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators whatever coefficients these
+operators have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators have
+and again I would replace the higs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I would replace the higs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I would replace the higs field
+here by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Val I know I have their Dimension six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val I know I have their Dimension six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Val I know I have their Dimension six so
+there's Lambda new squared downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Lambda new squared downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Lambda new squared downstairs
+one factor of Dimension is made up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor of Dimension is made up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one factor of Dimension is made up by
+the vev and then the next scale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vev and then the next scale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vev and then the next scale that
+comes in is the mass of the muon so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in is the mass of the muon so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in is the mass of the muon so this
+is the generic size of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the generic size of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the generic size of those
+contributions and again if you take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and again if you take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions and again if you take into
+count experimentally how well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count experimentally how well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count experimentally how well we've
+measured this it puts a pretty strong or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this it puts a pretty strong or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this it puts a pretty strong or
+at least it puts a constraint on Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it puts a constraint on Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least it puts a constraint on Lambda
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+actually it's probably stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's probably stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's probably stronger than
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+number some number greater than 100 TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number some number greater than 100 TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number some number greater than 100 TV
+maybe it's even th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's even th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's even th
+TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV
+cont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont
+yeah so the standard model contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the standard model contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the standard model contribution
+makes up all the digits we've measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up all the digits we've measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up all the digits we've measured
+and then there's some digits where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some digits where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's some digits where
+there's some uncertainty we have a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some uncertainty we have a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some uncertainty we have a some
+and you can constraint based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can constraint based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can constraint based on the
+experimental uncertainty how big this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uncertainty how big this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental uncertainty how big this
+possible contribution could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible contribution could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible contribution could
+be and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and there's
+two and a half kind of deviations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half kind of deviations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half kind of deviations from
+the standard model in is observable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model in is observable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model in is observable so
+you can make them up for make up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make them up for make up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make them up for make up for
+them with a dimension an operator like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a dimension an operator like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a dimension an operator like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but I never really pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I never really pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I never really pay attention to
+things that are less than four Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are less than four Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are less than four Sigma
+personally though sometimes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally though sometimes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally though sometimes it's
+interesting to get excited about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigma no I'm not yeah so there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma no I'm not yeah so there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma no I'm not yeah so there's also
+flavor on top of that that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor on top of that that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor on top of that that's right so
+flavor is actually highly constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor is actually highly constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor is actually highly constrained
+and you could you could put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could you could put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could you could put in some
+assumptions about flavor and then get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about flavor and then get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about flavor and then get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sav okay so for the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+76 see the reference I posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this paper actually wasn't the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper actually wasn't the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this paper actually wasn't the first
+to try to enumerate these operators as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to enumerate these operators as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to enumerate these operators as
+you can imagine this would be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this would be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine this would be a pretty
+standard thing to do but it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing to do but it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing to do but it was the
+first to get 80 and the reason that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to get 80 and the reason that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to get 80 and the reason that they
+got 80 where other people got more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 80 where other people got more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 80 where other people got more is
+because they Ed the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they Ed the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they Ed the equations of
+motion to simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so let
+me let me phrase that as is there a Cav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at so when they did their counting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so when they did their counting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so when they did their counting of
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+Operators they took the equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators they took the equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators they took the equations of
+motion from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l0 and they use that to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L1 so they worked out the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so they worked out the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so they worked out the standard model
+equations of motion at tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion at tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion at tree
+level and then they applied those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then they applied those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then they applied those
+equations of motion to reduce the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion to reduce the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion to reduce the form
+of The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Operators down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operators down to
+80 so that got rid of a lot of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 so that got rid of a lot of operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 so that got rid of a lot of operators
+for them that other people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them that other people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them that other people had
+considered as part of the counting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as part of the counting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered as part of the counting in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so for
+example so you get some idea if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you get some idea if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so you get some idea if I had a
+covariant derivative acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative acting on
+a right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a right-handed
+electron then the equation of motion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then the equation of motion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then the equation of motion in
+the standard model relates that to UK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model relates that to UK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model relates that to UK
+couplings here I'm writing the flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+indices and the left-handed doublet higs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and the left-handed doublet higs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices and the left-handed doublet higs
+field and the left-handed doublet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the left-handed doublet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the left-handed doublet so
+there's a this would be like a mass term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a this would be like a mass term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a this would be like a mass term
+if I put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valve so that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve so that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve so that's like the
+analog if I write it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog if I write it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog if I write it in terms of
+spinners if p flash U for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinners if p flash U for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinners if p flash U for the for the
+right-handed electron is Mu but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed electron is Mu but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed electron is Mu but just
+written as an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion so they're using things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so they're using things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so they're using things like this
+to get rid of coant derivatives acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of coant derivatives acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of coant derivatives acting
+on the the right-handed electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the right-handed electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the right-handed electron and
+just replace it by an operator that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace it by an operator that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace it by an operator that a
+doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like
+it's equivalent which is h dger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent which is h dger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equivalent which is h dger
+l now if you are stuck at tree level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l now if you are stuck at tree level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l now if you are stuck at tree level
+which is actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually what
+they the language in which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the language in which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they the language in which they
+constructed their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed their
+paper is just to think that you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is just to think that you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is just to think that you apply
+this in a way that is valid when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a way that is valid when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a way that is valid when you
+look at lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at lowest
+order at The Operators at lowest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order at The Operators at lowest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order at The Operators at lowest order
+then it's pretty obvious actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's pretty obvious actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's pretty obvious actually that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+okay because your external lines if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because your external lines if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because your external lines if the
+lines that are coming out of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that are coming out of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that are coming out of your
+operator are always external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator are always external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator are always external
+lines then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines then when
+you look at the fan rule for those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the fan rule for those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the fan rule for those lines
+you're putting them on shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example let's think that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's think that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example let's think that we had
+an operator that is not part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator that is not part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an operator that is not part of their
+list so h dger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so h dger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so h dger
+h e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h e
+right ID right you won't find that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ID right you won't find that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ID right you won't find that as
+one of the ones that's listed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+80 you could think about the fan r that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 you could think about the fan r that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 you could think about the fan r that
+so there's two higs particles say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two higs particles say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two higs particles say and
+two right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+and if I just take the derivative out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I just take the derivative out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I just take the derivative out of
+here then I get a p slash and if I use P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I get a p slash and if I use P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then I get a p slash and if I use P
+slash is m u then I get just u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash is m u then I get just u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slash is m u then I get just u
+u and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and
+so this is of course connecting us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is of course connecting us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is of course connecting us to
+the left-handed double it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-handed double it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-handed double it the
+left-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-handed
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+so this operator in that sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this operator in that sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this operator in that sense of
+thinking about using the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about using the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about using the equation of
+motion which are connecting left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which are connecting left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which are connecting left and
+right Fields putting them together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Fields putting them together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Fields putting them together in
+the standard model uh is connecting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model uh is connecting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard model uh is connecting this
+operator to the one that would just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to the one that would just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to the one that would just have
+HD or L and you could just immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HD or L and you could just immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HD or L and you could just immediately
+get the the right result just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the right result just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the right result just by
+starting with that operator and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with that operator and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with that operator and that's
+the logic that they used so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic that they used so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the logic that they used so you don't
+have to write this down because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this down because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this down because it's
+redundant you get the same result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant you get the same result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant you get the same result from
+writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this
+down so that seems fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that seems fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so that seems fairly
+straightforward at tree level and and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward at tree level and and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward at tree level and and at
+lowest order where all the fields are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order where all the fields are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest order where all the fields are
+external but I actually claim that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external but I actually claim that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external but I actually claim that it's
+true regardless of what I do whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true regardless of what I do whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true regardless of what I do whether I
+do the whether I have loops whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the whether I have loops whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the whether I have loops whether I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+propagators it's okay we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators it's okay we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagators it's okay we can do
+this and that seems a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trivial so they didn't know that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so they didn't know that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so they didn't know that when
+they wrote their paper at least I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote their paper at least I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote their paper at least I don't
+think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they
+did but it is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what I actually want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I actually want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what I actually want to talk
+about for the rest of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for the rest of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for the rest of today's
+lecture because it's a pretty powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because it's a pretty powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture because it's a pretty powerful
+thing to do if we are allowed to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do if we are allowed to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do if we are allowed to use
+these equations of motion to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations of motion to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations of motion to simplify
+the form of the higher Dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the higher Dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the higher Dimension
+operators in our effective field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in our effective field Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in our effective field Theory
+it certainly helps us to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly helps us to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly helps us to reduce the
+number of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one way of phrasing this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way of phrasing this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way of phrasing this is what's
+called the representation Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the representation Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the representation Independence
+theorem sometimes called that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem sometimes called that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem sometimes called that I'll
+phrase it a few different ways but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it a few different ways but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it a few different ways but I'll
+start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way so if we have some field fi which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if we have some field fi which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so if we have some field fi which is
+equal we can set it equal to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal we can set it equal to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal we can set it equal to some
+combination of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of other
+fields so F and Kai can be scalars let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so F and Kai can be scalars let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields so F and Kai can be scalars let's
+say and this function f which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and this function f which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and this function f which could be
+fairly complicated has to have at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated has to have at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated has to have at least
+one property that when Kai is zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property that when Kai is zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one property that when Kai is zero it's
+one so it f is and and Kai both show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it f is and and Kai both show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it f is and and Kai both show up
+linearly in some term in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in some term in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in some term in the in the
+function if you like if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you like if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function if you like if you want to
+think of it as a tailor series for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a tailor series for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a tailor series for
+example so if that's true true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if that's true true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so if that's true true the
+statement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of this
+theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+observables calculations of observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables calculations of observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables calculations of observables
+that are done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done with
+Fi or the Lan that's made of fi and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi or the Lan that's made of fi and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fi or the Lan that's made of fi and what
+that really means is that I've quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fi will give the same results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+those with a lran where I quantize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kai where I construct that lran by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai where I construct that lran by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai where I construct that lran by just
+making this change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and we're going to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we're going to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and we're going to exploit
+that fact in order to argue that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fact in order to argue that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fact in order to argue that we're
+allowed to do what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll start slowly then we'll build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start slowly then we'll build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start slowly then we'll build
+up then we'll stay State a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then we'll stay State a more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up then we'll stay State a more General
+theorem than this one then we'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem than this one then we'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem than this one then we'll show
+you how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so let's start by thinking of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's start by thinking of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's start by thinking of an
+example examples are always good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example examples are always good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example examples are always good and
+we'll stick with our scalar field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory I'm getting tired of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory I'm getting tired of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory I'm getting tired of writing
+factorial so I'm choosing a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so I'm choosing a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial so I'm choosing a little bit
+of different normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so I'll consider an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll consider an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I'll consider an effective
+theory that has these terms at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that has these terms at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that has these terms at least the
+start and Ada has dimensions and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and Ada has dimensions and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and Ada has dimensions and it's a
+small thing it's like a one over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing it's like a one over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing it's like a one over a
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new and the statement that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and the statement that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and the statement that we want to
+explorers the fact that we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorers the fact that we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorers the fact that we can use the
+equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of
+motion to effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion to effectively
+drop the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term by using the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by using the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term by using the equation of
+motion so how do we make use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so how do we make use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so how do we make use of this
+statement well the the idea is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement well the the idea is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement well the the idea is that we
+can make this tells us that we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this tells us that we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make this tells us that we can make
+changes of variable and that we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of variable and that we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes of variable and that we won't
+change anything so we try to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything so we try to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change anything so we try to make a
+change of variable to make this go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away sorry that's not even the right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away sorry that's not even the right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away sorry that's not even the right you
+still the L ter yeah that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the L ter yeah that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the L ter yeah that's true
+yeah yeah I should write the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I should write the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I should write the Lambda
+termine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there plus minus whichever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two oh thanks all right so how do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two oh thanks all right so how do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two oh thanks all right so how do we get
+rid of this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term well let's just use our theorem by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term well let's just use our theorem by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term well let's just use our theorem by
+making a field red definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I claim after making this Fielder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim after making this Fielder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim after making this Fielder
+definition here that something magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here that something magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here that something magical
+will happen or something that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen or something that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen or something that we want
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen I'm going to integrate by Parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I'm going to integrate by Parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I'm going to integrate by Parts
+at will which is often a conven V thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at will which is often a conven V thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at will which is often a conven V thing
+to do when you're making these Fielder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions
+so the term that's a half Del mu^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the term that's a half Del mu^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the term that's a half Del mu^
+s goes to half Del mu^ s from the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes to half Del mu^ s from the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s goes to half Del mu^ s from the first
+term and then we pick up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then we pick up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and then we pick up a
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+that's exactly of the form we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly of the form we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly of the form we
+want to kill this extra term here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kill this extra term here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to kill this extra term here that
+was proportional to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proportional to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was proportional to D
+squ and then there would be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then there would be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and then there would be what
+a squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term we have to consistently make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have to consistently make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have to consistently make that
+field red definition everywhere so do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field red definition everywhere so do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field red definition everywhere so do it
+for the mass term as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well and let me write out the Ada term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and let me write out the Ada term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and let me write out the Ada term
+here just a Theta squ term just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just a Theta squ term just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just a Theta squ term just
+so we have all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have all the terms
+and we we keep doing that so we would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we keep doing that so we would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we keep doing that so we would do
+it also for the Lambda 54 term and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also for the Lambda 54 term and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also for the Lambda 54 term and we do
+it for this 56
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this 56
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this 56
+term and what you get out when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and what you get out when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and what you get out when you do
+that is that you can write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lran and you can group together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms and that operator is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I got canceled by this guy there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got canceled by this guy there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got canceled by this guy there's
+also these other things that are induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these other things that are induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these other things that are induced
+but really what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really what that
+does is it gives you more terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it gives you more terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it gives you more terms that are
+54 and more terms that are 56 so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 and more terms that are 56 so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54 and more terms that are 56 so you can
+really think of the other terms is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think of the other terms is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think of the other terms is just
+this guy here is just adjusting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here is just adjusting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here is just adjusting the
+constant of the 54 so from it's it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the 54 so from it's it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of the 54 so from it's it's no
+longer Lambda it becomes the a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer Lambda it becomes the a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer Lambda it becomes the a term that
+has this extra piece to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra piece to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this extra piece to
+it so I'm going to give you more on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm going to give you more on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'm going to give you more on this
+on the problem set the problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem set the problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem set the problem set
+you'll work out explicitly what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll work out explicitly what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll work out explicitly what these
+relations are and I'll also on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations are and I'll also on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations are and I'll also on the
+problem set let you think about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set let you think about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set let you think about what's
+going on here when you start considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Loops in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops in this particular
+example I'll ask you what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll ask you what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll ask you what's going
+on ask you to show what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ask you to show what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on ask you to show what's going on and
+that it's still okay when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+loops so rather than explore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so rather than explore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so rather than explore this
+example in more detail which I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in more detail which I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in more detail which I'm asking
+you to do on your problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do on your problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do on your problem set
+let's State a more precise definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's State a more precise definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's State a more precise definition of
+what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing
+here so that's the idea that I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the idea that I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that's the idea that I can make
+a field red definition when I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field red definition when I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field red definition when I make a
+field red definition it's always going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field red definition it's always going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field red definition it's always going
+to induce something from the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to induce something from the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to induce something from the kinetic
+term because the kinetic term is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because the kinetic term is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because the kinetic term is there
+if there's a higher order term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a higher order term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a higher order term that's
+proportional to that kinetic piece then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that kinetic piece then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to that kinetic piece then
+I can set up my field redefinition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can set up my field redefinition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can set up my field redefinition in
+order to cancel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+off so there's some things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so there's some things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so there's some things that are
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+here we have to make a field red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to make a field red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have to make a field red
+definition that preserves symmetri so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that preserves symmetri so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that preserves symmetri so if
+we make a field redefinition that breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a field redefinition that breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a field redefinition that breaks
+Loren in variance you can't expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loren in variance you can't expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loren in variance you can't expect that
+that you're going to have a loren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have a loren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to have a loren
+invariant description after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant description after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant description after
+that and this statement of f of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this statement of f of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this statement of f of zero
+being one is the statement that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one is the statement that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being one is the statement that you have
+to preserve the same one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve the same one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to preserve the same one particle
+States before and after the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States before and after the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States before and after the field
+redefinition and such field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition and such field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition and such field
+redefinitions basically allow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinitions basically allow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinitions basically allow the
+classic classical equations of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be used to simplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+theory I'll also put the provisor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I'll also put the provisor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory I'll also put the provisor in
+that it should be a local Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should be a local Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should be a local Quantum field
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's no statement in this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no statement in this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no statement in this theorem
+that we have to stop without considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to stop without considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to stop without considering
+Loops or without considering propagators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops or without considering propagators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops or without considering propagators
+that can really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can really make
+this this argument holds even beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this argument holds even beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this argument holds even beyond the
+level that we've showed it but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that we've showed it but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level that we've showed it but with
+loops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops and
+with propagators in in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with propagators in in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with propagators in in as
+well so there's some references again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so there's some references again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so there's some references again
+I've posted the one that closest to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've posted the one that closest to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've posted the one that closest to our
+discussion which is this paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Arts there's also a classic paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts there's also a classic paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts there's also a classic paper by
+Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+georgei on what's called on shell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+georgei on what's called on shell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+georgei on what's called on shell the
+title of the paper is on shell effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the paper is on shell effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title of the paper is on shell effective
+field Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I'll mostly follow the notations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll mostly follow the notations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll mostly follow the notations in
+this paper by arts in our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by arts in our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper by arts in our discussion
+here we'll go a little further than he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll go a little further than he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'll go a little further than he
+does and elaborate a little more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and elaborate a little more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and elaborate a little more but
+it's basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notation okay so how do we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay so how do we prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay so how do we prove
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so there are some lessons in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there are some lessons in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so there are some lessons in this
+proof so it is worth something something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so it is worth something something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof so it is worth something something
+that goes it's worth going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way that I set up my example up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that I set up my example up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that I set up my example up
+there I was power counting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I was power counting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I was power counting in
+Ada Ada was 1 over Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada Ada was 1 over Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada Ada was 1 over Lambda
+new so let me just write our effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so let me just write our effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so let me just write our effective
+Theory organized as a series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ada and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada and let's
+consider removing some operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider removing some operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider removing some operator that
+looks like we could should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we could should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we could should be able to
+remove it by making a field red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it by making a field red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it by making a field red
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll try to be a little bit generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to be a little bit generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll try to be a little bit generic
+about what the form of that operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is so I'll say it's coari derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I'll say it's coari derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I'll say it's coari derivative
+squared acting on a scalar field just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared acting on a scalar field just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared acting on a scalar field just
+again to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to make things
+simpler but then multiply by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but then multiply by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but then multiply by any
+function of all the other fields in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the other fields in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of all the other fields in the
+problem and that's what T is so f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's what T is so f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that's what T is so f is a
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalar and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar and T
+is any function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any function
+that sort of meets the the needs of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of meets the the needs of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of meets the the needs of our
+symmetries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem and I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'm just
+using this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this other
+f as a shorthand for all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f as a shorthand for all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f as a shorthand for all the other
+fields that we might consider so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that we might consider so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields that we might consider so there
+could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be
+firion other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalers gauge fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so say we want to get rid of an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say we want to get rid of an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so say we want to get rid of an operator
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that oh I should also say that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+local all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local all right well
+let's write down the generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down the generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down the generating
+function for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this
+Theory path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory path
+integral over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+exponential I'll regulate the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I'll regulate the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I'll regulate the problem
+with dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regularization it's convenient it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization it's convenient it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularization it's convenient it
+preserves the symmetries that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the symmetries that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves the symmetries that's
+something we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we want to
+do I write out some terms in the lran we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I write out some terms in the lran we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I write out some terms in the lran we
+won't need L2 we'll stop at L1 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need L2 we'll stop at L1 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need L2 we'll stop at L1 but the
+idea if we were to think about L2 would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if we were to think about L2 would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if we were to think about L2 would
+be be similar and let me write it as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be similar and let me write it as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be similar and let me write it as as
+adding and subtracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so I'll
+subtract TD d^ 2 5 and then add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract TD d^ 2 5 and then add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract TD d^ 2 5 and then add it
+back so this is if you like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so this is if you like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so this is if you like you can
+think that L1 had a td^ 2 5 and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that L1 had a td^ 2 5 and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that L1 had a td^ 2 5 and what I'm
+doing here is removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want okay so I'm just making it explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so I'm just making it explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay so I'm just making it explicit
+but still writing things in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still writing things in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still writing things in terms of
+L1 so there's that and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so there's that and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 so there's that and then there's the
+coupling to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+and kind of in a generic notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of in a generic notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of in a generic notation for
+each field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each field
+by K I have a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K I have a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K I have a source
+JK and I truncate everything at order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ada okay so that's my starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada okay so that's my starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada okay so that's my starting
+point and then Green's functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then Green's functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then Green's functions are
+obtained by functional derivatives with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by functional derivatives with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by functional derivatives with
+respect to the Js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're going to do
+going to make a change of variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a change of variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make a change of variable in
+the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intergral so of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral so of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral so of course there's
+additional complications beyond what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional complications beyond what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional complications beyond what we
+were doing when we were just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing when we were just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were doing when we were just thinking
+about it at a lonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level and there's basically two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and there's basically two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and there's basically two
+additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional
+complications when we make a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications when we make a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications when we make a change of
+variable in the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the path
+intergral we are going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral we are going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergral we are going to change the
+lran we're also going to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran we're also going to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran we're also going to change the
+measure so there could be a Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so there could be a Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so there could be a Jacobian
+and we have to worry about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to worry about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to worry about what happens
+with the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+term so let me just change think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so let me just change think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so let me just change think of it
+as a change of variable on the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diager that's why I thought about a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diager that's why I thought about a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diager that's why I thought about a I
+wanted to think about a complex scaler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think about a complex scaler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to think about a complex scaler
+so I could think about it it as fi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could think about it it as fi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could think about it it as fi and
+fi dagger just make the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi dagger just make the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi dagger just make the change of
+variable in the FI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the FI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in the FI
+dagger but doing a real scaler is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything would go through just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would go through just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would go through just as
+well so there's one term which is the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so there's one term which is the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so there's one term which is the F
+dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger
+term where there's a Jacobian Factor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term where there's a Jacobian Factor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term where there's a Jacobian Factor so
+here's that promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that promised
+Jacobian for making that change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable since the change of variable is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable since the change of variable is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable since the change of variable is
+order Ada it's not affecting L zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can write
+the in a kind of nice notation the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a kind of nice notation the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in a kind of nice notation the way
+that it the way that these a to T terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it the way that these a to T terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it the way that these a to T terms
+from this change of variable show up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this change of variable show up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this change of variable show up I
+can write them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write them
+as taking all the terms in L Zer looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking all the terms in L Zer looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking all the terms in L Zer looking
+for a fi dagger that's the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fi dagger that's the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fi dagger that's the derivative
+and then I replace it by an ADA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I replace it by an ADA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I replace it by an ADA
+T now some some places in L zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now some some places in L zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T now some some places in L zero there
+won't be just a straight F dagger there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be just a straight F dagger there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be just a straight F dagger there
+might be a delmi dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a delmi dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a delmi dagger
+right so I can take that into account as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well by taking the functional derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by taking the functional derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by taking the functional derivative
+with respect to Del mui dagger so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Del mui dagger so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Del mui dagger so any
+Del mui dagger term if I integrate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del mui dagger term if I integrate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Del mui dagger term if I integrate by
+parts and then take the derivative you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and then take the derivative you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and then take the derivative you
+can think that you can see why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that you can see why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think that you can see why this is
+the right form the integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right form the integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right form the integration by parts
+is what gives the minus sign okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what gives the minus sign okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what gives the minus sign okay so
+this finds all the FI daggers in my L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finds all the FI daggers in my L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this finds all the FI daggers in my L
+zero and sticks in a Ada T to order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and sticks in a Ada T to order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and sticks in a Ada T to order
+Ada which is the order we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working so anytime that we had an ADA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so anytime that we had an ADA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so anytime that we had an ADA
+which is these terms here then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is these terms here then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is these terms here then we would
+induce something order a squared so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce something order a squared so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induce something order a squared so we
+just and we're dropping those terms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and we're dropping those terms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and we're dropping those terms so
+that's not something we have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about and then there's the source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then there's the source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and then there's the source and
+one of the sources is for five dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sources is for five dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the sources is for five dagger
+so for that particular Source jfi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that particular Source jfi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for that particular Source jfi
+dagger we induce a term that's jfi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger we induce a term that's jfi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger we induce a term that's jfi
+dagger a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger a to
+T okay then plus order a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ so as I said there's three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so as I said there's three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so as I said there's three types of
+changes there's a change to the lran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes there's a change to the lran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes there's a change to the lran
+like in the example we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the example we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the example we did before
+there's a change to the Jacobian through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a change to the Jacobian through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a change to the Jacobian through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Jacobian and then there's a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian and then there's a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jacobian and then there's a change
+through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+source we have to worry about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we have to worry about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source we have to worry about whether
+any of these things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter and basically what the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and basically what the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and basically what the claim is
+and where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where we're
+going is that considering lran is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going is that considering lran is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going is that considering lran is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough so that two and three are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that two and three are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that two and three are
+something that we can kind of deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can kind of deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can kind of deal with
+generically and then we only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically and then we only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically and then we only have to
+check that changing thean does what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that changing thean does what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that changing thean does what we
+want so the claim is what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the claim is what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so the claim is what we'll
+show without changing the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show without changing the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show without changing the S
+Matrix we can remove considering two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generically so we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically so we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically so we don't have to worry
+about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so some of this we'll we'll do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's just start today so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just start today so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just start today so let's
+first look at Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first look at Dell
+l kind of analogous to what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l kind of analogous to what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l kind of analogous to what we were
+doing in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need is a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a change of
+variable which is this one up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is this one up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is this one up
+here and one restriction on Delta L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one restriction on Delta L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and one restriction on Delta L
+which I mentioned is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I mentioned is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I mentioned is part of the
+Assumption was that this change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption was that this change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption was that this change of
+variable should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform in the same way as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the same way as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform in the same way as the the
+original fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original fi
+dagger so same lorence IND index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so same lorence IND index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so same lorence IND index
+structure same gauge index structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure same gauge index structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure same gauge index structure
+Etc so that's kind of a assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so that's kind of a assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so that's kind of a assumption that
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+said in order to respect the symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in order to respect the symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in order to respect the symmetries
+and not mess them up with our field red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not mess them up with our field red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not mess them up with our field red
+definition we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so let's see what happens to L zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's L
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+for maybe it has some other terms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe it has some other terms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for maybe it has some other terms as
+well but let's just consider these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but let's just consider these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but let's just consider these
+pieces and ask what happens with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and ask what happens with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and ask what happens with them
+since they're the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones so when I switch to Prime Fields I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so when I switch to Prime Fields I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so when I switch to Prime Fields I
+get that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that back
+again I get m S 5 dger Prime 5 Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I get m S 5 dger Prime 5 Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I get m S 5 dger Prime 5 Prime and
+then I get some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms which I integrate the coant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which I integrate the coant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which I integrate the coant
+derivative by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative by
+Parts which I'm always able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts which I'm always able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts which I'm always able to
+do it's nice what gauge symmetry allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's nice what gauge symmetry allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's nice what gauge symmetry allows
+you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do then I get a term like that and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then I get a term like that and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then I get a term like that and I've
+set things up so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up so that this
+term here does exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here does exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here does exactly what we
+need if I go back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need if I go back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need if I go back over
+here those terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here those terms are
+cancelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you may be worried about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may be worried about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you may be worried about all the
+other terms that get induced you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that get induced you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that get induced you've
+remove something but you've induced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove something but you've induced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove something but you've induced a
+lot of stuff but the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff but the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stuff but the point of the
+effective theory is that you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory is that you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective theory is that you already
+wrote down every possible operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down every possible operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down every possible operator that
+was consistent with the symmetries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was consistent with the symmetries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was consistent with the symmetries so
+even if you induce a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you induce a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you induce a bunch of other
+terms they should be terms you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they should be terms you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms they should be terms you already
+have so all you're doing with inducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so all you're doing with inducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so all you're doing with inducing
+those other terms is Shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other terms is Shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other terms is Shifting the
+coefficients of the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around so L1 was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete in the sense of having all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in the sense of having all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete in the sense of having all the
+terms Allowed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Allowed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms Allowed by the
+Symmetry and we've respected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and we've respected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry and we've respected the
+Symmetry in the way we made this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry in the way we made this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symmetry in the way we made this field
+red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition so any terms that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so any terms that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition so any terms that I didn't
+write which are all these terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write which are all these terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write which are all these terms in the
+dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot dot dot
+Prime are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators that are present in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that are present in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators that are present in the other
+dots that I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots that I didn't
+write okay so there was some Dots here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write okay so there was some Dots here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write okay so there was some Dots here
+there was some dots there even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some dots there even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some dots there even if I
+include operators in those dots the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include operators in those dots the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include operators in those dots the
+operators in these dots are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in these dots are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators in these dots are already
+present in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dots and so all I'm doing really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and so all I'm doing really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots and so all I'm doing really is
+Shifting couplings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's same effective Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's same effective Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's same effective Theory
+just with a new def new name for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a new def new name for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a new def new name for the
+coefficients but we haven't fixed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but we haven't fixed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but we haven't fixed the
+coefficients yet anyway we're setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yet anyway we're setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients yet anyway we're setting up
+our effective Theory so whether we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effective Theory so whether we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our effective Theory so whether we fix
+the new coefficients or the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new coefficients or the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new coefficients or the old
+coefficients it's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so number two is the Jacobian and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number two is the Jacobian and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so number two is the Jacobian and I
+won't go all the way through this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go all the way through this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go all the way through this but
+what are we going to do there we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to do there we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are we going to do there we're
+going to use the same kind of trick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the same kind of trick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the same kind of trick that
+we did in gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did in gauge
+Theory we're going to write the Jacobian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're going to write the Jacobian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory we're going to write the Jacobian
+as lran involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lran involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lran involving
+ghosts so remember when you talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghosts so remember when you talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghosts so remember when you talked about
+FID of popof in some field Theory course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FID of popof in some field Theory course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FID of popof in some field Theory course
+prior to this one you saw that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to this one you saw that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to this one you saw that you could
+write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a
+determinant as an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant as an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant as an exponential
+involving some ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fields and the way that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worked is that up to ass sign whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked is that up to ass sign whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked is that up to ass sign whatever
+was sitting here ended up just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting here ended up just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sitting here ended up just sitting
+between the ghost fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of video of pop off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+procedure and we're going to just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and we're going to just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and we're going to just use
+the same thing although our ghosts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing although our ghosts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing although our ghosts
+aren't we're not we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we're not we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't we're not we're talking about
+scalar field field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar field field
+Theory so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so for
+us we take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guy which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy which is the
+Jacobian I'll take that take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative and if you take this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and if you take this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and if you take this thing
+which is a sitting in functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sitting in functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a sitting in functional
+determinant and you turn it into ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and you turn it into ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and you turn it into ghost
+then what you get is a termine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lran that looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that looks like it could do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that looks like it could do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that looks like it could do something
+but it turns out that this term and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this term and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this term and I
+think I'll take this up next time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll take this up next time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'll take this up next time it
+turns out that this term is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this term is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this term is actually a
+ghost that has mass that's of order the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost that has mass that's of order the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost that has mass that's of order the
+high scale Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high scale Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high scale Lambda
+new and so again because of our logic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and so again because of our logic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and so again because of our logic of
+the effective Theory only being valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory only being valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective Theory only being valid
+below that high scale we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that high scale we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that high scale we can just
+effectively integrate out this ghost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively integrate out this ghost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively integrate out this ghost and
+then it shifts coefficients again but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it shifts coefficients again but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it shifts coefficients again but I
+but I'll continue with that next time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll continue with that next time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll continue with that next time so
+we have to figure out what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to figure out what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to figure out what to do with
+this ghost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ghost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ghost
+lran and we'll deal with that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran and we'll deal with that next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lran and we'll deal with that next time
+so any questions about our halfway done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a pretty powerful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a pretty powerful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a pretty powerful thing
+that you can use in effective field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in effective field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use in effective field
+Theory and it also is keeps your eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and it also is keeps your eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and it also is keeps your eye on
+the ball because it tells you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball because it tells you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball because it tells you to think
+about physics because this leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physics because this leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physics because this leaves
+physics invariant it doesn't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics invariant it doesn't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics invariant it doesn't leave
+something like if you say you had a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like if you say you had a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like if you say you had a a
+theory that had some longdistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that had some longdistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that had some longdistance
+degrees of freedom and it has some short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and it has some short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom and it has some short
+distance potential the short distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance potential the short distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance potential the short distance
+potential could be changed by a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential could be changed by a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential could be changed by a field
+redefinition it might not be a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition it might not be a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefinition it might not be a physical
+thing so you have to be it keeps your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you have to be it keeps your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you have to be it keeps your
+eye on the ball as to what is physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on the ball as to what is physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on the ball as to what is physical
+and how to talk about things
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fTACO13q2oU.txt b/fTACO13q2oU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f9bacf44cece97752f930a8f7e7f2e35e1d4161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fTACO13q2oU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have been teaching three for more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have been teaching three for more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have been teaching three for more than
+three years already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three years already
+so I was given a charge to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was given a charge to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was given a charge to change the
+course to make it even better than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make it even better than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to make it even better than what
+is actually done previously in previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually done previously in previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually done previously in previous
+years and we actually made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and we actually made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and we actually made a lot of
+adjustment during this few years with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment during this few years with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjustment during this few years with
+many other professors in the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other professors in the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other professors in the physics
+department so what we actually did is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so what we actually did is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department so what we actually did is to
+change the the textbook the textbook is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the the textbook the textbook is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the the textbook the textbook is
+actually now much more theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now much more theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now much more theoretical
+oriented so that we benefit from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented so that we benefit from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented so that we benefit from that
+for the preparation for the other course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the preparation for the other course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the preparation for the other course
+like ao4 which is actually the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ao4 which is actually the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ao4 which is actually the quantum
+physics and and also the other course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and and also the other course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and and also the other course
+which are related to waves and vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are related to waves and vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are related to waves and vibration
+the benefit is the following so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit is the following so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit is the following so the
+students who are have equipped it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are have equipped it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who are have equipped it with
+more mathematics background will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematics background will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mathematics background will also
+find it much more interesting compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it much more interesting compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it much more interesting compared
+to previous years because in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to previous years because in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to previous years because in the
+previous years we are mainly focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous years we are mainly focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous years we are mainly focusing on
+a very practical problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very practical problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very practical problem solving
+reducing more theoretical orientated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing more theoretical orientated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing more theoretical orientated
+content that can help us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that can help us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that can help us to
+systematically understand sync
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically understand sync
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically understand sync
+oscillator coupled oscillator infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator coupled oscillator infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator coupled oscillator infinite
+number of coupled oscillator and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of coupled oscillator and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of coupled oscillator and two
+were continuous and in phonetic cup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were continuous and in phonetic cup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were continuous and in phonetic cup of
+the system in very very well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in very very well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in very very well-defined
+theoretical framework and finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical framework and finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical framework and finally I
+think what we really did is to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we really did is to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we really did is to introduce
+a lot of demos made much more demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of demos made much more demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of demos made much more demos
+actually than previous years so that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually than previous years so that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually than previous years so that it
+goes with the lecture so that people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with the lecture so that people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes with the lecture so that people can
+actually look at those demos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at those demos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at those demos and
+compared to our cellular calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our cellular calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to our cellular calculations
+and I think that is actually evolving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that is actually evolving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that is actually evolving as
+a function of time and we were adding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time and we were adding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time and we were adding or
+subtracting the demos which we think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the demos which we think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the demos which we think is
+more useful or thus used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful or thus used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more useful or thus used for
+the semester and not essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester and not essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester and not essentially what
+you see now in the 2016 version
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fwThhaZk5WQ.txt b/fwThhaZk5WQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecf0b5b5a2050fa84602d5ef8a4e739df37f371d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fwThhaZk5WQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm professor hazel sirf and i'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm professor hazel sirf and i'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm professor hazel sirf and i'd like to
+welcome you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you to
+getting up to speed in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is this course about this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this course about this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this course about this is for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+if you are trying to fill in a sparse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are trying to fill in a sparse or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are trying to fill in a sparse or
+distant background in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant background in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant background in biology
+it's been a while since you studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while since you studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been a while since you studied
+biology and you'd like to get up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and you'd like to get up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and you'd like to get up into
+a more modern time this is for you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more modern time this is for you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more modern time this is for you if
+you're preparing to take a college-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're preparing to take a college-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're preparing to take a college-level
+introductory biology course for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology course for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory biology course for example
+at mit or another college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit or another college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit or another college
+and this is for you if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is for you if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is for you if you're trying to
+get insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get insight into
+life sciences for your own interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life sciences for your own interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life sciences for your own interest
+let's talk a little bit about biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about biology
+today which is really fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is really fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today which is really fantastic
+the thing you may know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you may know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing you may know is that
+everything is made of these tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is made of these tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is made of these tiny
+building blocks called cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks called cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks called cells
+this is a video from my own research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a video from my own research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a video from my own research
+group it's a picture or video of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it's a picture or video of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group it's a picture or video of the
+developing brain in a fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing brain in a fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing brain in a fish
+you can see the red dots which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the red dots which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the red dots which are the
+nuclei of the cells where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei of the cells where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei of the cells where all the
+genetic material lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic material lives
+and you can see that every cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that every cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that every cell is
+surrounded by a green region a membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a green region a membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounded by a green region a membrane
+that keeps everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that keeps everything
+intact everything is made of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact everything is made of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intact everything is made of cells
+and everything comes from a single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything comes from a single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything comes from a single cell
+it's amazing you can look at a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing you can look at a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing you can look at a beautiful
+bird or a creepy spider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird or a creepy spider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird or a creepy spider
+a family of polar bears or sea creature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of polar bears or sea creature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family of polar bears or sea creature
+and everything has come from a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything has come from a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything has come from a single
+cell really fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell really fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell really fantastic
+here's some other things to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some other things to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some other things to think about
+in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biology
+there are some animals that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some animals that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some animals that can
+regenerate their body parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate their body parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regenerate their body parts
+if they are cut in half or a limb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are cut in half or a limb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they are cut in half or a limb is
+severed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severed
+they can grow one back or they can grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can grow one back or they can grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can grow one back or they can grow
+back a new body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a new body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a new body
+planaria flatworms are like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planaria flatworms are like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planaria flatworms are like this
+professor redeem at mit studies these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor redeem at mit studies these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor redeem at mit studies these
+and has made some real insights into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has made some real insights into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has made some real insights into
+thinking about or into understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about or into understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about or into understanding
+how flatworms regenerate their bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flatworms regenerate their bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how flatworms regenerate their bodies
+maybe this has got something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this has got something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this has got something to do with
+helping humans regenerate body parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping humans regenerate body parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping humans regenerate body parts
+when there is an accident or a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is an accident or a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is an accident or a disease
+we can think about life in the oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about life in the oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about life in the oceans
+proclacus is the world's most abundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proclacus is the world's most abundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proclacus is the world's most abundant
+bacterium in the seas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium in the seas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium in the seas
+the oceans are full of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oceans are full of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oceans are full of the small
+bacterium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterium
+and the function is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function is really not
+understood but likely has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but likely has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but likely has something
+very important to do with the health of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to do with the health of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to do with the health of
+our waters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our waters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our waters
+professor chisholm at mit has discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor chisholm at mit has discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor chisholm at mit has discovered
+and has studied this bacterium most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has studied this bacterium most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has studied this bacterium most
+recently finding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently finding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently finding that
+it is making thousands of different tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is making thousands of different tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is making thousands of different tiny
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+that is secreting into the water and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is secreting into the water and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is secreting into the water and the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+again is unknown at this frontier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is unknown at this frontier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is unknown at this frontier of
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+there's huge interest in the diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge interest in the diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's huge interest in the diseases
+that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get
+and what causes them and how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what causes them and how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what causes them and how to use
+state-of-the-art techniques to cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art techniques to cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art techniques to cure
+diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases
+in this example professor yilmats at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example professor yilmats at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example professor yilmats at mit
+has been thinking about what we eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been thinking about what we eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been thinking about what we eat
+and how that influences the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that influences the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that influences the types of
+cancer for example colon cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer for example colon cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer for example colon cancer
+that we get and what we might do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get and what we might do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get and what we might do to
+address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address
+cures that use brand new breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cures that use brand new breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cures that use brand new breaking
+technologies to make people better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies to make people better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies to make people better
+and we can think about life as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about life as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about life as part of
+the engineering spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering spectrum
+how to make new things in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make new things in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make new things in this example
+professor barter uses dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor barter uses dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor barter uses dna
+constructed into particular scaffolds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed into particular scaffolds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed into particular scaffolds of
+particular shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular shapes
+to do interesting engineering things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do interesting engineering things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do interesting engineering things
+here this scaffold can harvest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this scaffold can harvest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this scaffold can harvest the
+energy from light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy from light
+a completely new way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely new way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely new way to get
+light-sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light-sensitive
+energy sources all of this adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources all of this adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy sources all of this adds up
+to the excitement that is the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the excitement that is the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the excitement that is the background
+for this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this course
+and for biology today so let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for biology today so let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for biology today so let's go back
+to the question of whether this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question of whether this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the question of whether this course
+will be useful for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be useful for you
+it will be if you have never had high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be if you have never had high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be if you have never had high
+school biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school biology
+since you were a freshman let's say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you were a freshman let's say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you were a freshman let's say it
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+if you need a refresher class before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need a refresher class before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need a refresher class before you
+can go and take an introductory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and take an introductory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and take an introductory
+level biology class at college are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level biology class at college are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level biology class at college are you
+still not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not sure
+we have a quiz that you can take and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a quiz that you can take and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a quiz that you can take and
+you'll figure out whether or not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll figure out whether or not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll figure out whether or not what we
+would teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would teach you
+in this class will be useful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to getting up to speed in
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+now that you've taken the quiz and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've taken the quiz and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you've taken the quiz and have
+decided that this course will be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this course will be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that this course will be useful
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you
+let me tell you a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you a little bit more about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+what's the content of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the content of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the content of this particular
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+it is a short course that comprises five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a short course that comprises five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a short course that comprises five
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+that are arranged in a modular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are arranged in a modular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are arranged in a modular form
+after a few minutes the lecture will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few minutes the lecture will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a few minutes the lecture will
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+and there will be some practice problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be some practice problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be some practice problems
+that you'll be able to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll be able to access
+and work with the concepts and the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with the concepts and the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with the concepts and the ideas
+that have been introduced to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been introduced to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been introduced to you
+so you'll get plenty of expertise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get plenty of expertise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll get plenty of expertise in
+each of the things in each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the things in each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the things in each of the
+modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules
+that you go through in every lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go through in every lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you go through in every lecture
+the topics of the lectures cover some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics of the lectures cover some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topics of the lectures cover some of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+greatest and most important concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest and most important concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest and most important concepts in
+biology today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology today
+they're titled molecules of life the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're titled molecules of life the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're titled molecules of life the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+and how it works information transfer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it works information transfer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how it works information transfer in
+biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology
+inheritance and genetics and building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and genetics and building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance and genetics and building
+with dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dna
+welcome to getting up to speed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to getting up to speed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to getting up to speed in
+biology i look forward to working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology i look forward to working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology i look forward to working with
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+as we go through this material together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g2Iom3LgrzY.txt b/g2Iom3LgrzY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2da9b7dc1742d75d99dd53a4ad5e3abf41ceb14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g2Iom3LgrzY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7277 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh we're first going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh we're first going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so uh we're first going to
+start talking about Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strengths you know that uh we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths you know that uh we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths you know that uh we have been
+drawing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing these
+interaction energy energy interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy energy interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction energy energy interaction
+curves as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves as a function of
+r and we have defined here a bond energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and we have defined here a bond energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and we have defined here a bond energy
+a bond dissociation energy e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond dissociation energy e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond dissociation energy e
+subd as that energy difference from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd as that energy difference from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subd as that energy difference from the
+bottom of this well to the separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this well to the separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this well to the separated
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+limit and uh let me consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and uh let me consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and uh let me consider the
+separated atom limit now to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom limit now to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom limit now to be a
+separated uh methyl group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated uh methyl group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated uh methyl group and the
+hydrogen atom because I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom because I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom because I want to talk
+about the CH Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the CH Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the CH Bond
+okay so this is the Bond Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the Bond Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the Bond Association
+energy for CH in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for CH in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for CH in
+methane all right but now what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane all right but now what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane all right but now what we're
+going to do is we're going to change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to change our
+definition a little bit instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition a little bit instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition a little bit instead of
+talking about an energy a dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about an energy a dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about an energy a dissociation
+energy a bond energy we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a bond energy we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy a bond energy we're going to talk
+about a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enthalpy and I'm going to represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and I'm going to represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and I'm going to represent the
+bond enthalpy by Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enthalpy by Delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond enthalpy by Delta h
+it turns out that in the laboratory we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that in the laboratory we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that in the laboratory we
+can more easily measure a Delta h a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can more easily measure a Delta h a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can more easily measure a Delta h a bond
+enthalpy rather than a bond energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy rather than a bond energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy rather than a bond energy we
+can do so because most the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so because most the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do so because most the experiments
+we do are at constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do are at constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do are at constant
+pressure when we do an experiment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure when we do an experiment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure when we do an experiment in the
+lab that's at constant pressure and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab that's at constant pressure and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab that's at constant pressure and the
+relationship between Delta H and Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Delta H and Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Delta H and Delta e
+is the following Delta h H is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following Delta h H is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following Delta h H is equal to
+Delta e plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta e plus Delta
+PV all right now where this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV all right now where this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV all right now where this relationship
+comes from is a subject of a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from is a subject of a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from is a subject of a great
+discussion in 560 in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in 560 in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in 560 in chemical
+thermodynamics uh you will see that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics uh you will see that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics uh you will see that if
+you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take
+560 at the moment we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 at the moment we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 at the moment we're just going to
+take this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this as a
+given but I'll tell you that although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given but I'll tell you that although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given but I'll tell you that although
+Delta H and Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and Delta e
+differ for gases the difference is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ for gases the difference is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ for gases the difference is on
+the order of 1% 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 1% 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of 1% 1 to
+2% for gases between Delta H and Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% for gases between Delta H and Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% for gases between Delta H and Delta e
+they're both an energy but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both an energy but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both an energy but we're going
+to call it an enthalpy all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it an enthalpy all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call it an enthalpy all right that's
+actually what we measure typically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we measure typically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we measure typically in
+the laboratory for solids and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory for solids and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laboratory for solids and for
+liquids the numbers are essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids the numbers are essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids the numbers are essentially the
+same right but for gases there's a 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right but for gases there's a 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right but for gases there's a 1 to
+2% difference so if you're doing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% difference so if you're doing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2% difference so if you're doing an
+exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+calculation or um you really do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation or um you really do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation or um you really do need to
+know that number exactly you need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that number exactly you need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that number exactly you need to get
+the bond enthalpy and in fact if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond enthalpy and in fact if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond enthalpy and in fact if you go
+and you look up Bond strengths they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look up Bond strengths they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look up Bond strengths they will
+for the most part all be Bond enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part all be Bond enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part all be Bond enthalpies
+and not Bond energies okay there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not Bond energies okay there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not Bond energies okay there's a
+more extensive table of bond enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extensive table of bond enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extensive table of bond enthalpies
+than there is for Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there is for Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there is for Bond
+Energies okay so we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energies okay so we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energies okay so we're going to start
+talking about Delta H for a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta H for a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Delta H for a bond
+now all right and in thermodynamics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right and in thermodynamics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right and in thermodynamics as
+again you'll see in more detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll see in more detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll see in more detail in
+560 thermodynamics we always need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 thermodynamics we always need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 thermodynamics we always need a
+standard State we're always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard State we're always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard State we're always going to be
+for the most part measuring things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part measuring things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part measuring things
+relative to one another and so we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to one another and so we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to one another and so we need a
+common ground we need a standard state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ground we need a standard state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common ground we need a standard state
+and uh what your book uses and what most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what your book uses and what most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh what your book uses and what most
+people now use for a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now use for a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people now use for a standard
+state is the pressure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the pressure one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is the pressure one
+bar so the standard State really refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so the standard State really refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar so the standard State really refers
+to the pressure and actually not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pressure and actually not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pressure and actually not the
+temperature but uh one bar right is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but uh one bar right is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature but uh one bar right is uh
+equal to 10 to the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 10 to the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 10 to the five
+pascals right and a pascal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kilogram meter per second squar 10 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram meter per second squar 10 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram meter per second squar 10 5
+kilogram per met second squared and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram per met second squared and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram per met second squared and the
+relationship between bar and atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between bar and atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between bar and atmosphere
+is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one
+atmosphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is
+1.01325
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.01325
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.01325
+bar all right so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar all right so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar all right so an
+atmosphere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is
+1.01325
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.01325
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.01325
+bar I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar I'm
+sorry okay and so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay and so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay and so to
+represent this uh standard State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this uh standard State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent this uh standard State
+here we're going to put a notot up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to put a notot up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to put a notot up here
+we're going to put a superscript up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put a superscript up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put a superscript up here
+this is going to be Delta H uh KN that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Delta H uh KN that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be Delta H uh KN that's
+going to represent our standard State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent our standard State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to represent our standard State
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so uh why are uh all right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh why are uh all right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh why are uh all right and so
+um on the first slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the first slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the first slide
+here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what
+we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do
+now I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slide okay on the first slide here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay on the first slide here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide okay on the first slide here what
+I've got are a bunch of H Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got are a bunch of H Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got are a bunch of H Bond
+enthalpies and these are bond enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies and these are bond enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies and these are bond enthalpies
+for all of them are for C CH bonds first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them are for C CH bonds first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them are for C CH bonds first
+one is for the CH bond in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for the CH bond in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is for the CH bond in uh in
+methane second one for the CH bond in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane second one for the CH bond in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane second one for the CH bond in
+ethane third for the CH Bond and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethane third for the CH Bond and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethane third for the CH Bond and c
+hf3 and what you can see is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hf3 and what you can see is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hf3 and what you can see is that they're
+all about 400 kles per mole they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about 400 kles per mole they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about 400 kles per mole they're not
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+exactly the same and they shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same and they shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same and they shouldn't be
+they're different molecules the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different molecules the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're different molecules the bond
+strength really does depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength really does depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength really does depend on the
+individual molecule but they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual molecule but they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual molecule but they're all
+roughly speaking uh the same and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking uh the same and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking uh the same and so what
+is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often
+done is to take Bond Bond enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to take Bond Bond enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is to take Bond Bond enthalpies
+such as this and average those strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this and average those strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this and average those strengths
+over many different molecules for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many different molecules for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many different molecules for the
+same Bond so that you have an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Bond so that you have an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Bond so that you have an average
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+enthalpy and that's what you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and that's what you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy and that's what you'll see
+plotted or that's what you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted or that's what you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted or that's what you'll see a
+graph of this is a table from your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this is a table from your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of this is a table from your book
+that gives you the mean Bond enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the mean Bond enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the mean Bond enthalpy
+for for example C H bonds 412 K gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example C H bonds 412 K gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for example C H bonds 412 K gives
+you the mean Bond enthalpy here for cc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the mean Bond enthalpy here for cc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the mean Bond enthalpy here for cc
+bonds 348 KJ for carbon carbon double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds 348 KJ for carbon carbon double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds 348 KJ for carbon carbon double
+bonds 612
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds 612
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds 612
+kles all right and um so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kles all right and um so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kles all right and um so those are the
+kinds of tables that you'll often see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of tables that you'll often see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of tables that you'll often see
+but remember these are average bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember these are average bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but remember these are average bond
+enthalpies they're going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies they're going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies they're going to give you
+that Bond enthalpy approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond enthalpy approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond enthalpy approximately
+correctly but but not exactly correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but but not exactly correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly but but not exactly correctly
+and that's going to be important as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be important as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be important as
+we're going to see in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see in just a
+moment okay now why in the world are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay now why in the world are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay now why in the world are
+Bond enthalpies important to us well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond enthalpies important to us well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond enthalpies important to us well
+they're important to us because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important to us because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important to us because they
+determine the enthalpy of a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the enthalpy of a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the enthalpy of a chemical
+reaction right if the bond enthalpies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction right if the bond enthalpies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction right if the bond enthalpies in
+a uh product of the reaction if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh product of the reaction if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh product of the reaction if those
+Bond enthalpies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond enthalpies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond enthalpies are
+stronger than the bond enthalpies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than the bond enthalpies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger than the bond enthalpies in the
+reactants well then the enthalpy of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants well then the enthalpy of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants well then the enthalpy of that
+reaction is going to be negative you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to be negative you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to be negative you're
+going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have an
+exothermic chemical reaction if the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic chemical reaction if the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic chemical reaction if the bond
+enthalpies in the reactants are stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies in the reactants are stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies in the reactants are stronger
+than those in the products well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those in the products well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than those in the products well then
+we're going to have an endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have an endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have an endothermic
+reaction so the bond enthalpies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the bond enthalpies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the bond enthalpies the
+relative Bond enthalpies are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative Bond enthalpies are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative Bond enthalpies are going to
+determine the sign of the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sign of the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sign of the enthalpy of
+the chemical reaction so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reaction so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical reaction so let's look at
+this reaction here here very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction here here very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction here here very important
+reaction this is the oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is the oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this is the oxidation of
+glucose very exothermic reaction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose very exothermic reaction minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose very exothermic reaction minus
+2,816 kilog per mole hey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 kilog per mole hey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 kilog per mole hey this
+reaction is going on in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going on in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going on in every single
+cell of your body it is this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell of your body it is this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell of your body it is this reaction
+that you are using right now to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are using right now to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are using right now to maintain
+maintain your body temperature to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain your body temperature to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain your body temperature to move
+your muscles to repair tissue to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your muscles to repair tissue to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your muscles to repair tissue to think
+right this oxidation of glucose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this oxidation of glucose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this oxidation of glucose is
+important I mean this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I mean this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I mean this is the
+reaction and this is the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and this is the reason why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and this is the reason why we
+eat this is the reason why we breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat this is the reason why we breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat this is the reason why we breathe
+this is the reason why we exhale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why we exhale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why we exhale and
+this is the reason why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pee okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pee okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pee okay
+so what do we have to do to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have to do to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have to do to calculate
+the uh enthalpy for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh enthalpy for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh enthalpy for this
+reaction well what we got to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction well what we got to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction well what we got to do here is
+got to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to take
+glucose and that's the structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and that's the structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and that's the structure of a
+glucose blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose blood
+sugar and that of oxygen and we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and that of oxygen and we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar and that of oxygen and we have to
+calculate how much energy it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much energy it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much energy it's going to
+require how much enthalpy it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require how much enthalpy it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require how much enthalpy it's going to
+require to break every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require to break every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require to break every single one of
+these Bonds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Bonds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Bonds in
+glucose so what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose so what we have to
+know is how much energy is required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how much energy is required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is how much energy is required to
+break seven CH bonds all right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break seven CH bonds all right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break seven CH bonds all right we have
+to know how much energy your enthalpy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much energy your enthalpy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much energy your enthalpy is
+required to break Five O bonds here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to break Five O bonds here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to break Five O bonds here are
+o our o bonds and how much enal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o our o bonds and how much enal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o our o bonds and how much enal is
+required to break five Co bonds here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to break five Co bonds here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to break five Co bonds here are
+Co bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Co bonds and
+to break five carbon carbon bonds and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break five carbon carbon bonds and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break five carbon carbon bonds and to
+break one Co double bond and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break one Co double bond and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break one Co double bond and then
+finally we need the enthalpy to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we need the enthalpy to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally we need the enthalpy to break
+six molecular oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six molecular oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six molecular oxygen
+bonds okay so we can calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay so we can calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay so we can calculate that
+right we can calculate the enthalpy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can calculate the enthalpy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can calculate the enthalpy to
+break all of these bonds by looking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break all of these bonds by looking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break all of these bonds by looking up
+the values from that table that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values from that table that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values from that table that I just
+showed you the table of average bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the table of average bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the table of average bond
+enthalpies and when we do that we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies and when we do that we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies and when we do that we find
+it's a whopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a whopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a whopping
+12,42 kles per mole that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,42 kles per mole that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12,42 kles per mole that's what we're
+going to need to take glucose and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to take glucose and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to take glucose and oxygen
+to the elements right the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the elements right the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the elements right the atomic
+species all right well then likewise we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species all right well then likewise we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species all right well then likewise we
+know that although we need to put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that although we need to put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that although we need to put that
+much energy in to break the bonds we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy in to break the bonds we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much energy in to break the bonds we're
+going to get some energy back when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some energy back when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get some energy back when we
+make the bonds right so now we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the bonds right so now we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the bonds right so now we need to
+know how much energy enthalpy we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much energy enthalpy we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much energy enthalpy we're
+going to get back when we make 12 Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back when we make 12 Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back when we make 12 Co
+double bonds and when we make 12 O bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and when we make 12 O bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and when we make 12 O bonds
+and again we can use our table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we can use our table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we can use our table of
+average bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average bond
+enthalpies to calculate that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies to calculate that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies to calculate that when we
+make those bonds we get 15, 192 K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those bonds we get 15, 192 K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those bonds we get 15, 192 K of
+energy your enthalpy back and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy your enthalpy back and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy your enthalpy back and then the
+difference between this right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between this right this
+energy and that energy well that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that energy well that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that energy well that is the
+enthalpy of that reaction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,740 so what did we do here well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,740 so what did we do here well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,740 so what did we do here well what
+we did to get the enthalpy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did to get the enthalpy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did to get the enthalpy for the
+reaction is we took the bond enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is we took the bond enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is we took the bond enthalpies
+for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each
+Bond of the reactants we summed them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond of the reactants we summed them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond of the reactants we summed them all
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+and we took the bond enthalpies for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we took the bond enthalpies for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we took the bond enthalpies for each
+Bond of the react of the products and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond of the react of the products and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond of the react of the products and we
+summed them all up and then we took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed them all up and then we took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed them all up and then we took the
+difference and that's how we got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that's how we got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and that's how we got this
+number minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+740 kles per mole all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+740 kles per mole all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+740 kles per mole all
+right okay but now what I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but now what I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay but now what I want you to
+notice here and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here and this is
+important what I want you to notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what I want you to notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important what I want you to notice is
+that we calculated these enthalpies by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we calculated these enthalpies by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we calculated these enthalpies by
+taking the enthalpies of the bonds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the enthalpies of the bonds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the enthalpies of the bonds of
+the reactants minus those of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants minus those of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants minus those of the
+products when we measure enthalpies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products when we measure enthalpies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products when we measure enthalpies for
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+reactions using Bond enthalpies it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions using Bond enthalpies it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions using Bond enthalpies it is
+reactants minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants minus
+products reason I tell you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products reason I tell you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products reason I tell you this is
+because in a moment I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a moment I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in a moment I'm going to show
+you another way to calculate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another way to calculate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another way to calculate the the
+enthalpy for a reaction and that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy for a reaction and that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy for a reaction and that way
+will be products minus reactants all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be products minus reactants all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be products minus reactants all
+right so you got to keep this straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you got to keep this straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you got to keep this straight
+this is reactants minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products all right but now you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right but now you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right but now you see that
+I just calculated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just calculated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just calculated a
+number for that reaction enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for that reaction enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for that reaction enthalpy of
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,740 and the experimental value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,740 and the experimental value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,740 and the experimental value here
+was minus 2,8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+36 some of you are looking your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 some of you are looking your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 some of you are looking your notes
+like it's not in your notes is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not in your notes is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not in your notes is that
+right it's in the notes okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's in the notes okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's in the notes okay all right
+okay so uh ge you know this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh ge you know this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh ge you know this is what I
+told you was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you was the
+experiment this is what we calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is what we calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment this is what we calculated
+what happened here right well remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here right well remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here right well remember
+that what we used to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we used to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we used to calculate this
+number was the average bondal piece we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was the average bondal piece we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number was the average bondal piece we
+didn't use the ex back bond enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the ex back bond enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't use the ex back bond enthalpies
+for every bond in every uh every bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every bond in every uh every bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every bond in every uh every bond
+that we had and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had and there's a
+difference and so um how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so um how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so um how can we
+calculate this in a more accurate way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this in a more accurate way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this in a more accurate way I
+mean sometimes depending on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sometimes depending on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean sometimes depending on what you're
+doing sometimes it's okay to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sometimes it's okay to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing sometimes it's okay to have the
+average bond enthalpies you're close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average bond enthalpies you're close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average bond enthalpies you're close
+enough it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it's good
+enough sometimes it isn't so when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough sometimes it isn't so when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough sometimes it isn't so when it
+isn't what can we do is there an more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what can we do is there an more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what can we do is there an more
+accurate way well you could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate way well you could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate way well you could have the
+exact Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact Bond
+enthalpies but you know the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies but you know the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies but you know the bottom line
+is that if you had the exact enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you had the exact enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you had the exact enthalpies
+for each bond for each known molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each bond for each known molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each bond for each known molecule
+can you imagine the table of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you imagine the table of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you imagine the table of numbers
+that you would have to have right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have to have right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have to have right in
+fact such a table doesn't even exist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact such a table doesn't even exist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact such a table doesn't even exist I
+mean just for glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just for glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just for glucose
+alone we would need 23 different numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone we would need 23 different numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone we would need 23 different numbers
+23 different Bond en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 different Bond en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 different Bond en
+P that is a large amount of data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that is a large amount of data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P that is a large amount of data that we
+would need to do this exactly from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to do this exactly from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to do this exactly from the
+bondal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry absolutely that's your job okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry absolutely that's your job okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry absolutely that's your job okay
+that's why you're here to sit in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're here to sit in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're here to sit in class
+and say gee that's too hard let me think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say gee that's too hard let me think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say gee that's too hard let me think
+of another way to do it okay that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another way to do it okay that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another way to do it okay that's what
+an MIT education is all about okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT education is all about okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT education is all about okay I'm
+serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious
+you're okay all right but uh we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay all right but uh we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay all right but uh we do have
+a less cumbersome way to handle this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less cumbersome way to handle this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a less cumbersome way to handle this and
+that is using heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is using heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is using heat of
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation
+okay so a heat of formation what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a heat of formation what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a heat of formation what's that
+here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it
+is I'm going to Define this as Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to Define this as Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm going to Define this as Delta H
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+subf that's a heat of formation it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf that's a heat of formation it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subf that's a heat of formation it's an
+enthalpy it is the enthalpy of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy it is the enthalpy of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy it is the enthalpy of a
+reaction that forms one mole of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that forms one mole of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that forms one mole of a
+compound from the elements in their most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound from the elements in their most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound from the elements in their most
+stable form in the standard state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form in the standard state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form in the standard state which
+is one by pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one by pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one by pressure
+here let me explain that here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me explain that here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me explain that here's a
+reaction that produces one mole that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that produces one mole that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that produces one mole that's
+important one MO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one MO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one MO
+one mole of liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of liquid
+water the enthalpy for this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the enthalpy for this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the enthalpy for this reaction is
+minus 285 kles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 285 kles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 285 kles per
+mole that enthalpy here is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole that enthalpy here is defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole that enthalpy here is defined as
+the heat of formation for water because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of formation for water because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of formation for water because
+the enthalpy for this reaction forms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy for this reaction forms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy for this reaction forms one
+mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of
+water and it's forming one mole of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it's forming one mole of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and it's forming one mole of water
+from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its
+elements but the elements here are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but the elements here are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements but the elements here are in
+their most stable form the most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their most stable form the most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their most stable form the most stable
+form of hydrogen that makes up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of hydrogen that makes up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of hydrogen that makes up this
+water here the most stable form at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water here the most stable form at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water here the most stable form at one
+bar pressure and at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar pressure and at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar pressure and at room
+temperature and I forgot to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and I forgot to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and I forgot to tell you
+that I was going to talk about Delta H's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going to talk about Delta H's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was going to talk about Delta H's
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+298.15 degrees kin okay all of our Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298.15 degrees kin okay all of our Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298.15 degrees kin okay all of our Delta
+H's will be for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's will be for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's will be for that
+temperature Delta H does depend a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Delta H does depend a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Delta H does depend a little
+bit on temperature but we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on temperature but we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on temperature but we're not going
+to do that here we're going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that here we're going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that here we're going to do that
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+560 all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 all right so
+298.15 is the temperature at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298.15 is the temperature at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298.15 is the temperature at which
+you're going to be dealing with all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be dealing with all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be dealing with all of
+your Delta hes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Delta hes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Delta hes but
+anyway uh H2 that's the most stable form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh H2 that's the most stable form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway uh H2 that's the most stable form
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+hydrogen and then uh oxygen here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and then uh oxygen here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and then uh oxygen here well
+that makes up one of the elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes up one of the elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes up one of the elements in
+water and so uh the most stable form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so uh the most stable form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so uh the most stable form of
+oxygen at this temperature and pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen at this temperature and pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen at this temperature and pressure
+is indeed molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed molecular
+oxygen and so this equation satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and so this equation satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and so this equation satisfies
+this definition forming one mole of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition forming one mole of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition forming one mole of a
+compound from the pure elements in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound from the pure elements in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound from the pure elements in their
+most stable form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable form
+right let's look at this reaction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's look at this reaction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's look at this reaction here
+we're forming one mole of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forming one mole of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forming one mole of of
+oxygen and we're forming get from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and we're forming get from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and we're forming get from one
+mole of oxygen the Delta H for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of oxygen the Delta H for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of oxygen the Delta H for this
+reaction is a whopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is a whopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is a whopping
+zero however this is the definition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero however this is the definition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero however this is the definition for
+the enthalpy of formation for oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of formation for oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of formation for oxygen
+because we're forming one mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're forming one mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're forming one mole of
+oxygen from its elements in their most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen from its elements in their most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen from its elements in their most
+stable form at the standard State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form at the standard State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form at the standard State the
+most stable form of oxygen is oxygen all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable form of oxygen is oxygen all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable form of oxygen is oxygen all
+right so the heat of formation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the heat of formation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the heat of formation the
+enthalpy of formation molecular oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of formation molecular oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy of formation molecular oxygen
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+zero such is the case for the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero such is the case for the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero such is the case for the heat of
+formation of hydrogen H2 or nitrogen N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of hydrogen H2 or nitrogen N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of hydrogen H2 or nitrogen N2
+or chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or chlorine
+cl2 right cl2 gas the heat of formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl2 right cl2 gas the heat of formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cl2 right cl2 gas the heat of formation
+of those uh compounds are all equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh compounds are all equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those uh compounds are all equal to
+zero because they're in their most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because they're in their most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because they're in their most
+stable form at uh one bar pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form at uh one bar pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable form at uh one bar pressure and
+temper and 298 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper and 298 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper and 298 Kelvin
+what about this reaction well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this reaction well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this reaction well this
+reaction here it's forming one mole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here it's forming one mole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here it's forming one mole of
+glucose it's forming one mole of GL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose it's forming one mole of GL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose it's forming one mole of GL
+glucose from glucose's elements in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose from glucose's elements in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose from glucose's elements in their
+most stable form here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable form here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable form here's the
+hydrogen molecular hydrogen here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen molecular hydrogen here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen molecular hydrogen here's the
+oxygen molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen molecular
+oxygen and here's the element carbon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and here's the element carbon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and here's the element carbon in
+its most stable form and you see this gr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its most stable form and you see this gr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its most stable form and you see this gr
+that stands for graphite stable form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stands for graphite stable form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stands for graphite stable form of
+carbon is graphite at this standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is graphite at this standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon is graphite at this standard
+pressure and this temperature 298
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and this temperature 298
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and this temperature 298
+Kelvin all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin all
+right so the enthalpy for this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the enthalpy for this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the enthalpy for this reaction
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+1,260 that is the heat of formation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,260 that is the heat of formation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,260 that is the heat of formation or
+the enthalpy of formation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of formation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of formation for
+glucose all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose all right so
+now we looked at the definition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we looked at the definition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we looked at the definition for the
+heat of formation how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of formation how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of formation how are we going to
+use the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the heat of
+formation to calculate the enthalpy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to calculate the enthalpy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to calculate the enthalpy for
+a reaction that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction that's what we're going to do
+now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all
+right so here is our reactant here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here is our reactant here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here is our reactant here are
+our reactants glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactants glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactants glucose and
+oxygen what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen what we're going to do is we're
+going to use the Heats of formation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the Heats of formation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the Heats of formation to
+calculate how much energy we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much energy we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how much energy we need to
+produce the elements of glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the elements of glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the elements of glucose and
+oxygen the elements in their most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the elements in their most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the elements in their most stable
+form meaning graphite molecular hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form meaning graphite molecular hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form meaning graphite molecular hydrogen
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular
+oxygen that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen that energy
+here is minus the heat of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus the heat of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus the heat of formation of
+glucose because now I'm taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose because now I'm taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose because now I'm taking this
+reaction and I'm going backwards right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and I'm going backwards right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and I'm going backwards right
+I'm going from glucose to the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going from glucose to the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going from glucose to the elements
+so this is going to be minus the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be minus the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be minus the heat of
+formation of glucose it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of glucose it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of glucose it's going to be
+1,26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,26
+K but then what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but then what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K but then what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to form the
+products I'm going to take the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I'm going to take the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products I'm going to take the elements
+in their most stable form put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their most stable form put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their most stable form put them
+together to form the product so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form the product so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to form the product so in this
+case I'm going to form here six CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to form here six CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm going to form here six CO2
+molecules so I need the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so I need the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so I need the heat of
+formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of
+CO2 since this is per mole we got six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 since this is per mole we got six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 since this is per mole we got six
+moles of them it's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2361 and then I'm going to take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2361 and then I'm going to take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2361 and then I'm going to take these
+elements and form the other product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and form the other product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and form the other product
+water and there's six moles of water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and there's six moles of water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and there's six moles of water so
+I need the heat of formation of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the heat of formation of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need the heat of formation of water
+times six minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times six minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times six minus
+1,75 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,75 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,75 or
+something and then the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then the difference
+between these the sum of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these the sum of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these the sum of these two
+energies and these energies well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and these energies well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and these energies well that's
+the enthalpy of the reaction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,816 that's a tabular or energy diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 that's a tabular or energy diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 that's a tabular or energy diagram
+form we can also write out the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can also write out the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we can also write out the equations
+let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+that all right so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so here's the
+reaction that uh defines the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that uh defines the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that uh defines the heat of
+formation of glucose except I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of glucose except I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of glucose except I wrote it
+backwards right this is glucose going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards right this is glucose going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards right this is glucose going to
+its elements in their most stable form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its elements in their most stable form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its elements in their most stable form
+the enthalpy change for that reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy change for that reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy change for that reaction is
+minus now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus now
+the heat of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose here's the uh reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose here's the uh reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose here's the uh reaction that
+defines the heat of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the heat of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the heat of formation of
+CO2 the enthalpy change for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 the enthalpy change for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 the enthalpy change for that
+reaction is six times the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is six times the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is six times the heat of
+formation of CO2 because we got a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of CO2 because we got a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of CO2 because we got a six
+here right the heat of formation is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the heat of formation is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right the heat of formation is for
+one mole but now we've multiplied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole but now we've multiplied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole but now we've multiplied this
+whole equation by six so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equation by six so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equation by six so we need to
+multiply that by six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by six
+then we've got an expression here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got an expression here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've got an expression here for
+the formation of six moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of six moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of six moles of
+water so the Delta for that reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so the Delta for that reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so the Delta for that reaction is
+six times the heat of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the heat of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times the heat of formation of
+water now we're going to add them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now we're going to add them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water now we're going to add them all
+up going to add up the uh reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going to add up the uh reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up going to add up the uh reactions
+first and what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and what you can see is that
+there's going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a lot of
+cancellations we did this correctly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations we did this correctly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellations we did this correctly a
+this six carbon ATS in the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this six carbon ATS in the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this six carbon ATS in the form of
+graphite is going to cancel with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite is going to cancel with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite is going to cancel with this
+graphite on the left hand side this six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite on the left hand side this six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite on the left hand side this six
+moles of H2 is going to cancel with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of H2 is going to cancel with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of H2 is going to cancel with this
+six moles of H2 these three moles of o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six moles of H2 these three moles of o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six moles of H2 these three moles of o2
+are going to cancel with these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to cancel with these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to cancel with these three
+moles of o2 and then the 602 cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of o2 and then the 602 cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles of o2 and then the 602 cancels
+with this 602 we add them all up and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this 602 we add them all up and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this 602 we add them all up and we
+have the reaction that we're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the reaction that we're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the reaction that we're looking for
+the oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of
+glucose and then of course we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and then of course we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and then of course we're going
+to have to add up the Delta H's for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to add up the Delta H's for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to add up the Delta H's for all
+these reactions when we do so we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions when we do so we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions when we do so we get
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+2816 that's the enthalpy change for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2816 that's the enthalpy change for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2816 that's the enthalpy change for this
+reaction what I just did here adding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction what I just did here adding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction what I just did here adding up
+these reactions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these reactions and the
+corresponding Delta H's for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding Delta H's for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding Delta H's for these
+reactions well this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions well this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions well this is an example of
+hessa's law which I think you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hessa's law which I think you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hessa's law which I think you've seen
+before which says that if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which says that if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which says that if you have two
+or more chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more chemical
+equations that are added up to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are added up to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that are added up to give
+another chemical equation that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chemical equation that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chemical equation that's what we
+did here right you then also have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here right you then also have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here right you then also have to add
+up the corresponding enthalpies to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the corresponding enthalpies to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the corresponding enthalpies to get
+the enthalpy change for the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now what did we actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what did we actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now what did we actually do
+showed you how to calculate the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how to calculate the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you how to calculate the enthalpy
+for this reaction both in kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction both in kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction both in kind of this
+graphical form and also kind of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical form and also kind of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical form and also kind of this
+mathematical form where we wrote out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form where we wrote out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form where we wrote out the
+equations but the essence of what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but the essence of what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but the essence of what we did
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+this what we did is we took the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we did is we took the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we did is we took the heat of
+formation of each one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of each one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of each one of the
+products multiplied it by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products multiplied it by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products multiplied it by this
+appropriate stochiometric number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate stochiometric number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate stochiometric number and
+then sumed overall of those Heats of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sumed overall of those Heats of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sumed overall of those Heats of
+formation and then we took the Heats of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and then we took the Heats of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and then we took the Heats of
+formation for each one of the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation for each one of the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation for each one of the reactants
+multiplied it by its appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by its appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it by its appropriate
+stochiometric number summed over all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric number summed over all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochiometric number summed over all of
+that and subtracted the two to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and subtracted the two to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and subtracted the two to get the
+enthalpy for the reaction so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy for the reaction so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy for the reaction so for
+glucose right we took one product CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose right we took one product CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose right we took one product CO2
+multiplied that by six for the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that by six for the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied that by six for the heat of
+formation added to the six times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation added to the six times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation added to the six times the
+heat of formation of water subtracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of formation of water subtracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of formation of water subtracted
+from that the heat of formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the heat of formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that the heat of formation of
+glucose and that of oxygen and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and that of oxygen and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose and that of oxygen and then that
+is our calculated value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our calculated value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our calculated value for the
+reaction and indeed that does agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and indeed that does agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and indeed that does agree with
+the experimentally measured enthalpy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimentally measured enthalpy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimentally measured enthalpy for
+the oxidation of glucose why it agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of glucose why it agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxidation of glucose why it agrees
+exactly because we use the Heats of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because we use the Heats of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because we use the Heats of
+formation the Heats of formation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the Heats of formation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the Heats of formation are
+specific for the individual molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for the individual molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for the individual molecules
+that are participating in that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are participating in that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are participating in that reaction
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+exact right and having tables of Heats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact right and having tables of Heats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact right and having tables of Heats
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+formation is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation is certainly
+um the the tables are much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the tables are much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the tables are much less
+extensive than what you would need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive than what you would need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive than what you would need for
+the bond enthalpies for every bond in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond enthalpies for every bond in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond enthalpies for every bond in
+every known molecule all right so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every known molecule all right so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every known molecule all right so these
+tables of Heats of formation are readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of Heats of formation are readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables of Heats of formation are readily
+available to you and you can get exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you and you can get exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you and you can get exactly
+the enthalpy for the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy for the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy for the reaction
+okay but now the second very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now the second very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now the second very important
+Point here is look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point here is look
+at how we calculated the enthalpy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how we calculated the enthalpy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how we calculated the enthalpy for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+reaction we took the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we took the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we took the heat of
+formations of the products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations of the products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations of the products and
+subtracted them from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted them from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted them from the
+reactants in the case of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants in the case of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants in the case of getting
+enthalpies for chemical reactions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies for chemical reactions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies for chemical reactions from
+the heat of formation it's products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of formation it's products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of formation it's products
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+reactants all right for Bond enthalpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants all right for Bond enthalpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants all right for Bond enthalpies
+or for getting the enthalpy of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for getting the enthalpy of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for getting the enthalpy of reaction
+from Bond enthalpies it's reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bond enthalpies it's reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bond enthalpies it's reactants
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+products you can be sure to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you can be sure to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you can be sure to see this
+soon like on November second all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon like on November second all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon like on November second all right
+something you want to remember something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to remember something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you want to remember something
+you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+know all right questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right questions on
+that all right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+okay and I want to just want to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to just want to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to just want to make one
+other um brief Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um brief Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um brief Point
+here about Delta H's and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about Delta H's and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about Delta H's and many
+thermodynamic quantities but Delta H in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic quantities but Delta H in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic quantities but Delta H in
+particular here and that is that Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here and that is that Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here and that is that Delta H
+is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a state
+function that means it's independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that means it's independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that means it's independent of
+path so for example here I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so for example here I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path so for example here I've got
+glucose de composed to the elements not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose de composed to the elements not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose de composed to the elements not
+in their most stable form but glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their most stable form but glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their most stable form but glucose
+decomposed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposed to the
+elements and then rearranged to form CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then rearranged to form CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and then rearranged to form CO2
+and water the difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and water the difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and water the difference between this
+energy and this energy is the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this energy is the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and this energy is the enthalpy
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+reaction and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and we
+calculated the uh enthalpy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the uh enthalpy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the uh enthalpy of the
+reaction in this way if we had used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in this way if we had used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in this way if we had used
+exact Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact Bond
+enthalpies but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpies but we
+also calculated the enal using Pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also calculated the enal using Pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also calculated the enal using Pizza
+formation taking glucose to the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation taking glucose to the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation taking glucose to the elements
+in the most stable form and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most stable form and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the most stable form and then
+recombining them again the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombining them again the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombining them again the energy
+difference is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,816 what this is an example of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 what this is an example of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 what this is an example of is the
+function enthalpy being a state function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function enthalpy being a state function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function enthalpy being a state function
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+independent of the path that we took to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the path that we took to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the path that we took to
+calculate it we can go up up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it we can go up up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it we can go up up here and
+then come back down here you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back down here you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then come back down here you're going to
+get the same number as you go up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same number as you go up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same number as you go up here
+and come back down here that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back down here that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back down here that's what we
+mean by a state function again you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a state function again you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by a state function again you'll
+talk about that more detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+560 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+560 okay so
+now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have
+uh that takes care of enthalpies for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that takes care of enthalpies for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that takes care of enthalpies for the
+moment and what I want to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what I want to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and what I want to talk about is
+uh another concept and I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another concept and I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another concept and I want to talk
+about spontaneity all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spontaneity all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about spontaneity all right
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+spontaneity or spontaneous change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity or spontaneous change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity or spontaneous change is
+certainly something that you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly something that you're familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly something that you're familiar
+with right it occurs by itself with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right it occurs by itself with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right it occurs by itself with any
+without any outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any outside
+intervention it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it has
+directionality so for example if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality so for example if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directionality so for example if you put
+a rock near the top of a hill and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rock near the top of a hill and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rock near the top of a hill and you
+let it go you know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go you know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go you know what's going to
+happen it's going to roll down it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's going to roll down it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it's going to roll down it's not
+going to roll up all right that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll up all right that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to roll up all right that's a
+spontaneous proc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous proc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous proc
+process if you have a gas say over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you have a gas say over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process if you have a gas say over here
+right you have a gas at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a gas at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have a gas at high
+pressure and then a stopcock and a bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and then a stopcock and a bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and then a stopcock and a bulb
+here with a vacuum and you open the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a vacuum and you open the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a vacuum and you open the stop
+coock you know that that gas is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock you know that that gas is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coock you know that that gas is going to
+flow from high pressure to low pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from high pressure to low pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from high pressure to low pressure
+it's not going to go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to go the other way
+that's a spontaneous process you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a spontaneous process you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a spontaneous process you know
+that if you put a hot object next to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you put a hot object next to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you put a hot object next to a
+cold object the Heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold object the Heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold object the Heat
+is going to flow from the hot object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to flow from the hot object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to flow from the hot object to
+the cold object it's not going to go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold object it's not going to go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold object it's not going to go the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way however although a change might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way however although a change might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way however although a change might be
+spontaneous it may not be fast if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous it may not be fast if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous it may not be fast if you
+take a bottle of ketchup in the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bottle of ketchup in the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a bottle of ketchup in the days
+when the bottle of ketchup was a glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bottle of ketchup was a glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the bottle of ketchup was a glass
+bottle and you couldn't squeeze it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle and you couldn't squeeze it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle and you couldn't squeeze it right
+turned it upside down well the ketchup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it upside down well the ketchup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned it upside down well the ketchup
+has a spontaneous tendency to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a spontaneous tendency to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a spontaneous tendency to come out
+but it may not be fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may not be fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it may not be fair
+fast so what we want to understand is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so what we want to understand is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so what we want to understand is
+what is the key to spontaneity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the key to spontaneity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the key to spontaneity in
+particular for chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular for chemical
+reactions so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so for
+example you know that iron rusts and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that iron rusts and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that iron rusts and you
+don't have to do anything about it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything about it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything about it to
+make it happen right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it happen right it
+rusts turns out that iron rusting is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rusts turns out that iron rusting is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rusts turns out that iron rusting is a
+very exothermic reaction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exothermic reaction minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exothermic reaction minus
+824 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+824 K per
+mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+you know that if your stomach is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if your stomach is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that if your stomach is a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+acidic that as long as you ingest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic that as long as you ingest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidic that as long as you ingest
+something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is
+basic that you can neutralize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic that you can neutralize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic that you can neutralize that
+acidity that's also a very exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidity that's also a very exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidity that's also a very exothermic
+reaction minus 56 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction minus 56 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction minus 56 K per
+mole another uh reaction that occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole another uh reaction that occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole another uh reaction that occurs in
+every cell of your body is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cell of your body is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cell of your body is this
+transation or the reaction of a Denine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transation or the reaction of a Denine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transation or the reaction of a Denine
+triphosphate the hydrolization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate the hydrolization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triphosphate the hydrolization the
+reaction with water to a Denine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with water to a Denine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with water to a Denine
+diphosphate this also is an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate this also is an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diphosphate this also is an exothermic
+reaction you don't have to do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you don't have to do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you don't have to do anything
+to make it go it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it go it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it go it
+goes so the question is is Delta H the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so the question is is Delta H the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so the question is is Delta H the
+key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to
+spontaneity well uh let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity well uh let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity well uh let's look at this
+reaction this reaction is ammonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this reaction is ammonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction this reaction is ammonium
+nitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dissolving essentially in water to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving essentially in water to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolving essentially in water to make
+ammonium ion and nitrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium ion and nitrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium ion and nitrate
+ion and the question is is this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and the question is is this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion and the question is is this reaction
+spontaneous I mean this is a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous I mean this is a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous I mean this is a reaction
+that's about 24 25 kles per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 24 25 kles per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about 24 25 kles per mole
+endothermic so does an endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic so does an endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic so does an endothermic
+reaction happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happen
+spontaneously well to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously well to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously well to answer that
+question we're going to have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're going to have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're going to have to do a
+um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a
+hot um we're gonna have to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot um we're gonna have to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot um we're gonna have to do an
+experiment and the experiment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the experiment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and the experiment we're
+going to do is with one of these cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is with one of these cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is with one of these cold
+packs and we're going to carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packs and we're going to carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packs and we're going to carry out this
+reaction we're going to see if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we're going to see if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction we're going to see if it's
+spontaneous so what you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous so what you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous so what you're going to do
+is and the Tas can give out a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the Tas can give out a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and the Tas can give out a few of the
+cold packs what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold packs what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold packs what you're going to do is
+you're going to take a cold pack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take a cold pack and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to take a cold pack and
+you're going to find the little piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find the little piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find the little piece
+the little packet inside this cold pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little packet inside this cold pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little packet inside this cold pack
+that has water in it you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has water in it you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has water in it you're going to
+squeeze it to break that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it to break that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze it to break that
+packet and then you're going to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and then you're going to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and then you're going to see if
+this reaction goes if it goes hey it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction goes if it goes hey it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction goes if it goes hey it's
+going to get cold because this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get cold because this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get cold because this is an
+endothermic reaction it's going to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction it's going to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction it's going to pull
+heat out from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+environment all right and some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment all right and some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment all right and some of you
+should have gotten hot packs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten hot packs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have gotten hot packs
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right is an endothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is an endothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is an endothermic reaction
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+yes is an exothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is an exothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is an exothermic reaction
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+yes is Delta H the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is Delta H the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes is Delta H the key to
+spontaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's not the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's not the key to
+spontaneity what is the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity
+what is the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the key to
+spontaneity Delta G that's the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity Delta G that's the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity Delta G that's the key to
+spontaneity the Gibs free energy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity the Gibs free energy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity the Gibs free energy there
+it is in all its Glory Delta G is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in all its Glory Delta G is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in all its Glory Delta G is equal
+to Delta s Delta H minus t Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s okay what's Delta s here Delta s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay what's Delta s here Delta s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay what's Delta s here Delta s is
+the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+entropy is a measure of the disorder in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is a measure of the disorder in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is a measure of the disorder in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so if you have a positive Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you have a positive Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so if you have a positive Delta s
+if the change in Delta s if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the change in Delta s if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the change in Delta s if
+the if the sign of Delta s is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the sign of Delta s is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the sign of Delta s is positive
+you're going to have an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have an increase in
+disorder the systems more disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder the systems more disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder the systems more disorder
+if you have a negative Delta s if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a negative Delta s if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a negative Delta s if the
+change in Delta s is negative you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Delta s is negative you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Delta s is negative you're
+going to have a decrease in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order that's going to affect Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that's going to affect Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that's going to affect Delta G
+it's not just Delta H but the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just Delta H but the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just Delta H but the change in
+Delta s is going to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is going to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is going to affect the
+spontaneity for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity for a
+reaction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the
+v x so the combination of Delta s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v x so the combination of Delta s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v x so the combination of Delta s and
+Delta H is this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H is this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H is this Delta
+G and our conditions for spontaneity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and our conditions for spontaneity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and our conditions for spontaneity are
+the following if Delta G is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if Delta G is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following if Delta G is less than
+zero then you have a spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you have a spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero then you have a spontaneous
+reaction if Delta G is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if Delta G is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if Delta G is greater than zero
+then you have a non-spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a non-spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a non-spontaneous
+reaction and if Delta G is zero a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and if Delta G is zero a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and if Delta G is zero a then
+you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at
+equilibrium all right so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so these are the
+conditions for spontaneity these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for spontaneity these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for spontaneity these are the
+conditions under conditions of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under conditions of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions under conditions of constant
+temperature and pressure this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure this is also
+important we won't dwell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we won't dwell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important we won't dwell on
+this and the actual origin for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the actual origin for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the actual origin for
+these conditions is something again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions is something again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions is something again
+you're going to talk about in Exquisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about in Exquisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about in Exquisite
+detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let me try to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let me try to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let me try to give you a
+feeling here for what Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following all right the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following all right the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following all right the bottom line is
+this the reason why it's Delta G and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the reason why it's Delta G and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the reason why it's Delta G and not
+Delta H for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H for
+spontaneity is because when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity is because when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity is because when you have an
+exothermic reaction for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction for example that
+releases this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases this Delta
+H it turns out that not all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it turns out that not all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H it turns out that not all of that
+enthalpy that Delta H not all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy that Delta H not all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy that Delta H not all of that
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+H is necessarily released to the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is necessarily released to the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is necessarily released to the outside
+world to do useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to do useful
+work so when you have an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so when you have an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so when you have an exothermic
+reaction not necess it's not necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction not necess it's not necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction not necess it's not necessary
+that all of that Delta h is released to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of that Delta h is released to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of that Delta h is released to
+the outside to do useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside to do useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside to do useful
+work some of that Delta H actually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work some of that Delta H actually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work some of that Delta H actually gets
+stuck in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the
+reaction stuck in what I call the nooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction stuck in what I call the nooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction stuck in what I call the nooks
+and crannies of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crannies of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crannies of the product
+molecules the amount of that energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the amount of that energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the amount of that energy that
+gets stuck is this T time Delta s t time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck is this T time Delta s t time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets stuck is this T time Delta s t time
+Delta s has the units of energy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s has the units of energy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s has the units of energy all
+right what do I mean about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do I mean about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what do I mean about some of the
+uh enthalpy getting stuck in the nooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enthalpy getting stuck in the nooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enthalpy getting stuck in the nooks
+and crannies of the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crannies of the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crannies of the molecules
+well it turns out and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turns out and we're not
+unfortunately going to have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately going to have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately going to have time for
+this discussion but it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion but it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion but it turns out that
+molecules have a way to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules have a way to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules have a way to store
+energy in their vibrations molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in their vibrations molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in their vibrations molecules
+vibrate these bonds move molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate these bonds move molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate these bonds move molecules
+jiggle molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jiggle molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jiggle molecules
+rotate that's a way in which molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate that's a way in which molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate that's a way in which molecules
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+store energy and it's that energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy and it's that energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy and it's that energy that
+is not available to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not available to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not available to the
+outside system to do useful work and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside system to do useful work and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside system to do useful work and so
+the amount of energy that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of energy that's actually
+available to do useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to do useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to do useful
+work is Delta s minus this T Delta s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is Delta s minus this T Delta s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is Delta s minus this T Delta s the
+amount that gets stuck in the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that gets stuck in the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that gets stuck in the products
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+reaction and so that's why Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so that's why Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so that's why Delta G
+here is called the free energy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is called the free energy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is called the free energy because
+it's this amount of energy that's free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this amount of energy that's free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this amount of energy that's free
+to do useful work right Delta H that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do useful work right Delta H that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do useful work right Delta H that's
+not necessarily all free Delta G is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily all free Delta G is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily all free Delta G is free
+to do useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do useful
+work for example let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for example let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for example let's look at this
+reaction hey this is an oxidation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction hey this is an oxidation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction hey this is an oxidation of
+gluc of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluc of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluc of glucose
+methane methane major component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane methane major component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane methane major component of
+natural gas so when you go home for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas so when you go home for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural gas so when you go home for
+dinner and you turn on your natural gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and you turn on your natural gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner and you turn on your natural gas
+stove this is the uh reaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove this is the uh reaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove this is the uh reaction that's
+going on you're burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you're burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on you're burning
+methane very exothermic reaction minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane very exothermic reaction minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane very exothermic reaction minus
+890 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+890 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+890 K per
+mold this is the energy that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold this is the energy that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mold this is the energy that you're
+going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use
+to heat up the water to boil the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heat up the water to boil the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to heat up the water to boil the water
+so you can cook your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can cook your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can cook your
+pasta however not all of this energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta however not all of this energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta however not all of this energy is
+going to be available to heat up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be available to heat up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be available to heat up that
+water the amount that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the amount that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the amount that's going to be
+available is Delta G all right so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is Delta G all right so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is Delta G all right so first
+of all we have to know how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we have to know how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all we have to know how to calculate
+Delta s for this reaction well I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s for this reaction well I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s for this reaction well I'll show
+you how to do that in a minute but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to do that in a minute but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how to do that in a minute but the
+bottom line for this reaction is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line for this reaction is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line for this reaction is that
+Delta s is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s is minus
+0.242 KJ per degree Kelvin per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.242 KJ per degree Kelvin per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.242 KJ per degree Kelvin per
+mole if I put that Delta s into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole if I put that Delta s into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole if I put that Delta s into this
+expression and calculate Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and calculate Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and calculate Delta
+G well you can see I'm going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well you can see I'm going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G well you can see I'm going to have a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+890 plus some number that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+890 plus some number that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+890 plus some number that's going to
+give me a negative number and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a negative number and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a negative number and that
+negative number that Delta G is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number that Delta G is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number that Delta G is going to
+be less negative than Delta H so not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less negative than Delta H so not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less negative than Delta H so not all
+of this enthalpy is available to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this enthalpy is available to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this enthalpy is available to do
+useful work to heat up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful work to heat up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful work to heat up that
+water right some of that energy has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right some of that energy has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water right some of that energy has
+gotten stuck in these internal degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten stuck in these internal degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten stuck in these internal degrees
+of freedom effectively of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom effectively of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom effectively of the product
+molecules on the other hand let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules on the other hand let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules on the other hand let's look
+at what your body does it doesn't burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what your body does it doesn't burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what your body does it doesn't burn
+methane but it burns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane but it burns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methane but it burns
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+right minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minus
+2,816 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,816 K per
+mole if we go to calculate the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole if we go to calculate the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole if we go to calculate the entropy
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+reaction that entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that entropy is
+positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive.
+233 K per degree Kelvin per mole hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 K per degree Kelvin per mole hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 K per degree Kelvin per mole hey
+positive entropy means we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive entropy means we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive entropy means we increase the
+disorder when we go from reactants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder when we go from reactants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder when we go from reactants to
+products let's Cal calate Delta G for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products let's Cal calate Delta G for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products let's Cal calate Delta G for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+reaction okay Delta G here is this Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay Delta G here is this Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction okay Delta G here is this Delta
+H minus then a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus then a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus then a positive
+number we're going to get for Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we're going to get for Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we're going to get for Delta G
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+2,885 kles per mole hey look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,885 kles per mole hey look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,885 kles per mole hey look at this
+Delta G for this reaction is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G for this reaction is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G for this reaction is even more
+negative than Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than Delta
+h in other words in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h in other words in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h in other words in this case we're
+going to get out or your body gets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out or your body gets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out or your body gets out
+of the oxidation of glucose all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oxidation of glucose all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the oxidation of glucose all of the
+enthalpy to do useful work and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy to do useful work and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthalpy to do useful work and then some
+right your body's figured out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your body's figured out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your body's figured out how to do
+this it gets even more energy out and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it gets even more energy out and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it gets even more energy out and it
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+so because it's gotten that energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because it's gotten that energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because it's gotten that energy from
+these nooks and crannies of the reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nooks and crannies of the reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nooks and crannies of the reactant
+molecules the essentially internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the essentially internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the essentially internal
+motions of the uh reactant molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions of the uh reactant molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions of the uh reactant molecules
+there's more ways to store energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more ways to store energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more ways to store energy in the
+reactant molecules than there is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant molecules than there is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant molecules than there is in the
+product molecules and so Delta G here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product molecules and so Delta G here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product molecules and so Delta G here is
+even more negative than Delta H you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more negative than Delta H you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more negative than Delta H you get
+all that Delta H out and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that Delta H out and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that Delta H out and then you get
+even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more
+because you don't have as many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have as many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have as many ways to
+store energy in the products as you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy in the products as you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store energy in the products as you did
+in the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reactants
+and so you got to get the the Energy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you got to get the the Energy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you got to get the the Energy's
+got to be conserved it's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be conserved it's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be conserved it's going to come
+out and it comes out Delta G is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it comes out Delta G is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and it comes out Delta G is more
+negative than Delta H okay so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than Delta H okay so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative than Delta H okay so uh this
+works really well now here's entropy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well now here's entropy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works really well now here's entropy I
+told you we need to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you we need to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you we need to know how to
+calculate that entropy change for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that entropy change for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that entropy change for a
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction if you want to calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if you want to calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if you want to calculate that
+you need to get to do so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get to do so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to get to do so in this
+way the entropy for a reaction is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the entropy for a reaction is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the entropy for a reaction is the
+sum of the entropies for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the entropies for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the entropies for all of the
+products of the reaction but you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the reaction but you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the reaction but you have to
+multiply it by the appropriate sto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the appropriate sto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by the appropriate sto
+cetric number because these entropies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetric number because these entropies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cetric number because these entropies
+here are per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are per
+mole minus the sum of the entropies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole minus the sum of the entropies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole minus the sum of the entropies of
+all of the reactants multiplied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reactants multiplied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the reactants multiplied by this
+do geometric number these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do geometric number these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do geometric number these
+entropies are actually absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies are actually absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropies are actually absolute values
+that's not too often happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too often happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not too often happens in
+thermodynamics you have an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics you have an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics you have an absolute
+value these are absolute values they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value these are absolute values they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value these are absolute values they're
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+Deltas those absolute values are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas those absolute values are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas those absolute values are a
+result of the third law thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the third law thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the third law thermodynamics
+again discussed in Exquisite detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again discussed in Exquisite detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again discussed in Exquisite detail in
+560 okay see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Monday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gB5TCCfF6e4.txt b/gB5TCCfF6e4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12b19394d77b8f49697e72d36666bd7a2f51bd8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gB5TCCfF6e4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1483 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we discussed the
+expected value rule for calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value rule for calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value rule for calculating the
+expected value of a function of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a function of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of a function of a random
+variable it corresponds to a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it corresponds to a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it corresponds to a nice
+formula that we will see shortly but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we will see shortly but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that we will see shortly but it
+also involves a much more general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves a much more general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves a much more general idea
+that we will encounter many times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will encounter many times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will encounter many times in
+this course in somewhat different forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course in somewhat different forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course in somewhat different forms
+here's what it is all about we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what it is all about we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what it is all about we start
+with a certain random variable that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain random variable that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain random variable that has
+a known PMF however were ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known PMF however were ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a known PMF however were ultimately
+interested in another random variable Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in another random variable Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in another random variable Y
+which is defined as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined as a function of the
+original random variable we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original random variable we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original random variable we are
+interested in calculating the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in calculating the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in calculating the expected
+value of this new random variable Y how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this new random variable Y how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this new random variable Y how
+should we do it we will illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do it we will illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we do it we will illustrate the
+ideas involved through a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas involved through a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas involved through a simple
+numerical example in this example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example in this example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example in this example we
+have a random variable X that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random variable X that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a random variable X that takes
+values 2 3 4 or 5 according to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values 2 3 4 or 5 according to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values 2 3 4 or 5 according to some
+given probabilities you are also given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given probabilities you are also given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given probabilities you are also given a
+function that map's X values into Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that map's X values into Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that map's X values into Y
+values and this function G then defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and this function G then defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and this function G then defines
+a new random variable so if the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new random variable so if the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new random variable so if the outcome
+of the experiment leads to an X equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment leads to an X equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the experiment leads to an X equal to
+4 then our random variable Y will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 then our random variable Y will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 then our random variable Y will also
+take a value equal to 4 how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a value equal to 4 how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a value equal to 4 how do we
+calculate the expected value of y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected value of y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the expected value of y the
+only tool that we have available in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only tool that we have available in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only tool that we have available in our
+hands at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands at this point
+is the definition of the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition of the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the definition of the expected value
+which tells us that we should run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that we should run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tells us that we should run a
+summation over the y axis consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over the y axis consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation over the y axis consider
+different values of y one at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of y one at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of y one at a time and
+for each value of y multiply that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each value of y multiply that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each value of y multiply that value
+by its corresponding probability so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its corresponding probability so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by its corresponding probability so in
+this case we start with y equal to 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we start with y equal to 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we start with y equal to 3
+which needs to be multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needs to be multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which needs to be multiplied by the
+probability that y is equal to 3 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that y is equal to 3 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that y is equal to 3 what is
+that probability well Y is equal to 3 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability well Y is equal to 3 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probability well Y is equal to 3 if
+and only if X is 2 or 3 which happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if X is 2 or 3 which happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if X is 2 or 3 which happens
+with probability point 1 plus 0.2 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability point 1 plus 0.2 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability point 1 plus 0.2 then
+we continue with the summation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue with the summation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue with the summation by
+considering the next value of little Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the next value of little Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the next value of little Y
+the next possible value is 4 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next possible value is 4 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next possible value is 4 and this
+gives us a contribution of 4 weighted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a contribution of 4 weighted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a contribution of 4 weighted by
+the probability of obtaining F for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of obtaining F for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of obtaining F for the
+probability that Y is equal to 4 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is equal to 4 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that Y is equal to 4 is the
+probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe
+that X is either equal to 4 or to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is either equal to 4 or to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is either equal to 4 or to 5
+which happens with probability point 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens with probability point 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens with probability point 3
+plus point 4 so this way we obtain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point 4 so this way we obtain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus point 4 so this way we obtain an
+arithmetic expression which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic expression which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic expression which we can
+evaluate and it's going to give us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate and it's going to give us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate and it's going to give us the
+expected value of y but here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y but here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y but here's an
+alternative way of calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way of calculating the
+expected value and this corresponds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and this corresponds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value and this corresponds the
+following type of thinking 10 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following type of thinking 10 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following type of thinking 10 percent of
+the time X is going to be equal to 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time X is going to be equal to 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time X is going to be equal to 2 and
+when that happens Y takes on a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens Y takes on a value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens Y takes on a value of
+3 so this should give us a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so this should give us a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 so this should give us a contribution
+to the average value of y which is 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average value of y which is 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average value of y which is 3
+times 0.1 then 20 percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0.1 then 20 percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 0.1 then 20 percent of the time
+X is 3 and Y is also 3 so 20 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is 3 and Y is also 3 so 20 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is 3 and Y is also 3 so 20 percent of
+the time we also get threes in Y then 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we also get threes in Y then 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time we also get threes in Y then 30
+percent of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the time
+X is 4 which results in a y that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is 4 which results in a y that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is 4 which results in a y that's equal
+to 4 so we obtain a for 30 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 so we obtain a for 30 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 so we obtain a for 30 percent of
+the time and finally 40% of the time x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and finally 40% of the time x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and finally 40% of the time x
+equals to 4 which results in a y equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 4 which results in a y equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 4 which results in a y equal
+to 4 and we obtain this arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and we obtain this arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 and we obtain this arithmetic
+expression now you can compare the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now you can compare the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now you can compare the two
+arithmetic expressions the red and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic expressions the red and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic expressions the red and the
+blue one and you will notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue one and you will notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue one and you will notice that
+they're equal except that the terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal except that the terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal except that the terms are
+arranged in a slightly different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a slightly different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a slightly different way
+conceptually however there's a very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually however there's a very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually however there's a very big
+difference in the first summation we run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the first summation we run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in the first summation we run
+over the values of Y one at a time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the values of Y one at a time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the values of Y one at a time in
+the second summation we run over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second summation we run over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second summation we run over the
+different values of x one at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of x one at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of x one at a time and
+took into account their individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took into account their individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took into account their individual
+contributions this second way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions this second way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions this second way of
+calculating the expected value of y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the expected value of y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the expected value of y is
+called the expected value rule and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the expected value rule and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the expected value rule and it
+corresponds to the following formula we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the following formula we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the following formula we
+carry out a summation over the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out a summation over the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out a summation over the x-axis
+for each x value that we consider we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each x value that we consider we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each x value that we consider we
+calculate what is the corresponding Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the corresponding Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what is the corresponding Y
+value that's G of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's G of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's G of X
+and also way this term according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also way this term according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also way this term according to the
+probability of this particular X so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this particular X so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this particular X so for
+instance a typical term here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance a typical term here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance a typical term here would be
+when X is equal to two G of X would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is equal to two G of X would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when X is equal to two G of X would be
+equal to three and the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three and the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three and the corresponding
+probability that the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the probability of a
+two would be a point one the advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be a point one the advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two would be a point one the advantage
+of using the expected value rule instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using the expected value rule instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using the expected value rule instead
+of the definition of the expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition of the expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition of the expectation is
+that the expected value rule only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value rule only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expected value rule only
+involves the PMF of the original random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the PMF of the original random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the PMF of the original random
+variable so we do not need to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we do not need to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we do not need to do any
+additional work to find the PMF of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work to find the PMF of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work to find the PMF of the
+new random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new random variable
+now we argued in favor of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we argued in favor of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we argued in favor of the expected
+value rule by considering this numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value rule by considering this numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value rule by considering this numerical
+example and by checking that it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and by checking that it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and by checking that it gives
+the right result but now let us verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right result but now let us verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right result but now let us verify
+let us argue more generally that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us argue more generally that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us argue more generally that it's
+going to give us the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us the right answer
+so what we're going to do is to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is to take
+this summation and argue that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summation and argue that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summation and argue that it is
+equal to the expected value of y which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expected value of y which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expected value of y which
+is defined by that summation so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined by that summation so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined by that summation so let us
+start with this it's a sum over all XS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this it's a sum over all XS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this it's a sum over all XS
+let us first fix a particular value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us first fix a particular value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us first fix a particular value of y
+and add over all those X's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add over all those X's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add over all those X's that
+correspond to that particular Y so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to that particular Y so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to that particular Y so we're
+fixing a particular Y and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing a particular Y and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing a particular Y and so we're
+adding only over those X's that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding only over those X's that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding only over those X's that lead to
+that particular Y and we carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Y and we carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Y and we carry out this
+summation so this is the part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation so this is the part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation so this is the part of this
+sum associated with one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum associated with one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum associated with one particular
+choice of Y but in order so and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of Y but in order so and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of Y but in order so and it's
+some really over this set of X's but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really over this set of X's but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really over this set of X's but in
+order to exhaust all X's we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to exhaust all X's we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to exhaust all X's we need to
+consider all possible values of y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all possible values of y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all possible values of y and
+this gives rise to an outer summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives rise to an outer summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives rise to an outer summation
+over the different Y's so for any fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the different Y's so for any fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the different Y's so for any fixed
+Y we add over the Associated X's but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y we add over the Associated X's but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y we add over the Associated X's but we
+want to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to consider
+all the possible wise now at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible wise now at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the possible wise now at this point
+we make the following observation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the following observation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make the following observation here
+we have a summation over wise and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a summation over wise and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a summation over wise and let's
+look at the inner summation the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the inner summation the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the inner summation the inner
+summation involves X's all of which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation involves X's all of which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation involves X's all of which are
+associated with a specific value of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a specific value of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a specific value of y
+having fixed y all the terms inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fixed y all the terms inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fixed y all the terms inside this
+sum have the property that G of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum have the property that G of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum have the property that G of X is
+equal to Y so G of X is equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y so G of X is equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Y so G of X is equal to that
+particular Y and we can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Y and we can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Y and we can make this
+substitution here now when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution here now when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution here now when we look at
+this summation we now realize that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summation we now realize that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this summation we now realize that it's
+a summation over X's while Y is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a summation over X's while Y is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a summation over X's while Y is being
+fixed and so we can take this term of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and so we can take this term of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and so we can take this term of Y
+and pull it outside the summation what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull it outside the summation what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pull it outside the summation what
+this leaves us with is a sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leaves us with is a sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leaves us with is a sum over all
+Y's of Y and then a further sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's of Y and then a further sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's of Y and then a further sum over all
+X's that lead to that particular Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's that lead to that particular Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's that lead to that particular Y of
+the probabilities of those X's now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of those X's now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probabilities of those X's now what
+can we say about this inner summation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we say about this inner summation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we say about this inner summation we
+have fixed the Y for that particular Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fixed the Y for that particular Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fixed the Y for that particular Y
+we're adding the probabilities of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding the probabilities of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're adding the probabilities of all
+the X's that lead to that particular Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's that lead to that particular Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X's that lead to that particular Y
+fixing Y consider all the X's that lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing Y consider all the X's that lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing Y consider all the X's that lead
+to it this is just the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it this is just the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it this is just the probability of
+that particular Y but what we have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Y but what we have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular Y but what we have now
+is just the definition of the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the definition of the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the definition of the expected
+value of y and this concludes the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y and this concludes the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y and this concludes the proof
+that this expression is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this expression is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this expression is given by the
+expected value rule gives us the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value rule gives us the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value rule gives us the same
+answer as the original definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as the original definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as the original definition of the
+expected value of y now before closing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y now before closing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of y now before closing a
+few observations the expected value rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few observations the expected value rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few observations the expected value rule
+is really simple to use for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really simple to use for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really simple to use for example if
+you want to calculate the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to calculate the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to calculate the expected value
+of the square of a random variable then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of a random variable then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square of a random variable then
+you're dealing with the situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with the situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with the situation where
+the G function is the square function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G function is the square function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G function is the square function
+and so the expected value of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the expected value of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the expected value of x squared
+will be the sum over all X's of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the sum over all X's of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the sum over all X's of x
+squared weighted according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared weighted according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared weighted according to the
+probability of a particular X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a particular X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a particular X and
+finally one important word of caution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally one important word of caution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally one important word of caution
+that in general the expected value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general the expected value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general the expected value of a
+function so for example expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for example expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so for example expected value
+of x squared in general is not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared in general is not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x squared in general is not going to
+be the same as taking the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as taking the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as taking the expected value
+of x and squaring it so this is a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and squaring it so this is a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x and squaring it so this is a word
+in caution that in general you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in caution that in general you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in caution that in general you cannot
+interchange the order with which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the order with which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchange the order with which you
+apply a function and then you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a function and then you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a function and then you calculate
+expectation there are exceptions however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation there are exceptions however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation there are exceptions however
+in which we happen to have equality here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we happen to have equality here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which we happen to have equality here
+and this is going to be our next topic
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gtG62xaelPE.txt b/gtG62xaelPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c700f16758204965b07e7ab5f6874594b0f0d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gtG62xaelPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences is something that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences is something that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences is something that that
+automatic differentiation is not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation is not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation is not doing
+but I do want to talk about find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do want to talk about find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I do want to talk about find
+differences because they do come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because they do come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences because they do come up
+a lot uh when you uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot uh when you uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot uh when you uh um
+when you're talking about Computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about Computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about Computing
+derivatives on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives on a computer
+so uh and as I mentioned we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and as I mentioned we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh and as I mentioned we're going to
+spend a lot of time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time talking about
+automatic differentiation which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation which is this
+amazing technology where you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing technology where you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing technology where you can take a
+program that computes a function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes a function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes a function and
+will basically uh compute the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically uh compute the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically uh compute the derivative
+analytically in some sense for you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically in some sense for you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically in some sense for you but
+you know how it does it uh it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it does it uh it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it does it uh it takes a
+little bit of explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of explanation
+and this this is great uh if if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is great uh if if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is great uh if if your
+hand Computing derivatives even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Computing derivatives even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand Computing derivatives even though
+you might think the rules are simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think the rules are simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think the rules are simple as
+you see from the homework when they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see from the homework when they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see from the homework when they you
+get the more complicated functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the more complicated functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the more complicated functions that
+especially involving vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially involving vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially involving vectors and
+matrices it's quite error prone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's quite error prone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it's quite error prone
+and it's a common source of bugs uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a common source of bugs uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a common source of bugs uh if
+you're doing numerical optimization mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing numerical optimization mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing numerical optimization mood
+finding sensitivity analysis all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding sensitivity analysis all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding sensitivity analysis all these
+things on where on computers where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on where on computers where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on where on computers where you
+might want to differentiate a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to differentiate a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to differentiate a really
+complicated calculation so ad is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated calculation so ad is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated calculation so ad is a great
+alternative it it's extremely reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative it it's extremely reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative it it's extremely reliable
+if it gives an answer it's it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gives an answer it's it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it gives an answer it's it's probably
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+um unfortunately there's still a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately there's still a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately there's still a lot of
+cases where uh automatic differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where uh automatic differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where uh automatic differentiation
+doesn't work uh where if for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work uh where if for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work uh where if for example
+it's code that calls external libraries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's code that calls external libraries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's code that calls external libraries
+and other languages that the automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other languages that the automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other languages that the automatic
+differentiation can't handle or even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation can't handle or even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation can't handle or even in
+a given language usually they can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given language usually they can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given language usually they can only
+handle a subset of the language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle a subset of the language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle a subset of the language
+and there's other cases where even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other cases where even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's other cases where even if
+automatic differentiation could work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation could work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation could work
+um you need to really give it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need to really give it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need to really give it a little
+help in order to uh to to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in order to uh to to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in order to uh to to use it
+effectively basically and any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively basically and any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively basically and any kind of
+problem where you're Computing an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you're Computing an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where you're Computing an answer
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+like for example you're solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example you're solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example you're solving a
+nonlinear equation by by Newton's method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation by by Newton's method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equation by by Newton's method
+if you try and use automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try and use automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try and use automatic
+differentiation even if it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation even if it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation even if it works it
+wastes a lot of effort basically trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastes a lot of effort basically trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastes a lot of effort basically trying
+to not only differentiate your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not only differentiate your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not only differentiate your function
+in Computing but trying to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Computing but trying to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Computing but trying to exactly
+differentiate the error in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the error in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the error in your
+approximation so it tries to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so it tries to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so it tries to propagate
+the derivatives through every step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives through every step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives through every step of
+the Newton's method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newton's method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Newton's method
+and so uh it turns out you can usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh it turns out you can usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh it turns out you can usually
+do much much better if you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much much better if you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much much better if you know what
+function you're actually trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're actually trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you're actually trying to
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+um and we'll talk about that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll talk about that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we'll talk about that a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+and so you know in the cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know in the cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know in the cases where
+automatic differentiation fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation fails
+completely or where our automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely or where our automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely or where our automatic
+depreciation works but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation works but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation works but it's really
+sub-optimal like you like to replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-optimal like you like to replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-optimal like you like to replace
+portions of it with other uh with a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of it with other uh with a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of it with other uh with a more
+specialized method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized method
+um often you only need to get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often you only need to get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um often you only need to get a little
+bit of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of help
+so what you do is you take the one piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you take the one piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you take the one piece
+of your program the one function one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your program the one function one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your program the one function one one
+subroutine that that it fails on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine that that it fails on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine that that it fails on
+uh or or where it's doing a poor job on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or where it's doing a poor job on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or where it's doing a poor job on
+and you do a manual differentiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do a manual differentiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do a manual differentiation of
+that but then you let it handle the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then you let it handle the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then you let it handle the rest
+of it your program and you know and AD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it your program and you know and AD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it your program and you know and AD
+systems are very good at the chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are very good at the chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are very good at the chain rule
+they're very good at basically if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good at basically if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very good at basically if they
+know the derivative is each piece they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the derivative is each piece they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the derivative is each piece they
+can propagate derivative through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can propagate derivative through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can propagate derivative through the
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+so on Julia there's a package called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on Julia there's a package called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on Julia there's a package called
+chain rules for this in if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rules for this in if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rules for this in if you're using
+python with autograd or Jax you do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python with autograd or Jax you do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python with autograd or Jax you do it by
+defining a custom Jacobian Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a custom Jacobian Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a custom Jacobian Vector
+product or vector Jacobian product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or vector Jacobian product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product or vector Jacobian product and
+we'll talk about these as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about these as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about these as well
+but the end result is you often find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the end result is you often find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the end result is you often find
+yourself doing at least some manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself doing at least some manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself doing at least some manual
+derivatives of complicated things and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of complicated things and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of complicated things and as
+I said it's very error prone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it's very error prone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it's very error prone
+um and so you you really need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you you really need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you you really need to check
+it uh you're you you have your program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you're you you have your program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh you're you you have your program
+to compute the derivative or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the derivative or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the derivative or you're
+doing homework and you you think you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing homework and you you think you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing homework and you you think you've
+differentiated some complicated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated some complicated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated some complicated uh
+expression that we've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we've given you
+it's a really good idea to check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good idea to check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really good idea to check it
+and the the the the usual way to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the usual way to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the the usual way to check
+it is using finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is using finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is using finite difference
+approximations and so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations and so remember
+when we look at the the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at the the derivatives
+right you should think of it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you should think of it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you should think of it this is
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+uh it's a way of computing the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a way of computing the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a way of computing the small
+change in the in the output DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the in the output DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the in the output DF
+for a small change in the input DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small change in the input DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a small change in the input DX
+and mathematically we like these D's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mathematically we like these D's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mathematically we like these D's to
+be infinitesimal things but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be infinitesimal things but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be infinitesimal things but they're
+really you know you can think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know you can think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know you can think of these
+as as uh as an approximation in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as uh as an approximation in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as uh as an approximation in the case
+when you have a finite delvection we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a finite delvection we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a finite delvection we we
+actually started in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually started in the opposite
+direction we started with a imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we started with a imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we started with a imagine a
+imagining a finite uh Small Change Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a finite uh Small Change Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining a finite uh Small Change Delta
+X and that gives a finite Small Change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that gives a finite Small Change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and that gives a finite Small Change
+Delta f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta f
+right and in both cases the the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in both cases the the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in both cases the the linear
+approximation is f primed so it's F so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is f primed so it's F so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation is f primed so it's F so
+this if it's an infinitesimal change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if it's an infinitesimal change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if it's an infinitesimal change in
+the input then this is exactly F Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input then this is exactly F Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input then this is exactly F Prime
+DX our linearization if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX our linearization if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX our linearization if you have a
+finite Small Change DX then the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Small Change DX then the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite Small Change DX then the change
+in the output is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the output is approximately
+the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative
+times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this
+right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so
+if you just look at the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at the left hand side
+this is easy right if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy right if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy right if you have a
+function that computes f of x you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that computes f of x you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that computes f of x you can
+just pick a very small Delta X compute f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick a very small Delta X compute f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick a very small Delta X compute f
+of x plus Delta x minus f of x take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus Delta x minus f of x take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x plus Delta x minus f of x take its
+derivative difference and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative difference and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative difference and it should be
+approximately equal to your derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to your derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to your derivative
+times times that or operating on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times that or operating on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times times that or operating on that
+that change Delta X Plus higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change Delta X Plus higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change Delta X Plus higher order
+terms which are negligible if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which are negligible if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which are negligible if you can
+make this Delta X small enough we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this Delta X small enough we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this Delta X small enough we've
+actually Alan has done a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Alan has done a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Alan has done a whole bunch of
+examples of this sort in the notebooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this sort in the notebooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this sort in the notebooks
+so far but I want to dig into this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far but I want to dig into this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far but I want to dig into this in a
+little more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail
+all right so this is a finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is a finite difference
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+right for the the the the the the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the the the the the the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the the the the the the the uh
+the change in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the output
+very conventionally people put the uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conventionally people put the uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conventionally people put the uh if
+Delta X is a scalar people often put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is a scalar people often put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is a scalar people often put the
+the the Delta X on the bottom there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Delta X on the bottom there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Delta X on the bottom there
+and so you think of it as uh did I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you think of it as uh did I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you think of it as uh did I write
+that in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in uh
+yeah I should write that in but so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should write that in but so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I should write that in but so so we
+if you put the Delta X in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the Delta X in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put the Delta X in the bottom
+there you know then because if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know then because if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you know then because if it's a
+scalar you can just say F Prime of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is approximately
+f of x plus Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divided by Delta X so this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Delta X so this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by Delta X so this is probably
+the form it's sort of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form it's sort of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form it's sort of the more
+conventional form to see this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional form to see this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional form to see this kind of
+approximation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in
+as an approximation for the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an approximation for the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an approximation for the derivative
+um rather than the approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rather than the approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um rather than the approximation for the
+differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential
+right the DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the DF
+um but you know I we try to push this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know I we try to push this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know I we try to push this
+format here because this this one works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format here because this this one works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format here because this this one works
+even if Delta X is not a scalar we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if Delta X is not a scalar we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if Delta X is not a scalar we can't
+divide by it right you have a vector for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by it right you have a vector for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by it right you have a vector for
+example or a matrix or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or a matrix or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or a matrix or something like
+that and and this is a linear operator F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and this is a linear operator F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and this is a linear operator F
+Prime is linear operator acting on Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is linear operator acting on Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is linear operator acting on Delta
+X right so this this is still accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right so this this is still accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X right so this this is still accurate
+right so if you have a if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a if you have a
+program that computes F and you and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes F and you and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that computes F and you and and
+then you can easily compute the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can easily compute the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can easily compute the the
+change in F oops I I computed it uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F oops I I computed it uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F oops I I computed it uh the
+change in F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in F
+uh for a small change in the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a small change in the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a small change in the output
+and then you can compare that to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can compare that to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can compare that to what
+you think is your derivative that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is your derivative that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is your derivative that you
+worked out laboriously by hand maybe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out laboriously by hand maybe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out laboriously by hand maybe or
+hope if you're lucky you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope if you're lucky you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope if you're lucky you have an
+automatic differentiation you operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation you operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic differentiation you operate
+that on Delta X you should get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Delta X you should get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on Delta X you should get
+approximately the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the same thing
+so this this formula here as it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this formula here as it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this formula here as it says
+here is this is called a forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is called a forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is called a forward
+difference it's called forward because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's called forward because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's called forward because
+you kind of perturb X in the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of perturb X in the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of perturb X in the plus
+Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction
+if Delta X is positive right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Delta X is positive right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Delta X is positive right you can
+also do a backwards difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do a backwards difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also do a backwards difference
+f of x minus f of x minus Delta X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of x minus Delta X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x minus f of x minus Delta X which
+is also approximately F Prime of X DX it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also approximately F Prime of X DX it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also approximately F Prime of X DX it
+doesn't really matter which one you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which one you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which one you use
+so that but if if I tell you forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that but if if I tell you forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that but if if I tell you forward
+difference here the immediate questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here the immediate questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here the immediate questions
+like what's the backward difference it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's the backward difference it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's the backward difference it's
+just did I just point out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did I just point out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did I just point out that the
+backwards difference is not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference is not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards difference is not the same
+sense of backwards as in backward mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of backwards as in backward mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of backwards as in backward mode
+differentiation or reverse yes bat we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation or reverse yes bat we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation or reverse yes bat we're
+going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about
+initiation those are totally unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation those are totally unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiation those are totally unrelated
+to forward and backward differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forward and backward differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forward and backward differences
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um yeah so so and as I said there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so and as I said there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so so and as I said there's a
+lot of forms and we'll talk about maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of forms and we'll talk about maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of forms and we'll talk about maybe
+some more sophisticated forms of it than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more sophisticated forms of it than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more sophisticated forms of it than
+forward and backward differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and backward differences
+um you can do them the ones that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do them the ones that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can do them the ones that that
+give you higher accuracy for it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you higher accuracy for it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you higher accuracy for it for a
+given Delta X but they're generally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Delta X but they're generally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Delta X but they're generally you
+know a last resort as a computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a last resort as a computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a last resort as a computational
+scheme but they're a first Resort as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but they're a first Resort as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme but they're a first Resort as a
+quick check right they're really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick check right they're really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick check right they're really really
+easy to do really kind of brain dead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do really kind of brain dead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to do really kind of brain dead and
+you know they're hard to get too wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're hard to get too wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're hard to get too wrong
+uh um so you know if this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so you know if this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um so you know if this is a good
+match for your F Prime of X DX that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match for your F Prime of X DX that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match for your F Prime of X DX that
+that's that's a really good sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really good sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really good sign
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's just start out with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just start out with an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just start out with an example
+there's an example we've seen a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example we've seen a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an example we've seen a few
+times in the class which is f of a so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the class which is f of a so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the class which is f of a so a
+is not going to be a square Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a square Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a square Matrix
+and F of a is just a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F of a is just a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and F of a is just a squared
+okay and we saw from the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we saw from the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we saw from the product rule
+several times that that that DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times that that that DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times that that that DF
+is Ada plus d a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ada plus d a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ada plus d a a
+which is not the same thing as 2ada the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the same thing as 2ada the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not the same thing as 2ada the
+the first year calculus rule for scalars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first year calculus rule for scalars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first year calculus rule for scalars
+because a n and Delta a don't commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a n and Delta a don't commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a n and Delta a don't commute
+we've seen this many times right so F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this many times right so F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen this many times right so F
+Prime here is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime here is now
+the the derivative is really a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative is really a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the derivative is really a linear
+operator that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that gives
+a small change in the input gives you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small change in the input gives you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small change in the input gives you to
+first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+you know to the you know the linear part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to the you know the linear part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to the you know the linear part
+of the change in the output a Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in the output a Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in the output a Delta a
+plus Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta a
+right and what we can do is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we can do is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we can do is just
+suppose I've derived this formula and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I've derived this formula and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I've derived this formula and I
+want to check that that I didn't screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check that that I didn't screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check that that I didn't screw
+it up this one's pretty simple and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up this one's pretty simple and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up this one's pretty simple and I'm
+pretty sure I didn't screw it up but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure I didn't screw it up but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure I didn't screw it up but but
+let's we want to check this so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we want to check this so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's we want to check this so what you
+do is let's define a function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is let's define a function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is let's define a function this
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+F of a equals a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of a equals a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of a equals a squared
+right we'll try it for a random input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll try it for a random input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we'll try it for a random input
+and a random small perturbation Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a random small perturbation Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a random small perturbation Delta a
+so I'll make to find that function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll make to find that function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll make to find that function to
+find a random four by four Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a random four by four Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a random four by four Matrix is
+Rand n is gaussian random numbers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rand n is gaussian random numbers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rand n is gaussian random numbers they
+can be plus or minus they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be plus or minus they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be plus or minus they're kind of
+bell curve distributed so some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell curve distributed so some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell curve distributed so some of them
+are positive some and they're negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive some and they're negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are positive some and they're negative
+but they're all of order of order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all of order of order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're all of order of order one
+all right and then Delta a or D I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then Delta a or D I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then Delta a or D I'll
+just call right d a here but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call right d a here but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call right d a here but it's really
+a Delta a it's a finite change it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta a it's a finite change it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta a it's a finite change it's also
+going to be a random a different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a random a different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a random a different random
+Matrix but I'm going to make it smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but I'm going to make it smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix but I'm going to make it smaller
+I'm going to multiply it by 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply it by 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to multiply it by 10 to the
+minus 8. and we'll talk about very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8. and we'll talk about very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 8. and we'll talk about very soon
+about how small do you want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how small do you want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how small do you want to make it
+do we want to make it 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to make it 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to make it 10 to the minus
+100th do we make it 10 minus 1 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th do we make it 10 minus 1 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th do we make it 10 minus 1 where
+does this not how do we choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this not how do we choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this not how do we choose this
+right so this is going to be a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is going to be a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is going to be a small
+change uh okay so so it's random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh okay so so it's random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change uh okay so so it's random numbers
+you know order one times ten minus eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know order one times ten minus eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know order one times ten minus eight
+so they're all kind of order 10 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all kind of order 10 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're all kind of order 10 minus
+eight ten minus 9.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight ten minus 9.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight ten minus 9.
+it's different random numbers than an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different random numbers than an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's different random numbers than an a
+so these will not commute should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will not commute should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these will not commute should we
+should we check that actually let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we check that actually let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we check that actually let's
+let's do a times d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a times d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a times d a
+minus a minus uh D A times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a minus uh D A times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a minus uh D A times a
+right and you can see that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can see that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can see that this is not
+zero you can say oh these are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can say oh these are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you can say oh these are kind of
+small numbers but remember that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers but remember that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers but remember that that the
+D A was a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D A was a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D A was a small number
+of order 10 and minus eight so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order 10 and minus eight so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order 10 and minus eight so these are
+also small numbers but they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also small numbers but they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also small numbers but they're they're
+small the same order as d a right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the same order as d a right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small the same order as d a right so
+these are not actually small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not actually small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not actually small compared to
+d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a
+so this is is this this is this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is is this this is this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is is this this is this is not
+uh round off errors or something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh round off errors or something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh round off errors or something else
+okay so now our finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now our finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now our finite difference
+approximation we just said it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we just said it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we just said it's just
+going to be F of a plus d a minus F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be F of a plus d a minus F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be F of a plus d a minus F of
+eight it's just the most simple stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it's just the most simple stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it's just the most simple stupid
+thing directly from the the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing directly from the the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing directly from the the definition
+of the derivative but plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivative but plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the derivative but plugging in
+instead of a a not we're plugging in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a a not we're plugging in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a a not we're plugging in a
+non-infinotesimal change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-infinotesimal change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-infinotesimal change
+pretty small but not even for decimal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small but not even for decimal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small but not even for decimal so
+we get this approximate change it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this approximate change it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get this approximate change it's
+small but it's it's of the same order as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but it's it's of the same order as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small but it's it's of the same order as
+Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta a
+right so this and so the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this and so the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this and so the exact
+uh derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh derivative
+again is is going to be a times D A plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is is going to be a times D A plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is is going to be a times D A plus
+d a times a and again this is small but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a times a and again this is small but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a times a and again this is small but
+it's it's of the same you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's of the same you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's of the same you know it's
+small because Delta a is small this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because Delta a is small this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small because Delta a is small this is
+the this is the DF right this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the DF right this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is the DF right this is not the
+derivative this is the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this is the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative this is the the the
+I should say uh I should say maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say uh I should say maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should say uh I should say maybe the
+directional differential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional differential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional differential uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+right so it's not that direct it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not that direct it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not that direct it's not
+the derivative it's the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative it's the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative it's the derivative
+operator acting on d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator acting on d a
+right and you can see I already see just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can see I already see just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can see I already see just
+to the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the eye
+this kind of matches right it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of matches right it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of matches right it looks like
+it's pretty good right there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good right there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty good right there's the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+and and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so forth
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we do
+2 a d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a d a
+it's a little bit smaller so I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit smaller so I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit smaller so I can see
+this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay
+if I if I did 280 if I pretended they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I did 280 if I pretended they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I did 280 if I pretended they
+they commuted right and I wrote d a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they commuted right and I wrote d a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they commuted right and I wrote d a a
+times D A plus d a times a as 2ada you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times D A plus d a times a as 2ada you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times D A plus d a times a as 2ada you
+get answers that are completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get answers that are completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get answers that are completely
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact these look exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact these look exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact these look exactly the same
+as these but that's because Julie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these but that's because Julie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as these but that's because Julie is
+only printing out uh six digits now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only printing out uh six digits now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only printing out uh six digits now this
+and actually there are more digits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually there are more digits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually there are more digits in
+these numbers it's just not showing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers it's just not showing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers it's just not showing them
+by default so it might be useful to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default so it might be useful to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by default so it might be useful to to
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to to to look at the uh the exact answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to look at the uh the exact answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to look at the uh the exact answer
+minus or let's see the approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or let's see the approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus or let's see the approximate
+answer minus the exact answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer minus the exact answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer minus the exact answer
+right so the approximate is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the approximate is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the approximate is defined
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+the exact is this formula Ada plus daa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact is this formula Ada plus daa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact is this formula Ada plus daa
+that we derived from the from the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we derived from the from the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we derived from the from the it's
+the our derivative operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our derivative operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the our derivative operator
+right and the errors are really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the errors are really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the errors are really small
+they're 10 to the minus 16. so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 10 to the minus 16. so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're 10 to the minus 16. so they're
+small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+compared to to you know these numbers 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to to you know these numbers 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to to you know these numbers 10
+minus 8. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so this is
+uh you know this brings us into a a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this brings us into a a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this brings us into a a key
+question when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when you're talking about
+errors and just in general in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and just in general in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and just in general in
+mathematics or science or engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics or science or engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics or science or engineering
+whatever tell someone tells you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever tell someone tells you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever tell someone tells you some
+something is small or something is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is small or something is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is small or something is large
+you should always ask compared to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always ask compared to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always ask compared to what
+right it's it's a meaningful it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's a meaningful it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's it's a meaningful it's
+meaningless question to say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless question to say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless question to say for example
+is is is one meter is that a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is one meter is that a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is one meter is that a small
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+you know not compared to the radius of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not compared to the radius of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not compared to the radius of a
+hydrogen atom that's a really a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that's a really a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom that's a really a really
+long distance for for an electron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distance for for an electron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long distance for for an electron to
+move away from a hydrogen atom but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from a hydrogen atom but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from a hydrogen atom but one
+meter is a tiny distance compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter is a tiny distance compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter is a tiny distance compared to the
+the radius of the Galaxy it might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of the Galaxy it might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of the Galaxy it might as
+well be zero if you're an astronomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be zero if you're an astronomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be zero if you're an astronomer
+right as it really matters uh what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as it really matters uh what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as it really matters uh what do
+you compare it so we need a yardstick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare it so we need a yardstick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare it so we need a yardstick
+and the the typical yardstick is we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the typical yardstick is we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the typical yardstick is we want
+to have some measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some measure
+so and I'll talk about a norm but we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'll talk about a norm but we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and I'll talk about a norm but we if
+these were vectors you'd know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were vectors you'd know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were vectors you'd know what the
+norm is it's the length of the vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is it's the length of the vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is it's the length of the vector so
+the distance from approximate to exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from approximate to exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from approximate to exact
+is is is is is the size of this air but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is is the size of this air but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is is is the size of this air but
+I need to compare it to something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to compare it to something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to compare it to something to
+decide whether it's large or small and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether it's large or small and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether it's large or small and a
+natural thing to compare it to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to compare it to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural thing to compare it to is the
+size of the exact answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the exact answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the exact answer
+because the exact answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the exact answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the exact answer is
+that that F Prime of a d a right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that F Prime of a d a right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that F Prime of a d a right it's a
+small number because d a is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number because d a is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number because d a is small
+so you really want to know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to know whether
+whether this error is small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this error is small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this error is small compared to
+that so for example and we can see by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so for example and we can see by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so for example and we can see by
+eye they are right these these errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye they are right these these errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye they are right these these errors
+are on the order of 10 to minus 16th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the order of 10 to minus 16th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the order of 10 to minus 16th and
+the exact answer is on the order 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact answer is on the order 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact answer is on the order 10 to
+minus eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus eighth
+so this is good right but to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is good right but to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is good right but to make it
+quantitative we we Define this ratio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we we Define this ratio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we we Define this ratio and
+we call it the relative error right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the relative error right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it the relative error right so
+it's the the difference between what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the difference between what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the difference between what we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+and what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what uh
+the diff the difference between between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diff the difference between between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diff the difference between between
+what we want which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want which is the
+the exact answer and what we get which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact answer and what we get which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact answer and what we get which
+is the approximate answer and uh divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the approximate answer and uh divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the approximate answer and uh divided
+by the the size of the exact thing Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the size of the exact thing Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the the size of the exact thing Okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this this Norm is is defined in Julia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Norm is is defined in Julia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Norm is is defined in Julia in
+a package called the linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a package called the linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a package called the linear algebra
+package and I can define a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and I can define a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package and I can define a function
+relative error it takes approx exact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error it takes approx exact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative error it takes approx exact and
+computes exactly this the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes exactly this the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes exactly this the norm of the
+difference divided by the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference divided by the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference divided by the norm of the
+exact answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer
+and if I just compare it here we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I just compare it here we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I just compare it here we see
+actually it's what we expect the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's what we expect the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's what we expect the the the
+difference we said was on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we said was on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we said was on the order of
+10 minus 16th the exact is on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minus 16th the exact is on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minus 16th the exact is on the order
+of 10 minus a If the ratio is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 minus a If the ratio is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 minus a If the ratio is on the
+order of 10 to minus eight and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to minus eight and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 to minus eight and indeed
+you know what we expected by I is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we expected by I is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what we expected by I is what
+we get here that's about nine times nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here that's about nine times nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get here that's about nine times nine
+times e to the minus nine it's about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus nine it's about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus nine it's about 10
+to the minus eight so it's about eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus eight so it's about eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus eight so it's about eight
+significant digits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digits right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um it's as I said you know if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's as I said you know if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's as I said you know if we do the
+um and if we do the let's let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if we do the let's let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if we do the let's let's do it
+also to the relative error to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the relative error to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the relative error to our
+of our stupid of our incorrect wave if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our stupid of our incorrect wave if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our stupid of our incorrect wave if I
+do 2ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 2ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 2ada
+if I got if I use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I got if I use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I got if I use that
+as my exact formula and I had you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my exact formula and I had you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my exact formula and I had you know
+if I if I done my derivative incorrectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I done my derivative incorrectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I done my derivative incorrectly
+right suppose I thought my exact formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose I thought my exact formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right suppose I thought my exact formula
+was 2ada then I'd get a relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2ada then I'd get a relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 2ada then I'd get a relative error
+of 0.6 of order one so I really would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.6 of order one so I really would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0.6 of order one so I really would
+have caught it I said oh this you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caught it I said oh this you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have caught it I said oh this you notice
+immediately that this relative error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that this relative error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that this relative error is
+huge even though these numbers the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge even though these numbers the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge even though these numbers the the
+two Ada is small because d a is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Ada is small because d a is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Ada is small because d a is small
+the difference is not small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is not small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is not small compared to
+the the correct answer so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct answer so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the correct answer so if you
+immediately notice so something is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately notice so something is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately notice so something is wrong
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+either have a bug in my find difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have a bug in my find difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have a bug in my find difference
+approximation but that's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but that's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation but that's really hard to
+get wrong it's just F of a plus d a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wrong it's just F of a plus d a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get wrong it's just F of a plus d a
+minus F of f of a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F of f of a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus F of f of a right
+it's usually dead simple so you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually dead simple so you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually dead simple so you usually
+get it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it right
+or I have a bug in my derivative which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I have a bug in my derivative which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I have a bug in my derivative which
+is really really common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really common
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+you know so this is good you get a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this is good you get a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so this is good you get a good
+match this isn't a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this isn't a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match this isn't a proof
+that that something is correct but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that something is correct but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that something is correct but it's
+it's a pretty big hint that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty big hint that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty big hint that that you
+gotta you got something basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta you got something basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotta you got something basically
+fundamentally right it's it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally right it's it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally right it's it's pretty
+unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely
+if you got a run if you had a a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got a run if you had a a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you got a run if you had a a you know
+a wrong formula if you picked a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong formula if you picked a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wrong formula if you picked a random
+input and a random displacement that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and a random displacement that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and a random displacement that's
+going to give you the correct answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the correct answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the correct answer to
+eight digits right and and so it it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight digits right and and so it it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight digits right and and so it it's a
+good it's a really good way to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's a really good way to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it's a really good way to catch
+you know really screw-ups oh I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really screw-ups oh I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really screw-ups oh I actually
+wrote this relative error down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this relative error down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this relative error down there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so here's my
+you know so so if I really screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so if I really screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so so if I really screwed up
+uh I'm actually I would be checking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm actually I would be checking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm actually I would be checking it
+against the approximate answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the approximate answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the approximate answer
+but yeah if I really screwed up you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah if I really screwed up you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah if I really screwed up you'd
+notice immediately right so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice immediately right so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice immediately right so it's it's
+over 50 percent right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 percent right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 50 percent right
+right so and now I need to go back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and now I need to go back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so and now I need to go back here
+and and explain something that I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and explain something that I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and explain something that I kind of
+glossed over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossed over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glossed over so
+you all know what these these these no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what these these these no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what these these these no
+these vertical bars are for a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertical bars are for a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vertical bars are for a vector
+so the the norm of a vector is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the norm of a vector is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the norm of a vector is just the
+square root of the sum of the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares
+the entry it's the length of the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry it's the length of the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry it's the length of the vector
+and that's the one of the first things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one of the first things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the one of the first things
+you learned about a vector is that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned about a vector is that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learned about a vector is that has a
+direction and then has a length that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then has a length that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then has a length that's
+what that that's probably the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that's probably the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that's probably the first
+definition of a vector that you heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a vector that you heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a vector that you heard
+but now you know in the near algebra we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you know in the near algebra we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you know in the near algebra we
+we generalized our notion of a vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generalized our notion of a vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we generalized our notion of a vector to
+a vector space things you can add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector space things you can add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector space things you can add and
+subtract and multiply by scalars and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and multiply by scalars and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and multiply by scalars and so
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+in this in this example we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this example we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this example we're using a
+matrix as a kind of vector so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as a kind of vector so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix as a kind of vector so we're
+thinking the the inputs are matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the the inputs are matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the the inputs are matrices
+which we can add subtract multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can add subtract multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can add subtract multiply by
+scale X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale X
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you you really need to to not only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you really need to to not only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you really need to to not only be
+able to to add subtract multiple by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to add subtract multiple by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to add subtract multiple by
+scalars to talk about uh errors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars to talk about uh errors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalars to talk about uh errors and
+derivatives and magnitudes you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and magnitudes you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and magnitudes you really
+need to also a notion of a length or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to also a notion of a length or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to also a notion of a length or the
+fancy word in linear algebra for that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy word in linear algebra for that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy word in linear algebra for that is
+a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a norm
+and so we need to be able to we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to be able to we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need to be able to we need a
+norm of our Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of our Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of our Matrix
+and so what what would that mean what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what would that mean what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what what would that mean what's
+the what's the norm we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the norm we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the norm we know what the
+norm of a vector is you probably or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a vector is you probably or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a vector is you probably or you
+probably at least learn the euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least learn the euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at least learn the euclidean
+norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm
+so if you have a matrix say a three by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a matrix say a three by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a matrix say a three by
+three Matrix uh or is this four by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Matrix uh or is this four by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Matrix uh or is this four by four
+this is these are four by four Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are four by four Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is these are four by four Matrix
+right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is
+what does that Norm mean it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that Norm mean it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that Norm mean it turns out
+there are multiple choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple choices
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it turns out it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out it doesn't really
+matter too much uh for our purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter too much uh for our purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter too much uh for our purposes
+which one we choose so I I mean I focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one we choose so I I mean I focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one we choose so I I mean I focus
+on the the simplest one uh and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the simplest one uh and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the the simplest one uh and the the
+kind of the most familiar one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most familiar one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the most familiar one which is
+basically the this the same as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the this the same as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the this the same as your
+euclidean Norm of vectors right so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean Norm of vectors right so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean Norm of vectors right so for a
+euclidean over a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean over a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean over a vector
+right well if a column Vector what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if a column Vector what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well if a column Vector what do
+you do you take the the this the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you take the the this the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you take the the this the square
+root of the sum of the squares of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the sum of the squares of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of the sum of the squares of the
+entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries
+and this is also called an L2 Norm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also called an L2 Norm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is also called an L2 Norm right
+or in linear algebra notation I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in linear algebra notation I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in linear algebra notation I could
+write it as X transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as X transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as X transpose
+X is my DOT product with itself and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is my DOT product with itself and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is my DOT product with itself and then
+I take the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the square root
+so for a matrix a matrix at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a matrix a matrix at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a matrix a matrix at this
+simplest level you could think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest level you could think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest level you could think of it as
+just a big bag full of numbers right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a big bag full of numbers right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a big bag full of numbers right the
+the most obvious choice of a norm is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious choice of a norm is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most obvious choice of a norm is you
+do exactly the same process to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same process to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do exactly the same process to The
+Matrix entry so you take you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix entry so you take you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix entry so you take you think of
+the Matrix entries as the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix entries as the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix entries as the components of
+the Matrix and you take the sum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix and you take the sum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Matrix and you take the sum the
+square root of the sum of the squares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares of
+those entries and this is in fact called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those entries and this is in fact called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those entries and this is in fact called
+a matrix form very famous one called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix form very famous one called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix form very famous one called the
+verbenius norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbenius norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbenius norm
+and if you enjoy you call oops Norm Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you enjoy you call oops Norm Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you enjoy you call oops Norm Norm
+a they're not you call the known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they're not you call the known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a they're not you call the known
+function on The Matrix that's what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on The Matrix that's what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on The Matrix that's what it
+does by default and we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does by default and we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does by default and we can use the
+symbolics package to just see what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolics package to just see what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolics package to just see what it's
+doing symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing symbolically
+so that's what Al has been using there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what Al has been using there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what Al has been using there
+so I'm going to Define if I Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define if I Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to Define if I Define a
+matrix full of uh full of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix full of uh full of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix full of uh full of variables
+um you know maybe I should use koala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe I should use koala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know maybe I should use koala
+bears or or something like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears or or something like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bears or or something like that but
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is this this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this works
+I think actually I can do even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think actually I can do even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think actually I can do even even
+nicer what I can do m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer what I can do m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer what I can do m
+uh one two one to three and M equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one two one to three and M equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one two one to three and M equals
+collect m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect m
+I think that works yes okay so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that works yes okay so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that works yes okay so I'm not
+gonna have subscripts if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have subscripts if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have subscripts if you like
+subscripts better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscripts better
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then I can type to do the norm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can type to do the norm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can type to do the norm and
+it will do that symbolic and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will do that symbolic and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will do that symbolic and it's it's
+exactly what I just said so the norm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I just said so the norm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I just said so the norm is
+the square root of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of the sum of the
+squares of the entries and it puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the entries and it puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the entries and it puts
+absolute value signs here because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value signs here because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value signs here because if
+they're complex numbers then you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complex numbers then you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're complex numbers then you need
+those but we're dealing with mostly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but we're dealing with mostly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those but we're dealing with mostly with
+real numbers in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I used to have an ABS 2 function but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to have an ABS 2 function but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to have an ABS 2 function but it
+doesn't anymore so let me just delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't anymore so let me just delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't anymore so let me just delete
+that that comment right so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that comment right so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that comment right so one of the
+the so this for benius normal way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this for benius normal way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so this for benius normal way of
+measuring the size of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the size of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the size of a matrix
+is really con you know intuitive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really con you know intuitive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really con you know intuitive because
+it's like I said it's the direct analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I said it's the direct analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like I said it's the direct analog
+of the the first and probably maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the first and probably maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the first and probably maybe the
+only Norm you learn for column vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Norm you learn for column vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Norm you learn for column vectors
+at the euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the euclidean
+but it's also nice in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also nice in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also nice in linear algebra
+because you know so this euclidean Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know so this euclidean Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know so this euclidean Norm
+is really useful in linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really useful in linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really useful in linear algebra
+because you can express it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can express it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can express it in terms of
+these you know these simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know these simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know these simple linear
+algebra operations is the X transpose X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra operations is the X transpose X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra operations is the X transpose X
+and then that's a numbering the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's a numbering the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's a numbering the square
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+so this forbidious number of matrices it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this forbidious number of matrices it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this forbidious number of matrices it
+turns out we can also write it uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can also write it uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we can also write it uh in
+terms of uh uh of uh of Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh uh of uh of Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh uh of uh of Matrix
+operations it turns out it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it turns out it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations it turns out it's exactly the
+trace of a transpose a uh square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose a uh square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace of a transpose a uh square root
+so a transpose a take the trace and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transpose a take the trace and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transpose a take the trace and you
+work out what it is that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what it is that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out what it is that turns out
+that's exactly the sum of the squares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the sum of the squares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the sum of the squares of
+the entries of the Matrix and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of the Matrix and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of the Matrix and then you
+take the square root and then we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root and then we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the square root and then we call
+that the frobenius norm or AF and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frobenius norm or AF and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the frobenius norm or AF and later
+on it says recall but I think we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it says recall but I think we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it says recall but I think we haven't
+done this yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this yet
+um we're going to generalize this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to generalize this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to generalize this to
+think about a DOT product of of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a DOT product of of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a DOT product of of matrices
+we'll we'll think of uh of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll think of uh of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll think of uh of B
+dot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a
+uh as uh Trace B transpose a so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as uh Trace B transpose a so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as uh Trace B transpose a so this is
+like the dot product of a with itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dot product of a with itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dot product of a with itself so
+this is going to become important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to become important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to become important in
+defining uh the gradient of of uh Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining uh the gradient of of uh Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining uh the gradient of of uh Matrix
+functions like determinants and traces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like determinants and traces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like determinants and traces
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+okay so so this is a and anyway so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is a and anyway so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is a and anyway so this
+is kind of an aside we're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of an aside we're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of an aside we're going to spend
+some more time on this pretty soon but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more time on this pretty soon but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more time on this pretty soon but
+yes you you can absolutely Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you you can absolutely Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you you can absolutely Define the
+norm for a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm for a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm for a matrix
+and you can add and it turns out the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add and it turns out the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can add and it turns out the the
+simplest one is it's kind of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is it's kind of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is it's kind of what you
+expect the square root of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the square root of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect the square root of the sum of the
+squares the entries but it has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares the entries but it has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares the entries but it has this
+really nice formula that lets you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice formula that lets you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice formula that lets you do
+linear algebra with this with this Norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra with this with this Norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra with this with this Norm
+which we're not going to do too much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not going to do too much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not going to do too much in
+this class but that's one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but that's one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class but that's one of the reasons
+why this is so so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is so so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is so so useful
+um I can compute it in multiple ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can compute it in multiple ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can compute it in multiple ways in
+Julia but I can take the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia but I can take the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Julia but I can take the square root of
+the trace of a transpose a I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of a transpose a I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of a transpose a I can take
+Norm of a square root of the sum of ABS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of a square root of the sum of ABS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norm of a square root of the sum of ABS
+2 is the absolute value squared of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is the absolute value squared of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is the absolute value squared of the
+entries or I can take this kind of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries or I can take this kind of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries or I can take this kind of more
+complicated expression square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated expression square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated expression square root of
+the sum of a i j squared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of a i j squared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of a i j squared for
+I is 1 to 4 J is 1 to 4. so I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is 1 to 4 J is 1 to 4. so I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is 1 to 4 J is 1 to 4. so I'll give
+the same answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same answers
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+in fact in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in fact this
+this if we go back this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we go back this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if we go back this this is
+something I kind of swept under the rug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I kind of swept under the rug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I kind of swept under the rug
+earlier but in the whole definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but in the whole definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but in the whole definition of a
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+when we Define the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we Define the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we Define the derivative
+as the linearization of the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the linearization of the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the linearization of the difference
+right so that the basically the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that the basically the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that the basically the the
+derivative is what gives you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is what gives you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is what gives you the the
+difference to first order such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to first order such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to first order such that
+every other term is higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other term is higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other term is higher order
+in order to Define what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to Define what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to Define what it means to be
+higher order you have to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order you have to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order you have to have some
+measure of of the length of the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of of the length of the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of of the length of the size of
+a vector and so you actually need a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and so you actually need a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and so you actually need a norm
+of any Vector space that you if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any Vector space that you if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any Vector space that you if you want
+to Define a derivative in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define a derivative in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define a derivative in this way
+but fortunately Norms are very very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately Norms are very very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but fortunately Norms are very very easy
+to Define and they're they're available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define and they're they're available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define and they're they're available
+for just about any Vector space you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just about any Vector space you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just about any Vector space you're
+you're likely to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're likely to think of
+so okay so now we have a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so now we have a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so now we have a norm
+we know what it means to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what it means to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what it means to measure the
+norm of a matrix we have oops let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a matrix we have oops let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of a matrix we have oops let me
+scroll down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll down
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of
+of the error so this is the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the error so this is the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the error so this is the relevant
+error we want the error the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error we want the error the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error we want the error the difference
+between the approximation and the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the approximation and the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the approximation and the exact
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+uh or the or a derivative formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the or a derivative formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the or a derivative formula
+divided by the the the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the the the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the the the magnitude of the
+exact formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact formula
+and so now I want to go back and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I want to go back and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I want to go back and talk
+about this issue of uh of how big D A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this issue of uh of how big D A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this issue of uh of how big D A
+should be so are we have a little small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be so are we have a little small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be so are we have a little small
+perturbation here I chose them of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation here I chose them of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation here I chose them of order
+10 and minus 8. so why did I choose 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and minus 8. so why did I choose 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and minus 8. so why did I choose 10
+minus Ace and does it matter like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Ace and does it matter like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Ace and does it matter like what
+happens if I if I make it 10 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I if I make it 10 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if I if I make it 10 minus
+fourth or 10 minus 1 and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth or 10 minus 1 and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth or 10 minus 1 and so forth
+so let's before I do any calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's before I do any calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's before I do any calculations
+let's let's let's think about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's think about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's let's think about what you
+expect might happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect might happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect might happen so
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this finite difference formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know is an approximation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is an approximation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is an approximation for the
+derivative times Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but it's dropping higher order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's dropping higher order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's dropping higher order terms
+right this only becomes exact in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this only becomes exact in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this only becomes exact in the
+limit as uh you know Delta X goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as uh you know Delta X goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as uh you know Delta X goes to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and that's that's the limit in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's the limit in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's the limit in which we
+get oh strictly speaking I should maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oh strictly speaking I should maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oh strictly speaking I should maybe
+say the norm of that goes to zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the norm of that goes to zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the norm of that goes to zero right
+that's that that's that's the limit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's that's the limit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that's that's the limit in
+which we get you know a derivative out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we get you know a derivative out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we get you know a derivative out
+of a difference right so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference right so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a difference right so you might
+expect that as Delta X gets smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that as Delta X gets smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that as Delta X gets smaller and
+smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller
+this difference formula should get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference formula should get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this difference formula should get more
+and more accurate right it should match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more accurate right it should match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more accurate right it should match
+this this uh these terms that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh these terms that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh these terms that you're
+neglecting should get smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting should get smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting should get smaller and
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+and the the this difference should match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the this difference should match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the this difference should match
+our derivative more and more closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivative more and more closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our derivative more and more closely
+so what I'm going to do in a second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do in a second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do in a second is
+I'm going to plot the error the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to plot the error the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to plot the error the relative
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a function of the norm of of Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the norm of of Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the norm of of Delta X
+so in this case Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you might expect that the error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might expect that the error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might expect that the error is
+going to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down
+uh with Delta a and in fact it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with Delta a and in fact it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with Delta a and in fact it's you
+know if we think about it these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we think about it these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we think about it these are
+going to be small magnitudes so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be small magnitudes so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be small magnitudes so it's
+always it's always nice to plot them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's always nice to plot them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's always nice to plot them on
+a log log scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log scale
+a log log scale has the nice property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log scale has the nice property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log scale has the nice property
+that's going to turn power laws into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to turn power laws into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to turn power laws into
+straight lines so usually in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines so usually in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines so usually in all of
+these things we're going to see parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we're going to see parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we're going to see parallel
+dependencies uh it could be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies uh it could be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies uh it could be proportional
+to Delta a Delta a square Delta Cubed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta a Delta a square Delta Cubed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta a Delta a square Delta Cubed on
+a log log scale that turns into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log scale that turns into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log log scale that turns into a
+straight line this is something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line this is something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line this is something that I
+try and drill into my students like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and drill into my students like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and drill into my students like
+anytime you're plotting something if at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you're plotting something if at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you're plotting something if at
+all possible you should choose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible you should choose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible you should choose your
+coordinates either logs or some change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates either logs or some change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates either logs or some change
+of variables to make the thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables to make the thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables to make the thing you're
+plotting a straight line it just makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting a straight line it just makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting a straight line it just makes
+it it makes it or at least you expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it makes it or at least you expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it makes it or at least you expect it
+to be a straight line that makes it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a straight line that makes it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a straight line that makes it much
+easier to understand what's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand what's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to understand what's going on so
+if we expect it to be a power law we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we expect it to be a power law we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we expect it to be a power law we
+expect a straight line if it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a straight line if it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a straight line if it's not a
+straight line you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line you should be able to
+immediately see that whereas if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that whereas if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see that whereas if you plot
+it on a linear scale and it goes on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a linear scale and it goes on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a linear scale and it goes on a
+linear scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scale
+uh the error might go like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the error might go like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the error might go like this
+right it's really hard to see what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really hard to see what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's really hard to see what what
+kind of dependence that is and it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dependence that is and it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dependence that is and it's also
+really hard to see what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to see what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to see what happens when
+when things get really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things get really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things get really small
+okay so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do that
+so I wrote down here some Julia code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote down here some Julia code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wrote down here some Julia code
+that um is gonna because I'm gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is gonna because I'm gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um is gonna because I'm gonna use
+the plotting package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plotting package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plotting package
+I'm gonna make some nice labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make some nice labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna make some nice labels
+uh there's multiple plotting packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's multiple plotting packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's multiple plotting packages
+for Julie I'm going to use a one called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Julie I'm going to use a one called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Julie I'm going to use a one called
+plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I'm going to compute the relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute the relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute the relative error
+of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my
+F of a plus d a minus F of a but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of a plus d a minus F of a but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of a plus d a minus F of a but I'm
+going to scale it d a by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scale it d a by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scale it d a by different
+factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and I'm going to compare that to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to compare that to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to compare that to my
+exact answer which I had above my Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer which I had above my Ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer which I had above my Ada
+plus daa but if I scale d a by S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus daa but if I scale d a by S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus daa but if I scale d a by S
+let's get that scale factor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get that scale factor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get that scale factor which is
+going to go from 10 to minus eighth to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from 10 to minus eighth to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from 10 to minus eighth to
+10 to the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the you know the the exact formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you know the the exact formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you know the the exact formula is
+linear it's a linear operator so scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's a linear operator so scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear it's a linear operator so scaling
+d a by S will just scale that by S so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a by S will just scale that by S so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a by S will just scale that by S so
+this is just going to be so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just going to be so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just going to be so I'm going to
+keep the same random d a but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same random d a but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the same random d a but I'm just
+going to scale it up or down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scale it up or down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to scale it up or down in
+magnitude by this this gives me a range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude by this this gives me a range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude by this this gives me a range
+of points from minus eight to eight then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points from minus eight to eight then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points from minus eight to eight then
+I'm going to take 10 to that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take 10 to that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to take 10 to that so it's
+going to go from this is a a 50 points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from this is a a 50 points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go from this is a a 50 points
+from 10 to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10 to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 10 to the uh
+uh minus eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus eight
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to uh tend the uh eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh tend the uh eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh tend the uh eighth
+okay and I'm going to plot them and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to plot them and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to plot them and I'm
+going to plot also a straight line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot also a straight line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to plot also a straight line for
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+and this is what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a plot of the relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a plot of the relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a plot of the relative error
+so the the exact the defined difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the exact the defined difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the exact the defined difference
+minus the derivative formula divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the derivative formula divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the derivative formula divided by
+the derivative formula magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative formula magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative formula magnitude
+versus the norm of a so for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the norm of a so for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the norm of a so for the same
+direction but scaling the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but scaling the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but scaling the size
+and the reaction was chosen randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reaction was chosen randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reaction was chosen randomly
+and the dots are these errors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dots are these errors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dots are these errors and the
+the lot the line here is just a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot the line here is just a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lot the line here is just a line
+proportional to Delta a just for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta a just for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta a just for for
+comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison
+okay so we we see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we we see it
+stare at this for a second and just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this for a second and just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at this for a second and just a
+bunch of things should drop out at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things should drop out at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things should drop out at you
+so if if Delta a is is Delta is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if Delta a is is Delta is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if if Delta a is is Delta is suppose
+we start out with a pretty big Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start out with a pretty big Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start out with a pretty big Delta a
+of order order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order order one
+right then as you the expect you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then as you the expect you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then as you the expect you know
+the fine difference is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine difference is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fine difference is not going to be
+very accurate if Delta a is big and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate if Delta a is big and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate if Delta a is big and it's
+not the error is like a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the error is like a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the error is like a hundred percent
+and then as you decrease Delta a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you decrease Delta a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you decrease Delta a and
+magnitude the error gets smaller just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the error gets smaller just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude the error gets smaller just
+like we expect right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we expect right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we expect right there
+the the uh you know the find difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh you know the find difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh you know the find difference
+formula should get more accurate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula should get more accurate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula should get more accurate you
+know mathematically as the as as Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mathematically as the as as Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mathematically as the as as Delta a
+gets closer to a d a it goes closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets closer to a d a it goes closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets closer to a d a it goes closer to
+an infinitesimal so you can drop those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitesimal so you can drop those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitesimal so you can drop those
+higher order terms and it actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms and it actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms and it actually goes
+to zero it gets smaller linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it gets smaller linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero it gets smaller linearly
+proportional to a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a straight line
+proportional to Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta a
+but at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point
+when the relative error gets about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it looks like
+it stops the air stops getting smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops the air stops getting smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops the air stops getting smaller
+and then as you make Delta a even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you make Delta a even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you make Delta a even
+smaller the error gets bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the error gets bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller the error gets bigger
+so it seems like math is broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like math is broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems like math is broken
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so does anyone any guesses on why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anyone any guesses on why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does anyone any guesses on why the
+why the air is getting bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the air is getting bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the air is getting bigger
+for for when we make Delta a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for when we make Delta a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for when we make Delta a really
+small like 10 to the minus 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like 10 to the minus 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small like 10 to the minus 10 to the
+minus 12th like why isn't it isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12th like why isn't it isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 12th like why isn't it isn't just
+getting better and better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better and better and better
+that's what the equations tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's round off error yes so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's round off error yes so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's round off error yes so what's
+happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening
+it says two main features so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says two main features so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says two main features so first of
+all the relative error decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the relative error decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the relative error decreases
+linearly with Delta a that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with Delta a that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly with Delta a that's that's what
+we expect this is called first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect this is called first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect this is called first order
+accuracy by the way this linear decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy by the way this linear decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy by the way this linear decrease
+but then it increases and it increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it increases and it increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it increases and it increases
+because of because a a roundoff errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of because a a roundoff errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of because a a roundoff errors
+because the computer is only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer is only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the computer is only going to
+keep a certain number of digits when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a certain number of digits when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep a certain number of digits when it
+does arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does arithmetic
+um and so when when Delta a gets really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so when when Delta a gets really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so when when Delta a gets really
+really small that's it turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small that's it turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small that's it turns out it's
+going to cause a a cause the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause a a cause the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cause a a cause the answer is
+to be completely wrong so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be completely wrong so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be completely wrong so I'm going to
+talk about both of these things so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about both of these things so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about both of these things so first
+of all I want to talk about the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I want to talk about the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I want to talk about the right
+portion of the plot where it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the plot where it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the plot where it's kind of
+doing what we expect the air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what we expect the air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what we expect the air is
+decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing
+as you make d a smaller but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you make d a smaller but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you make d a smaller but I want to
+dig drill in a little deeper like why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig drill in a little deeper like why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig drill in a little deeper like why is
+it decreasing linearly with the a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it decreasing linearly with the a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it decreasing linearly with the a this
+why is it why are we getting first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it why are we getting first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it why are we getting first order
+uh accuracy as it's called support error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accuracy as it's called support error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh accuracy as it's called support error
+er error that goes like the D A to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er error that goes like the D A to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+er error that goes like the D A to the
+first power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first power
+right and then I want to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I want to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then I want to talk about the
+second portion of the plot this left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second portion of the plot this left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second portion of the plot this left
+portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+gets really small the air actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really small the air actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets really small the air actually not
+only stops decreasing it actually gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only stops decreasing it actually gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only stops decreasing it actually gets
+worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse
+and as someone said it has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as someone said it has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as someone said it has to do with
+roundoff errors because the the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors because the the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff errors because the the finite
+Precision of computer arithmetic but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision of computer arithmetic but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision of computer arithmetic but I
+want to drill down it you know into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drill down it you know into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to drill down it you know into that
+a little bit more as well so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more as well so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more as well so let's start
+with with the right portions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the right portions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the right portions about this
+is this is this is easier to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this is easier to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this is easier to understand
+I think because it's not about computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think because it's not about computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think because it's not about computer
+arithmetic it's just you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic it's just you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic it's just you can understand
+it just from the equations uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just from the equations uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just from the equations uh you know
+treating everything as real numbers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating everything as real numbers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating everything as real numbers you
+know it's exact arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's exact arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's exact arithmetic
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so we're computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're computing
+uh so the way basically the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the way basically the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the way basically the way to
+understand this is you you you can use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is you you you can use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this is you you you can use a
+Taylor series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor series
+so if you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can imagine
+uh uh taking f plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh taking f plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh taking f plus DX
+uh and thinking of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and thinking of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and thinking of this
+not just as the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just as the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just as the definition of the
+derivative but think of it as a Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but think of it as a Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but think of it as a Taylor
+series if you take the Taylor is serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series if you take the Taylor is serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series if you take the Taylor is serious
+you get f of x plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get f of x plus DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get f of x plus DX
+what's the first term it's f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first term it's f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first term it's f of x
+well that's the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the second term
+it's F Prime of X DX that's our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's F Prime of X DX that's our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's F Prime of X DX that's our our
+linear uh term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear uh term
+and this still works even when DX is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this still works even when DX is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this still works even when DX is a
+vector or Matrix or in some Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or Matrix or in some Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or Matrix or in some Vector space
+and think about again 1801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about again 1801
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about again 1801
+that what's the next term in the Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the next term in the Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's the next term in the Taylor
+series the next term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series the next term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series the next term
+is the second derivative term the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative term the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the second derivative term the F
+double Prime term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that would give you terms that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you terms that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you terms that go
+like DX squared and it turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DX squared and it turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DX squared and it turns out this
+still works for arbitrary Vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works for arbitrary Vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works for arbitrary Vector space
+as the second of evidence is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the second of evidence is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the second of evidence is going to be
+something called a Hessian or quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a Hessian or quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a Hessian or quadratic
+form well we'll talk about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form well we'll talk about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form well we'll talk about that later
+but the basic idea of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the basic idea of this is
+proportional to a second derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a second derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to a second derivative and
+it has terms that go like the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has terms that go like the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has terms that go like the square of
+the change and then there are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change and then there are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change and then there are even
+higher order terms which I can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms which I can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher order terms which I can use this
+notation between computer science this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation between computer science this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation between computer science this
+little o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little o
+of Delta x squared terms that are go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta x squared terms that are go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Delta x squared terms that are go
+even smaller that's the X cubed Delta x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller that's the X cubed Delta x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even smaller that's the X cubed Delta x
+to the fourth from the the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth from the the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fourth from the the third
+derivative and the fourth derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the fourth derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and the fourth derivative and
+so forth so if the function and turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so if the function and turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so if the function and turns
+out this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this is the
+true it doesn't even require Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it doesn't even require Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it doesn't even require Taylor
+series this is true anytime you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this is true anytime you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this is true anytime you have a
+function that's that has a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's that has a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's that has a second
+derivative it might it may not even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it might it may not even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it might it may not even be
+three times differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times differentiable
+but if it has a second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it has a second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it has a second derivative
+then you can you you can you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you you can you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can you you can you can write
+these first three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these first three terms
+and then the higher order term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the higher order term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the higher order term so
+imagine what does this mean for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what does this mean for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what does this mean for our
+difference approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximation
+right so what are we Computing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what are we Computing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what are we Computing here
+we're plotting this relative error we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting this relative error we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting this relative error we're
+plotting f of x plus DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus f of x that's our fine difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x that's our fine difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f of x that's our fine difference
+and we're subtracting our exact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're subtracting our exact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're subtracting our exact uh
+derivative at Prime of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at Prime of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at Prime of X DX
+right but what and then we're dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what and then we're dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what and then we're dividing
+by the exact derivative Norm but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the exact derivative Norm but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the exact derivative Norm but what
+happens when we plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we plug
+this Taylor series into here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+well first of all the the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all the the first two
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are just these first two terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just these first two terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are just these first two terms here
+it's just f of x if we if we move the f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just f of x if we if we move the f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just f of x if we if we move the f
+of x to the to the uh to the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to the to the uh to the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x to the to the uh to the left hand
+side it's gone from there that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's gone from there that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it's gone from there that's this
+okay so what's left well there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's left well there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's left well there's this
+term but this cancels the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but this cancels the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but this cancels the thing we're
+subtracting the exact derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the exact derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting the exact derivative
+so what's left over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left over
+these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms
+okay is is the terms proportional to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is is the terms proportional to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is is the terms proportional to uh
+to to Delta x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Delta x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Delta x squared
+plus higher order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+does everyone follow that so so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone follow that so so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone follow that so so I know
+in doing math like this from slides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing math like this from slides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing math like this from slides you
+know I need to pause and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I need to pause and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I need to pause and make sure
+everyone has a chance to stare at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has a chance to stare at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has a chance to stare at the
+formula because it's easy to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because it's easy to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula because it's easy to kind of
+scroll faster than you can you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll faster than you can you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll faster than you can you can read
+compare to when I write it on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to when I write it on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare to when I write it on the on the
+Blackboard or in a notebook right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard or in a notebook right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard or in a notebook right so I'm
+just all I'm doing is plugging you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all I'm doing is plugging you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just all I'm doing is plugging you can
+think of this is a Taylor series into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is a Taylor series into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this is a Taylor series into my
+applying difference formula and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying difference formula and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying difference formula and and
+thinking about my error my fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about my error my fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about my error my fine
+difference my zigzact over exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference my zigzact over exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference my zigzact over exact
+and this fine difference might exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fine difference might exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this fine difference might exact
+the first three the first two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three the first two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three the first two terms
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel
+and what's left over are these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's left over are these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's left over are these terms
+that go like Delta x squared and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go like Delta x squared and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go like Delta x squared and higher
+order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order terms
+but then we're dividing it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a denominator that's f of x DX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denominator that's f of x DX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denominator that's f of x DX is
+proportional to Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta X
+so if I take a turn that's proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I take a turn that's proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I take a turn that's proportional
+to Delta x squared plus I ordered terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta x squared plus I ordered terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta x squared plus I ordered terms
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's divided by a term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided by a term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided by a term that's
+proportional Delta x what you get are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional Delta x what you get are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional Delta x what you get are
+terms that are proportional to Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are proportional to Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are proportional to Delta X
+from the first term plus higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first term plus higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the first term plus higher order
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+right so what we expect is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we expect is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we expect is exactly
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+at this uh this uh we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh this uh we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this uh this uh we expect
+our relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relative error
+to be approximately linear in Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be approximately linear in Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be approximately linear in Delta X
+Plus terms that are higher order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus terms that are higher order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus terms that are higher order that
+vanishes Delta X you know that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes Delta X you know that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes Delta X you know that are
+negligible as Delta X gets small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible as Delta X gets small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible as Delta X gets small
+does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense
+so this is this is this is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is this is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is this is the this is
+kind of the inherent error in the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the inherent error in the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the inherent error in the finite
+difference approximation we expect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximation we expect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximation we expect this
+forward difference formula to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference formula to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference formula to have
+errors that are decreased linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that are decreased linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that are decreased linearly
+without the X this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the X this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the X this is called the
+truncation error the the error that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error the the error that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error the the error that you
+get because uh from from uh it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because uh from from uh it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get because uh from from uh it gives you
+truncated the Taylor series because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated the Taylor series because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated the Taylor series because
+Delta X is not infinitesimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is not infinitesimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X is not infinitesimal
+and that's exactly what we're seeing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we're seeing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what we're seeing in
+this plot in the right hand side we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot in the right hand side we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot in the right hand side we're
+saying it's actually almost perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's actually almost perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's actually almost perfectly
+linear as we decrease Delta a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what the the math the math uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the the math the math uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what the the math the math uh
+predicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts
+so this deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this deviation
+here is not predicted by that math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not predicted by that math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not predicted by that math
+and it would not happen if we were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would not happen if we were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would not happen if we were doing
+arithmetic exact arithmetic with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic exact arithmetic with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic exact arithmetic with real
+numbers so what was this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what was this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so what was this this this
+increase over here is is is due to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase over here is is is due to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase over here is is is due to our
+uh our roundoff errors as I said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our roundoff errors as I said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our roundoff errors as I said it's
+due to the fact that we're not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that we're not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that we're not doing
+exact math uh this exact real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact math uh this exact real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact math uh this exact real number
+math on a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math on a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math on a computer
+we're doing only approximate real number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing only approximate real number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing only approximate real number
+mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics
+and that that's that's uh it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's that's uh it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's that's uh it's that's
+called floating Point arithmetic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called floating Point arithmetic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called floating Point arithmetic and the
+basic thing is if you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing is if you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing is if you can think of it as
+this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way so
+you can a computer right it cannot start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can a computer right it cannot start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can a computer right it cannot start
+if you have an arbitrary real number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an arbitrary real number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have an arbitrary real number you
+would need infinitely many digits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need infinitely many digits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need infinitely many digits to
+store it right a computer doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it right a computer doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store it right a computer doesn't have
+infinite memory and and even working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite memory and and even working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite memory and and even working
+with a huge number of digits would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a huge number of digits would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a huge number of digits would be
+very expensive right uh so the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive right uh so the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive right uh so the computer
+when it's working with numbers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's working with numbers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's working with numbers by
+default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default
+it keeps only a relatively small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps only a relatively small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps only a relatively small number
+of significant digits I mean relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of significant digits I mean relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of significant digits I mean relatively
+small compared to Infinity it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to Infinity it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to Infinity it keeps
+about 15 decimal digits which is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 decimal digits which is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 15 decimal digits which is a lot
+right that's that's a that's a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's a that's a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's a that's a lot more
+than you would carry in a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would carry in a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would carry in a hand
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+right and with 15 decimal digits it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and with 15 decimal digits it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and with 15 decimal digits it can
+do arithmetic very very quickly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do arithmetic very very quickly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do arithmetic very very quickly it's
+built in built into the CPU that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in built into the CPU that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in built into the CPU that's why
+everyone uses this same number of digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone uses this same number of digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone uses this same number of digits
+whether you you're in Matlab or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you you're in Matlab or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you you're in Matlab or in
+python or Julia or C or Fortran this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python or Julia or C or Fortran this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python or Julia or C or Fortran this is
+kind of the default it's called double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the default it's called double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the default it's called double
+Precision floating Point arithmetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision floating Point arithmetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Precision floating Point arithmetic and
+so everyone uses the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone uses the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone uses the same thing
+uh most of the time at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the time at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh most of the time at least
+and so and and this is the source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and and this is the source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and and this is the source of
+that increase it's this these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increase it's this these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that increase it's this these things
+called round off errors from this finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called round off errors from this finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called round off errors from this finite
+number of significant digits and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of significant digits and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of significant digits and so
+let's think a little bit more detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little bit more detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think a little bit more detail in
+a little bit more detail of how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more detail of how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more detail of how that
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+so what happens if Delta X is too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if Delta X is too small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens if Delta X is too small
+so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then
+f of x plus Delta X and f of x are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus Delta X and f of x are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of x plus Delta X and f of x are
+almost the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same number
+right they're almost the same and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're almost the same and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they're almost the same and when
+you subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you subtract them
+right then most of the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then most of the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then most of the significant
+digits cancel one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits cancel one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits cancel one another
+right and in fact even even when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact even even when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in fact even even when you
+take X Plus DX if x is really small if x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X Plus DX if x is really small if x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take X Plus DX if x is really small if x
+is only starting storing 15 digits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only starting storing 15 digits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only starting storing 15 digits and
+you add a Delta X that's 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a Delta X that's 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add a Delta X that's 10 to the minus
+100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th
+X Plus DX will just give you X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus DX will just give you X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus DX will just give you X
+because it'll it'll just round off X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll it'll just round off X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll it'll just round off X
+Plus DX back to X it won't it won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus DX back to X it won't it won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus DX back to X it won't it won't be
+able to store that one in the hundredth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to store that one in the hundredth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to store that one in the hundredth
+decimal place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal place
+right so this is this is in general this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is in general this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is this is in general this
+is called a catastrophic cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a catastrophic cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a catastrophic cancellation
+when you take two nearly equal numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take two nearly equal numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take two nearly equal numbers
+and you subtract them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you subtract them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you subtract them
+to finite and but they're each have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finite and but they're each have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finite and but they're each have
+finite accuracy subtract the most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite accuracy subtract the most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite accuracy subtract the most of the
+significant digits cancel you're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digits cancel you're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant digits cancel you're left
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+only a few significant digits or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few significant digits or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a few significant digits or maybe
+even no significant digits maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even no significant digits maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even no significant digits maybe if
+they're small enough this difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small enough this difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're small enough this difference
+might just be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just be zero
+so it's easier to see with a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easier to see with a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easier to see with a simpler
+function like a a not a matrix function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like a a not a matrix function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function like a a not a matrix function
+but just a scalar function so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a scalar function so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just a scalar function so that's
+just that's just sine of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just sine of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that's just sine of x
+okay at x equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at x equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at x equals one
+right is it the exact derivative of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is it the exact derivative of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is it the exact derivative of just
+cosine of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of one
+right and so we can imagine our find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can imagine our find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can imagine our find
+difference approximation is just f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximation is just f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference approximation is just f of x
+plus DX f is just sine minus of X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX f is just sine minus of X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX f is just sine minus of X over
+Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+plus first order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first order terms
+right that's what happens when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what happens when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's what happens when I take
+this formula just divide it through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula just divide it through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula just divide it through by
+Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X
+right so if I Did DX equals one e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I Did DX equals one e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I Did DX equals one e to the
+minus 5. I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5. I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 5. I get
+0.54 something the cosine cosine of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.54 something the cosine cosine of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.54 something the cosine cosine of one
+exact answer is 0.54 something but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer is 0.54 something but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact answer is 0.54 something but you
+can see they they differ in in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they they differ in in the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they they differ in in the the
+third digit already the relative error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third digit already the relative error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third digit already the relative error
+is is is actually 10 to the minus six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is actually 10 to the minus six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is is actually 10 to the minus six
+it's actually pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually pretty good
+here why is it 10 minus oh because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is it 10 minus oh because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why is it 10 minus oh because it's
+it's really not the third digits it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not the third digits it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not the third digits it's
+0.540298 and this is three zero two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.540298 and this is three zero two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.540298 and this is three zero two so
+they really differ in more almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really differ in more almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really differ in more almost like
+the six digit here versus theirs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six digit here versus theirs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six digit here versus theirs but
+it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right
+that's differing by four in the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's differing by four in the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's differing by four in the sixth
+digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digit
+right and so now what happens if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now what happens if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now what happens if you do
+Delta x equals 10 to the minus 100th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x equals 10 to the minus 100th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta x equals 10 to the minus 100th
+right mathematically that should give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mathematically that should give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mathematically that should give a
+much better answer but actually it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better answer but actually it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better answer but actually it just
+gives you zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you zero
+and the computer is perfectly capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer is perfectly capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer is perfectly capable of
+representing 10 amounts 100 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing 10 amounts 100 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing 10 amounts 100 so it's
+basically a floating point it it stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a floating point it it stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a floating point it it stores
+a fixed number of digits and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed number of digits and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed number of digits and then and
+then an exponent you can think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an exponent you can think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an exponent you can think of it as
+like scientific notation on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scientific notation on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like scientific notation on the computer
+so it can it can start really big really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can it can start really big really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can it can start really big really
+small numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small numbers
+just with a finite number of significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a finite number of significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a finite number of significant
+digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but if you do one plus 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do one plus 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do one plus 10 to the minus
+100th you get one because what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th you get one because what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th you get one because what would the
+correct answer would be the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer would be the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct answer would be the correct
+answer would be 1 plus 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would be 1 plus 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would be 1 plus 10 to the minus
+one hundredth is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundredth is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hundredth is one
+a decimal point 99 zeros and then a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decimal point 99 zeros and then a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decimal point 99 zeros and then a one
+right and if the computer is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if the computer is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if the computer is only
+storing 15 digits it cannot store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing 15 digits it cannot store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing 15 digits it cannot store
+one 99 zeros and then a one right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 99 zeros and then a one right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 99 zeros and then a one right and
+what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does
+is it takes this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it takes this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it takes this result
+and effectively it rounds it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively it rounds it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and effectively it rounds it to the
+closest number that it can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest number that it can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest number that it can represent
+with 15 digits and the closest number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 15 digits and the closest number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 15 digits and the closest number is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so that's that's what it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's what it gives you
+so even if you do something less extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you do something less extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you do something less extreme
+so so if you do is is storing 15 digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you do is is storing 15 digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if you do is is storing 15 digits
+so if you do 10 to the minus 13 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do 10 to the minus 13 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do 10 to the minus 13 through
+DX then 1 plus DX it can represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX then 1 plus DX it can represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX then 1 plus DX it can represent
+right so then the computer can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then the computer can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then the computer can store
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+number right but if you take sine of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right but if you take sine of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right but if you take sine of 1
+plus DX and sine of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX and sine of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DX and sine of 1
+right you can see that they're now if DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see that they're now if DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see that they're now if DX
+is 10 minus 13th they're almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 minus 13th they're almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 10 minus 13th they're almost the same
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and this see they only differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this see they only differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this see they only differ
+here in the last four significant digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the last four significant digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the last four significant digits
+so if you when you subtract them in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you when you subtract them in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you when you subtract them in our
+find difference approximation I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find difference approximation I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find difference approximation I take
+this minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus this
+almost all these significant digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all these significant digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all these significant digits
+cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all you have 16 digits here 15 digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have 16 digits here 15 digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have 16 digits here 15 digits
+but but 11 of them cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but 11 of them cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but 11 of them cancel
+and you're just left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're just left with
+only four digits of accuracy and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four digits of accuracy and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four digits of accuracy and so if
+we compute the relative error you get 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute the relative error you get 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute the relative error you get 10
+minus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three
+from those from those those four digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those from those those four digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those from those those four digits
+of accuracy so this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accuracy so this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accuracy so this is this is the
+general problem with with with a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problem with with with a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problem with with with a fine
+difference is that there's they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that there's they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that there's they're not
+completely bulletproof for you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely bulletproof for you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely bulletproof for you need to
+make Delta X small enough that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Delta X small enough that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make Delta X small enough that the
+truncation error is small but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error is small but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error is small but not so
+small that the round off errors kill you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that the round off errors kill you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that the round off errors kill you
+right and kind of a a rule of thumb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and kind of a a rule of thumb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and kind of a a rule of thumb is
+that that works it's not perfect like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works it's not perfect like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that works it's not perfect like
+any rule of thumb no no rule of thumb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rule of thumb no no rule of thumb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rule of thumb no no rule of thumb is
+is perfectly reliable A good rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly reliable A good rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfectly reliable A good rule of
+thumb is to use about half the digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb is to use about half the digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb is to use about half the digits
+for your for a difference so then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your for a difference so then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your for a difference so then so
+more precisely the number of significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely the number of significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely the number of significant
+digits on the computer is represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits on the computer is represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits on the computer is represented by
+this quantity called machine Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity called machine Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity called machine Epsilon
+so basically Epsilon X is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically Epsilon X is the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically Epsilon X is the size of
+the last significant digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last significant digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last significant digit
+so or the next floating temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or the next floating temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or the next floating temperature
+Point number out of X after X is x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number out of X after X is x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point number out of X after X is x times
+1 plus Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus Epsilon
+so the in Julia those function called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the in Julia those function called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the in Julia those function called
+F's that returns this it's about 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F's that returns this it's about 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F's that returns this it's about 10 to
+the minus 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 16th
+um so as I said about it's about 15 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as I said about it's about 15 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as I said about it's about 15 or
+16 decimal digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 decimal digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 decimal digits
+the reason it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it's not
+this is this is kind of a weird looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is kind of a weird looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is kind of a weird looking
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+it's not 1 e to the minus 16th or one e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not 1 e to the minus 16th or one e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not 1 e to the minus 16th or one e
+to the minus 15th is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 15th is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 15th is because the
+computer is actually not not storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is actually not not storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is actually not not storing
+decimal digits it's storing binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal digits it's storing binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal digits it's storing binary
+digits so it's actually storing 1.00 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so it's actually storing 1.00 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits so it's actually storing 1.00 you
+know a whole bunch of digits times an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a whole bunch of digits times an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a whole bunch of digits times an
+exponents is the power of two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents is the power of two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents is the power of two and the
+digits are actually binary digits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are actually binary digits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are actually binary digits so
+this this is not actually it's not 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not actually it's not 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is not actually it's not 10 to
+the minus 15th it's 2 to the minus 52.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 15th it's 2 to the minus 52.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 15th it's 2 to the minus 52.
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+all right it's crude approximation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's crude approximation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's crude approximation you
+can think of it as 15 decimal digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as 15 decimal digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as 15 decimal digits
+right and so a crude rule of thumbifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so a crude rule of thumbifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so a crude rule of thumbifying
+differences is is that's kind of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences is is that's kind of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences is is that's kind of a good
+median if you prefer you know a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median if you prefer you know a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+median if you prefer you know a small
+truncation error but not big Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error but not big Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncation error but not big Bond
+Affairs is to choose your Delta X to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affairs is to choose your Delta X to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affairs is to choose your Delta X to be
+about half the significant digits of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half the significant digits of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half the significant digits of X
+so basically the magnitude of Delta X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the magnitude of Delta X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically the magnitude of Delta X is
+on the order of square root of Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of square root of Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of square root of Epsilon
+times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times x
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+square root of Epsilon is about 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Epsilon is about 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of Epsilon is about 10 to
+the minus eighth so that's why I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus eighth so that's why I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus eighth so that's why I chose
+10 to the minus eight my my Matrix a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus eight my my Matrix a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus eight my my Matrix a was
+random numbers on order one so my Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers on order one so my Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random numbers on order one so my Matrix
+d a I made them random numbers on order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a I made them random numbers on order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d a I made them random numbers on order
+10 to minus eighth and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to minus eighth and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to minus eighth and that was a
+tandemized if you go back up here 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandemized if you go back up here 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tandemized if you go back up here 10 to
+minus eighth is about where we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus eighth is about where we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus eighth is about where we see this
+crossover Point happening it's about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Point happening it's about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover Point happening it's about the
+point where the truncation error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the truncation error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where the truncation error is
+balancing the round off error this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing the round off error this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing the round off error this is
+these aren't perfect rules of thumb but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't perfect rules of thumb but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't perfect rules of thumb but
+it's it's if you have to pick It a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's if you have to pick It a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's if you have to pick It a Delta
+X quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X quickly
+the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh um
+that's uh let's see that's uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh let's see that's uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh let's see that's uh uh you
+know that that's a good way to uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's a good way to uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that's a good way to uh uh uh
+to choose that so right let me point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose that so right let me point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose that so right let me point out
+that we're just about out of time yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're just about out of time yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're just about out of time yep
+and I'll show this to just for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show this to just for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll show this to just for the same
+thing for the sine plot so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the sine plot so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the sine plot so this is the
+same thing forward difference uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing forward difference uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing forward difference uh the
+dots are the relative error compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are the relative error compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are the relative error compared to
+the exact derivative which is cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact derivative which is cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact derivative which is cosine of
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and the line is just a straight line for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the line is just a straight line for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the line is just a straight line for
+reverence and it's exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverence and it's exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverence and it's exactly the same
+thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's
+as Delta X gets smaller initially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta X gets smaller initially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta X gets smaller initially the
+error gets smaller because the fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error gets smaller because the fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error gets smaller because the fine
+difference is getting better and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is getting better and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is getting better and it goes
+down linearly because this is a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down linearly because this is a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down linearly because this is a first
+order accurate formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accurate formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order accurate formula
+um but um eventually when deltex gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um eventually when deltex gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um eventually when deltex gets
+too small the cancellation error the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small the cancellation error the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small the cancellation error the
+roundoff error kills you and the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff error kills you and the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundoff error kills you and the error
+gets worse and the crossover Point again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets worse and the crossover Point again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets worse and the crossover Point again
+that rule of thumb works pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule of thumb works pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule of thumb works pretty well
+it's about 10 to the minus eighth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 10 to the minus eighth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 10 to the minus eighth uh
+here for this for since X is is one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this for since X is is one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for this for since X is is one so
+I'll stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll stop there
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um we'll see you again on on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll see you again on on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll see you again on on Wednesday
+and I'll post this notebook and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll post this notebook and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll post this notebook and we'll
+post I'll get uh Alan's updated notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post I'll get uh Alan's updated notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post I'll get uh Alan's updated notebook
+from him and we'll post that on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him and we'll post that on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from him and we'll post that on the uh
+on the website as well sounds good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h0Ln82BR4R0.txt b/h0Ln82BR4R0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae783340e6d80773e946d690df1e8b5307ff1548
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h0Ln82BR4R0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, today is our our last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, today is our our last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, today is our our last day
+together. I was remembering the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. I was remembering the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. I was remembering the first
+day at the beginning. I said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day at the beginning. I said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day at the beginning. I said to
+everybody, you know, I'm excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody, you know, I'm excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody, you know, I'm excited about
+projection theory and these like basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory and these like basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory and these like basic
+problems were just solved in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems were just solved in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems were just solved in the last
+couple years and we're trying to, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years and we're trying to, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years and we're trying to, you
+know, describe the ideas in this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, describe the ideas in this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, describe the ideas in this and and
+the beginning of the class, you know, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the class, you know, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the class, you know, I
+say all these things I'm excited to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all these things I'm excited to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all these things I'm excited to do
+and I wonder, you know, am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder, you know, am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wonder, you know, am I going to
+are we going to manage to do this? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to manage to do this? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to manage to do this? Uh
+and uh yeah, anyway, now it's at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah, anyway, now it's at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah, anyway, now it's at the end
+and we've been working steadily and done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've been working steadily and done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've been working steadily and done
+some of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Okay.
+Um yeah. So today we'll try to say um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah. So today we'll try to say um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah. So today we'll try to say um
+the finish the story of proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finish the story of proving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finish the story of proving the
+sharp projection theorems and uh to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp projection theorems and uh to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp projection theorems and uh to say
+the last couple of of ideas that go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of of ideas that go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of of ideas that go into
+it. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um
+so the first idea kind of goes back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first idea kind of goes back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first idea kind of goes back to
+the beginning of the class. that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the class. that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of the class. that goes
+back to uh using the the forier method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh using the the forier method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh using the the forier method
+and getting a little bit more out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a little bit more out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting a little bit more out of it
+than um than we had realized at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um than we had realized at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than um than we had realized at that
+time. Um and uh and then after that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um and uh and then after that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Um and uh and then after that so
+this this thing I'll do sort of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing I'll do sort of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this thing I'll do sort of by
+itself. It's like re remembering the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. It's like re remembering the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself. It's like re remembering the 4A
+method and and playing seeing what how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and and playing seeing what how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and and playing seeing what how
+much we can learn from it. Then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can learn from it. Then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we can learn from it. Then I'll
+remember what was the whole big theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what was the whole big theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what was the whole big theorem
+that we wanted to prove and what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to prove and what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wanted to prove and what are all
+the things we knew about it. The last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we knew about it. The last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we knew about it. The last
+the last idea in the class is um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last idea in the class is um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last idea in the class is um uh
+combining combining information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining combining information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining combining information from
+many different scales which allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different scales which allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different scales which allows us to
+combine all of the previous ideas into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all of the previous ideas into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all of the previous ideas into
+into one um big argument master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one um big argument master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one um big argument master
+argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument.
+Um yeah and you know this this way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah and you know this this way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah and you know this this way of
+combining scales has only been I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining scales has only been I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining scales has only been I would
+say has only been around for five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say has only been around for five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say has only been around for five years
+or so and and is also something it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and and is also something it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and and is also something it's
+it's not that complicated and it's al I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that complicated and it's al I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that complicated and it's al I
+think also something you know that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also something you know that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also something you know that might
+be of value to take with you away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of value to take with you away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of value to take with you away from
+the class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, part one is the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, part one is the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, part one is the well
+spaced case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced case
+and the for method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so so all of these things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all of these things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so all of these things that were
+these sharp projection theorems there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sharp projection theorems there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sharp projection theorems there's
+some kind of um uh geometric measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of um uh geometric measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of um uh geometric measure
+theory analog of the sum troder theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory analog of the sum troder theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory analog of the sum troder theorem.
+So for reference let's remember first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for reference let's remember first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for reference let's remember first
+the saretti troder theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh here's the version of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here's the version of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here's the version of it that
+will be relevant for us. So if E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be relevant for us. So if E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be relevant for us. So if E
+contained in R2 is a set of end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and L sub R of E is the set of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L sub R of E is the set of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L sub R of E is the set of lines
+little L so that little L intersect E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L so that little L intersect E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little L so that little L intersect E is
+at least R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least R.
+Uh then the question is how big could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then the question is how big could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then the question is how big could
+this be in terms of N and R. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be in terms of N and R. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be in terms of N and R. And the
+conclusion is that the size LR of E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that the size LR of E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that the size LR of E is
+bounded by N2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by N2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by N2.
+Actually, let me do a big R to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, let me do a big R to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, let me do a big R to match
+some other notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N2 / R cubed + N / R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 / R cubed + N / R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 / R cubed + N / R.
+This n^2 r cubed is comes from the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This n^2 r cubed is comes from the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This n^2 r cubed is comes from the grid
+example. And this n / r comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. And this n / r comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. And this n / r comes from a
+very simple example. You just draw a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example. You just draw a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple example. You just draw a few
+lines and you put R points on each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you put R points on each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you put R points on each of
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And we're trying to investigate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're trying to investigate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're trying to investigate to
+what extent this continues to hold if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent this continues to hold if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what extent this continues to hold if we
+replace our our pure points by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace our our pure points by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace our our pure points by some
+little balls and by our pure lines by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little balls and by our pure lines by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little balls and by our pure lines by
+some thin toes. Um and here is one clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thin toes. Um and here is one clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thin toes. Um and here is one clean
+version of that that if the points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that that if the points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that that if the points are
+quite spread out, they're what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite spread out, they're what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite spread out, they're what's called
+well spaced. um then this holds almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spaced. um then this holds almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spaced. um then this holds almost
+as real.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a theorem of Hong Guang nom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a theorem of Hong Guang nom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a theorem of Hong Guang nom
+Solomon and and me from around 2018 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solomon and and me from around 2018 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solomon and and me from around 2018 or
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something.
+So E contained in R2 is a set of N delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So E contained in R2 is a set of N delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So E contained in R2 is a set of N delta
+balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+Uh E is contained in the unit of ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh E is contained in the unit of ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh E is contained in the unit of ball.
+Okay. And they're well spaced. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And they're well spaced. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And they're well spaced. They're
+as spread out as possible. So they obey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as spread out as possible. So they obey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as spread out as possible. So they obey
+the condition that if you take E and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that if you take E and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that if you take E and you
+intersect it with a ball of radius N to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect it with a ball of radius N to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect it with a ball of radius N to
+the minus a half, then that's at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus a half, then that's at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus a half, then that's at most
+around one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one.
+So in other words, if I take a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, if I take a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, if I take a unit
+square and I subdivide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and I subdivide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and I subdivide it
+into squares of side length n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into squares of side length n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into squares of side length n to the
+minus a half that's been chosen so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half that's been chosen so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half that's been chosen so that
+there are n squares in this picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n squares in this picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are n squares in this picture and
+then I put one or roughly one point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put one or roughly one point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I put one or roughly one point in
+each of these squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these squares
+uh one delta ball then this is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one delta ball then this is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one delta ball then this is what this
+is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our
+what our set looks like. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our set looks like. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what our set looks like. So this is a
+well spaced set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spaced set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spaced set.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> For the size of E intersect B, is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> For the size of E intersect B, is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> For the size of E intersect B, is that
+supposed to be a delta ball covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a delta ball covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be a delta ball covering
+number?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number?
+>> Yeah, let's make that. Yeah, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, let's make that. Yeah, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, let's make that. Yeah, that's
+right. That's it's a Thank you. That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. That's it's a Thank you. That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. That's it's a Thank you. That's a
+delta ball covering number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta ball covering number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta ball covering number.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. And then there's one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And then there's one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And then there's one more
+hypothesis which is Okay. Okay. So yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis which is Okay. Okay. So yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis which is Okay. Okay. So yeah,
+so then we could say what tr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we could say what tr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we could say what tr
+of E is the set of delta tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E is the set of delta tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of E is the set of delta tubes
+T so that T intersect E delta is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so that T intersect E delta is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so that T intersect E delta is at
+least R. Um and here you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least R. Um and here you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least R. Um and here you know if you
+take a if you take such a delta tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a if you take such a delta tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a if you take such a delta tube and
+you wiggle it imperceptibly you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wiggle it imperceptibly you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wiggle it imperceptibly you will
+have another such delta tube and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another such delta tube and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another such delta tube and we want
+to count those as being the same. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count those as being the same. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count those as being the same. So
+I'll put here essentially distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, there's one other hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, there's one other hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, there's one other hypothesis
+which is that R is not too small, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that R is not too small, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that R is not too small, which
+I'll explain in a minute. The hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a minute. The hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain in a minute. The hypothesis
+says R is at least a little bit bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says R is at least a little bit bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says R is at least a little bit bigger
+than delta time E delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta time E delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than delta time E delta.
+And then the conclusion is almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the conclusion is almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the conclusion is almost the
+same as before that tr of e is less sim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before that tr of e is less sim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as before that tr of e is less sim
+sim um n^2 / r cub.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim um n^2 / r cub.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sim um n^2 / r cub.
+This two tildas here means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This two tildas here means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This two tildas here means that it's
+hiding something like a uh like a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding something like a uh like a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding something like a uh like a delta
+to the epsilon or something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the epsilon or something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the epsilon or something like that.
+But it looks almost the same as this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it looks almost the same as this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it looks almost the same as this.
+Okay, let's compare these two theorems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's compare these two theorems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's compare these two theorems.
+Um, one difference is that in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one difference is that in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, one difference is that in the first
+theorem we had an extra term here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we had an extra term here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we had an extra term here which
+I had not written in the second theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had not written in the second theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had not written in the second theorem
+and the reason is that this this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that this this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that this this second
+term is relevant when r is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is relevant when r is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is relevant when r is bigger than
+the square root of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n.
+So the second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the second term
+this um dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if r is bigger than square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if r is bigger than square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if r is bigger than square
+root of n. But in the wellspaced case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n. But in the wellspaced case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of n. But in the wellspaced case,
+it's not possible for a tube to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible for a tube to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not possible for a tube to have
+more than square root of n points on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than square root of n points on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than square root of n points on it.
+So this case never arises.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this case never arises.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this case never arises.
+Okay. So that's why we don't have that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's why we don't have that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's why we don't have that.
+Um the other difference is that we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the other difference is that we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the other difference is that we added
+this lower bound on R. So let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower bound on R. So let me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lower bound on R. So let me explain
+why we did that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we did that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we did that.
+So a remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a remark
+um an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an average
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a
+random delta tube t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random delta tube t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random delta tube t
+the expected size of t intersect e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected size of t intersect e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected size of t intersect e to
+cover. Um that would be delta time e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover. Um that would be delta time e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover. Um that would be delta time e
+delta. This is for each of these delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. This is for each of these delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta. This is for each of these delta
+point each of these little delta balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point each of these little delta balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point each of these little delta balls.
+There are this many of them. um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are this many of them. um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are this many of them. um the
+probability that a random delta tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a random delta tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a random delta tube
+intersects that point is about delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay? So if you just take any old tube,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So if you just take any old tube,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So if you just take any old tube,
+you'll have that many uh you'll hit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have that many uh you'll hit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have that many uh you'll hit that
+many delta balls from E. Tubes that hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many delta balls from E. Tubes that hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many delta balls from E. Tubes that hit
+this many delta balls of E are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many delta balls of E are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many delta balls of E are not
+special. Any old tube will do. And so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special. Any old tube will do. And so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special. Any old tube will do. And so if
+R takes that value, this upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R takes that value, this upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R takes that value, this upper bound
+isn't true at all. This could be way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't true at all. This could be way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't true at all. This could be way
+bigger than that because it could be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that because it could be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that because it could be it
+could be basically all the tubes. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be basically all the tubes. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be basically all the tubes. But
+rather remark there's there's a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather remark there's there's a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather remark there's there's a rather
+remarkably sharp phase transition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably sharp phase transition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably sharp phase transition that
+you increase r just a little bit beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase r just a little bit beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase r just a little bit beyond
+this threshold and then you get a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this threshold and then you get a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this threshold and then you get a bound
+that matches some tri.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that is the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that is the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that is the statement of the
+theorem. Um and it it says in a nutshell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Um and it it says in a nutshell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Um and it it says in a nutshell
+that seated troder basically continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seated troder basically continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seated troder basically continues
+to hold if you take a well spaced set E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold if you take a well spaced set E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold if you take a well spaced set E
+which is one of the cases we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the cases we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the cases we mentioned
+last time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+the statement?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I am going to do a proof sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I am going to do a proof sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I am going to do a proof sketch of
+this theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me first mention the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me first mention the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me first mention the tools that
+will go into it. There's the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into it. There's the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into it. There's the forier
+method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+There's double counting. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's double counting. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's double counting. And then
+there's I guess I'll call this playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I guess I'll call this playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I guess I'll call this playing
+with different scales.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The theme of this last class is playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The theme of this last class is playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The theme of this last class is playing
+with different scales which is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different scales which is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different scales which is a simple
+sounding an old idea which nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding an old idea which nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounding an old idea which nevertheless
+people recently have found a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people recently have found a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people recently have found a lot of new
+um new ways of doing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new ways of doing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um new ways of doing it.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+all right. So let me start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So let me start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. So let me start with the
+forier method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier method.
+Let me label this list of hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me label this list of hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me label this list of hypotheses
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for method. Okay, so it's been a while.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for method. Okay, so it's been a while.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for method. Okay, so it's been a while.
+In lectures three and four of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In lectures three and four of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In lectures three and four of this
+class, we developed a forier analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, we developed a forier analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, we developed a forier analytic
+method to estimate stuff like this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to estimate stuff like this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method to estimate stuff like this. And
+um if we had kept having problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had kept having problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had kept having problem sets
+and if I had been really clever, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I had been really clever, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I had been really clever, I would
+have had you remember it on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had you remember it on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had you remember it on the last
+problem set getting ready for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set getting ready for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set getting ready for this
+lecture. Um anyway, if you if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Um anyway, if you if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture. Um anyway, if you if you if you
+take the method exactly the way we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the method exactly the way we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the method exactly the way we did
+it back at the beginning of the class,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back at the beginning of the class,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back at the beginning of the class,
+it said it it will say that if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said it it will say that if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said it it will say that if we have
+the hypothesis,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis,
+then the size of TR of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of TR of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the size of TR of E
+uh will bounded by delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will bounded by delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will bounded by delta.
+Uh okay, I have to actually check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Delta inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Delta inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Delta inverse
+E delta R to the minus 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E delta R to the minus 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E delta R to the minus 2.
+I considered sort of redoing this for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I considered sort of redoing this for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I considered sort of redoing this for in
+the last class to remind us all because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last class to remind us all because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last class to remind us all because
+I don't expect it really to have it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect it really to have it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect it really to have it on
+the tip of your brain. Um, but I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of your brain. Um, but I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tip of your brain. Um, but I decided
+it was not that much fun for a thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not that much fun for a thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not that much fun for a thing to
+do in the last class and also that I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the last class and also that I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the last class and also that I had
+to manage the time to explain the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage the time to explain the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage the time to explain the other
+stuff. So, I'd like to take this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. So, I'd like to take this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. So, I'd like to take this as a
+black box that it's the sort of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box that it's the sort of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box that it's the sort of it's
+something you can do with the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do with the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you can do with the tools that
+we've already have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how does this compare to our goal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does this compare to our goal?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how does this compare to our goal?
+This e delta by the way is n. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This e delta by the way is n. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This e delta by the way is n. So this is
+delta inverse n rus 2. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse n rus 2. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse n rus 2. Um
+well it depends on how delta and n and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on how delta and n and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it depends on how delta and n and r
+are related to each other. But there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related to each other. But there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related to each other. But there's a
+particular case where it just gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case where it just gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case where it just gives
+exactly the right thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right thing.
+Um the particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that if r is um the smallest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if r is um the smallest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if r is um the smallest that
+it's allowed to be. So let's say it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's allowed to be. So let's say it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's allowed to be. So let's say it is
+delta to the minus epsilon delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the minus epsilon delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the minus epsilon delta e
+delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So in this case if I solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this case if I solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this case if I solve for the
+delta inverse the delta inverse would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse the delta inverse would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse the delta inverse would be
+around n / r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around n / r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around n / r
+and then I plug in here um and I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I plug in here um and I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I plug in here um and I get
+that one that this is an n / r is n^2 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that this is an n / r is n^2 r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one that this is an n / r is n^2 r
+cub that's the semi of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this 4A method actually gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this 4A method actually gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this 4A method actually gives the
+right answer in an interesting case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But then if you make r bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then if you make r bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then if you make r bigger
+um then if you do this computation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then if you do this computation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then if you do this computation um
+this ends up being bigger and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up being bigger and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ends up being bigger and and this
+this will be bigger than n^2 r cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+You know another interesting basic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know another interesting basic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know another interesting basic thing
+about this that is perhaps surprising is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that is perhaps surprising is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that is perhaps surprising is
+that as delta if delta gets bigger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as delta if delta gets bigger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as delta if delta gets bigger the
+right hand side gets smaller.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side gets smaller.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side gets smaller.
+So as we make our tubes thicker we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as we make our tubes thicker we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as we make our tubes thicker we
+actually get a better bout.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um if r is bigger this is the smallest r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if r is bigger this is the smallest r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if r is bigger this is the smallest r
+could be. So the other option is that r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be. So the other option is that r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be. So the other option is that r
+is bigger than this. So delta to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this. So delta to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger than this. So delta to the
+minus epsilon delta e delta is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus epsilon delta e delta is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus epsilon delta e delta is less than
+r. And let's say that r is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. And let's say that r is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. And let's say that r is less than the
+square root of n because as we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n because as we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n because as we mentioned
+earlier if r can't be any bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier if r can't be any bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier if r can't be any bigger than
+the square root of n. Okay. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n. Okay. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n. Okay. Then
+I'm going to set a scale row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set a scale row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set a scale row
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+row * n is around r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+row * n is around r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So how big is row? Um well row is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how big is row? Um well row is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how big is row? Um well row is going
+to be r / n. So it will be smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be r / n. So it will be smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be r / n. So it will be smaller than
+n to the minus a half but it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the minus a half but it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n to the minus a half but it will be
+bigger than delta because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than delta because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than delta because um
+delta n was smaller than r and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta n was smaller than r and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta n was smaller than r and I'm going
+to increase delta to row so that row n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase delta to row so that row n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increase delta to row so that row n
+will be around r. So row will be around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be around r. So row will be around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be around r. So row will be around
+there. And then we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And then we're going to study
+E row which is the row neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E row which is the row neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E row which is the row neighborhood
+of E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's make a picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here is the picture of our wellspace set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is the picture of our wellspace set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is the picture of our wellspace set
+E. And then we're going to have a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. And then we're going to have a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E. And then we're going to have a scale
+row which is smaller than this scale n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which is smaller than this scale n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row which is smaller than this scale n
+to the minus a half but bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus a half but bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus a half but bigger than
+delta. And we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that guy row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy row.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and you know originally we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know originally we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know originally we're trying to
+find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our original problem is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original problem is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original problem is to understand
+delta tubes that hit a lot of balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta tubes that hit a lot of balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta tubes that hit a lot of balls.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this might be one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a tube delta tube and tr delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a tube delta tube and tr delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a tube delta tube and tr delta.
+E Delta is just E, but I put the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E Delta is just E, but I put the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E Delta is just E, but I put the delta
+to remind us. Um, but now that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind us. Um, but now that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind us. Um, but now that we have
+these thicker guys, we could study um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I could study a row tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could study a row tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could study a row tube
+that contains a lot of row balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains a lot of row balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains a lot of row balls.
+So this might be T row. That might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this might be T row. That might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this might be T row. That might be a
+tube that that intersects row a lot. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube that that intersects row a lot. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube that that intersects row a lot. Um
+and well maybe for the same R but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well maybe for the same R but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well maybe for the same R but also
+maybe for different RS we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for different RS we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe for different RS we might be
+interested.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now let's make a definition. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so TR
+of TR tilda of E row this is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TR tilda of E row this is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of TR tilda of E row this is the set of
+row tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row tubes
+T row. So that if I take T row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T row. So that if I take T row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T row. So that if I take T row
+intersected with E row and I take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with E row and I take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with E row and I take its
+row covering number, that's at least our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row covering number, that's at least our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row covering number, that's at least our
+tilt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now the same argument as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now the same argument as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now the same argument as
+before gives us a bound for this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before gives us a bound for this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before gives us a bound for this thing.
+So if we have our hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have our hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we have our hypothesis
+and if our tilda um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if our tilda um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if our tilda um
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let me not keep track of it. If we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me not keep track of it. If we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me not keep track of it. If we
+have our hypothesis and arch tilda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our hypothesis and arch tilda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our hypothesis and arch tilda is
+big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then yeah I'll just yeah here we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah I'll just yeah here we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah I'll just yeah here we can put
+r tilda is at least as big as r then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tilda is at least as big as r then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tilda is at least as big as r then
+t r tilda of e row will be bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t r tilda of e row will be bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t r tilda of e row will be bounded by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well we'll have row inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll have row inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we'll have row inverse
+* e delta * r - 2 * r tilda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this row inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this row inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this row inverse
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+n / r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's n^ 2 / r * r tilda^ 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's n^ 2 / r * r tilda^ 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's n^ 2 / r * r tilda^ 2.
+Just by thickening the tubes we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just by thickening the tubes we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just by thickening the tubes we get
+these bounds. And let me mention an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bounds. And let me mention an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bounds. And let me mention an
+important special case. So eg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important special case. So eg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important special case. So eg
+tr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr
+of e row is bounded by n^2 r cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, as it's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as it's it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as it's it's uh
+it's a surprising thing that as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a surprising thing that as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a surprising thing that as we
+increase row, we get a better and better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase row, we get a better and better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase row, we get a better and better
+upper bound for this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um now we can't increase it. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now we can't increase it. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now we can't increase it. There's a
+limit to how much we can increase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to how much we can increase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to how much we can increase it
+because we do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we do need
+we do need this condition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So row this this gives some upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So row this this gives some upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So row this this gives some upper bound
+for row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for row.
+But taking row as close as you can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But taking row as close as you can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But taking row as close as you can to
+that upper bound is a good idea. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upper bound is a good idea. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upper bound is a good idea. And
+when we when we make row that big then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we make row that big then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we make row that big then
+we get this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now have we proven the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now have we proven the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now have we proven the theorem
+it look so when I got Yeah. Alia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look so when I got Yeah. Alia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look so when I got Yeah. Alia.
+>> Yeah it's a good question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah it's a good question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah it's a good question about the
+bound theorem you apply uh the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound theorem you apply uh the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound theorem you apply uh the same for
+method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method.
+>> Yes. Um but um would the E delta stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Um but um would the E delta stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Um but um would the E delta stay
+not becoming?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not becoming?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not becoming?
+>> Uh right. Right. So it would be E row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh right. Right. So it would be E row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh right. Right. So it would be E row.
+Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but
+you can um you can maybe see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um you can maybe see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can um you can maybe see from the
+picture where did we introduce E row?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where did we introduce E row?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where did we introduce E row?
+So E row is equal to E delta is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So E row is equal to E delta is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So E row is equal to E delta is equal
+to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to.
+But that's a special that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's a special that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But that's a special that's where we're
+using that our set is well spaced,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that our set is well spaced,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that our set is well spaced,
+right? So that's a great thing to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that's a great thing to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So that's a great thing to um
+yeah so the qu so the question was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the qu so the question was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the qu so the question was you
+know should this should be a row instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should this should be a row instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know should this should be a row instead
+of a delta and how does that affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a delta and how does that affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a delta and how does that affect
+things and the answer is yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the answer is yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the answer is yeah great
+point this should be a row instead of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this should be a row instead of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this should be a row instead of a
+delta but for our set it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta but for our set it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta but for our set it doesn't change
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um so if you look at our set our set has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you look at our set our set has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if you look at our set our set has
+only one delta ball in each um n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one delta ball in each um n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one delta ball in each um n to the
+minus a half ball. So when you thicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half ball. So when you thicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half ball. So when you thicken
+them a little bit, the number of balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit, the number of balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit, the number of balls
+you see is doesn't change. It's still n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is doesn't change. It's still n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is doesn't change. It's still n.
+So that is where we are using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is where we are using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is where we are using this
+hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, great point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, great point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, great point.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so when I first saw this, I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I first saw this, I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I first saw this, I thought that
+we were done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were done.
+Um, but it's not quite true. So, uh, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it's not quite true. So, uh, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it's not quite true. So, uh, our
+conclusion in the theorem is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion in the theorem is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion in the theorem is that we're
+going to try to to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to to estimate
+how many of these guys there are thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these guys there are thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of these guys there are thin
+tubes, delta tubes that have R balls in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes, delta tubes that have R balls in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes, delta tubes that have R balls in
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them.
+And, um, we've counted the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, um, we've counted the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, um, we've counted the number of
+thick tubes that have R balls in them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick tubes that have R balls in them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick tubes that have R balls in them.
+Now, every thin tube with RB balls, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, every thin tube with RB balls, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, every thin tube with RB balls, if
+you thicken it, you get a thick tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thicken it, you get a thick tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thicken it, you get a thick tube
+with at least R balls. But inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least R balls. But inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at least R balls. But inside of a
+thick tube with R balls,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick tube with R balls,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick tube with R balls,
+there may be many thin tubes with RB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be many thin tubes with RB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be many thin tubes with RB
+balls. And we've only counted them once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls. And we've only counted them once.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls. And we've only counted them once.
+So, we do we still have an issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we do we still have an issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we do we still have an issue.
+Doesn't got super difficult, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't got super difficult, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't got super difficult, but it's
+important to recognize it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+one row tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one row tube
+may contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many tubes
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+TR delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR delta.
+So what would the bad scenario look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what would the bad scenario look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what would the bad scenario look
+like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like?
+We would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would have
+like a row tube here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a row tube here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a row tube here
+and inside we would have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside we would have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inside we would have a bunch of
+delta balls. So at least r of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls. So at least r of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls. So at least r of them but
+maybe more than r of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more than r of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe more than r of them.
+So let's say that t row intersected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that t row intersected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that t row intersected with
+e.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e.
+So delta that would be the same as t row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So delta that would be the same as t row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So delta that would be the same as t row
+intersected with e row. um let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with e row. um let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with e row. um let's say
+that it's r tilda which is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's r tilda which is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's r tilda which is at least
+small might be r but it might also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small might be r but it might also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small might be r but it might also be
+bigger and then um inside of here we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then um inside of here we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and then um inside of here we may
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+many delta tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that each contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so now we have some cousin of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have some cousin of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have some cousin of our
+original problem. We have R tilda delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem. We have R tilda delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem. We have R tilda delta
+balls and we want to count how many RI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls and we want to count how many RI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls and we want to count how many RI
+tubes there are. Um, we don't know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes there are. Um, we don't know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes there are. Um, we don't know as
+much about how they are spaced, but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about how they are spaced, but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about how they are spaced, but also
+we don't need to have such an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to have such an incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to have such an incredible
+bound. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh by induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can assume
+or we can reduce to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that each uh t and tr of e delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each uh t and tr of e delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each uh t and tr of e delta
+um has many delta balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has many delta balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um has many delta balls
+at both ends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+what I mean by that is here's a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is here's a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that is here's a tube
+delta tube. It has a bunch of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta tube. It has a bunch of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta tube. It has a bunch of delta
+balls in it. So it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in it. So it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in it. So it means
+that there are a bunch at one end and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a bunch at one end and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a bunch at one end and a
+bunch at the other end. Maybe also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch at the other end. Maybe also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch at the other end. Maybe also a
+bunch at the middle. Um, uh, maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch at the middle. Um, uh, maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch at the middle. Um, uh, maybe it's
+better to draw what it's not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What it's not is like they're just all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it's not is like they're just all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What it's not is like they're just all
+on the left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, in a nutshell, how would we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, in a nutshell, how would we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, in a nutshell, how would we do
+this if this was the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this was the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this was the situation
+that all of the delta balls were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the delta balls were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of the delta balls were
+actually in a much shorter tube? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a much shorter tube? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in a much shorter tube? Well,
+then in my original picture,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in my original picture,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in my original picture,
+I could cut my set E into separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could cut my set E into separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could cut my set E into separate
+pieces and just look at um RIT tubes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and just look at um RIT tubes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and just look at um RIT tubes on
+each of those pieces and I could do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those pieces and I could do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those pieces and I could do some
+induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so then we do a double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so then we do a double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so then we do a double counting
+argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna do um
+so we're going to count um just pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to count um just pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to count um just pairs of
+delta balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls.
+Uh so I'll have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so I'll have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so I'll have like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tr of e delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr of e delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tr of e delta
+intersect tubes in t row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect tubes in t row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect tubes in t row.
+So the number of yellow tubes in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of yellow tubes in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of yellow tubes in this
+picture times r 2. So I take a tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture times r 2. So I take a tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture times r 2. So I take a tube and
+I pick two points in the tube kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick two points in the tube kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick two points in the tube kind of
+near opposite ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near opposite ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near opposite ends
+and for any two points there is only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for any two points there is only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for any two points there is only one
+tube that joins them. So this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube that joins them. So this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube that joins them. So this should be
+bounded by r tilda squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by r tilda squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by r tilda squ
+double count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're counting we're counting pairs t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're counting we're counting pairs t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're counting we're counting pairs t
+uh x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+t is in this set and x1 and x2 are in t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in this set and x1 and x2 are in t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is in this set and x1 and x2 are in t
+and they're near opposite ends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So how many are there? Well, for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how many are there? Well, for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how many are there? Well, for each
+tube there are R 2 choices of X1 and X2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube there are R 2 choices of X1 and X2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube there are R 2 choices of X1 and X2.
+On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand,
+there are only R tilda squared choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only R tilda squared choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only R tilda squared choices
+for X1 and X2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X1 and X2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X1 and X2.
+And for each X1 and X2, there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for each X1 and X2, there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for each X1 and X2, there's only one
+choice of T. So this is bounded by this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So to double counting and the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So to double counting and the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So to double counting and the 4A
+method are the two foundational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method are the two foundational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method are the two foundational
+approaches that we did at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that we did at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that we did at the beginning
+of the class. This one was short enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class. This one was short enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class. This one was short enough
+that I thought I could I could recall it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought I could I could recall it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought I could I could recall it
+for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now um
+TR of E delta is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR of E delta is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR of E delta is bounded by
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the maybe sum on R tilda bigger than R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe sum on R tilda bigger than R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe sum on R tilda bigger than R
+diic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diic.
+We're going to look at TR tilda of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to look at TR tilda of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to look at TR tilda of E
+row,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row,
+but then we're going to multiply by R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we're going to multiply by R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we're going to multiply by R
+tilda over R 2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Why? So every RI delta tube, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Why? So every RI delta tube, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Why? So every RI delta tube, if
+you thicken it up to be a row tube, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thicken it up to be a row tube, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thicken it up to be a row tube, it
+will be an R tilder rich row tube and R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an R tilder rich row tube and R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be an R tilder rich row tube and R
+tilda will be at least R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda will be at least R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilda will be at least R.
+So they're all in here somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're all in here somewhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they're all in here somewhere.
+And um in each one of these guys there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um in each one of these guys there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um in each one of these guys there's
+at most this many uh RI delta tubes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most this many uh RI delta tubes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most this many uh RI delta tubes.
+This is bounded by this. And then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is bounded by this. And then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is bounded by this. And then if we
+plug in our bounds everything will work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in our bounds everything will work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in our bounds everything will work.
+So this is bounded by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is bounded by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is bounded by um
+n^2 over r * r tilda squared. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 over r * r tilda squared. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 over r * r tilda squared. And then
+we have r tilda^ 2 over r 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have r tilda^ 2 over r 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have r tilda^ 2 over r 2.
+This just cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This just cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This just cancels
+and we get n^2 r cub. And that's the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get n^2 r cub. And that's the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get n^2 r cub. And that's the end
+of the proof sketch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Where does the sum go?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Where does the sum go?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Where does the sum go?
+The sum has logarithmically many terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sum has logarithmically many terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sum has logarithmically many terms.
+>> Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh,
+>> and so it gets absorbed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and so it gets absorbed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and so it gets absorbed.
+Maybe I should write that. Let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should write that. Let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I should write that. Let's write
+that. Okay. It gets absorbed in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. It gets absorbed in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. It gets absorbed in the last
+Simpsons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. is the only part where we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. is the only part where we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. is the only part where we use it
+is like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like well
+it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like
+the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> yeah so the question is where did we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah so the question is where did we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah so the question is where did we use
+it's well spaced and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well spaced and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's well spaced and I think it's
+instructive to trace where we used all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to trace where we used all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to trace where we used all
+the hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's label this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's label this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's label this
+WS. Well, let's label it well spaced,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which we can abbre.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can abbre.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can abbre.
+So, where did we use that? It's well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, where did we use that? It's well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, where did we use that? It's well
+spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We used it here. And that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We used it here. And that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We used it here. And that's the only
+place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so
+this guy is is N.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's the only place that we use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the only place that we use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the only place that we use.
+Okay. If I had another hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I had another hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I had another hypothesis
+um hypothesis that R is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hypothesis that R is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hypothesis that R is bigger than
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r bigger than average um I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r bigger than average um I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r bigger than average um I have
+unfortunately hidden a little bit where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately hidden a little bit where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately hidden a little bit where
+we used that hypothesis but it it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used that hypothesis but it it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used that hypothesis but it it was in
+this forier estimate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forier estimate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this forier estimate.
+So here we use r big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we use r big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we use r big
+and perhaps a little bit we might use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps a little bit we might use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perhaps a little bit we might use a
+little bit of well space too although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of well space too although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of well space too although we
+don't need anything as strong as what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need anything as strong as what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need anything as strong as what's
+what's up there. Um where did our big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up there. Um where did our big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's up there. Um where did our big
+come in? Well we had all these tubes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in? Well we had all these tubes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in? Well we had all these tubes and
+we took a sum of the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took a sum of the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took a sum of the characteristic
+functions of the tubes smoothed out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the tubes smoothed out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the tubes smoothed out a
+little bit and we did 4a analysis with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we did 4a analysis with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and we did 4a analysis with
+them and there was a high frequency part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there was a high frequency part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and there was a high frequency part
+and a low frequency part and some middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a low frequency part and some middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a low frequency part and some middle
+frequencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies.
+Um this is the high the contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is the high the contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um this is the high the contribution of
+the high frequency part. If the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency part. If the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency part. If the high
+frequency part dominates immediately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency part dominates immediately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency part dominates immediately you
+get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this
+the very low frequencies uh corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very low frequencies uh corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very low frequencies uh corresponds
+if the low frequency dominated it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the low frequency dominated it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the low frequency dominated it would
+mean that r was equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that r was equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that r was equal to this
+and there are some in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are some in between
+frequencies. So you have to compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. So you have to compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies. So you have to compute a
+little bit to see that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to see that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to see that they're
+controlled by those two cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Yeah,
+>> I guess the A for method doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I guess the A for method doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I guess the A for method doesn't really
+need the well spacing condition, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the well spacing condition, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the well spacing condition, but
+would it be possible to use kind of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be possible to use kind of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be possible to use kind of well
+spacing condition to put a cap on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing condition to put a cap on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing condition to put a cap on the
+high frequency command cuz seems like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency command cuz seems like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency command cuz seems like if
+the the frequencies of the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the frequencies of the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the frequencies of the corresponding
+to the delta balls should be low if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the delta balls should be low if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the delta balls should be low if the
+delta balls are very well spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls are very well spaced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls are very well spaced.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so the question is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is about the
+relationship between the spacing of E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the spacing of E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the spacing of E
+and the frequencies in like the 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequencies in like the 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frequencies in like the 4A
+transform of E. Is that the question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of E. Is that the question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of E. Is that the question?
+Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah. So if if you just took one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So if if you just took one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So if if you just took one uh
+delta ball here and you smoothed out its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta ball here and you smoothed out its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta ball here and you smoothed out its
+characteristic function, it would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function, it would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function, it would have a
+4A transform that was supported on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform that was supported on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4A transform that was supported on a
+delta inverse ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse ball.
+Now we have a bunch of them and so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have a bunch of them and so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have a bunch of them and so each
+of them has a 4A transform that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has a 4A transform that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has a 4A transform that's
+supported on a delta inverse ball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported on a delta inverse ball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported on a delta inverse ball and
+now we're going to add them all up. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add them all up. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add them all up. Um
+now when we add them all up what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we add them all up what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when we add them all up what happens
+is complicated and it depends on exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complicated and it depends on exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complicated and it depends on exactly
+where we put them all but absent any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we put them all but absent any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we put them all but absent any
+detailed information about exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information about exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed information about exactly where
+we put them all. You would typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them all. You would typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put them all. You would typically
+expect that they would have maybe square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that they would have maybe square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that they would have maybe square
+root cancellation and that the sum would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cancellation and that the sum would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cancellation and that the sum would
+still be pretty evenly spread over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be pretty evenly spread over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be pretty evenly spread over a
+delta inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta inverse.
+Um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah, so being well spaced, we would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so being well spaced, we would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so being well spaced, we would see
+quite a lot of high frequency, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of high frequency, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of high frequency, but I
+don't know that we could recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we could recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know that we could recognize
+whether we were well spaced. I guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we were well spaced. I guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we were well spaced. I guess if
+they I guess if we if we you had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I guess if we if we you had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I guess if we if we you had more
+points closer together, you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points closer together, you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points closer together, you would see
+more low frequency stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good. Other questions or comments?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I had myself a couple comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I had myself a couple comments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I had myself a couple comments.
+Uh, so one thing was it seemed kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so one thing was it seemed kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so one thing was it seemed kind of
+magical to me that we ended up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical to me that we ended up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical to me that we ended up with the
+right answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer.
+Um, and looking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and looking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and looking back
+in in all the proofs of anything related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in all the proofs of anything related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in all the proofs of anything related
+to saretti trotder, it seems rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saretti trotder, it seems rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saretti trotder, it seems rather
+magical to me that we get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical to me that we get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical to me that we get the right
+answer. So the the uh form ready troder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So the the uh form ready troder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. So the the uh form ready troder
+or this theorem there's a construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this theorem there's a construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this theorem there's a construction
+you take a grid you take some lines at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a grid you take some lines at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a grid you take some lines at
+rational slopes you compute a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational slopes you compute a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational slopes you compute a little bit
+and you see what happens and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what happens and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what happens and you get
+this n^2 r cubed then independently from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n^2 r cubed then independently from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n^2 r cubed then independently from
+that you look at some cell partitions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you look at some cell partitions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you look at some cell partitions or
+some this or some that or some for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some this or some that or some for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some this or some that or some for
+analysis and completely unrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and completely unrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and completely unrelated
+argument you get something and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you get something and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you get something and if you're
+if you're lucky it's n^2 over r cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky it's n^2 over r cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're lucky it's n^2 over r cubed
+and we declare victory um and yeah in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we declare victory um and yeah in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we declare victory um and yeah in in
+all the cases I won't really understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cases I won't really understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the cases I won't really understand
+why it why we are getting the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it why we are getting the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it why we are getting the right
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+and it's perhaps worth mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's perhaps worth mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's perhaps worth mentioning that
+summar has many cousin problems which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summar has many cousin problems which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summar has many cousin problems which
+are almost as simple to state but no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost as simple to state but no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost as simple to state but no one
+knows the right answer. Um so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the right answer. Um so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the right answer. Um so for
+instance if you replace straight lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you replace straight lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance if you replace straight lines
+with circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with circles
+or degree 2 curves or unit circles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or degree 2 curves or unit circles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or degree 2 curves or unit circles or
+make up your favorite class of curves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up your favorite class of curves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up your favorite class of curves um
+you get natural questions that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get natural questions that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get natural questions that people
+have studied hard and almost every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied hard and almost every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied hard and almost every one
+of them we cannot prove matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we cannot prove matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we cannot prove matching
+examples and upper bounds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and upper bounds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and upper bounds.
+So it is plausible that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it is plausible that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it is plausible that um
+that there is no deep reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no deep reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no deep reason why this
+bound matches the example that but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound matches the example that but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound matches the example that but that
+we were just lucky.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just lucky.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were just lucky.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Most kind of put other variations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Most kind of put other variations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Most kind of put other variations of the
+problem. Is it like harder to show kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Is it like harder to show kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Is it like harder to show kind
+of a similar bound or to kind of find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a similar bound or to kind of find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a similar bound or to kind of find
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+versus different?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus different?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus different?
+>> Um yeah. So the question is for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um yeah. So the question is for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um yeah. So the question is for these
+all these other variations is it harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other variations is it harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other variations is it harder
+to to prove upper bounds or harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to prove upper bounds or harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to prove upper bounds or harder to
+find good examples? Um in all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find good examples? Um in all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find good examples? Um in all these
+problems all of the known examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all of the known examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems all of the known examples are
+look a lot like the grid example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot like the grid example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot like the grid example there
+they they involve grids of points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they involve grids of points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they involve grids of points and
+you try to intersect it with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to intersect it with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to intersect it with a lot of
+circles or a lot of parabas or what have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or a lot of parabas or what have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles or a lot of parabas or what have
+you. Um and um and there's some upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um and um and there's some upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Um and um and there's some upper
+bound and the proofs of the upper bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the proofs of the upper bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and the proofs of the upper bounds
+are not so different from the proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so different from the proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not so different from the proofs
+that we have shown but the numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have shown but the numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have shown but the numbers that
+come up just they just don't match and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up just they just don't match and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up just they just don't match and
+popular opinion probably is on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular opinion probably is on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular opinion probably is on the side
+that the upper bound should be improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the upper bound should be improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the upper bound should be improved
+but we are talking about open problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are talking about open problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are talking about open problems
+so nobody knows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nobody knows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nobody knows.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. So that's one comment. Um, another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's one comment. Um, another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's one comment. Um, another
+comment is that in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is that in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment is that in the context of the
+fenberg problem, there was a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fenberg problem, there was a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fenberg problem, there was a key
+difficulty that the first problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty that the first problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty that the first problem was
+false over the complex numbers, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false over the complex numbers, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false over the complex numbers, the
+first inber conjecture, but true over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inber conjecture, but true over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first inber conjecture, but true over
+the real numbers. So, we're always on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers. So, we're always on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers. So, we're always on
+the lookout for what steps distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lookout for what steps distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lookout for what steps distinguish
+the real numbers from the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers from the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers from the complex
+numbers. This argument does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. This argument does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. This argument does not
+distinguish them. This statement can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them. This statement can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them. This statement can be
+you can replace all the Rs with C's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can replace all the Rs with C's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can replace all the Rs with C's and
+adjust a few things and it's still true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust a few things and it's still true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust a few things and it's still true.
+So, this part of the proof is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this part of the proof is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this part of the proof is not
+helping with that issue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping with that issue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping with that issue.
+Yeah. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Cool.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+so that was part one of the class, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was part one of the class, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was part one of the class, the
+well spaced case using the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spaced case using the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well spaced case using the forier
+method. Um, part two combining all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Um, part two combining all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. Um, part two combining all the
+stuff we've done. Um, let's start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we've done. Um, let's start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we've done. Um, let's start by
+remembering what is the big theorem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what is the big theorem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what is the big theorem that
+we're discussing the proof of and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing the proof of and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're discussing the proof of and then
+like sort of what are all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of what are all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sort of what are all the things
+that we've done and the last part we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done and the last part we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've done and the last part we'll
+talk about how to put the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how to put the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how to put the pieces
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So here is the big theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here is the big theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here is the big theorem
+that we would like to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if E is a delta T set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if E is a delta T set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if E is a delta T set
+in the unit ball in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unit ball in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unit ball in R2
+uh and let's say that the size of E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's say that the size of E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's say that the size of E is
+delta to the minus T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the minus T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the minus T
+and then for every point in E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for every point in E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for every point in E
+um TX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um TX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um TX
+is a delta S set of tubes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through the point x and there's no loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point x and there's no loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the point x and there's no loss
+of generality in assuming that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generality in assuming that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generality in assuming that this is
+delta to the minus s put them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the minus s put them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the minus s put them all
+together to make a set of tubes t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then uh
+uh thinking about how how how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking about how how how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh thinking about how how how these
+tubes intersect e so let's say r is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes intersect e so let's say r is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes intersect e so let's say r is the
+typical ical value of e intersect t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical ical value of e intersect t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical ical value of e intersect t
+delta covering number typical over t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta covering number typical over t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta covering number typical over t and
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+could mean average if you like but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean average if you like but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could mean average if you like but they
+after after a little bit of um pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after a little bit of um pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after after a little bit of um pigeon
+holing we can assume that they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holing we can assume that they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holing we can assume that they're all
+about the same as each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same as each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same as each other
+okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then
+uh the goal is to say that r is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the goal is to say that r is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the goal is to say that r is not too
+big these tubes can't overlap the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big these tubes can't overlap the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big these tubes can't overlap the points
+too much r is bounded by the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much r is bounded by the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much r is bounded by the maximum of
+three things corresponding to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things corresponding to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things corresponding to three
+scenarios.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so A is the stars example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These tubes have nothing to do with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These tubes have nothing to do with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These tubes have nothing to do with each
+other. So the number of of dots on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So the number of of dots on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So the number of of dots on each
+tube is just one. That's scenario A. B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is just one. That's scenario A. B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube is just one. That's scenario A. B
+is the really interesting one. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the really interesting one. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the really interesting one. It's the
+integer grid and so this we've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid and so this we've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid and so this we've written
+things a little differently but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little differently but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little differently but this
+corresponds to the numerology in sem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the numerology in sem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the numerology in sem
+ready try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready try
+um and C is uh the regime where uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and C is uh the regime where uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and C is uh the regime where uh uh
+random tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random tubes
+know if this set E is really large a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this set E is really large a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this set E is really large a
+random tube will hit a lot of points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random tube will hit a lot of points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random tube will hit a lot of points of
+E and this set T certainly could be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and this set T certainly could be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E and this set T certainly could be made
+out of random tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of random tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of random tubes
+okay so that is the theorem we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the theorem we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is the theorem we're trying
+to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we have developed uh many techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have developed uh many techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we have developed uh many techniques
+and tools to work on this theorem and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tools to work on this theorem and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tools to work on this theorem and we
+have proven many cases of it. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proven many cases of it. And let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have proven many cases of it. And let's
+uh document that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh document that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh document that
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So cases
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+uh discussed the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So there are these A, B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there are these A, B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there are these A, B and C
+scenarios and so we should sort of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and so we should sort of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios and so we should sort of sort
+this theorem according to who is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem according to who is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem according to who is bigger
+A or B or C. So uh A dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if and only if
+uh S is greater than or equal to T. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S is greater than or equal to T. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S is greater than or equal to T. Let
+me write it actually as t is less well s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it actually as t is less well s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it actually as t is less well s
+is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+um and in this case it's true by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in this case it's true by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and in this case it's true by a
+double counting argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and c dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if s + t is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if s + t is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if s + t is greater than or
+equal to 2 and that's also true by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and that's also true by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 and that's also true by the
+forier method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so B dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B dominates
+otherwise and it's actually important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and it's actually important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise and it's actually important to
+write down this otherwise. So S is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this otherwise. So S is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down this otherwise. So S is
+between T is between S and 2 minus S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T is between S and 2 minus S.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between T is between S and 2 minus S.
+Okay, that's what's left. And this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's what's left. And this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's what's left. And this one
+we don't know yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But we do know a couple of special cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we do know a couple of special cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we do know a couple of special cases
+of this hard case. Um but we do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hard case. Um but we do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hard case. Um but we do know
+um do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do know
+if E is ad regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if E is ad regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if E is ad regular
+that was by orin we talked about it last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was by orin we talked about it last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was by orin we talked about it last
+time and we do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we do know
+sorry it is true E is a regular and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it is true E is a regular and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it is true E is a regular and it
+is true if E is well spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked
+And that's striking because ad regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's striking because ad regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's striking because ad regular
+and well spaced are sort of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well spaced are sort of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well spaced are sort of the two
+extremes in the way that E could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes in the way that E could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes in the way that E could be
+spaced and the other stuff is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced and the other stuff is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced and the other stuff is in the
+middle here. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle here. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle here. Um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so actually people in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so actually people in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so actually people in the field
+have run into this problem a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run into this problem a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have run into this problem a number of
+times and and and it um so there okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and and and it um so there okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and and and it um so there okay so
+there are several cousin problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several cousin problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several cousin problems of
+this first set problem. There's the CA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first set problem. There's the CA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first set problem. There's the CA
+problem which is the most famous. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is the most famous. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is the most famous. Uh
+there's also the falconer distance set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the falconer distance set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the falconer distance set
+problem. And in both of those problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And in both of those problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And in both of those problems
+there was a period where people knew how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a period where people knew how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a period where people knew how
+to do these two extreme cases and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these two extreme cases and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these two extreme cases and we
+thought we hoped maybe we were close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we hoped maybe we were close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we hoped maybe we were close and
+we tried to do the stuff in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to do the stuff in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to do the stuff in the middle
+and it was hard and messy and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was hard and messy and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was hard and messy and we
+couldn't do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do it.
+So when Orbin and Schmurkin wrote their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when Orbin and Schmurkin wrote their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when Orbin and Schmurkin wrote their
+paper, they said, "We we've solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, they said, "We we've solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, they said, "We we've solved the
+ad regular case and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad regular case and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad regular case and we know that
+previously some people solved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously some people solved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously some people solved the
+wellspaced case and what's left is to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellspaced case and what's left is to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellspaced case and what's left is to do
+the stuff in the middle, but we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff in the middle, but we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff in the middle, but we're not
+sure whether that might be very hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether that might be very hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure whether that might be very hard.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Um,
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay. Um and so the last the last idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Um and so the last the last idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Um and so the last the last idea
+in the proof is an idea from Ren and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof is an idea from Ren and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof is an idea from Ren and
+Wong. How to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong. How to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wong. How to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+break up the general case into pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the general case into pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break up the general case into pieces
+that can be handled by these methods.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be handled by these methods.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be handled by these methods.
+First part of what they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First part of what they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First part of what they did is they
+souped up this well spaced case a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+souped up this well spaced case a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+souped up this well spaced case a little
+bit. Um so they proved that it's true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Um so they proved that it's true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Um so they proved that it's true if
+E is something called semi wellspaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is something called semi wellspaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is something called semi wellspaced
+that I will define for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will define for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will define for you
+def definition um soon. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def definition um soon. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def definition um soon. Okay.
+So it's a mild generalization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a mild generalization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a mild generalization of this
+and the proof is very is fairly a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof is very is fairly a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proof is very is fairly a little
+more complicated but it's similar ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated but it's similar ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated but it's similar ideas
+to what I showed you. Uh it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I showed you. Uh it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what I showed you. Uh it doesn't
+distinguish R from C. It's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish R from C. It's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish R from C. It's the same
+tools that I showed you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that I showed you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that I showed you.
+Okay. And then the the really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then the the really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then the the really important
+thing is how to how to put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how to how to put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is how to how to put all these
+things together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together.
+Okay. Um so we're going to put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so we're going to put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so we're going to put all these
+things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together
+by using uh a multiscale argument which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using uh a multiscale argument which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using uh a multiscale argument which
+is similar to the sub multiplicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to the sub multiplicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is similar to the sub multiplicative
+lema that was one of the key things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema that was one of the key things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema that was one of the key things in
+the in the ad regular case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the ad regular case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the ad regular case.
+So let me remind you of that and draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me remind you of that and draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me remind you of that and draw
+draw the important picture again. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So
+multi-cale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-cale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-cale
+argument,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to have delta, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have delta, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to have delta, we're
+going to have some scale in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some scale in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some scale in between
+delta and row. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta and row. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta and row. And I'm going to
+visualize E at this scale, but also at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize E at this scale, but also at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize E at this scale, but also at
+that scale. So now we have a general E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale. So now we have a general E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scale. So now we have a general E
+but it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so I think of it as having some row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think of it as having some row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think of it as having some row
+balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+So these circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these circles
+are row inside of each row ball we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are row inside of each row ball we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are row inside of each row ball we have
+some delta balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So those are the delta balls and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are the delta balls and E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So those are the delta balls and E
+delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we have some fat tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that. So those are the tubes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. So those are the tubes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. So those are the tubes that
+scale row. Inside of the fat tubes, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale row. Inside of the fat tubes, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale row. Inside of the fat tubes, we
+have some thin tubes. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some thin tubes. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some thin tubes. Um
+should draw a little differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So those are the delta tubes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now what do we notice?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what do we notice?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now what do we notice?
+We notice that the r that's associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We notice that the r that's associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We notice that the r that's associated
+to e delta and t delta can be bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e delta and t delta can be bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e delta and t delta can be bounded
+by a coarse scale. So this r is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a coarse scale. So this r is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a coarse scale. So this r is how many
+delta balls are there in an orange tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls are there in an orange tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls are there in an orange tube
+like this. So first we can ask how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So first we can ask how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So first we can ask how many
+row balls uh does the orange tube hit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row balls uh does the orange tube hit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row balls uh does the orange tube hit.
+So that would be r of e row t row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that would be r of e row t row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that would be r of e row t row.
+And then we look inside each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we look inside each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we look inside each of those
+row balls at this short delta tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row balls at this short delta tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row balls at this short delta tube and
+we ask how many delta balls does it hit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask how many delta balls does it hit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask how many delta balls does it hit.
+And let's call one of these balls B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's call one of these balls B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's call one of these balls B the
+typical row ball. And that would be R of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical row ball. And that would be R of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical row ball. And that would be R of
+EB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB
+TB.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TB.
+Okay. Who are what is EB TB? Um so EB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Who are what is EB TB? Um so EB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Who are what is EB TB? Um so EB is
+just E intersect B. And then let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just E intersect B. And then let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just E intersect B. And then let's
+rescale it so that B becomes a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescale it so that B becomes a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescale it so that B becomes a unit
+ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball.
+And TB is you take T well you take T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And TB is you take T well you take T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And TB is you take T well you take T
+intersect B where T is in T. You take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B where T is in T. You take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect B where T is in T. You take
+all these little pieces of tubes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these little pieces of tubes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these little pieces of tubes and
+then again you rescale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you rescale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then again you rescale
+so that B becomes the unit ball. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that B becomes the unit ball. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that B becomes the unit ball. And so
+EB is a set of delta over row balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB is a set of delta over row balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB is a set of delta over row balls
+and TB is a set of delta over row tubes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TB is a set of delta over row tubes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and TB is a set of delta over row tubes.
+We do this rescaling. So we can relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We do this rescaling. So we can relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We do this rescaling. So we can relate
+this. Think of this as a case of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Think of this as a case of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Think of this as a case of our
+original problem. We can use induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem. We can use induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem. We can use induction.
+Um okay. But this inequality is just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. But this inequality is just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. But this inequality is just how
+many delta balls are there in the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many delta balls are there in the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many delta balls are there in the orange
+tube? Well, how many row balls does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube? Well, how many row balls does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube? Well, how many row balls does it
+hit and how many delta balls are in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit and how many delta balls are in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit and how many delta balls are in each
+row ball?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. So,
+by this multiscale argument, we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this multiscale argument, we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this multiscale argument, we can take
+our original problem and break it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original problem and break it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our original problem and break it up
+into pieces. We get to choose row. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces. We get to choose row. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces. We get to choose row. So,
+we have some flexibility there. Then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some flexibility there. Then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some flexibility there. Then we
+can repeat that. We can break these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can repeat that. We can break these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can repeat that. We can break these up
+into pieces and so on. And we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces and so on. And we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces and so on. And we would be
+very happy if all of these pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy if all of these pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy if all of these pieces
+are in the list of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the list of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the list of things that we
+understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand.
+And then we could multiply go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we could multiply go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we could multiply go together
+all those bounds and get a bound. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those bounds and get a bound. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those bounds and get a bound. And in
+some cases we'll get the sharp bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases we'll get the sharp bound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases we'll get the sharp bound.
+And and then that's how we that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and then that's how we that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and then that's how we that's how
+they prove the theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now to keep track of what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to keep track of what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to keep track of what happens
+everything is described in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is described in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is described in terms of the
+branching function. And for people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function. And for people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function. And for people's
+intuition, it has been very helpful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition, it has been very helpful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition, it has been very helpful to
+draw pictures of the graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures of the graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw pictures of the graph of the
+branching function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. do graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. do graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. do graph
+of the branching function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're going to suppose that E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to suppose that E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to suppose that E is
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform
+and then I'm going to draw a graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to draw a graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to draw a graph that
+encodes the information of how many row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes the information of how many row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes the information of how many row
+balls there are to cover E at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls there are to cover E at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls there are to cover E at every
+scale. So on this axis I want to put row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. So on this axis I want to put row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale. So on this axis I want to put row
+and what I'm going to put is log delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to put is log delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to put is log delta
+of row. So it's going to be a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row. So it's going to be a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of row. So it's going to be a number
+between zero and one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now on this axis I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now on this axis I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now on this axis I want to
+understand the covering number row. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the covering number row. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the covering number row. And
+I what I'm going to put here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I'm going to put here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I'm going to put here is the
+logarithm in the base 1 / delta of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm in the base 1 / delta of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm in the base 1 / delta of this
+covering number.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering number.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering number.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so
+uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if
+e delta were a delta to the minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e delta were a delta to the minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e delta were a delta to the minus t
+then when you plug in one here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you plug in one here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you plug in one here that
+corresponds to the scale delta. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the scale delta. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the scale delta. So this
+is delta to the minus t. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta to the minus t. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta to the minus t. So this
+logarithm would be t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm would be t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm would be t
+have this. So I'm going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this. So I'm going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this. So I'm going to call this
+variable t. U I'm going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t. U I'm going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable t. U I'm going to call this
+variable x and this is f ofx. f is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x and this is f ofx. f is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x and this is f ofx. f is the
+branching function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function.
+So if e of e delta is delta to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if e of e delta is delta to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if e of e delta is delta to the minus
+t it means f of 1 equals t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If e is a deltat t set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If e is a deltat t set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If e is a deltat t set
+then it means that f ofx is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that f ofx is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it means that f ofx is bigger than
+t * x. So here's the straight line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t * x. So here's the straight line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t * x. So here's the straight line with
+slope t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+I'll put this in blue. f ofx is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put this in blue. f ofx is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put this in blue. f ofx is bigger
+than t * x. Okay, there are many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t * x. Okay, there are many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t * x. Okay, there are many things
+that we could draw that do that be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could draw that do that be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could draw that do that be like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so these pictures always start at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these pictures always start at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these pictures always start at one
+because when x is one, it means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when x is one, it means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when x is one, it means we're
+talking about the scale row equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the scale row equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the scale row equals 1.
+And this is a subset of the unit ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a subset of the unit ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is a subset of the unit ball.
+So that's the covering number at scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the covering number at scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the covering number at scale
+one is one. So it always starts there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions or comments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions or comments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions or comments about the
+about these setting this up as a graph?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so now what do we know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now what do we know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now what do we know about this
+function f? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f? Um
+so f is monotonically increasing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? Um as we go this way, row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Um as we go this way, row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Um as we go this way, row is
+getting smaller and the row covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and the row covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller and the row covering
+number is only going to get bigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is only going to get bigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is only going to get bigger.
+but it doesn't increase too quickly. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't increase too quickly. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't increase too quickly. Um,
+so f ofx f(x) plus delta x is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f ofx f(x) plus delta x is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so f ofx f(x) plus delta x is less than
+or equal to f ofx + 2 delta x. So f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to f ofx + 2 delta x. So f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to f ofx + 2 delta x. So f is
+two vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors.
+Uh why? Well, if we have a a row ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh why? Well, if we have a a row ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh why? Well, if we have a a row ball
+and then we decrease row, we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we decrease row, we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we decrease row, we can always
+cover that with a certain number of rota
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that with a certain number of rota
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover that with a certain number of rota
+balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls.
+So B row is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So B row is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So B row is covered
+by row tilda row over. So if row tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row tilda row over. So if row tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row tilda row over. So if row tilda
+is less than row then B row is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than row then B row is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than row then B row is covered
+by row over row tilda squared row tilda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row over row tilda squared row tilda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by row over row tilda squared row tilda
+and we may or may not need all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we may or may not need all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we may or may not need all of them
+but the most we could need is all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most we could need is all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most we could need is all of
+them and that would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and that would correspond to
+equality here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality here.
+So f is two lips.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> So the two comes from the dimension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So the two comes from the dimension.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So the two comes from the dimension.
+>> Two comes from the dimension. This two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Two comes from the dimension. This two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Two comes from the dimension. This two
+is this two which comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this two which comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this two which comes from the
+dimension. Yeah. Okay. That's right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension. Yeah. Okay. That's right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension. Yeah. Okay. That's right. So
+let me say E is uniform. E is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say E is uniform. E is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say E is uniform. E is contained
+in the unit ball and E is in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unit ball and E is in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the unit ball and E is in two
+dimensions. And if you change this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. And if you change this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. And if you change this two
+to a D dimension, the only thing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a D dimension, the only thing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a D dimension, the only thing in this
+discussion that would change is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that would change is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that would change is that
+these twos would become D's. Yeah. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these twos would become D's. Yeah. Thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these twos would become D's. Yeah. Thank
+you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good.
+Okay. So, um to get a feel for this, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um to get a feel for this, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um to get a feel for this, I
+will draw a few pictures of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw a few pictures of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will draw a few pictures of um
+uh of the branching functions for cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the branching functions for cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the branching functions for cases
+that we have considered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have considered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have considered.
+Okay. So for the ad regular set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I draw it, picture in your mind's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I draw it, picture in your mind's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I draw it, picture in your mind's
+eye what does the branching function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye what does the branching function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye what does the branching function
+look like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It is a straight line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. the well spaced example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the wellspaced example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like this. It's a straight line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. It's a straight line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. It's a straight line of
+slope 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope 2
+up to the height t and then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the height t and then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the height t and then it's a
+horizontal line. It's flatline after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line. It's flatline after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line. It's flatline after
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now I can tell you what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now I can tell you what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now I can tell you what is the
+semi wellspace set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi wellspace set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi wellspace set.
+So here's what we do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So semi wellspace definition is now so t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So semi wellspace definition is now so t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So semi wellspace definition is now so t
+is going to be in between 2 minus s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in between 2 minus s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in between 2 minus s and
+s. That's good. That's the region we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. That's good. That's the region we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. That's good. That's the region we
+don't already understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't already understand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't already understand.
+Um so e delta is going to be delta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so e delta is going to be delta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so e delta is going to be delta to
+the minus t. So that point there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t. So that point there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t. So that point there is
+going to be on our branching function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on our branching function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on our branching function.
+And then what I will do is I draw here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what I will do is I draw here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then what I will do is I draw here a
+line with slope s and here a line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with slope s and here a line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with slope s and here a line with
+slope 2 minus s. By the way s is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope 2 minus s. By the way s is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope 2 minus s. By the way s is between
+zero and one. So 2 - s is the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one. So 2 - s is the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one. So 2 - s is the bigger
+one. And I extend these lines until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I extend these lines until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I extend these lines until they
+meet. They'll meet somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. And then the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And then the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. And then the branching
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+f ofx has to lie above this stuff and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx has to lie above this stuff and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx has to lie above this stuff and it
+has to go there. That's the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go there. That's the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to go there. That's the definition
+of semi well spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. So, so Ren and Wong, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so Ren and Wong, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. So, so Ren and Wong, they
+proved that in the semi-wwell spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that in the semi-wwell spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that in the semi-wwell spaced
+case the this theorem is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the this theorem is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the this theorem is true.
+Um and we won't do the whole proof but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we won't do the whole proof but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we won't do the whole proof but
+you know the proof is a variant on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the proof is a variant on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the proof is a variant on what
+we saw here where you combine in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here where you combine in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw here where you combine in a
+clever way the forier method and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever way the forier method and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever way the forier method and the
+double counting method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting method.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting method.
+And at a very high level you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at a very high level you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at a very high level you know this
+setup is sort of this slope 2 minus s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is sort of this slope 2 minus s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup is sort of this slope 2 minus s is
+the slope where the forier method works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope where the forier method works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope where the forier method works
+and this slope s is the slope where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this slope s is the slope where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this slope s is the slope where the
+double counting method works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting method works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting method works.
+And so this picture turns out to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this picture turns out to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this picture turns out to be the
+situation where you can combine those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you can combine those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you can combine those
+two methods. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two methods. Well,
+okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay.
+All right. So now let's think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's think about what
+happens when we do this multiscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we do this multiscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we do this multiscale
+argument. What happens to the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. What happens to the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. What happens to the branching
+functions? In other words, I start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions? In other words, I start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions? In other words, I start with
+this setup. I want to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup. I want to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setup. I want to understand this
+guy and and it depends on the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and and it depends on the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy and and it depends on the branching
+function of E delta. And I get these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of E delta. And I get these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of E delta. And I get these two
+new sort of smaller problems. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sort of smaller problems. What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sort of smaller problems. What is
+the relationship between this branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between this branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between this branching
+function and these branching functions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and these branching functions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and these branching functions?
+Okay, the relationship is really u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the relationship is really u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the relationship is really u
+simple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is so f ofx itself this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so f ofx itself this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is so f ofx itself this is the
+branching function of e delta and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function of e delta and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function of e delta and it
+looks like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like something
+okay could be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could be anything
+and then we have this scale row. So over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this scale row. So over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have this scale row. So over
+here is log delta of row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is log delta of row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is log delta of row.
+And if you think about this set e row,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you think about this set e row,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you think about this set e row,
+well it's just the branching function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the branching function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just the branching function of
+e row is the same as the branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e row is the same as the branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e row is the same as the branching
+function of e delta except it just stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of e delta except it just stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of e delta except it just stops
+at row and we don't look at any smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at row and we don't look at any smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at row and we don't look at any smaller
+scales.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here in orange is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here in orange is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here in orange is basically the
+branching function of row.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function of row.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function of row.
+And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we look inside of this ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look inside of this ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we look inside of this ball
+and we look at all of the start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at all of the start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we look at all of the start at the
+scale row and then we look at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale row and then we look at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale row and then we look at all of the
+smaller scales of E. So um this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scales of E. So um this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scales of E. So um this thing
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+is um let me say this describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um let me say this describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um let me say this describes
+f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f.
+This is basically the branching function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is basically the branching function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is basically the branching function
+of EB.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. Great. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Great. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. Great. So
+so what's the situation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the situation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the situation?
+we begin with an arbitrary branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin with an arbitrary branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we begin with an arbitrary branching
+function that just obeys this condition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that just obeys this condition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that just obeys this condition.
+Uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah
+>> going back to the the uh multi scale or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> going back to the the uh multi scale or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> going back to the the uh multi scale or
+the simplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplicity
+second why why is it like the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second why why is it like the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second why why is it like the second one
+like RB TB but it's like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like RB TB but it's like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like RB TB but it's like the number of
+delta balls in the ball like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls in the ball like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls in the ball like how
+misunderstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding
+>> right right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right right so
+this r of eBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r of eBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this r of eBT
+is supposed to be counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to be counting the number of
+delta balls in in a segment like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls in in a segment like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls in in a segment like that.
+Okay. Now, why is it counting that? Who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, why is it counting that? Who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, why is it counting that? Who
+is EB?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is EB?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is EB?
+EB are the delta balls in the row ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB are the delta balls in the row ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EB are the delta balls in the row ball
+in B and TB are I take the tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B and TB are I take the tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B and TB are I take the tubes
+um and I just take the part of the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I just take the part of the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I just take the part of the tube
+that is in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the um
+that's in the ball be.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the ball be.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the ball be.
+>> Okay. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Then
+then R E row R E R row that's the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R E row R E R row that's the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R E row R E R row that's the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+road balls in the road tube. Right. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road balls in the road tube. Right. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road balls in the road tube. Right. And
+the product is just delta tube.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is just delta tube.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product is just delta tube.
+>> Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Right.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right.
+Right. So a t row is this blue tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So a t row is this blue tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So a t row is this blue tube and
+r of e row t row is the number of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of e row t row is the number of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of e row t row is the number of row
+balls in the blue tube.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in the blue tube.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in the blue tube.
+And then if we take an orange tube, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if we take an orange tube, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if we take an orange tube, it
+will go through this many of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through this many of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through this many of uh of the
+row balls. And we want to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row balls. And we want to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row balls. And we want to know how many
+delta balls are there in each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls are there in each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta balls are there in each of those
+bits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits.
+So now we have um some tubes at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have um some tubes at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have um some tubes at this
+tubes inside of B and points inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes inside of B and points inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes inside of B and points inside of
+B. And we blow that up and that's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. And we blow that up and that's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. And we blow that up and that's over
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good.
+Okay. So here's something we might try.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's something we might try.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So here's something we might try.
+We start with E delta T delta. we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We start with E delta T delta. we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We start with E delta T delta. we don't
+know how to handle it. We look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to handle it. We look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to handle it. We look at the
+branching function. I can cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function. I can cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function. I can cut the
+branching function anywhere I like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function anywhere I like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function anywhere I like and
+produce two two branching functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two two branching functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce two two branching functions and
+I can repeat that. And then I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can repeat that. And then I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can repeat that. And then I can take
+the different branching functions I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different branching functions I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different branching functions I get
+and hopefully I can put them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully I can put them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully I can put them into the
+list that I know how to handle um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that I know how to handle um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list that I know how to handle um and
+then I'll multiply it together and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll multiply it together and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll multiply it together and I'll
+get an answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an answer.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so let me do a couple examples of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do a couple examples of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me do a couple examples of this
+concatenation method and we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation method and we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenation method and we'll see how
+it works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+concatenation method.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, so let me do the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so let me do the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so let me do the example
+where our graph consists of two lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our graph consists of two lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our graph consists of two lines.
+So it has a line of slope t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has a line of slope t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has a line of slope t1
+up to somewhere. So here's log delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to somewhere. So here's log delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to somewhere. So here's log delta of
+row. Then it has a line at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. Then it has a line at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. Then it has a line at a different
+slope which let's say is smaller. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope which let's say is smaller. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope which let's say is smaller. So
+here's a slope t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a slope t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a slope t2
+to the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end.
+It's one. And let's say that this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one. And let's say that this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one. And let's say that this final
+height is t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So how are they related? So delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how are they related? So delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So how are they related? So delta
+to the minus t is e delta which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus t is e delta which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus t is e delta which I can
+read off from my final branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off from my final branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off from my final branching
+function. That's the size of e row times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's the size of e row times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. That's the size of e row times
+the size of eB. number of row balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of eB. number of row balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of eB. number of row balls
+times number of delta balls per row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times number of delta balls per row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times number of delta balls per row
+ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball.
+So that is row to the minus t1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is row to the minus t1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that is row to the minus t1.
+So this is slope t1 time delta over row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is slope t1 time delta over row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is slope t1 time delta over row
+to the minus t2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now let's see what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's see what happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's see what happens.
+So r of e t bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So r of e t bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So r of e t bounded by
+r of e row t row r of ebt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of e row t row r of ebt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r of e row t row r of ebt.
+Scenario one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh in this scenario one um t1 and t2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in this scenario one um t1 and t2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in this scenario one um t1 and t2 are
+both in this middle range where b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in this middle range where b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in this middle range where b
+dominates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then
+this guy will give me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will give me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy will give me um
+row to the s over 2 row to the minus t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the s over 2 row to the minus t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row to the s over 2 row to the minus t1
+/ 2 because this is option B b dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 because this is option B b dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 because this is option B b dominates
+and this guy here will give me delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy here will give me delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this guy here will give me delta
+over row to the s / 2 delta over row to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over row to the s / 2 delta over row to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over row to the s / 2 delta over row to
+the minus t2 / 2 because that's option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t2 / 2 because that's option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t2 / 2 because that's option
+B. This is not B as in ball. This is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. This is not B as in ball. This is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. This is not B as in ball. This is B
+as in A, B and C. The three options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in A, B and C. The three options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in A, B and C. The three options.
+All right. When we multiply it out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. When we multiply it out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. When we multiply it out,
+something nice happens. What happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice happens. What happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice happens. What happens
+when we multiply these together? We get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply these together? We get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply these together? We get
+delta to the S over two. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the S over two. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta to the S over two. And what
+happens when we multiply those together?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we multiply those together?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when we multiply those together?
+Okay, at first it looks like an unholy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, at first it looks like an unholy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, at first it looks like an unholy
+mess,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess,
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's the same as this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so it's delta to the minus t / 2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's delta to the minus t / 2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so it's delta to the minus t / 2,
+which is b, which is what we were hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is b, which is what we were hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is b, which is what we were hoping
+for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a smiley face.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a smiley face.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a smiley face.
+But let me mention another scenario.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let me mention another scenario.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let me mention another scenario.
+Scenario two, maybe t1 is bigger than 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scenario two, maybe t1 is bigger than 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scenario two, maybe t1 is bigger than 2
+minus s and maybe t2 is smaller than s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s and maybe t2 is smaller than s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s and maybe t2 is smaller than s.
+So maybe this first one is really quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe this first one is really quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe this first one is really quite
+steep and then the second one is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep and then the second one is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep and then the second one is quite
+shallow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+now this first one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this first one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this first one,
+when I evaluate this, I'm in the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I evaluate this, I'm in the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I evaluate this, I'm in the C
+domain,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain,
+I get row to the 1 - t1. And when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get row to the 1 - t1. And when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get row to the 1 - t1. And when I
+evaluate this, because this t2 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this, because this t2 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this, because this t2 is less
+than s, I'm in the a domain, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s, I'm in the a domain, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s, I'm in the a domain, which is
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that's not what I'm hoping for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not what I'm hoping for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not what I'm hoping for.
+That's actually much bigger than my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's actually much bigger than my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's actually much bigger than my
+goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So actually let me add to scenario two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So actually let me add to scenario two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So actually let me add to scenario two.
+But T is in the middle. T is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But T is in the middle. T is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But T is in the middle. T is a sort of
+average of T1 and T2. T1 is bigger. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of T1 and T2. T1 is bigger. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of T1 and T2. T1 is bigger. That
+is quite big. T2 is quite small. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite big. T2 is quite small. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite big. T2 is quite small. But
+this average is going to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average is going to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this average is going to be in the
+middle. Since T is in the middle, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Since T is in the middle, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle. Since T is in the middle, this
+is the goal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the goal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the goal.
+How does this compare to the goal? Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does this compare to the goal? Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does this compare to the goal? Not
+so obvious, but it's much actually much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obvious, but it's much actually much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obvious, but it's much actually much
+bigger than the goal. What went wrong?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the goal. What went wrong?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the goal. What went wrong?
+Remember that at each step when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that at each step when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that at each step when I
+bounded R, my theorem bounds R by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded R, my theorem bounds R by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded R, my theorem bounds R by a
+maximum of three things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of three things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of three things.
+Maximum of A, B, and C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this C is way bigger than B in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this C is way bigger than B in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this C is way bigger than B in this
+regime. And this A is way bigger than B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime. And this A is way bigger than B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime. And this A is way bigger than B
+in this regime. and B times B would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this regime. and B times B would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this regime. and B times B would be
+my goal. So this is way too big. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal. So this is way too big. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal. So this is way too big. So it
+doesn't work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work.
+Okay. So uh lesson that we learned here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh lesson that we learned here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So uh lesson that we learned here
+is that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we want
+to break up f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that okay I'll say it in words. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that okay I'll say it in words. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that okay I'll say it in words. So
+first of all we'd like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we'd like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all we'd like to be able to
+analyze each piece. So we want each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze each piece. So we want each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze each piece. So we want each
+piece to be on the list of things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to be on the list of things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to be on the list of things we
+understand. So if you don't have a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. So if you don't have a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. So if you don't have a sharp
+bound for the piece, there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for the piece, there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for the piece, there's no way
+you're going to have a sharp bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a sharp bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have a sharp bound for
+the whole thing. But also, we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing. But also, we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing. But also, we're not
+happy with just any of these. We really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with just any of these. We really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with just any of these. We really
+want them all to be in case B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them all to be in case B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them all to be in case B.
+So So we So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So we So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So we So um
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we really want each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+is either uh ad regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either uh ad regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either uh ad regular
+with t of that piece in our middle range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t of that piece in our middle range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t of that piece in our middle range
+in the b range or semi-well spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so the very last idea is that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the very last idea is that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the very last idea is that indeed
+you can do this. You can start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this. You can start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this. You can start with an
+arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary
+uh branching function and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh branching function and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh branching function and then you can
+break it up into pieces where each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it up into pieces where each piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it up into pieces where each piece
+is sort of like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of like this.
+Uh I'll write it down in a sec and draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I'll write it down in a sec and draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I'll write it down in a sec and draw
+an example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+probably the most important idea behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important idea behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most important idea behind
+this is the rodamoker theorem. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rodamoker theorem. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the rodamoker theorem. So the
+rader theorem says that a differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rader theorem says that a differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rader theorem says that a differentiable
+function ellipse function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ellipse function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function ellipse function is
+differentiable almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable almost everywhere
+and so this function f we don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this function f we don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this function f we don't know a
+lot about it but it we did see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about it but it we did see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about it but it we did see that it's
+a lipshits function and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipshits function and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipshits function and so it's
+differentiable almost everywhere. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable almost everywhere. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable almost everywhere. So we
+that means that we can cut up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we can cut up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that we can cut up our
+interval into little intervals where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into little intervals where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval into little intervals where
+maybe you have to throw out a tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have to throw out a tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you have to throw out a tiny bit
+but on almost every little interval it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on almost every little interval it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on almost every little interval it's
+approximately a constant slope example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a constant slope example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a constant slope example.
+So you can reduce everything just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can reduce everything just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can reduce everything just just
+by by rodmacher theorem you can reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by rodmacher theorem you can reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by rodmacher theorem you can reduce
+everything to the ad regular case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the ad regular case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to the ad regular case and
+that's an indication ad regular case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an indication ad regular case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an indication ad regular case is
+really important. It's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. It's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important. It's not just a
+special case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case.
+However, if you do that, we would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, if you do that, we would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, if you do that, we would not
+only have slopes in here, we would also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have slopes in here, we would also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have slopes in here, we would also
+have slopes that are too small and too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slopes that are too small and too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have slopes that are too small and too
+large. So, we want everybody to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. So, we want everybody to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large. So, we want everybody to be in
+case B. And that's why we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case B. And that's why we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case B. And that's why we need some
+extra stuff like the semi well spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra stuff like the semi well spaced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra stuff like the semi well spaced.
+Okay. So, I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I will
+write down this last thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the final lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if f is a function from 01 to r which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is a function from 01 to r which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f is a function from 01 to r which is
+two lip shits and increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lip shits and increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lip shits and increasing
+then we can break up 01 as a disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can break up 01 as a disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can break up 01 as a disjoint
+union of some intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of some intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of some intervals
+maybe plus tiny leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then on each I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on each I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on each I
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+um F restricted to I either F is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um F restricted to I either F is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um F restricted to I either F is almost
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+um with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with slope
+TI and TI is in our range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ah okay I should say one other thing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah okay I should say one other thing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah okay I should say one other thing. So
+f let's say f of one is t and t is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f let's say f of one is t and t is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f let's say f of one is t and t is in
+our range.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our range.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our range.
+Uh oh yeah and yeah and we should sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh yeah and yeah and we should sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh yeah and yeah and we should sorry
+we should have f ofx is bigger than tx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have f ofx is bigger than tx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have f ofx is bigger than tx.
+So this is our setup. We have a delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is our setup. We have a delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is our setup. We have a delta t
+set branching function. Okay so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set branching function. Okay so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set branching function. Okay so either
+it's almost linear and it slope is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost linear and it slope is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost linear and it slope is in
+the desired range or on i f is semi well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired range or on i f is semi well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired range or on i f is semi well
+spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um it's not so difficult to prove once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's not so difficult to prove once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's not so difficult to prove once
+you think to try to prove it. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think to try to prove it. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think to try to prove it. And I'm
+just going to illustrate it with an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to illustrate it with an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to illustrate it with an an
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I suppose f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I suppose f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I suppose f
+looks like this. And so the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. And so the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. And so the slope is
+increasing for a while. I guess it needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing for a while. I guess it needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing for a while. I guess it needs
+to start bigger than t. It's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start bigger than t. It's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start bigger than t. It's a bit
+tricky to draw this picture here. Hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to draw this picture here. Hold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to draw this picture here. Hold.
+So it needs to stay above this dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it needs to stay above this dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it needs to stay above this dotted
+line, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line, right?
+Okay. So it's going to start tangent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's going to start tangent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it's going to start tangent to
+the line, which is okay. The slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line, which is okay. The slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line, which is okay. The slope
+increases for a while, has a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases for a while, has a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases for a while, has a maximum
+slope and the slope decreases and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and the slope decreases and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and the slope decreases and it
+goes like that. And as this slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like that. And as this slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like that. And as this slope
+increases, there is a key moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, there is a key moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, there is a key moment
+where the slope gets too big.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the slope gets too big.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the slope gets too big.
+Over here, the slope is 2 minus s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over here, the slope is 2 minus s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over here, the slope is 2 minus s.
+And maybe at the end the slope is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe at the end the slope is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe at the end the slope is too
+small, slope is less than s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, slope is less than s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small, slope is less than s.
+Okay, so what should we do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what should we do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so what should we do?
+Well, um, this whole thing here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um, this whole thing here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um, this whole thing here,
+this whole thing is semi well spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And at the beginning, we can take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at the beginning, we can take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at the beginning, we can take very
+short intervals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short intervals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short intervals.
+So, we'll have this guy and this guy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll have this guy and this guy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll have this guy and this guy and
+this guy. And these blue guys are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. And these blue guys are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy. And these blue guys are um
+almost they're short, so it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost they're short, so it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost they're short, so it's almost
+linear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the slope is not yet bigger than 2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the slope is not yet bigger than 2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the slope is not yet bigger than 2 -
+s. So the slope ti is less than 2 - s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So the slope ti is less than 2 - s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So the slope ti is less than 2 - s
+bigger than s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is not a proof but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is not a proof but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is not a proof but you know
+there are not that many ways this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not that many ways this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are not that many ways this
+function could look and if you draw like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could look and if you draw like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could look and if you draw like
+five of them you can convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them you can convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them you can convince yourself
+that if you want you can prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so to summarize
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this picture, this fact is very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture, this fact is very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture, this fact is very powerful
+because it lets us break up our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it lets us break up our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it lets us break up our original
+problem into smaller problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into smaller problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into smaller problems.
+And the smaller problems in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the smaller problems in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the smaller problems in terms of the
+branching functions of the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching functions of the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching functions of the smaller
+problems are just little pieces of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are just little pieces of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are just little pieces of the
+branching function of the bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function of the bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching function of the bigger
+problem. And when you do that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And when you do that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. And when you do that there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh what originally looked like we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what originally looked like we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what originally looked like we just
+had a few special cases. Now we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few special cases. Now we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a few special cases. Now we can take
+any combination of those few special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any combination of those few special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any combination of those few special
+cases and that turns out to be a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and that turns out to be a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and that turns out to be a lot and
+even to be everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that
+that's the that's the last idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the last idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the last idea of the
+proof. The proof how to put the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. The proof how to put the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. The proof how to put the pieces
+together. And so these pieces were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And so these pieces were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And so these pieces were were
+not just special cases. They they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just special cases. They they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just special cases. They they they
+are really the fundamental building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the fundamental building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really the fundamental building
+blocks of the whole story. Um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of the whole story. Um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of the whole story. Um and it's
+also is striking to me that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is striking to me that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is striking to me that this
+multiscale argument. It was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale argument. It was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiscale argument. It was really
+crucial in both the ad regular case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial in both the ad regular case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial in both the ad regular case and
+the notad regular case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notad regular case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notad regular case.
+In the ad regular case, these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the ad regular case, these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the ad regular case, these problems
+were all the same. And then seeing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all the same. And then seeing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all the same. And then seeing that
+sameness at all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sameness at all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sameness at all these different
+situations, it gave us some some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations, it gave us some some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations, it gave us some some extra
+rigidity and structure. In the not 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigidity and structure. In the not 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigidity and structure. In the not 80
+regular case by definition these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular case by definition these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular case by definition these
+problems are different and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are different and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are different and that means
+that gives us a whole menu of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a whole menu of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a whole menu of problems
+to choose from and then we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose from and then we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose from and then we can sort of
+look through this menu and try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through this menu and try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look through this menu and try to find
+the things that we understand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool.
+Okay, so that was an outline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was an outline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was an outline of
+projection theory. Uh thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Uh thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Uh thank you for
+coming with me on this on this outline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming with me on this on this outline.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming with me on this on this outline.
+It's been nice talking with you all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been nice talking with you all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been nice talking with you all and
+uh yeah, let's stop the class there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iSVu2XHH_NY.txt b/iSVu2XHH_NY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44db557b8e1a2f292c7e631c5de5d80387d64f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iSVu2XHH_NY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Jessica and I'm going to be
+talking about a chemical demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a chemical demonstration
+today that I like to call death of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that I like to call death of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today that I like to call death of a
+gummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bear we eat these little guys all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear we eat these little guys all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear we eat these little guys all the
+time and our bodies break down the sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and our bodies break down the sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and our bodies break down the sugar
+in a series of chemical reactions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a series of chemical reactions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a series of chemical reactions but
+what happens when you break down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you break down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you break down the
+sugar in a gummy bear outside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar in a gummy bear outside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar in a gummy bear outside of our
+bodies well mit's drct John Dolan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies well mit's drct John Dolan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies well mit's drct John Dolan is
+going to show us here he is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show us here he is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show us here he is at the
+Cambridge Science Festival at MIT now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Science Festival at MIT now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Science Festival at MIT now
+I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to
+actually be combusting a gummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be combusting a gummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be combusting a gummy
+candy and my wife said please don't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy and my wife said please don't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy and my wife said please don't tell
+them it's a bear guess what it's a bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a bear guess what it's a bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's a bear guess what it's a bear
+and I'm going to eat one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and I'm eating a gummy candy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I'm eating a gummy candy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I'm eating a gummy candy it's
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+and I'm going to chew on it and eat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to chew on it and eat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to chew on it and eat it
+and what do you think is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you think is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do you think is going to happen
+to it break down it's going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it break down it's going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it break down it's going to break
+down into carbon dioxide tomorrow I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into carbon dioxide tomorrow I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into carbon dioxide tomorrow I'm
+going to be breathing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be breathing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be breathing out
+CO2 I'm going to be perspiring water's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 I'm going to be perspiring water's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 I'm going to be perspiring water's
+going to be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be coming
+out and I'm going to make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I'm going to make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and I'm going to make a lot of
+energy and I'm going to take that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I'm going to take that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I'm going to take that energy
+and store it up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store it up as
+ATP and it's going to help me clean all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and it's going to help me clean all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and it's going to help me clean all
+these dishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dishes
+tomorrow I don't want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I don't want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow I don't want to think about
+that but I'm going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'm going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I'm going to need the
+energy and now I'm going to do this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and now I'm going to do this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and now I'm going to do this same
+reaction inside of a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction inside of a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction inside of a test
+tube and I want you to compare what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and I want you to compare what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and I want you to compare what you
+just saw you didn't see a lot of smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw you didn't see a lot of smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw you didn't see a lot of smoke
+and Fire coming out of my mouth did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fire coming out of my mouth did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fire coming out of my mouth did you
+not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet
+okay all right so uh Clifton you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so uh Clifton you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so uh Clifton you can
+Clifton's GNA play a little Rondo Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clifton's GNA play a little Rondo Music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clifton's GNA play a little Rondo Music
+while I set this reaction up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so what is Dr Dolan doing first he put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is Dr Dolan doing first he put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is Dr Dolan doing first he put
+some solid potassium chlorate in a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solid potassium chlorate in a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some solid potassium chlorate in a test
+tube and heated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up the heat causes the solid to melt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the heat causes the solid to melt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the heat causes the solid to melt and
+become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid so this little triangle means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so this little triangle means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so this little triangle means
+heat it turned from a solid to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it turned from a solid to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat it turned from a solid to a
+liquid as it's being heated the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid as it's being heated the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid as it's being heated the liquid
+potassium chlorate immediately starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chlorate immediately starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chlorate immediately starts
+breaking down into two products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down into two products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down into two products
+potassium chloride and ox oxygen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chloride and ox oxygen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chloride and ox oxygen now
+potassium chloride is a solid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chloride is a solid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium chloride is a solid and the
+oxygen is a gas looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this now let's see what happens when Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now let's see what happens when Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now let's see what happens when Dr
+Dolan adds the gummy bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan adds the gummy bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dolan adds the gummy bear
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+all right so let's break down what just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's break down what just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's break down what just
+happened the sugar from the gummy bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the sugar from the gummy bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened the sugar from the gummy bear
+and oxygen react to produce carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen react to produce carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oxygen react to produce carbon
+dioxide and water releasing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and water releasing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide and water releasing a lot of
+energy as heat and light this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as heat and light this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as heat and light this is what
+that looks like and I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like and I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like and I'm going to draw
+sucrose or sugar in red because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose or sugar in red because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose or sugar in red because it's
+from the gummy bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this reaction is probably familiar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is probably familiar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is probably familiar to
+you it's a combustion reaction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a combustion reaction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a combustion reaction which is
+when a fuel reacts with oxygen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a fuel reacts with oxygen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a fuel reacts with oxygen to
+produce carbon dioxide and water and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce carbon dioxide and water and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce carbon dioxide and water and at
+the same time releasing a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time releasing a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time releasing a bunch of
+energy so why is so much energy released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so why is so much energy released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so why is so much energy released
+and where does it come from to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does it come from to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where does it come from to show you
+I'm going to draw the structures now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw the structures now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to draw the structures now if
+you're unfamiliar with Organic Chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unfamiliar with Organic Chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're unfamiliar with Organic Chemistry
+notation each of the lines between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation each of the lines between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation each of the lines between the
+elements that I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that I'm going to draw
+represents a calent bond which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a calent bond which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a calent bond which is the
+sharing of two electrons between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of two electrons between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of two electrons between two
+atoms so let me draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those so here are the reactants and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so here are the reactants and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so here are the reactants and here
+are the products Now by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the products Now by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the products Now by looking at the
+number of bonds and the type of bonds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonds and the type of bonds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bonds and the type of bonds so
+a carbon bonded to an oxygen or a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon bonded to an oxygen or a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon bonded to an oxygen or a carbon
+bonded to a carbon and a single Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to a carbon and a single Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to a carbon and a single Bond
+versus a double bond you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a double bond you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a double bond you can calculate
+the energy difference between the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference between the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy difference between the left
+side of the reaction the reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the reaction the reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the reaction the reactants and
+the right side or the products now all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side or the products now all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side or the products now all
+combustion reactions have more energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion reactions have more energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combustion reactions have more energy
+stored in the reactants than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the reactants than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the reactants than the
+products so as the reaction progresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so as the reaction progresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so as the reaction progresses
+this energy has to go somewhere and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy has to go somewhere and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy has to go somewhere and it's
+released as heat and light now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released as heat and light now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released as heat and light now the
+amount of energy released from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy released from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy released from this
+explosion is exactly the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion is exactly the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion is exactly the same as the
+amount of energy that would be released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that would be released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy that would be released
+in my body when I eat this Gummy Bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my body when I eat this Gummy Bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my body when I eat this Gummy Bear
+the difference is that proteins in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that proteins in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that proteins in my
+body are set up in Pathways that extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body are set up in Pathways that extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body are set up in Pathways that extract
+the energy in small manageable bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in small manageable bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy in small manageable bundles
+so I power my everyday activities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I power my everyday activities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I power my everyday activities like
+dancing and running but I don't explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing and running but I don't explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancing and running but I don't explode
+Evolution has trained biological systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution has trained biological systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution has trained biological systems
+to efficiently extract energy from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to efficiently extract energy from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to efficiently extract energy from our
+environment all right that's it for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment all right that's it for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment all right that's it for me
+today I'll see you next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'll see you next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I'll see you next time
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/j4x7ceMhcr0.txt b/j4x7ceMhcr0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd06f8c138ea847d475484fcaad1abec53bf0085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/j4x7ceMhcr0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everybody I'm excited to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody I'm excited to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody I'm excited to be
+presenting a video by the renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a video by the renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting a video by the renowned
+professor and uh artist George Lewis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and uh artist George Lewis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and uh artist George Lewis on
+computers and improvisation I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and improvisation I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and improvisation I just want
+to give a quick introduction to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a quick introduction to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a quick introduction to how much
+his work had an impact on me I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work had an impact on me I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work had an impact on me I remember
+hearing various projects on teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing various projects on teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing various projects on teaching
+computers to do things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to do things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to do things like uh
+automatically accompany a jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically accompany a jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically accompany a jazz
+improvisor so that it would do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisor so that it would do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvisor so that it would do exactly
+what he or she you know wanted and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he or she you know wanted and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he or she you know wanted and put
+the right chords at the right place and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right chords at the right place and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right chords at the right place and
+then hearing a comment from George Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hearing a comment from George Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hearing a comment from George Lewis
+on how that's exactly wrong in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how that's exactly wrong in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how that's exactly wrong in the
+spirit of jazz in the African-American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of jazz in the African-American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of jazz in the African-American
+tradition that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition that when we
+have improvisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have improvisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have improvisor
+and they work in a group the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work in a group the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they work in a group the other
+people aren't pure uh accompanists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't pure uh accompanists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't pure uh accompanists
+they're collaborators and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're collaborators and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're collaborators and one of the
+things that a collaborator should do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that a collaborator should do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that a collaborator should do is
+respond to you and one of the responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to you and one of the responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to you and one of the responses
+is well if you get into a rut and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well if you get into a rut and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well if you get into a rut and you
+keep doing the same things it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing the same things it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing the same things it shouldn't
+be letting you stay in that rut if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be letting you stay in that rut if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be letting you stay in that rut if you
+keep playing the same chord progressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing the same chord progressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep playing the same chord progressions
+well a good jazz group will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a good jazz group will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a good jazz group will start
+playing different chords for you or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing different chords for you or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing different chords for you or or
+mix up the Rhythm to try to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix up the Rhythm to try to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix up the Rhythm to try to make you
+have to think and stay in the spirit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think and stay in the spirit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think and stay in the spirit and
+um there were comments about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were comments about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there were comments about you know
+with uh with the early history of jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with the early history of jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh with the early history of jazz
+coming out of a tradition of uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a tradition of uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of a tradition of uh people
+who had been through the Injustice of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had been through the Injustice of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had been through the Injustice of of
+enslavement that why would we want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslavement that why would we want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslavement that why would we want a
+computer system that replicates Jazz to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer system that replicates Jazz to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer system that replicates Jazz to
+be the slaver servant of a master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the slaver servant of a master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the slaver servant of a master
+performer so that there's an ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer so that there's an ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer so that there's an ethical
+dilemma in ethical component of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma in ethical component of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma in ethical component of how we
+teach computers to improvise and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach computers to improvise and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach computers to improvise and that's
+why I think this video is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think this video is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I think this video is very important
+for you to see
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kO0VmaLkgj8.txt b/kO0VmaLkgj8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..871973c832016b6136ba47920e167d9bee8d3b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kO0VmaLkgj8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok let's just take 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does someone want to explain the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone want to explain the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does someone want to explain the answer
+here give it a try um so it says in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here give it a try um so it says in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here give it a try um so it says in the
+problem that the X rays have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the X rays have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that the X rays have the same
+wavelength so you know that they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so you know that they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so you know that they also
+have the same frequency so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same frequency so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same frequency so that
+discounts one two and five and six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts one two and five and six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounts one two and five and six so
+then it's just a choice between three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just a choice between three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's just a choice between three
+and four and in like the video the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four and in like the video the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four and in like the video the other
+day you said in order to like say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you said in order to like say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you said in order to like say to
+image these proteins you need a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image these proteins you need a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image these proteins you need a high
+intensity light so three yep that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity light so three yep that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity light so three yep that's a
+great explanation here I don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great explanation here I don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great explanation here I don't really
+know what these these might come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what these these might come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what these these might come in
+handy today I don't know okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy today I don't know okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy today I don't know okay yeah so
+the trick was sort of better quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick was sort of better quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick was sort of better quality
+data so you probably figured out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you probably figured out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so you probably figured out that
+that then was the higher intensity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then was the higher intensity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then was the higher intensity so
+this is this is a true thing so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a true thing so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a true thing so we have
+data collection there's equipment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection there's equipment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data collection there's equipment here
+at home and a lot of universities have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home and a lot of universities have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home and a lot of universities have
+what they call home data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call home data collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call home data collection
+equipment but we often travel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but we often travel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment but we often travel to
+synchrotrons where we have higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotrons where we have higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrotrons where we have higher
+intensity ie more photons per second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity ie more photons per second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity ie more photons per second and
+then you get better quality data and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get better quality data and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get better quality data and so
+these are sometimes people do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sometimes people do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sometimes people do these
+things remotely where you ship your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things remotely where you ship your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things remotely where you ship your
+samples and someone else collects it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and someone else collects it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and someone else collects it but
+my lab likes to go and you stay up all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab likes to go and you stay up all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab likes to go and you stay up all
+night and collect great data and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and collect great data and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and collect great data and it's
+it's a bonding experience you saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bonding experience you saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bonding experience you saw a
+little bit that of that on the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that of that on the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that of that on the video
+okay we ended last time looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we ended last time looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we ended last time looking at the
+Schrodinger equation and seeing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and seeing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation and seeing that the
+Schrodinger equation could be solved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation could be solved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation could be solved for
+a hydrogen atom giving information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom giving information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom giving information about
+binding energy the binding of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy the binding of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy the binding of electron
+to its nucleus and also a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its nucleus and also a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its nucleus and also a wave function
+which we haven't talked about yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't talked about yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we haven't talked about yet so
+we're going to continue talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to continue talking about
+this binding energy and then next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binding energy and then next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binding energy and then next week
+we're gonna move into wave functions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna move into wave functions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna move into wave functions or
+orbitals so the binding energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the binding energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so the binding energy that
+comes out of the Schrodinger equation no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the Schrodinger equation no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the Schrodinger equation no
+one should ever just kind of believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should ever just kind of believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should ever just kind of believe
+things it looks fancy but you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it looks fancy but you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it looks fancy but you know does
+it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really
+is it really doing this right estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really doing this right estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it really doing this right estimation
+and again it just kind of came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it just kind of came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it just kind of came out of
+Schrodinger's mind so it's always nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's mind so it's always nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger's mind so it's always nice
+to verify that this equation is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify that this equation is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify that this equation is is
+working pretty well so today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working pretty well so today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working pretty well so today we're going
+to talk about how we were able to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how we were able to verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how we were able to verify
+that the binding energy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binding energy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the binding energy that the
+Schrodinger equation was predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation was predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation was predicting
+actually agrees with experiment so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agrees with experiment so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually agrees with experiment so we're
+going to continue talking about binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue talking about binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to continue talking about binding
+energies then go on to the verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies then go on to the verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies then go on to the verification
+with a demo of how they how people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a demo of how they how people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a demo of how they how people were
+able to show that there was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show that there was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to show that there was good
+agreement here all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement here all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement here all right so let's
+continue with binding energies so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with binding energies so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with binding energies so we're
+still talking about the hydrogen atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking about the hydrogen atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking about the hydrogen atom in
+energy levels and we saw last time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and we saw last time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels and we saw last time that
+the Schrodinger equation could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation could be
+derived for a hydrogen atom such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for a hydrogen atom such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for a hydrogen atom such that
+the binding energy or e to the n was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy or e to the n was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy or e to the n was
+equal to minus this Redbird constant RH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus this Redbird constant RH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus this Redbird constant RH
+over N squared where n is the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared where n is the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared where n is the principal
+quantum number and so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number and so this is what we
+saw last time and now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time and now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw last time and now we have a
+graphical depiction of this and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical depiction of this and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical depiction of this and you'll
+note that this is a negative value over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this is a negative value over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that this is a negative value over
+here so if n is 1 and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if n is 1 and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if n is 1 and we have the
+principal quantum number of 1 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number of 1 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number of 1 we have
+minus RH over 1 squared and so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH over 1 squared and so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH over 1 squared and so we just
+have the negative value for the rigvir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the negative value for the rigvir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the negative value for the rigvir
+constant 2.18 times 10 to the minus 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2.18 times 10 to the minus 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant 2.18 times 10 to the minus 18
+joules and as we go up here in energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules and as we go up here in energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules and as we go up here in energy we
+would get to an energy of 0 and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get to an energy of 0 and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get to an energy of 0 and if
+energy here is 0 what must be true about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here is 0 what must be true about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here is 0 what must be true about
+n what kind of number is in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what kind of number is in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n what kind of number is in here
+infinity right so if this is infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right so if this is infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity right so if this is infinity
+that number goes to 0 and so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number goes to 0 and so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number goes to 0 and so if the
+electron is infinitely far away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is infinitely far away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is infinitely far away from the
+nucleus it's basically it's a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it's basically it's a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus it's basically it's a free
+electron it doesn't feel any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it doesn't feel any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it doesn't feel any kind of
+attraction it's infinitely far away then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction it's infinitely far away then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction it's infinitely far away then
+your binding energy would be 0 ie it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your binding energy would be 0 ie it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your binding energy would be 0 ie it's
+not bound and that would be true at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bound and that would be true at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bound and that would be true at this
+infinitely far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely far away
+distance and then in between the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then in between the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then in between the N
+equals 1 to N equals affinity we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to N equals affinity we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to N equals affinity we can use
+this equation for the hydrogen atom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for the hydrogen atom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for the hydrogen atom to
+figure out what these energy levels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what these energy levels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what these energy levels are
+so when we have the N equals 2 state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we have the N equals 2 state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we have the N equals 2 state it
+would be minus RH over 2 squared or 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be minus RH over 2 squared or 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be minus RH over 2 squared or 4
+and so we can calculate what that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can calculate what that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can calculate what that number
+is here minus 0.5 for 5 times 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here minus 0.5 for 5 times 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here minus 0.5 for 5 times 10 to the
+minus 18 joules N equals 3 so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 18 joules N equals 3 so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 18 joules N equals 3 so we have
+our H over 3 squared we can do the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our H over 3 squared we can do the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our H over 3 squared we can do the math
+over here for you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here for you get the idea
+minus RH over 4 squared and we have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH over 4 squared and we have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH over 4 squared and we have then
+over 5 squared over 6 squared and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 squared over 6 squared and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 5 squared over 6 squared and you
+can see the energy and you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the energy and you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the energy and you can calculate
+the energy levels here all right so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels here all right so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy levels here all right so when
+you have an electron in this N equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electron in this N equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an electron in this N equals 1
+state that's the lowest energy it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's the lowest energy it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that's the lowest energy it's the
+most negative number and that's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most negative number and that's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most negative number and that's known as
+the ground state and when you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and when you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and when you have an
+electron in this ground state that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this ground state that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in this ground state that's the
+most stable stable state for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable stable state for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most stable stable state for the
+hydrogen atom so again from these lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so again from these lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so again from these lower
+ground state up to this state here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state up to this state here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state up to this state here now
+we're going to introduce another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to introduce another term
+which you'll hear a lot and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll hear a lot and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you'll hear a lot and this is
+ionization energy so the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so the ionization
+energy the amount of energy you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the amount of energy you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the amount of energy you need to
+put in to ionize an atom or a release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in to ionize an atom or a release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in to ionize an atom or a release
+and electron so the ionization energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electron so the ionization energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electron so the ionization energy of
+a hydrogen atom in the enth state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom in the enth state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen atom in the enth state is
+going to be equal to the binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the binding energy
+but the signs of these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the signs of these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the signs of these are going to be
+different so we have this equation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we have this equation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so we have this equation where
+binding energy equals minus ie the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy equals minus ie the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy equals minus ie the
+ionization energy so we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so we talked about the
+fact that the binding energy is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the binding energy is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the binding energy is negative
+and the ionization energy is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ionization energy is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ionization energy is always
+positive so for the binding energy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so for the binding energy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so for the binding energy when
+the binding energy is zero it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy is zero it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energy is zero it means the
+elect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elect
+isn't found so a negative value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't found so a negative value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't found so a negative value for
+binding energy means that the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy means that the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy means that the electrons
+being held by the nucleus the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being held by the nucleus the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being held by the nucleus the electrons
+bound for ionization energy that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for ionization energy that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound for ionization energy that's the
+energy you need to add to the system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need to add to the system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you need to add to the system to
+release the electron and you're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the electron and you're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release the electron and you're always
+going to need to add some energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to add some energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to add some energy so
+that's a positive number so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a positive number so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a positive number so when you
+think about ionization energy you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about ionization energy you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about ionization energy you're
+going to be thinking about it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be thinking about it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be thinking about it's it's a
+positive number that you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number that you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number that you're going to be
+expecting there now we can consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting there now we can consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting there now we can consider this
+same diagram and we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same diagram and we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same diagram and we already talked about
+these energy levels and now we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels and now we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels and now we can think
+about these in terms of ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these in terms of ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these in terms of ionization
+energies as well so the difference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as well so the difference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies as well so the difference from
+this state where energy is 0 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state where energy is 0 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state where energy is 0 to the
+ground state down here the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state down here the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state down here the ionization
+energy the energy it's needed to ionize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy it's needed to ionize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the energy it's needed to ionize
+an electron that's an N equals 1 here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that's an N equals 1 here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that's an N equals 1 here is
+going to be equal to minus the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to minus the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to minus the binding
+energy of that electron in that N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that electron in that N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that electron in that N equals
+1 state so again here it's not too hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 state so again here it's not too hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 state so again here it's not too hard
+if you know this information and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know this information and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know this information and this
+equation to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to figure out what the
+ionization energy is so that's just then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is so that's just then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is so that's just then
+going to be the positive value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the positive value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the positive value of the
+binding energy so binding energy minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy so binding energy minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy so binding energy minus
+red Burke's constant here 2.18 times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Burke's constant here 2.18 times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red Burke's constant here 2.18 times 10
+to the minus 18 joules so the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 18 joules so the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 18 joules so the ionization
+energy then for a hydrogen atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then for a hydrogen atom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy then for a hydrogen atom in the
+ground state is positive two point one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is positive two point one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state is positive two point one
+eight zero times ten to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero times ten to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero times ten to the minus
+eighteenth and I'm just going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteenth and I'm just going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteenth and I'm just going to try to
+use the same number of significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same number of significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same number of significant
+figures I always try to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I always try to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I always try to pay attention to
+my significant figures all right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my significant figures all right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my significant figures all right so we
+can do this again for for at the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this again for for at the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this again for for at the N
+equals 2 state or the first excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 state or the first excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 state or the first excited
+state so here's the N equals 2 state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so here's the N equals 2 state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so here's the N equals 2 state so
+now we're going to be talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be talking about this
+differential energy here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential energy here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential energy here so the
+ionization energy for an electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for an electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for an electron in
+this first excited state again that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first excited state again that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first excited state again that will
+be ionization energy equals minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ionization energy equals minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be ionization energy equals minus the
+binding energy for that state and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy for that state and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy for that state and so
+that's gonna be then the positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be then the positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna be then the positive value
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so the binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the binding energy
+- if we do this in if we change this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- if we do this in if we change this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- if we do this in if we change this to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+this is eighteen point five to the 18 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is eighteen point five to the 18 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is eighteen point five to the 18 or
+five point zero to the minus 19 joules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five point zero to the minus 19 joules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five point zero to the minus 19 joules
+try to keep the significant figures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep the significant figures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep the significant figures the
+same all right so why don't you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right so why don't you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right so why don't you give
+this a try now we'll have a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a try now we'll have a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a try now we'll have a clicker
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ten more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop very long one second okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop very long one second okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop very long one second okay
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe you can talk to your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you can talk to your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you can talk to your neighbor
+and and someone can tell me what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and someone can tell me what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and someone can tell me what the
+trick is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we have someone who's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have someone who's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have someone who's going to tell
+us what the trick is the ground state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what the trick is the ground state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us what the trick is the ground state is
+N equals one and from there the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals one and from there the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals one and from there the excited
+States go up one so the first excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States go up one so the first excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States go up one so the first excited
+state is N equals two and then so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is N equals two and then so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is N equals two and then so the
+third one will be N equals four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one will be N equals four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one will be N equals four and
+since you're looking for the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you're looking for the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you're looking for the ionization
+energy you go to the energy for N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you go to the energy for N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you go to the energy for N equals
+four and you multiply by negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you multiply by negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and you multiply by negative one
+which is four zero point one four to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is four zero point one four to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is four zero point one four to the
+negative great yeah so see what I have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative great yeah so see what I have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative great yeah so see what I have I
+need to get some more stuff sorry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get some more stuff sorry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get some more stuff sorry okay
+so the trick it's not a hard problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trick it's not a hard problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the trick it's not a hard problem you
+just had to figure out what the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had to figure out what the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had to figure out what the third
+excited state meant so that was a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extension we made that mistake you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension we made that mistake you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension we made that mistake you will
+not make that one again all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make that one again all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make that one again all right so now
+we can think about this also in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this also in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this also in more
+general terms only kind of slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general terms only kind of slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general terms only kind of slightly more
+general terms frankly which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general terms frankly which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general terms frankly which is to
+consider for other one electron ions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for other one electron ions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for other one electron ions we
+can have a more general equation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a more general equation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a more general equation so we
+had for the hydrogen atom the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for the hydrogen atom the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had for the hydrogen atom the the
+binding energy en is minus red bursts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy en is minus red bursts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy en is minus red bursts
+constant rh / N squared and now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rh / N squared and now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rh / N squared and now I've
+added Z squared which is the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added Z squared which is the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added Z squared which is the atomic
+number and for hydrogen it's one so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and for hydrogen it's one so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and for hydrogen it's one so it
+wasn't it wasn't around we didn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it wasn't around we didn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it wasn't around we didn't need
+it before but we can consider other ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before but we can consider other ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before but we can consider other ions
+that also have one electron they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also have one electron they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also have one electron they will
+also work with this equation so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work with this equation so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work with this equation so there's
+a couple of things that kind of fall out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things that kind of fall out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of things that kind of fall out
+of this one that an electron is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one that an electron is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one that an electron is going to
+be bound more weakly when N is a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound more weakly when N is a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bound more weakly when N is a big
+number here and so that that that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and so that that that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here and so that that that makes
+sense from what we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense from what we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense from what we were looking at
+before and that an electron is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that an electron is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that an electron is also
+going to be bound more tightly when Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bound more tightly when Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bound more tightly when Z
+is big and we hadn't really talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big and we hadn't really talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is big and we hadn't really talked about
+that because we've just been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we've just been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we've just been talking
+about the hydrogen atom and so it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hydrogen atom and so it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hydrogen atom and so it always
+has the same Z but if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same Z but if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same Z but if you have a
+difference II you're gonna have a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference II you're gonna have a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference II you're gonna have a bigger
+positively charged nucleus and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nucleus and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged nucleus and so it
+sort of makes sense that you would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense that you would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of makes sense that you would then
+have a tighter binding electron alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tighter binding electron alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tighter binding electron alright
+so you might think what are other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think what are other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think what are other things
+that have just one electron that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have just one electron that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have just one electron that this is
+going to apply to and so far of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply to and so far of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply to and so far of course
+we've just been talking about our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just been talking about our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just been talking about our friend
+a hydrogen that has its one electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen that has its one electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen that has its one electron and
+z equals one but we have ions that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z equals one but we have ions that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z equals one but we have ions that can
+also have one electron so helium plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have one electron so helium plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have one electron so helium plus
+and it has a z of two but when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a z of two but when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a z of two but when it's
+helium plus it only has one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium plus it only has one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium plus it only has one electron
+lithium plus two also only has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium plus two also only has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lithium plus two also only has one
+electron and it has a Z of three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and it has a Z of three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and it has a Z of three and
+then what about something that's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about something that's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what about something that's a one
+electron system with a plus 64 without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system with a plus 64 without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system with a plus 64 without
+looking at your periodic table what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your periodic table what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your periodic table what does
+the Z have to be here yeah so 65 so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z have to be here yeah so 65 so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z have to be here yeah so 65 so when
+working these kinds of problems if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working these kinds of problems if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working these kinds of problems if
+you're not if you're talking about a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not if you're talking about a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not if you're talking about a one
+electron ion or atom and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron ion or atom and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron ion or atom and it's not
+hydrogen don't forget about Z we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen don't forget about Z we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen don't forget about Z we need to
+have that in our equation all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that in our equation all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that in our equation all right so
+talking about these binding energies now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these binding energies now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these binding energies now
+out of the Schrodinger equation you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the Schrodinger equation you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the Schrodinger equation you can
+calculate ionization energies if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate ionization energies if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate ionization energies if you
+know the binding energy all of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the binding energy all of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the binding energy all of this is
+good but how do we know that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but how do we know that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but how do we know that we can
+trust the Schrodinger equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the Schrodinger equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the Schrodinger equation that
+those equations really are working so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations really are working so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations really are working so
+the way that they figured this out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they figured this out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they figured this out is
+from experiment and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiment and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiment and particularly
+experimentally figuring out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally figuring out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally figuring out what the
+energy levels were and and thinking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels were and and thinking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels were and and thinking you
+know does this match with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does this match with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know does this match with the
+Schrodinger equation so they were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation so they were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation so they were able
+to use photon admission to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use photon admission to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use photon admission to be able to do
+this so let's let's consider what photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's let's consider what photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so let's let's consider what photon
+admission is and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission is and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission is and then we're going to
+prove that this equation that I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this equation that I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that this equation that I've been
+showing you actually holds so photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you actually holds so photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you actually holds so photon
+admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission
+this is a situation that occurs when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation that occurs when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a situation that occurs when you
+have an electron going from a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron going from a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron going from a higher
+initial higher energy initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial higher energy initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial higher energy initial state
+going to a lower energy state and as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a lower energy state and as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a lower energy state and as it
+goes from this high energy state to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from this high energy state to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from this high energy state to the
+low energy State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy State
+there's a difference between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between these two
+energy states Delta e and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states Delta e and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states Delta e and that's going
+to be equal to the higher energy initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the higher energy initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to the higher energy initial
+state minus the energy in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state minus the energy in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state minus the energy in the final
+state so there's this difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so there's this difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so there's this difference in
+energy between the two states and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the two states and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy between the two states and the
+photon that gets admitted when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon that gets admitted when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon that gets admitted when this
+energy transition happens has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transition happens has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transition happens has the same
+energy as the difference between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as the difference between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as the difference between those
+so the energy of the admitted photon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy of the admitted photon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the energy of the admitted photon is
+also Delta e so you admit all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Delta e so you admit all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also Delta e so you admit all of that
+energy as you have that change so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as you have that change so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as you have that change so the
+difference here we can consider an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here we can consider an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here we can consider an
+actual kind of case where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual kind of case where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual kind of case where we're going
+from an energy difference of N equals 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an energy difference of N equals 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an energy difference of N equals 6
+to an energy a level of N equals 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an energy a level of N equals 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an energy a level of N equals 2 and
+we can think about what the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about what the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about what the energy
+difference is between these two and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between these two and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is between these two and we
+can just write that equation out so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write that equation out so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just write that equation out so the
+initial energy the electron started at N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy the electron started at N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy the electron started at N
+equals 2 so the energy or N equals 6 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 so the energy or N equals 6 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 2 so the energy or N equals 6 the
+energy of the N equals 6 state and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the N equals 6 state and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the N equals 6 state and it
+goes to the energy of the N equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the energy of the N equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the energy of the N equals 2
+state so in energy and equals 6 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so in energy and equals 6 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so in energy and equals 6 minus
+energy n equals 2 all right so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy n equals 2 all right so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy n equals 2 all right so of course
+if you know energy you can know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know energy you can know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know energy you can know a lot of
+other things about the photon so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things about the photon so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things about the photon so you can
+calculate frequency of that admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate frequency of that admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate frequency of that admitted
+photon so again we have our energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so again we have our energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon so again we have our energy
+difference here and we can then solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here and we can then solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here and we can then solve
+for the frequency of the admitted photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the frequency of the admitted photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the frequency of the admitted photon
+which is equal to the energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to the energy difference
+that energy divided by Planck's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy divided by Planck's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy divided by Planck's constant
+and you could also write it out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could also write it out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could also write it out the
+initial energy minus the final energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy minus the final energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy minus the final energy
+over H all of these are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H all of these are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H all of these are equivalent
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+and from when you know frequency we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from when you know frequency we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from when you know frequency we're
+talking about light here so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about light here so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about light here so you can
+calculate the wavelength so let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the wavelength so let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the wavelength so let's think
+now about what we might expect in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about what we might expect in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about what we might expect in terms
+of frequencies and wavelengths depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies and wavelengths depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frequencies and wavelengths depending
+on the energy difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the energy difference between the two
+different states so here if we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states so here if we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states so here if we think
+first about this electron with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about this electron with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first about this electron with the
+purple line we have a large energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple line we have a large energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple line we have a large energy
+difference here between this state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here between this state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference here between this state and
+this state down here between N equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state down here between N equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state down here between N equals
+five to N equals one so when we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to N equals one so when we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to N equals one so when we have a
+large difference in energy what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large difference in energy what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large difference in energy what do we
+expect about the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect about the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect about the frequency of the
+emitted photon is it going to be a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted photon is it going to be a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted photon is it going to be a high
+frequency or low frequency high yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or low frequency high yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency or low frequency high yeah so
+large energy high frequency and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large energy high frequency and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large energy high frequency and so then
+what would be true about the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be true about the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be true about the wavelength
+of that emitted photon short right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that emitted photon short right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that emitted photon short right now
+if we had a small difference say N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a small difference say N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had a small difference say N
+equals 3 to N equals one which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 to N equals one which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 to N equals one which is a
+smaller difference in energy what's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller difference in energy what's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller difference in energy what's true
+about the frequency here right low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the frequency here right low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the frequency here right low
+frequency and wavelength right long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and wavelength right long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and wavelength right long
+wavelength all right so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength all right so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength all right so now we're
+actually going to see some photons being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to see some photons being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to see some photons being
+admitted and let me just kind of filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and let me just kind of filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted and let me just kind of filled
+in to this experiment a little bit so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to this experiment a little bit so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to this experiment a little bit so we
+have we have a fill a vacuum filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a fill a vacuum filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we have a fill a vacuum filled with
+hydrogen and if you have negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and if you have negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and if you have negative and
+positive electrodes you can admit light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive electrodes you can admit light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive electrodes you can admit light
+from this and then analyze the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and then analyze the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this and then analyze the different
+wavelengths so we are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so we are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths so we are not going to be
+the first people to see this but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first people to see this but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first people to see this but we're
+going to try this and this is a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try this and this is a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try this and this is a we
+should observe these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should observe these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should observe these different
+wavelengths coming off and after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths coming off and after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths coming off and after we
+observe them we will try to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them we will try to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe them we will try to calculate
+what they're due to and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're due to and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're due to and then
+if this experiment if the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this experiment if the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this experiment if the experimental
+results of the wavelengths and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the wavelengths and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the wavelengths and frequency
+observed can be explained by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed can be explained by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed can be explained by the
+Schrodinger equation but first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation but first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation but first let's
+actually see the visible spectra that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the visible spectra that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see the visible spectra that is
+created by hydrogen and so we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by hydrogen and so we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by hydrogen and so we have our
+demo tas and actually if all our TAS can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo tas and actually if all our TAS can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo tas and actually if all our TAS can
+help pass out some little glasses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help pass out some little glasses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help pass out some little glasses to
+help everyone see this and when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help everyone see this and when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help everyone see this and when we're
+ready we're gonna do lights down but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready we're gonna do lights down but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready we're gonna do lights down but
+let's get everything handed out first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright here are the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a hydrogen lamp and you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a hydrogen lamp and you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a hydrogen lamp and you turn
+it on electricity excites all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on electricity excites all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on electricity excites all the
+hydrogen's inside it and then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's inside it and then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's inside it and then you see
+this glow from the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glow from the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this glow from the electromagnetic
+radiation being emitted by these excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation being emitted by these excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation being emitted by these excited
+hydrogen's relaxing down to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's relaxing down to the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen's relaxing down to the ground
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna try there like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're gonna try this for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna try this for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna try this for those of you
+who don't have the glasses but let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have the glasses but let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have the glasses but let's see
+if this works it was kind of there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this works it was kind of there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this works it was kind of there is
+that what they're supposed to see hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they're supposed to see hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they're supposed to see hey
+you're supposed to see all of them I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to see all of them I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to see all of them I
+guess you can't really it's depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you can't really it's depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you can't really it's depending on
+how you move this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not working
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I know I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of worse depending on how I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worse depending on how I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of worse depending on how I believe
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes it works really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- just try walking can we hold it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- just try walking can we hold it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- just try walking can we hold it up and
+see whether people also can see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether people also can see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see whether people also can see all
+right so we're gonna hold it up see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna hold it up see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna hold it up see if
+you guys without the without the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you should be able to see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you should be able to see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you should be able to see for
+those of you that have your glasses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that have your glasses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you that have your glasses is
+the continuous spectrum with the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous spectrum with the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous spectrum with the various
+colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I might have to get the angle right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have to get the angle right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might have to get the angle right they
+say our people in the middle of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our people in the middle of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our people in the middle of the room
+able to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can anyone can anyone see it yeah people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone can anyone see it yeah people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anyone can anyone see it yeah people
+on the edge of the room can you see it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge of the room can you see it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the edge of the room can you see it I
+think it's harder from when the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's harder from when the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's harder from when the camera
+is blocking people a little bit it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blocking people a little bit it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blocking people a little bit it works
+I can see it do you want to move it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see it do you want to move it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see it do you want to move it up
+farther like in front of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right you will turn it slightly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you will turn it slightly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right you will turn it slightly and
+then people can we can come down maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people can we can come down maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people can we can come down maybe
+and try it after class if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try it after class if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try it after class if it's not
+working very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when it's tilted are you having better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's tilted are you having better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's tilted are you having better
+luck over here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck over here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck over here all right
+all right I guess we'll bring the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I guess we'll bring the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I guess we'll bring the lights
+back up and I'll show you what you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and I'll show you what you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and I'll show you what you sort
+of seen if it didn't work for you so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seen if it didn't work for you so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seen if it didn't work for you so how
+many how many people were able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many people were able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many people were able to see
+see the spectra okay all right so a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the spectra okay all right so a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the spectra okay all right so a good
+number of people great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people great
+I feel like this room is not as perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like this room is not as perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like this room is not as perfect
+for this as some other rooms but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this as some other rooms but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this as some other rooms but there's
+some rooms that actually don't get dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rooms that actually don't get dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rooms that actually don't get dark
+at all and then you can't really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and then you can't really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and then you can't really see
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+all right so maybe if you have a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so maybe if you have a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so maybe if you have a chance
+we can try again at the end all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try again at the end all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can try again at the end all right so
+this is what you should have seen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you should have seen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what you should have seen you
+should have seen these different series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen these different series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have seen these different series
+of lights our series of colors coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lights our series of colors coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lights our series of colors coming
+off and this was we're not the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and this was we're not the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and this was we're not the first
+people to see it so the ball JJ Balmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to see it so the ball JJ Balmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to see it so the ball JJ Balmer
+in 1885 reported seeing these colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1885 reported seeing these colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1885 reported seeing these colors and
+he wanted to calculate the frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to calculate the frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to calculate the frequencies
+of the lights that he were seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lights that he were seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lights that he were seeing
+admitted from this and so he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted from this and so he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted from this and so he did
+calculate the frequency and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequency and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequency and then he
+tried to figure out the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to figure out the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to figure out the mathematical
+relationship between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the different
+frequencies of light that he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of light that he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies of light that he was
+observing and he found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and he found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing and he found that the
+frequency equaled 3.29 times 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency equaled 3.29 times 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency equaled 3.29 times 10 to the
+minus r 10 to the 15th per second times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r 10 to the 15th per second times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r 10 to the 15th per second times
+1 over 4 minus 1 over some number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4 minus 1 over some number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 4 minus 1 over some number and
+where n was either 3 4 or 5 and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n was either 3 4 or 5 and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n was either 3 4 or 5 and he
+really didn't understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't understand what the
+significance of this was but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this was but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of this was but it was
+pretty you had a hydrogen in the sealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty you had a hydrogen in the sealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty you had a hydrogen in the sealed
+tube and there were colors that came off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and there were colors that came off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and there were colors that came off
+and they had frequencies so that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had frequencies so that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had frequencies so that's kind
+of where where that stood for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where where that stood for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where where that stood for a little
+while so now let's think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so now let's think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while so now let's think about what
+those different color lights were due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different color lights were due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different color lights were due to
+so we have here energy levels and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here energy levels and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here energy levels and the
+transitions that we were observing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that we were observing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that we were observing are
+all going to the N equals 2 final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to the N equals 2 final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to the N equals 2 final state
+and we can think about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think about why
+see any transitions to N equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any transitions to N equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any transitions to N equals one
+think about that we'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that we'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that we'll come back to that
+in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+but there were these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were these different
+transitions that were being observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that were being observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that were being observed
+from three to two for two to five to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three to two for two to five to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from three to two for two to five to two
+and six to two so now let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six to two so now let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six to two so now let's think about
+which colors which wavelengths are due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which colors which wavelengths are due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which colors which wavelengths are due
+to which of the transitions so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which of the transitions so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which of the transitions so for the
+red one what do you think three four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red one what do you think three four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red one what do you think three four or
+five transition to two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five transition to two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five transition to two three
+it is three and you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is three and you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is three and you could think about
+that in terms of the smaller energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of the smaller energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of the smaller energy
+that's the smallest energy so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the smallest energy so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the smallest energy so that would
+be a low frequency and a long wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a low frequency and a long wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a low frequency and a long wavelength
+so the one with the longest wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one with the longest wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the one with the longest wavelength
+and red is the longest wavelength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red is the longest wavelength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red is the longest wavelength so
+that must be the transition from initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be the transition from initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be the transition from initial
+end of three to N equals two and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of three to N equals two and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of three to N equals two and then we
+can fill in the rest so this one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill in the rest so this one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill in the rest so this one over
+here must have been N equals four to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here must have been N equals four to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here must have been N equals four to two
+this one here then would be the blue N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here then would be the blue N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here then would be the blue N
+equals five to two and then the purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals five to two and then the purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals five to two and then the purple
+or indigo at the end N equals six to N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or indigo at the end N equals six to N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or indigo at the end N equals six to N
+equals two so we saw they saw these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two so we saw they saw these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals two so we saw they saw these four
+colors there were these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors there were these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors there were these different
+transitions and so then now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and so then now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and so then now we can
+calculate what the frequencies of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the frequencies of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate what the frequencies of these
+are and think about this then in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and think about this then in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and think about this then in terms
+of Schrodinger's equation and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Schrodinger's equation and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Schrodinger's equation and kind of
+test row dangers equation to see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test row dangers equation to see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test row dangers equation to see if it
+predicts this so we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts this so we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts this so we can calculate the
+frequency then of the admitted photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then of the admitted photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then of the admitted photons
+and we had frequency equals the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had frequency equals the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had frequency equals the initial
+energy minus the final energy state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minus the final energy state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minus the final energy state or
+this Delta e over Planck's constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta e over Planck's constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta e over Planck's constant and
+from the Schrodinger equation we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Schrodinger equation we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Schrodinger equation we know
+about what these energy levels are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what these energy levels are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what these energy levels are from
+Schrodinger and this is again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger and this is again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger and this is again for
+hydrogen so Z equals one so these isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so Z equals one so these isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen so Z equals one so these isn't
+shown we have the binding energy equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown we have the binding energy equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown we have the binding energy equals
+minus RH rid BER constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH rid BER constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus RH rid BER constant
+and squared and now we can put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squared and now we can put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and squared and now we can put these
+equations together so we can substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations together so we can substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations together so we can substitute
+these energies in using these and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energies in using these and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energies in using these and so we
+can do that here we'll pull out Planck's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that here we'll pull out Planck's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that here we'll pull out Planck's
+constant so one over H and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so one over H and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so one over H and then we can
+substitute in - RH over the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in - RH over the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in - RH over the initial
+enter the initial end level squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the initial end level squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the initial end level squared
+minus - minus RH over the final n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus - minus RH over the final n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus - minus RH over the final n
+squared and we can also simplify this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we can also simplify this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we can also simplify this a
+little more pull out our H over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more pull out our H over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more pull out our H over here and
+now we just have one over the final we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just have one over the final we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just have one over the final we
+have minus a minus so we've rearranged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus a minus so we've rearranged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus a minus so we've rearranged
+this one over n final squared minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over n final squared minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one over n final squared minus 1
+over n initial squared and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n initial squared and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n initial squared and we have an
+equation that solves for the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that solves for the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that solves for the frequency
+in terms of red burg Planck's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of red burg Planck's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of red burg Planck's constant
+and what the principal quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the principal quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the principal quantum numbers
+are what n is so let's look at this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what n is so let's look at this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what n is so let's look at this a
+little more now remember this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more now remember this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more now remember this is all
+going to and final of two and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and final of two and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to and final of two and so we can
+put that equation up here again so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that equation up here again so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that equation up here again so when
+this is 2 2 squared is 4 and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 2 squared is 4 and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 2 2 squared is 4 and if you
+remember back Balmer had a 4 had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember back Balmer had a 4 had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember back Balmer had a 4 had this
+part of the expression but he had kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression but he had kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression but he had kind
+of a strange number over here that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange number over here that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a strange number over here that he
+experimentally determined but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally determined but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally determined but if you
+take our H and divide by Planck's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our H and divide by Planck's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take our H and divide by Planck's
+constant rigvir constant divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rigvir constant divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant rigvir constant divided by
+Planck's you get that number that bomber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planck's you get that number that bomber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Planck's you get that number that bomber
+had found back in 1885 3.2 9 times 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found back in 1885 3.2 9 times 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had found back in 1885 3.2 9 times 10 to
+the 15th per second so when we plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15th per second so when we plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 15th per second so when we plug in
+the values from Schrodinger's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values from Schrodinger's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values from Schrodinger's equations
+you come up with the experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with the experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with the experimentally
+determined values for frequencies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined values for frequencies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined values for frequencies or
+wavelength of the admitted light and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the admitted light and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of the admitted light and of
+course from the frequency you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from the frequency you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course from the frequency you can
+calculate the wavelength and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the wavelength and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the wavelength and the
+wavelengths that were observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that were observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that were observed
+experimentally agreed with a wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally agreed with a wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally agreed with a wavelength
+you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would
+callate from the Schrodinger's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callate from the Schrodinger's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callate from the Schrodinger's equation
+to one part in times 10 to the 8th so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one part in times 10 to the 8th so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one part in times 10 to the 8th so
+the agreement was absolutely amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agreement was absolutely amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agreement was absolutely amazing
+so Schrodinger's equation which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Schrodinger's equation which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Schrodinger's equation which was
+taking into account the wave-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the wave-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into account the wave-like
+properties of the electrons were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the electrons were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the electrons were able to
+predict for a hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict for a hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict for a hydrogen atom
+what wavelengths you should see admitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what wavelengths you should see admitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what wavelengths you should see admitted
+in that hydrogen atom spectra so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that hydrogen atom spectra so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that hydrogen atom spectra so this
+was really exciting Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really exciting Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really exciting Schrodinger equation
+was working we had a way of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working we had a way of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working we had a way of describing
+the behavior that we were observing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that we were observing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior that we were observing for
+these electrons and that was that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons and that was that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons and that was that was
+really incredible and I think bombers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really incredible and I think bombers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really incredible and I think bombers
+should get a lot of credit as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a lot of credit as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a lot of credit as well for
+all of this and and the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this and and the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this and and the people who are
+doing these early experiments they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these early experiments they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing these early experiments they
+didn't know what it was meaning but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what it was meaning but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what it was meaning but they
+were coming up at the data that allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming up at the data that allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were coming up at the data that allowed
+to test theories later on ok so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test theories later on ok so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test theories later on ok so this was
+a series going to a final n of 2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series going to a final n of 2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series going to a final n of 2 and so
+we have the Balmer series that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the Balmer series that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the Balmer series that was the
+visible series that we were seeing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible series that we were seeing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible series that we were seeing so
+what about why wasn't anything going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about why wasn't anything going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about why wasn't anything going to
+N equals 1 and that's a clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at the end I'm going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end I'm going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at the end I'm going to ask you to
+put up the winners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's my number good okay ten more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my number good okay ten more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my number good okay ten more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so seventy seventy one percent so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so seventy seventy one percent so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so seventy seventy one percent so the
+trick here is to think about well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick here is to think about well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick here is to think about well
+actually someone could tell me maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually someone could tell me maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually someone could tell me maybe
+what was the trick here to think about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the trick here to think about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the trick here to think about I
+get a little exercise okay oh come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little exercise okay oh come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a little exercise okay oh come on
+how's everyone doing up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everyone doing up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how's everyone doing up here so
+therefore the Lyman series there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the Lyman series there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the Lyman series there's like
+a more difference from the Balmer series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more difference from the Balmer series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more difference from the Balmer series
+and so there's like more energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's like more energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's like more energy in the
+transition when it goes down back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition when it goes down back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition when it goes down back to the
+ground state so for that with more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state so for that with more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state so for that with more
+energy it's gonna be a shorter way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's gonna be a shorter way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's gonna be a shorter way of
+playing than that and that's ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing than that and that's ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing than that and that's ultraviolet
+so here would be convenient to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here would be convenient to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here would be convenient to remember
+kind of your orders of what are short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your orders of what are short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of your orders of what are short
+and long wavelength kinds of light okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have the UV range then and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the UV range then and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the UV range then and so
+that's why you didn't observe it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you didn't observe it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you didn't observe it it was
+happening but you didn't see it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening but you didn't see it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening but you didn't see it because
+it was in the UV alright so then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the UV alright so then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in the UV alright so then we can
+go on and look at the other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and look at the other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on and look at the other things that
+can happen here so we can have an final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen here so we can have an final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen here so we can have an final
+of three and you don't need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three and you don't need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three and you don't need to know the
+names of the series but that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of the series but that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of the series but that would be
+near near IR N equals four would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near near IR N equals four would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near near IR N equals four would be in
+the IR range so only some of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IR range so only some of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IR range so only some of what's
+happening is actually visible to us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is actually visible to us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is actually visible to us we
+see beautiful colors from transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see beautiful colors from transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see beautiful colors from transitions
+but there's other things happening too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's other things happening too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's other things happening too
+that are not visible to us so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not visible to us so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not visible to us so at this
+point we're feeling pretty good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're feeling pretty good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we're feeling pretty good about
+those energy levels about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy levels about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energy levels about the
+Schrodinger equation being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation being able to
+successfully predict what kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully predict what kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully predict what kind of energy
+levels you have that binding energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you have that binding energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you have that binding energy and
+now that was from this this verification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was from this this verification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that was from this this verification
+was good from your photon emission but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good from your photon emission but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was good from your photon emission but
+there's another property that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another property that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another property that you can
+have which is photon absorption so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which is photon absorption so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which is photon absorption so why
+don't we do yet another clicker question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do yet another clicker question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do yet another clicker question
+is a competition after all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a competition after all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a competition after all about
+absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ten seconds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ten seconds okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ten seconds okay
+so now we're talking about a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're talking about a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're talking about a different
+process we're talking before about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we're talking before about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we're talking before about
+electrons they're starting up in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they're starting up in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they're starting up in a
+higher energy level going lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy level going lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy level going lower
+but with photon absorption we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with photon absorption we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with photon absorption we're going
+the other direction so we're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction so we're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction so we're going from
+a lower state we're being excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower state we're being excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower state we're being excited
+they're absorbing energy and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're absorbing energy and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're absorbing energy and being
+excited so we have a final state that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited so we have a final state that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited so we have a final state that is
+higher and the energy is gained in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and the energy is gained in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and the energy is gained in this
+process so it's being excited all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so it's being excited all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so it's being excited all right
+so we can think about the same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about the same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about the same things
+then in terms of absorption so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in terms of absorption so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in terms of absorption so if we
+have a big energy difference if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big energy difference if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big energy difference if it's
+absorbing a lot of energy big energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a lot of energy big energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing a lot of energy big energy
+difference it's going to be absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's going to be absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's going to be absorbing
+light with a high frequency and a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with a high frequency and a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light with a high frequency and a short
+wavelength if there's a small energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength if there's a small energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength if there's a small energy
+difference it'll absorb a photon with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it'll absorb a photon with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it'll absorb a photon with a
+low frequency or a long wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency or a long wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency or a long wavelength and
+we'll come back to some of these ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to some of these ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to some of these ideas
+actually well into the course and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well into the course and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually well into the course and we'll
+actually look at some pretty colors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at some pretty colors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at some pretty colors so
+in this case now we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case now we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case now we can calculate
+frequency again but our equation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency again but our equation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency again but our equation is a
+little bit different so we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different so we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different so we have the
+Redbird constant and Planck's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redbird constant and Planck's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redbird constant and Planck's constant
+again but now we have 1 over initial n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but now we have 1 over initial n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but now we have 1 over initial n
+squared minus final n squared and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus final n squared and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus final n squared and so
+this term should be a positive term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term should be a positive term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term should be a positive term we
+should be getting out a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting out a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be getting out a positive
+frequency so if I take this again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if I take this again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if I take this again and
+just kind of put it up here you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of put it up here you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of put it up here you want to
+think about whether you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about whether you're if you're
+talking about absorption or admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about absorption or admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about absorption or admission
+that's what's telling you if the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's telling you if the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's telling you if the energy
+is being gained or lost so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being gained or lost so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being gained or lost so you're not
+going to have negative frequencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have negative frequencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have negative frequencies in
+one case you're gonna be absorbing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case you're gonna be absorbing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case you're gonna be absorbing a
+light of a particular frequency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of a particular frequency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of a particular frequency or
+admitting light of a frequency so pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting light of a frequency so pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting light of a frequency so pay
+attention to your equations and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to your equations and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to your equations and think
+about whether your answer actually makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether your answer actually makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether your answer actually makes
+sense when you do them and again all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when you do them and again all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense when you do them and again all
+these equations are going to be provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations are going to be provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations are going to be provided
+to you in an equation sheet ok so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in an equation sheet ok so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in an equation sheet ok so let's
+consider the sort of summary of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the sort of summary of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the sort of summary of both
+these things now so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things now so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things now so we're talking about
+admission versus absorption and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission versus absorption and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admission versus absorption and so we
+have this Rydberg formula which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this Rydberg formula which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this Rydberg formula which is what
+this is called and it can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called and it can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called and it can be used to
+calculate the frequency of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequency of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the frequency of either
+admitted admitted photons or absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted admitted photons or absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitted admitted photons or absorbed
+photons so from either process and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so from either process and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons so from either process and if we
+want to make it more general again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it more general again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it more general again it's
+just a one electron case but we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one electron case but we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a one electron case but we can put
+our Z in for any one electron ion so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Z in for any one electron ion so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Z in for any one electron ion so
+frequency equals Z squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency equals Z squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency equals Z squared
+Redbird constant over Planck's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redbird constant over Planck's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redbird constant over Planck's constant
+and we have one over final the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one over final the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have one over final the final
+minus initial or initial minus final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus initial or initial minus final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus initial or initial minus final
+depending on which process you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which process you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which process you're
+talking about and over here where you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and over here where you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about and over here where you'd
+be talking then about admission so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking then about admission so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking then about admission so our
+initial our initial energy is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial our initial energy is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial our initial energy is higher
+going to lower and when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower and when that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower and when that happens
+you're going to be releasing light with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be releasing light with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be releasing light with
+the enter energy difference that is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enter energy difference that is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enter energy difference that is due
+to the difference between these states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference between these states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the difference between these states
+so we're gonna have our electron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have our electron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna have our electron it's
+going to admit this energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to admit this energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to admit this energy in the
+absorption process for this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption process for this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption process for this equation
+we're gonna go from a initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go from a initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna go from a initial state
+that's lower to a higher state so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower to a higher state so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower to a higher state so our
+our final will have a final state that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final will have a final state that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final will have a final state that's
+higher than initial that's absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than initial that's absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than initial that's absorption
+it's absorbing energy it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absorbing energy it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's absorbing energy it's getting
+excited and so the electron is absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and so the electron is absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and so the electron is absorbing
+that energy so this really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy so this really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy so this really kind of
+summarizes now what we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes now what we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes now what we need to know
+about binding energies Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about binding energies Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about binding energies Schrodinger
+equation also tells us about wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation also tells us about wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation also tells us about wave
+functions which is what we're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which is what we're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which is what we're moving
+into next so that's all for today except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into next so that's all for today except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into next so that's all for today except
+we have a very important announcement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very important announcement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a very important announcement
+which is congratulation to recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is congratulation to recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is congratulation to recitation
+six Lisa you are the first winner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six Lisa you are the first winner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six Lisa you are the first winner of the
+clicker competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker competition
+have a great weekend everybody
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kYjwB3vfnZg.txt b/kYjwB3vfnZg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d38947556d4171420a829950bf968c9228ae2f26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kYjwB3vfnZg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the goal of a baseball team is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of a baseball team is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of a baseball team is to make
+the playoffs the A's approach was to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playoffs the A's approach was to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playoffs the A's approach was to get
+to the playoffs by using analytics will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the playoffs by using analytics will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the playoffs by using analytics will
+first show how we can predict whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first show how we can predict whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first show how we can predict whether or
+not a team will make the playoffs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a team will make the playoffs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a team will make the playoffs by
+knowing how many games they won in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how many games they won in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how many games they won in the
+regular season we will then use linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular season we will then use linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular season we will then use linear
+regression to predict how many games a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression to predict how many games a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression to predict how many games a
+team will win using the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team will win using the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team will win using the difference
+between run scored and runs allowed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between run scored and runs allowed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between run scored and runs allowed or
+opponent runs we will then use linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent runs we will then use linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent runs we will then use linear
+regression again to predict the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression again to predict the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression again to predict the number
+of runs a team will score using batting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of runs a team will score using batting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of runs a team will score using batting
+statistics and the number of runs a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and the number of runs a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and the number of runs a team
+will allow using fielding and pitching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow using fielding and pitching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will allow using fielding and pitching
+statistics we'll start by figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we'll start by figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we'll start by figuring out
+how many games a team needs to win to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games a team needs to win to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many games a team needs to win to
+make the playoffs and then how many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the playoffs and then how many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the playoffs and then how many more
+runs a team needs to score than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs a team needs to score than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs a team needs to score than their
+opponent to win that many games so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent to win that many games so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent to win that many games so our
+first question is how many games does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is how many games does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first question is how many games does a
+team need to win in the regular season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team need to win in the regular season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team need to win in the regular season
+to make it to the playoffs in Moneyball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it to the playoffs in Moneyball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it to the playoffs in Moneyball
+Paul DePodesta reduced the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul DePodesta reduced the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul DePodesta reduced the regular
+season to a math problem he judged that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season to a math problem he judged that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+season to a math problem he judged that
+it would take 95 wins for the A's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take 95 wins for the A's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take 95 wins for the A's to
+make it to the playoffs let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the playoffs let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the playoffs let's see if we
+can verify this using data this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can verify this using data this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can verify this using data this graph
+uses data from all teams and seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses data from all teams and seasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses data from all teams and seasons
+from 1996 to 2001 there is a point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1996 to 2001 there is a point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1996 to 2001 there is a point on
+the graph for every team and season pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph for every team and season pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph for every team and season pair
+they are sorted on the x-axis by number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are sorted on the x-axis by number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are sorted on the x-axis by number
+of regular-season wins and are ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regular-season wins and are ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regular-season wins and are ordered
+on the y-axis by team the gray points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis by team the gray points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis by team the gray points
+correspond to the teams that did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the teams that did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the teams that did not
+make the playoffs and the red points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the playoffs and the red points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the playoffs and the red points
+correspond to the teams that did make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the teams that did make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to the teams that did make
+the playoffs this graph shows us that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playoffs this graph shows us that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the playoffs this graph shows us that if
+a team wins 95 or more games or is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team wins 95 or more games or is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team wins 95 or more games or is on
+the right side of this line then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of this line then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right side of this line then they
+almost certainly will make it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly will make it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost certainly will make it to the
+playoffs but if a team wins say 85 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs but if a team wins say 85 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playoffs but if a team wins say 85 or
+more games then they're likely to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more games then they're likely to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more games then they're likely to make
+it to the playoffs but it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the playoffs but it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the playoffs but it's not as
+certain and if a team wins say a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain and if a team wins say a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain and if a team wins say a hundred
+or more games then they definitely will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more games then they definitely will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more games then they definitely will
+make it to the playoffs so this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the playoffs so this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it to the playoffs so this graph
+shows us that if a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us that if a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us that if a team
+95 or more games then they have a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 or more games then they have a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 or more games then they have a strong
+chance of making it to the playoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of making it to the playoffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of making it to the playoffs
+which confirms Paul DePodesta claim so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which confirms Paul DePodesta claim so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which confirms Paul DePodesta claim so
+we know that a team wants to win 95 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that a team wants to win 95 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that a team wants to win 95 or
+more games but how does a team win games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more games but how does a team win games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more games but how does a team win games
+well they score more runs than their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they score more runs than their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they score more runs than their
+opponent does but how many more do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent does but how many more do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent does but how many more do they
+need to score the A's calculated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to score the A's calculated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to score the A's calculated that
+they needed to score a hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to score a hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they needed to score a hundred and
+thirty five more runs than they allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty five more runs than they allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty five more runs than they allowed
+during the regular season to expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the regular season to expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the regular season to expect to
+win 95 games let's see if we can verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win 95 games let's see if we can verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win 95 games let's see if we can verify
+this using linear regression in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using linear regression in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using linear regression in our
+inner our console let's start by loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner our console let's start by loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner our console let's start by loading
+our data we'll call it baseball and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data we'll call it baseball and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data we'll call it baseball and use
+the read CSV function to read in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read CSV function to read in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the read CSV function to read in the
+data file baseball dot CSV we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file baseball dot CSV we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data file baseball dot CSV we can look
+at the structure of our data by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of our data by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the structure of our data by using
+the STR function this dataset includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STR function this dataset includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the STR function this dataset includes
+an observation for every team and year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation for every team and year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an observation for every team and year
+pair from 1962 to 2012 for all seasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair from 1962 to 2012 for all seasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair from 1962 to 2012 for all seasons
+with 162 games we have 15 variables in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 162 games we have 15 variables in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 162 games we have 15 variables in
+our data set including runs scored RS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data set including runs scored RS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data set including runs scored RS
+runs Allowed RA and wins W we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs Allowed RA and wins W we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs Allowed RA and wins W we also have
+several other variables that we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other variables that we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several other variables that we'll use
+when building models later on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when building models later on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when building models later on in the
+lecture since we are confirming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture since we are confirming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture since we are confirming the
+claims made in Moneyball we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims made in Moneyball we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims made in Moneyball we want to
+build models using data Paul DePodesta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build models using data Paul DePodesta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build models using data Paul DePodesta
+had in 2002 so let's start by subsetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in 2002 so let's start by subsetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in 2002 so let's start by subsetting
+our data to only include the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data to only include the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our data to only include the years
+before 2002 we'll call our new dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 2002 we'll call our new dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before 2002 we'll call our new dataset
+Moneyball and use the subset function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball and use the subset function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball and use the subset function to
+only take the rows of baseball for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take the rows of baseball for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only take the rows of baseball for which
+year is less than 2002 we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is less than 2002 we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is less than 2002 we can look at
+the structure of the dataset Moneyball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the dataset Moneyball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the dataset Moneyball
+by using the STR function again now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the STR function again now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the STR function again now we
+have nine hundred and two observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine hundred and two observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine hundred and two observations
+of the same 15 variables so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same 15 variables so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same 15 variables so we want to
+build a linear regression equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a linear regression equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a linear regression equation to
+predict winds using the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict winds using the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict winds using the difference
+between runs scored and runs allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between runs scored and runs allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between runs scored and runs allowed
+to make this a little easier let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this a little easier let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this a little easier let's start
+by creating a new variable called Rd for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating a new variable called Rd for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating a new variable called Rd for
+run difference and set that equal to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run difference and set that equal to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run difference and set that equal to run
+scored - runs Allowed if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored - runs Allowed if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored - runs Allowed if we look at the
+structure of our data again we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our data again we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of our data again we can see
+that we have a new variable called Rd so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a new variable called Rd so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a new variable called Rd so
+let's build a linear regression equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build a linear regression equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's build a linear regression equation
+using the LM function to predict wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the LM function to predict wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the LM function to predict wins
+with Rd as our independent variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Rd as our independent variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Rd as our independent variable and
+using the data set Moneyball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can look at the summary of our linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the summary of our linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the summary of our linear
+regression equation and we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation and we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression equation and we can see that
+both the intercept and our independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the intercept and our independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the intercept and our independent
+variable Rd are highly significant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Rd are highly significant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Rd are highly significant and
+our r-squared is 0.88 so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our r-squared is 0.88 so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our r-squared is 0.88 so we have a
+strong model to predict winds using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong model to predict winds using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong model to predict winds using the
+difference between runs scored and runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between runs scored and runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between runs scored and runs
+allowed now let's see if we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed now let's see if we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed now let's see if we can use this
+model to confirm the claim made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to confirm the claim made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to confirm the claim made of
+Moneyball that a team needs to score at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball that a team needs to score at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moneyball that a team needs to score at
+least 135 more runs than they allow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 135 more runs than they allow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least 135 more runs than they allow to
+win at least 95 games our regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win at least 95 games our regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win at least 95 games our regression
+equation is wins equals 80 point eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is wins equals 80 point eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is wins equals 80 point eight
+eight one for our intercept term plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight one for our intercept term plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight one for our intercept term plus
+the coefficient for run difference zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for run difference zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for run difference zero
+point one zero five eight times run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one zero five eight times run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one zero five eight times run
+difference or Rd we want winds to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or Rd we want winds to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference or Rd we want winds to be
+greater than or equal to 95 this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 95 this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 95 this will be
+true if and only if our regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if and only if our regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if and only if our regression
+equation is also greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is also greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is also greater than or equal
+to 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by manipulating this equation we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by manipulating this equation we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by manipulating this equation we can see
+that this will be true if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be true if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will be true if and only if
+run difference or Rd is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run difference or Rd is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run difference or Rd is greater than or
+equal to 95 minus the intercept term 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 95 minus the intercept term 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 95 minus the intercept term 80
+point eight eight one four divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight eight one four divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eight eight one four divided by
+zero point one zero five eight which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point one zero five eight which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero point one zero five eight which is
+equal to 133 point four so this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 133 point four so this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 133 point four so this tells us
+that if the run difference of a team is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the run difference of a team is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the run difference of a team is
+greater than or equal to one thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one thirty
+three point four the naval win at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point four the naval win at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point four the naval win at least
+95 games according to our regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 games according to our regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 games according to our regression
+equation this is very close to the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is very close to the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this is very close to the claim
+made of Moneyball that a team needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of Moneyball that a team needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of Moneyball that a team needs to
+score at least 135 more runs and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score at least 135 more runs and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score at least 135 more runs and they
+allow to win at least 95 games so using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to win at least 95 games so using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to win at least 95 games so using
+linear regression and data we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression and data we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression and data we were able
+to verify the claim made by Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the claim made by Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to verify the claim made by Paul
+DePodesta in Moneyball
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lpclkNdPQP0.txt b/lpclkNdPQP0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ea8b550d369074f4c223592486da213b3d41234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lpclkNdPQP0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'd say that one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd say that one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'd say that one of the most
+important things for um communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things for um communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things for um communication
+instructors who are partnering with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors who are partnering with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors who are partnering with
+technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical
+faculty is for everybody to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty is for everybody to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty is for everybody to have a
+shared understanding of the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared understanding of the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared understanding of the assignment
+genres that you're working with um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres that you're working with um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres that you're working with um so if
+students understand who they're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students understand who they're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students understand who they're talking
+to and what the purpose and the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and what the purpose and the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and what the purpose and the context
+of the communicative act are rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the communicative act are rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the communicative act are rather than
+just saying like it's an oral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like it's an oral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying like it's an oral
+presentation as though that's like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as though that's like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation as though that's like some
+kind of descriptive term in any way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of descriptive term in any way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of descriptive term in any way the
+more they understand that um the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they understand that um the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more they understand that um the better
+off they're going to be because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they're going to be because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off they're going to be because then you
+can start to ask them what practically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to ask them what practically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to ask them what practically
+speaking is likely to work for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is likely to work for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking is likely to work for getting
+the message across to that audience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message across to that audience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message across to that audience but
+that involves that like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves that like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves that like all the
+instructors be on the same page and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors be on the same page and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors be on the same page and so
+sort of sitting down with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sitting down with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of sitting down with the
+instructors um at the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors um at the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors um at the beginning of the
+semester or beforehand and just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or beforehand and just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester or beforehand and just getting
+from them a really clear understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them a really clear understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them a really clear understanding
+of how they conceive of the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they conceive of the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how they conceive of the assignment
+and how they conceive of the genre and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they conceive of the genre and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they conceive of the genre and
+how they conceive of you know who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they conceive of you know who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they conceive of you know who the
+students are talking to and why makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are talking to and why makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are talking to and why makes
+all the difference
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m8-I1iey_4U.txt b/m8-I1iey_4U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9c6a733ee253ba52d1f3961be34a639924b8523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m8-I1iey_4U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14667 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so welcome back everybody to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome back everybody to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome back everybody to uh
+705. i know this has been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+705. i know this has been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+705. i know this has been a
+really challenging semester for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging semester for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenging semester for all of
+us i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us i want to
+particularly acknowledge for the seniors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly acknowledge for the seniors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly acknowledge for the seniors
+out there the the tragedy of missing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there the the tragedy of missing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there the the tragedy of missing the
+end of your senior year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your senior year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of your senior year
+hopefully us mit can somehow make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully us mit can somehow make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully us mit can somehow make it
+up to you i can say for my part we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you i can say for my part we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you i can say for my part we will
+do our best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do our best to
+teach you biochemistry remotely and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you biochemistry remotely and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you biochemistry remotely and just
+as a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a couple
+logistics a reminder i'm matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics a reminder i'm matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics a reminder i'm matt
+vanderheiden i'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanderheiden i'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanderheiden i'm going to be
+covering the remaining part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the remaining part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the remaining part
+of of 705 for the rest of the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of 705 for the rest of the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of 705 for the rest of the semester
+we get to focus on biochemistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to focus on biochemistry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to focus on biochemistry of
+metabolism we're going to learn what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism we're going to learn what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism we're going to learn what
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+is why it's important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why it's important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why it's important and
+basically this is can be quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is can be quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is can be quite a
+polarizing topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing topic
+in my experience people tend to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience people tend to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience people tend to really
+love or really hate metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love or really hate metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love or really hate metabolism
+it's interesting because there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because there are some
+people out there who pretend to hate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out there who pretend to hate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people out there who pretend to hate it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+actually deep down really love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deep down really love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deep down really love it
+hopefully i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully i will
+inspire you over the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire you over the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspire you over the rest of the
+semester to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester to
+at least have some appreciation for why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least have some appreciation for why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least have some appreciation for why
+metabolism is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is important
+and regardless for those of you who want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regardless for those of you who want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regardless for those of you who want
+to go to med school this is a favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to med school this is a favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to med school this is a favorite
+topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of
+mcat exams and also you will see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcat exams and also you will see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcat exams and also you will see that it
+will come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come up
+in many different areas of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different areas of biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many different areas of biology
+regardless of whether you go to med
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether you go to med
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whether you go to med
+school or not so if you do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or not so if you do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or not so if you do anything
+further in biology hopefully you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in biology hopefully you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further in biology hopefully you'll find
+this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material
+somewhat useful okay so getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat useful okay so getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat useful okay so getting into
+what metabolism is so i think it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what metabolism is so i think it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what metabolism is so i think it's good
+to start with a textbook definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a textbook definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a textbook definition of
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+and so metabolism is the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so metabolism is the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so metabolism is the chemical
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that all cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all cells
+and organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use to do two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to do two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to do two things
+one extract energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that make up all life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so really what metabolism is then is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what metabolism is then is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really what metabolism is then is the
+chemistry that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that
+makes life possible and so understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life possible and so understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life possible and so understanding
+metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism
+is really something that will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really something that will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really something that will help you
+better understand your food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand your food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understand your food
+there's lots of material out there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of material out there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of material out there in
+the popular press about what's healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular press about what's healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the popular press about what's healthy
+and what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's not
+at least this will allow you to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this will allow you to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least this will allow you to form
+some of your own opinions about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your own opinions about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of your own opinions about those
+claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims
+and how they relate to what really goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they relate to what really goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they relate to what really goes
+on in our cells and bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in our cells and bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in our cells and bodies
+there's lots of implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of implications for
+medicine very relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine very relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine very relevant to
+agriculture the energy sector biofuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture the energy sector biofuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture the energy sector biofuels
+come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+and so metabolism really matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so metabolism really matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so metabolism really matters to
+tackle many of the challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle many of the challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tackle many of the challenges
+that face us in society now as a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that face us in society now as a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that face us in society now as a topic
+this can be very daunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be very daunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be very daunting
+as shown here on this image we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here on this image we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as shown here on this image we have
+um hundreds this is a typical oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hundreds this is a typical oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hundreds this is a typical oops
+this is a typical metabolic pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical metabolic pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a typical metabolic pathway
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+that is hanging in the walls of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hanging in the walls of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is hanging in the walls of my
+office many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office many other
+laboratories and academic places around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories and academic places around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratories and academic places around
+the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world
+if you look at this chart it's filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this chart it's filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this chart it's filled
+with hundreds of enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hundreds of enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hundreds of enzymes
+complex pathways our goal here is not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pathways our goal here is not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex pathways our goal here is not to
+memorize this chart you can always look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize this chart you can always look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize this chart you can always look
+up details of any pathway or reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up details of any pathway or reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up details of any pathway or reaction
+that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want
+the goal here really is to see beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal here really is to see beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal here really is to see beyond
+this complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complexity
+i want you to appreciate why metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to appreciate why metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to appreciate why metabolism
+works the way it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way it does
+why this chart is organized as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this chart is organized as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this chart is organized as it is
+because what we will find is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we will find is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we will find is that this
+chart is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart is really
+variations on relatively few reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on relatively few reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on relatively few reactions
+it basically is life repurposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically is life repurposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically is life repurposing
+similar chemistry to do many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar chemistry to do many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar chemistry to do many different
+things i think there is a beauty in how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i think there is a beauty in how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things i think there is a beauty in how
+life can use these reactions to get such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life can use these reactions to get such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life can use these reactions to get such
+a diversity of macromolecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diversity of macromolecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diversity of macromolecules
+and enable cells to solve all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enable cells to solve all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enable cells to solve all kinds of
+different problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different problems
+you'll see that all of the pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that all of the pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that all of the pathways
+really follow common principles these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really follow common principles these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really follow common principles these
+are shared across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shared across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shared across
+all species and all forms of life and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all species and all forms of life and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all species and all forms of life and so
+at the chemical level all life is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the chemical level all life is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the chemical level all life is really
+related and this is why it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and this is why it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and this is why it's so
+relevant to understanding many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to understanding many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to understanding many of the
+challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges in
+medicine understanding ecology evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine understanding ecology evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine understanding ecology evolution
+and for you mit students you'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for you mit students you'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for you mit students you'll see it's
+also very critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very critical
+for using engineering approaches based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using engineering approaches based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using engineering approaches based
+on biology to solve various problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on biology to solve various problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on biology to solve various problems
+in the world okay so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world okay so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world okay so now let's
+start getting into this a bit more now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting into this a bit more now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting into this a bit more now
+the first topic that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first topic that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first topic that we're going to
+cover over the next several lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover over the next several lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover over the next several lectures
+really relates to coming back to sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relates to coming back to sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really relates to coming back to sugars
+and carbohydrates which i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbohydrates which i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and carbohydrates which i
+talked about and introduced in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and introduced in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about and introduced in my
+previous lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture
+and we're going to do this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do this because
+sugars and carbohydrates are key energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars and carbohydrates are key energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars and carbohydrates are key energy
+transduction molecules and cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction molecules and cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction molecules and cells
+and it really facilitates a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really facilitates a discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really facilitates a discussion
+of the principles for how metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principles for how metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the principles for how metabolism
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+now our goal here isn't to memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our goal here isn't to memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our goal here isn't to memorize
+pathways we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways we could
+you know read about the glycolytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know read about the glycolytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know read about the glycolytic
+pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway
+in a couple in an hour or i could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple in an hour or i could draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple in an hour or i could draw
+it up here in a very short period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here in a very short period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up here in a very short period of
+time many of you have probably already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time many of you have probably already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time many of you have probably already
+done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done this
+in high school our goal is instead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school our goal is instead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school our goal is instead to
+understand this pathway at a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this pathway at a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this pathway at a deeper
+level really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level really see
+why the breakdown of sugars works the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the breakdown of sugars works the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the breakdown of sugars works the
+way it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it does
+how cells use this to release energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cells use this to release energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how cells use this to release energy and
+how that can be used to support other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that can be used to support other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that can be used to support other
+cell functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell functions
+and so before we get to that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so before we get to that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so before we get to that i want to
+start by introducing just a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by introducing just a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by introducing just a couple
+high-level concepts about metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level concepts about metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-level concepts about metabolism
+and so really based on our definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so really based on our definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so really based on our definition
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+metabolism is really about two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is really about two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism is really about two things
+it's about making stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have a fancy term for that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a fancy term for that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a fancy term for that that
+is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism
+it's about breaking stuff down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the term for that is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the term for that is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the term for that is called
+catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and anabolism building stuff that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anabolism building stuff that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anabolism building stuff that is
+producing biomass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing biomass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing biomass
+growing all of the material that's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing all of the material that's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing all of the material that's out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+anabolic steroids help you grow this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic steroids help you grow this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolic steroids help you grow this is
+anabolism to build stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism to build stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism to build stuff
+that is one side of metabolism the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one side of metabolism the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is one side of metabolism the other
+side is breaking stuff down catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is breaking stuff down catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is breaking stuff down catabolism
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+breaking down our food eating food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down our food eating food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down our food eating food
+digesting our food as a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digesting our food as a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digesting our food as a way to get
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+now of course to reproduce life has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course to reproduce life has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course to reproduce life has to
+build more cells you need more stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build more cells you need more stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build more cells you need more stuff
+you can't create something from nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't create something from nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't create something from nothing
+and so that requires energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that requires energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that requires energy input
+anabolism typically requires energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism typically requires energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anabolism typically requires energy
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+whereas that energy has to come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas that energy has to come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas that energy has to come from
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+and that's where catabolism comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where catabolism comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where catabolism comes from
+we have to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to break down
+food and ultimately that is catabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and ultimately that is catabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food and ultimately that is catabolism
+is the source for biological energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the source for biological energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the source for biological energy for
+many different um systems now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different um systems now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different um systems now
+some of this is actually somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this is actually somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this is actually somewhat
+intuitive we all learned as little kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive we all learned as little kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive we all learned as little kids
+that we need to eat food if we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to eat food if we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to eat food if we're gonna
+grow up and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow up and be
+big and strong you also know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and strong you also know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and strong you also know that if
+you're gonna run a race you gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna run a race you gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna run a race you gotta
+eat a bunch of food you need that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat a bunch of food you need that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat a bunch of food you need that energy
+to fuel your activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fuel your activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fuel your activity
+but maybe what's less intuitive to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe what's less intuitive to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe what's less intuitive to many
+of you is we also need energy to sustain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you is we also need energy to sustain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you is we also need energy to sustain
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+even if we're doing absolutely nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're doing absolutely nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if we're doing absolutely nothing
+okay adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay adults
+sit on the couch all day hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on the couch all day hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit on the couch all day hopefully
+they're not growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not growing
+but they'll still starve if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll still starve if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll still starve if they don't
+constantly eat some food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly eat some food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly eat some food
+even if they're inactive and so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're inactive and so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're inactive and so why is
+that the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the case
+well hopefully some of you recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hopefully some of you recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hopefully some of you recall the
+second law of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of thermodynamics
+so what is the second law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the second law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the second law of
+thermodynamics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics it's
+in effect the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe is
+increasing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing okay
+that life care the universe continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life care the universe continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that life care the universe continually
+tends towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends towards
+disorder life is exactly the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder life is exactly the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder life is exactly the opposite of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+life is actually maintaining extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is actually maintaining extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is actually maintaining extreme
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+in the face of the second law and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face of the second law and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face of the second law and so all
+life must constantly battle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life must constantly battle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life must constantly battle
+entropy and many have described life at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and many have described life at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and many have described life at
+the very highest level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very highest level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very highest level
+as being a really the ability to main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a really the ability to main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a really the ability to main
+order to fight entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fight entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to fight entropy
+which of course requires constant energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course requires constant energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course requires constant energy
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+and metabolism is the process that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metabolism is the process that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metabolism is the process that all
+cells use to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells use to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells use to do this
+now for humans i think we all know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for humans i think we all know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for humans i think we all know we
+need to eat and breathe in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to eat and breathe in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to eat and breathe in order to
+stay alive for you future mds out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay alive for you future mds out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay alive for you future mds out there
+what happens if your heart stops or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if your heart stops or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if your heart stops or you
+start stop breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start stop breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start stop breathing
+well of course you die in a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course you die in a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well of course you die in a matter of
+several minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several minutes
+why is that well that's because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well that's because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that well that's because every
+cell in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in your body
+has to do constant catabolism in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do constant catabolism in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do constant catabolism in order
+to derive energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive energy
+in order to remain viable this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to remain viable this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to remain viable this means
+they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need
+constant food and particularly oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant food and particularly oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant food and particularly oxygen
+delivery and if you don't get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery and if you don't get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery and if you don't get those
+things metabolism can no longer work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things metabolism can no longer work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things metabolism can no longer work
+and the cells die and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cells die and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cells die and so
+energy is sort of this mystical com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is sort of this mystical com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is sort of this mystical com
+concept that we like to talk about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we like to talk about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we like to talk about and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+before we delve a little bit deeper into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we delve a little bit deeper into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we delve a little bit deeper into
+what i mean by biological energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by biological energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by biological energy
+what it is why we have to constantly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is why we have to constantly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is why we have to constantly do
+catabolism to maintain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism to maintain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catabolism to maintain it
+i want to go back and say just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to go back and say just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to go back and say just a little
+bit more about carbohydrates and finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about carbohydrates and finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more about carbohydrates and finish
+our discussion there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion there
+and talk about carbohydrates and sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about carbohydrates and sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about carbohydrates and sugar
+polymers polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers polysaccharides
+because this has some additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has some additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has some additional
+properties i didn't have time to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties i didn't have time to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties i didn't have time to cover
+in my prior lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my prior lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my prior lecture
+that is important to understand how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is important to understand how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is important to understand how it
+allows these molecules to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows these molecules to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows these molecules to store
+energy in a very efficient way and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a very efficient way and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a very efficient way and it'll
+also enable us to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enable us to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also enable us to talk a little bit
+about how carbohydrates can also be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how carbohydrates can also be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how carbohydrates can also be used
+as structural molecules for lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as structural molecules for lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as structural molecules for lots of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+organisms all right so a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms all right so a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms all right so a little
+diversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion
+to discuss carbohydrates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss carbohydrates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss carbohydrates and
+polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharides
+and so if you recall from my prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you recall from my prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you recall from my prior
+lecture sugars that are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture sugars that are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture sugars that are greater than
+four to five carbons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to five carbons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to five carbons
+can exist either in open chain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exist either in open chain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can exist either in open chain or
+ring forms okay furanose or pyranose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring forms okay furanose or pyranose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring forms okay furanose or pyranose
+rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings
+i'll just remind you by redrawing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just remind you by redrawing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just remind you by redrawing up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is d glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawn in the open chain form remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in the open chain form remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn in the open chain form remember
+this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can
+form a ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's a reminder carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a reminder carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a reminder carbon one
+two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five
+six if we have this hydroxyl group from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six if we have this hydroxyl group from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six if we have this hydroxyl group from
+carbon five form a hemiacetal bond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon five form a hemiacetal bond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon five form a hemiacetal bond with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+aldehyde at carbon one you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde at carbon one you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde at carbon one you get this
+ring structure this would be alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring structure this would be alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring structure this would be alpha
+or beta depending on whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta depending on whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta depending on whether the
+hydroxyl group here at carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group here at carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl group here at carbon one
+is pointing up or pointing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is review of what we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is review of what we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is review of what we already
+talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about last time
+now what i want to talk about is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i want to talk about is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i want to talk about is that if
+we form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we form
+a disaccharide or a polysaccharide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disaccharide or a polysaccharide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disaccharide or a polysaccharide that
+is begin to make sugar bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is begin to make sugar bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is begin to make sugar bonds
+and if we do that in a way that ties up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do that in a way that ties up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do that in a way that ties up
+this hemiacetal or hemiketal bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hemiacetal or hemiketal bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hemiacetal or hemiketal bond
+this then prevents the ring from opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then prevents the ring from opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then prevents the ring from opening
+and gaining access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gaining access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gaining access to
+that carbonyl that aldehyde carbonyl as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbonyl that aldehyde carbonyl as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbonyl that aldehyde carbonyl as
+this moves between the open chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moves between the open chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moves between the open chain
+and the ring form and so a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ring form and so a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ring form and so a good example
+of this is the disaccharide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is the disaccharide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is the disaccharide
+sucrose so sucrose is a disaccharide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose so sucrose is a disaccharide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose so sucrose is a disaccharide
+of glucose plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose plus
+galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and here is what this disaccharide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is what this disaccharide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here is what this disaccharide
+looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you have here glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have here glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have here glucose
+in the um alpha d pyranose form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um alpha d pyranose form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the um alpha d pyranose form
+here's fructose in the beta because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's fructose in the beta because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's fructose in the beta because the
+oh group is pointing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh group is pointing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh group is pointing out
+fructo furanos form and so the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructo furanos form and so the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructo furanos form and so the formal
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+for this molecule sucrose would be alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this molecule sucrose would be alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this molecule sucrose would be alpha
+d gluco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pirano seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one two because we're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two because we're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two because we're going from
+carbon one of glucose to carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one of glucose to carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one of glucose to carbon
+two there's one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two there's one two three
+four five six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five six of
+fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fructo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firanos sucrose or alpha d gluco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firanos sucrose or alpha d gluco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firanos sucrose or alpha d gluco
+pyranoseal one two beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranoseal one two beta d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranoseal one two beta d
+fructo furanos okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructo furanos okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructo furanos okay
+so this disaccharide forms a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this disaccharide forms a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this disaccharide forms a bond
+between carbon one and carbon two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon one and carbon two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon one and carbon two that
+would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the
+aldehyde in glucose or the ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde in glucose or the ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde in glucose or the ketone
+tied up in the hemiacetal or the hemi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up in the hemiacetal or the hemi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied up in the hemiacetal or the hemi
+ketal bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketal bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketal bond
+of these two molecules and so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two molecules and so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two molecules and so there's no
+way that either of these sugars can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that either of these sugars can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that either of these sugars can
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+the open chain form without breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open chain form without breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open chain form without breaking
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+oak like acidic bond and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oak like acidic bond and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oak like acidic bond and that's one
+reason why sucrose is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why sucrose is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why sucrose is a very good
+storage molecule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage molecule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage molecule for
+carbohydrates because without breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates because without breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates because without breaking
+that bond you prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond you prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bond you prevent
+access to gaining these reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to gaining these reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to gaining these reactive
+aldehyde or ketone bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or ketone bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or ketone bonds
+that could react with some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could react with some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could react with some other
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+in the cell now i mentioned this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell now i mentioned this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell now i mentioned this because
+whether or not a particular sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a particular sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a particular sugar
+is enabled to get access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enabled to get access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enabled to get access to this
+reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive
+aldehyde or ketone really forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or ketone really forms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or ketone really forms the
+basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis
+for a classic sugar detection lab test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a classic sugar detection lab test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a classic sugar detection lab test
+and this is relevant to discuss this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is relevant to discuss this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is relevant to discuss this lab
+test because it explains some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test because it explains some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test because it explains some
+nomenclature that is still used and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature that is still used and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature that is still used and in
+fact we will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we will continue
+to use a bit as we discuss some aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a bit as we discuss some aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a bit as we discuss some aspects
+of sugar metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar metabolism
+so what this test is is basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this test is is basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this test is is basically is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if you heat the sugar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat the sugar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat the sugar with
+copper okay which is blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that copper can gain access to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that copper can gain access to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that copper can gain access to a
+free carbonyl that is if the sugar can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free carbonyl that is if the sugar can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free carbonyl that is if the sugar can
+access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access
+the open chain form to expose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open chain form to expose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open chain form to expose the
+aldehyde or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or
+keystone that copper can then become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystone that copper can then become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keystone that copper can then become
+reduced to copper plus that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to copper plus that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to copper plus that changes the
+color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color
+from blue to red and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from blue to red and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from blue to red and so if you
+reduce the copper you oxidize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the copper you oxidize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the copper you oxidize
+the bond there and this test turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond there and this test turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bond there and this test turns
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+if there is a reducing sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a reducing sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a reducing sugar
+is what it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a sugar that reduces the copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sugar that reduces the copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a sugar that reduces the copper
+from the blue two plus state to the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blue two plus state to the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the blue two plus state to the red
+plus state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus state
+is a positive test and so basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a positive test and so basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a positive test and so basically a
+reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+sugar is any sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with an ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open chain form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that will provide the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will provide the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will provide the free
+aldehyde or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aldehyde or
+ketone to reduce the copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone to reduce the copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ketone to reduce the copper
+in this test so this term reducing sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this test so this term reducing sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this test so this term reducing sugar
+obviously applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously applies to
+all monosaccharides because every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all monosaccharides because every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all monosaccharides because every single
+one of them has an aldehyde or a ketone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them has an aldehyde or a ketone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them has an aldehyde or a ketone
+and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can
+access the open chain form but it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the open chain form but it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the open chain form but it'll
+only apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only apply to
+some disaccharides or polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some disaccharides or polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some disaccharides or polysaccharides
+so look come back to sucrose up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look come back to sucrose up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look come back to sucrose up there so
+is sucrose or reducing sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sucrose or reducing sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sucrose or reducing sugar
+no it's not because there is no way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not because there is no way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's not because there is no way that
+you can access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can access
+a free aldehyde or ketone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free aldehyde or ketone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free aldehyde or ketone in
+sucrose because it's tied up in that oak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose because it's tied up in that oak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose because it's tied up in that oak
+like acidic bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like acidic bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like acidic bond
+between carbon one of glucose and carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon one of glucose and carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon one of glucose and carbon
+two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of
+fructose and so you need to break that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose and so you need to break that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose and so you need to break that
+bond to give the monosaccharide subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to give the monosaccharide subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond to give the monosaccharide subunits
+in order to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to access
+the open chain form however let's give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open chain form however let's give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open chain form however let's give
+an example of a disaccharide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a disaccharide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a disaccharide that
+can be a reducing that is a reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a reducing that is a reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be a reducing that is a reducing
+sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar
+and that's the disaccharide maltose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the disaccharide maltose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the disaccharide maltose so
+maltose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maltose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maltose
+is basically two glucose molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically two glucose molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically two glucose molecules
+and those two glucose molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two glucose molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two glucose molecules
+are like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this has a o glycosidic bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this has a o glycosidic bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this has a o glycosidic bond
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+carbon one of this glucose and carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one of this glucose and carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one of this glucose and carbon
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+of that glucose and so formally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that glucose and so formally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that glucose and so formally this
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+alpha d gluco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+puranoseal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 4 alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 alpha
+or beta pointing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta pointing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta pointing down
+alpha pointing up as beta d gluco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyranose so maltose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose so maltose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose so maltose
+or alpha-d glucopranosyl one for alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alpha-d glucopranosyl one for alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alpha-d glucopranosyl one for alpha
+or beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or beta
+glucopuranos is a reducing sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucopuranos is a reducing sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucopuranos is a reducing sugar
+because this sugar could access the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this sugar could access the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this sugar could access the open
+chain form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain form you
+could open up this carbonyl and expose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could open up this carbonyl and expose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could open up this carbonyl and expose
+the free aldehyde at position one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free aldehyde at position one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free aldehyde at position one
+now we could also refer to this sugar as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could also refer to this sugar as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could also refer to this sugar as
+having two different ends we can refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two different ends we can refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two different ends we can refer
+to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this
+end as being the non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this end as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reducing end because of course this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end because of course this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end because of course this
+bond this aldehyde on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this aldehyde on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this aldehyde on the first
+glucose is tied up in this o glycosidic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose is tied up in this o glycosidic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose is tied up in this o glycosidic
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+whereas the one on this one is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the one on this one is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the one on this one is not so
+this end is non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end is non-reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this end is non-reducing
+and this end is reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this end is reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this end is reducing
+now this becomes much more relevant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this becomes much more relevant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this becomes much more relevant if
+we start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking about
+polymers and so what starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and so what starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and so what starch
+is so starch what potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so starch what potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so starch what potatoes
+are made out of is basically a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of maltose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maltose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maltose
+of maltose molecules so basically or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maltose molecules so basically or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maltose molecules so basically or
+glucose with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose with
+1-4 linkages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i could draw that end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i could draw that end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i could draw that end the
+reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing
+end of the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the alpha or beta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha or beta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha or beta but
+this here being the non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every other subunit is tied up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other subunit is tied up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other subunit is tied up in this
+one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for
+o glycosidic bond and so starch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o glycosidic bond and so starch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o glycosidic bond and so starch is
+really a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a polymer
+of glucose molecules with bonds between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose molecules with bonds between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose molecules with bonds between
+the one and the four position of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and the four position of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and the four position of each
+subunit now we will see later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit now we will see later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunit now we will see later
+that we build and break down starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we build and break down starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we build and break down starch
+polymers from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers from
+only one end from the non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one end from the non-reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one end from the non-reducing end
+and so having these terms reducing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having these terms reducing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so having these terms reducing and
+non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing
+provides a term to specify different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a term to specify different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a term to specify different
+ends of a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends of a polymer
+reducing and non-reducing ends turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing and non-reducing ends turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing and non-reducing ends turns out
+also be important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be important for
+naming conventions for disaccharides or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming conventions for disaccharides or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naming conventions for disaccharides or
+polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharides
+and this becomes relevant if we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this becomes relevant if we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this becomes relevant if we consider
+the disaccharide lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disaccharide lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disaccharide lactose
+so lactose is also a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lactose is also a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lactose is also a polymer
+of glucose plus galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+except this polymer of glucose galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this polymer of glucose galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this polymer of glucose galactose
+unlike sucrose is different because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike sucrose is different because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike sucrose is different because it
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+a different linkage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different linkage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different linkage between
+the glucose sorry glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose sorry glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glucose sorry glucose
+i apologize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i apologize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i apologize
+sucrose is a disaccharide of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose is a disaccharide of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucrose is a disaccharide of
+glucose plus fructose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fructose i wrote the name correctly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose i wrote the name correctly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose i wrote the name correctly but
+lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose
+is a disaccharide between glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a disaccharide between glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a disaccharide between glucose and
+galactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose
+and so i'll draw it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is lactose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is lactose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is lactose
+this is galactose here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is galactose here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is galactose here on the
+non-reducing end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end
+so the formal name for this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formal name for this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the formal name for this would be
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+because there's a beta linkage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a beta linkage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a beta linkage here
+between carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between carbon
+1 and carbon carbon one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and carbon carbon one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and carbon carbon one of this
+galactose and carbon four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose and carbon four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactose and carbon four
+of this glucose so b beta d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this glucose so b beta d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this glucose so b beta d
+galacto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piranha seal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piranha seal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piranha seal
+1 4 this is glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 this is glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 this is glucose
+in the alpha or beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha or beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the alpha or beta
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pyranose lactose or beta d galacto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose lactose or beta d galacto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose lactose or beta d galacto
+pyranosel14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranosel14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranosel14
+alpha or beta depending if i drew down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or beta depending if i drew down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha or beta depending if i drew down
+alpha of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of beta
+d glucopyranose now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d glucopyranose now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d glucopyranose now
+this also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing
+and reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing
+ends and by convention you would name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and by convention you would name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and by convention you would name
+the sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sugar
+from the non-reducing end to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the non-reducing end to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the non-reducing end to the
+reducing end hence i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end hence i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end hence i put
+galacto pyranoseal one for alpha d-gluco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galacto pyranoseal one for alpha d-gluco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galacto pyranoseal one for alpha d-gluco
+pyranose um named them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose um named them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyranose um named them in
+that order now you'll note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order now you'll note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order now you'll note
+that lactose unlike starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lactose unlike starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lactose unlike starch
+unlike maltose unlike sucrose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike maltose unlike sucrose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike maltose unlike sucrose
+links these disaccharides with a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links these disaccharides with a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links these disaccharides with a beta
+linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage
+between this sugar and that sugar where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this sugar and that sugar where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this sugar and that sugar where
+the other ones had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones had
+alpha linkages and structurally this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha linkages and structurally this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha linkages and structurally this is
+very different and i just want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and i just want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different and i just want to point
+that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out
+so this here is basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this here is basically um
+alpha d-gluco pyranose and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha d-gluco pyranose and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha d-gluco pyranose and so
+alpha this would be this is carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this would be this is carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha this would be this is carbon one
+this is the hydroxyl pointing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hydroxyl pointing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the hydroxyl pointing down
+that's why it's alpha if i make an o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's alpha if i make an o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's alpha if i make an o
+glycosidic bond to another sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycosidic bond to another sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycosidic bond to another sugar
+you can see that it points and creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it points and creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that it points and creates
+this kinked structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinked structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kinked structure
+now if i were to make this beta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i were to make this beta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i were to make this beta this
+hydroxyl rather than being here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl rather than being here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl rather than being here
+would be at this position on carbon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at this position on carbon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be at this position on carbon one
+you can see that that now creates a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that that now creates a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that that now creates a very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+very different geometry now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different geometry now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different geometry now you have a
+flat molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat molecule
+as opposed to a kinked molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to a kinked molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to a kinked molecule
+now this has consequences of course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this has consequences of course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this has consequences of course for
+the enzymes that break down these sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that break down these sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzymes that break down these sugars
+obviously it's going to be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's going to be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's going to be a very
+different enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzyme
+that breaks a bond in this orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks a bond in this orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks a bond in this orientation
+versus a bond in that orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a bond in that orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a bond in that orientation
+this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically implications for what enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically implications for what enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically implications for what enzymes
+we have and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have and so
+lactose of course is milk sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose of course is milk sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose of course is milk sugar
+all mammals make milk so make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all mammals make milk so make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all mammals make milk so make
+lactose and break it down when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose and break it down when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose and break it down when we're
+babies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babies um
+but most mammals tend to lose expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most mammals tend to lose expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most mammals tend to lose expression
+of the enzyme lactase that's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzyme lactase that's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzyme lactase that's able to
+break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break this
+one for beta linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for beta linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for beta linkage
+um as we age and this is basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we age and this is basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we age and this is basically what
+accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for
+lactose intolerance now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose intolerance now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose intolerance now
+if you think about it in the world much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it in the world much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it in the world much
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+world has issues with varying degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has issues with varying degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has issues with varying degrees of
+lactose intolerance in adulthood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose intolerance in adulthood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose intolerance in adulthood the
+exception to this is often people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to this is often people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception to this is often people of
+european ancestry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european ancestry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european ancestry
+why is this well europeans historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well europeans historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well europeans historically
+drank milk well into adulthood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drank milk well into adulthood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drank milk well into adulthood
+and so this selected for continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this selected for continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this selected for continuous
+lactose or lactase the enzyme that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose or lactase the enzyme that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lactose or lactase the enzyme that would
+break that beta 1 4 linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that beta 1 4 linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break that beta 1 4 linkage
+expression as um people move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as um people move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression as um people move into
+adulthood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood
+and so it's an example of how cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's an example of how cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's an example of how cultural
+um things drinking milk into adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things drinking milk into adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things drinking milk into adult
+adulthood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adulthood
+really affected evolution um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affected evolution um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really affected evolution um
+such that that subpopulation of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that that subpopulation of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that that subpopulation of people
+people with that genetics to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with that genetics to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with that genetics to increase
+lacto lactase expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacto lactase expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lacto lactase expression
+um um don't become lactose intolerant um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um don't become lactose intolerant um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um don't become lactose intolerant um
+as they age now this alpha versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they age now this alpha versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they age now this alpha versus
+beta linkage that is whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta linkage that is whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta linkage that is whether or not you
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+more kinked versus more flat structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinked versus more flat structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinked versus more flat structure
+also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has
+a major effect on the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major effect on the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major effect on the structure
+of a polymer as well and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polymer as well and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polymer as well and so
+if we look here at this starch polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look here at this starch polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look here at this starch polymer
+it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically
+this series of glucose molecules stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of glucose molecules stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series of glucose molecules stuck
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+with alpha one four linkages so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alpha one four linkages so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alpha one four linkages so that's
+going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create
+a kinked structure this is best shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinked structure this is best shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kinked structure this is best shown
+here on this slide so you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this slide so you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this slide so you can see this
+kink structure and so when you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kink structure and so when you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kink structure and so when you build
+this polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polymer
+you're going to end up more with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up more with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to end up more with this
+helical structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helical structure
+in 3d space that's a very efficient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d space that's a very efficient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d space that's a very efficient way
+to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store
+glucose monomers in much less space than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose monomers in much less space than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose monomers in much less space than
+you would otherwise get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would otherwise get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would otherwise get
+with beta linkages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta linkages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta linkages
+now it turns out that nature takes us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that nature takes us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that nature takes us a
+step further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further
+and in addition to just having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to just having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in addition to just having this
+starch polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch polymer
+it turns out sometimes you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out sometimes you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out sometimes you can add
+branches to the starch polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches to the starch polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches to the starch polymer
+to further increase the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further increase the efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further increase the efficiency of
+energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage
+okay so if you have here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have here a
+starch polymer so i just draw here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch polymer so i just draw here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch polymer so i just draw here a
+couple subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this here is a starch polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is a starch polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this here is a starch polymer
+glucose polymer with alpha 1 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose polymer with alpha 1 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose polymer with alpha 1 4
+linkages that i can put an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages that i can put an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages that i can put an additional
+branch on this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch on this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch on this by
+adding a linkage up here on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with an alpha one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alpha one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an alpha one
+six linkage so the one position of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six linkage so the one position of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six linkage so the one position of here
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+sixth position of here which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth position of here which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixth position of here which has the
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+of creating branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating branches
+on this long polymer such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this long polymer such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this long polymer such that
+you have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a single
+reducing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lots
+of non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of non-reducing
+ends each of these non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends each of these non-reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends each of these non-reducing
+ends has a polymer of alpha 1 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends has a polymer of alpha 1 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends has a polymer of alpha 1 4
+linkages that would be stuck to the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages that would be stuck to the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages that would be stuck to the main
+chain polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain polymer
+via this alpha 1 6 linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this alpha 1 6 linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via this alpha 1 6 linkage
+and this has a couple implications for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a couple implications for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has a couple implications for
+storage the first is by only having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage the first is by only having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage the first is by only having one
+reducing end it reduces maximally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end it reduces maximally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end it reduces maximally the
+exposure to a free aldehyde and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to a free aldehyde and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to a free aldehyde and so that
+makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+a good storage sugar and also as we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good storage sugar and also as we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good storage sugar and also as we will
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+we're going to break down these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to break down these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to break down these
+sugar polymers biologically from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar polymers biologically from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar polymers biologically from the
+non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing
+ends and so there's and build from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and so there's and build from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and so there's and build from those
+ends and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and so there's
+lots of hooks or lots of places to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of hooks or lots of places to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of hooks or lots of places to
+either add or remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either add or remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either add or remove
+sugars from which allows you to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars from which allows you to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars from which allows you to access
+um carbohydrates quickly as needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um carbohydrates quickly as needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um carbohydrates quickly as needed
+that's shown nicely here on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown nicely here on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's shown nicely here on this slide
+better than i can draw it so up here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than i can draw it so up here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than i can draw it so up here you
+have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your
+non-reducing end across a polymer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end across a polymer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reducing end across a polymer so
+this here would be starch with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here would be starch with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here would be starch with the
+alpha 1 4 linkages on the polymer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 4 linkages on the polymer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 4 linkages on the polymer or
+reducing end on one side non-reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end on one side non-reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing end on one side non-reducing
+end on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on the other
+you can then add branch points to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then add branch points to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then add branch points to that
+by making an oak like acidic bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making an oak like acidic bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making an oak like acidic bond
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+carbon one down to carbon six creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one down to carbon six creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon one down to carbon six creating a
+branch and so you can see this helical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so you can see this helical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so you can see this helical
+branch structure will then form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch structure will then form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch structure will then form
+that is both very efficient to pack lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is both very efficient to pack lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is both very efficient to pack lots
+of glucose into one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose into one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose into one place
+and give lots of non-reducing ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give lots of non-reducing ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give lots of non-reducing ends
+with which to build and remove sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which to build and remove sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which to build and remove sugars
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+for biology to either store or quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology to either store or quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology to either store or quickly
+access sugar molecules as needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access sugar molecules as needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access sugar molecules as needed
+now in plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in plants
+of course potatoes use starch in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course potatoes use starch in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course potatoes use starch in a
+straight chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight chain
+we know that however plants also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that however plants also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that however plants also use
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+branched structure this is a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched structure this is a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branched structure this is a molecule
+called amylopectin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called amylopectin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called amylopectin
+amylopectin is better known in the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylopectin is better known in the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylopectin is better known in the food
+industry is sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is sure
+gel it's the material that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel it's the material that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gel it's the material that allows you to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+jelly it's the gelling agent and jelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jelly it's the gelling agent and jelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jelly it's the gelling agent and jelly
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+effectively this has every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every 24 to 30 units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 24 to 30 units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 24 to 30 units
+there would be a branch with one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a branch with one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a branch with one of
+these alpha 1 6 linkages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha 1 6 linkages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha 1 6 linkages
+to give you this multi-branch structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this multi-branch structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you this multi-branch structure
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+animals don't make starch animals don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals don't make starch animals don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals don't make starch animals don't
+make amylopectin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make amylopectin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make amylopectin
+but amyl animals make another molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amyl animals make another molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but amyl animals make another molecule
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+glycogen glycogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen glycogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycogen glycogen
+also a sugar polymer exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a sugar polymer exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a sugar polymer exactly like
+amylopectin alpha 1 4 linkages with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylopectin alpha 1 4 linkages with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylopectin alpha 1 4 linkages with
+these alpha 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these alpha 1
+6 to create branch points just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 to create branch points just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 to create branch points just like
+amylopectin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylopectin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amylopectin
+except glycogen has even more branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except glycogen has even more branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except glycogen has even more branches
+with a branch every 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a branch every 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a branch every 8
+to 12 glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12 glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12 glucose
+units and so this is a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and so this is a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and so this is a very complex
+structure for both plants and animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for both plants and animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for both plants and animals
+to quickly store and quickly release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly store and quickly release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quickly store and quickly release
+glucose molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose molecules
+when they're needed now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're needed now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're needed now this
+is in contrast to a glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contrast to a glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in contrast to a glucose
+polymer that can be done that has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that can be done that has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer that can be done that has a very
+different 3d structure so what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 3d structure so what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 3d structure so what if we
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+starch and rather than have these alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch and rather than have these alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starch and rather than have these alpha
+1 4 linkages but instead replace these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 linkages but instead replace these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 linkages but instead replace these
+with beta 1 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta 1 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta 1 4
+linkages okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkages okay so now
+beta linkages looks simple enough but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta linkages looks simple enough but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta linkages looks simple enough but
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+changing the geometry from the alpha to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the geometry from the alpha to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the geometry from the alpha to
+the beta bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta bond
+removes the kink now it's much more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the kink now it's much more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes the kink now it's much more of a
+flat structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat structure
+turns out this is here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this is here's a
+shown on an image here so here's a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on an image here so here's a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on an image here so here's a beta
+linkage and so now you have this flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage and so now you have this flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage and so now you have this flat
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+this is the same polymer as starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same polymer as starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same polymer as starch
+chemically but has a different linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically but has a different linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically but has a different linkage
+the beta 1 4 linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta 1 4 linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta 1 4 linkage
+and that polymer with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that polymer with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that polymer with the
+beta 1 4 linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 4 linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 4 linkage
+is cellulose and cellulose is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cellulose and cellulose is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cellulose and cellulose is of course
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+wood is made out of and so wood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood is made out of and so wood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood is made out of and so wood in
+potatoes cellulose and starch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes cellulose and starch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes cellulose and starch
+exactly the same polymer same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same polymer same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same polymer same number of
+calories if you could access the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories if you could access the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calories if you could access the glucose
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+but the alpha and beta bonds make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the alpha and beta bonds make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the alpha and beta bonds make them
+very different obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different obviously
+wood and cellulose is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and cellulose is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood and cellulose is a very good
+structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural
+polymer for plants we build houses out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer for plants we build houses out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer for plants we build houses out
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+we don't build houses out of potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't build houses out of potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't build houses out of potatoes
+but we eat a lot of potatoes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we eat a lot of potatoes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we eat a lot of potatoes so
+equally good molecule for plants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally good molecule for plants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally good molecule for plants to
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+lots of food for energy turns out wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of food for energy turns out wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of food for energy turns out wood
+is a great source of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great source of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great source of energy
+too you just need to have an enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you just need to have an enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too you just need to have an enzyme that
+can break the beta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break the beta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can break the beta 1
+4 bond termites have symbiotic microbes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 bond termites have symbiotic microbes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 bond termites have symbiotic microbes
+that allow them to do this and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow them to do this and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allow them to do this and this is
+why termites can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why termites can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why termites can
+eat wood a lot of energy tied up in wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat wood a lot of energy tied up in wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat wood a lot of energy tied up in wood
+now we lack the time to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we lack the time to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we lack the time to go into the
+details about how this relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about how this relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details about how this relates to
+other structural carbohydrates but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structural carbohydrates but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other structural carbohydrates but in
+general structural carbohydrate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general structural carbohydrate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general structural carbohydrate or
+carbohydrate-like molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate-like molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate-like molecules
+form polymers of sugar or related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form polymers of sugar or related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form polymers of sugar or related
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+also with these beta linkages and a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with these beta linkages and a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with these beta linkages and a good
+example is chitin so the material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is chitin so the material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is chitin so the material in
+insect shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insect shells
+is basically a sugar-like molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a sugar-like molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically a sugar-like molecule
+that's a polymer with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a polymer with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a polymer with a
+beta linkage in it same thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta linkage in it same thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta linkage in it same thing of
+cartilage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartilage in
+humans and animals and you can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and animals and you can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and animals and you can look up
+the details of what these things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of what these things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of what these things look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+of course if you're interested chitin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you're interested chitin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if you're interested chitin
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and cartilage aren't made of true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cartilage aren't made of true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cartilage aren't made of true
+polysaccharide polymers but they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharide polymers but they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polysaccharide polymers but they're very
+related to polysaccharides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to polysaccharides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to polysaccharides
+and they really illustrate how nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really illustrate how nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they really illustrate how nature
+can take carbohydrate chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take carbohydrate chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take carbohydrate chemistry
+and repurpose it to basically act as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repurpose it to basically act as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repurpose it to basically act as an
+energy source but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source but also
+build all kinds of structural molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build all kinds of structural molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build all kinds of structural molecules
+that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are really
+useful in biology okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in biology okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in biology okay
+all right now i want to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i want to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now i want to go back to
+here's ways that one can store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ways that one can store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ways that one can store
+and use carbohydrates in interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use carbohydrates in interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use carbohydrates in interesting
+ways but now i want to come back to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but now i want to come back to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but now i want to come back to them
+as energy sources and assuming you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as energy sources and assuming you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as energy sources and assuming you can
+access the glucose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the glucose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the glucose and
+whatever polymer it's present in how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever polymer it's present in how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever polymer it's present in how can
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+actually metabolize it to provide energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually metabolize it to provide energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually metabolize it to provide energy
+in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that
+sustains life and this means we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustains life and this means we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustains life and this means we're going
+to turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn to
+another topic a topic that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another topic a topic that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another topic a topic that's typically
+referred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to
+as bioenergetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bioenergetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bioenergetics
+bioenergetics which is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioenergetics which is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioenergetics which is really the
+discussion of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of how
+energy is transduced in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is transduced in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is transduced in biological
+systems i'm going to introduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems i'm going to introduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems i'm going to introduce this
+topic today we're going to revisit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic today we're going to revisit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic today we're going to revisit it
+throughout the course but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the course but it's really
+important to ask this question we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to ask this question we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to ask this question we really
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+consider what do we mean when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what do we mean when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what do we mean when we say
+biological energy what is biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological energy what is biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological energy what is biological
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+well someone probably made you memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well someone probably made you memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well someone probably made you memorize
+in high school and often you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school and often you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high school and often you're thinking
+oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it's
+just atp and certainly atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just atp and certainly atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just atp and certainly atp
+adenosine triphosphate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine triphosphate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adenosine triphosphate is
+a very important molecule for biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important molecule for biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very important molecule for biological
+energy transduction but i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transduction but i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy transduction but i want to
+actually explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually explore
+why atp is actually useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why atp is actually useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why atp is actually useful
+and if atp is energy why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if atp is energy why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if atp is energy why don't we just
+eat all kinds of atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat all kinds of atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat all kinds of atp
+i can say for a fact that absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can say for a fact that absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can say for a fact that absolutely
+none of you had atp today for breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you had atp today for breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of you had atp today for breakfast
+no one sells atp as an energy booster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one sells atp as an energy booster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one sells atp as an energy booster
+and so if atp is such a great energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if atp is such a great energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if atp is such a great energy
+source why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source why don't we just
+eat it and to really understand atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it and to really understand atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat it and to really understand atp
+how it works what biological energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works what biological energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it works what biological energy
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+is we really need to revisit some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we really need to revisit some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we really need to revisit some very
+basic topics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic topics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic topics in
+thermodynamics now thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics now thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics now thermodynamics
+strikes fear into the hearts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes fear into the hearts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes fear into the hearts of
+students everywhere you can get details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students everywhere you can get details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students everywhere you can get details
+of thermodynamics and the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics and the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics and the theory
+around these things and other courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these things and other courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these things and other courses
+that's not really what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really what we're going
+to try to accomplish here in 705
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to accomplish here in 705
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to accomplish here in 705
+our goal here is really a practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal here is really a practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goal here is really a practical
+understanding of how thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how thermodynamics
+applies to biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to biology
+and metabolism and we need to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metabolism and we need to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metabolism and we need to go into
+this because it's key to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's key to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it's key to understanding
+why we store energy go through all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we store energy go through all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we store energy go through all this
+trouble to store energy is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble to store energy is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble to store energy is these
+carbohydrate polymers to begin with why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate polymers to begin with why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate polymers to begin with why
+we eat potatoes and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eat potatoes and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eat potatoes and not
+atp as well as why atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp as well as why atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp as well as why atp
+is actually useful to cells and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually useful to cells and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually useful to cells and so
+let's take a step back and just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a step back and just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a step back and just think
+about it let's think about wood i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it let's think about wood i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it let's think about wood i just
+told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you
+wood is a polymer of glucose molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood is a polymer of glucose molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood is a polymer of glucose molecules
+with beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with beta
+1 4 linkages how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 linkages how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 4 linkages how can we
+just as forget as organisms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as forget as organisms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as forget as organisms as
+cells but how can you release energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but how can you release energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells but how can you release energy
+from wood to do other kinds of work well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wood to do other kinds of work well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from wood to do other kinds of work well
+we can burn it and so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can burn it and so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can burn it and so what's the
+chemistry of burning wood well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of burning wood well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of burning wood well
+it's a carbohydrate polymer so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a carbohydrate polymer so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a carbohydrate polymer so it has
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+cn h2n um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn h2n um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cn h2n um
+uh formula if we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formula if we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh formula if we combine
+that carbohydrate with oxygen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbohydrate with oxygen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carbohydrate with oxygen it
+releases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases
+co2 in water plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 in water plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 in water plus
+some light plus heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light plus heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some light plus heat
+this light and heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy we can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we can use it
+to do work boil water turn a turbine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work boil water turn a turbine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do work boil water turn a turbine
+make electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make electricity
+whatever use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever use the
+warm ourselves by the fire give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm ourselves by the fire give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm ourselves by the fire give
+ourselves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves um
+use the light to do some other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the light to do some other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the light to do some other things
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so this burning of wood is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this burning of wood is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this burning of wood is certainly
+release of energy now we lack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of energy now we lack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release of energy now we lack the
+enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+to do this reaction and wood because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this reaction and wood because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this reaction and wood because we
+can't break that beta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't break that beta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't break that beta 1
+4 linkage but we certainly can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 linkage but we certainly can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 linkage but we certainly can break
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+alpha 1 4 linkage in starch from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 4 linkage in starch from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 4 linkage in starch from
+potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potatoes
+and we use the exact same chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use the exact same chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we use the exact same chemistry
+to burn that glucose and release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burn that glucose and release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to burn that glucose and release
+energy except the difference is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy except the difference is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy except the difference is is that
+if i burn wood i do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i burn wood i do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i burn wood i do this
+all in one step but life is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one step but life is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in one step but life is a much
+better engineer than that it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better engineer than that it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better engineer than that it basically
+rather than releasing all of that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than releasing all of that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than releasing all of that energy
+in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one step
+it really releases it step wise in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really releases it step wise in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really releases it step wise in a
+manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner
+that's actually useful to cells but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually useful to cells but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually useful to cells but it's
+exactly the same release of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same release of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same release of energy
+and so what life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what life is
+or extracting biological energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or extracting biological energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or extracting biological energy is
+is it's really the ability to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's really the ability to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's really the ability to do
+stepwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of glucose or other carbon i'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose or other carbon i'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glucose or other carbon i'll write
+glucose for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy okay so we burn wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so we burn wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay so we burn wood
+that's favorable it releases energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's favorable it releases energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's favorable it releases energy
+if we do stepwise oxidation we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do stepwise oxidation we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do stepwise oxidation we also
+can release energy as well same reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can release energy as well same reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can release energy as well same reaction
+also releases energy how much energy do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also releases energy how much energy do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also releases energy how much energy do
+we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from
+releasing us burning glucose as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing us burning glucose as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releasing us burning glucose as you do
+when burning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when burning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when burning it
+in a fire well it has to be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fire well it has to be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fire well it has to be exactly the
+same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount
+because it's exactly the same reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's exactly the same reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's exactly the same reaction
+so we burn wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we burn wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we burn wood
+we get light and heat cells burn glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get light and heat cells burn glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get light and heat cells burn glucose
+it releases the exact same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it releases the exact same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it releases the exact same amount of
+energy it just does so in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it just does so in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it just does so in a way that
+allows the cells to do biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the cells to do biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the cells to do biologically
+useful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful things
+what are those well it could be heat all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those well it could be heat all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those well it could be heat all
+of us maintain temperature so heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us maintain temperature so heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us maintain temperature so heat is
+a conversion of energy that of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversion of energy that of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversion of energy that of course is
+useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to
+biology but it can do other things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology but it can do other things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology but it can do other things too
+it can allow cells to move it can allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can allow cells to move it can allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can allow cells to move it can allow
+them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to do
+any reaction to fight that entropy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reaction to fight that entropy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reaction to fight that entropy that
+allows life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows life
+to exist and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all things including ourselves have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things including ourselves have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all things including ourselves have to
+follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow
+the same laws of thermodynamics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same laws of thermodynamics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same laws of thermodynamics okay
+life is not special in that regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not special in that regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is not special in that regard
+and so burning wood is favorable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so burning wood is favorable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so burning wood is favorable because
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+increases the entropy of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the entropy of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the entropy of the universe
+right you're breaking up this polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're breaking up this polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're breaking up this polymer
+into a bunch of monomers that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of monomers that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a bunch of monomers that's going to
+be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spontaneous
+that is in accordance with the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in accordance with the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in accordance with the second
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+of thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thermodynamics
+if cells burn it as well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cells burn it as well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if cells burn it as well but
+remember the second law says that net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the second law says that net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the second law says that net
+entropy of the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the use
+of the universe must always increase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe must always increase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the universe must always increase and
+so if we're going to do something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to do something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we're going to do something that's
+not energetically favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not energetically favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not energetically favorable
+like build a glucose polymer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like build a glucose polymer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like build a glucose polymer we
+obviously have to put energy into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have to put energy into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously have to put energy into it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and to do so the energy that's released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so the energy that's released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so the energy that's released
+must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be
+greater than the energy that we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the energy that we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the energy that we actually
+store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store
+and so this is actually a really key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually a really key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is actually a really key
+point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because
+anything that we do that requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that we do that requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that we do that requires
+energy input for a cell to carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input for a cell to carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input for a cell to carry out
+that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process
+requires a source of energy release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a source of energy release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a source of energy release
+somewhere else that is equivalent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else that is equivalent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else that is equivalent or
+greater than what is actually put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than what is actually put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than what is actually put in
+and so cells need energy because they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so cells need energy because they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so cells need energy because they do
+lots of thermodynamically unfavorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of thermodynamically unfavorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of thermodynamically unfavorable
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+fighting that entropy of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting that entropy of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting that entropy of the universe
+and all of those processes must come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of those processes must come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of those processes must come
+from the release of energy elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the release of energy elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the release of energy elsewhere
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+the burning of carbohydrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burning of carbohydrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the burning of carbohydrate
+and so that constant energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that constant energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that constant energy input
+is at the very highest level why we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the very highest level why we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the very highest level why we need
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+constant metabolism in order to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant metabolism in order to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant metabolism in order to maintain
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+and survive as organisms now this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and survive as organisms now this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and survive as organisms now this of
+course comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course comes from
+things like burning of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like burning of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like burning of of uh
+of carbohydrate but of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbohydrate but of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbohydrate but of course that
+carbohydrate has to come from somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate has to come from somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrate has to come from somewhere
+and so ultimately you have to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ultimately you have to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so ultimately you have to have an
+external source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external source
+that external source is of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that external source is of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that external source is of course the
+sun photosynthetic organisms can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun photosynthetic organisms can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun photosynthetic organisms can use
+light energy from the sun to do exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light energy from the sun to do exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light energy from the sun to do exactly
+these same things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same things
+build those excess polymers and it's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build those excess polymers and it's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build those excess polymers and it's why
+we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as
+animals or anything that eats other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals or anything that eats other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals or anything that eats other
+animals as a way to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals as a way to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals as a way to live
+is ultimately depending on eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ultimately depending on eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ultimately depending on eating
+photosynthetic organisms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms because
+photosynthetic organisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photosynthetic organisms
+do this by harvesting energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by harvesting energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by harvesting energy
+of the sun now that's all very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun now that's all very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sun now that's all very high
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+but i want to come back to the specifics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to come back to the specifics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to come back to the specifics
+of metabolism ultimately and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolism ultimately and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of metabolism ultimately and understand
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+as how they relate to enzymes reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as how they relate to enzymes reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as how they relate to enzymes reactions
+and pathways that is how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathways that is how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathways that is how do you get
+that complex series of reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex series of reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex series of reactions that
+make life possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make life possible
+and ultimately still be guided by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately still be guided by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately still be guided by these
+exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+same principles in other words how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles in other words how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same principles in other words how do we
+couple the energy releasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple the energy releasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple the energy releasing
+reactions like burning glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions like burning glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions like burning glucose
+in a way that obeys the laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that obeys the laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that obeys the laws of
+thermodynamics and operates under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and operates under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and operates under
+biologically acceptable conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically acceptable conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically acceptable conditions
+in order to do things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do things that are
+biologically unfavorable that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically unfavorable that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically unfavorable that's really
+what bioenergetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bioenergetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what bioenergetics
+is and so the next thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so the next thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and so the next thing we want to
+consider then if we want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider then if we want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider then if we want to understand
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is really let's ask the question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really let's ask the question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really let's ask the question what
+determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction occurs
+that is what determines if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what determines if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what determines if something
+like burning wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like burning wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like burning wood
+actually spontaneously if you light wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spontaneously if you light wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually spontaneously if you light wood
+on fire it will burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fire it will burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fire it will burn
+it does so every single time everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so every single time everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so every single time everyone
+has had that experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had that experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has had that experience
+but no one has ever seen co2 and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one has ever seen co2 and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one has ever seen co2 and water
+spontaneously come together and form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously come together and form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously come together and form a
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+that doesn't happen so what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen so what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen so what determines
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+you burn wood and that is favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you burn wood and that is favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you burn wood and that is favorable
+versus why it is that co2 and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus why it is that co2 and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus why it is that co2 and water
+don't come together and spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come together and spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come together and spontaneously
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+a tree do not say or do not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree do not say or do not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree do not say or do not think
+that this is determined entirely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is determined entirely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is determined entirely by
+enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+enzymes are catalysts enzymes are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes are catalysts enzymes are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes are catalysts enzymes are the
+spark that makes the burning of wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark that makes the burning of wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spark that makes the burning of wood
+possible but remember enzymes cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but remember enzymes cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but remember enzymes cannot
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+thermodynamics enzymes only change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics enzymes only change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics enzymes only change the
+rate at which a reaction happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which a reaction happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which a reaction happens
+it does not change the equilibrium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not change the equilibrium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does not change the equilibrium that
+tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree
+wants to if given the catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to if given the catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to if given the catalyst
+forms co2 in water that reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms co2 in water that reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms co2 in water that reaction is
+spontaneous because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous because it is
+thermodynamically favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically favorable
+that tree will not take co2 and water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree will not take co2 and water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree will not take co2 and water
+and spontaneously reform a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneously reform a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneously reform a tree
+and there's no amount of enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no amount of enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no amount of enzyme that
+will make that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make that happen
+all by itself and so remember that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by itself and so remember that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all by itself and so remember that if
+you have any reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any reaction
+between a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b
+there is some equilibrium as defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some equilibrium as defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some equilibrium as defined by
+the chemical properties of a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical properties of a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical properties of a and b
+such that the equilibrium lies far to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the equilibrium lies far to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the equilibrium lies far to
+one side or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side or the other
+and that equilibrium is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equilibrium is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that equilibrium is determined by
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+it is not determined by enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not determined by enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not determined by enzymes
+i don't care how much enzyme i add if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care how much enzyme i add if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care how much enzyme i add if
+the thermody if the equilibrium lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermody if the equilibrium lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermody if the equilibrium lies
+towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a
+as i draw it the more i can add all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i draw it the more i can add all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i draw it the more i can add all the
+enzyme i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme i want
+and i can never create more b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can never create more b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can never create more b
+and so this is super important and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is super important and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is super important and is
+actually a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a point
+that has gotten wrong by lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has gotten wrong by lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has gotten wrong by lots of
+biologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists
+they think oh this enzyme is expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think oh this enzyme is expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think oh this enzyme is expressed
+therefore this pathway must be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this pathway must be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this pathway must be happening
+or this reaction must be happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this reaction must be happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this reaction must be happening
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+you need an enzyme to catalyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need an enzyme to catalyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need an enzyme to catalyze a
+reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so
+a reaction may not occur your wood may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction may not occur your wood may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction may not occur your wood may
+not burn unless you give it a spark a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not burn unless you give it a spark a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not burn unless you give it a spark a
+catalyst to actually make it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst to actually make it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst to actually make it happen
+but you cannot add a catalyst to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot add a catalyst to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you cannot add a catalyst to fight
+thermodynamics you cannot take that co2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics you cannot take that co2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics you cannot take that co2
+in water and turn it back into a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and turn it back into a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in water and turn it back into a tree
+and the same thing is true you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing is true you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same thing is true you can add
+all the enzyme in the world you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the enzyme in the world you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the enzyme in the world you want
+and all it will do is help a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it will do is help a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all it will do is help a and b
+establish the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the equilibrium
+that is defined by the thermodynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is defined by the thermodynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is defined by the thermodynamics of
+the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+a and b now what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b now what determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b now what determines the
+equilibrium between any two species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between any two species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between any two species
+that's a topic for another class why a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a topic for another class why a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a topic for another class why a
+species is favored to be one side or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is favored to be one side or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species is favored to be one side or
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+however a useful tool to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a useful tool to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however a useful tool to think about
+this in biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in biochemistry
+and quantify this for any pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantify this for any pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quantify this for any pair of
+reactions is something you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions is something you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions is something you've probably
+learned about before it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about before it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about before it's something
+called the gibbs free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gibbs free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the gibbs free energy
+gibbs free energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gibbs free energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gibbs free energy or
+delta g delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g delta g
+is related to the way we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the way we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the way we'll talk about
+the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium
+constant and it's basically a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it's basically a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it's basically a term that
+we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use
+to specify if a reaction is favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify if a reaction is favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to specify if a reaction is favorable
+or not and so hopefully you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and so hopefully you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and so hopefully you learned
+in an introductory class that if delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an introductory class that if delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an introductory class that if delta g
+is less than zero our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero our reaction
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneous if delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous if delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous if delta g
+equals zero a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero a reaction
+is at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if delta g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+greater than zero our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+spontaneous right if we take our log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous right if we take our log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous right if we take our log
+and ask what is delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what is delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask what is delta g
+to turn that log into co2 plus water it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that log into co2 plus water it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn that log into co2 plus water it
+is less than zero because it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero because it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero because it is very
+spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous
+if we take a pile of ashes and ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a pile of ashes and ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take a pile of ashes and ask what
+delta g is to recreate the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g is to recreate the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g is to recreate the log
+it's greater than zero because it ain't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than zero because it ain't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's greater than zero because it ain't
+gonna happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna happen
+and if it's at some equilibrium delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's at some equilibrium delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's at some equilibrium delta g
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+equal to zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero now
+delta g depends entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g depends entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g depends entirely
+on conditions all right as we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on conditions all right as we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on conditions all right as we will see
+in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute
+and because of that this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that this means
+that there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there can be
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where absolutely any reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where absolutely any reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where absolutely any reaction
+can be favorable if the conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be favorable if the conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be favorable if the conditions are
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and we'll see that this becomes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that this becomes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see that this becomes very
+relevant to understand how metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to understand how metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to understand how metabolism
+works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works
+and so let's go back and just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's go back and just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's go back and just now
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+some generic reaction a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some generic reaction a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some generic reaction a and b
+so at equilibrium what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at equilibrium what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at equilibrium what happens
+so at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the concentration of a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of a and the
+concentration of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of b
+are not changing okay delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not changing okay delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not changing okay delta g
+equals zero these two things are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero these two things are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero these two things are at
+equilibrium whatever that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium whatever that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium whatever that equilibrium
+is a and b are not changing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and b are not changing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a and b are not changing in
+concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration
+now if i come and i add more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i come and i add more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i come and i add more a
+to this side of the equation what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this side of the equation what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this side of the equation what does
+that mean well you know from le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean well you know from le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean well you know from le
+chatelier's principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatelier's principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatelier's principle
+that that's going to favor production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to favor production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to favor production of
+b we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b we have
+shifted things now out of equilibrium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted things now out of equilibrium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted things now out of equilibrium so
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a
+that leads the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads the production
+of b to re-establish this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b to re-establish this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b to re-establish this equilibrium
+that means that delta g from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that delta g from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that delta g from
+a to b is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b is less than zero
+until i've reestablished equilibrium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until i've reestablished equilibrium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until i've reestablished equilibrium and
+now delta g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now delta g is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now delta g is
+back to zero again now what happens if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to zero again now what happens if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to zero again now what happens if i
+add b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add b
+well if i had b now i'm going to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i had b now i'm going to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i had b now i'm going to produce
+some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a
+all right so add b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so add b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so add b
+okay that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the production of a until i reestablish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of a until i reestablish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of a until i reestablish
+that equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equilibrium
+all right so delta g in that case to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so delta g in that case to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so delta g in that case to go
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+b back to a the reverse reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b back to a the reverse reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b back to a the reverse reaction
+is less than zero or i could also say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero or i could also say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero or i could also say
+that delta g to go to a to b here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta g to go to a to b here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta g to go to a to b here
+because that's not going to happen i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not going to happen i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not going to happen i
+just added more b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added more b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just added more b
+i'm not going to suddenly create more a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to suddenly create more a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to suddenly create more a
+more b from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more b from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more b from a
+so here now delta g is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here now delta g is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here now delta g is greater
+than zero all right now note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero all right now note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero all right now note
+when i did this i don't actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i did this i don't actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i did this i don't actually have to
+specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify
+how much a or how much b i've added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much a or how much b i've added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much a or how much b i've added
+the equilibrium depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium depends on
+the ratio of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of b
+to a okay not the absolute concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a okay not the absolute concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a okay not the absolute concentration
+of either species and so having a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either species and so having a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either species and so having a way to
+think about this equilibrium it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this equilibrium it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this equilibrium it turns
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+is also useful for biological systems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also useful for biological systems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also useful for biological systems to
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+some delta g that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delta g that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some delta g that is
+helpful to relate to this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to relate to this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful to relate to this equilibrium
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+and that is this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is this concept
+of delta g naught prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a standard free energy which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard free energy which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard free energy which for
+biological systems is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems is
+what the relates to the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relates to the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the relates to the equilibrium
+constant at 25 degrees with a ph of 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant at 25 degrees with a ph of 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant at 25 degrees with a ph of 7
+and 1 atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 atmosphere
+pretty typical biological conditions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty typical biological conditions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty typical biological conditions and
+this here is basically related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is basically related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is basically related to the
+equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+and we can calculate the actual delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can calculate the actual delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can calculate the actual delta g
+by the following formula delta g equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the following formula delta g equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the following formula delta g equals
+delta g naught prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime
+plus rt times the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rt times the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rt times the log
+of the products over the reactants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the products over the reactants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the products over the reactants so
+this would be drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be drawn
+for the reaction a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction a to b
+so the reaction a to b is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction a to b is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction a to b is related to
+delta g not prime which is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime which is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime which is related to
+the equilibrium constant i'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant i'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium constant i'll tell you
+that how in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how in a second
+plus r is the gas constant t is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r is the gas constant t is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r is the gas constant t is the
+temperature in kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in kelvin
+times the natural log of the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the natural log of the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the natural log of the ratio of
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+b over reactants a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b over reactants a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b over reactants a
+all right this tells you whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this tells you whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this tells you whether or not
+at specific concentrations of bna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at specific concentrations of bna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at specific concentrations of bna
+that is a specific ratio of dna whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a specific ratio of dna whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a specific ratio of dna whether
+it is favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is favorable
+to go from a to b delta g less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a to b delta g less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from a to b delta g less than zero
+or whether it is favorable go do from b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether it is favorable go do from b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether it is favorable go do from b
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+delta g greater than zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g greater than zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g greater than zero and so
+this should begin to make it clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should begin to make it clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should begin to make it clear that
+whether or not a specific reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a specific reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a specific reaction
+occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs
+is affected by the actual conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affected by the actual conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is affected by the actual conditions
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+and you can calculate that based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can calculate that based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can calculate that based on
+this relationship and so if i specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship and so if i specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship and so if i specify
+concentrations of a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of a and b
+as well as delta g not prime i can know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as delta g not prime i can know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as delta g not prime i can know
+at those concentrations which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those concentrations which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those concentrations which direction
+of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction
+is favored now of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is favored now of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is favored now of course
+my drawing a to b is entirely arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my drawing a to b is entirely arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my drawing a to b is entirely arbitrary
+i could equally draw it b to a and if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could equally draw it b to a and if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could equally draw it b to a and if i
+did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is delta g not prime
+a to b all i do is flip the signs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b all i do is flip the signs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b all i do is flip the signs so
+delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+equals delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals delta g not prime
+the negative of a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative of a to b
+is equal to the positive of delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the positive of delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the positive of delta g
+naught prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught prime
+from b to a okay because the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from b to a okay because the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from b to a okay because the direction
+is arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is arbitrary
+plus rt log in this case now i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rt log in this case now i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rt log in this case now i have a
+is my product and b is my reactant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my product and b is my reactant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my product and b is my reactant
+if i just flip the sign flip the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just flip the sign flip the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just flip the sign flip the that
+ratio is just going to change the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is just going to change the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is just going to change the sign
+of my product and give me exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my product and give me exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my product and give me exactly the
+same result with the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result with the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same result with the opposite
+sign which makes sense what's favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign which makes sense what's favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign which makes sense what's favorable
+in one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one direction
+is not favorable in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not favorable in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not favorable in the other direction
+and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa
+now i can also set delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can also set delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can also set delta g
+equals zero that's equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that's equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero that's equilibrium
+if i do that then delta g naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do that then delta g naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do that then delta g naught
+prime equals negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime equals negative
+rt so this would be for a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rt so this would be for a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rt so this would be for a to b
+i'll use the top example so delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll use the top example so delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll use the top example so delta g
+equals zero then i have delta g not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then i have delta g not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then i have delta g not
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+equals rt times the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b over a so if i know two things are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b over a so if i know two things are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b over a so if i know two things are at
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+i can calculate delta g naught prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can calculate delta g naught prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can calculate delta g naught prime
+and know what the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know what the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know what the equilibrium constant
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+and so it follows from this then that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it follows from this then that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it follows from this then that if
+delta g naught prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime
+is negative that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative that means
+b is favored over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is favored over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is favored over a
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if delta g naught prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if delta g naught prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if delta g naught prime is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+that means a is favored over b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means a is favored over b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means a is favored over b
+at equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and so delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so delta g
+naught prime really is a convenient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught prime really is a convenient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught prime really is a convenient way
+to look at a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at a reaction
+and know which direction the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know which direction the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know which direction the equilibrium
+rot lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rot lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rot lies
+so a and b delta g not prime is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a and b delta g not prime is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a and b delta g not prime is negative
+equilibrium lies to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lies to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lies to be
+between a and b if if delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b if if delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b if if delta g not prime
+is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive
+the equilibrium lies towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium lies towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium lies towards a
+but the key concept is is that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key concept is is that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the key concept is is that for any
+specific reaction any specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reaction any specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reaction any specific
+conditions of a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of a and b
+whether or not a is converted to b will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a is converted to b will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a is converted to b will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+defined by the equilibrium constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the equilibrium constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by the equilibrium constant but
+it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will
+also be defined about what delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be defined about what delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be defined about what delta g
+is under those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta g will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g will depend
+on conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on conditions
+okay because i'll write it again delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i'll write it again delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i'll write it again delta g
+equals delta g naught prime plus rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals delta g naught prime plus rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals delta g naught prime plus rt
+times the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the reaction a goes to b so products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction a goes to b so products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the reaction a goes to b so products
+over reactants and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over reactants and so
+whether or not a is converted to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a is converted to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a is converted to b
+will be a property of the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a property of the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a property of the equilibrium
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+plus the concentration of b in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the concentration of b in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the concentration of b in the
+concentration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a
+that ratio of concentrations at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio of concentrations at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio of concentrations at the
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+present and if in that calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and if in that calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and if in that calculation
+delta g is less than zero that reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g is less than zero that reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g is less than zero that reaction
+is spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spontaneous
+if delta g is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g is greater than zero
+that reaction is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaction is not
+spontaneous or to put it another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous or to put it another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous or to put it another way
+if delta g is less than zero under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g is less than zero under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g is less than zero under those
+conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions
+energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is
+released or if delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or if delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released or if delta g
+is greater than zero that reaction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero that reaction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero that reaction will
+not occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not occur
+without energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if i burn wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i burn wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if i burn wood
+energy is released but there's no way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is released but there's no way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is released but there's no way i
+can reassemble that log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reassemble that log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reassemble that log
+without some kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without some kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without some kind of energy
+input and really getting this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and really getting this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and really getting this concept
+is central to understanding metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is central to understanding metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is central to understanding metabolism
+as well as what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as what
+biological energy means and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological energy means and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological energy means and hopefully
+what is now apparent based on what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now apparent based on what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is now apparent based on what i
+just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said
+is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what
+really determines delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determines delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determines delta g
+is two things of course it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two things of course it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two things of course it's the
+equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+but in essence delta g for any reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in essence delta g for any reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in essence delta g for any reaction
+is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to
+the ratio of the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the reactants
+over the products and that i can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the products and that i can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the products and that i can come up
+at least in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in theory
+with any relationship any ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any relationship any ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any relationship any ratio
+of reactants to products to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactants to products to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reactants to products to make this
+favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+at some tiny tiny concentration if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some tiny tiny concentration if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some tiny tiny concentration if i
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+nothing but co2 in water and infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but co2 in water and infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but co2 in water and infinite
+time and infinite catalysis a tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and infinite catalysis a tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and infinite catalysis a tiny bit
+of wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wood
+could spontaneously form and so life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could spontaneously form and so life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could spontaneously form and so life
+really creates the conditions that allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really creates the conditions that allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really creates the conditions that allow
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and select for that to happen and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and select for that to happen and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and select for that to happen and of
+course add energy input so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course add energy input so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course add energy input so it can
+actually happen more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happen more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happen more
+and so this should be very clear to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this should be very clear to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this should be very clear to you
+that absolutely no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolutely no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absolutely no
+reaction is irreversible i don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is irreversible i don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is irreversible i don't care
+what your textbook says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your textbook says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your textbook says
+lots of sources will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of sources will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of sources will discuss
+irreversible reactions i'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reactions i'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reactions i'll talk about
+irreversible reactions later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reactions later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible reactions later in the
+course but what we mean when we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but what we mean when we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but what we mean when we say the
+word irreversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word irreversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word irreversible
+reaction is these are under conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is these are under conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is these are under conditions
+that are found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are found in
+cells and in nature and i stress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and in nature and i stress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and in nature and i stress this
+because if we want to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we want to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we want to understand the
+energetics for how pathways work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics for how pathways work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetics for how pathways work
+we have to appreciate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to appreciate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to appreciate that
+life can create conditions to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life can create conditions to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life can create conditions to do
+unfavorable things because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable things because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable things because that's the
+only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way
+the pathways can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pathways can work
+all right what do i mean by that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what do i mean by that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what do i mean by that well
+suppose again we'll come back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose again we'll come back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose again we'll come back to our
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+a goes to b all right suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes to b all right suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes to b all right suppose
+i need to build a pathway where i need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to build a pathway where i need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to build a pathway where i need
+to convert a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert a to b
+because b is actually useful for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because b is actually useful for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because b is actually useful for some
+purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose
+that i need to do in a cell however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to do in a cell however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i need to do in a cell however
+what if this is at least by equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if this is at least by equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if this is at least by equilibrium
+unfavorable what if the equilibrium lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable what if the equilibrium lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable what if the equilibrium lies
+towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a
+that means delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means delta g not prime
+is positive is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive is greater than zero
+for a to b what does that mean delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a to b what does that mean delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a to b what does that mean delta g
+not prime greater than zero for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime greater than zero for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime greater than zero for the
+reaction a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction a to b
+that means the equilibrium lies towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the equilibrium lies towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the equilibrium lies towards
+a and so there is no amount of enzyme i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so there is no amount of enzyme i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and so there is no amount of enzyme i
+can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add
+that will allow me to net convert a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow me to net convert a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will allow me to net convert a to b
+because the equilibrium lies far towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the equilibrium lies far towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the equilibrium lies far towards
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+however whether or not a cell is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however whether or not a cell is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however whether or not a cell is able to
+build a pathway where it converts a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pathway where it converts a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pathway where it converts a to b
+depends on delta g not the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on delta g not the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on delta g not the equilibrium
+constant for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for that
+specific reaction so how can i turn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reaction so how can i turn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific reaction so how can i turn a
+into b well i could turn a into b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into b well i could turn a into b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into b well i could turn a into b
+if i keep the concentration of b low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i keep the concentration of b low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i keep the concentration of b low
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough
+that delta g not delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta g not delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delta g not delta g not prime
+that's the equilibrium constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equilibrium constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equilibrium constant but
+delta g favors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g favors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g favors
+a to b conversion that is delta g for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b conversion that is delta g for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to b conversion that is delta g for a
+to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to b
+is less than zero how can i do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero how can i do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than zero how can i do that well
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+delta g equals delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g equals delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g equals delta g not prime
+plus rt log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rt log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rt log
+of b over a all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b over a all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b over a all right
+so this term is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is positive
+because i told you the equilibrium lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i told you the equilibrium lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i told you the equilibrium lies
+towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a
+all right so i need a concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i need a concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so i need a concentration
+a ratio of b to a such that b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio of b to a such that b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ratio of b to a such that b
+is low enough that this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low enough that this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low enough that this term
+is more negative than that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more negative than that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more negative than that term
+is positive and if that's the case delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and if that's the case delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and if that's the case delta
+g will be less than zero and i can net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g will be less than zero and i can net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g will be less than zero and i can net
+move that forward so how can i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that forward so how can i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move that forward so how can i do that
+how can i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i keep
+the concentration of b low well i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of b low well i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of b low well i can
+build a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a pathway
+that consumes b in a way to keep it low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumes b in a way to keep it low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consumes b in a way to keep it low
+which favors a to b conversion in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which favors a to b conversion in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which favors a to b conversion in other
+words i can build a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words i can build a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words i can build a pathway
+a goes to b goes to c okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes to b goes to c okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a goes to b goes to c okay
+so even here where delta g naught prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even here where delta g naught prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even here where delta g naught prime
+is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than zero
+if delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g
+naught prime for this reaction b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught prime for this reaction b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught prime for this reaction b
+to a is much less than zero such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a is much less than zero such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a is much less than zero such that
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+strongly follow strongly favors c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly follow strongly favors c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly follow strongly favors c
+that means my unfavorable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means my unfavorable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means my unfavorable equilibrium
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+can be overcome by the very favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be overcome by the very favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be overcome by the very favorable
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+of b to c in essence i can use b to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b to c in essence i can use b to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of b to c in essence i can use b to c
+to pull a to b such that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull a to b such that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull a to b such that it
+actually happens produce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens produce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens produce this
+intermediate that's useful on the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate that's useful on the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate that's useful on the path
+to making c this strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making c this strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making c this strategy
+is used in lots of metabolic pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in lots of metabolic pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is used in lots of metabolic pathways
+and it's useful to generate lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's useful to generate lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's useful to generate lots
+of chemically useful intermediates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemically useful intermediates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemically useful intermediates
+now note that this only will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now note that this only will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now note that this only will work
+if conversion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if conversion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if conversion of
+a to c is favorable that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to c is favorable that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to c is favorable that is
+if delta g not prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g not prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g not prime is
+less than zero i can only pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero i can only pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero i can only pull this
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+if delta g not prime is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g not prime is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if delta g not prime is less than zero
+that is if equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if equilibrium
+favors a to c i can build a pathway this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors a to c i can build a pathway this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors a to c i can build a pathway this
+way to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do something
+unfavorable on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable on the way
+to making c this brings up another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making c this brings up another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to making c this brings up another
+key point and that everything that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point and that everything that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point and that everything that we
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+relationship between any two metabolites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between any two metabolites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between any two metabolites
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+any single reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any single reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any single reaction
+also must be true for entire pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also must be true for entire pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also must be true for entire pathways
+so i have a three-step pathway from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a three-step pathway from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a three-step pathway from a to
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c
+whether i turn a into c in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i turn a into c in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether i turn a into c in one step
+or turn a into c in multiple steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or turn a into c in multiple steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or turn a into c in multiple steps
+the free energy is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy is exactly the same
+if i burn wood by lighting it on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i burn wood by lighting it on fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i burn wood by lighting it on fire
+it releases the same amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it releases the same amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it releases the same amount of energy
+then if a termite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if a termite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if a termite
+has an enzyme that breaks that beta 1 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an enzyme that breaks that beta 1 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an enzyme that breaks that beta 1 4
+linkage in the wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage in the wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linkage in the wood
+and can burn that glucose stepwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can burn that glucose stepwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can burn that glucose stepwise
+through metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through metabolism
+the exact same amount of energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same amount of energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same amount of energy is
+released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released
+glucose on one side co2 and water on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose on one side co2 and water on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose on one side co2 and water on the
+other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+exactly the same amount of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same amount of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same amount of energy
+released whether i do it in one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released whether i do it in one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released whether i do it in one step
+or i do it in multiple steps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i do it in multiple steps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i do it in multiple steps the
+equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+between those has to be the same and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those has to be the same and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those has to be the same and the
+delta g has to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g has to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g has to be the same
+between all of it and so it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of it and so it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of it and so it should
+become apparent then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become apparent then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become apparent then
+that a to c has to be favorable if i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a to c has to be favorable if i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a to c has to be favorable if i'm
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+to use this trick of keeping product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this trick of keeping product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this trick of keeping product
+low in order to pull an otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low in order to pull an otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low in order to pull an otherwise
+unfavorable reaction forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable reaction forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable reaction forward
+in other words there's no way for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's no way for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there's no way for me to
+keep b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep b
+low and net convert a to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and net convert a to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and net convert a to b
+all on its own that will not work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on its own that will not work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on its own that will not work and
+it's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's these
+unfavorable reactions that ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable reactions that ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable reactions that ultimately
+then require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then require
+energy input and this is where atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input and this is where atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy input and this is where atp
+now starts becoming useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i want to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i want to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i want to talk a
+little bit about how atp provides energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how atp provides energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how atp provides energy
+that allows otherwise unfavorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows otherwise unfavorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows otherwise unfavorable
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+to occur and atp is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur and atp is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur and atp is useful
+because delta g applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta g applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because delta g applies to
+sets of reactions in the same way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of reactions in the same way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of reactions in the same way it
+applies to single reactions that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to single reactions that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to single reactions that is
+applies to whole systems all reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to whole systems all reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to whole systems all reactions
+are a series of reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a series of reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a series of reactions
+whether they happen alone or coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they happen alone or coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they happen alone or coupled
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+all have to follow the same rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to follow the same rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to follow the same rules
+so now let's make our reaction more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's make our reaction more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's make our reaction more
+complicated let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated let's
+say a plus b goes to c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a plus b goes to c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a plus b goes to c plus
+d where this is really two reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d where this is really two reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d where this is really two reactions
+coupled together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled together
+a being turned into c and b being turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a being turned into c and b being turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a being turned into c and b being turned
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+to d all right so will this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d all right so will this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d all right so will this reaction
+happen can i turn a plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen can i turn a plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen can i turn a plus b
+into c plus d well how do i know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into c plus d well how do i know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into c plus d well how do i know well
+it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be
+got to calculate delta g and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to calculate delta g and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to calculate delta g and so it's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+delta g not prime for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime for
+a going to c plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a going to c plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a going to c plus
+delta g not prime for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime for
+b going to d so those will relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b going to d so those will relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b going to d so those will relate to
+what's the equilibrium constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equilibrium constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equilibrium constant the
+equilibrium relationship between a and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium relationship between a and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium relationship between a and c
+and b and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b and d
+okay if it's less than zero equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's less than zero equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if it's less than zero equilibrium
+will favor to the right if it's greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will favor to the right if it's greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will favor to the right if it's greater
+than zero equilibrium will favor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero equilibrium will favor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero equilibrium will favor to the
+left of a and c and b and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of a and c and b and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of a and c and b and d
+add them together that gives me my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together that gives me my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them together that gives me my
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+delta g not prime for those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime for those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g not prime for those two
+reactions plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions plus
+rt times the log of the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rt times the log of the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rt times the log of the products
+so that's c and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's c and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's c and d
+over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a
+and b products over the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b products over the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b products over the reactants
+okay so if i take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if i take an
+unfavorable reaction say a to c if delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable reaction say a to c if delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable reaction say a to c if delta
+g naught prime is greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g naught prime is greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g naught prime is greater than zero
+okay so would favor a and i couple it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so would favor a and i couple it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so would favor a and i couple it
+to another reaction b to d that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another reaction b to d that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another reaction b to d that's very
+favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+because i add these two terms together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i add these two terms together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i add these two terms together
+i can now take something that where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can now take something that where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can now take something that where the
+equilibrium would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium would be
+unfavorable and make it favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable and make it favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfavorable and make it favorable
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+whether or not this actually happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this actually happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not this actually happens
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+depends on this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on this ratio
+of products to reactants so it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products to reactants so it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products to reactants so it still
+depends on the ratio of c to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the ratio of c to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the ratio of c to a
+and d to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d to b
+in our hypothetical thing here so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our hypothetical thing here so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our hypothetical thing here so to
+know if a specific reaction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if a specific reaction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if a specific reaction will
+actually occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually occur
+we have to take into account both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take into account both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take into account both the
+sum of the delta g not primes related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the delta g not primes related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the delta g not primes related to
+equilibrium constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants
+and the actual ratios that are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual ratios that are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual ratios that are present
+in cells and so the net effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells and so the net effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells and so the net effect is
+is that i can couple more favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i can couple more favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that i can couple more favorable
+reactions to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions to make
+otherwise unfavorable reactions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise unfavorable reactions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise unfavorable reactions now
+become favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become favorable
+that is have energy input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is have energy input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is have energy input
+but it still depends on conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still depends on conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it still depends on conditions
+and so let's think a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's think a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's think a little bit about
+the polymer synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer synthesis
+that we learned from professor yaffi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned from professor yaffi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned from professor yaffi
+and so in that process what did we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in that process what did we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in that process what did we do we
+made several polymers and you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made several polymers and you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made several polymers and you learned
+about the chemistry to do this we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chemistry to do this we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the chemistry to do this we made
+dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+we made rna and we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made rna and we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made rna and we made
+protein these are polymers of nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein these are polymers of nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein these are polymers of nucleic
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids
+protein is a polymer of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is a polymer of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is a polymer of amino acids
+all of these fight entropy right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these fight entropy right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these fight entropy right we're
+building polymers not breaking them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building polymers not breaking them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building polymers not breaking them down
+and all of them were synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them were synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of them were synthesized
+using reactions that hydrolyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using reactions that hydrolyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using reactions that hydrolyze
+atp in fact those reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp in fact those reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp in fact those reactions
+actually hydrolyzed atp in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hydrolyzed atp in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually hydrolyzed atp in the following
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+in every single one of those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every single one of those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every single one of those cases
+if you look back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back
+what you will see is that they all had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see is that they all had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will see is that they all had
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+where atp was taken to amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where atp was taken to amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where atp was taken to amp
+plus two inorganic phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two inorganic phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus two inorganic phosphates
+this reaction is very favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is very favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is very favorable
+in fact it's two reactions it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's two reactions it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's two reactions it's really
+atp goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp goes to
+amp plus pyrophosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp plus pyrophosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp plus pyrophosphate
+and then that pyrophosphate goes to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that pyrophosphate goes to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that pyrophosphate goes to two
+inorganic phosphates it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphates it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphates it turns out
+delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for both of these reactions okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of these reactions okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both of these reactions okay that
+means the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the equilibrium
+lies towards amp plus pyrophosphate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies towards amp plus pyrophosphate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies towards amp plus pyrophosphate and
+here the equilibrium lies towards two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the equilibrium lies towards two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the equilibrium lies towards two
+inorganic phosphates and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphates and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inorganic phosphates and so there's
+actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two
+tricks here by metabolism one is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks here by metabolism one is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks here by metabolism one is it's
+two very favorable reactions that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very favorable reactions that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very favorable reactions that were
+coupled to do something unfavorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to do something unfavorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled to do something unfavorable
+build a polymer and it used the trick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a polymer and it used the trick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a polymer and it used the trick of
+keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping
+pyrophosphate low by coupling it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate low by coupling it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyrophosphate low by coupling it to a
+downstream very favorable reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream very favorable reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream very favorable reaction
+which even further pulls this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even further pulls this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which even further pulls this reaction
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+is a way why you can actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way why you can actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way why you can actually get
+good um why atp hydrolysis here becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um why atp hydrolysis here becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good um why atp hydrolysis here becomes
+so useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so useful
+as a way to build these polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to build these polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way to build these polymers
+let's just go quickly and add a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go quickly and add a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just go quickly and add a few
+numbers to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers to show
+exactly what i mean by how atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i mean by how atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i mean by how atp
+hydrolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrolysis
+can be useful in this setting and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be useful in this setting and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be useful in this setting and so
+let's do something a little simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do something a little simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do something a little simpler
+let's go to atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to atp
+plus adp plus to inorganic phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus adp plus to inorganic phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus adp plus to inorganic phosphate
+all right so let's give this some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's give this some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's give this some
+numbers delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers delta g not prime
+in this case is equal to negative 7.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is equal to negative 7.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is equal to negative 7.5
+k cals per mole all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k cals per mole all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k cals per mole all right
+what does this mean delta g not prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean delta g not prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean delta g not prime
+is related to the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to the equilibrium constant
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+less than zero which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero which means the
+equilibrium lies towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lies towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium lies towards
+adp plus phosphate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp plus phosphate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp plus phosphate okay
+now let's see how this actually helps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see how this actually helps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see how this actually helps by
+considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering
+what the first step in glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first step in glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first step in glucose
+metabolism by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolism by
+cells is so the first step cells do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is so the first step cells do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is so the first step cells do in
+glucose metabolism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose metabolism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose metabolism is
+add an inorganic phosphate group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an inorganic phosphate group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add an inorganic phosphate group to
+glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose
+so it's this reaction glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this reaction glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's this reaction glucose
+plus inorganic phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus inorganic phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus inorganic phosphate
+goes to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to glucose
+phosphate just a quick note on shorthand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate just a quick note on shorthand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate just a quick note on shorthand
+that i will use in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i will use in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i will use in this course
+so pi of course is inorganic phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pi of course is inorganic phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pi of course is inorganic phosphate
+that is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is this
+po4 three minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po4 three minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po4 three minus
+group all right when it forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group all right when it forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group all right when it forms a
+phosphodiester bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphodiester bond
+like to an alcohol in one of the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to an alcohol in one of the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to an alcohol in one of the glucose
+molecules i'll draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules i'll draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules i'll draw this
+in a future lecture i'll oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a future lecture i'll oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a future lecture i'll oftentimes
+indicate it by putting a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate it by putting a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate it by putting a circle
+around the phosphate and so adding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the phosphate and so adding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the phosphate and so adding this
+phosphate to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to glucose
+is a step that traps that glucose in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a step that traps that glucose in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a step that traps that glucose in
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+for now let's just consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just consider this
+reaction and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and so
+delta g naught prime of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime of this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime of this reaction
+is positive 3.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive 3.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive 3.3
+k cals per mole what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k cals per mole what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k cals per mole what does that mean
+delta g naught prime relates to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime relates to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g naught prime relates to the
+equilibrium constant it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant it says the
+equilibrium constant lies here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant lies here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant lies here to the
+left to the glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the glucose
+plus phosphate side so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phosphate side so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus phosphate side so if we want to
+net trap glucose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net trap glucose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net trap glucose phosphate
+in cells well it's not going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells well it's not going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cells well it's not going to happen
+spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously
+you need some kind of energy input that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some kind of energy input that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some kind of energy input that
+can come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from
+atp and so if we couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and so if we couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp and so if we couple
+those two reactions as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we now have glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now have glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we now have glucose
+plus atp goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus atp goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus atp goes to
+glucose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose phosphate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose phosphate
+plus adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus adp
+all right now let's draw this out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's draw this out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now let's draw this out what
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+will this happen so we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this happen so we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will this happen so we can calculate
+delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g
+delta g equals delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g equals delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta g equals delta g
+not prime so there's two reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime so there's two reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime so there's two reactions
+happening here glucose to glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here glucose to glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here glucose to glucose
+phosphate and atp to adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and atp to adp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and atp to adp
+we know what delta g naught prime is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what delta g naught prime is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what delta g naught prime is by
+adding those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding those together
+so it's 3.3 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 3.3 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 3.3 plus
+negative 7.5 that equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 7.5 that equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 7.5 that equals
+negative 4.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 4.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 4.2
+what does that tell us that says now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us that says now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that tell us that says now
+we've created conditions where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created conditions where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've created conditions where the
+equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant
+lies towards the right towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies towards the right towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies towards the right towards the
+glucose phosphate plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose phosphate plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucose phosphate plus
+adp side but how much of this occurs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp side but how much of this occurs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp side but how much of this occurs or
+whether it occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it occurs
+isn't just the property of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just the property of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just the property of the
+equilibrium constant it's also how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant it's also how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant it's also how much
+is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there
+and so that's rt times the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's rt times the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's rt times the log
+of the products glucose phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and adp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over glucose
+and atp and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and atp and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and atp and so
+if this term is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this term is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this term is less than
+4.2 that is if the ratio of glucose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2 that is if the ratio of glucose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2 that is if the ratio of glucose
+phosphate to glucose and adp to atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to glucose and adp to atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate to glucose and adp to atp
+in this term ends up being less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this term ends up being less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this term ends up being less than
+positive 4.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 4.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 4.2
+this reaction is spontaneous it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is spontaneous it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is spontaneous it is
+favored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favored
+lots of conditions where that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of conditions where that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of conditions where that would be
+the case although if this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case although if this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case although if this term is
+4.2 or greater now it will no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2 or greater now it will no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.2 or greater now it will no longer
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much atp is needed well it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much atp is needed well it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much atp is needed well it's hard to
+answer this question in absolute terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question in absolute terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question in absolute terms
+because if there's a lot of adp around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's a lot of adp around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if there's a lot of adp around
+you need a lot more atp for the adp to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a lot more atp for the adp to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a lot more atp for the adp to
+be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful
+and this is the problem with equating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the problem with equating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the problem with equating
+atp with energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp with energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp with energy
+the energy here is in the ratio of atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy here is in the ratio of atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy here is in the ratio of atp
+to adp or atp to atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp or atp to atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to adp or atp to atp
+and this is something that we will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that we will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is something that we will come
+back to in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to in the next lecture
+because in the end this is what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end this is what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the end this is what will
+determine if a reaction is happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if a reaction is happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine if a reaction is happens
+it is not the absolute concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not the absolute concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not the absolute concentration of
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+it's the fact that atp hydrolysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the fact that atp hydrolysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the fact that atp hydrolysis is
+favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable
+but how favorable that is depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how favorable that is depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how favorable that is depends
+on the relevant concentrations of atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the relevant concentrations of atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the relevant concentrations of atp
+or adp and relative concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or adp and relative concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or adp and relative concentrations
+are all that matters in thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all that matters in thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all that matters in thermodynamics
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+not absolute concentrations it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absolute concentrations it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not absolute concentrations it is the
+atp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp
+adp ratio that is the correct way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp ratio that is the correct way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adp ratio that is the correct way
+to think about energy and this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about energy and this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about energy and this is true
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+any reaction with respect to energetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reaction with respect to energetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any reaction with respect to energetics
+if an atp adp ratio exists such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an atp adp ratio exists such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if an atp adp ratio exists such that
+when coupled to a reaction delta g is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when coupled to a reaction delta g is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when coupled to a reaction delta g is
+less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than zero
+then it becomes spontaneous and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes spontaneous and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it becomes spontaneous and this is
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+atp provides energy and we will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp provides energy and we will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atp provides energy and we will come
+back to this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this more
+in the next lecture thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mHj4A1gh_ws.txt b/mHj4A1gh_ws.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db3981549315ede907d82f383da3c71929bfa729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mHj4A1gh_ws.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we pursuit two themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we pursuit two themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we pursuit two themes
+every concept has a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every concept has a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every concept has a conditional
+counterpart we know about PDFs but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart we know about PDFs but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart we know about PDFs but if we
+live in a conditional universe then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a conditional universe then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in a conditional universe then we
+deal with conditional probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with conditional probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with conditional probabilities and
+we need to use conditional PDFs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to use conditional PDFs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to use conditional PDFs the
+second theme is that discrete formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theme is that discrete formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second theme is that discrete formulas
+have continuous counterparts in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have continuous counterparts in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have continuous counterparts in which
+summations get replaced by integrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations get replaced by integrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summations get replaced by integrals and
+pmf's by PDFs so let us recall the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf's by PDFs so let us recall the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmf's by PDFs so let us recall the
+definition of a conditional pmf which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a conditional pmf which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a conditional pmf which is
+just the same as an ordinary PMF but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same as an ordinary PMF but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the same as an ordinary PMF but
+applied to a conditional universe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a conditional universe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to a conditional universe in the
+same spirit we can start with a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spirit we can start with a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same spirit we can start with a PDF
+which we can interpret for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can interpret for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can interpret for example in
+terms of probabilities of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of probabilities of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of probabilities of small
+intervals if we move to a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals if we move to a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals if we move to a conditional
+model in which event a is known to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which event a is known to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which event a is known to have
+occurred probabilities of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred probabilities of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred probabilities of small
+intervals will then be determined by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals will then be determined by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals will then be determined by a
+conditional PDF which we denote in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF which we denote in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF which we denote in this
+manner of course we need to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner of course we need to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner of course we need to assume
+throughout that the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout that the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout that the probability of the
+conditioning event is positive so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning event is positive so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning event is positive so that
+conditional probabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional probabilities are
+well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined
+let us now push the analogy further we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now push the analogy further we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us now push the analogy further we
+can use a PMF to calculate probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a PMF to calculate probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a PMF to calculate probabilities
+the probability that X takes value in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X takes value in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that X takes value in a
+certain set is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain set is the sum of the
+probabilities of all the possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of all the possible values
+in that set and the similar formula is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that set and the similar formula is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that set and the similar formula is
+true if we're dealing with a conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if we're dealing with a conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if we're dealing with a conditional
+model now in the continuous case we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now in the continuous case we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model now in the continuous case we use
+a PDF to calculate the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PDF to calculate the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PDF to calculate the probability that
+X takes values in a certain set and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X takes values in a certain set and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X takes values in a certain set and by
+analogy we use a conditional PDF to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy we use a conditional PDF to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy we use a conditional PDF to
+calculate conditional probabilities we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate conditional probabilities we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate conditional probabilities we
+can take this relation here to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take this relation here to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take this relation here to be the
+definition of a conditional PDF so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a conditional PDF so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a conditional PDF so a
+conditional PDF is a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF is a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF is a function that
+allows us to calculate probabilities by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to calculate probabilities by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to calculate probabilities by
+integrating this function over the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this function over the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating this function over the event
+or set of interest of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or set of interest of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or set of interest of course
+probabilities needs to sum to 1 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities needs to sum to 1 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities needs to sum to 1 this is
+true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the
+setting and by analogy it should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and by analogy it should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and by analogy it should also be
+true in the continuous setting this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the continuous setting this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the continuous setting this is
+just an ordinary PDF except that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an ordinary PDF except that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an ordinary PDF except that it
+applies to a model in which event a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a model in which event a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to a model in which event a is
+known to have occurred but it still is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to have occurred but it still is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to have occurred but it still is a
+legitimate PDF it has to be non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate PDF it has to be non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate PDF it has to be non-negative
+of course but also it needs to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but also it needs to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course but also it needs to integrate
+to 1 when we condition on an event and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 when we condition on an event and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 when we condition on an event and
+without any further assumption there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any further assumption there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any further assumption there is
+not much we can say about the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much we can say about the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much we can say about the form of
+the conditional PDF however if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF however if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF however if we
+condition on an event of a special kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on an event of a special kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on an event of a special kind
+that X takes values in a certain set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X takes values in a certain set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X takes values in a certain set
+then we can actually write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can actually write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can actually write down a
+formula so let us start with a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so let us start with a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so let us start with a random
+variable X that has a given PDF as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X that has a given PDF as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X that has a given PDF as in
+this diagram and suppose that a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram and suppose that a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram and suppose that a is a
+subset of the real line for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the real line for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the real line for example this
+subset here what is the form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset here what is the form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset here what is the form of the
+conditional PDF we start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF we start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF we start with the
+interpretation of PDFs and conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of PDFs and conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of PDFs and conditional
+PDFs in terms of probabilities of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs in terms of probabilities of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs in terms of probabilities of small
+intervals the probability that X lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals the probability that X lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals the probability that X lies in
+a small interval is equal to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small interval is equal to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small interval is equal to the value
+of the PDF somewhere in that interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PDF somewhere in that interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the PDF somewhere in that interval
+times the length of the interval and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of the interval and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length of the interval and if
+we're dealing with conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with conditional
+probabilities then we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities then we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities then we use the
+corresponding conditional PDF to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding conditional PDF to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding conditional PDF to find
+the form of the conditional PDF we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the conditional PDF we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the conditional PDF we will
+work in terms of the left-hand side in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in terms of the left-hand side in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in terms of the left-hand side in
+this equation and try to rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and try to rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and try to rewrite it
+let us distinguish two cases suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us distinguish two cases suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us distinguish two cases suppose
+that X little X lies somewhere out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X little X lies somewhere out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X little X lies somewhere out here
+and we want to evaluate the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to evaluate the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to evaluate the conditional
+PDF at that point so trying to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF at that point so trying to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF at that point so trying to evaluate
+this expression we consider a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we consider a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression we consider a small
+interval from little X to little X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from little X to little X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from little X to little X plus
+Delta and now let us write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and now let us write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and now let us write the
+definition of a conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a conditional probability
+a conditional probability by definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional probability by definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conditional probability by definition
+is equal to the probability that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the probability that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the probability that both
+events occur divided by the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events occur divided by the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events occur divided by the probability
+of the conditioning event now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditioning event now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conditioning event now because
+the set a and this little interval are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a and this little interval are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set a and this little interval are
+disjoint these two events cannot occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint these two events cannot occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint these two events cannot occur
+simultaneously so the numerator here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so the numerator here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously so the numerator here is
+going to be 0 and this will imply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 0 and this will imply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 0 and this will imply that
+the conditional PDF is also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF is also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF is also going to be
+0 this of course makes sense conditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this of course makes sense conditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 this of course makes sense conditioned
+on the event that X took values in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the event that X took values in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the event that X took values in this
+set values of X out here cannot occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set values of X out here cannot occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set values of X out here cannot occur
+and therefore the conditional density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the conditional density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the conditional density
+out here should also be 0 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here should also be 0 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here should also be 0 so the
+conditional PDF is 0 outside the set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF is 0 outside the set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF is 0 outside the set a
+and this takes care of one case now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this takes care of one case now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this takes care of one case now the
+second case to consider is when little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case to consider is when little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second case to consider is when little X
+lies somewhere inside here inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies somewhere inside here inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies somewhere inside here inside the
+set a and in that case our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a and in that case our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a and in that case our little
+interval from little X to little X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from little X to little X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from little X to little X plus
+Delta might have this form in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta might have this form in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta might have this form in this case
+the intersection of these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of these two events
+that X lies in the big set and X lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X lies in the big set and X lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X lies in the big set and X lies in
+the small set the intersection of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small set the intersection of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small set the intersection of these
+two events is the event that X lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events is the event that X lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two events is the event that X lies in
+the small set so the numerator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small set so the numerator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small set so the numerator
+simplifies just to the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies just to the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies just to the probability that
+the random variable X takes values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable X takes values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable X takes values in
+the interval from little X to little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from little X to little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from little X to little X
+plus Delta and then we rewrite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta and then we rewrite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta and then we rewrite the
+denominator now the numerator is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator now the numerator is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator now the numerator is just an
+ordinary probability that the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary probability that the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary probability that the random
+variable takes values inside a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes values inside a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable takes values inside a small
+interval and by our interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and by our interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and by our interpretation of
+PDFs this is approximately equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs this is approximately equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDFs this is approximately equal to the
+PDF evaluated somewhere in that small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF evaluated somewhere in that small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF evaluated somewhere in that small in
+the Rho times Delta at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rho times Delta at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rho times Delta at this point we
+notice that we have Delta's on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we have Delta's on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that we have Delta's on both
+sides of this equation by canceling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equation by canceling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of this equation by canceling this
+Delta with that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta with that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta with that Delta
+we finally end up with relation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally end up with relation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally end up with relation that the
+conditional PDF should be equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF should be equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDF should be equal to this
+expression that we have here so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we have here so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we have here so to
+summarize we have shown a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize we have shown a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize we have shown a formula for
+the conditional PDF the conditional PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF the conditional PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional PDF the conditional PDF
+is zero for those values of X that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero for those values of X that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero for those values of X that
+cannot occur given the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot occur given the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot occur given the information that
+we are given namely that X takes values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are given namely that X takes values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are given namely that X takes values
+in that interval but inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that interval but inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that interval but inside this
+interval the conditional PDF has a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the conditional PDF has a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the conditional PDF has a form
+which is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is proportional to the
+unconditional PDF but it is scaled by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional PDF but it is scaled by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional PDF but it is scaled by a
+certain constant so in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain constant so in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain constant so in terms of a
+picture we might have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we might have something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we might have something like
+this and so this green diagram is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so this green diagram is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so this green diagram is the
+form of the conditional PDF the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the conditional PDF the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the conditional PDF the
+particular factor that we have here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular factor that we have here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular factor that we have here in
+the denominator is exactly that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is exactly that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the denominator is exactly that factor
+that is required the scaling factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is required the scaling factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is required the scaling factor that
+is required so that the total area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required so that the total area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required so that the total area under
+the green curve under the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green curve under the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green curve under the conditional
+PDF is equal to one so we see once more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is equal to one so we see once more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is equal to one so we see once more
+the familiar theme that conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar theme that conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the familiar theme that conditional
+probabilities maintain the same relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities maintain the same relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities maintain the same relative
+sizes as the unconditional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes as the unconditional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes as the unconditional probabilities
+and the same is true for conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same is true for conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same is true for conditional
+pmfs or PDFs keeping the same shape as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs or PDFs keeping the same shape as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pmfs or PDFs keeping the same shape as
+the unconditional ones except that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconditional ones except that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unconditional ones except that they
+are rescaled so that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rescaled so that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rescaled so that the total
+probability under a conditional PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability under a conditional PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability under a conditional PDF is
+equal to one we can now continue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one we can now continue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one we can now continue the
+same story and revisit everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same story and revisit everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same story and revisit everything else
+that we had done for discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had done for discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had done for discrete random
+variables for example we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for example we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for example we have the
+expectation of a discrete random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a discrete random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a discrete random
+variable and the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the corresponding
+conditional expectation which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation which is just
+the same kind of object except that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of object except that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of object except that we
+now rely on conditional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rely on conditional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rely on conditional probabilities
+similarly we can take the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can take the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly we can take the definition of
+the expectation for the continuous case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation for the continuous case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation for the continuous case
+and define a conditional expectation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and define a conditional expectation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and define a conditional expectation in
+the same manner except that we now rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same manner except that we now rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same manner except that we now rely
+on the conditional PDF so this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the conditional PDF so this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the conditional PDF so this formula
+here is the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the definition of the
+conditional expectation of a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional expectation of a continuous
+random variable give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable give
+a particular event we have a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular event we have a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular event we have a similar
+situation with the expected value rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with the expected value rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with the expected value rule
+which we have already seen for discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have already seen for discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we have already seen for discrete
+random variables in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables in both the
+unconditional and in the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional and in the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional and in the conditional
+setting we have a similar formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting we have a similar formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting we have a similar formula for
+the continuous case and at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous case and at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous case and at this point
+you can guess the form that the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess the form that the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess the form that the formula
+will take in the continuous conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take in the continuous conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take in the continuous conditional
+setting this is the expected value rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this is the expected value rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting this is the expected value rule
+in the conditional setting and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conditional setting and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the conditional setting and it is
+proved exactly the same way as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved exactly the same way as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved exactly the same way as for the
+unconditional continuous setting except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional continuous setting except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional continuous setting except
+that here in the proof we need to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here in the proof we need to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here in the proof we need to work
+with conditional probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with conditional probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with conditional probabilities and
+conditional PDFs instead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDFs instead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional PDFs instead of the
+unconditional ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional ones
+so to summarize there is nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize there is nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to summarize there is nothing really
+different when we condition on an event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when we condition on an event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different when we condition on an event
+in the continuous case compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous case compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the continuous case compared to the
+discrete case we just replace summations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case we just replace summations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case we just replace summations
+with integrations and we replace pmfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integrations and we replace pmfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with integrations and we replace pmfs
+by PDFs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nYNTRl_Hx1c.txt b/nYNTRl_Hx1c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab83b818a7dd9fe999cf897b3045f712ad818b46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nYNTRl_Hx1c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19293 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+garter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garter
+thomas mann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas mann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thomas mann
+and christopher marlow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and christopher marlow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and christopher marlow
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+they thought this was a great story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought this was a great story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought this was a great story
+there is uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is uh some
+some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's something there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something there's something
+truthful about faust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful about faust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful about faust
+there apparently there was a faust we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there apparently there was a faust we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there apparently there was a faust we're
+passing these around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and his story up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his story up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his story up
+sort of is a little bit uh for me i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is a little bit uh for me i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of is a little bit uh for me i
+haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+delved into it but it's sort of to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delved into it but it's sort of to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delved into it but it's sort of to me
+it's very similar to the true story the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the true story the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the true story the
+true part of the story of nostradamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true part of the story of nostradamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true part of the story of nostradamus
+that they lived around the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they lived around the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they lived around the same time
+they were both physicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were both physicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were both physicians
+and they both got some notoriety for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both got some notoriety for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both got some notoriety for
+what they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+helping people with the plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people with the plague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping people with the plague
+the black plague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apparently they had some thoughts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently they had some thoughts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently they had some thoughts that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+cleanly cleanliness had something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly cleanliness had something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanly cleanliness had something to do
+with the plague and it turns out they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the plague and it turns out they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the plague and it turns out they
+were right we didn't find that out until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right we didn't find that out until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were right we didn't find that out until
+many years later that it was this flea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years later that it was this flea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years later that it was this flea
+on the rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the rats
+but they had something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they had something to do with
+burning clothes and burning blankets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning clothes and burning blankets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning clothes and burning blankets and
+washing or cutting your hair and washing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing or cutting your hair and washing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing or cutting your hair and washing
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+and so people thought that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people thought that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people thought that they were
+sort of mystical and people would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mystical and people would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mystical and people would write
+about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now it'd be good for you to sort out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it'd be good for you to sort out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it'd be good for you to sort out the
+truth of the whole truth of that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of the whole truth of that story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth of the whole truth of that story
+bring it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back to
+class if you get the inclination but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you get the inclination but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class if you get the inclination but
+the point that i want to bring is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that i want to bring is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that i want to bring is uh the
+faustian contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we've talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've talked about that
+now let's do a little review but i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do a little review but i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's do a little review but i'm
+going to review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to review
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in a manner that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets us ready for this discussion today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us ready for this discussion today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us ready for this discussion today
+i want to put it in a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to put it in a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to put it in a little bit more
+sophisticated context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated context
+than before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask ourselves
+does uh ethics have first principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh ethics have first principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh ethics have first principles and
+a logic from which we deduce or argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good and bad behavior right wrong action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad behavior right wrong action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad behavior right wrong action
+from those principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take stock of the other learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take stock of the other learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take stock of the other learned
+disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines
+let's write down some learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down some learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down some learner
+disciplines and let's call let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and let's call let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and let's call let's ask
+ourselves do they have first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves do they have first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves do they have first principles
+uh a starting point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with uh philosophy itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we can talk about first principles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about first principles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about first principles in
+uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+theory called teleology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is the study of ends and means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if we look at the contents of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at the contents of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we look at the contents of the
+other learning disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other learning disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other learning disciplines
+we'll find teleology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+with different names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with different names
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's go to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+let's go to the sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the sciences the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sciences the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sciences the application of
+teleology uh to the methods of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleology uh to the methods of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teleology uh to the methods of the
+sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have us arrive at what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate
+causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now there was a time when when newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there was a time when when newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there was a time when when newton
+came up with his law f equals m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and said that f equals m a was a law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that f equals m a was a law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that f equals m a was a law of
+nature that was the cause of a body to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that was the cause of a body to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that was the cause of a body to
+accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate
+or to explain how a body accelerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to explain how a body accelerates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to explain how a body accelerates
+if you ask what was the cause of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask what was the cause of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask what was the cause of f
+equals m a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m a
+that was the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now einstein came up with another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now einstein came up with another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now einstein came up with another one
+equals m c squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m c squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m c squared
+but if you add and says that's the cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you add and says that's the cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you add and says that's the cause
+of f equals m a f equals m as a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f equals m a f equals m as a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f equals m a f equals m as a special
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+then if you ask what is the cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you ask what is the cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you ask what is the cause of
+equals m c squared what do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m c squared what do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals m c squared what do you get
+that's the way the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way the world is
+right that's an end uh can you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's an end uh can you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's an end uh can you think of
+any more ends in the sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's interesting how the word end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting how the word end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's interesting how the word end is
+used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used
+is not the last it's actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the last it's actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the last it's actually the first
+in your logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the big bang theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bang theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big bang theory
+okay someone says there's a big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone says there's a big bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone says there's a big bang
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+that the world was caused by the i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world was caused by the i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the world was caused by the i mean
+the the universe was caused by this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the universe was caused by this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the universe was caused by this big
+bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang
+do you ask what caused the big bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would be an end but right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an end but right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be an end but right now the
+big bang big bang is the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang big bang is the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bang big bang is the end
+any others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others
+how about mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well one is the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by definition what is an axiom well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by definition what is an axiom well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by definition what is an axiom well
+i've got a definition unless you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a definition unless you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a definition unless you want
+one i want to give one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i want to give one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one i want to give one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not merely a proposition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not merely a proposition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not merely a proposition that is
+assumed to be true without proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one has to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+an axiom does not have a higher cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axiom does not have a higher cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an axiom does not have a higher cause
+it's a starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now one thing that i think that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing that i think that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one thing that i think that a
+college education is supposed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even in mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in mathematics
+is to give you at least one experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you at least one experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you at least one experience
+maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two
+where you solve a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you solve a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you solve a problem
+from a first principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you go all the way back to the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go all the way back to the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go all the way back to the beginning
+solve that problem and go right on up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem and go right on up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve that problem and go right on up
+through to the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through to the solution
+7.29 feet per second squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.29 feet per second squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.29 feet per second squared
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theorem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pythagoras is that a first principle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pythagoras is that a first principle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pythagoras is that a first principle or
+does it have a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a squared is equal to b squared plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared is equal to b squared plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared is equal to b squared plus c
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+you can prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove it
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+you can prove it uh the trick is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove it uh the trick is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove it uh the trick is that um
+the theorem is stated in algebra but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem is stated in algebra but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem is stated in algebra but the
+proof is in geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is in geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is in geometry
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+remind you how to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you how to get started
+start with a triangle like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+a squared is the area of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared is the area of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squared is the area of that
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+c squared is the area of that square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared is the area of that square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c squared is the area of that square
+b squared is the area of that square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b squared is the area of that square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b squared is the area of that square
+and then if you're clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you're clever
+about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize these
+you can prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+plus that is equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you don't have to draw up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you don't have to draw up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you don't have to draw up the
+scale and you know cut it out and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and you know cut it out and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and you know cut it out and put
+one on top of the other you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on top of the other you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on top of the other you can just
+prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this whole thing is a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+how about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about in
+the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well when i was in the army there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when i was in the army there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well when i was in the army there was a
+theory called strategy and tactics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you look at what your mission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at what your mission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at what your mission is
+you look at where you're standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at where you're standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at where you're standing
+you figure out a way to go from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out a way to go from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out a way to go from where
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+to where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was the uh outline of the strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was a there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there's a good
+there's some good ways to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some good ways to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some good ways to understand
+strategy and tactics through um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and tactics through um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and tactics through um
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the game of chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game of chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game of chess
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the other games that we call sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one way anybody here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way anybody here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way anybody here
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+an athlete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+you used to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used to be what
+you played volleyball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+one time at howard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time at howard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time at howard the
+uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the school of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school of engineering
+organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized
+two volleyball teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and both sides were made up of students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both sides were made up of students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both sides were made up of students
+staff and faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff and faculty
+but they were divided between the men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were divided between the men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were divided between the men
+and women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we decided to have this big game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we decided to have this big game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we decided to have this big game
+right before a final exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before a final exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before a final exam
+and the men felt we were going to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the men felt we were going to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the men felt we were going to win
+because we could spike them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could spike them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we could spike them
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you know we got in there we lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we got in there we lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we got in there we lost
+and i'll tell you why it was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you why it was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you why it was because
+the women could return some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women could return some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women could return some of those
+spikes they could get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes they could get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spikes they could get down
+and the men couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the men couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the men couldn't
+and so whenever we spiked on them we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whenever we spiked on them we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so whenever we spiked on them we
+could get 20 percent of them returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get 20 percent of them returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get 20 percent of them returned
+whenever they smacked on us it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they smacked on us it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they smacked on us it was a
+clear point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was a clear point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a clear point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a clear point
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh in sports let's say in basketball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three or five little guys playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five big guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+how we little guys gonna beat the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+well we're going to set up a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to set up a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to set up a game
+strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy
+and that's an overall rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an overall rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's an overall rule
+that we try to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we try to implement
+all of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we won't be able to implement it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we won't be able to implement it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we won't be able to implement it all
+of the time but it's an overall rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time but it's an overall rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time but it's an overall rule
+and the overall rule is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall rule is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the overall rule is to
+run the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outrun them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrun them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrun them
+make them big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them big
+make them tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a tactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a tactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a tactic
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+is an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an opportunity
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+sometimes we can we can force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we can we can force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we can we can force
+very few times can we force but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few times can we force but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few times can we force but it's a
+matter it's an opportunity that arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's an opportunity that arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it's an opportunity that arises
+and you've got to recognize that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to recognize that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got to recognize that it's
+arising and you take full advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising and you take full advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising and you take full advantage of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and one of them is called the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one of them is called the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and one of them is called the open
+shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+the open man that is somebody's standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open man that is somebody's standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the open man that is somebody's standing
+out on the court and nobody's guarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the court and nobody's guarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the court and nobody's guarding
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you run around enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run around enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run around enough
+you might get all of the big guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get all of the big guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get all of the big guys
+clumped together somewhere and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together somewhere and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together somewhere and there's
+one little guy standing out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little guy standing out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one little guy standing out there
+so if that's if that if that arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's if that if that arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if that's if that if that arises
+throw the ball to the little guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw the ball to the little guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw the ball to the little guy the
+little guy take his time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guy take his time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little guy take his time
+and shoot the ball got a high percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shoot the ball got a high percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shoot the ball got a high percentage
+shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot
+okay strategy and tactics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay strategy and tactics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay strategy and tactics
+it's application of teleology to sports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's application of teleology to sports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's application of teleology to sports
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+any others uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any others uh
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is the study of ends and means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+formal study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal study
+of ends and means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ends and means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ends and means
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+we could go on and on and on anybody get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go on and on and on anybody get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go on and on and on anybody get
+some others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others
+some other disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+let's yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say it again maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it again maxwell's equations
+uh i would put that under physics but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i would put that under physics but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i would put that under physics but uh
+uh let's talk about it mac what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's talk about it mac what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's talk about it mac what
+maxwell's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's uh
+uh equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's put it this way here's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put it this way here's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's put it this way here's a good
+way to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to start with
+if there's anything that you can derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's anything that you can derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's anything that you can derive
+maxwell's equations from i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations from i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwell's equations from i don't know
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+i've never looked higher into that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never looked higher into that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've never looked higher into that but
+uh if you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you can find
+i don't know on the way but just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know on the way but just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know on the way but just by
+asking somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking somebody
+uh if there is a higher principle than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there is a higher principle than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if there is a higher principle than
+bring it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back
+uh to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they adapt uh strategic theory it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they adapt uh strategic theory it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they adapt uh strategic theory it's not
+it's not the only theory that they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only theory that they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only theory that they use
+but definitely if you're in business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely if you're in business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely if you're in business
+you're going to talk about the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about the bottom
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what you're talking about is profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're talking about is profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're talking about is profit
+the end is profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end is profit
+and you have various means to those ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we could argue whether that political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could argue whether that political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could argue whether that political
+science is actually a science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is actually a science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is actually a science
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+but uh it is definitely a learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it is definitely a learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it is definitely a learning
+discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline
+uh maybe we could maybe we could divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe we could maybe we could divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe we could maybe we could divide
+political science up into two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science up into two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science up into two parts
+something that we could legitimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we could legitimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we could legitimately
+call a science and call it political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a science and call it political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a science and call it political
+science and something else we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and something else we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and something else we call
+politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is possible that and it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible that and it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is possible that and it's more than
+likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely
+that the very successful politician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very successful politician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the very successful politician
+never ever took a course in political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever took a course in political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever took a course in political
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but the smart ones get some advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the smart ones get some advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the smart ones get some advice
+from the political scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the political scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the political scientists
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and some uh there's a theory uh not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some uh there's a theory uh not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some uh there's a theory uh not the
+only one but there's a theory about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one but there's a theory about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one but there's a theory about
+political science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political science
+uh that political philosophical theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that political philosophical theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that political philosophical theory
+of philosophy of political science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophy of political science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of philosophy of political science
+that political science is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that political science is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that political science is
+the study of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of the
+uses of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+yeah what is the end then is power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is the end then is power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what is the end then is power the
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+or is power the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's let's penetrate that a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's penetrate that a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's let's penetrate that a little
+bit uh let's play the game um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a there is a philosophy of law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a philosophy of law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is a philosophy of law
+and incidentally anybody know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incidentally anybody know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and incidentally anybody know the
+discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline
+that is called that uh also goes by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called that uh also goes by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is called that uh also goes by the
+name philosophy of law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name philosophy of law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name philosophy of law
+jewish proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh there's a theory of jewish truths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a theory of jewish truths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a theory of jewish truths and
+probably is it's uh handed down to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is it's uh handed down to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably is it's uh handed down to us
+from a man named uh he goes he's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a man named uh he goes he's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a man named uh he goes he's an
+englishman so he has three initials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+englishman so he has three initials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+englishman so he has three initials
+and then a last name h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a last name h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a last name h
+l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l
+a and the last name is heart h-a-r-t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the last name is heart h-a-r-t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and the last name is heart h-a-r-t
+uh and hart says that the end of law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is social order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we'll talk about whether it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about whether it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about whether it's good
+or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad
+but we got to have social and ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got to have social and ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we got to have social and ordered
+society before we can talk about make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society before we can talk about make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society before we can talk about make it
+good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+so the end for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the end for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the end for him
+notice how i jump to law because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how i jump to law because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how i jump to law because they're
+there i know what i'm talking about i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i know what i'm talking about i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i know what i'm talking about i
+have not studied political science like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not studied political science like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not studied political science like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+but the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the end
+for heart in law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heart in law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for heart in law
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um
+an ordered society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an or a society that's intact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an or a society that's intact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an or a society that's intact
+that people are not going out doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are not going out doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are not going out doing
+whatever they want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that um there may be some minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there may be some minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um there may be some minimum
+principles in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in that
+that he would that he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would that he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would that he talks about
+uh but basically he's talking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but basically he's talking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but basically he's talking about a
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+is held together as a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is held together as a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is held together as a unit
+if you can make a distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make a distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can make a distinction between
+a collection of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of people
+and a society of people and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a society of people and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a society of people and we're
+talking about the society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+that they're held together as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're held together as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're held together as a whole
+instead of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of an
+anarchistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anarchistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anarchistic
+uh individualistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individualistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individualistic
+uh collection of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the power politics is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the power politics is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the power politics is what they
+call it uh is power now let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it uh is power now let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it uh is power now let's go back to
+the question is power the means or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is power the means or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is power the means or the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i tell you what i think in political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell you what i think in political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i tell you what i think in political
+science i think powers is the end i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science i think powers is the end i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science i think powers is the end i
+think you get the power then let's worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you get the power then let's worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you get the power then let's worry
+about uh how we're going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how we're going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how we're going to use it
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh i think the ideal uh falls into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think the ideal uh falls into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think the ideal uh falls into
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+category now let me point you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category now let me point you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category now let me point you to
+something else that is is germane to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that is is germane to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that is is germane to
+what this lecture is going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this lecture is going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this lecture is going to be about
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is a formal term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will put us in the mood for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will put us in the mood for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will put us in the mood for for
+today and i'll get to it in about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and i'll get to it in about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and i'll get to it in about five
+to five minutes still got something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five minutes still got something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five minutes still got something else
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+now social contract theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project yourself to a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project yourself to a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project yourself to a time
+the last half of the 18th century the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last half of the 18th century the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last half of the 18th century the
+first half of the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first half of the 19th century
+uh the last half no the last quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last half no the last quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the last half no the last quarter of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+18th century the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century the first
+third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third
+of the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 19th century
+okay what was going on 1776
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what was going on 1776
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what was going on 1776
+american revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french rivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french rivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french rivers
+i think it was around 1803 somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was around 1803 somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was around 1803 somewhere
+around and there that the holy roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and there that the holy roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and there that the holy roman
+empire field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empire field
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we could go on there some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go on there some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could go on there some more
+but the point is you're sitting down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is you're sitting down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is you're sitting down and
+you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about
+governmental regimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that have been in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been in place
+for many years some hundreds of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years some hundreds of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years some hundreds of years
+all of a sudden collapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden collapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden collapsing
+and you've got scholars sitting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got scholars sitting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've got scholars sitting around
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+how can we replace it with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we replace it with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we replace it with something
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that produced a lot of great thinkers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced a lot of great thinkers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produced a lot of great thinkers
+uh in france the greatest theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in france the greatest theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in france the greatest theater
+thinker was russo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in england probably one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in england probably one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in england probably one of the
+greatest was uh and rousseau's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest was uh and rousseau's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest was uh and rousseau's um
+i think he his was the second treat his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he his was the second treat his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think he his was the second treat his
+own government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own government
+uh rousseau uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rousseau uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rousseau uh uh
+the one in england was thomas was hobbes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in england was thomas was hobbes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in england was thomas was hobbes
+h-o-b-b-e-s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-o-b-b-e-s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-o-b-b-e-s
+you've heard of his great book called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of his great book called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard of his great book called
+leviathan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh before them were some others um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before them were some others um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh before them were some others um and
+i'll just name one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just name one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just name one
+because i'm breaking them up into types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm breaking them up into types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i'm breaking them up into types
+uh was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was uh
+machiavelli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but you had all of these thinkers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you had all of these thinkers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you had all of these thinkers and
+they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had
+and and they're called social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're called social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're called social
+contractarians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because these great works i i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these great works i i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these great works i i have to
+emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this
+because when i tell you what the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when i tell you what the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when i tell you what the method
+uh used in these great works you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh used in these great works you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh used in these great works you're
+going to attribute it's only natural to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attribute it's only natural to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to attribute it's only natural to
+trivialize it the method is very trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivialize it the method is very trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+when you look at it at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at it at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at it at first
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these people wrote the greatest
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+
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+but these people wrote the greatest
+works on government
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+europe mainly western europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe mainly western europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe mainly western europe
+united states canada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states canada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states canada
+and all of that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that um
+their method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was to tell a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what they did
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said let's imagine a state
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said let's imagine a state
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a
+state i don't mean a a a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state i don't mean a a a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state i don't mean a a a um
+political state i mean a state of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political state i mean a state of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political state i mean a state of being
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine a state of being when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine a state of being when
+there is no government there's total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no government there's total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no government there's total
+chaos out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos out here
+people are running a monk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we decide that we're going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decide that we're going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we decide that we're going to make a
+whole new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole new uh
+government out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we're going to do is pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're going to do is pick
+a set of a collection of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+20 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 people
+have them come into a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them come into a room
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them come into a room
+and say to them don't come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say to them don't come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say to them don't come out
+until you've got the articles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've got the articles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you've got the articles of
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+what would they come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would they come up with
+the operative operative word here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operative operative word here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operative operative word here is the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you tell a story
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you tell a story
+and then you come back and say the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you come back and say the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you come back and say the ideal
+government is what they would come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+that's how this was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how this was done
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how this was done
+that's how the united states was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the united states was
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+
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+that's how the united states was
+grounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounded
+uh on russo and many of the others that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on russo and many of the others that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on russo and many of the others that
+you can find um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they told a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told a story
+that's incredible isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incredible isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incredible isn't it
+you look at the you look at him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the you look at him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the you look at him
+and tell a story hobbs hobbs story is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell a story hobbs hobbs story is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell a story hobbs hobbs story is is
+the most famous only because when i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous only because when i say
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+most famous i'm talking about outside of
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+
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+the
+ 
+
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+the
+scholars because he had some work he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars because he had some work he was
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+
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+scholars because he had some work he was
+clever with words
+
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+clever with words
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+clever with words
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and uh he talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh he talked about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this the state of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the state of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the state of nature
+being nasty brutish and short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nasty brutish and short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being nasty brutish and short
+life being nasty brutish and short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life being nasty brutish and short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life being nasty brutish and short
+people remember that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people remember that okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+these were great pieces of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were great pieces of work
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were great pieces of work
+so what i want to do is ask um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to do is ask um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to do is ask um so the
+first principle then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principle then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first principle then
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+ align:start position:0%
+is a story
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a story
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't ask why did they come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't ask why did they come up with
+that story you say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story you say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story you say well
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would come up with this story
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would come up with this story
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+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable people would come up with
+ 
+
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+reasonable people would come up with
+this story
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+ align:start position:0%
+this story
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+
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+this story
+how would they argue it out that all
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+how would they argue it out that all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would they argue it out that all
+goes back to plato plato told us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to plato plato told us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to plato plato told us about
+plato some probably his greatest works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato some probably his greatest works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato some probably his greatest works
+called the dialogues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dialogues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the dialogues
+it was a fictitious story about him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a fictitious story about him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a fictitious story about him
+having a talk with socrates socrates did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a talk with socrates socrates did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a talk with socrates socrates did
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the story is very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is very powerful
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+let's go to ethics and then we'll uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to ethics and then we'll uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go to ethics and then we'll uh
+what are the first principles there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well ethics gonna is gonna do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ethics gonna is gonna do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well ethics gonna is gonna do the same
+thing that these uh other disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that these uh other disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that these uh other disciplines
+are going to do their first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do their first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to do their first the first
+thing they're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study
+or to look at the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same way that a person would who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that a person would who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that a person would who is
+studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metaphysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does
+metaphysics mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphysics mean
+well the first thing is don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing is don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing is don't
+get confused by the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it looks something the word metaphysics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks something the word metaphysics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks something the word metaphysics
+would at first tell you i've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would at first tell you i've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would at first tell you i've got a
+prefix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefix here
+over the word physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the word physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the word physics
+and meta means higher or above or beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meta means higher or above or beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and meta means higher or above or beyond
+in some kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kind of way
+and physics is uh the study of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics is uh the study of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and physics is uh the study of physical
+nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature
+all right so something beyond all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so something beyond all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so something beyond all of
+that that's not where this word comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not where this word comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not where this word comes
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+uh when aristotle's works were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when aristotle's works were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when aristotle's works were
+rediscovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered
+rediscovered in the western world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered in the western world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rediscovered in the western world where
+did they rediscover them from i'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they rediscover them from i'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they rediscover them from i'll tell
+you islam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you islam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you islam
+because during the islamic period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because during the islamic period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because during the islamic period of
+domination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domination
+of the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the west
+they recovered the greek works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recovered the greek works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they recovered the greek works
+translated them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated them
+and held them in libraries and when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and held them in libraries and when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and held them in libraries and when they
+were receipted back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were receipted back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were receipted back
+uh to arabia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to arabia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to arabia
+that then their books were rediscovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then their books were rediscovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then their books were rediscovered
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and some of the and and there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the and and there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the and and there was this
+one book that was discovered of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one book that was discovered of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one book that was discovered of
+aristotle's that didn't have a name on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle's that didn't have a name on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle's that didn't have a name on
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it wasn't entitled wasn't titled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't entitled wasn't titled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't entitled wasn't titled and
+apparently it wasn't finished but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it wasn't finished but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently it wasn't finished but it
+came after his book of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came after his book of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came after his book of physics
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+so that's how the word metaphysics comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how the word metaphysics comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how the word metaphysics comes
+into being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and if you look at the world if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you look at the world if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and if you look at the world if you
+look at a problem like the meta like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a problem like the meta like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a problem like the meta like a
+person who studies metaphysics with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who studies metaphysics with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who studies metaphysics with the
+first thing you do is break up the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you do is break up the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you do is break up the world
+in the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the parts
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three parts
+the mental world and the material world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and before i go any further there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before i go any further there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before i go any further there is a
+problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my most precious encyclopedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my most precious encyclopedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my most precious encyclopedia
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy
+uh says is the most persistent problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh says is the most persistent problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh says is the most persistent problem
+in all of philosophy it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of philosophy it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of philosophy it's called the
+mind body problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better stated
+for us today what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us today what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us today what's the difference
+between the mind and the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mind and the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the mind and the brain
+that's a rhetorical question unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rhetorical question unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a rhetorical question unless you
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+what what is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the difference between the
+mind and the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and the other one is i will call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is i will call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one is i will call it the
+mystical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this includes the spiritual world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it includes some other worlds too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll tell you how we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you how we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you how we're going to get
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh the material world we can break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material world we can break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the material world we can break up
+into parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can say that there is a social world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that there is a social world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that there is a social world
+and then there's the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+can we break them up and that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we break them up and that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we break them up and that and
+we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say
+uh there is the physical world we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is the physical world we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is the physical world we can
+call the natural world the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the natural world the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the natural world the physical
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if we talk about physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about physics
+as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to
+sociology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology
+we're talking about two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about two kinds of
+sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences
+but the objects of their study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the objects of their study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the objects of their study
+are two different belonging to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different belonging to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different belonging to two
+different worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different worlds
+but they all belong to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all belong to the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they all belong to the material
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the mental world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the mental world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the mental world
+if we talk about the mental world as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about the mental world as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about the mental world as
+being a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a world
+of the rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the non-rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you'll be comfortable sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be comfortable sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll be comfortable sitting
+around with a number of philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a number of philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with a number of philosophers
+talking about the mental world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the mental world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the mental world
+you'll be more comfortable in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be more comfortable in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be more comfortable in this class
+if you talk about the conscious world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the conscious mind is susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the conscious mind is susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the conscious mind is susceptible to
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+it's not always reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always reasonable
+the conscious mind we say unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conscious mind we say unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conscious mind we say unless you're
+out of your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your mind
+it's susceptible to reason reason will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's susceptible to reason reason will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's susceptible to reason reason will
+bend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend you
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+some sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of uh
+complicity they claim there's a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicity they claim there's a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicity they claim there's a word
+there's a term called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a term called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+socratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dictum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictum
+this is formal socratic dictum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is formal socratic dictum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is formal socratic dictum
+it says uh that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me see if i can quote it exactly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if i can quote it exactly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see if i can quote it exactly if
+i can i'll give you a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can i'll give you a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can i'll give you a reasonable
+translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation
+knowledge of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the good
+will compel a commitment to the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now the rational the the the conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rational the the the conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the rational the the the conscious
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will
+have some apprehension of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some apprehension of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some apprehension of data
+that it will say belongs to the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will say belongs to the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will say belongs to the material
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+we do this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this all the time
+this is what we do 99.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we do 99.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we do 99.9
+of our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our lives
+we have a conscious mind and we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conscious mind and we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a conscious mind and we look
+over here and we say there's a chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we say there's a chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and we say there's a chair
+that belongs to the material world i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belongs to the material world i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belongs to the material world i've
+got a mental world but my mind can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a mental world but my mind can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a mental world but my mind can learn
+tell me something about it through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me something about it through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me something about it through what
+is called sense data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called sense data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called sense data
+that's the conscious mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conscious mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the conscious mind
+the unconscious mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the best way to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best way to understand the
+unconscious mind is not to open up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious mind is not to open up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious mind is not to open up a
+psychology book but just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology book but just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology book but just think about
+what you dreamt do you ever remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you dreamt do you ever remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you dreamt do you ever remember
+your dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you remember them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember them
+sometimes that's the good news is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's the good news is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's the good news is
+sometimes if you remember them all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you remember them all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you remember them all the
+time you'd be in a world what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd be in a world what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd be in a world what we call a
+world of hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of hurt
+i remember all of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember all of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember all of my
+dreams every morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man
+i remember all of them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember all of them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i remember all of them uh
+there are some truths in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some truths in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some truths in your
+unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious
+your mind can't face certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind can't face certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind can't face certain kinds of
+truths so there's some truths down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths so there's some truths down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths so there's some truths down there
+but when your unconscious sees those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when your unconscious sees those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when your unconscious sees those
+truths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths
+guess what the unconscious is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the unconscious is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the unconscious is going to
+do it's going to do the same thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's going to do the same thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's going to do the same thing that
+the conscience does it's going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conscience does it's going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conscience does it's going to put
+those truths in a different world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those truths in a different world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those truths in a different world
+i don't want to call it the mystical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to call it the mystical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to call it the mystical
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i know
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these divisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these divisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these divisions
+i think uh i think a good word for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think uh i think a good word for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think uh i think a good word for it
+they're artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're artificial
+and there's a substantial overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a substantial overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a substantial overlap
+depending on how you talk about it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you talk about it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you talk about it there
+definitely is a lot of overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely is a lot of overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely is a lot of overlap
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+a social social scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social social scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social social scientist
+uh is talking well let's ask ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is talking well let's ask ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is talking well let's ask ourselves
+what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between
+sociology and psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology and psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology and psychology
+psychology wants to study you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology wants to study you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology wants to study you
+but in order to study you we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to study you we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in order to study you we have to
+understand how you fit in with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you fit in with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how you fit in with other
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+sociology wants to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology wants to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology wants to study
+all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us
+as a unit but how can we do that without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit but how can we do that without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a unit but how can we do that without
+talking about some individuals so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's one of those things where the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those things where the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of those things where the more
+you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read
+about the stuff and talk about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stuff and talk about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the stuff and talk about it you
+just get to see what other people mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get to see what other people mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get to see what other people mean
+it doesn't mean that there's anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that there's anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't mean that there's anything
+wrong with what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with what you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with what you just
+apprehended at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprehended at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprehended at first
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh in ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in ethics
+we've already seen that first principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen that first principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already seen that first principles
+that kant gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kant gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kant gave us
+a first principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a first principle
+in the mental world for ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mental world for ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mental world for ethics
+called the categorical imperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've already seen
+that mill and bentham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mill and bentham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mill and bentham
+and others have given us a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others have given us a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others have given us a first
+principle for ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle for ethics
+in the material world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the material world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the material world
+and that is the happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there our first there's a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there our first there's a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there our first there's a first
+principle of ethics in the spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of ethics in the spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of ethics in the spiritual
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+we call it religious ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it religious ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it religious ethics
+and that has to do with god's will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the one that i want to study today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that i want to study today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one that i want to study today
+is not in the spiritual world it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in the spiritual world it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not in the spiritual world it's in
+another part of the mystical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the mystical world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another part of the mystical world
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it comes from plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even though he has said they have a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he has said they have a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though he has said they have a um
+a theology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theology
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and what it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it says is that
+there is something that is not entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something that is not entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something that is not entirely
+mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental
+and not entirely a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it is a clear understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a clear understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a clear understanding of
+character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for him plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for him plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for him plato
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+good character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+was defined in terms of the possession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined in terms of the possession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was defined in terms of the possession
+of virtues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the virtues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtues
+came from mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the first principle therefore for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first principle therefore for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first principle therefore for
+plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato
+and the way i teach plato underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i teach plato underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i teach plato underscore
+that because other people will teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because other people will teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because other people will teach
+plato differently the first principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato differently the first principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato differently the first principle
+under plato was actually mythology now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under plato was actually mythology now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under plato was actually mythology now
+he would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would say
+that there is an idea of the perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an idea of the perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is an idea of the perfection
+of the good and we can give it a name we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good and we can give it a name we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the good and we can give it a name we
+can call it god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i think that uh plato uh when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that uh plato uh when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think that uh plato uh when he
+comes up with these virtues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with these virtues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with these virtues
+and says that a human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says that a human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says that a human being
+uh can aspire to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can aspire to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can aspire to be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a hero heroic god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hero heroic god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hero heroic god
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that we're really talking about a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're really talking about a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're really talking about a kind
+of religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of religion
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is goes by a different name mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes by a different name mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is goes by a different name mythology
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it really preceded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really preceded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really preceded
+formal religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal religion
+and when they built pagan religion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they built pagan religion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they built pagan religion on
+philosophy it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it was just
+what i just said it's it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said it's it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said it's it's a way of
+thinking about philosophy is where think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about philosophy is where think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about philosophy is where think
+about without mythology in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about without mythology in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about without mythology in um
+philosophical and ceremonial terms it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and ceremonial terms it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical and ceremonial terms it's
+still mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still mythology
+okay so the first principle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first principle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the first principle is
+i'm going to argue the first principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to argue the first principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to argue the first principle
+uh is actually mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is actually mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is actually mythology
+why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh
+what is the cause of mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cause of mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cause of mythology
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+i don't i'm not going to say that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i'm not going to say that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't i'm not going to say that it's
+not it's the writers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's the writers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's the writers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+you know mythology was one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mythology was one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mythology was one of these
+things that evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there were a lot of writers many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of writers many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were a lot of writers many of the
+writers did not put their names to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers did not put their names to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers did not put their names to what
+they wrote because they didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote because they didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote because they didn't want to
+take ownership for it they they finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ownership for it they they finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take ownership for it they they finally
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+it settled into a story that had lastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it settled into a story that had lastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it settled into a story that had lastic
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and nobody knew why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're just some stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just some stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just some stories
+that you you will take with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you will take with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you you will take with you
+to the grave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the grave
+and other stories are more entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other stories are more entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other stories are more entertaining
+other stories might have more meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stories might have more meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stories might have more meaning
+to you for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you for the time
+but if you live to be 90 years old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you live to be 90 years old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you live to be 90 years old and
+can remember you remember some stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember you remember some stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can remember you remember some stories
+there only be a few that you will still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only be a few that you will still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there only be a few that you will still
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+and still pass on to your great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still pass on to your great great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still pass on to your great great
+grandchild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so there's something mystical about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's something mystical about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's something mystical about
+mythology mythology is not only mystical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology mythology is not only mystical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology mythology is not only mystical
+in its content but it's mystical in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its content but it's mystical in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in its content but it's mystical in its
+context what it does to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context what it does to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context what it does to you
+now what i'm going to do now is tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to do now is tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i'm going to do now is tell you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some a mythical story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a mythical story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a mythical story
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+when i say it's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say it's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i say it's part
+legend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legend
+and part fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part fantasy
+um if somebody says that's it's a legend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if somebody says that's it's a legend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if somebody says that's it's a legend
+which is part truth and part famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part truth and part famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is part truth and part famous
+uh then i'm going to say no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then i'm going to say no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then i'm going to say no it's
+mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology
+because it's two different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's two different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's two different kinds of
+truth one is what your conscious mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth one is what your conscious mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth one is what your conscious mind
+sees and one is what your unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees and one is what your unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees and one is what your unconscious
+mind sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if there's a fear that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a fear that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a fear that you have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and i'll tell you about one of my fears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you about one of my fears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you about one of my fears
+uh that i had early in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i had early in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i had early in life
+and your conscious mind does not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your conscious mind does not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your conscious mind does not want to
+think about it and that fear gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and that fear gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and that fear gets
+projected down in your unconscious as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected down in your unconscious as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected down in your unconscious as a
+dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then that unconscious mind that dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that unconscious mind that dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that unconscious mind that dragon
+is just as real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just as real
+as that chariot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because you've taken the truth and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've taken the truth and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've taken the truth and put
+it someplace else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+i want to tell some and and and when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to tell some and and and when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to tell some and and and when i
+get to to the end of it i'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to to the end of it i'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to to the end of it i'll give you
+some i'll give you some references for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some i'll give you some references for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some i'll give you some references for
+it as a matter of fact i'll do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a matter of fact i'll do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a matter of fact i'll do something
+better i'll give you papers back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better i'll give you papers back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better i'll give you papers back
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+i'll give you hard copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you hard copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you hard copies
+and i'll save some for you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll save some for you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll save some for you all
+of uh some references for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i had my way the best way to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had my way the best way to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had my way the best way to tell
+this story would be out there by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story would be out there by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story would be out there by the
+river everybody's laying back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river everybody's laying back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river everybody's laying back
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're allowing your mind to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowing your mind to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're allowing your mind to do what
+freud called free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+associated so to the best of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated so to the best of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated so to the best of uh
+of our abilities in these surrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our abilities in these surrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our abilities in these surrounds
+uh let's try to free associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's try to free associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's try to free associate
+so if you want to put your foot up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to put your foot up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to put your foot up on
+the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if you want to go out and get a beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go out and get a beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go out and get a beer
+that's not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you'll have to
+the more you anticipate what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you anticipate what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you anticipate what's going on
+the more you try to figure out what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you try to figure out what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more you try to figure out what is
+the point of all of this the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of all of this the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of all of this the more you
+try to figure out well how can i take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out well how can i take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out well how can i take a
+test in this the less you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in this the less you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test in this the less you're going to
+appreciate and you're going to miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and you're going to miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate and you're going to miss the
+real point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real point
+i promise you there's some deep points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise you there's some deep points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise you there's some deep points
+in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here
+i promise you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i promise you that
+but if you look for them you will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look for them you will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look for them you will not
+find them they have to come through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them they have to come through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them they have to come through
+okay so you ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you ready
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh first of all i have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comfortable see i came up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable see i came up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable see i came up uh
+in a storytelling um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a storytelling um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a storytelling um
+family and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and uh
+everybody would turn off the television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would turn off the television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody would turn off the television
+the kids would just lay on the floor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids would just lay on the floor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kids would just lay on the floor and
+the old folks would just tell stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old folks would just tell stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old folks would just tell stories
+and my younger brother you'd go to sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my younger brother you'd go to sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my younger brother you'd go to sleep
+and you'd fight it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd fight it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'd fight it you know
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+this is natural for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the story goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the story goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the story goes
+as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far
+they're one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three four stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and they are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first story begins right after world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first story begins right after world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first story begins right after world
+war one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war one
+so we're talking 1918.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two of my grand uncles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of my grand uncles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of my grand uncles
+brothers of my grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers of my grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers of my grandmother
+on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my
+paternal maternal side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were
+over there and they came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and they came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there and they came back
+home to a small town in pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to a small town in pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home to a small town in pennsylvania
+called milton pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they discovered that their parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they discovered that their parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they discovered that their parents
+had died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had died
+and that their eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that their eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that their eight
+brothers and sisters younger brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters younger brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and sisters younger brothers
+and sisters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sisters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sisters
+were in the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the house
+with their oldest sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who had come back to take care of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had come back to take care of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had come back to take care of them
+when the parents died while they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the parents died while they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the parents died while they were
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+and had brought two of her kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+her name was irene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the boys that came home were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys that came home were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boys that came home were
+roy and thornton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they sat down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they sat down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they sat down
+and had a big meeting and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a big meeting and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had a big meeting and tried to
+decide what are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what are we going to do
+now the oldest person in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the oldest person in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the oldest person in the room
+is what 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what 24
+and a whole bunch of young ones in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a whole bunch of young ones in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a whole bunch of young ones in there
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+two years old four years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years old four years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years old four years old
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+some of the young one of their younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the young one of their younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the young one of their younger
+brothers was uh six years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers was uh six years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers was uh six years old
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+the question what are we going to do was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what are we going to do was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question what are we going to do was
+a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question
+why was it a question you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it a question you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was it a question you know what you
+got to do you got to take care of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do you got to take care of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do you got to take care of those
+kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+that was a question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a question because
+something had just begun around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something had just begun around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something had just begun around that
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh it was uh called later the harlem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was uh called later the harlem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was uh called later the harlem
+renaissance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance
+you see around that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see around that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see around that time
+around that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that time
+blacks no longer wanted to just get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks no longer wanted to just get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks no longer wanted to just get a
+job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+they wanted phd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted phd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted phd
+they wanted to write musicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to write musicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to write musicals
+uh they want to do all of these great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they want to do all of these great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they want to do all of these great
+things uh the naacp was invented around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh the naacp was invented around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh the naacp was invented around
+1911.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1911.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1911.
+uh but now you're talking about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but now you're talking about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but now you're talking about people
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+like satchmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like satchmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like satchmo
+i mean sashimo just didn't write some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean sashimo just didn't write some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean sashimo just didn't write some
+good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news
+satchmo went to europe and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satchmo went to europe and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satchmo went to europe and there's
+another story about satchmo that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another story about satchmo that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another story about satchmo that i can
+tell about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell about how
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+two nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nobel
+laureates in physics went to see satchmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laureates in physics went to see satchmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laureates in physics went to see satchmo
+one may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one may
+and how they wrote down after it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they wrote down after it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how they wrote down after it was
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+they found out that uh they were not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out that uh they were not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out that uh they were not the
+only people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only people
+uh dealing with a new dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dealing with a new dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dealing with a new dimension
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time
+and satchmo had gotten some fame because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satchmo had gotten some fame because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and satchmo had gotten some fame because
+he had just hit a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had just hit a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had just hit a note
+on a trumpet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a trumpet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a trumpet
+that the scholars had said a trumpet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the scholars had said a trumpet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the scholars had said a trumpet was
+not capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of
+so people were going to see satchmo who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people were going to see satchmo who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people were going to see satchmo who
+didn't want to he who weren't interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to he who weren't interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to he who weren't interested
+in jazz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jazz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jazz
+they just wanted to hear if this man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just wanted to hear if this man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just wanted to hear if this man
+could hit the note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hit the note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could hit the note
+and when he got to this one place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he got to this one place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he got to this one place in
+paris he hit he hit that note and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paris he hit he hit that note and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paris he hit he hit that note and
+another one above it okay louie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one above it okay louie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one above it okay louie
+armstrong so these were times when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armstrong so these were times when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+armstrong so these were times when that
+was a real question what are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a real question what are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a real question what are we going to
+do i want to get a phd i don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i want to get a phd i don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i want to get a phd i don't want to
+sit here with 12 kids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here with 12 kids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit here with 12 kids and
+work what am i going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what am i going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work what am i going to do
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they
+irene came up with this great idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irene came up with this great idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irene came up with this great idea
+irene said well why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irene said well why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irene said well why don't
+you two who just come back go to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when you finish college don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you finish college don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you finish college don't just
+go out and pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and pursue
+your destiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come back and help the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and help the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and help the rest of them
+that's the deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the deal
+in the meantime i'll keep a roof over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime i'll keep a roof over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the meantime i'll keep a roof over
+their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head
+and food in their stomach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+they agreed that was the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so roy and thornton said i found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roy and thornton said i found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so roy and thornton said i found out
+somebody told him that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told him that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody told him that there was a
+college that led black folks in it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college that led black folks in it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college that led black folks in it was
+called oberlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called oberlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called oberlin
+uh actually in 1867 there was howard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually in 1867 there was howard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually in 1867 there was howard and
+a whole bunch of others but they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of others but they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of others but they didn't
+know anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about it
+so they went down to overland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they went down to overland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they went down to overland
+and they had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had this
+they went down to oberlin and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went down to oberlin and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went down to oberlin and um
+harry was another one of the brothers he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harry was another one of the brothers he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harry was another one of the brothers he
+was younger he stole away in the wagon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was younger he stole away in the wagon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was younger he stole away in the wagon
+with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with him
+and they had to send the wagon back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to send the wagon back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had to send the wagon back
+because they didn't own it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't own it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they didn't own it
+so they went over to oberlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they went over to oberlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they went over to oberlin
+and they said we want to start college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said we want to start college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said we want to start college
+and somebody said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody said okay
+you have you do you have tuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you do you have tuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you do you have tuition
+and they didn't know what the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't know what the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they didn't know what the word
+tuition meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they had to go start working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had to go start working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they had to go start working
+all right so they're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so they're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so they're working
+and they're working and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're working and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're working and they're not
+making enough money for tuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they come up with a brilliant idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with a brilliant idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come up with a brilliant idea
+they take their money and they go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take their money and they go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take their money and they go out
+and they buy this horse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they make a pa a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they make a pa a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they make a pa a a
+an appointment with the academic dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appointment with the academic dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appointment with the academic dean
+and they go over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go over there
+and the dean said okay what do you boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dean said okay what do you boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dean said okay what do you boys
+want he said look out the window dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want he said look out the window dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want he said look out the window dean
+what do you see out there he said well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see out there he said well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you see out there he said well i
+see a horse tied to a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a horse tied to a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a horse tied to a tree
+and so they said you know we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said you know we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said you know we see
+we see this school here with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this school here with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this school here with all these
+rich kids and y'all don't even teach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich kids and y'all don't even teach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich kids and y'all don't even teach a
+horseback riding course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the dean said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dean said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dean said well
+what are y'all proposed to do about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are y'all proposed to do about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are y'all proposed to do about it
+use that horse with teach horseback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that horse with teach horseback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that horse with teach horseback
+riding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding
+he said well what would you charge they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well what would you charge they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said well what would you charge they
+said tuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+roy came out of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roy came out of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roy came out of there
+out of that experience went to bucknell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that experience went to bucknell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that experience went to bucknell
+got a degree in engineering uh became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a degree in engineering uh became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a degree in engineering uh became
+the first african-american to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first african-american to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first african-american to be a
+registered professional engineer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered professional engineer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered professional engineer in the
+state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of
+pennsylvania uh became the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennsylvania uh became the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennsylvania uh became the first
+african-american to be a member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american to be a member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american to be a member of the
+engineers club of philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harry
+graduated from oberlin went on to got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from oberlin went on to got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from oberlin went on to got
+his phd from the university of chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his phd from the university of chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his phd from the university of chicago
+and taught at howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taught at howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taught at howard
+and thornton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thornton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thornton
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+left there and went to canada and became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there and went to canada and became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there and went to canada and became
+the first african-american to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first african-american to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first african-american to be
+big game hunting guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the story is that they all went back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is that they all went back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story is that they all went back and
+they helped the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they helped the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they helped the rest of them
+go to college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to college
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that's the end of the first story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the first story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the first story
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh
+what i shall do and what what i do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i shall do and what what i do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i shall do and what what i do in
+this document that i'll show you and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this document that i'll show you and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this document that i'll show you and why
+that story became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that story became a
+scholarly story is that what i want what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarly story is that what i want what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarly story is that what i want what
+i demonstrate in there is that the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i demonstrate in there is that the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i demonstrate in there is that the story
+illustrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates
+two kinds of mythic heroism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+irene had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irene had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irene had one
+roy and thornton had another and harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roy and thornton had another and harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roy and thornton had another and harry
+had another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had another
+and i want to say that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to say that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to say that all of the
+attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes
+of a heroic story are in that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heroic story are in that story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a heroic story are in that story
+and that has meaning later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has meaning later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has meaning later
+but you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'll see that
+i make a comparison between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make a comparison between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i make a comparison between them and
+parcel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the second story starts not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second story starts not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second story starts not
+around the same time as during the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time as during the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the same time as during the time
+that they had were back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had were back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had were back
+and they had this first cousin named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had this first cousin named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had this first cousin named
+tubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they were saying tubby was resisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were saying tubby was resisting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were saying tubby was resisting
+all of their efforts to get everybody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their efforts to get everybody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of their efforts to get everybody to
+go back he was the first cousin he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back he was the first cousin he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back he was the first cousin he was
+one of the kids in the house but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the kids in the house but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the kids in the house but he was
+young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young
+young as the youngest ones and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young as the youngest ones and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young as the youngest ones and they were
+helping him come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping him come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping him come along
+okay roy didn't marry until the last kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay roy didn't marry until the last kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay roy didn't marry until the last kid
+graduated from high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduated from high school
+he didn't even start his family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't even start his family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't even start his family
+and tubby said he wasn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tubby said he wasn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tubby said he wasn't going to
+college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so but tubby was a little guy and tubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but tubby was a little guy and tubby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but tubby was a little guy and tubby
+was real scrappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was real scrappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was real scrappy
+and back in those days they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back in those days they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back in those days they
+uh boxing champs used to give what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh boxing champs used to give what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh boxing champs used to give what they
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+exhibitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibitions
+i don't know what an exhibition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an exhibition is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhibition is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhibition is where
+there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a
+county fair on a county fair be a county
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county fair on a county fair be a county
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county fair on a county fair be a county
+fair and in one of the tents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair and in one of the tents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair and in one of the tents
+there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+boxing ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing ring
+and there would be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there would be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there would be some
+national or international champion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national or international champion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national or international champion in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and if you could stay in the ring with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could stay in the ring with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could stay in the ring with
+uh with him for uh one round it'd give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with him for uh one round it'd give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with him for uh one round it'd give
+you a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and it was a big event and people used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a big event and people used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was a big event and people used
+to do that as a matter of fact muhammad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that as a matter of fact muhammad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that as a matter of fact muhammad
+ali gave a couple exhibitions once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ali gave a couple exhibitions once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ali gave a couple exhibitions once
+and people could say i was in the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people could say i was in the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people could say i was in the ring
+with ali you know they got knocked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ali you know they got knocked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ali you know they got knocked out
+but they were in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they were in there
+well they put tubby in there with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they put tubby in there with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they put tubby in there with this
+champion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+champion
+they said now you got to have some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said now you got to have some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said now you got to have some kind
+of destiny if you don't want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destiny if you don't want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of destiny if you don't want to go to
+college you got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college you got to be
+you fit in there with the rest of us you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit in there with the rest of us you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fit in there with the rest of us you
+got to have some kind of destiny all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have some kind of destiny all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have some kind of destiny all
+right so you be a world champion so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you be a world champion so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you be a world champion so he
+took him down and they stuck him in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him down and they stuck him in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him down and they stuck him in the
+ring and tubby knocked the guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the the champ was not only a champ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the champ was not only a champ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the the champ was not only a champ
+because he had physical skills the chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had physical skills the chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he had physical skills the chair
+was a champ because he had he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a champ because he had he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a champ because he had he
+he had uh character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had uh character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had uh character
+so the champ said he wanted tubby to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the champ said he wanted tubby to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the champ said he wanted tubby to
+join him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+join him
+uh and be one of his seconds and that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and be one of his seconds and that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and be one of his seconds and that he
+was going to teach him the skills of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to teach him the skills of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to teach him the skills of
+boxing and make a professional boxer out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing and make a professional boxer out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing and make a professional boxer out
+of him and travel around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of him and travel around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of him and travel around the world
+okay with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with him
+and the story goes on that the ch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the story goes on that the ch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the story goes on that the ch that
+the champ came by tubby's house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the champ came by tubby's house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the champ came by tubby's house
+that sunday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sunday morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sunday morning
+and the whole town of milton turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole town of milton turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole town of milton turned out
+on the front yard of that house the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front yard of that house the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front yard of that house the
+whole town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole town
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+250 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 of
+them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and
+tubby came out in the chair standing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubby came out in the chair standing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubby came out in the chair standing out
+there in the lawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the lawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the lawn
+with his second tubby came out and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his second tubby came out and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his second tubby came out and said
+i can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can't go
+and they said why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said why
+said because my mother told me that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because my mother told me that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said because my mother told me that um
+boxing was a sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing was a sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxing was a sin
+and so i can't go out and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+tell me became an alcoholic and died of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me became an alcoholic and died of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me became an alcoholic and died of
+alcoholism he had a family later but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcoholism he had a family later but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcoholism he had a family later but it
+took him out 30 for 30 years to 40 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him out 30 for 30 years to 40 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took him out 30 for 30 years to 40 years
+to pass on but he had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass on but he had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass on but he had a
+what you could call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't want to say miserable life what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to say miserable life what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to say miserable life what
+i want to say is a life that was devoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say is a life that was devoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to say is a life that was devoid
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+taking the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the chance
+to fulfill your destiny when it came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fulfill your destiny when it came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fulfill your destiny when it came
+tubby did not want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubby did not want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubby did not want to go
+because tubby was afraid to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because tubby was afraid to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because tubby was afraid to go
+that's the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the second step
+so tubby is important here on at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tubby is important here on at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tubby is important here on at least
+on on an account because it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on an account because it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on an account because it tells you
+what a hero is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a metaphysicist physicist would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metaphysicist physicist would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metaphysicist physicist would
+appreciate that say what it is and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that say what it is and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that say what it is and then
+you say what it is not then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say what it is not then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say what it is not then you know
+better what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the third story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes place in 1948.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i was in the first grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i was visiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with my parents and my little brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my parents and my little brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my parents and my little brother
+my grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandmother
+in philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there's not much i remember about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much i remember about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not much i remember about this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+event but it's but part of it i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event but it's but part of it i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event but it's but part of it i can
+remember just like it happened yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just like it happened yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember just like it happened yesterday
+we were all sitting in the living room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all sitting in the living room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were all sitting in the living room
+it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a
+fairly a large family gathering in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly a large family gathering in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly a large family gathering in there
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there was one conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was one conversation
+but in the background was the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the background was the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the background was the radio
+so you have to understand how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to understand how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to understand how important
+the radio used to be back in those days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio used to be back in those days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio used to be back in those days
+so the background music or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the background music or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the background music or whatever it
+was playing and then the something came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was playing and then the something came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was playing and then the something came
+on they said flash a news flash and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they said flash a news flash and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they said flash a news flash and
+everybody stopped talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody stopped talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody stopped talking
+and i don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't remember
+i know what was said but i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what was said but i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know what was said but i don't
+remember what it was saying what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it was saying what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what it was saying what i
+remember clearly was that after it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember clearly was that after it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember clearly was that after it was
+said everybody in the room turned around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said everybody in the room turned around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said everybody in the room turned around
+and started looking at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started looking at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started looking at me
+i said what are you all looking at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said what are you all looking at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said what are you all looking at me
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they said that some cases of polio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had been discovered in philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been discovered in philadelphia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been discovered in philadelphia
+and the governor came on the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the governor came on the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the governor came on the radio
+and announced that he had quarantined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and announced that he had quarantined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and announced that he had quarantined
+the state of pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of pennsylvania
+against children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against children
+first second and third grade traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second and third grade traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second and third grade traveling
+across state line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across state line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across state line
+that the state highway police would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state highway police would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state highway police would
+prevent any child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent any child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent any child
+first second or third grade from either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second or third grade from either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first second or third grade from either
+coming into the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the state
+or going out of the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going out of the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going out of the state
+this was christmas time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was christmas time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was christmas time
+i was in the first grade i was the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was in the first grade i was the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was in the first grade i was the only
+one sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sitting there
+in that room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that room
+that fit into that category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit into that category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fit into that category
+my brother was too young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brother was too young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my brother was too young
+so that meant that i had to stay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that meant that i had to stay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that meant that i had to stay there
+in philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i remember there being a big rustle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i remember there being a big rustle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i remember there being a big rustle
+of discussion much ado going on in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion much ado going on in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion much ado going on in there
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+and that case of polio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that case of polio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that case of polio
+and i remember my father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember my father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i remember my father
+taking his fists and hitting the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking his fists and hitting the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking his fists and hitting the table
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+saying stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying stop
+and he turned to me and pointed to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he turned to me and pointed to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he turned to me and pointed to me
+and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said
+if you want to go back to north carolina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go back to north carolina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to go back to north carolina
+with us i'll take you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us i'll take you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with us i'll take you back
+but you've got to think of think do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've got to think of think do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you've got to think of think do you
+want to go back to north carolina and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to north carolina and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go back to north carolina and
+give some other little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some other little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give some other little kid
+the iron lung y'all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron lung y'all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron lung y'all
+y'all know what the iron lung was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all know what the iron lung was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all know what the iron lung was you
+know what it was you know what the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was you know what the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it was you know what the iron
+lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung
+was a cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cylindrical
+device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device
+that you put a child in when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put a child in when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put a child in when they were
+afflicted with polio around the chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afflicted with polio around the chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afflicted with polio around the chest
+region you couldn't breathe and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you couldn't breathe and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you couldn't breathe and the
+thing would pump your chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would pump your chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would pump your chest
+and you had to lay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to lay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had to lay there
+presumably the rest of your life i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the rest of your life i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the rest of your life i mean
+i don't think that i ever had a fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think that i ever had a fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think that i ever had a fear
+as a matter of fact i know that i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact i know that i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matter of fact i know that i have
+never had a fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had a fear
+that was greater than the iron lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was greater than the iron lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was greater than the iron lung
+and i had to sit there and ask myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was i going to stay in philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i going to stay in philadelphia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was i going to stay in philadelphia
+and go into the iron lung this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go into the iron lung this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go into the iron lung this is
+child thinking now okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child thinking now okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child thinking now okay because the
+center of the universe is on me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the universe is on me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the universe is on me
+that governor was speaking directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that governor was speaking directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that governor was speaking directly to
+me and my parents and these people he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my parents and these people he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my parents and these people he
+wasn't speaking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't speaking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't speaking to
+the state of pennsylvania
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of pennsylvania
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of pennsylvania
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if i was going to stay then i was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was going to stay then i was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i was going to stay then i was going
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+the iron lung not the polio but the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron lung not the polio but the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron lung not the polio but the iron
+lung i was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung i was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lung i was not
+afraid of the disease i was afraid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of the disease i was afraid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of the disease i was afraid of
+being stuck in that iron lung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stuck in that iron lung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stuck in that iron lung
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and the question was was i going to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was was i going to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question was was i going to stay
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and get the iron lung or was i going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the iron lung or was i going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the iron lung or was i going to
+go back to north carolina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to north carolina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to north carolina
+and give it to another little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i don't know how long the pause was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know how long the pause was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know how long the pause was
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+my conscience my memory tells me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conscience my memory tells me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my conscience my memory tells me that
+the pause was 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pause was 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pause was 30 minutes
+the pause was about 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pause was about 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pause was about 30 seconds
+but it was a long time and i remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a long time and i remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a long time and i remember
+trying to figure out what my answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what my answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out what my answer was
+going to be and my answer was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and my answer was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and my answer was that
+i i didn't really want to give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i didn't really want to give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i didn't really want to give it to
+another little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another little kid
+so i told my dad i didn't want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i told my dad i didn't want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i told my dad i didn't want to give
+it to another little kid i couldn't face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to another little kid i couldn't face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to another little kid i couldn't face
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+so i stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i stayed
+my parents were back and i had to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents were back and i had to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parents were back and i had to stay
+in philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philadelphia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in philadelphia
+well that's the end of the third story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the end of the third story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the end of the third story
+and the connection with the first story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the connection with the first story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the connection with the first story
+is that that's when i got to know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that's when i got to know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that's when i got to know these
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+um uh aaron roy thornton because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh aaron roy thornton because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh aaron roy thornton because they
+all lived in philadelphia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lived in philadelphia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all lived in philadelphia
+that was that big family that still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that big family that still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that big family that still
+stuck together over all of those years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck together over all of those years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck together over all of those years
+and in that period i got to know all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that period i got to know all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that period i got to know all of
+them as individuals they weren't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as individuals they weren't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as individuals they weren't just
+members of the gods i got enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the gods i got enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the gods i got enormous
+persons uh the second part of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons uh the second part of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons uh the second part of the story
+is that that had to be my first moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that had to be my first moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that had to be my first moral
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what makes that a story is that uh i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes that a story is that uh i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes that a story is that uh i had
+to make a moral decision before i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a moral decision before i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a moral decision before i was
+ready to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready to make it
+it's like hamlet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first of all shakespeare did not invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all shakespeare did not invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all shakespeare did not invent
+the story of hamlet it was it was danish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of hamlet it was it was danish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story of hamlet it was it was danish
+mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology
+second of all lawrence olivier got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all lawrence olivier got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second of all lawrence olivier got the
+god the oscar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god the oscar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god the oscar
+for his portrayal of hamlet and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his portrayal of hamlet and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his portrayal of hamlet and he
+starts it off by saying this is a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts it off by saying this is a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts it off by saying this is a story
+about a man who cannot make up his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh my mother was a literary uh type she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my mother was a literary uh type she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my mother was a literary uh type she
+taught literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught literature
+and my mother said the story is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my mother said the story is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my mother said the story is not
+about a man who cannot make up his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a man who cannot make up his mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a man who cannot make up his mind
+the story about is about a boy who's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about is about a boy who's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story about is about a boy who's got
+a man's job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so i had a man's job i was a boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i had a man's job i was a boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i had a man's job i was a boy
+that and and i suffered in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and i suffered in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and i suffered in many ways
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh from that because it was too big of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from that because it was too big of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from that because it was too big of a
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+for me at the time to make even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me at the time to make even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me at the time to make even though
+it was about me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about me
+uh but that is a lesson in itself too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that is a lesson in itself too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that is a lesson in itself too
+isn't it it's a lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it it's a lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it it's a lesson
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+the fourth story is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth story is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth story is connected to
+all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these
+and it has a name it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a name it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a name it's called the
+concrete sumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete sumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete sumo
+please write that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might want to google that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it took place in 1966 june of 1966.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took place in 1966 june of 1966.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it took place in 1966 june of 1966.
+it took place in washington d.c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i had just graduated from undergraduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had just graduated from undergraduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had just graduated from undergraduate
+school from howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school from howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school from howard
+with a degree in engineering and i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a degree in engineering and i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a degree in engineering and i was
+reporting for work on my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting for work on my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting for work on my first
+engineering job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering job
+a construction job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a construction job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a construction job
+at the washington hospital center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the washington hospital center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the washington hospital center
+building what is now called the nurses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building what is now called the nurses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building what is now called the nurses
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the nursing uh the nurses center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nursing uh the nurses center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nursing uh the nurses center
+over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there
+and there was a big hole in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a big hole in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a big hole in the ground
+and i reported for work 7 30 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i reported for work 7 30 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i reported for work 7 30 in the
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh actually i reported at seven o'clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually i reported at seven o'clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually i reported at seven o'clock
+i wasn't supposed to be there until 7 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wasn't supposed to be there until 7 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wasn't supposed to be there until 7 30
+but i got there early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i got there early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i got there early
+and let's see if i can characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if i can characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if i can characterize the
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i had um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i had um
+on my feet i had my rotc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my feet i had my rotc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on my feet i had my rotc
+army what they call paratrooper jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army what they call paratrooper jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army what they call paratrooper jump
+boots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boots
+with the steel toe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the steel toe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the steel toe
+i'm ready to go out in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm ready to go out in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm ready to go out in the field
+my pants were khaki pants and my shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pants were khaki pants and my shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my pants were khaki pants and my shirt
+was a khaki matching shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a khaki matching shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a khaki matching shirt
+strapped on my belt was guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped on my belt was guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strapped on my belt was guess what
+no it was not a calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it was not a calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it was not a calculator
+this is 1966.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1966.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 1966.
+what what did i have strapped on my belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what did i have strapped on my belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what did i have strapped on my belt
+a slide rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slide rule
+in my scabbard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my scabbard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my scabbard
+never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and what did i have on my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what did i have on my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and what did i have on my head
+well nothing but i knew that i was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well nothing but i knew that i was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well nothing but i knew that i was going
+to get my hard hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get my hard hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get my hard hat
+and i didn't wear a hard hat to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't wear a hard hat to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't wear a hard hat to work
+because every hard hat had the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every hard hat had the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because every hard hat had the name of
+the company on it so i was going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company on it so i was going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company on it so i was going to get
+that was the first thing i was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first thing i was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the first thing i was looking
+for i was going to get my hard hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i was going to get my hard hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for i was going to get my hard hat
+so i reported to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i reported to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i reported to work
+and all of the workmen are sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the workmen are sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the workmen are sitting there
+eating their breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating their breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating their breakfast
+and they took one look at me and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took one look at me and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they took one look at me and said
+you go to the trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the trailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the trailer
+that's where the engineers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the engineers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the engineers were
+well i got to the trailer door and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i got to the trailer door and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i got to the trailer door and the
+door opened up and this old man came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door opened up and this old man came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door opened up and this old man came out
+and uh no exaggeration he was dressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh no exaggeration he was dressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh no exaggeration he was dressed
+just like harrison ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like harrison ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like harrison ford
+and uh the temple of doom he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the temple of doom he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the temple of doom he had
+the hat the short leather jacket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hat the short leather jacket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hat the short leather jacket
+uh he had his khakis on with his jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he had his khakis on with his jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he had his khakis on with his jump
+boots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boots
+uh and he came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he came out
+and introduced himself as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduced himself as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduced himself as the
+superintendent on the job that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent on the job that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superintendent on the job that was the
+big boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big boss
+and he said he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he couldn't
+he knew that i was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew that i was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knew that i was coming
+but he couldn't stay with me because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he couldn't stay with me because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he couldn't stay with me because the
+company had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company had
+many jobs around the city and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs around the city and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many jobs around the city and there was
+a failure on one of the other jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure on one of the other jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure on one of the other jobs
+and he was called over there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was called over there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was called over there to
+supervise repairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but he would be back later that day if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he would be back later that day if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he would be back later that day if
+he could get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he could get back
+and then right after him a miniature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right after him a miniature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then right after him a miniature
+version of himself came out a younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of himself came out a younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of himself came out a younger
+version version of himself came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version version of himself came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version version of himself came out
+introduced himself as the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced himself as the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced himself as the project
+manager manager number two in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager manager number two in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager manager number two in charge
+and he had a bunch of blueprints under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a bunch of blueprints under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had a bunch of blueprints under
+his arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his arm
+and he said he couldn't stay with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he couldn't stay with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said he couldn't stay with me
+today because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had just
+hit something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit something
+hard down in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard down in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard down in the ground
+they couldn't dig it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't dig it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't dig it up
+and they and none of nothing was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and none of nothing was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and none of nothing was on the
+plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans
+and he had to go down to city hall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had to go down to city hall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had to go down to city hall and
+see if he could do some historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if he could do some historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if he could do some historical
+search to find out what was over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search to find out what was over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search to find out what was over there
+what that thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that thing was
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and so he said goodbye abc later the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said goodbye abc later the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said goodbye abc later the
+carpenter foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpenter foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpenter foreign
+said hello went down in the hole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hello went down in the hole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hello went down in the hole and
+then i was left alone in the trail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so uh i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh i did
+probably what you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what you would do
+sat down and fantasized on what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down and fantasized on what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat down and fantasized on what it would
+be like to know what i was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like to know what i was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like to know what i was supposed to
+be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+the whistle blew everybody else do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whistle blew everybody else do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whistle blew everybody else do what
+they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing
+so i sat down there and it was and made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i sat down there and it was and made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i sat down there and it was and made
+myself a cup of coffee i remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a cup of coffee i remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself a cup of coffee i remember that
+it was the worst cup of coffee i ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the worst cup of coffee i ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the worst cup of coffee i ever
+had in my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in my life
+and then it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it happened
+the door opened up and in came this man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door opened up and in came this man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door opened up and in came this man
+that looked like a concrete sumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like a concrete sumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked like a concrete sumo
+wrestler i mean like looked like a sumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestler i mean like looked like a sumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestler i mean like looked like a sumo
+wrestler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrestler
+uh very intimidating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very intimidating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very intimidating
+uh his biceps were big as my waistline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his biceps were big as my waistline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh his biceps were big as my waistline
+and he had hair coming out of the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had hair coming out of the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had hair coming out of the back
+he had a t-shirt on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a t-shirt on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had a t-shirt on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+boxer t-shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxer t-shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxer t-shirt
+a big cigar in his mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big cigar in his mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big cigar in his mouth
+and he said where do i pour the concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said where do i pour the concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said where do i pour the concrete
+i said what concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said what concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said what concrete
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+look out the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out the window
+there was a fleet of concrete trucks out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a fleet of concrete trucks out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a fleet of concrete trucks out
+there churning concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there churning concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there churning concrete
+now it wasn't a fleet but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it wasn't a fleet but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it wasn't a fleet but i
+i i have to tell you if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i have to tell you if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i have to tell you if um
+if a judge asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a judge asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a judge asked me
+what was i looking at i would tell him i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was i looking at i would tell him i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was i looking at i would tell him i
+saw 12 trucks out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 12 trucks out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 12 trucks out there
+if a judge asked me what did i see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a judge asked me what did i see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a judge asked me what did i see
+what did i actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i actually see
+i would tell him your honor on my oath i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would tell him your honor on my oath i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would tell him your honor on my oath i
+saw 40 trucks out there okay i mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 40 trucks out there okay i mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw 40 trucks out there okay i mean it
+was a big very intimidating thing to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big very intimidating thing to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big very intimidating thing to see
+all of those trucks lined up coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those trucks lined up coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those trucks lined up coming in
+churning like they're ready to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning like they're ready to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning like they're ready to go
+and i'm the one that's supposed to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm the one that's supposed to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm the one that's supposed to tell
+them where to pour the concrete and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where to pour the concrete and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where to pour the concrete and i
+know it's my first day on the job it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's my first day on the job it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's my first day on the job it's
+my first couple of minutes on the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first couple of minutes on the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first couple of minutes on the job
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i said well i'm the only engineer out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said well i'm the only engineer out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said well i'm the only engineer out
+here he said you're an engineer i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he said you're an engineer i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here he said you're an engineer i said
+yeah is it any other engineer i said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it any other engineer i said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it any other engineer i said no
+he said you know i got these trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said you know i got these trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said you know i got these trip
+tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets
+and that's the contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the contract
+and only engineer can sign for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only engineer can sign for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only engineer can sign for it
+and he said now i'll tell you you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said now i'll tell you you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said now i'll tell you you've got
+a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice
+you're either going to tell me where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either going to tell me where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're either going to tell me where to
+pour that concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour that concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour that concrete
+or i'm going to pour the concrete out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm going to pour the concrete out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i'm going to pour the concrete out
+where those trucks stand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those trucks stand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those trucks stand
+and we'll go go going back he said first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go go going back he said first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go go going back he said first
+of all i can't have the concrete sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all i can't have the concrete sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all i can't have the concrete sitting
+up in my trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in my trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in my trucks
+secondly we got to make money on my job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we got to make money on my job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly we got to make money on my job
+we got to make we got other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to make we got other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to make we got other uh
+deliveries to make we got to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries to make we got to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliveries to make we got to go back
+load up the trucks and go someplace else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load up the trucks and go someplace else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load up the trucks and go someplace else
+we can't be fooling around here with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said look
+i'll be back in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh do you all know what a jiffy can is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a portable toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have you ever gone to a construction job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever gone to a construction job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you ever gone to a construction job
+and looked out there where you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked out there where you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looked out there where you've seen
+them they're about so tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're about so tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're about so tall
+and a little door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little door
+okay you got them all around the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got them all around the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you got them all around the job
+so i knew that i would be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i knew that i would be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i knew that i would be able to get
+privacy and be able to think this matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and be able to think this matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and be able to think this matter
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in there so i in one of them so i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so i in one of them so i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there so i in one of them so i went
+into this little jiffy can i went in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this little jiffy can i went in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this little jiffy can i went in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and i just could not get started to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just could not get started to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just could not get started to
+think about what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what to do
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i'm going to say something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to say something that's
+concrete i shouldn't use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete i shouldn't use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete i shouldn't use the word
+concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+uh but i don't want to say i don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i don't want to say i don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but i don't want to say i don't want
+to make it sound like i was hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it sound like i was hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it sound like i was hearing
+voices but but my uncle tubby spoke to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices but but my uncle tubby spoke to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices but but my uncle tubby spoke to
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+my grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my grandmother
+and uncle tubby said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncle tubby said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncle tubby said
+don't worry about a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+nobody is going to blame you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is going to blame you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody is going to blame you for
+whatever you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do
+let them drop that concrete on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them drop that concrete on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them drop that concrete on the side
+because those engineers left you alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those engineers left you alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those engineers left you alone
+the first day you just got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day you just got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day you just got out of
+college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+literally a week ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a week ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally a week ago
+um no judge in the land is going to side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no judge in the land is going to side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no judge in the land is going to side
+with them against you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them against you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them against you
+don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about it
+drop that tell them to unload the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that tell them to unload the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that tell them to unload the
+concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+where is stan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's what tubby said now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what tubby said now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what tubby said now um
+put put it in the context that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put it in the context that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put put it in the context that that's
+not just an alternative that i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just an alternative that i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just an alternative that i had
+but tubby was the one who said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tubby was the one who said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but tubby was the one who said it
+i gave you something about carrot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave you something about carrot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i gave you something about carrot
+tubby's character already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubby's character already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubby's character already
+so i thought that the advice was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought that the advice was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i thought that the advice was good
+advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice
+but i didn't want to do it because tubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't want to do it because tubby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't want to do it because tubby
+was the one that said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the one that said it
+i didn't want to be like tubby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't want to be like tubby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't want to be like tubby
+so i asked myself what would uncle roy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i asked myself what would uncle roy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i asked myself what would uncle roy
+say then uncle roy began to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say then uncle roy began to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say then uncle roy began to talk to you
+and uncle roy said well you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncle roy said well you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uncle roy said well you know you're
+professional professionals have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional professionals have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional professionals have
+responsibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if you're a laborer out here on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're a laborer out here on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're a laborer out here on this
+job then you do what your boss says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job then you do what your boss says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job then you do what your boss says
+you're a professional so you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a professional so you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a professional so you're in
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+uh you're supposed to make money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're supposed to make money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're supposed to make money for
+this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company
+uh that you're supposed to think your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you're supposed to think your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you're supposed to think your
+way through this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through this problem
+and uh as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh as a result
+uh this may not only be your first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this may not only be your first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this may not only be your first day
+as an engineer but it very well may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engineer but it very well may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an engineer but it very well may be
+your last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last
+but that is not your concern your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is not your concern your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that is not your concern your
+concern is for getting this job done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern is for getting this job done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern is for getting this job done
+higher principled himself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i decided to try out what roy said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i decided to try out what roy said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i decided to try out what roy said
+not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not by
+reason of the quality of his advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of the quality of his advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason of the quality of his advice
+but because it was uncle roy who said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it was uncle roy who said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it was uncle roy who said it
+so i went back in the trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relax a little bit because i said if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax a little bit because i said if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax a little bit because i said if
+this is my last day what have i got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my last day what have i got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my last day what have i got to
+worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about
+it's going to be my last day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be my last day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be my last day
+so i looked around there was a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i looked around there was a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i looked around there was a whole lot
+of stuff in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff in there
+uh there were blueprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were blueprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were blueprints
+the blueprints were on these sticks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blueprints were on these sticks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blueprints were on these sticks that
+if you go to the library sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the library sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to the library sometimes you
+got newspapers on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got newspapers on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got newspapers on them
+and the sticks were in a closet there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sticks were in a closet there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sticks were in a closet there
+were a couple hundred of them in there i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a couple hundred of them in there i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a couple hundred of them in there i
+mean big closet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean big closet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean big closet
+and on one side of the trailer there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on one side of the trailer there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on one side of the trailer there was
+this long sheet of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long sheet of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long sheet of paper
+and i recognized it because i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i recognized it because i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i recognized it because i had
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied
+the critical pass schedule in college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical pass schedule in college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critical pass schedule in college
+i knew that that's what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i knew that that's what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i knew that that's what it was
+and i didn't know i didn't remember all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't know i didn't remember all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't know i didn't remember all
+that i don't remember making a on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't remember making a on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't remember making a on that
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+but it had these circles and it had jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had these circles and it had jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had these circles and it had jobs
+and it had arrows connecting the circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it had arrows connecting the circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it had arrows connecting the circles
+the good news they had the dates across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news they had the dates across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news they had the dates across
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+so i went to today's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went to today's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went to today's day
+and i know the engineers think in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know the engineers think in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i know the engineers think in terms
+of matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of matrices
+what is directly under the date is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is directly under the date is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is directly under the date is what
+we're doing that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing that day
+engineers don't think like well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers don't think like well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers don't think like well maybe
+some of it is over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is over here
+it's straight down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's straight down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's straight down
+and one of the circles circle said poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the circles circle said poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the circles circle said poor
+elevator pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah now i know what to do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah now i know what to do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah now i know what to do for the
+elevator question is where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator question is where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator question is where's the
+elevator pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator pit
+so i said well pouring concrete is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said well pouring concrete is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i said well pouring concrete is
+something the engineers do all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the engineers do all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the engineers do all the time
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+probably some of these plants that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some of these plants that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably some of these plants that are
+sitting on this table has the elevator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on this table has the elevator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on this table has the elevator
+put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on
+so i started going through them and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i started going through them and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i started going through them and i
+said well these are the electrical plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well these are the electrical plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well these are the electrical plans
+that won't be on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that won't be on there
+uh these are the mechanical plans they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are the mechanical plans they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are the mechanical plans they
+won't be on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be on there
+these are the architectural plans oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the architectural plans oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the architectural plans oh
+circling red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling red
+elevated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oriented north
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented north
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented north
+looked out the trailer saw where it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked out the trailer saw where it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked out the trailer saw where it was
+my courage came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my courage came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my courage came back
+and i used a set of four letter words to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i used a set of four letter words to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i used a set of four letter words to
+order that great big old guy to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that great big old guy to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that great big old guy to go down
+there and pour the elevator pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and pour the elevator pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and pour the elevator pit
+three o'clock that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three o'clock that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three o'clock that day
+the engineers came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers came back
+and instead of coming straight to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of coming straight to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of coming straight to the
+trailer guess what they did they ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer guess what they did they ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trailer guess what they did they ran
+straight down to the elevator pit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down to the elevator pit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight down to the elevator pit
+and they looked in it and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they looked in it and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they looked in it and then they
+drove their chance they came back up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove their chance they came back up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drove their chance they came back up to
+the trailer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trailer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trailer
+and they asked me how uh quite casually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they asked me how uh quite casually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they asked me how uh quite casually
+how did it go today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it go today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it go today
+and uh this is an ethics class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is an ethics class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is an ethics class
+which means that i have to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that i have to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that i have to tell the
+truth and i told a lie i said no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and i told a lie i said no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and i told a lie i said no problem
+it was the biggest problem i ever had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the biggest problem i ever had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the biggest problem i ever had in
+my life this but no problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life this but no problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life this but no problem
+at the end of the summer i decided to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the summer i decided to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the summer i decided to go
+to graduate school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graduate school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to graduate school
+and so they took me out to lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they took me out to lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they took me out to lunch
+and we're sitting at lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're sitting at lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're sitting at lunch
+and i said by the way there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said by the way there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said by the way there's something
+i've been meaning to ask you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been meaning to ask you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've been meaning to ask you guys
+you all left me alone that day my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all left me alone that day my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all left me alone that day my first
+day and i had this kind y'all knew the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and i had this kind y'all knew the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and i had this kind y'all knew the
+concrete was coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete was coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete was coming
+why did you all do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the old superintendent said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the old superintendent said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the old superintendent said
+that on his first day as an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on his first day as an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on his first day as an engineer
+they left him alone too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left him alone too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they left him alone too
+and his job was to lay out a church put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his job was to lay out a church put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his job was to lay out a church put
+down stakes on the ground where they dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stakes on the ground where they dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down stakes on the ground where they dig
+the hull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hull
+and he not only laid out a church in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he not only laid out a church in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he not only laid out a church in the
+wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong direction
+but he laid it out on the wrong lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he laid it out on the wrong lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he laid it out on the wrong lot
+he said the reason we do this to you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the reason we do this to you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the reason we do this to you all
+the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first day
+excuse me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me is
+that we want to find out if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to find out if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to find out if you're
+suitable for field work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable for field work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitable for field work
+because making decisions like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because making decisions like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because making decisions like this is
+what we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have to do
+now we wouldn't fire you if you had made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we wouldn't fire you if you had made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we wouldn't fire you if you had made
+the wrong decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong decision
+we would we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would we would have
+put a white shirt on you and a tie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a white shirt on you and a tie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a white shirt on you and a tie and
+sent you up to the office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you up to the office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent you up to the office
+you do estimating stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do estimating stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do estimating stuff like that
+but out here in the field there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but out here in the field there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but out here in the field there's a
+whole different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole different
+dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+and so the question was first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question was first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question was first of all
+would you make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you make a decision
+and second of all would it be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second of all would it be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second of all would it be a
+reasonable decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable decision
+we would correct it if it was the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would correct it if it was the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would correct it if it was the wrong
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+in later life i asked well i suppose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later life i asked well i suppose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later life i asked well i suppose a
+whole bunch of people got killed if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of people got killed if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of people got killed if i
+pulled the concrete in the wrong place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled the concrete in the wrong place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled the concrete in the wrong place
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+it was a moral decision too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a moral decision too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a moral decision too
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the lesson from that's the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesson from that's the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesson from that's the end of that
+story that's the end of the whole story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that's the end of the whole story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story that's the end of the whole story
+the lesson there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesson there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lesson there is
+that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is
+the virtue ethics method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtue ethics method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtue ethics method
+that you put somebody in your position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put somebody in your position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you put somebody in your position
+work them out and do what they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work them out and do what they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work them out and do what they would do
+now it turns out i think that in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out i think that in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out i think that in america
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+people watch go to the movies so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people watch go to the movies so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people watch go to the movies so much
+that we are very talented at doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are very talented at doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are very talented at doing this
+we know a believable story when we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a believable story when we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a believable story when we see
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+believable doesn't have to be believed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable doesn't have to be believed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable doesn't have to be believed
+in fact but if it's believable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact but if it's believable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact but if it's believable
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the key issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key issue here
+um i got four more minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i got four more minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i got four more minutes
+the key issue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key issue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key issue here
+is who do you put in the old position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why
+we can't no longer follow plato with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't no longer follow plato with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't no longer follow plato with
+these virtues because he's talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these virtues because he's talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these virtues because he's talking about
+virtues that we don't have any respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtues that we don't have any respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtues that we don't have any respect
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+we don't we don't use anymore today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't use anymore today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't we don't use anymore today
+you know achilles hero type heroism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know achilles hero type heroism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know achilles hero type heroism
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+uh so when i wrote this article i had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when i wrote this article i had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so when i wrote this article i had to
+go outside of western ethics to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside of western ethics to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside of western ethics to find
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that i thought would work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i thought would work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i thought would work
+and i found uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i found uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i found uh this
+uh title in nigeria called the matuman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh title in nigeria called the matuman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh title in nigeria called the matuman
+cherokee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherokee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherokee
+it's called manna that literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called manna that literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called manna that literally
+translates man of good character but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates man of good character but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translates man of good character but
+it's not necessarily meant for character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily meant for character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily meant for character
+i found out later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found out later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found out later
+that uh from joel that if you go to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh from joel that if you go to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh from joel that if you go to uh
+hebrew tradition you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hebrew tradition you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hebrew tradition you find
+the man called the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man called the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man called the static
+found out later from our arne veslin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out later from our arne veslin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out later from our arne veslin
+that if you go to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you go to um
+uh what's the name of this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the name of this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the name of this little
+country that he's originally from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that he's originally from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country that he's originally from
+uh is right next to the russian border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is right next to the russian border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is right next to the russian border
+and the north sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think of in a minute in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of in a minute in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think of in a minute in other words
+you go to a lot of different cultures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a lot of different cultures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to a lot of different cultures
+you'll find that there are that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that there are that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that there are that there
+are people who are respected because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who are respected because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people who are respected because
+there are icons of tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are icons of tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are icons of tradition
+and the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the issue
+and i said i'm going to put one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said i'm going to put one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said i'm going to put one of those
+rory really fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rory really fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rory really fit in
+both ways he was also he was all he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways he was also he was all he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ways he was also he was all he was
+partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial
+but he was also one of these characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was also one of these characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was also one of these characters
+and i made the argument in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i made the argument in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i made the argument in the end
+that uh the objective of the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the objective of the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the objective of the character
+which was non-western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was non-western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was non-western
+was not necessarily to do the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not necessarily to do the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not necessarily to do the right
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the traditional character when he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional character when he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional character when he has
+done it or when she has done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it or when she has done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it or when she has done it
+will be forgiven by the rest of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be forgiven by the rest of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be forgiven by the rest of them
+after the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i argued that this was multicultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i argued that this was multicultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i argued that this was multicultural
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh so now that's why i've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so now that's why i've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so now that's why i've got you
+reading possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading possibly
+because my big theory is that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my big theory is that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my big theory is that whatever
+uh culture you come from the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh culture you come from the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh culture you come from the right
+person to put in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to put in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person to put in the situation
+is a cultural figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cultural figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a cultural figure
+an icon of a hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an icon of a hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an icon of a hero
+not necessarily the warrior hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the warrior hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the warrior hero
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you have to understand that irene was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to understand that irene was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to understand that irene was
+another kind of hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+and there's a big but you see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a big but you see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a big but you see how this
+introduction that's how that's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction that's how that's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction that's how that's a real
+case of solving a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of solving a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of solving a problem
+where there was something at stake even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was something at stake even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was something at stake even
+potentially lethal at least in my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially lethal at least in my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially lethal at least in my mind
+at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time
+in my mind now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mind now but
+that where you can use a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where you can use a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where you can use a story
+to solve your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve your problem
+and the first principle is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first principle is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first principle is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it goes back beyond even chomsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back beyond even chomsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back beyond even chomsky
+who says that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who says that uh
+certain language structures are wired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain language structures are wired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain language structures are wired
+into the brain there's a new theory out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the brain there's a new theory out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the brain there's a new theory out
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+that uh language structures to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh language structures to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh language structures to tell
+stories are wired in the brain that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories are wired in the brain that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories are wired in the brain that we
+naturally learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally learn
+and store returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and store returns
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why
+that's the way the brain is wired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way the brain is wired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way the brain is wired
+so it's the first proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the first proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the first proof
+so what i want to say is that mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to say is that mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i want to say is that mythology
+in the mystical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mystical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mystical
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can give you these characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and once you've done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you've done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you've done it
+why is it i'm going to take one more 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it i'm going to take one more 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it i'm going to take one more 30
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mythology can find a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology can find a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythology can find a character
+that is that is a gestalt of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is a gestalt of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that is a gestalt of the whole
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it's a if if we get a gestalt of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a if if we get a gestalt of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a if if we get a gestalt of this
+community let's say a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community let's say a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community let's say a person
+then that gets thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that gets thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that gets thought
+that we are parts of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are parts of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are parts of it
+each one of us is a part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of us is a part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of us is a part of it
+so when that gestalt does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when that gestalt does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when that gestalt does something
+we're inclined to say well take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're inclined to say well take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're inclined to say well take to
+assume part of the responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume part of the responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume part of the responsibility
+that's why we're inclined to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're inclined to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we're inclined to say well
+you know we'll send him to jail but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll send him to jail but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'll send him to jail but when
+he gets out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets out
+he's still the mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because he's part of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's part of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's part of us
+we would have done maybe the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have done maybe the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have done maybe the same thing
+it's who we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's who we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's who we are
+so that's where that's the updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where that's the updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where that's the updated
+version of this method of virtue ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this method of virtue ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this method of virtue ethics
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm a
+class is officially over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is officially over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is officially over
+i don't hear anybody wrestling outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't hear anybody wrestling outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't hear anybody wrestling outside
+i'm available for q a and then we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm available for q a and then we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm available for q a and then we meet
+tomorrow you all got the agendas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you all got the agendas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you all got the agendas
+agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agenda
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+okay it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i published these four stories by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i published these four stories by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i published these four stories by the
+way and they were reprinted three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and they were reprinted three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and they were reprinted three times
+and i'll bring in a hard copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll bring in a hard copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll bring in a hard copy of the
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first one was in a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was in a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one was in a journal
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+called it was associated it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it was associated it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it was associated it was a
+journal of uh sociology actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh the second one uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the second one uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh the second one uh it was
+reprinted in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprinted in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprinted in uh the
+journal of of uh science and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of of uh science and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of of uh science and engineering
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+uh and that time it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that time it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that time it was it
+it was i i presented the thing at a at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was i i presented the thing at a at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was i i presented the thing at a at
+an ethics conference and it presented a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethics conference and it presented a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethics conference and it presented a
+whole lot of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of it
+hershey's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're at this conference and i tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're at this conference and i tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're at this conference and i tell
+this story i said i start off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story i said i start off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this story i said i start off my
+presentation by saying let's not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation by saying let's not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation by saying let's not be
+ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical
+and what i mean by that is the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i mean by that is the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i mean by that is the word
+ethics is a greek word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morals is a translation of greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morals is a translation of greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morals is a translation of greek
+intellect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellect
+morales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morales
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so what i wanted to say was that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i wanted to say was that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i wanted to say was that i
+wanted to talk about ethical problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about ethical problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to talk about ethical problems
+but i did not want to use greek or latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i did not want to use greek or latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i did not want to use greek or latin
+approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches
+i wanted to go outside of that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to go outside of that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to go outside of that i want to
+go outside because that was the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside because that was the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go outside because that was the only way
+i could solve the concrete sumo problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+i just remember seeing pictures of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just remember seeing pictures of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just remember seeing pictures of my
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+of little kids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little kids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little kids in
+of hundreds of little kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hundreds of little kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hundreds of little kids
+in hundreds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hundreds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hundreds of uh
+iron lungs and their mothers point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron lungs and their mothers point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron lungs and their mothers point to
+pointing to me saying you did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to me saying you did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to me saying you did it
+no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's
+i couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i couldn't
+that's what i remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i remember
+there was no logic a picture came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no logic a picture came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no logic a picture came in
+and all of these mothers pointed to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these mothers pointed to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these mothers pointed to me
+saying he did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he did it
+i said no i just rather go in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said no i just rather go in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said no i just rather go in there
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+uh but no there was no logical process i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but no there was no logical process i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but no there was no logical process i
+was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh
+i my birthday was november so i had just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i my birthday was november so i had just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i my birthday was november so i had just
+turned six years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+essentially this thought isn't worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this thought isn't worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this thought isn't worked
+out i'm just doing the free association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i'm just doing the free association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out i'm just doing the free association
+that you suggested but my mind went to i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you suggested but my mind went to i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you suggested but my mind went to i
+don't know if you remember maybe a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you remember maybe a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you remember maybe a year
+or two ago it was the big thing to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two ago it was the big thing to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two ago it was the big thing to have
+what would jesus do did you see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would jesus do did you see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would jesus do did you see those
+bracelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracelets
+no i didn't see it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i didn't see it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i didn't see it yeah
+it was the big thing everybody had yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was like the big thing i lived in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like the big thing i lived in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like the big thing i lived in new
+york city for a couple years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+york city for a couple years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+york city for a couple years and
+everybody walked around those bracelets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody walked around those bracelets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody walked around those bracelets
+and so i think there really is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think there really is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i think there really is something
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+to thinking about your life saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking about your life saying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thinking about your life saying okay
+in this situation what would jesus do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation what would jesus do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation what would jesus do
+put jesus and i mean religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put jesus and i mean religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put jesus and i mean religious
+assad let's not even talk yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assad let's not even talk yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assad let's not even talk yeah right
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+yeah the method i think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the method i think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the method i think there's
+something really attractive about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really attractive about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really attractive about that
+and i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think
+that's a formal term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a formal term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a formal term
+and that's latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's latin
+it's uh about 15 years or 15 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh about 15 years or 15 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh about 15 years or 15 years
+about 1500 years old is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1500 years old is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1500 years old is what the
+catholic church says solve all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catholic church says solve all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catholic church says solve all your
+ethical problems by putting jesus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical problems by putting jesus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical problems by putting jesus in
+your situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your situation
+but the method goes back to plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the method goes back to plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the method goes back to plato
+of using the story to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using the story to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using the story to do the same thing
+because he says if you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he says if you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he says if you don't know what
+to do put achilles in your position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do put achilles in your position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do put achilles in your position
+or choose the right hero from mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or choose the right hero from mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or choose the right hero from mythology
+and put that person and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put that person and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put that person and you know that
+person you know i'm cold you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you know i'm cold you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you know i'm cold you know what
+they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would do
+and once you've said what they would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you've said what they would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you've said what they would do
+everybody else would believe you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else would believe you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else would believe you that
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+what he would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he would do
+and if you did it to the best of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you did it to the best of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you did it to the best of your
+ability everybody else will say well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability everybody else will say well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability everybody else will say well it
+doesn't get much better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get much better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get much better than that
+because even if you don't buy the bible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you don't buy the bible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even if you don't buy the bible
+as a religious truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a religious truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a religious truth
+with stories that you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stories that you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stories that you're talking about
+you could totally do it probably for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could totally do it probably for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could totally do it probably for so
+many situations what would jesus do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many situations what would jesus do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many situations what would jesus do in
+this situation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation right
+might not actually give you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not actually give you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not actually give you a very
+appropriate response and why not but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate response and why not but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate response and why not but you
+don't know because you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know because you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know because you can do it
+if you did it the rest of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did it the rest of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you did it the rest of them will
+forgive you for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me tell you why i think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you why i think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me tell you why i think that's a
+hard question the hard question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question the hard question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard question the hard question because
+let's look for the united states right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look for the united states right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look for the united states right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the hard question you don't get get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard question you don't get get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hard question you don't get get up
+going anytime i'm just i'm just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going anytime i'm just i'm just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going anytime i'm just i'm just talking
+um the hard question is do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hard question is do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the hard question is do we have
+mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i want to divide the question between do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to divide the question between do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to divide the question between do
+we have a mythology what do i think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a mythology what do i think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a mythology what do i think it
+is okay i think that we have a mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay i think that we have a mythology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay i think that we have a mythology
+that hasn't matured yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't matured yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't matured yet
+i think our mythology is science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you look at star trek some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at star trek some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at star trek some of the
+old star treks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old star treks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old star treks
+you know they get in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they get in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they get in there
+yeah i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean
+that tells us who we want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us who we want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us who we want to be
+and what we're capable of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're capable of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're capable of being
+you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh
+so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i think
+i think we we have a mythology that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we we have a mythology that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we we have a mythology that was
+in the stage of the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stage of the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stage of the development
+uh let's say maybe uh 400 years before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saw anything written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw anything written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw anything written down
+because they were they were they had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were they were they had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were they were they had the
+liars they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liars they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liars they were
+minstrels i mean missiles is middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minstrels i mean missiles is middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minstrels i mean missiles is middle
+middle ages but there's another term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ages but there's another term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle ages but there's another term for
+but they sang the stories they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they sang the stories they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they sang the stories they had
+memorized them they were they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized them they were they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized them they were they were
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and they told stories about real wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they told stories about real wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they told stories about real wars
+and real heroes but by the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real heroes but by the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real heroes but by the time they
+finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished
+uh half of it was on the unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half of it was on the unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh half of it was on the unconscious
+level and we call that the fantasy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and we call that the fantasy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and we call that the fantasy level
+but half of it was unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but half of it was unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but half of it was unconscious
+and uh but still truthful unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but still truthful unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but still truthful unconscious
+and so the historians and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the historians and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the historians and the
+archaeologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeologists
+uh find it very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find it very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh find it very difficult to
+back calculate from mythology what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back calculate from mythology what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back calculate from mythology what
+really did happen because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did happen because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really did happen because they're
+looking for conscious accounts of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for conscious accounts of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for conscious accounts of it
+but if you look for an unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look for an unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look for an unconscious
+account of the dragon they're back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the dragon they're back there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account of the dragon they're back there
+they had things they were scared of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had things they were scared of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had things they were scared of it
+wasn't a dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a dragon
+uh even the edit of just even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even the edit of just even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh even the edit of just even the
+oedipus uh story uh is a myth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oedipus uh story uh is a myth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oedipus uh story uh is a myth that
+sophocles made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophocles made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophocles made a
+plague made three plays out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague made three plays out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plague made three plays out of
+put and just turned the myth around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and just turned the myth around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put and just turned the myth around and
+made it a mystery story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a mystery story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a mystery story
+but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when
+oedipus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oedipus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oedipus uh
+killed the sphinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what they say was that they know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say was that they know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they say was that they know that
+there was a terrible plague around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a terrible plague around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a terrible plague around that
+time around that city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time around that city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time around that city
+and maybe he came in there because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe he came in there because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe he came in there because he
+was a traveling man maybe he came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a traveling man maybe he came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a traveling man maybe he came in
+there with a cure that he had gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a cure that he had gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a cure that he had gotten
+from someplace else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someplace else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from someplace else
+and walked among the sick to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walked among the sick to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walked among the sick to give the
+cure and that was the same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure and that was the same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure and that was the same thing as
+killing a dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing a dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing a dragon
+yeah but uh the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but uh the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but uh the story
+is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is has
+powerful effects on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i am about 40 percent confident to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i am about 40 percent confident to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i am about 40 percent confident to
+talk about those effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about those effects
+uh i don't think that psychology is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't think that psychology is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i don't think that psychology is the
+place to go to i think it's the place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to go to i think it's the place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to go to i think it's the place to
+go to is literal literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to is literal literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to is literal literature
+you got a literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a literary
+professor to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor to start talking about
+why is it that this little story will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that this little story will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that this little story will
+last forever and this one no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last forever and this one no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last forever and this one no matter how
+many oscars it won people forget two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many oscars it won people forget two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many oscars it won people forget two
+years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we don't know we don't care to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we don't know we don't care to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we don't know we don't care to
+know we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know that
+you can write down all of the attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down all of the attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write down all of the attributes
+take a test and get an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a test and get an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a test and get an a
+that story will last and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it will get to people and have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will get to people and have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will get to people and have them
+empathize with but to go back one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathize with but to go back one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empathize with but to go back one more
+just one more time one more time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one more time one more time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one more time one more time one
+more time and i'd like for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and i'd like for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time and i'd like for you to
+comment on this uh when it comes to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on this uh when it comes to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on this uh when it comes to um
+uh judges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh judges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh judges
+in iran with legal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in iran with legal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in iran with legal system
+and i'm not a religious man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i really wasn't growing up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really wasn't growing up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i really wasn't growing up and
+grew up in the church my mother was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in the church my mother was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in the church my mother was not
+relieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relieved
+my father was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father was
+quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiet
+but the church had a way of operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the church had a way of operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the church had a way of operating
+just like the shaman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the shaman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the shaman
+used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to do
+uh in primitive societies and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in primitive societies and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in primitive societies and the way
+that uh the church operated and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the church operated and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the church operated and still
+operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was some
+problem in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the community
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's say that brother sam is running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that brother sam is running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that brother sam is running
+around with sister sue and sister sue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with sister sue and sister sue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with sister sue and sister sue is
+married to brother joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to brother joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married to brother joe
+so there's some problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's some problem
+and these women would come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these women would come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these women would come to the
+preacher's house telling me about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preacher's house telling me about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preacher's house telling me about all of
+this to know to tell his wife about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to know to tell his wife about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to know to tell his wife about
+and then the wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the wife
+would tell the preacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell the preacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell the preacher
+probably in bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably in bed
+later that night and what the preacher's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that night and what the preacher's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later that night and what the preacher's
+job to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job to do
+was to go to the bible and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to go to the bible and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to go to the bible and find the
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+where this actually happened you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this actually happened you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this actually happened you know
+not actually but find a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually but find a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually but find a metaphor
+and go to church that sunday and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to church that sunday and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to church that sunday and tell
+that metaphor now the whole congregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metaphor now the whole congregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that metaphor now the whole congregation
+would know exactly what he's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know exactly what he's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know exactly what he's talking
+about they know about this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they know about this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about they know about this little
+triangle here and they want it broken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here and they want it broken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here and they want it broken up
+and then he'll say how it was that god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he'll say how it was that god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he'll say how it was that god
+came and struck him down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and struck him down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came and struck him down
+promising to rob his sister's suit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising to rob his sister's suit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising to rob his sister's suit and
+brother joe over here he said oh man i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother joe over here he said oh man i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother joe over here he said oh man i
+think i would stop doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i would stop doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i would stop doing it
+they cured the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cured the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cured the problem
+now i understand that in some islamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i understand that in some islamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i understand that in some islamic
+countries that when the judges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that when the judges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries that when the judges are
+sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting
+before and accused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and accused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and accused
+that they have the koran in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the koran in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have the koran in front of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and they listen to what the accused says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they listen to what the accused says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they listen to what the accused says
+and tries to find the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tries to find the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tries to find the story
+in the quran is that true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe it's not true i just heard people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not true i just heard people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not true i just heard people
+say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think i can be uh i'm not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i can be uh i'm not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i can be uh i'm not being
+metaphorically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphorically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphorically
+it's going to sound metaphorical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to sound metaphorical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to sound metaphorical
+but there's a kind of law in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a kind of law in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a kind of law in the united
+states called casa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states called casa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states called casa
+which is the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you do something
+they'll try to find a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll try to find a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll try to find a case
+that matches it in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches it in some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matches it in some kind of
+metaphorical way and what the judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphorical way and what the judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphorical way and what the judge
+prescribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed
+and whether or not chaos broke out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether or not chaos broke out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether or not chaos broke out in
+the end or whether or not you had a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end or whether or not you had a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end or whether or not you had a uh
+ordered society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all the examples all the judgments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the examples all the judgments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the examples all the judgments of
+the process those are the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process those are the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process those are the basis
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so there's something about it the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something about it the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's something about it the system
+out of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+religion hasn't taken that place when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion hasn't taken that place when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religion hasn't taken that place when
+you say that in science fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that in science fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say that in science fiction
+why do you think that christianity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that christianity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you think that christianity has
+done good question adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done good question adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done good question adaptive
+good question as a matter of fact i plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question as a matter of fact i plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question as a matter of fact i plan
+to touch upon this tomorrow but no i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch upon this tomorrow but no i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch upon this tomorrow but no i'll
+just tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tell you
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that uh real briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh real briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh real briefly
+that before the civil war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before the civil war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before the civil war
+uh 11 out of 12 college presidents in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 11 out of 12 college presidents in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 11 out of 12 college presidents in
+the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the united states
+uh had divinity degrees they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had divinity degrees they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had divinity degrees they were
+minister 11 out of 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister 11 out of 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minister 11 out of 12.
+i've got some numbers that i'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got some numbers that i'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got some numbers that i'll give
+tomorrow and education was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and education was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow and education was basically
+what they call classical education which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call classical education which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call classical education which
+was character development and it meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was character development and it meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was character development and it meant
+good christian character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good christian character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good christian character
+it changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changed
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+people like a man named john quincy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like a man named john quincy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like a man named john quincy who
+became president of harvard around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became president of harvard around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became president of harvard around the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+stood up and said we got to change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up and said we got to change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up and said we got to change all
+this because we got to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we got to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we got to get into the
+industrial revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial revolution
+characters got to go we got to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters got to go we got to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters got to go we got to start
+talking about applied physics applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about applied physics applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about applied physics applied
+math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math
+uh all of this stuff we got to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of this stuff we got to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all of this stuff we got to get it
+and so what happened was there was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happened was there was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what happened was there was a big
+clash between two philosophies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clash between two philosophies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clash between two philosophies of
+education one was classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education one was classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education one was classical
+which was mainly religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was mainly religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was mainly religious
+not so much in content as it was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much in content as it was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much in content as it was that
+the people teaching it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people teaching it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people teaching it were
+ministers of the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministers of the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministers of the church
+and the objective was good character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the objective was good character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the objective was good character
+and the other one was what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one was what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one was what we call
+progressive education and now you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive education and now you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressive education and now you get
+john dewey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john dewey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john dewey
+and all of those people talking about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of those people talking about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of those people talking about we
+got to get people to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get people to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get people to work
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and they finally killed classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they finally killed classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they finally killed classical
+education in the united states that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in the united states that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in the united states that's
+why we don't have it anymore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we don't have it anymore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we don't have it anymore they
+killed it right then and there now i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it right then and there now i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed it right then and there now i
+think as i'll say tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as i'll say tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as i'll say tomorrow
+uh that our big problem is that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that our big problem is that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that our big problem is that uh we
+need to bring character development back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to bring character development back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to bring character development back
+but we don't need to be bring it back as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't need to be bring it back as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't need to be bring it back as
+christian character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian character
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so we need to cut that part of it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to cut that part of it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need to cut that part of it out
+leave christian character in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave christian character in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave christian character in the um
+in the schools of religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the schools of religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the schools of religion
+and in the churches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the churches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the churches
+but we've got to have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got to have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've got to have something that
+something got to be characters we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something got to be characters we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something got to be characters we've got
+to get back in here we can't just say do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back in here we can't just say do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back in here we can't just say do
+whatever you want here are the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want here are the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want here are the tools to
+justify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify it
+like aristotle would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like aristotle would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like aristotle would say
+we got to start talking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to start talking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to start talking about how to
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so that's my answer to your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my answer to your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my answer to your question
+what is your answer you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your answer you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is your answer you want to think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah but i think that's what killed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i think that's what killed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i think that's what killed it
+uh the industrial revolution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the industrial revolution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the industrial revolution and the
+christian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh hold on to universities mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hold on to universities mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hold on to universities mainly
+because they were financing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were financing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were financing the
+universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities
+uh and after the civil war we got state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and after the civil war we got state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and after the civil war we got state
+finance universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance universities
+uh that that the uh christians didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that the uh christians didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that the uh christians didn't
+want to get us in the industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get us in the industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get us in the industrial
+revolution didn't want to have us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution didn't want to have us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution didn't want to have us
+compete did not foresee world war one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete did not foresee world war one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete did not foresee world war one
+which was entirely almost entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was entirely almost entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was entirely almost entirely
+technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and i think that's what killed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now that's a significant observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a significant observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's a significant observation
+i'ma study that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+church and state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and more i think about it more i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and more i think about it more i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and more i think about it more i
+think that ultimately that's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that ultimately that's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that ultimately that's where it
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+yeah but it got us into education when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it got us into education when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it got us into education when
+the industrial revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrial revolution
+uh came people thought they could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh came people thought they could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh came people thought they could get
+rich people thought they would lose wars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people thought they would lose wars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people thought they would lose wars
+if they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they weren't
+and they were right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were right
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+that's an interesting point you make too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting point you make too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting point you make too
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in the ideal situation you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ideal situation you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ideal situation you've got a
+tradition and a mythology that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and a mythology that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition and a mythology that will
+carry you through and i think that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry you through and i think that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry you through and i think that we
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+don't have a tradition and don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a tradition and don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a tradition and don't see
+ourselves with a mythology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can recommend one short story i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can recommend one short story i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can recommend one short story i don't
+know about a movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about a movie
+well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me do some thought about it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do some thought about it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me do some thought about it and you
+do some thought about it and tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some thought about it and tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some thought about it and tuesday
+when you come back if you come back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come back if you come back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come back if you come back here
+tuesday or whenever you come back we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday or whenever you come back we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuesday or whenever you come back we'll
+talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it
+no i have a special presentation to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i have a special presentation to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i have a special presentation to make
+before some visitors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some visitors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some visitors here
+from norway from the norwegian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from norway from the norwegian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from norway from the norwegian
+parliament they want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament they want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament they want to talk about
+research ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research ethics
+and so the two students that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two students that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the two students that are
+registered i asked if they could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered i asked if they could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered i asked if they could come
+and they said yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said yes
+no no no class for tomorrow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nlO9ci0kPLg.txt b/nlO9ci0kPLg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4034bf7d4fb41b13e4d5a37629488c099036c059
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nlO9ci0kPLg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8200 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so this is the
+second uh 086 lecture and it'll be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh 086 lecture and it'll be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second uh 086 lecture and it'll be my
+it'll be my second and last lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be my second and last lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be my second and last lecture on
+solving ordinary differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ordinary differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving ordinary differential equations
+u Prime equal F of U and T okay so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u Prime equal F of U and T okay so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u Prime equal F of U and T okay so last
+time we got Oilers method both ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we got Oilers method both ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we got Oilers method both ordinary
+forward Oiler which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Oiler which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Oiler which
+is this method for the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this method for the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this method for the particular
+equation so I'm using my model problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'm using my model problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I'm using my model problem
+as always U Prime equal Au that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as always U Prime equal Au that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as always U Prime equal Au that's the
+model and I'm using small U for the ACT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I'm using small U for the ACT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and I'm using small U for the ACT
+the true solution and capital u for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true solution and capital u for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true solution and capital u for the
+approximation by whatever method we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation by whatever method we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation by whatever method we use
+and right now that method is Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now that method is Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right now that method is Oiler
+forward Oiler okay and we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Oiler okay and we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Oiler okay and we looked at the
+idea of stability but now let me follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of stability but now let me follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of stability but now let me follow
+up right away with the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right away with the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right away with the point of
+stability where does stability come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability where does stability come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability where does stability come in
+so I want to do that for this simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do that for this simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to do that for this simplest
+of all methods because uh you'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all methods because uh you'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all methods because uh you'll see how
+we get get to an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get get to an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get get to an error
+equation and we'll get to a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we'll get to a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we'll get to a similar
+error equation for much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error equation for much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error equation for much better
+methods so the accuracy of Oiler is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so the accuracy of Oiler is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so the accuracy of Oiler is
+minimal but the question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal but the question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal but the question of how
+stability enters and how we show that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability enters and how we show that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability enters and how we show that it
+converges will be the same also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges will be the same also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges will be the same also in
+partial differential equations so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations so this
+is the place to see it okay so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the place to see it okay so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the place to see it okay so I'll
+start with that but then after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that but then after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that but then after that
+topic will come better methods than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic will come better methods than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic will come better methods than
+Oiler and the first step will be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler and the first step will be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler and the first step will be of
+course second order methods because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course second order methods because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course second order methods because
+Oiler and backward Oiler are only first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler and backward Oiler are only first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler and backward Oiler are only first
+order and we'll see actually that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and we'll see actually that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and we'll see actually that'll be
+the point not only will show when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point not only will show when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point not only will show when they
+converge why they converge but also how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge why they converge but also how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge why they converge but also how
+fast they converge what's the error and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they converge what's the error and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast they converge what's the error and
+this estimate of the error is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate of the error is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this estimate of the error is something
+that every code is going to somehow use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every code is going to somehow use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every code is going to somehow use
+internally to to control the step size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally to to control the step size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally to to control the step size
+delta T okay so I'm just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T okay so I'm just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T okay so I'm just going to go
+with the model problem U Prime equal Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the model problem U Prime equal Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the model problem U Prime equal Au
+the oiler method so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oiler method so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oiler method so here is the
+evaluation Au is is is f there so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation Au is is is f there so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation Au is is is f there so it's
+really delta T multiplying F which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really delta T multiplying F which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really delta T multiplying F which is
+just Au in this easy case here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Au in this easy case here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Au in this easy case here's the
+true solution and then here's the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true solution and then here's the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true solution and then here's the new
+point that when I plug the true solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that when I plug the true solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that when I plug the true solution
+in to the the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to the the difference
+equation it of course doesn't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it of course doesn't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it of course doesn't satisfy
+exactly and there's some error term this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and there's some error term this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly and there's some error term this
+I would call the discretization error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call the discretization error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would call the discretization error
+discretization making the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discrete so this is the you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete so this is the you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete so this is the you could say
+the error at a single time step it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error at a single time step it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error at a single time step it's the
+it's the new error that's introduced at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the new error that's introduced at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the new error that's introduced at
+time Step n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Step n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Step n
+and uh error now is going to be e will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh error now is going to be e will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh error now is going to be e will
+be U the true one minus the approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be U the true one minus the approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be U the true one minus the approximate
+so I just subtract to get an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just subtract to get an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just subtract to get an equation
+for the error at time Step at time Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the error at time Step at time Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the error at time Step at time Step
+n + one that subtraction gives me en n a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + one that subtraction gives me en n a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + one that subtraction gives me en n a
+delta T that subtraction gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T that subtraction gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T that subtraction gives
+me and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and this is
+the inhomogeneous term you could say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhomogeneous term you could say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inhomogeneous term you could say the
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+error and so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and so the question
+is well first the question is how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well first the question is how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well first the question is how what
+size is that the local error and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is that the local error and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is that the local error and then
+the key question is when I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key question is when I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key question is when I when I
+combine all these local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all these local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine all these local
+errors what's the global error okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors what's the global error okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors what's the global error okay so
+first the local error well you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the local error well you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the local error well you can see
+what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is
+approximately because the true solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately because the true solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately because the true solution
+would be e to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be e to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be e to the a
+t and we all know that e to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we all know that e to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and we all know that e to the a
+t time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t time
+u0 e to the a there's a one plus an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 e to the a there's a one plus an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u0 e to the a there's a one plus an a
+delt at at from a single time step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delt at at from a single time step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delt at at from a single time step the
+the TR sorry I should have said the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TR sorry I should have said the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TR sorry I should have said the true
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+would grow by e to the a delta T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow by e to the a delta T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow by e to the a delta T over
+one step it would multiply by e to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step it would multiply by e to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step it would multiply by e to the a
+delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+but instead of multiplying by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of multiplying by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of multiplying by that
+exponential e to the a delta T we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the a delta T we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential e to the a delta T we're
+only multiplying by the first two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only multiplying by the first two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only multiplying by the first two terms
+in the series so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the series so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the series so the the
+error here is going to be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error here is going to be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error here is going to be something like
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+half Delta t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Delta t^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Delta t^
+2ar that's the key point where we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar that's the key point where we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar that's the key point where we see
+the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+times probably a^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there be we need an A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be we need an A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be we need an A
+squ and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and A
+U so A2 U would so a 2 unu N that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so A2 U would so a 2 unu N that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so A2 U would so a 2 unu N that would
+really be the second derivative I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be the second derivative I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be the second derivative I I'll
+I'll put it in as second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it in as second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it in as second derivative
+because that's what it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it would look like
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a in a nonlinear case so I'm working the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a nonlinear case so I'm working the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a nonlinear case so I'm working the
+linear case for Simplicity but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case for Simplicity but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear case for Simplicity but the point
+is that this is what this is the oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is what this is the oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this is what this is the oiler
+local error and and that's so typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local error and and that's so typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local error and and that's so typical
+that you really want to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want to look at that
+local error see what it looks like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local error see what it looks like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local error see what it looks like there
+is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some
+constant and that has a certain effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that has a certain effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that has a certain effect
+on the on the quality of the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the quality of the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the quality of the method
+there's a power of delta T and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a power of delta T and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a power of delta T and the
+question what is that exponent has a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is that exponent has a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what is that exponent has a big
+effect so that exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so that exponent
+is the order plus one that so for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the order plus one that so for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the order plus one that so for me
+Oilers method has accuracy P equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers method has accuracy P equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oilers method has accuracy P equal 1
+over a single delta T step the error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a single delta T step the error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a single delta T step the error is
+Delta t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta t^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta t^
+squared but we'll see that when I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but we'll see that when I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared but we'll see that when I take
+one over delta T steps to get somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over delta T steps to get somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over delta T steps to get somewhere
+to get to some fixed time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to some fixed time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to some fixed time like
+one then then I have one over delta T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then then I have one over delta T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then then I have one over delta T of
+these things and the two comes back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and the two comes back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and the two comes back down
+to the one which I ECT for Oiler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one which I ECT for Oiler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one which I ECT for Oiler and
+finally the this term is out of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the this term is out of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the this term is out of our
+control basically that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control basically that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control basically that's the that's
+coming from the differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the differential equation
+that would tell us how uh hard or easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell us how uh hard or easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would tell us how uh hard or easy
+the method is the equation is so if uble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method is the equation is so if uble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method is the equation is so if uble
+Prime is real big we're going to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is real big we're going to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is real big we're going to expect
+to have to reduce delta T to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to reduce delta T to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to reduce delta T to keep this
+error under control so that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error under control so that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error under control so that that's a
+typical term a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical term a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical term a
+constant delta T to a power p + 1 and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant delta T to a power p + 1 and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant delta T to a power p + 1 and uh
+the p+ first derivative the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p+ first derivative the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p+ first derivative the second
+derivative matching that two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative matching that two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative matching that two of the
+solution okay so that's uh if I now put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so that's uh if I now put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay so that's uh if I now put
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+this uh think of that as as as here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh think of that as as as here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh think of that as as as here in
+the in the uh as the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh as the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh as the sort of
+inhomogeneous term or the new the new uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous term or the new the new uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhomogeneous term or the new the new uh
+Source term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source term
+uh I just want to estimate now okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just want to estimate now okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just want to estimate now okay so
+I've done the local part and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the local part and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the local part and now I'm
+interested in putting it all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in putting it all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in putting it all together
+what how do I look at e so so I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do I look at e so so I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do I look at e so so I really
+want somehow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution e at some late at some definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution e at some late at some definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution e at some late at some definite
+time n is what I'm asking really for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n is what I'm asking really for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time n is what I'm asking really for the
+solution to this to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to this to this
+system and sort of in words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so that that's a good a very totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that that's a good a very totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that that's a good a very totally
+typical uh error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh error
+equation and uh I think the way to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh I think the way to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh I think the way to look
+at it in words is at each step some new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in words is at each step some new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it in words is at each step some new
+term new error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term new error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term new error is
+committed and what happens to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed and what happens to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed and what happens to that
+error at later steps at later steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at later steps at later steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error at later steps at later steps that
+error committed then gets multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error committed then gets multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error committed then gets multiplied by
+1 plus a delta T at the next step and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus a delta T at the next step and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus a delta T at the next step and 1
+plus a delta T at the following step so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a delta T at the following step so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a delta T at the following step so
+I think we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we have something
+like after n steps we would have 1 + a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after n steps we would have 1 + a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like after n steps we would have 1 + a
+delta T to the nth times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T to the nth times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T to the nth times
+the the error that we did our first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+error so that's you see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that's you see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that's you see what's happening
+here the whatever error we commit grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the whatever error we commit grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the whatever error we commit grows
+or decays according to this grow factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or decays according to this grow factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or decays according to this grow factor
+and then of course we made an error at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we made an error at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then of course we made an error at
+step two and we made an error at step K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two and we made an error at step K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step two and we made an error at step K
+so at step K it will have n minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at step K it will have n minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at step K it will have n minus K
+steps still to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps still to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps still to
+grow this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+De the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De the
+error de at step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and all the way to the final I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and all the way to the final I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and all the way to the final I guess
+it would end with de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would end with de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would end with de
+n de n would be the last thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n de n would be the last thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n de n would be the last thing that
+hadn't yet started to grow or Decay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't yet started to grow or Decay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't yet started to grow or Decay okay
+so that's our that's our formula it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our that's our formula it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our that's our formula it
+looks a little messy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little messy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little messy but
+it it shows everything it show shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it shows everything it show shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it shows everything it show shows the
+importance of the crucial importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the crucial importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the crucial importance of
+stability and how it enters stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and how it enters stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and how it enters stability
+controls so there's the error that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls so there's the error that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls so there's the error that we
+made way at the beginning and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made way at the beginning and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made way at the beginning and then this
+is the growth factor that happened end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the growth factor that happened end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the growth factor that happened end
+times so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that if 1 plus a delta T has magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if 1 plus a delta T has magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if 1 plus a delta T has magnitude
+bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than
+one what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one what's going to
+happen that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that will
+explode and and uh the computer will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode and and uh the computer will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode and and uh the computer will in
+very quickly show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly show
+totally uh out of bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally uh out of bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally uh out of bounds
+uh out input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh out input
+outputs but if it's stable if this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs but if it's stable if this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs but if it's stable if this thing
+is less than one less or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one less or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than one less or equal to one
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+stability that stability means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability that stability means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability that stability means that this
+error is not growing and so what do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is not growing and so what do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error is not growing and so what do so
+so we get if so let me put if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get if so let me put if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get if so let me put if we have
+this stability 1 + a delta T smaller or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stability 1 + a delta T smaller or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stability 1 + a delta T smaller or
+equal 1 then we get the bound that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 then we get the bound that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 1 then we get the bound that we
+want so can you see what that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like we've got n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terms right to get to Point N we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right to get to Point N we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right to get to Point N we've made
+n ER capital N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ER capital N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ER capital N
+errors and then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and then each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and then each
+term that gives a one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that gives a one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that gives a one that's the
+critical role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical role of
+stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability
+and the the error is of this order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the error is of this order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the error is of this order so
+I'm getting something like a half Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting something like a half Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting something like a half Delta
+t^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 over
+2times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2times
+uh say let's say some Maximum I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say let's say some Maximum I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say let's say some Maximum I'll I'll
+I'll use uble prime for a maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use uble prime for a maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use uble prime for a maximum value
+let's say of the of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say of the of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say of the of the second
+derivative that's a typical good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's a typical good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's a typical good
+satisfactory error estimate because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory error estimate because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory error estimate because what
+so what's what's up here so n * delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's up here so n * delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's what's up here so n * delta T
+* 1 delta T is the time that we reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 delta T is the time that we reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 delta T is the time that we reached
+right we took n steps delta T each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we took n steps delta T each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we took n steps delta T each step
+so this is the same as this is the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same as this is the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same as this is the what
+I'm wanting and it's going to fit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wanting and it's going to fit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wanting and it's going to fit on
+this board there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this board there's a
+1/2 T so I should make it t over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 T so I should make it t over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 T so I should make it t over
+two right n delta T is some time capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right n delta T is some time capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right n delta T is some time capital
+T we have the half we still have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we have the half we still have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T we have the half we still have one
+delta T that's the key and we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T that's the key and we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T that's the key and we have this
+uble Prime which is fixed anyway we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uble Prime which is fixed anyway we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uble Prime which is fixed anyway we have
+first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order
+convergence so the so the error after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so the so the error after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so the so the error after
+end steps goes down like delta T if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end steps goes down like delta T if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end steps goes down like delta T if I
+double the if I cut the time step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the if I cut the time step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the if I cut the time step in
+half I cut the error in half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I cut the error in half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I cut the error in half so
+that's that's not a great rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not a great rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's not a great rate of
+convergence that's like the minimal rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that's like the minimal rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence that's like the minimal rate
+of convergence just one power delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence just one power delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convergence just one power delta T
+and that's why we call Oiler A first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we call Oiler A first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we call Oiler A first
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+method okay I think I hope you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay I think I hope you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay I think I hope you've seen
+and can kind of because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can kind of because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can kind of because we'll
+this this uh expression for the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh expression for the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh expression for the solution
+is so uh is is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so uh is is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so uh is is but
+meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful
+okay so that's a little bit of you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a little bit of you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a little bit of you can't
+say pure algebra or something not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pure algebra or something not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say pure algebra or something not that
+that shows how stability is is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows how stability is is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows how stability is is used
+where it enters all right so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it enters all right so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it enters all right so now I'm
+ready if you are to move to second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready if you are to move to second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready if you are to move to second order
+methods because so now we we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods because so now we we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods because so now we we're actually
+going to get methods that people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get methods that people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get methods that people would
+really use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all those methods those methods are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those methods those methods are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those methods those methods are I
+think worth looking at oh can I say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think worth looking at oh can I say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think worth looking at oh can I say that
+the notes that are on the web you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes that are on the web you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notes that are on the web you may
+have spotted chapter 5 Section one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spotted chapter 5 Section one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spotted chapter 5 Section one for
+example which is this material uh so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is this material uh so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is this material uh so I'm
+after the lecture I always uh think back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lecture I always uh think back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lecture I always uh think back
+what did I say and uh improve those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I say and uh improve those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I say and uh improve those
+notes so uh possibly later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so uh possibly later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes so uh possibly later this
+afternoon a revised improved version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon a revised improved version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon a revised improved version of
+of this material will go up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this material will go up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this material will go up and then
+next week starts the real thing what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week starts the real thing what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week starts the real thing what I
+think of as the real thing the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the real thing the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of as the real thing the wave
+equation and the heat equation partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the heat equation partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the heat equation partial
+differential equation but it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation but it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation but it's worth
+well here we saw how stability works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we saw how stability works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here we saw how stability works
+here we're going to see how accuracy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to see how accuracy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to see how accuracy can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+increased and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased and
+uh in in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in different
+ways in this this way so what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in this this way so what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in this this way so what do I
+notice about the trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method sometimes it's called Crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method sometimes it's called Crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method sometimes it's called Crank
+Nicholson in in PDS the same idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson in in PDS the same idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson in in PDS the same idea was
+proposed by crank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed by crank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed by crank and
+Nicholson okay so what's their idea or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson okay so what's their idea or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicholson okay so what's their idea or
+what's the trapezoidal idea in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trapezoidal idea in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the trapezoidal idea in the first
+place uh basically we've sent Ed we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh basically we've sent Ed we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place uh basically we've sent Ed we've
+reentered the method at at what at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reentered the method at at what at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reentered the method at at what at what
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position you can go ahead so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can go ahead so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can go ahead so where
+instead of Oiler which was like started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Oiler which was like started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Oiler which was like started
+at time n TN or backward Oiler that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n TN or backward Oiler that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n TN or backward Oiler that was
+sort of focused on the new time tn+ one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of focused on the new time tn+ one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of focused on the new time tn+ one
+this combination is at time n plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination is at time n plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this combination is at time n plus a
+half delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half delta T
+right it's somehow we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's somehow we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's somehow we've we've
+symmetrized everything around a half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrized everything around a half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrized everything around a half and
+and the point is that around that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that around that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that around that that
+around the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the the
+midpoint the accuracy jumps up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint the accuracy jumps up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midpoint the accuracy jumps up to
+two you could we could uh oh let me let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you could we could uh oh let me let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you could we could uh oh let me let
+me try always U Prime equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Au so f is au then what does this become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can I as you would have to do encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I as you would have to do encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I as you would have to do encoding
+it s separate the implicit part this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s separate the implicit part this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it s separate the implicit part this is
+implicit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit of
+course that that's that stands for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that that's that stands for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that that's that stands for this
+FN + one means F of the new unknown U at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN + one means F of the new unknown U at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN + one means F of the new unknown U at
+the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new
+time so it's implicit if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's implicit if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so it's implicit if
+we if I yeah so let me bring that over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if I yeah so let me bring that over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if I yeah so let me bring that over
+to the left side because it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left side because it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left side because it's sort of
+part of the unknown I'll multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the unknown I'll multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the unknown I'll multiply
+through by delta T and I'll take F to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by delta T and I'll take F to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by delta T and I'll take F to be
+a so I just want to rewrite that for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so I just want to rewrite that for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so I just want to rewrite that for our
+model problem so it will be what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem so it will be what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem so it will be what what
+will be one minus a half when I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one minus a half when I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be one minus a half when I bring
+that over minus a Delta t/ 2 un n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over minus a Delta t/ 2 un n +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over minus a Delta t/ 2 un n +
+1 is that what I get when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is that what I get when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is that what I get when I multiply
+through by delta T and bring bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by delta T and bring bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by delta T and bring bring the
+implicit part over and now I bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit part over and now I bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit part over and now I bring the
+explicit part to that side so it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit part to that side so it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit part to that side so it's 1
+plus a half delta T a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a half delta T a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a half delta T a delta
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+un okay so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un okay so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un okay so that's what we
+actually solve at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve at every
+step and what's so first of all I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and what's so first of all I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and what's so first of all I see
+that it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's pretty
+centered I see that there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered I see that there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered I see that there's something
+has to be inverted that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be inverted that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be inverted that's because the
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+implicit if this was a matrix a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit if this was a matrix a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit if this was a matrix a system
+of equations which is very typical could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations which is very typical could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations which is very typical could
+be a large system of equations with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a large system of equations with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a large system of equations with a
+with a matrix capital A then U would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a matrix capital A then U would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a matrix capital A then U would be
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+vector and we would be solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we would be solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and we would be solving this
+system Matrix times Vector equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Matrix times Vector equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system Matrix times Vector equals
+known uh right hand side from time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh right hand side from time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known uh right hand side from time in
+okay but here it's a scaler it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here it's a scaler it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but here it's a scaler it's just a
+division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division
+and so what is stability going to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is stability going to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is stability going to depend
+on stability requires so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stability requires so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stability requires so what does
+stability require at every step we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability require at every step we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability require at every step we don't
+want to grow so if we take a step that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow so if we take a step that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to grow so if we take a step that's
+1 + a/ 2 delta T divided 1us a/2 delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + a/ 2 delta T divided 1us a/2 delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + a/ 2 delta T divided 1us a/2 delta
+T that's the growth factor the Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the growth factor the Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's the growth factor the Decay
+factor that that multiplies un n to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that that multiplies un n to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that that multiplies un n to give
+you n + 1 so the stability question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you n + 1 so the stability question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you n + 1 so the stability question is
+is this smaller or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this smaller or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this smaller or equal to
+one that's stability for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's stability for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's stability for for this
+uh uh trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh trapezoidal
+method well what's the story on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method well what's the story on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method well what's the story on that
+suppose a is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a is very
+negative that's what killed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's what killed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's what killed forward
+forward Oiler right if a delta T that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Oiler right if a delta T that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Oiler right if a delta T that's
+the that's where we look for instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's where we look for instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that's where we look for instability
+if a delta T becomes very to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative we lost stability in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we lost stability in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we lost stability in the in
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+Oiler and we'll lose stability in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler and we'll lose stability in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler and we'll lose stability in in
+other better methods too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other better methods too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other better methods too but
+here as a if a Del is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a if a Del is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a if a Del is
+negative that denominator is good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that denominator is good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that denominator is good it's
+it's it's bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's bigger than the
+numerator when right so we have a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator when right so we have a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator when right so we have a well
+you you see it if a delta T is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see it if a delta T is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see it if a delta T is less than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+if it's very much less than zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's very much less than zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's very much less than zero then
+then uh this is It's approaching maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this is It's approaching maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh this is It's approaching maybe
+minus one but it's it's below one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but it's it's below one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one but it's it's below one so
+this method is a stable absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method is a stable absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this method is a stable absolutely
+stable stable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable stable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable stable for
+all a less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a less than
+zero we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're
+fine delta T can be in Principle as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine delta T can be in Principle as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine delta T can be in Principle as
+large as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as we
+like well so we might might ask why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well so we might might ask why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well so we might might ask why
+don't I just jump in one step to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I just jump in one step to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I just jump in one step to the
+time that I want to reach and not bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I want to reach and not bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I want to reach and not bother
+taking a lot of small steps what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a lot of small steps what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a lot of small steps what's the
+what's the in that little paradx it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the in that little paradx it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the in that little paradx it
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+stable but what what's no good so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but what what's no good so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but what what's no good so if I
+jumped in one giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped in one giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped in one giant
+step this thing would be about minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this thing would be about minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step this thing would be about minus one
+or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so U here would be about minus1 time u0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U here would be about minus1 time u0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so U here would be about minus1 time u0
+and of course that's not the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's not the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's not the answer and
+so why why do we still need a why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why why do we still need a why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why why do we still need a why do we
+still need a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need a delta
+T because of the discretization error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because of the discretization error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because of the discretization error
+because because this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because this isn't the
+exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+uh differential equation so we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differential equation so we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differential equation so we still
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+we we don't have a we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't have a we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we don't have a we don't have a
+problem with stability but we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with stability but we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with stability but we still have
+to get uh the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get uh the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get uh the local
+errors uh down to whatever uh level we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors uh down to whatever uh level we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors uh down to whatever uh level we
+we want and now what are those local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and now what are those local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want and now what are those local
+errors for this for this guy what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors for this for this guy what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors for this for this guy what are
+the local errors for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local errors for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local errors for for
+uh for that for that method let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for that for that method let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for that for that method let's see
+can we actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we actually see
+it I mean you know what I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean you know what I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean you know what I'm thinking
+right I'm thinking that the local error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm thinking that the local error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm thinking that the local error
+is of order delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of order delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of order delta T
+cubed that's a second order method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed that's a second order method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed that's a second order method for
+me delta T Cube at each step one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me delta T Cube at each step one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me delta T Cube at each step one over
+delta T steps so Delta t squared overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T steps so Delta t squared overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T steps so Delta t squared overall
+in that second order but do we see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second order but do we see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second order but do we see why
+this is I mean instinctively we say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I mean instinctively we say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I mean instinctively we say okay
+it's centered it should be but but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centered it should be but but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's centered it should be but but let
+me expand this to see are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh is e to the a delta T how close is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is e to the a delta T how close is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is e to the a delta T how close is is
+it to one so it's it's approximately one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to one so it's it's approximately one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to one so it's it's approximately one
+plus a over 2 delta T / 1 minus a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a over 2 delta T / 1 minus a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a over 2 delta T / 1 minus a half a
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+T just I'm just want to see that sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just I'm just want to see that sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just I'm just want to see that sure
+enough this is second order so of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this is second order so of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough this is second order so of course
+I have a denominator here that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a denominator here that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a denominator here that I want to
+multiply so that's 1 + a Delta t/ 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so that's 1 + a Delta t/ 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so that's 1 + a Delta t/ 2 the
+explicit part and then everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit part and then everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit part and then everybody knows
+the one there are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two series to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two series to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two series to
+know the truth is we study infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the truth is we study infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the truth is we study infinite
+series a lot but the two that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a lot but the two that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a lot but the two that everybody
+needs to know are the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know are the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to know are the exponential
+series which is for the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which is for the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series which is for the left
+side and the geometric series for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the geometric series for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and the geometric series for the
+right side 1/ 1 - x is 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side 1/ 1 - x is 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side 1/ 1 - x is 1 +
+x + x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sared plus so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared plus so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sared plus so on
+okay and then so that's the that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then so that's the that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then so that's the that this
+came from the denominator getting it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the denominator getting it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the denominator getting it up
+in the numerator where I can multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator where I can multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator where I can multiply
+the the other term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the other term and
+get 1 + a delta T which is good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 + a delta T which is good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 + a delta T which is good and
+what's the coefficient of a 2 Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t^2 can you see what it is if I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 can you see what it is if I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 can you see what it is if I do that
+multiplication what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does you see it where where where do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you see it where where where do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does you see it where where where do I
+get a Delta t^ 2ar from this I get I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Delta t^ 2ar from this I get I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a Delta t^ 2ar from this I get I get
+one here times a fourth and I get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here times a fourth and I get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here times a fourth and I get one
+here times a four so that's two fours is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times a four so that's two fours is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times a four so that's two fours is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+half so it's great right it got the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so it's great right it got the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so it's great right it got the next
+term correct in the exponential Series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term correct in the exponential Series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term correct in the exponential Series
+so that's why it's one order higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's one order higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's one order higher
+because it got the right number there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it got the right number there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it got the right number there
+but it won't get the right number at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it won't get the right number at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it won't get the right number at the
+next step what's the oh well I'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step what's the oh well I'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next step what's the oh well I'd have to
+find out what the cube this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what the cube this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what the cube this would be a
+Delta t/ 2 cubed so what will it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta t/ 2 cubed so what will it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta t/ 2 cubed so what will it's the
+I'll get a wrong coefficient for a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a wrong coefficient for a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get a wrong coefficient for a Delta
+TQ I'll get um that would give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ I'll get um that would give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TQ I'll get um that would give me
+1/8 and this would give me another eigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 and this would give me another eigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/8 and this would give me another eigh
+I think so I think I'm getting two e out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so I think I'm getting two e out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so I think I'm getting two e out
+of that I'm getting a quarter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I'm getting a quarter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that I'm getting a quarter which is
+wrong and what's right there for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and what's right there for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and what's right there for the
+exponential series it should be 1 over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential series it should be 1 over 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential series it should be 1 over 3
+factorial it should be 1 16 so I got 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+16 and the error is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and the error is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and the error is the difference
+between them which is 112th so 112th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them which is 112th so 112th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them which is 112th so 112th
+would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this
+number the the local error so the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the the local error so the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the the local error so the local
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+de would be like the missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de would be like the missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de would be like the missing
+112th the the delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112th the the delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+112th the the delta
+T to the thir power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to the thir power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to the thir power
+now and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative that's
+what that that's what would come out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that's what would come out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that that's what would come out if
+I patiently went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I patiently went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I patiently went through the
+estimate just just to see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll in this in these weeks we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll in this in these weeks we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll in this in these weeks we'll be
+creating difference methods for partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating difference methods for partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating difference methods for partial
+differential equations and we'll want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and we'll want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and we'll want to
+know okay what's controlling the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay what's controlling the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay what's controlling the error
+and this is the kind of calculation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the kind of calculation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the kind of calculation the
+beginning of a tailor series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a tailor series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of a tailor series that
+answers that question okay so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that question okay so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers that question okay so the main
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+is local error delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is local error delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is local error delta T
+cubed stable for every a delta T so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed stable for every a delta T so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed stable for every a delta T so our
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+would move from Oiler to trapezoidal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move from Oiler to trapezoidal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would move from Oiler to trapezoidal and
+it would give us the final error E E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give us the final error E E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would give us the final error E E
+sorry Small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Small
+E I can say it without writing it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I can say it without writing it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E I can say it without writing it this
+the eror Small E would be delta T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eror Small E would be delta T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eror Small E would be delta T to
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+power squar delta T squ good okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power squar delta T squ good okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power squar delta T squ good okay and
+the same kind of reasoning now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of reasoning now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same kind of reasoning now I want to
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+about so that that takes care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that that takes care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that that takes care of
+trapezoidal which is a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal which is a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal which is a pretty good
+method I think it's uh in mat lab it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I think it's uh in mat lab it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I think it's uh in mat lab it
+would be o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be o
+d something small t for trapezoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d something small t for trapezoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d something small t for trapezoidal
+forgot maybe one two I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot maybe one two I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot maybe one two I should
+know um and it's used quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bit of course we're going to get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of course we're going to get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of course we're going to get higher
+than second order but second order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than second order but second order is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than second order but second order is
+often in in computational mathematics a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in in computational mathematics a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often in in computational mathematics a
+good balance Newton's method for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good balance Newton's method for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good balance Newton's method for solving
+nonlinear equations is second order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations is second order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear equations is second order and
+it doesn't pay to go to higher you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't pay to go to higher you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't pay to go to higher you could
+invent a better you could beat Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a better you could beat Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a better you could beat Newton
+by going by inventing some third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going by inventing some third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by going by inventing some third order
+method for solving a nonlinear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for solving a nonlinear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for solving a nonlinear equation
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh in the end Newton would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the end Newton would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the end Newton would be the
+favorite okay so second order is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite okay so second order is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite okay so second order is pretty
+important okay uh let so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay uh let so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay uh let so let
+me point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me point
+to so that was implicit because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that was implicit because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so that was implicit because it
+involved FN plus one but Adams had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved FN plus one but Adams had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved FN plus one but Adams had
+another idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which seems like a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like a great
+idea instead of implicit using FN + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea instead of implicit using FN + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea instead of implicit using FN + one
+he used the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used the previous
+value FN minus one which we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value FN minus one which we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value FN minus one which we already know
+we've already at that at that previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already at that at that previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already at that at that previous
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+substituted u n minus one into F if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted u n minus one into F if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted u n minus one into F if that
+that might have been timec consuming but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have been timec consuming but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might have been timec consuming but
+we sure had to do it once and we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sure had to do it once and we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sure had to do it once and we only
+have to do it once with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it once with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it once with
+Adams we're using something we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adams we're using something we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adams we're using something we already
+know this is the one new time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the one new time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is the one new time that we
+need it that we have to compute F and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it that we have to compute F and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it that we have to compute F and we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+explicitly explicitly the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly explicitly the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly explicitly the new
+U and these numbers three halves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and these numbers three halves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and these numbers three halves and
+minus a half were chosen to get to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half were chosen to get to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a half were chosen to get to make
+it second order and the notes check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it second order and the notes check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it second order and the notes check that
+that uh with a series that it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh with a series that it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh with a series that it comes out
+to give us the correct second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good let me mention backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences now
+the we're just using one F and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're just using one F and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we're just using one F and actually
+the implicit one so I'm making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit one so I'm making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit one so I'm making it
+implicit so why am I going to why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit so why am I going to why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit so why am I going to why do I
+why am I interested in number three at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I interested in number three at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I interested in number three at
+all because it's going to have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because it's going to have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because it's going to have better
+stability by being implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability by being implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability by being implicit
+and by choosing these numbers three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by choosing these numbers three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by choosing these numbers three
+halves minus four halves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves minus four halves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves minus four halves and
+one2 I've up the accuracy to two P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 I've up the accuracy to two P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 I've up the accuracy to two P equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+two and I've maintained High stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I've maintained High stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and I've maintained High stability
+by making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by making it
+implicit so this one competes with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit so this one competes with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit so this one competes with this
+one for uh importance for for use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for uh importance for for use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for uh importance for for use so
+you're really seeing three pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really seeing three pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really seeing three pretty good
+methods that can be written down so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that can be written down so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that can be written down so the
+these numbers were chosen to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers were chosen to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers were chosen to get that
+extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+accuracy which we didn't get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy which we didn't get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy which we didn't get from
+backward Oiler when those numbers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Oiler when those numbers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward Oiler when those numbers were
+one and minus one backward Oiler was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus one backward Oiler was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and minus one backward Oiler was
+second was only first order now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second was only first order now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second was only first order now this
+goes up to second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and you can
+guess that we can that that every term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that we can that that every term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that we can that that every term
+we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we allow
+ourself we can can choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourself we can can choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourself we can can choose the
+coefficients well so that the order goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well so that the order goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well so that the order goes
+up by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by one
+more now if you looked at that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now if you looked at that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now if you looked at that you might
+say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not keep you could why not you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not keep you could why not you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not keep you could why not you could
+come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to
+this why not combine the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why not combine the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why not combine the idea of
+backward differences more more left land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences more more left land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences more more left land
+sides with the Adams bashforth of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides with the Adams bashforth of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides with the Adams bashforth of more
+right hand sides yeah suppose I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sides yeah suppose I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand sides yeah suppose I come
+back to Adams bashforth and create like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Adams bashforth and create like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Adams bashforth and create like
+an 18086
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 18086
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 18086
+method that'll be third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that'll be third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that'll be third
+order but still will only go back one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but still will only go back one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but still will only go back one
+step so it will somehow it will use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so it will somehow it will use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so it will somehow it will use some
+combination like this that goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination like this that goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination like this that goes back
+to I'm not writing this method down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm not writing this method down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm not writing this method down for
+a good reason of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good reason of
+course but it will use some something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but it will use some something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but it will use some something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the left side
+and something like this on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something like this on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something like this on the right
+side and it that gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and it that gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and it that gives us
+enough Co Freedom enough coefficients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Co Freedom enough coefficients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Co Freedom enough coefficients to
+choose two coefficients there three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two coefficients there three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two coefficients there three
+there and enough that that we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and enough that that we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and enough that that we can get
+third order accuracy so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order accuracy so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third order accuracy so in other
+words the natural idea is okay use both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the natural idea is okay use both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the natural idea is okay use both
+unu n minus one and FN minus one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unu n minus one and FN minus one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unu n minus one and FN minus one in the
+formula to to get that extra accuracy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to to get that extra accuracy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to to get that extra accuracy so
+why don't why isn't that the most famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't why isn't that the most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't why isn't that the most famous
+method of all why isn't that even on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of all why isn't that even on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of all why isn't that even on the
+board well you can guess it's violently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board well you can guess it's violently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board well you can guess it's violently
+unstable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so
+sadly the most accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly the most accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly the most accurate
+methods which use both an old value of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which use both an old value of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which use both an old value of U
+and an old value of f of U use both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an old value of f of U use both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an old value of f of U use both of
+this and this uh the numbers that show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this uh the numbers that show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this uh the numbers that show
+up here are bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here are bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here are bad
+news it's it's a fact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news it's it's a fact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news it's it's a fact of
+life and uh so that's why we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and uh so that's why we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and uh so that's why we go
+backwards we we have to make a choice we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards we we have to make a choice we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards we we have to make a choice we
+go backwards with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go backwards with
+U or we go backwards Adams goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U or we go backwards Adams goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U or we go backwards Adams goes
+backwards with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards with
+f uh or we think of some way to Hype up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh or we think of some way to Hype up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f uh or we think of some way to Hype up
+the accuracy even further within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy even further within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accuracy even further within one
+step method okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step method okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step method okay so the
+notes um give a table the beginning of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um give a table the beginning of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes um give a table the beginning of a
+table people could figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table people could figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table people could figure out the
+formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+um for any order P so the notes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for any order P so the notes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for any order P so the notes will
+give the beginning of a table for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the beginning of a table for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the beginning of a table for p
+equal one which is Oiler P equal 2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one which is Oiler P equal 2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one which is Oiler P equal 2 which
+is this P equal 3 and P equal 4 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this P equal 3 and P equal 4 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this P equal 3 and P equal 4 which is
+Adam's bashforth ver further back far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam's bashforth ver further back far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam's bashforth ver further back far
+backward differences further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences further
+back and uh the those tables show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and uh the those tables show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and uh the those tables show the
+constants so they show the 112th or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so they show the 112th or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants so they show the 112th or the
+1/2 or whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 or whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 or whatever that
+is and they show the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and they show the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and they show the stability
+limit and the of course that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and the of course that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and the of course that's
+critical uh the stability limit is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical uh the stability limit is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical uh the stability limit is much
+better for backward differences than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for backward differences than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for backward differences than it
+is for Adams bash for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for Adams bash for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for Adams bash for so
+actually I I only learned recently that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I only learned recently that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I I only learned recently that
+Adam's bashforth which we all teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam's bashforth which we all teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam's bashforth which we all teach
+which all books teach I should say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all books teach I should say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all books teach I should say uh
+isn't that much used way back maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that much used way back maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that much used way back maybe the
+astronomers might use it or they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers might use it or they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers might use it or they might
+use backward differences which are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use backward differences which are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use backward differences which are more
+stable uh but so backward differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh but so backward differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable uh but so backward differences
+has an important role and then one-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an important role and then one-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an important role and then one-step
+methods will have a important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods will have a important role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods will have a important role
+backward differences are implicit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences are implicit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences are implicit so
+those are great for stiff or yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are great for stiff or yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are great for stiff or yeah you
+turn that way for stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that way for stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn that way for stiff
+equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um for non-stiff equations let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for non-stiff equations let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for non-stiff equations let me show
+you what the Workhorse method is in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the Workhorse method is in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the Workhorse method is in a in
+a moment okay so I so I have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment okay so I so I have a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment okay so I so I have a number
+four here which whose name I better put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here which whose name I better put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four here which whose name I better put
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+let me put up the name of method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put up the name of method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put up the name of method
+four which is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four which is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four which is two
+names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+runga so that's a a a sort of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runga so that's a a a sort of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runga so that's a a a sort of one
+compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+step so what do I mean by what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so what do I mean by what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so what do I mean by what's the
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+of this looked pretty efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this looked pretty efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this looked pretty efficient but
+there's an there are two aspects that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an there are two aspects that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an there are two aspects that we
+didn't really I didn't really mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really I didn't really mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really I didn't really mention
+and on those two aspects runga could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on those two aspects runga could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on those two aspects runga could
+have wins by being just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wins by being just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wins by being just a single
+self-contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-contained
+step so what are the drawbacks of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so what are the drawbacks of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so what are the drawbacks of having
+of going of having multi what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going of having multi what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going of having multi what are the
+drawbacks of a multi-step method like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawbacks of a multi-step method like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawbacks of a multi-step method like
+this or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this well you have to store the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you have to store the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well you have to store the old
+value no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value no
+problem but at the beginning at T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but at the beginning at T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but at the beginning at T equals
+z what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what's the
+problem you don't know the old value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you don't know the old value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you don't know the old value so
+you have to you have to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you have to get started
+somehow with some separate you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with some separate you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with some separate you can't use
+this at T equals z because it's calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at T equals z because it's calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at T equals z because it's calling
+for a value at minus delta T and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value at minus delta T and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value at minus delta T and you
+haven't got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got
+it so you need a it takes a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you need a it takes a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you need a it takes a separate
+method okay you can deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay you can deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method okay you can deal with that
+create use runer ca for example to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create use runer ca for example to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create use runer ca for example to get
+that first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first step
+but then there's another problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's another problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's another problem with
+these backward step methods which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these backward step methods which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these backward step methods which again
+can be resolved so it's this is a live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be resolved so it's this is a live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be resolved so it's this is a live
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+here the other problem is if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the other problem is if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the other problem is if you want to
+change delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change delta
+T suppose you want to cut delta T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T suppose you want to cut delta T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T suppose you want to cut delta T in
+half then this is looking for a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half then this is looking for a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half then this is looking for a value
+that's a half delta T back in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a half delta T back in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a half delta T back in time and
+you haven't got that either but you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't got that either but you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't got that either but you've
+got values one delta T back and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got values one delta T back and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got values one delta T back and two
+delta T back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T back and
+some interpolation process will produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interpolation process will produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interpolation process will produce
+that half value so what am I saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half value so what am I saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that half value so what am I saying I'm
+just saying that getting started is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that getting started is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that getting started is
+takes a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a special
+attention changing delta T takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention changing delta T takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention changing delta T takes a
+little special attention but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little special attention but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little special attention but still
+that's all doable so that this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all doable so that this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all doable so that this method
+which I uh gave a name to last time I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I uh gave a name to last time I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I uh gave a name to last time I've
+forgotten what it was I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what it was I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten what it was I think it was
+something like o d E1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like o d E1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like o d E1
+five s for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stiff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff is
+uh is much used for stiff equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is much used for stiff equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is much used for stiff equation okay
+so now I'm left let me let me not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm left let me let me not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm left let me let me not only
+write down rer C's name but the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down rer C's name but the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down rer C's name but the other so
+multistep I've spoken about I just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multistep I've spoken about I just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multistep I've spoken about I just this
+is I'm just going to write this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm just going to write this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I'm just going to write this to
+remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind
+myself to say one word about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to say one word about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself to say one word about it
+it D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AE can I say one word even now I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AE can I say one word even now I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AE can I say one word even now I'm sorry
+then I'll say one word later uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll say one word later uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll say one word later uh so
+that's a differential algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a differential algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a differential algebraic
+equation that's an that's a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's an that's a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that's an that's a situation
+where which comes up in chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which comes up in chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where which comes up in chemical
+engineering and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and many other
+places in which out of our n given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in which out of our n given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in which out of our n given
+equations some of them are differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations some of them are differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations some of them are differential
+equations but others others are ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but others others are ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but others others are ordinary
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+equations so there's no d d by DT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so there's no d d by DT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so there's no d d by DT in
+them and uh nevertheless we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh nevertheless we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and uh nevertheless we have to
+solve and there is a d by D DT in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and there is a d by D DT in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and there is a d by D DT in the
+others so this is a whole little world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so this is a whole little world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so this is a whole little world
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+daes which you may never meet I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes which you may never meet I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes which you may never meet I I have
+never personally met admitted but it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never personally met admitted but it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never personally met admitted but it has
+to be dealt with and there are codes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealt with and there are codes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealt with and there are codes uh
+I'll just mention The Code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention The Code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just mention The Code
+dael by petel well I'm I'll finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dael by petel well I'm I'll finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dael by petel well I'm I'll finish
+saying the one word a model problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the one word a model problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the one word a model problem here
+would be a model problem here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a model problem here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a model problem here would be
+uh some Matrix times U Prime equal F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some Matrix times U Prime equal F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some Matrix times U Prime equal F of
+U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T so uh a sort of implicit differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so uh a sort of implicit differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so uh a sort of implicit differential
+equation because I'm not given U Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because I'm not given U Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because I'm not given U Prime
+I'm only given m u Prime Prime and if m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only given m u Prime Prime and if m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only given m u Prime Prime and if m
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+singular otherwise I could in I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular otherwise I could in I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular otherwise I could in I could
+multiply by m inverse and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by m inverse and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by m inverse and make it
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally
+normal but if M at sometimes t or M may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but if M at sometimes t or M may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal but if M at sometimes t or M may
+depend on U and May m may depend on U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on U and May m may depend on U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on U and May m may depend on U
+and T it could go singular if it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T it could go singular if it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and T it could go singular if it goes
+singular then this system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular then this system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular then this system is
+degenerating and we have to think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating and we have to think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degenerating and we have to think what
+to do and this stel code would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and this stel code would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and this stel code would be one
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+one of the good ones it does okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the good ones it does okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the good ones it does okay so
+that's sort of like my memory to myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of like my memory to myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of like my memory to myself
+to say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say something about
+daes before the before completing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes before the before completing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daes before the before completing this
+topic of ordinary differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of ordinary differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic of ordinary differential equation
+now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for
+rura okay let me take P equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rura okay let me take P equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rura okay let me take P equal to 2
+first the famous raka is known as is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the famous raka is known as is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the famous raka is known as is the
+one at p with fourth order accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that will be that will take more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be that will take more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be that will take more of the
+of the little internal compounded steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little internal compounded steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little internal compounded steps
+then P equal to 2 takes but P equal 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P equal to 2 takes but P equal 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P equal to 2 takes but P equal 2 is
+makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the
+point so here here's the here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so here here's the here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so here here's the here's here's
+so this will be simplified r or qu P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be simplified r or qu P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be simplified r or qu P
+equal to two it'll be u n + 1 minus u n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two it'll be u n + 1 minus u n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to two it'll be u n + 1 minus u n
+you see it's just uh One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's just uh One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it's just uh One
+Step but what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step but what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step but what goes
+here oh dear do I remember the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh dear do I remember the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh dear do I remember the notes
+will tell me I better since since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me I better since since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me I better since since it's
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+be kept forever I better get it right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kept forever I better get it right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kept forever I better get it right it
+involves FN and F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f so runga here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so runga here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so runga here we
+go okay it has a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay it has a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay it has a half
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+FN the usual Oiler figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN the usual Oiler figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN the usual Oiler figure out the
+slope but then it the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope but then it the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope but then it the other
+half is the same F at I take Oiler so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is the same F at I take Oiler so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is the same F at I take Oiler so so
+doing this part allowed me to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this part allowed me to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this part allowed me to take an
+Oiler forward Oiler step and now I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler forward Oiler step and now I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oiler forward Oiler step and now I put
+that for forward Oiler step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for forward Oiler step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for forward Oiler step
+in as like a un plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as like a un plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as like a un plus one
+delta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T
+FN at time what's what's the right time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN at time what's what's the right time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN at time what's what's the right time
+probably that's that's sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that's that's sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that's that's sort of this
+is like un plus one but we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like un plus one but we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like un plus one but we didn't have
+to do we we're not implicit and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we we're not implicit and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we we're not implicit and so I
+presume that that's a Time n +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so I've written in one line what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I've written in one line what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I've written in one line what the
+code would have to write in two lines I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code would have to write in two lines I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code would have to write in two lines I
+mean the first line of code would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the first line of code would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the first line of code would be
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute
+F at the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+un then and take an Oiler step add add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un then and take an Oiler step add add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un then and take an Oiler step add add
+multiply by delta T and add to un so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by delta T and add to un so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by delta T and add to un so
+this gives something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives something that's
+like un + one but but but didn't cost us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like un + one but but but didn't cost us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like un + one but but but didn't cost us
+anything and then so you can you compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then so you can you compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and then so you can you compare
+that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trapezoidal you see the comparison with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal you see the comparison with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal you see the comparison with
+trapezoidal is trapezoidal has the 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal is trapezoidal has the 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapezoidal is trapezoidal has the 1/
+half FN the same but it has the 1/ half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half FN the same but it has the 1/ half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half FN the same but it has the 1/ half
+fn+ one at the new Step involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn+ one at the new Step involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fn+ one at the new Step involving the
+new UN n+ one where this one did used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new UN n+ one where this one did used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new UN n+ one where this one did used
+something like it but something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like it but something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like it but something we
+already knew from Oiler so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew from Oiler so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew from Oiler so that's a
+natural idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural idea
+all these ideas actually would occur to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ideas actually would occur to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ideas actually would occur to
+all of us if we started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us if we started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of us if we started thinking about
+these for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for a few
+weeks but I guess I'm not planning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but I guess I'm not planning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks but I guess I'm not planning to
+spend a few weeks on that so so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a few weeks on that so so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a few weeks on that so so I'm just
+like jumping ahead to what people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jumping ahead to what people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like jumping ahead to what people have
+thought of okay so uh that's the that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of okay so uh that's the that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of okay so uh that's the that's
+you could say twostep Oiler there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say twostep Oiler there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say twostep Oiler there's two
+evaluations of f within a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations of f within a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations of f within a step
+so what's Peak well four the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's Peak well four the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's Peak well four the famous
+rakuda is four of those so you take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rakuda is four of those so you take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rakuda is four of those so you take an
+there's an Oiler step that'll be step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an Oiler step that'll be step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an Oiler step that'll be step
+one then you'll stick that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you'll stick that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then you'll stick that into
+something at Step n plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at Step n plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at Step n plus a
+half that'll be a second evaluation of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half that'll be a second evaluation of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half that'll be a second evaluation of f
+that'll give you some output you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you some output you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you some output you plug
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in and that will actually if if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that will actually if if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that will actually if if it's
+correctly chosen be another better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly chosen be another better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly chosen be another better
+approximation at a half at n plus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at a half at n plus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation at a half at n plus a half
+then you put that into the fourth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put that into the fourth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you put that into the fourth one
+which will give you something close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will give you something close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will give you something close to
+un n + one and then you take the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un n + one and then you take the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un n + one and then you take the right
+weights here they were a half and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights here they were a half and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights here they were a half and a
+half anyway you can do it the algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half anyway you can do it the algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half anyway you can do it the algebra
+gets begins to get messy Beyond P equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets begins to get messy Beyond P equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets begins to get messy Beyond P equal
+4 but you can go beyond P equal 4 I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 but you can go beyond P equal 4 I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 but you can go beyond P equal 4 I mean
+so uh there's a whole there books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's a whole there books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's a whole there books on
+rakuta methods because the algebra gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rakuta methods because the algebra gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rakuta methods because the algebra gets
+of these F of f of f if any thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these F of f of f if any thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these F of f of f if any thing
+that any construction in math that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any construction in math that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any construction in math that
+looked so easy just take F of f of f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked so easy just take F of f of f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked so easy just take F of f of f of
+f of a function of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a function of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of a function of a of a
+number I mean that seems so simple but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I mean that seems so simple but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I mean that seems so simple but
+actually it's extremely hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's extremely hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's extremely hard to
+understand what happens and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what happens and maybe you
+know that mandal bro's fractal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that mandal bro's fractal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that mandal bro's fractal
+sets and and Al all these problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and and Al all these problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and and Al all these problems of
+chaos come exactly that way and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos come exactly that way and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaos come exactly that way and they're
+extremely hard to see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to see what's
+happening uh when you take when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening uh when you take when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening uh when you take when you do
+repeated composition you would call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated composition you would call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated composition you would call that
+F of f of f okay so raka is stops at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of f of f okay so raka is stops at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of f of f okay so raka is stops at
+Four and then there is actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four and then there is actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Four and then there is actually an
+implicit rakuda that's that people work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit rakuda that's that people work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit rakuda that's that people work
+on but I don't dare begin to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I don't dare begin to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but I don't dare begin to write that
+down and I won't even write the details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I won't even write the details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and I won't even write the details
+of that one which are in our notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one which are in our notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that one which are in our notes and
+in every set of notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every set of notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every set of notes
+but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point first we get the accuracy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point first we get the accuracy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point first we get the accuracy so
+what's the other thing you have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other thing you have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the other thing you have to ask
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+stability okay so what does our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability okay so what does our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability okay so what does our
+stability calculation give for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability calculation give for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability calculation give for
+um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for
+rakuda well the thing that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rakuda well the thing that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rakuda well the thing that you have to
+work with actually turns out to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with actually turns out to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with actually turns out to be quite
+nice it's just the series for e to the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice it's just the series for e to the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice it's just the series for e to the a
+chopped off at the power however far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped off at the power however far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chopped off at the power however far
+you're going so this is rera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability P equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability P equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability P equal to
+two the growth factor will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the growth factor will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the growth factor will
+be from if I just do this and I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from if I just do this and I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from if I just do this and I take the
+model problem F equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem F equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem F equal
+Au you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Au you could
+if I took that out of there the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took that out of there the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I took that out of there the growth
+factor will be 1 + a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor will be 1 + a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor will be 1 + a Delta
+t+ 12 a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop that's what this would give for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that's what this would give for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that's what this would give for the
+model problem as the growth factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem as the growth factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model problem as the growth factor that
+multiplies each U to get the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies each U to get the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies each U to get the next
+U what P equal 4 would give would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what P equal 4 would give would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U what P equal 4 would give would be the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing plus just it's just the right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing plus just it's just the right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing plus just it's just the right it's
+just the exponential series chopped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the fourth
+term so of course you see immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so of course you see immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so of course you see immediately
+that the what's the discretization error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what's the discretization error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the what's the discretization error
+it's delta T to the 5th it's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's delta T to the 5th it's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's delta T to the 5th it's the first
+missing term that's that rera didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing term that's that rera didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing term that's that rera didn't
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplied by 1 over 5 factorial so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over 5 factorial so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over 5 factorial so you
+know right away that the constant is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right away that the constant is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right away that the constant is 1
+over 120 which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 120 which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 120 which is pretty
+good but the question is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but the question is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but the question is the
+stability so what do we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so what do we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so what do we want to know
+here we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we want to
+know so let me let a delta T be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let me let a delta T be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let me let a delta T be some
+because that same number is coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that same number is coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that same number is coming up
+let me call it Z right so I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it Z right so I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me call it Z right so I the
+stability test is whe for p equal to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability test is whe for p equal to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability test is whe for p equal to two
+is to look at the magnitude of 1 + z +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the magnitude of 1 + z +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the magnitude of 1 + z +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 and we want it to be less or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 and we want it to be less or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 and we want it to be less or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one now the of the point is this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the of the point is this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now the of the point is this this is
+something I I hope you try this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I hope you try this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I hope you try this this
+weekend somehow get mat lab to plot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend somehow get mat lab to plot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend somehow get mat lab to plot in
+the complex plane see really up now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane see really up now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex plane see really up now
+we've just at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just at some point
+Z some negative value of Z it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z some negative value of Z it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z some negative value of Z it's going to
+hit one and then after that it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit one and then after that it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit one and then after that it's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable of course there's got to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable of course there's got to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable of course there's got to be a
+point where it's unstable this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it's unstable this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it's unstable this is an
+explicit method rakuda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit method rakuda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit method rakuda is
+explicit so it can't if the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit so it can't if the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit so it can't if the problem is
+too stiff we're going to we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too stiff we're going to we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too stiff we're going to we're going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+killed but if it's an ordinary problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed but if it's an ordinary problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed but if it's an ordinary problem
+this is a this is a winner so the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a winner so the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a winner so the P
+equal 4 this is the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 4 this is the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 4 this is the code
+o45 which uses combines Ruda with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o45 which uses combines Ruda with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o45 which uses combines Ruda with four
+and a higher order formula to to get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a higher order formula to to get um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a higher order formula to to get um
+uh an estimate for the for the error uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an estimate for the for the error uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an estimate for the for the error uh
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+step so I could make some comment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so I could make some comment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step so I could make some comment on
+predictor corrector methods but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor corrector methods but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictor corrector methods but I'll
+leave that in the notes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that in the notes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave that in the notes okay
+so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do that what does that region look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do that what does that region look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do that what does that region look
+like and then and then the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then and then the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and then and then the other one is
+what does the region 1 + z + 12 z^ 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the region 1 + z + 12 z^ 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the region 1 + z + 12 z^ 2 +
+16 z cubed + 124 Z to the 4th less or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 z cubed + 124 Z to the 4th less or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 z cubed + 124 Z to the 4th less or
+equal one what's that region look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one what's that region look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one what's that region look
+like I mean if those regions are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean if those regions are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mean if those regions are small
+the method loses if those method if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method loses if those method if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method loses if those method if
+those regions are bigger then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regions are bigger then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those regions are bigger then we get
+from atoms bash forth or backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from atoms bash forth or backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from atoms bash forth or backward
+differences then the methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences then the methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences then the methods in
+there uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there uh good
+successful and uh let see I forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and uh let see I forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and uh let see I forgotten
+exactly what the picture is like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the picture is like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the picture is like there
+why am I in the complex plane because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I in the complex plane because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why am I in the complex plane because
+the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+A and Z is a delta T that number a can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and Z is a delta T that number a can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and Z is a delta T that number a can
+be complex and how can it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complex and how can it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complex and how can it be
+complex well I'm not really thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex well I'm not really thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex well I'm not really thinking
+that our model equation U Prime equal Au
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our model equation U Prime equal Au
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our model equation U Prime equal Au
+will be complex but our model system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be complex but our model system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be complex but our model system
+would be U Prime equals a matrix time U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be U Prime equals a matrix time U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be U Prime equals a matrix time U
+and then it's the igen values of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix that that that take the place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that that that take the place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix that that that take the place of
+little a so we have like n different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a so we have like n different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a so we have like n different
+little A's going for a system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little A's going for a system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little A's going for a system and the
+igen values of a totally real Matrix can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of a totally real Matrix can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values of a totally real Matrix can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+nonre can be complex numbers let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonre can be complex numbers let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonre can be complex numbers let's just
+think when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think when that
+happens and then I'll I'll what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then I'll I'll what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then I'll I'll what does the
+figure look like for p equal 4 I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure look like for p equal 4 I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure look like for p equal 4 I sort of
+remember that the figure even captures a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the figure even captures a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the figure even captures a
+little bit of that plane and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that plane and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that plane and then it
+goes oh why should I mess up the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes oh why should I mess up the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes oh why should I mess up the board
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a it's a pretty good siiz region it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a pretty good siiz region it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a pretty good siiz region it's
+probably not as not shaped like that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not as not shaped like that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not as not shaped like that at
+all but the point is maybe this reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but the point is maybe this reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but the point is maybe this reaches
+out to about e minus E I think it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to about e minus E I think it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to about e minus E I think it does
+somewhere around I don't know if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around I don't know if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around I don't know if that's
+an accident but it reaches out to around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident but it reaches out to around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident but it reaches out to around
+minus E and it reaches up to around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus E and it reaches up to around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus E and it reaches up to around
+two okay so in this last second I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so in this last second I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay so in this last second I was
+just going to say and we'll see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say and we'll see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say and we'll see it
+plenty of times where do we get complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of times where do we get complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of times where do we get complex
+where do we get nice real big systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we get nice real big systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do we get nice real big systems
+stiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stiff
+systems with complex igen values in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with complex igen values in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with complex igen values in real
+calculations well or Real by real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations well or Real by real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations well or Real by real
+calculations I really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I really mean
+pdes so in a partial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes so in a partial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdes so in a partial differential
+equation so this is a just a throwaway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is a just a throwaway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so this is a just a throwaway
+comment that we'll deal with again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that we'll deal with again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment that we'll deal with again in
+partial differential equations a uxx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations a uxx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial differential equations a uxx
+term or a uy y term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term or a uy y term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term or a uy y term
+that get multiplied typically by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get multiplied typically by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get multiplied typically by
+diffusion those are diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion those are diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion those are diffusion
+terms those produce symmetric things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms those produce symmetric things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms those produce symmetric things
+symmetric negative definite things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric negative definite things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric negative definite things
+but convection advection terms velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but convection advection terms velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but convection advection terms velocity
+terms that get multiplied by some that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that get multiplied by some that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that get multiplied by some that
+are first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are first
+derivatives those produce those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives those produce those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives those produce those are
+anti-symmetric those produce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric those produce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric those produce these
+complex igen values that we have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex igen values that we have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex igen values that we have to deal
+with so the everybody wants to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so the everybody wants to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so the everybody wants to solve
+convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection
+diffusion convection has these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion convection has these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion convection has these terms
+diffusion has these this the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion has these this the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion has these this the coefficient
+may be very small the hard that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very small the hard that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very small the hard that's the
+hard case when the convection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard case when the convection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard case when the convection is
+serious it's pushing us up the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious it's pushing us up the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious it's pushing us up the imaginary
+axis where this is bringing us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis where this is bringing us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis where this is bringing us to the
+left and we're going to spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we're going to spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and we're going to spend time
+thinking of good methods for that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of good methods for that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of good methods for that okay
+so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my
+homework well would you like figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework well would you like figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework well would you like figure out
+this region and make a better picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region and make a better picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region and make a better picture
+get mad lab to do it and try any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mad lab to do it and try any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get mad lab to do it and try any one of
+these methods on uh the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods on uh the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these methods on uh the model
+problem try a method or two see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem try a method or two see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem try a method or two see whether
+the stability the theoretical stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability the theoretical stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability the theoretical stability
+limit is serious I mean does the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is serious I mean does the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit is serious I mean does the limit
+of a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can we uh like um as in driving to MIT I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we uh like um as in driving to MIT I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we uh like um as in driving to MIT I
+sometimes exceed the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes exceed the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes exceed the speed
+limit the stability limit uh is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the stability limit uh is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the stability limit uh is that
+okay or not with finite difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or not with finite difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or not with finite difference
+methods okay and I'll see you Monday all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay and I'll see you Monday all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods okay and I'll see you Monday all
+right thanks have a good weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oNqSzzycRhw.txt b/oNqSzzycRhw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8b743f05462fccd37fb3f710b658b130fc1191a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oNqSzzycRhw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2163 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ladies and gentlemen,
+welcome to this set
+
+of lectures on the finite
+element method.
+
+In these lectures I would like
+to give you an introduction to
+
+the linear analysis of solids
+and structures.
+
+You are probably well aware that
+the finite element method
+
+is now widely used for analysis
+of structural
+
+engineering problems.
+
+The method is used in civil,
+aeronautical, mechanical,
+
+ocean, mining, nuclear,
+biomechanical, and other
+
+engineering disciplines.
+
+Since the first applications two
+decades ago of the finite
+
+element method we now see
+applications in linear,
+
+nonlinear, static, and
+dynamic analysis.
+
+However, in this set of
+lectures, I would like to
+
+discuss with you only the
+linear, static, and dynamic
+
+analysis of problems.
+
+The finite element method
+is used today in
+
+various computer programs.
+
+And its use is very
+significant.
+
+My objective in this set of
+lectures is to introduce to
+
+you the finite element methods
+or some of the finite element
+
+methods that are used for linear
+analysis of solids and
+
+structures.
+
+And here we understand linear
+to mean that we're talking
+
+about infinitesimally small
+displacements and that we are
+
+using a linear elastic
+material law.
+
+In other words, Hooke's
+law applies.
+
+We will consider, in this set
+of lectures, the formulation
+
+of the finite element
+equilibrium equations, the
+
+calculation of finite element
+matrices of the matrices that
+
+arise in the equilibrium
+equations.
+
+We will be talking about the
+methods for solution of the
+
+governing equations in static
+and dynamic analysis.
+
+And we will talk about actual
+computer implementations.
+
+I will emphasize modern and
+effective techniques and their
+
+practical usage.
+
+The emphasis, in this set of
+lectures, is given to physical
+
+explanations of the methods,
+techniques that we are using
+
+rather than mathematical
+derivations.
+
+The techniques that we will be
+discussing are those employed
+
+largely in the computer programs
+SAP and ADINA.
+
+SAP stands for Structural
+Analysis Program and you might
+
+very well be aware that there is
+a series of such programs,
+
+SAP I to SAP VI now.
+
+And ADINA stands for
+Automatic Dynamic
+
+Incremental Nonlinear Analysis.
+
+However, this program is also
+very effectively employed for
+
+linear analysis.
+
+The nonlinear analysis being
+then a next step in the usage
+
+of the program.
+
+In fact, the elements in ADINA,
+the numerical methods
+
+that are used in ADINA, I
+consider to be the most
+
+effective, the most modern state
+of the art techniques
+
+that are currently available.
+
+These few lectures really
+represent a very brief and
+
+compact introduction
+to the field of
+
+finite element analysis.
+
+We will go very rapidly through
+some or the basic
+
+concepts, practical
+applications, and so on.
+
+We shall follow quite closely,
+however, certain sections in
+
+my book entitled Finite
+Element Procedures in
+
+Engineering Analysis to be
+published by Prentice Hall.
+
+And I will be referring in the
+study guide of this set of
+
+lectures extensively to this
+book to the specific sections
+
+that we're considering in the
+lectures in this book.
+
+The finite element solution
+process can be described as
+
+given on this viewgraph.
+
+You can see here that we talk
+about a physical problem.
+
+We want to analyze an actual
+physical problem.
+
+And our first step, of course,
+is to establish a finite
+
+element model of that
+physical problem.
+
+Then, in the next step,
+we solve that model.
+
+And then we have to interpret
+the results.
+
+Because the interpretation of
+the results depends very much
+
+on how we established the finite
+element model, what
+
+kind of model we used,
+and so on.
+
+And in establishing the finite
+element model, we have to be
+
+aware of what kinds of elements,
+techniques, and so
+
+on are available to us.
+
+Well, therefore, I will be
+talking, in the set of
+
+lectures, about these three
+steps basically here for
+
+different kinds of physical
+problems.
+
+Once we have interpreted the
+results we might go back from
+
+down here to there to revise
+or refine our model and go
+
+through this process again until
+we feel that our model
+
+has been an adequate one for the
+solution of the physical
+
+problem of interest.
+
+Let me give you or show you
+some models that have been
+
+used in actual structural
+analysis.
+
+You might have seen similar
+models in textbooks, in
+
+publications already.
+
+This, for example, is a model
+that was used for the analysis
+
+of a cooling tower.
+
+The basic process of the finite
+element method is that
+
+we are taking the continuous
+system, and we are idealizing
+
+it as an assemblage
+of elements.
+
+I'm drawing here a typical
+three-noded triangular shell
+
+element that was used
+in the analysis of
+
+this cooling tower.
+
+We talk about very many elements
+in order to obtain an
+
+accurate response prediction.
+
+And, of course, that means that
+we will be dealing with a
+
+large set of equations
+to be solved.
+
+And there's a significant
+computer effort required.
+
+I will be addressing
+all of these
+
+questions in these lectures.
+
+Here you see the finite element
+model of a dam.
+
+The earth below the dam was
+idealized as an assemblage all
+
+such elements here, triangular
+elements now.
+
+And the dam itself was
+also idealized as an
+
+assemblage of elements.
+
+We will be talking about how
+such assemblages are best
+
+created, what kinds of elements
+to select, what
+
+assumptions are in the selection
+of these elements,
+
+and then how do we solve the
+resulting finite element
+
+equilibrium equations.
+
+Here you see the finite element
+analysis, or the mesh
+
+that was used in the finite
+element analysis of a tire.
+
+This wall is half of the tire,
+as you can see, and this was
+
+the finite element mesh used.
+
+Again, we have to judiciously
+choose the kinds of finite
+
+elements to be employed.
+
+And we will be talking about
+that in this set of lectures.
+
+Here you see the finite element
+model employed in the
+
+analysis of a spherical
+cover of a laser
+
+vacuum target chamber.
+
+This is the finite element
+mesh used.
+
+Again, specific elements
+were employed here.
+
+And we will be talking about the
+characteristics of these
+
+elements in this set
+of lectures.
+
+Here you see the model of the
+shell structure subjected to a
+
+pinching load.
+
+There's a load up here and
+a load down there.
+
+These are the triangular
+elements that were used in the
+
+idealization of that shell and
+the resulting bending moments
+
+and displacements along the line
+DC are plotted here that
+
+have been predicted by the
+finite element analysis.
+
+Finally here you see the finite
+element idealization of
+
+a wind tunnel that was used for
+the dynamic analysis of
+
+this tunnel.
+
+You can see a large number of
+shell elements were employed
+
+in the idealization of the
+shelf of the tunnel.
+
+Then, of course, supports were
+provided here for that shell.
+
+And this was a very large
+system that was solved.
+
+And the eigenvalues of this
+system were calculated using
+
+the subspace iteration method
+that we would be also talking
+
+about in this set of lectures.
+
+Well, with this short
+introduction then, I would
+
+like to go now and discuss with
+you some basic concepts
+
+of engineering analysis.
+
+There's a lot of work ahead
+in this set of lectures.
+
+So let me take off my jacket
+with your permission, and let
+
+us just go right on with the
+actual discussion of the
+
+theory of the finite
+element method.
+
+The basic concepts that I
+address here, in this first
+
+lecture, is summarized basically
+here once more.
+
+We are talking about the
+idealization of a system.
+
+We are talking about the
+formulation of the equilibrium
+
+equations, then the solution of
+the equations, and then, as
+
+I mentioned earlier
+already, the
+
+interpretation of the results.
+
+These are really the four
+steps that have to be
+
+performed in the analysis of an
+engineering system or of a
+
+physical system that
+we want to analyze.
+
+Now when we talk about systems,
+we are really talking
+
+about discrete and continuous
+systems where, however, in
+
+reality, we recognize that all
+systems are really continuous.
+
+However, if the system consists
+of a set of springs,
+
+dashpots, beam elements, then
+we might refer to this
+
+continuous system as a discrete
+system because we can
+
+see already, it is obvious, so
+to say, how to idealize a
+
+system into a set of elements,
+discrete elements.
+
+In that case, the response is
+described by variables at a
+
+finite number of points.
+
+And this means that we have to
+set up a set of algebraic
+
+questions to solve
+that system.
+
+So here I'm talking about
+elementary systems ofl
+
+springs, dashpots, discrete
+beam elements, and so on.
+
+In the analysis of a continuous
+system the response
+
+is described really by variables
+at an infinite
+
+number of points.
+
+And, in this case, we really
+come up with a differential
+
+equation, obviously a set of
+differential equations, that
+
+we have to solve.
+
+The analysis of a complex
+continuous system requires a
+
+dissolution of the differential
+equations using
+
+numerical procedures.
+
+And this solution via numerical
+procedures--
+
+and, of course, in this set of
+lectures we will be talking
+
+about the finite element method
+numerical procedures--
+
+really reduces a continuous
+system to a discrete form.
+
+The powerful mechanism that we
+talk about here is the finite
+
+element method implemented
+on a digital computer.
+
+The problem types that I will
+be talking about are
+
+steady-state problems, or static
+analysis, propagation
+
+problems, dynamic analysis,
+and eigenvalue problems.
+
+And these three types of
+problems, of course, arise for
+
+discrete and continuous
+systems.
+
+Now let us talk first about
+the analysis of discrete
+
+systems in this first lecture.
+
+Because many of the
+characteristics that we are
+
+using in the analysis of
+discrete systems, discrete
+
+meaning, springs, dashpots, et
+cetera, we can directly see
+
+the discrete elements
+of the system.
+
+The steps involved in the
+analysis of such discrete
+
+systems are very similar to the
+analysis of complex finite
+
+element systems.
+
+The steps involved
+are the system
+
+idealization into elements.
+
+And that idealization is
+somewhat obvious because we
+
+have the discrete elements
+already.
+
+The evaluation of the element
+equilibrium requirements, the
+
+element assemblage, and the
+solution of the response.
+
+Notice when we later on talk
+about the analysis of
+
+continuous systems instead of
+discrete systems, then the
+
+system idealization into finite
+elements here is not an
+
+obvious step and needs
+much attention.
+
+But these three steps here are
+the same in the finite element
+
+analysis of a continuous
+system.
+
+And I would like to now discuss
+all of these steps
+
+here just to show you,
+basically, some of the basic
+
+concepts that we're using in the
+finite element analysis.
+
+Let us look at this discrete
+system here as an example.
+
+And let us display the basic
+ideas in the analysis of this
+
+discrete system.
+
+Here we have a set of rigid
+carts, three rigid carts,
+
+vertical carts that
+are supported on
+
+rollers down here.
+
+This means that each of these
+carts can just roll
+
+horizontally.
+
+The carts are connected via
+springs, k2, k3, k4, k5.
+
+And the first cart here is
+connected via k1 to a rigid
+
+support that does not move.
+
+The displacement all of
+this cart here is u1.
+
+The load applied is R1.
+
+Notice that u1 is the
+displacement of each of these
+
+springs since this
+cart is rigid.
+
+The displacement of this
+cart here is u2.
+
+And R2 is the load applied.
+
+The displacement of
+this cart is u3.
+
+And R3 is the load applied.
+
+We now want to analyze this
+system when R1, R2, looking at
+
+it, we can directly see the
+elements of the system k1 to
+
+k5, and we can see directly, of
+course, how these elements
+
+are interconnected.
+
+The steps that we will be
+talking about in the analysis
+
+of this discrete system are
+really very similar to the
+
+steps that we're using in the
+finite element analysis of
+
+continuous systems.
+
+What we will be doing is that
+we look at the equilibrium
+
+requirements for each spring
+as a first step.
+
+Then we look at the
+interconnection requirements
+
+between these springs that, in
+other words, the force on
+
+these springs here at this cart,
+and that spring, must be
+
+balanced by R1.
+
+And then, of course, we have a
+compatibility requirement that
+
+u1 is a displacement of each
+of these springs here.
+
+So we are talking about the
+constitutive relations, the
+
+equilibrium requirements,
+and the compatibility
+
+requirements.
+
+These are, of course, the three
+requirements that we
+
+also have to satisfy in the
+analysis of a continuous
+
+system using, later on, finite
+element methods.
+
+Notice that these springs here
+are our finite elements, if
+
+you want to think of
+it that way, a very
+
+simple set of elements.
+
+In a more complex analysis,
+these springs here would be
+
+plane stress elements, plane
+strain elements, three
+
+dimension elements,
+shell elements.
+
+And we will be talking about
+how we derive the
+
+characteristics of
+these elements.
+
+And we will, however,
+interconnect these elements,
+
+these more complex elements,
+later in exactly the same way
+
+as we connect these
+simple elements.
+
+So the connections between the
+elements are established in
+
+the same way, and the solution
+of the equilibrium equations
+
+is also performed
+in the same way.
+
+But in this simple analysis,
+we are given directly the
+
+spring stiffnesses.
+
+And one other important point is
+that the spring stiffnesses
+
+here are exact stiffnesses.
+
+In a finite element analysis
+of a continuous system, we
+
+have a choice on what kind of
+interpolations we can use for
+
+an element.
+
+We have a choice on what
+assumptions we want to lay
+
+down for an element.
+
+And then using different
+assumptions we are coming up
+
+with different stiffnesses of
+the element domain that we
+
+will be talking about.
+
+And we will also find that the
+equilibrium in that element
+
+domain is not satisfied.
+
+It will only be satisfied in
+the limit as the elements
+
+become smaller, and smaller,
+and smaller.
+
+Whereas in the analysis of
+this discrete system, the
+
+equilibrium in each spring
+is always satisfied.
+
+So this is a very simple finite
+element analysis if you
+
+want to think of it that way.
+
+The elements here than are k1.
+
+And notice that the equilibrium
+requirement for
+
+this element says simply that
+k1u1 is equal to the force
+
+applied to this node.
+
+It's a force, the external
+force, applied to this node.
+
+The equilibrium requirement of
+this element, k2, is written
+
+down here in matrix form.
+
+k2 is the physical stiffness
+of the spring.
+
+And F1, F2 are the forces
+applied at these two ends.
+
+Notice, please, that the
+superscript here refers to the
+
+element number, superscript
+1 here for element 1,
+
+superscript 2 here
+for element 2.
+
+And notice that we would find
+that F1(2) is minus F2(2)
+
+given u1 and u2.
+
+Of course, that means the
+element is in equilibrium.
+
+Notice also, if you look at this
+matrix closer, that if u1
+
+is greater than u2, then we
+would find that, in other
+
+words, u1 greater than u2 means
+that the spring is in
+
+compression.
+
+We would find that F1(2) is
+positive by simply multiplying
+
+this out here.
+
+And F2(2) is negative, which
+corresponds to the physical
+
+situation that we
+actually have.
+
+If u1 is greater than u2, this
+force here is positive, and
+
+that force is negative because
+the spring is compressed.
+
+Well, similarly, we can write
+down the equilibrium
+
+requirement for the spring 3.
+
+And I've written down
+the matrix here.
+
+The only difference to the
+equilibrium requirements for
+
+spring 2 are that we're
+using now k3 here.
+
+And, of course, the superscript
+now is 3.
+
+We can then proceed to write
+down the equilibrium equation
+
+for spring 4, which is the same
+form as before, now k4
+
+here and the 4 superscript
+denoting element 4.
+
+And, finally for k5, we have
+k5 here and superscripts 5
+
+here to denote element 5.
+
+Now we should also point out
+one other important point.
+
+Namely, if we look at this cart
+systems here, notice that
+
+this k1 spring is
+connected to u1.
+
+It's connected to u1.
+
+k4 is connected to u1 and u3.
+
+So if we look at the equilibrium
+requirements here,
+
+you will notice that I
+have F1 here for k1
+
+because this is u1 here.
+
+That is the global
+displacement u1.
+
+And looking now at k4, a more
+complicated case which is
+
+connected to u1 and u3, I have
+for that spring the u1 and u3
+
+denoted here.
+
+And we have F1 and F3
+here, F1 and F3.
+
+So these are the forces that go
+directly into the degrees
+
+of freedom 1 and 3 respectively,
+and similarly
+
+for the other springs.
+
+Now if we want to assemble the
+global equilibrium equations
+
+for this structure with the
+unknowns u1, u2, u3, the loads
+
+R1, R2, and R3 are known, then
+we have to use now the
+
+equilibrium requirement at these
+degrees of freedom u1,
+
+u2, and u3, or rather at
+the cart 1, 2, and 3.
+
+And that equilibrium requirement
+then means that
+
+the sum of the forces acting
+onto the individual springs 1,
+
+2, 3, and 4 at degree of freedom
+1 must be equal to R1.
+
+Now let us look once
+at this first
+
+equation back here again.
+
+Notice u1 couples into this
+spring 1, spring 2, spring 3,
+
+and spring 4.
+
+And that coupling is seen
+right here in spring
+
+1, 2, 3, and 4.
+
+And summing all these forces
+that are acting individually
+
+onto the springs, the sum of
+these forces must be equal to
+
+the external load.
+
+That is the interconnection
+
+requirement between the springs.
+
+The equilibrium requirements
+within the springs are
+
+expressed by these individual
+matrices here that we looked
+
+at already.
+
+These are the equilibrium
+requirements for the
+
+individual springs.
+
+Now I'm talking about the
+equilibrium requirement at the
+
+carts, the interconnection
+
+requirements between the springs.
+
+Similarly, we can sum the forces
+that have to be equal
+
+to R2 and sum the forces that
+have to be equal to R3.
+
+And these three equations then
+set up in matrix form by
+
+substituting for F1(1), F1(2),
+and so on from the equilibrium
+
+requirements of the springs,
+we directly obtain this set
+
+off equations, KU equals
+R. Notice that K
+
+now is a 3 by 3 matrix.
+
+U is a 3 by 1 vector.
+
+R is a 3 by 1 vector.
+
+I denote matrices and vectors
+by bars under the symbols.
+
+As you can see here there are
+bars under these symbols.
+
+Well, if we look at these
+equilibrium equations, we
+
+notice that our U vector, this
+vector U here contains u1, u2,
+
+and u3 as the unknowns.
+
+Notice this T here, this
+superscript T means transpose.
+
+The actual vector U actually
+looks this way u1, u2, u3.
+
+It lists the displacements
+vertically downwards.
+
+But it is easier to write
+it this way by
+
+transposing as a vector.
+
+So UT, capital T there,
+means transpose.
+
+Similarly for R we have R1, R2,
+and R3 as the components.
+
+And the K matrix that we have
+obtained by substituting into
+
+these equations from the
+element equilibrium
+
+requirements, the K matrix
+is this one here.
+
+Now let us look a little closer
+at how do we construct
+
+this K matrix.
+
+Well, we note that the total K
+matrix can be constructed by
+
+summing all of the individual
+element matrices from 1 to 5.
+
+And these individual element
+matrices are, for two
+
+extremes, written down here.
+
+K1 is a 3 by 3 matrix now.
+
+Not anymore the 1
+by 1 or 2 by 2.
+
+It's a 3 by 3 matrix with just
+k1 in the 1,1 position.
+
+All the other elements are 0.
+
+K2 is this matrix.
+
+So what I have done then is I
+have taken the 2 by 2 matrix
+
+which appeared in the element
+equilibrium requirement and
+
+has blown this matrix up filling
+zeroes for the third
+
+degree of freedom.
+
+Similarly we would obtain
+K3 and so on.
+
+The zeroes always appear in
+those rows and columns into
+
+which the element does not
+couple, in other words, into
+
+those degrees of freedom that
+the element does not couple.
+
+For example, k1, this element 1
+here, couples only into the
+
+degree of freedom 1.
+
+So, therefore, we have the
+second and third rows be 0.
+
+Element 2 couples only into
+degree of freedom 1 and 2.
+
+Therefore, the third degree
+of freedom contains all
+
+zeroes, and so on.
+
+This assemblage process is
+called the direct stiffness
+
+method, an extremely important
+concept that is very well
+
+implemented in a computer
+program.
+
+It represents the basis of the
+implementation of the finite
+
+element method in almost every
+code that is currently in use.
+
+The direct stiffness method has
+also a very nice physical
+
+explanation.
+
+And this is what I really want
+to talk to you about now for
+
+the next five minutes.
+
+The steady-state analysis, of
+course, then is completed.
+
+The steady-state analysis of
+this system, of course, is
+
+completed by solving this system
+of equations here,
+
+equations a.
+
+Once we know U we can go back to
+the elements and calculate
+
+the forces in the elements
+themselves by going to the
+
+element equilibrium
+requirements.
+
+Well let us look then at what
+we are doing when we perform
+
+this process here by summing, in
+other words, the K element,
+
+the stiffnesses of the elements
+into a global
+
+stiffness matrix.
+
+And let us look at what we're
+doing physically.
+
+Because that really, of
+course, is the direct
+
+stiffness method that
+we are using here.
+
+And it is, I think, very nice if
+you can clearly see what is
+
+happening in that method.
+
+Well, the basic process
+is the following.
+
+Here I have drawn the carts
+without any strings.
+
+Of course, our degrees
+of freedom are
+
+here, u1, u2, and u3.
+
+And the loads are R1, R2, R3.
+
+I don't need to put
+them in again.
+
+This system here corresponds
+to a K matrix with zeroes
+
+everywhere.
+
+Blanks in these positions
+here denote zeroes.
+
+So this is a system that we're
+starting off with in this
+
+direct stiffness method, a
+system without any elements, a
+
+matrix without any
+elements also.
+
+The process, then,
+is the following.
+
+We are using this cart system.
+
+And we're adding
+one spring on.
+
+That is the first edition.
+
+That is spring k1.
+
+Mathematically this means that
+we're going through the
+
+following process.
+
+We are taking our K matrix with
+blanks everywhere, and
+
+we're adding into it this
+one element, k1.
+
+Now this is a K matrix, this
+stiffness matrix governing--
+
+and this is very important--
+
+governing this system.
+
+Once again, this is a K matrix
+governing this system.
+
+Of course, this is not a stable
+system yet because
+
+there are no connections between
+these carts here.
+
+Well, with a second edition
+we're adding
+
+in the second spring.
+
+And that means we are putting
+this spring there.
+
+That is k2.
+
+Well in our matrix formulation
+then, what that means in our
+
+direct stiffness method is that
+we are going from this
+
+system over on this K matrix
+to that K matrix.
+
+We are adding this
+second spring
+
+stiffness into the K matrix.
+
+So this is the stiffness
+matrix that governs the
+
+equilibrium of this
+physical system.
+
+Notice that this spring here,
+the second spring, couples
+
+into u1 and u2.
+
+And therefore we have added
+these blue elements
+
+corresponding to the second
+spring into degrees of
+
+freedom 1 and 2.
+
+Next in the direct stiffness
+method we're adding the next
+
+spring element, and that is
+spring element number 3.
+
+Again, it couples
+into u1 and u2.
+
+And the stiffness matrix that
+we are now talking about is
+
+the following.
+
+We're going from this stiffness
+matrix to that
+
+stiffness matrix here, adding
+the green k3 in there.
+
+Now next we go from this system
+to add into the system
+
+the spring 4, spring 4 now.
+
+Please notice that this is
+now a stable system.
+
+It is a stable system because if
+I want to put u3 over here,
+
+then I have to do work
+on this spring.
+
+So this is now a
+stable system.
+
+In our mathematical formulation,
+or in our direct
+
+stiffness method rather, what
+this then corresponds to is
+
+that we are going from this
+system here, or this stiffness
+
+matrix, to that stiffness
+matrix.
+
+Notice we have added
+a k4 into here.
+
+And that, in fact, allows us
+now to solve at this level.
+
+We could solve the equations KU
+equals R. Of course, this
+
+now is a stiffness matrix
+corresponding to this system.
+
+We have not quite yet
+reached the system
+
+that we want to analyze.
+
+But we reach it by adding
+the final spring in k5.
+
+k5 now is here.
+
+And that corresponds in our
+direct stiffness method to
+
+adding this spring in there.
+
+These elements here, k5.
+
+Notice that this spring now here
+couples into degrees of
+
+freedom 4 and five 5, and
+that's why it appears in
+
+quadrant column 4 and 5 here.
+
+And this spring.
+
+I should've have said, this
+spring here couples into
+
+column 2 and 3, column 2 and
+3 meaning u2 and u3.
+
+And here we see, of course, that
+the spring indeed goes
+
+into degree of freedom u2
+and u3, into degree of
+
+freedom u2 and u3.
+
+So this then is to final
+system that we want to
+
+analyze, and this is the
+final stiffness matrix
+
+that we had to obtain.
+
+Notice, once again, this matrix
+has been obtained by
+
+taking the sum over all the
+element stiffness matrices.
+
+We are summing from
+i equals 1 to 5.
+
+And this mathematical process,
+once again, which we call the
+
+direct stiffness method
+has a physical analog.
+
+You can understand it physically
+in the way I've
+
+shown here.
+
+Namely you're starting off
+with a blank K matrix, no
+
+elements in it at all, and you
+simply add one element after
+
+the other into that K matrix
+filling up the
+
+K matrix that way.
+
+And the additions are
+carried out--
+
+this is important--
+
+by taking the element matrices
+and adding them into the
+
+appropriate columns and
+rows of the K matrix.
+
+For example, this element here
+couples into degree of
+
+freedom 1 and 3.
+
+And if we go once more back to
+the process that we have been
+
+carrying out here, notice our k4
+here corresponds to degree
+
+of freedom 1 and degree of
+freedom 3, the first row and
+
+column and third
+row and column.
+
+That's where these
+elements appear.
+
+So there's a neat physical
+explanation for the direct
+
+stiffness method which
+I wanted to
+
+discuss with you here.
+
+Now as another approach, instead
+of using the direct
+
+formulation of the equations KU
+equals R, the equilibrium
+
+equations of the system,
+we can also use
+
+a variational approach.
+
+We will be talking about that
+variational approach in the
+
+second lecture.
+
+And I would like to discuss it,
+or introduce it to you,
+
+now very briefly for the
+analysis of this discrete
+
+system that we just looked at.
+
+The basic process here is that
+we are constructing a
+
+functional pi which is equal
+to u minus w where u is the
+
+strain energy of the system and
+w is the total potential
+
+of the loads.
+
+The equilibrium equations that
+we just looked at, KU equals R
+
+in other words, are obtained by
+invoking that del-pi shall
+
+be 0, the stationality
+condition on pi.
+
+And this means that del-pi,
+del-ui, shall be 0 for all ui.
+
+This then gives three equations,
+And these three
+
+questions are obtained
+as follows.
+
+If we use u, the strain energy
+of the system is given right
+
+here, 1/2 U transpose KU.
+
+If you were to multiply this out
+substituting for U and for
+
+K with the values that I've
+given to you, you would find
+
+that this indeed is the strain
+energy in the system.
+
+The potential of the total loads
+is given by U transposed
+
+R. Notice please that there
+is no 1/2 here in front.
+
+Simply U transpose R is the
+potential of the loads.
+
+Now if we invoke this condition
+that del-pi, del-ui
+
+shall be 0, we directly
+obtain KU equals R.
+
+Now there's one important
+point.
+
+To obtain u and w, u and w here,
+we again, can add up the
+
+contributions from all the
+elements using the direct
+
+stiffness method.
+
+In other words, this K here can
+be constructed as we have
+
+shown by summing over the
+elements, by summing the
+
+contributions over all
+of the elements.
+
+And since this is true, we can
+also write this total u as
+
+being the sum of the ui's, if
+you want to, the strain
+
+energies of all of the
+individual elements.
+
+So here too we could use the
+direct stiffness method.
+
+Of course, in actuality, in
+actual practical analysis, we
+
+never form this u, we never form
+that w when we want to
+
+calculate KU equals R. This is
+simply a theoretical concept
+
+that I wanted to introduce to
+you, a theoretical concept
+
+that we will be using later on
+in the construction of KU
+
+equals R. We never really
+calculate these measures if we
+
+only want to calculate
+KU equals R.
+
+It might be of interest to us to
+calculate this in order to
+
+find out how much strain energy
+is put into individual
+
+elements in finite
+element analysis.
+
+But this is only done if you
+want to evaluate error bounds
+
+on the finite element
+solution and so on.
+
+If we only want the calculate KU
+equals R and obtain the use
+
+in other words, to be able to
+predict the displacements and
+
+the stresses in the elements,
+then we would not calculate
+
+these two quantities.
+
+Now this then were the essence
+of the analysis of a
+
+steady-state problem for
+discrete systems.
+
+I pointed out already that if
+we have an extra finite
+
+element system there, of
+course, many additional
+
+concepts that we have to talk
+about, a selection of
+
+elements, the kinds of
+interpolations to be used,
+
+and, of course, we then have to
+also talk about how do we
+
+solve these equations,
+and so on.
+
+We will address these questions
+
+in the later lectures.
+
+However, another class of
+problems that we will be
+
+talking about are propagation
+problems.
+
+The main characteristics of
+propagation problems are that
+
+the response changes
+with time.
+
+Therefore, we need to include
+the d'Alembert forces.
+
+Now basically what we are saying
+then is that we're
+
+looking at static equilibrium as
+a function of time but also
+
+taking into account the
+d'Alembert forces.
+
+And that, together then, makes
+it a dynamic problem.
+
+Of course, if the displacement
+varies very slow, in other
+
+words, the load varies very
+slow, then the inertia forces
+
+can be neglected, and we would
+simply have this set of
+
+equations where R of t is a
+function of time and U of t
+
+would be a function of time.
+
+However, when R of t acts
+rapidly or suddenly inertia
+
+conditions are applied to the
+system, then the inertia
+
+forces can be very important.
+
+We have to include
+their effect.
+
+And then we have a true
+propagation problem, a truly
+
+dynamic problem that
+has to be solved.
+
+For our example, the M matrix
+here would be this 3 by 3
+
+matrix where m1 is simply the
+mass of the cart 1, m2 is the
+
+mass of the cart 2, m3 is
+the mass of the cart 3.
+
+Of course these masses would
+have to be given.
+
+And notice that we would
+evaluate them by basically
+
+saying that this total mass
+here can be evaluated by
+
+taking the mass per unit volume
+times the volume.
+
+And that would be the mass that
+we're talking about when
+
+we accelerate that cart
+into this direction.
+
+So these masses here are
+very simply evaluated.
+
+When we talk later on about
+actually finite elements, we
+
+will be talking about similar
+mass matrices where we simply
+
+take the total volume of an
+element and lump that volume
+
+of the element to its nodes.
+
+We will also talk about
+consistent mass matrices where
+
+this mass matrix is a little
+bit more complicated.
+
+In other words, some of
+these off-diagonal
+
+elements are not 0.
+
+Finally, we will also talk about
+eigenvalue problems.
+
+In the solution of eigenvalue
+problems, we will be talking
+
+about generalized eigenvalue
+problems, in particular, which
+
+are Av equals lambda Bv, which
+can be written down in this
+
+form where A and B are symmetric
+matrices of order n,
+
+v is a vector of order n,
+and lambda is a scalar.
+
+As an example, for example here
+in dynamic analysis, what
+
+we will see there is K phi
+equals omega squared M phi
+
+where K is the stiffness
+matrix that I
+
+talked about already.
+
+This which would be for the cart
+system here simply as 3
+
+by 3, this 3 by 3 stiffness
+matrix that I
+
+introduced to you.
+
+And it's a mass matrix
+that we just had
+
+here on this viewgraph.
+
+That is the mass matrix.
+
+And phi is the vector.
+
+If we find a solution, in other
+words, if this equation
+
+is satisfied, we put an i on
+there and satisfy for phi i
+
+and omega i squared.
+
+Omega i squared will
+be a frequency.
+
+I will be discussing it just
+now a little more.
+
+And then we're talking
+about an eigenpair.
+
+But notice that is a typical
+problem that we will be
+
+discussing which arises,
+in other
+
+words, in dynamic analysis.
+
+Notice also that what we're
+really saying here is that the
+
+right-hand side is
+a load vector.
+
+And if we know v, if we
+know lambda, then we
+
+know the load vector.
+
+What we would calculate then
+is the same v that we have
+
+substituted here.
+
+In other words, if we consider
+this to be a set of loads
+
+where v is now known, lambda
+is known, then we could
+
+evaluate R. In solving Av equals
+R, we would get back
+
+our v that we substituted
+into here.
+
+And that is the main
+characteristic of an
+
+eigenvalue problem.
+
+Well, they arise in dynamic and
+buckling analysis, and let
+
+us look at one example where
+we actually obtain this
+
+eigenvalue problem.
+
+And the example is simply the
+system of rigid carts that we
+
+considered already earlier.
+
+We obtain the eigenvalue problem
+by looking at the
+
+equilibrium equations when
+no loads are applied.
+
+And we call these the free
+vibration conditions, free
+
+because there are no loads
+applied, free of loads.
+
+If we let U be equal to phi
+times sine omega t minus tau
+
+where the time dependency now
+in the response is in this
+
+function here, in the sine
+function only, and if we take
+
+the second derivative of U,
+meaning that we get a cosine
+
+and then a minus sign in here,
+and, of course, this omega
+
+twice outside, so we have
+a sign change here.
+
+We have a minus omega squared
+M phi sine omega t minus tau
+
+for this part here.
+
+And for this part KU we obtain
+K phi sine omega t minus tau
+
+by simply substituting
+from here into there.
+
+And, of course, the sum of these
+two must be equal to 0.
+
+Now this equation must
+hold for any time, t.
+
+So we can simply cancel out
+this part and that part.
+
+And the resulting set of
+equations that we are
+
+obtaining then are given on
+the last viewgraph, namely
+
+those equations being K phi
+equals omega squared M phi.
+
+So that is the generalized
+eigenvalue problem which we
+
+obtain in dynamic analysis.
+
+We will be later on talking
+about how we solve this
+
+generalized eigenvalue problem
+for the eigenvalues and
+
+eigenvectors.
+
+In the case of of the 3 by 3
+system that we are considering
+
+here, in other words, the
+analysis of the cart system,
+
+we only have three solutions,
+omega 1 phi 1, omega2 phi2,
+
+omega3 phi3.
+
+And we call each of the
+solutions an eigenpair.
+
+So there are three eigenpairs
+that satisfy
+
+this particular equation.
+
+Notice that this is, in other
+words, the equation that I
+
+talked about here earlier.
+
+And the eigenpairs, phi i,
+omega i squared are the
+
+solutions to this equation.
+
+We are really interested in
+omega i because that is the
+
+frequency in radians per second,
+and the eigenvalue,
+
+however, being omega squared.
+
+In general when we have
+an n by n system--
+
+and I have already written down
+here the n by n, let me
+
+put it bigger once more here--
+
+and we have a general n by n
+system, in other words, and
+
+not being equal to 3 just as
+we have in our cart system,
+
+then we have n solutions.
+
+And, however, we will find
+that in finite element
+
+analysis we do not necessarily
+need to
+
+calculate all n solutions.
+
+In fact, when we consider large
+eigensystems where n is
+
+equal to 1,000 or even more,
+then certainly we do not want
+
+to calculate all eigenvalues.
+
+It would be exorbitantly
+expensive, much too expensive
+
+to calculate all of the
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
+
+We don't need to have them
+all in analysis.
+
+And, therefore, we will talk
+about eigenvalue solution
+
+methods that only calculate
+the eigenvalues and
+
+eigenvectors that we are
+actually interested in.
+
+We also, of course, have to,
+before we actually get to that
+
+topic which is the topic of the
+last lecture, we will talk
+
+about how we actually construct
+these K matrices,
+
+how we calculate them, construct
+them for different
+
+finite element systems.
+
+Well, this then does complete
+what I wanted
+
+to say in this lecture.
+
+Thank you very much for
+your attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/olxlB5mW1CI.txt b/olxlB5mW1CI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a9dac3b786e51d0a860816e2fccbb3c0e2dc5f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/olxlB5mW1CI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 701
+so we start a new chapter now qcd or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start a new chapter now qcd or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start a new chapter now qcd or
+quantum chromodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chromodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chromodynamics
+and in this first lecture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this first lecture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this first lecture of this
+chapter we talk about the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter we talk about the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter we talk about the production of
+headphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headphones
+um this is really meant as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is really meant as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is really meant as an
+introductory lecture but we will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture but we will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lecture but we will also
+already see some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see some very
+interesting and useful concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and useful concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and useful concepts
+so we want to produce quarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to produce quarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to produce quarks and
+antiquark pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquark pairs
+um and we do this in electron position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we do this in electron position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we do this in electron position
+collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions
+we have studied in detail this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have studied in detail this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have studied in detail this first
+part of the diagram already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the diagram already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the diagram already
+um specifically we calculated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specifically we calculated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um specifically we calculated the
+cross-section of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section of electron
+of muon and anti-mu and production and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of muon and anti-mu and production and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of muon and anti-mu and production and
+we also have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have seen
+what changes then we have same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what changes then we have same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what changes then we have same same
+particle in the final state so the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the final state so the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in the final state so the you
+know electron positrons scattering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electron positrons scattering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know electron positrons scattering to
+electron positrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron positrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron positrons
+so now we will place the muons with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we will place the muons with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we will place the muons with our
+quarks and antiquark pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and antiquark pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and antiquark pairs
+and it's as the first step we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's as the first step we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's as the first step we want to
+remind ourselves of the available quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of the available quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves of the available quarks
+in this discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion
+so we have the up quark the down clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the up quark the down clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the up quark the down clock
+charm strange top and bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm strange top and bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charm strange top and bottom
+you see that the charges are given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the charges are given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the charges are given here
+and the photon couples to the charge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photon couples to the charge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photon couples to the charge so
+the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge
+is not one but it's either two thirds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not one but it's either two thirds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not one but it's either two thirds or
+minus one third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one third
+um we are also here in this table mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are also here in this table mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are also here in this table mass
+is given for those particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given for those particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given for those particles
+they range from a few mev to 173
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they range from a few mev to 173
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they range from a few mev to 173
+gv for the top quark um the bottom quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gv for the top quark um the bottom quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gv for the top quark um the bottom quark
+is about 5 gb heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 5 gb heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 5 gb heavy
+um remember when we discuss um discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember when we discuss um discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um remember when we discuss um discussed
+renovation we discussed that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation we discussed that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renovation we discussed that those
+masses are not fixed parameters but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are not fixed parameters but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are not fixed parameters but in
+our perturbation series they run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our perturbation series they run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our perturbation series they run
+like the couplings one so this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the couplings one so this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the couplings one so this might
+cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause
+some difficulties later on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difficulties later on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some difficulties later on okay
+so now we want to produce an up quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to produce an up quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to produce an up quark
+and an anti-up quark in this collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an anti-up quark in this collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an anti-up quark in this collisions
+what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens
+so in our collisions then you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our collisions then you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in our collisions then you know we
+produce those quad particles so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce those quad particles so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce those quad particles so let's
+say there's an up quark and then anti up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's an up quark and then anti up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's an up quark and then anti up
+here and then the plus the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the plus the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the plus the minus
+collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+um those quarks only live for a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those quarks only live for a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those quarks only live for a very
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+time of travel a very short distance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of travel a very short distance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of travel a very short distance in
+space about 10 to the minus 15 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space about 10 to the minus 15 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space about 10 to the minus 15 meters
+and then they start to pull in out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start to pull in out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start to pull in out of
+the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum
+um gluons and quarks and anti-pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gluons and quarks and anti-pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gluons and quarks and anti-pairs and
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+then form um into the actual heart runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then form um into the actual heart runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then form um into the actual heart runs
+after some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after some time
+and those two pictures here they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two pictures here they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two pictures here they look
+very much the same um the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the same um the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the same um the difference is
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+we treat the hydronization the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we treat the hydronization the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we treat the hydronization the actual
+fact of forming hardrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of forming hardrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of forming hardrons
+in this first picture we are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first picture we are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first picture we are thinking
+about clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about clustering
+energy particles together in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy particles together in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy particles together in that
+waveform heart ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform heart ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform heart ones
+in this picture here we connect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture here we connect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture here we connect them
+with so-called strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so-called strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so-called strings
+and those are two different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are two different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are two different ways to
+model and and model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and and model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and and model
+the production of headphones remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of headphones remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of headphones remember
+when we look at this process here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at this process here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at this process here we are
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at
+very low energy kind of or lower energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low energy kind of or lower energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low energy kind of or lower energy
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+phenomena and at lower energies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and at lower energies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena and at lower energies the
+strength of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the
+strength of the strong interaction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the strong interaction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the strong interaction the
+strength of q3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of q3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of q3d
+is the coupling is in the order of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coupling is in the order of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coupling is in the order of one
+or can be larger than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be larger than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be larger than one so
+perturbation theory is not positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is not positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory is not positive
+that's why we need specific models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we need specific models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we need specific models
+this is all i want to say at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all i want to say at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all i want to say at this point
+we come back to this discussion later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to this discussion later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come back to this discussion later on
+what i actually want to discuss is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i actually want to discuss is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i actually want to discuss is you
+know what we can learn out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we can learn out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we can learn out of
+measuring cross-section of heart run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring cross-section of heart run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring cross-section of heart run
+production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production
+um for example by comparing directly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example by comparing directly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example by comparing directly the
+cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section
+of of quark and the cochlear production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of quark and the cochlear production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of quark and the cochlear production
+with the cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cross-section
+we just calculated for human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculated for human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculated for human
+anti-virulent production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-virulent production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-virulent production
+and experimental results are given here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experimental results are given here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experimental results are given here
+so you see as a function of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see as a function of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see as a function of energy
+here from one gev to a 7gb center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from one gev to a 7gb center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from one gev to a 7gb center of
+mass energy and then the lower plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass energy and then the lower plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass energy and then the lower plot
+just continuing from about 10 to 60 gb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuing from about 10 to 60 gb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just continuing from about 10 to 60 gb
+what you see here is that there's a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is that there's a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see here is that there's a rich
+structure um so you see those resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um so you see those resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um so you see those resonance
+here and you also see that there seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you also see that there seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you also see that there seem to
+be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some
+sort of increase in this in the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of increase in this in the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of increase in this in the value of
+this ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio
+so how can we now understand this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we now understand this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can we now understand this at
+leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order
+we can just write this down we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just write this down we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just write this down we just
+calculated the cross section for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the cross section for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the cross section for
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+uh neuron scattering or for electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neuron scattering or for electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh neuron scattering or for electron
+neuron production um and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron production um and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron production um and we can
+write this very same cross section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this very same cross section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this very same cross section in
+leading order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order for
+quark anti-clock production what we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark anti-clock production what we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quark anti-clock production what we find
+as differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as differences
+is the coupling the coupling itself here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coupling the coupling itself here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coupling the coupling itself here
+we have to use the charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to use the charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to use the charge of the
+quarks and not the charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and not the charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks and not the charge of the
+electron so there's an additional factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so there's an additional factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so there's an additional factor
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+one third or two thirds squared and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third or two thirds squared and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one third or two thirds squared and then
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+the number of possible quark pairs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible quark pairs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of possible quark pairs which
+are available and that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available and that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available and that depends on the
+number of colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of colors
+remember each quark appears with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember each quark appears with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember each quark appears with three
+different colors so we have to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors so we have to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors so we have to account
+for this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this vector
+all right and then we build the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we build the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we build the ratio
+and the ratio everything just cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio everything just cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ratio everything just cancels
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+great um so we have just the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so we have just the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so we have just the number of
+colors times the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors times the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors times the sum
+of the charges squares of the quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charges squares of the quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charges squares of the quarks
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+what do i mean by the quarks available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by the quarks available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by the quarks available
+as we go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go from
+from lower energies to higher energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lower energies to higher energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lower energies to higher energies
+in this plot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this plot here
+the kinematic the the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic the the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinematic the the energy is
+sufficient to produce particles based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to produce particles based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to produce particles based on
+the masses available so we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses available so we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the masses available so we find that
+this explains the step function let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explains the step function let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this explains the step function let's
+look at a specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a specific example
+so if we look at center of mass energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at center of mass energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at center of mass energies
+which are larger than two times the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are larger than two times the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are larger than two times the mass
+of the bottom quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottom quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bottom quark
+and maybe lower than two times the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe lower than two times the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe lower than two times the mass
+of the top quark we are in this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top quark we are in this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top quark we are in this specific
+regime here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime here
+and you see this is almost flat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this is almost flat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this is almost flat and the
+number we get is almost four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we get is almost four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number we get is almost four
+okay what we get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we get from this
+leading order calculation is three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order calculation is three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading order calculation is three times
+four over nine for our up quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four over nine for our up quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four over nine for our up quark
+uh one over nine four down one over nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over nine four down one over nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one over nine four down one over nine
+for charm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charm
+strange four over nine for charm and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange four over nine for charm and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange four over nine for charm and one
+over nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nine
+for our bottom quark okay so we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our bottom quark okay so we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our bottom quark okay so we built
+the sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum here
+for all quarks which are kinematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all quarks which are kinematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all quarks which are kinematically
+available and as an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and as an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and as an answer
+we get 11 over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 11 over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 11 over three
+so this is in very good agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in very good agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in very good agreement
+at leading order and very good equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at leading order and very good equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at leading order and very good equipment
+with experimental results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experimental results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experimental results
+11 over 3 is almost 4.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 over 3 is almost 4.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 over 3 is almost 4.
+excellent so this is clear indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so this is clear indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so this is clear indication
+experimental indication that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental indication that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental indication that
+you know this color factor here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this color factor here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this color factor here is a
+real thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing
+you know there seem to be three up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there seem to be three up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there seem to be three up
+quarks three down clocks with shampoos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks three down clocks with shampoos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks three down clocks with shampoos
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+um and we also see that this leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we also see that this leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we also see that this leading
+order effect here the leading order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effect here the leading order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order effect here the leading order
+calculation is already very precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is already very precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation is already very precise
+and the reason for this is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this is that this
+process here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process here
+is the qed process so the the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the qed process so the the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the qed process so the the production
+cross section is a qd process if it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section is a qd process if it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross section is a qd process if it does
+discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss
+so now why do i actually have this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why do i actually have this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now why do i actually have this as
+part of our qcd introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our qcd introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our qcd introduction
+first we learned about the color factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we learned about the color factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we learned about the color factor
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay and second there is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and second there is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and second there is indeed
+corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections
+and one of the correction is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the correction is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the correction is the one
+where you actually produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you actually produce
+a real gluon in the final state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real gluon in the final state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real gluon in the final state and
+those corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those corrections
+can be calculated um if you go to higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated um if you go to higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated um if you go to higher
+order you get a correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you get a correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you get a correction
+from this which from this from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this which from this from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this which from this from this
+radiated gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiated gluon
+you also get corrections which look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get corrections which look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get corrections which look like
+this vertex corrections and you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex corrections and you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex corrections and you find
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the correction here to r is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correction here to r is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correction here to r is about
+one plus alpha s at a specific scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus alpha s at a specific scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus alpha s at a specific scale
+over pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over pi
+now at a reasonable scale this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at a reasonable scale this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at a reasonable scale this is then
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+about 0.1 is the value of alpha s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.1 is the value of alpha s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.1 is the value of alpha s and
+pi is 3.14 and so you get about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is 3.14 and so you get about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi is 3.14 and so you get about
+a few percent three percent correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few percent three percent correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few percent three percent correction
+to the r value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the r value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the r value
+great why is this so important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great why is this so important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great why is this so important when
+there's a small correction it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small correction it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small correction it's a
+percent or few percent level correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or few percent level correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent or few percent level correction
+what is really important is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really important is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is really important is that this
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+can be used in order to um demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in order to um demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used in order to um demonstrate
+the existence of gluons and so clones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of gluons and so clones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of gluons and so clones
+have been discovered this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been discovered this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been discovered this way and
+the way this was done is you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this was done is you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this was done is you know by
+producing the plus and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the plus and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the plus and minus
+collisions and detecting three bunches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and detecting three bunches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions and detecting three bunches
+of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles
+two from the quarks and one from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from the quarks and one from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two from the quarks and one from the
+plums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plums
+and then to identify that this gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to identify that this gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to identify that this gluon
+here is actually a gluon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually a gluon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually a gluon
+and not some other particle one can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not some other particle one can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not some other particle one can look
+at angular distributions one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at angular distributions one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at angular distributions one can
+identify that this is been one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that this is been one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify that this is been one particle
+and so on so there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so there's a little bit more
+work needed beyond just showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work needed beyond just showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work needed beyond just showing that
+there's rejects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rejects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's rejects
+but identifying this kind of topology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but identifying this kind of topology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but identifying this kind of topology in
+e plus a minus collision led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e plus a minus collision led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e plus a minus collision led to the
+discovery of gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of gluons
+in this kind of collisions so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of collisions so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of collisions so that was
+my introduction as a next step we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my introduction as a next step we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my introduction as a next step we now
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+have one more step of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more step of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one more step of
+now how can we learn about this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we learn about this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how can we learn about this kind of
+structures before we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures before we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures before we then
+dive into primary diagrams or farming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into primary diagrams or farming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into primary diagrams or farming
+calculations farming rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p8AAjZXr5dg.txt b/p8AAjZXr5dg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dae089aee11f6c6967b06c568f705ee0e5382cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p8AAjZXr5dg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now I just want to revisit when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I just want to revisit when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I just want to revisit when we
+started the unit we listed a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the unit we listed a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the unit we listed a bunch of
+things that affected the rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that affected the rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that affected the rates of
+reaction and we see where we are. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and we see where we are. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and we see where we are. We've
+talked about mechanism. We've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about mechanism. We've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about mechanism. We've talked
+about the nature of the material. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the material. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the nature of the material. The
+erranous uh constant depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erranous uh constant depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erranous uh constant depends on the
+nature of the material. The activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the material. The activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the material. The activation
+energy barrier depends on the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier depends on the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier depends on the nature of
+the reactants of the material.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants of the material.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants of the material.
+concentrations and pressure, partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and pressure, partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations and pressure, partial
+pressures, temperatures. The only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures, temperatures. The only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures, temperatures. The only thing
+we haven't talked about are catalysts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about are catalysts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't talked about are catalysts.
+So, that's what we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's what we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's what we're going to focus on
+today. We're going to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. We're going to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. We're going to learn about
+catalysts and how they affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts and how they affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts and how they affect
+kinetics. So, a catalyst, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics. So, a catalyst, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics. So, a catalyst, this is
+something that's used by non-scientists.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's used by non-scientists.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's used by non-scientists.
+A lot of layman talk about catalyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of layman talk about catalyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot of layman talk about catalyzing
+something. There's many companies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. There's many companies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. There's many companies with
+the name catalyst in it. Um so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name catalyst in it. Um so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name catalyst in it. Um so a
+catalyst is a substance. This is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst is a substance. This is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst is a substance. This is its
+technical definition that will speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical definition that will speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical definition that will speed up
+a reaction but it is not itself consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction but it is not itself consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reaction but it is not itself consumed
+by the reaction. It doesn't undergo any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the reaction. It doesn't undergo any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the reaction. It doesn't undergo any
+permanent change. So it can be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent change. So it can be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent change. So it can be thought
+of as sort of a a helping hand, a lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as sort of a a helping hand, a lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as sort of a a helping hand, a lift
+up. It makes the reaction go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. It makes the reaction go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. It makes the reaction go
+faster. But it does not appear in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. But it does not appear in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster. But it does not appear in the
+overall balanced equation because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall balanced equation because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall balanced equation because it's
+not being transformed. It's not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being transformed. It's not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being transformed. It's not being
+converted to something else. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to something else. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted to something else. It's just
+speeding up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding up the
+reaction. Okay. So now let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Okay. So now let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. Okay. So now let's go back to
+our reaction coordinate diagrams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction coordinate diagrams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reaction coordinate diagrams and
+think about what a catalyst is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what a catalyst is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what a catalyst is
+doing. So back again, potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. So back again, potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. So back again, potential energy
+versus the reaction coordinate. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the reaction coordinate. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the reaction coordinate. We have
+the potential energy of our reactants up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of our reactants up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential energy of our reactants up
+here, potential energy of our products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, potential energy of our products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, potential energy of our products
+here, delta E, the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, delta E, the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, delta E, the difference between
+them. But again, before the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. But again, before the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. But again, before the reactants
+can go on to products, they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on to products, they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go on to products, they must
+overcome an activation energy barrier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome an activation energy barrier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome an activation energy barrier.
+So, EA for the forward direction. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, EA for the forward direction. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, EA for the forward direction. And if
+they're going from products to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going from products to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going from products to
+reactants, they don't have to just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants, they don't have to just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants, they don't have to just do
+that. They have to go way up here first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. They have to go way up here first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. They have to go way up here first.
+And this is the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is the activation energy
+barrier without a catalyst. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier without a catalyst. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier without a catalyst. the
+transition state, the activated complex,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state, the activated complex,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state, the activated complex,
+that's the height to which um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the height to which um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the height to which um the
+molecules need to get in potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules need to get in potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules need to get in potential
+energy to be able to react and go on. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be able to react and go on. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to be able to react and go on. So
+we can draw now our curve. So from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw now our curve. So from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can draw now our curve. So from
+reactants we go up overcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants we go up overcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants we go up overcome that
+barrier, reach this state and then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier, reach this state and then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier, reach this state and then can
+go on to products. So they come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to products. So they come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to products. So they come together
+and you end up at a lower potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up at a lower potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up at a lower potential
+energy in this case. But before you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this case. But before you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in this case. But before you get
+there, you have to overcome this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, you have to overcome this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, you have to overcome this
+activation energy barrier. Okay, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy barrier. Okay, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy barrier. Okay, so this
+is the diagram we've seen before, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diagram we've seen before, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diagram we've seen before, what
+is a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a catalyst
+doing? So what the catalyst does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? So what the catalyst does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? So what the catalyst does is it
+decreases this barrier. So now we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases this barrier. So now we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases this barrier. So now we have a
+dash line for the barrier with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash line for the barrier with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash line for the barrier with a
+catalyst and we can draw a new curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst and we can draw a new curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst and we can draw a new curve
+over here. So you don't have to get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So you don't have to get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So you don't have to get as
+high. you don't have as large a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high. you don't have as large a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high. you don't have as large a barrier
+anymore and we can put in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and we can put in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and we can put in the new
+barriers. So in dashed lines now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers. So in dashed lines now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers. So in dashed lines now we have
+the activation energy barrier for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy barrier for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy barrier for the
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+direction and the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the activation energy
+barrier for the reverse direction. Both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for the reverse direction. Both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier for the reverse direction. Both
+of them are less. This line is below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are less. This line is below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are less. This line is below the
+catalyst has lowered the activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst has lowered the activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst has lowered the activation
+energy barrier. they typically act by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier. they typically act by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy barrier. they typically act by
+reducing the barrier both for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the barrier both for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the barrier both for the
+forward direction and the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction and the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction and the reverse
+direction. So we can also say and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So we can also say and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So we can also say and people
+do that catalysts stabilize or lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that catalysts stabilize or lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that catalysts stabilize or lower the
+energy of this transition state also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this transition state also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this transition state also
+known as the activated complex. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the activated complex. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the activated complex. So they
+bring this down. They lower the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this down. They lower the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this down. They lower the energy
+needed. It's easier to get over the hump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. It's easier to get over the hump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed. It's easier to get over the hump
+when you have a catalyst and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a catalyst and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a catalyst and therefore
+it speeds up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it speeds up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it speeds up the
+reaction. So catalysts have no effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So catalysts have no effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. So catalysts have no effect on
+the thermodynamics of the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamics of the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamics of the system.
+They're affecting the kinetics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're affecting the kinetics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're affecting the kinetics of the
+system. And this is because free energy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And this is because free energy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And this is because free energy,
+our friend delta G, is a state function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend delta G, is a state function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend delta G, is a state function.
+It's independent of path. Okay, with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's independent of path. Okay, with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's independent of path. Okay, with
+these things in mind, tell me with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in mind, tell me with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in mind, tell me with a
+clicker question, what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question, what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question, what happens to the
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+constant if you have a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+present. All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that is true. It is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is true. It is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is true. It is not
+changed. So the equilibrium constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. So the equilibrium constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. So the equilibrium constant is
+not changed by the presence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed by the presence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changed by the presence of a
+catalyst because this is a thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst because this is a thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst because this is a thermodynamic
+property. Um so delta G is not changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Um so delta G is not changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. Um so delta G is not changed
+and the equilibrium constant is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equilibrium constant is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the equilibrium constant is not
+changed. So it doesn't depend on path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. So it doesn't depend on path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed. So it doesn't depend on path
+and this is a path difference. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a path difference. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a path difference. The
+catalyst changes the path but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst changes the path but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst changes the path but it doesn't
+change the beginning state or the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the beginning state or the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the beginning state or the end
+state. And so just to help you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. And so just to help you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. And so just to help you remember
+this um I'll give you a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I'll give you a little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um I'll give you a little a little
+trick to remember this. Um so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to remember this. Um so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick to remember this. Um so again
+catalyst effect the kinetics not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst effect the kinetics not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst effect the kinetics not the
+thermodynamics. And one way to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics. And one way to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics. And one way to remember
+this is that uh the Chinese symbol for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that uh the Chinese symbol for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that uh the Chinese symbol for
+catalyst and marriage broker are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst and marriage broker are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst and marriage broker are the
+same. So a marriage broker increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So a marriage broker increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same. So a marriage broker increases the
+rate at which a couple comes together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which a couple comes together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which a couple comes together.
+Usually introduces the two people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually introduces the two people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Usually introduces the two people to
+each other. Um of course online services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Um of course online services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Um of course online services
+can do this as well. But none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this as well. But none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this as well. But none of these
+things can make a couple stable if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can make a couple stable if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can make a couple stable if the
+couple is not stable. So online dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple is not stable. So online dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple is not stable. So online dating
+services, marriage brokers, increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services, marriage brokers, increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services, marriage brokers, increase the
+kinetics, increase the rate at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics, increase the rate at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics, increase the rate at which
+people meet, increase the encounter, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people meet, increase the encounter, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people meet, increase the encounter, but
+do not change the thermodynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not change the thermodynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not change the thermodynamics of the
+relationship. A couple is stable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. A couple is stable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship. A couple is stable or
+unstable regardless of the marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable regardless of the marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable regardless of the marriage
+broker, regardless of the catalyst. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker, regardless of the catalyst. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker, regardless of the catalyst. So
+fex kinetics, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fex kinetics, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fex kinetics, not
+thermodynamics. All right. So there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics. All right. So there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics. All right. So there are
+two major types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major types of
+catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts and
+that is just when the catalyst and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just when the catalyst and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just when the catalyst and the
+reactants are in the same phase. An
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants are in the same phase. An
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants are in the same phase. An
+example that has actually been in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that has actually been in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that has actually been in the
+news a bit this uh fall um is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news a bit this uh fall um is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news a bit this uh fall um is the uh
+ozone layer depletion of the ozone by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone layer depletion of the ozone by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone layer depletion of the ozone by
+chloro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloro
+fuocarbons all in the gas phase. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuocarbons all in the gas phase. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuocarbons all in the gas phase. So this
+would be the catalyst for the displace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the catalyst for the displace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the catalyst for the displace
+for the depletion is in the same phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the depletion is in the same phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the depletion is in the same phase
+as the thing it's depleting. And here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the thing it's depleting. And here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the thing it's depleting. And here's
+a little picture of the uh increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little picture of the uh increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little picture of the uh increase in
+the ozone hole over time. But there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ozone hole over time. But there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ozone hole over time. But there was
+some good news this fall that it seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good news this fall that it seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some good news this fall that it seemed
+like the rate of increase was not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rate of increase was not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the rate of increase was not as
+dramatic that it was staying a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic that it was staying a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic that it was staying a little
+bit more level which is exciting to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more level which is exciting to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more level which is exciting to know
+that if we stop bad behavior um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we stop bad behavior um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we stop bad behavior um that we
+can we can have a positive effect. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can have a positive effect. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can have a positive effect. So we
+shouldn't just say, "Oh, we polluted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just say, "Oh, we polluted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't just say, "Oh, we polluted so
+much already. What's a little more?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much already. What's a little more?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much already. What's a little more?
+We've already done all the damage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've already done all the damage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've already done all the damage.
+There's no no point." No, no, there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no no point." No, no, there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no no point." No, no, there is a
+point. If we stop doing damage, um, good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. If we stop doing damage, um, good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. If we stop doing damage, um, good
+thing, better things will happen. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, better things will happen. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, better things will happen. So,
+um, that was some good news that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that was some good news that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, that was some good news that people
+were hearing about this fall. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hearing about this fall. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hearing about this fall. Okay.
+Along the, uh, pollution, uh, lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Along the, uh, pollution, uh, lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Along the, uh, pollution, uh, lines of
+destroying our planet, um, there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying our planet, um, there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroying our planet, um, there's also
+heterogeneous, uh, catalyst, so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous, uh, catalyst, so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous, uh, catalyst, so a
+different phase. And a common example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase. And a common example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase. And a common example of
+this is the catalytic converter in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the catalytic converter in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the catalytic converter in a
+car. And so catalytic converters use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car. And so catalytic converters use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car. And so catalytic converters use
+metals um solid phase to help catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals um solid phase to help catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals um solid phase to help catalyze
+reactions of gases. So solid gas,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of gases. So solid gas,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions of gases. So solid gas,
+different phase, and they try to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase, and they try to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phase, and they try to convert
+these gases to less uh less toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gases to less uh less toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gases to less uh less toxic
+pollutants. Um and so I'll just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants. Um and so I'll just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants. Um and so I'll just give you
+a little example of how this could work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little example of how this could work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little example of how this could work.
+not a catalytic converter but just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a catalytic converter but just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a catalytic converter but just in
+general with this little movie. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general with this little movie. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general with this little movie. Um, so
+we have this metal surface here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this metal surface here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this metal surface here and the
+metal surface will absorb H2 gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal surface will absorb H2 gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal surface will absorb H2 gas and
+help to dissociate H2. So here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to dissociate H2. So here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help to dissociate H2. So here's a
+hydrogen, here's a hydrogen absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen, here's a hydrogen absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen, here's a hydrogen absorbed
+onto this metal surface and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this metal surface and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto this metal surface and then you can
+flow something over the metal surface um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow something over the metal surface um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow something over the metal surface um
+and uh and that will be reduced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that will be reduced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and that will be reduced by the
+hydrogens. So let me uh let me get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens. So let me uh let me get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogens. So let me uh let me get this
+to go. So here we see now the hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. So here we see now the hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go. So here we see now the hydrogens
+are popping off and going to uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are popping off and going to uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are popping off and going to uh uh
+reduce ethne over here. So this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce ethne over here. So this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce ethne over here. So this is an
+example of a heterogeneous catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a heterogeneous catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a heterogeneous catalyst
+where we have metal in a solid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have metal in a solid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have metal in a solid phase
+that's catalyzing a reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's catalyzing a reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's catalyzing a reaction that
+involves materials in a different phase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves materials in a different phase.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves materials in a different phase.
+Okay. So two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So two
+types, but there is also my very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types, but there is also my very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types, but there is also my very very
+favorite type which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite type which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite type which is
+enzymes. So we're going to talk just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes. So we're going to talk just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes. So we're going to talk just
+briefly about enzyme catalysis which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about enzyme catalysis which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about enzyme catalysis which
+will give you a leg up when you go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a leg up when you go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a leg up when you go on to
+courses that have uh something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that have uh something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that have uh something to do
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+biochemistry. Um and these days uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry. Um and these days uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry. Um and these days uh
+biochemistry is sort of everywhere on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry is sort of everywhere on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry is sort of everywhere on
+campus. You might think ah I can escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus. You might think ah I can escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus. You might think ah I can escape
+biology to go to chemical engineering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology to go to chemical engineering.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology to go to chemical engineering.
+No, no, you can't. Um, there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, you can't. Um, there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, no, you can't. Um, there are a lot
+of chemical engineers that are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical engineers that are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical engineers that are working
+only with enzymes. So, um, a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with enzymes. So, um, a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only with enzymes. So, um, a little bit
+about, uh, enzymes as catalysts. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, uh, enzymes as catalysts. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, uh, enzymes as catalysts. So,
+enzymes, um, large protein molecules,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes, um, large protein molecules,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes, um, large protein molecules,
+um, two, uh, 20,000 grams per mole or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, two, uh, 20,000 grams per mole or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, two, uh, 20,000 grams per mole or
+more. That's a tiny protein. And they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. That's a tiny protein. And they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. That's a tiny protein. And they're
+made up of amino acids. And you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of amino acids. And you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of amino acids. And you've seen
+a lot of amino acids in this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of amino acids in this class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of amino acids in this class.
+We've been using those to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been using those to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've been using those to think about
+pKa. Um and so uh here we have an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa. Um and so uh here we have an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pKa. Um and so uh here we have an amino
+acid with a side chain is abbreviated R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid with a side chain is abbreviated R.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid with a side chain is abbreviated R.
+There's 20 different Rs, 20 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's 20 different Rs, 20 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's 20 different Rs, 20 different
+amino acids. And amino acids come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids. And amino acids come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids. And amino acids come
+together, um forming peptide bonds where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, um forming peptide bonds where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, um forming peptide bonds where
+we have a connection between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a connection between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a connection between this
+carbonal and the nitrogen of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonal and the nitrogen of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonal and the nitrogen of the next
+amino acid. So amino acid one, amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid. So amino acid one, amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid. So amino acid one, amino
+acid 2, and here's the peptide bond.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid 2, and here's the peptide bond.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid 2, and here's the peptide bond.
+These then form long chains and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These then form long chains and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These then form long chains and will
+fold up into a compact structure. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold up into a compact structure. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold up into a compact structure. So
+here is an example of a structure of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an example of a structure of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an example of a structure of an
+enzyme. And I'll just tell you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And I'll just tell you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And I'll just tell you a little
+bit about this enzyme. So here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this enzyme. So here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about this enzyme. So here there are
+four polyeptide chains. So one in green,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four polyeptide chains. So one in green,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four polyeptide chains. So one in green,
+one in red, one in yellow, and one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in red, one in yellow, and one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in red, one in yellow, and one in
+blue. And they form this compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue. And they form this compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue. And they form this compact
+structure. And this picture shows these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And this picture shows these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. And this picture shows these
+ribbons. Here's alpha helyses. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbons. Here's alpha helyses. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbons. Here's alpha helyses. They're
+squiggly. Um the uh arrows are beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly. Um the uh arrows are beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly. Um the uh arrows are beta
+strands and so they draw ribbons through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands and so they draw ribbons through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands and so they draw ribbons through
+the alphaarbon position. So you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphaarbon position. So you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alphaarbon position. So you don't
+see all the atoms here. You just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the atoms here. You just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the atoms here. You just kind of
+see how the chains wrap around each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the chains wrap around each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the chains wrap around each
+other to form this overall protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to form this overall protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other to form this overall protein
+structure. So this particular um enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So this particular um enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. So this particular um enzyme
+catalyzes the last step in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the last step in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes the last step in the
+biosynthesis of an antibiotic phosphomy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of an antibiotic phosphomy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthesis of an antibiotic phosphomy.
+So it converts this reactant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it converts this reactant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it converts this reactant or
+substrate molecule into the phosphomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate molecule into the phosphomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate molecule into the phosphomy
+antibiotic. Phosphomy is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic. Phosphomy is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic. Phosphomy is used in
+combination therapy to treat uh MRSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination therapy to treat uh MRSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination therapy to treat uh MRSA
+infections. So I've always tried to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections. So I've always tried to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infections. So I've always tried to uh
+give you examples of important areas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you examples of important areas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you examples of important areas of
+science that smart people should go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that smart people should go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science that smart people should go into
+and solve these problems. And I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve these problems. And I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve these problems. And I'll just
+mention antibiotic resistance with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention antibiotic resistance with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention antibiotic resistance with this
+figure. This was published in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure. This was published in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure. This was published in the
+journal Nature. They called it a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal Nature. They called it a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal Nature. They called it a perfect
+storm because here we see the increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm because here we see the increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storm because here we see the increase
+in uh antibiotic resistant strains. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh antibiotic resistant strains. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh antibiotic resistant strains. This
+is MRSA here up to 60% um over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MRSA here up to 60% um over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is MRSA here up to 60% um over here and
+these are uh this data is old and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh this data is old and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh this data is old and then
+that go up and here in blue going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go up and here in blue going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go up and here in blue going down
+are the new antibiotics that have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the new antibiotics that have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the new antibiotics that have been
+approved for use. So we have much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved for use. So we have much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approved for use. So we have much more
+resistance and many fewer antibiotics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and many fewer antibiotics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and many fewer antibiotics
+being approved. And so this is what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being approved. And so this is what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being approved. And so this is what was
+has been called the perfect storm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been called the perfect storm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been called the perfect storm in
+this situation. Um the line data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation. Um the line data here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation. Um the line data here
+2010 it's not any better. In fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 it's not any better. In fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 it's not any better. In fact it's
+worse now. So one important area is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse now. So one important area is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse now. So one important area is to
+come up with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with new
+antibiotics. All right. So many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics. All right. So many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotics. All right. So many of the
+targets of antibiotics are enzymes. Many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets of antibiotics are enzymes. Many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets of antibiotics are enzymes. Many
+of the ways to make antibiotics is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways to make antibiotics is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways to make antibiotics is using
+enzymes. And so enzyme catalysis is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes. And so enzyme catalysis is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes. And so enzyme catalysis is very
+important for medicine and also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for medicine and also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for medicine and also for
+engineering and bofuels. And people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and bofuels. And people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and bofuels. And people are
+using enzymes for pretty much everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using enzymes for pretty much everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using enzymes for pretty much everything
+these days. All right. So couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days. All right. So couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days. All right. So couple of
+terminology. Reactants. We've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. Reactants. We've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology. Reactants. We've been
+talking about reactants. If it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reactants. If it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reactants. If it's an
+enzyme, it's called a substrate. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme, it's called a substrate. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme, it's called a substrate. These
+terms can really be used inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms can really be used inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms can really be used inter
+interchangeably. The substrate will bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably. The substrate will bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeably. The substrate will bind
+to what's known as the active site on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's known as the active site on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what's known as the active site on an
+enzyme. And so as someone who determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And so as someone who determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And so as someone who determines
+three-dimensional structures of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structures of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structures of an
+enzyme, it pains me to draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme, it pains me to draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme, it pains me to draw a picture of
+an enzyme structure like this, but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme structure like this, but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme structure like this, but I did
+it anyway. So here's my enzyme. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway. So here's my enzyme. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway. So here's my enzyme. That's
+its active site. Here is the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its active site. Here is the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its active site. Here is the substrate
+molecule, which is about the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule, which is about the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule, which is about the same size
+as the enzyme. Usually that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the enzyme. Usually that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the enzyme. Usually that's not the
+case, but anyway, binding. And so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but anyway, binding. And so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, but anyway, binding. And so then
+when you have enzyme plus substrate bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have enzyme plus substrate bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have enzyme plus substrate bind
+together, we have our ES complex. ES for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, we have our ES complex. ES for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together, we have our ES complex. ES for
+enzyme substrate. And then the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme substrate. And then the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme substrate. And then the enzyme
+will undo catalysis forming product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undo catalysis forming product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undo catalysis forming product and
+product will be released and we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will be released and we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product will be released and we'll have
+free enzyme again. So this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free enzyme again. So this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free enzyme again. So this is a very
+simple um mechanism or or steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um mechanism or or steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um mechanism or or steps of
+enzyme catalysis but um that's okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme catalysis but um that's okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme catalysis but um that's okay. Um
+it sometimes uh can be written in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes uh can be written in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sometimes uh can be written in a very
+simple way. And so now using what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way. And so now using what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way. And so now using what you
+have already learned how to do in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already learned how to do in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already learned how to do in our
+reaction mechanism, we can derive rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism, we can derive rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanism, we can derive rate
+laws and rate expressions for enzymes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and rate expressions for enzymes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and rate expressions for enzymes.
+So you know, biochemistry is really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know, biochemistry is really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know, biochemistry is really not
+much different than anything else we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different than anything else we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different than anything else we've
+been doing. All the things you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing. All the things you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing. All the things you've been
+learning in chemistry apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in chemistry apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in chemistry apply to
+biochemistry. Biochemistry or life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry. Biochemistry or life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry. Biochemistry or life is
+really just a series of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a series of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just a series of chemical
+reactions that obey all of the same laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that obey all of the same laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that obey all of the same laws
+and principles as everything else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and principles as everything else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and principles as everything else.
+So here we're going to uh write uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're going to uh write uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we're going to uh write uh an
+expression for the enzyme coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the enzyme coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the enzyme coming
+together with its substrate forming an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with its substrate forming an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with its substrate forming an
+intermediate enzyme substrate complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate enzyme substrate complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate enzyme substrate complex
+and going on to form free enzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going on to form free enzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going on to form free enzyme and
+product. In step one enzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. In step one enzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. In step one enzyme and
+substrate will come together. Um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate will come together. Um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate will come together. Um and in
+the forward direction we have K1 to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward direction we have K1 to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward direction we have K1 to form
+the enzyme complex. And there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme complex. And there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme complex. And there's also
+it's also a reversible step. In step two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a reversible step. In step two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a reversible step. In step two
+the complex goes on to form enzyme and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex goes on to form enzyme and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex goes on to form enzyme and
+product. So we can now write these laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. So we can now write these laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. So we can now write these laws
+or I should say you can figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say you can figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I should say you can figure out how
+to write um these expressions. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write um these expressions. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write um these expressions. These are
+again elementary steps, elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions. All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's just take a look at that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's just take a look at that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's just take a look at that.
+So over here again the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So over here again the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So over here again the rate of the
+forward direction we have the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction we have the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward direction we have the forward
+rate constant K1 times enzyme times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant K1 times enzyme times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant K1 times enzyme times
+substrate and for the reverse direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and for the reverse direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate and for the reverse direction
+it's K minus1 times our intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's K minus1 times our intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's K minus1 times our intermediate
+ES. So now that you remember how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. So now that you remember how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. So now that you remember how those
+are done you can tell me you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done you can tell me you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are done you can tell me you can just
+yell it out. What am I going to put for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell it out. What am I going to put for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yell it out. What am I going to put for
+this rate?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ES. All right. So we can always from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. All right. So we can always from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. All right. So we can always from an
+elementary step or elementary reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary step or elementary reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary step or elementary reaction
+write the rate law just based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the rate law just based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the rate law just based on the
+stoometry using our rate constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoometry using our rate constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoometry using our rate constants and
+um and our reactants here or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and our reactants here or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and our reactants here or for the
+reverse direction here. And then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse direction here. And then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse direction here. And then we can
+write the overall rate at which product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the overall rate at which product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the overall rate at which product
+is being formed. So the rate of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being formed. So the rate of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being formed. So the rate of product
+formation we can write it from the slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation we can write it from the slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation we can write it from the slow
+step or from our last step if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step or from our last step if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step or from our last step if we don't
+know anything about slow steps. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about slow steps. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about slow steps. So the
+rate at which product is formed can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which product is formed can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which product is formed can be
+expressed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as
+dpdt the change in product over time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpdt the change in product over time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpdt the change in product over time.
+And you can also write it by the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can also write it by the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can also write it by the rate
+law for this second step k2* e s. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for this second step k2* e s. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law for this second step k2* e s. But
+we're not done because ES is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done because ES is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not done because ES is an
+intermediate. It's formed in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. It's formed in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. It's formed in the first
+step and uh consumed in the second step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and uh consumed in the second step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and uh consumed in the second step
+and so it's an intermediate. So we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's an intermediate. So we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's an intermediate. So we now
+have to solve for ES in terms of rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve for ES in terms of rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve for ES in terms of rate
+constants, products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants, products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants, products and
+reactants. So how are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants. So how are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants. So how are we going to do
+this and why don't you tell me how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and why don't you tell me how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and why don't you tell me how we do
+this? And again this is the change in ES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? And again this is the change in ES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? And again this is the change in ES
+over time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time.
+So asking for the rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So asking for the rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So asking for the rate of change of the
+intermediate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Yep. So if you remember back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. So if you remember back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. So if you remember back to the
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+lecture, you can solve for ES by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you can solve for ES by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you can solve for ES by looking
+at the rate at which ES is formed, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate at which ES is formed, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate at which ES is formed, the
+rate at which it's decomposed, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's decomposed, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's decomposed, and the
+rate at which it's consumed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's consumed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it's consumed.
+So the rate of formation is the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the rate of formation is the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the rate of formation is the forward
+direction of the first step minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the first step minus the
+rate at which it decomposes which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it decomposes which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which it decomposes which is the
+back direction of the first step. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back direction of the first step. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back direction of the first step. So we
+have plus k1 e * s minus k minus1 * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus k1 e * s minus k minus1 * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have plus k1 e * s minus k minus1 * the
+intermediate comp uh concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate comp uh concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate comp uh concentration and
+then minus the consumption minus k2 * e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus the consumption minus k2 * e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then minus the consumption minus k2 * e
+s. So we put all those steps together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So we put all those steps together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s. So we put all those steps together
+and then we need to use the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to use the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to use the steady state
+approximation to solve take this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to solve take this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to solve take this to
+solve for ES. So again the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for ES. So again the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for ES. So again the steady state
+approximation says that the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation says that the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation says that the rate at
+which an intermediate formed equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which an intermediate formed equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which an intermediate formed equals the
+rate at which the intermediate goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which the intermediate goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate at which the intermediate goes away
+or the net rate is zero. So that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the net rate is zero. So that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the net rate is zero. So that is
+again the steady state approximation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the steady state approximation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the steady state approximation and
+they use that in enzyme kinetics as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use that in enzyme kinetics as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use that in enzyme kinetics as well
+as pretty much every problem you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pretty much every problem you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pretty much every problem you have in
+reaction mechanisms from uh uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanisms from uh uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction mechanisms from uh uh that's
+going to be on the final. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the final. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the final. All right. So
+using that steady state approximation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that steady state approximation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that steady state approximation,
+we can just take this expression that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just take this expression that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just take this expression that we
+just talked about and set it equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about and set it equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about and set it equal to
+zero. And that will allow for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that will allow for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that will allow for us to
+solve for our intermediate, which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for our intermediate, which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for our intermediate, which is in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ES. So we set that whole thing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. So we set that whole thing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. So we set that whole thing into
+zero. All right. So this so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. All right. So this so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. All right. So this so far is
+exactly the same as you would do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as you would do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as you would do any
+problem in reaction mechanisms. But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in reaction mechanisms. But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in reaction mechanisms. But now
+because it's enzymes there is a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's enzymes there is a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's enzymes there is a slight
+difference. So a slight difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So a slight difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So a slight difference and
+that is that instead of solving for ES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that instead of solving for ES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that instead of solving for ES
+in terms of E our free enzyme we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of E our free enzyme we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of E our free enzyme we want to
+solve for ES in terms of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for ES in terms of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for ES in terms of the total
+concentration of enzyme E to the zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of enzyme E to the zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of enzyme E to the zero or
+O over here. So total enzyme equals free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O over here. So total enzyme equals free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O over here. So total enzyme equals free
+enzyme plus bound enzyme because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme plus bound enzyme because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme plus bound enzyme because your
+enzyme is either free or bound. only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is either free or bound. only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme is either free or bound. only has
+two options. And so that's your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two options. And so that's your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two options. And so that's your total
+enzyme. And the reason why we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And the reason why we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And the reason why we want to do
+this is practical. We don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is practical. We don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is practical. We don't necessarily
+know if we're studying a reaction how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we're studying a reaction how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if we're studying a reaction how
+much of our enzyme is free and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our enzyme is free and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of our enzyme is free and how much
+is bound. But if we're good scientists,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound. But if we're good scientists,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bound. But if we're good scientists,
+we know how much enzyme we put into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how much enzyme we put into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how much enzyme we put into our
+experiment. So total enzyme, if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. So total enzyme, if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. So total enzyme, if we can
+solve for things or do things in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for things or do things in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for things or do things in terms
+of total enzyme, that makes our life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total enzyme, that makes our life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total enzyme, that makes our life
+much easier. So it's a very practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier. So it's a very practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier. So it's a very practical
+reason. So what we can do now is replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. So what we can do now is replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason. So what we can do now is replace
+E, which is our free enzyme, with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, which is our free enzyme, with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E, which is our free enzyme, with our
+total enzyme minus our bound enzyme. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total enzyme minus our bound enzyme. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total enzyme minus our bound enzyme. So
+that's what we're going to do. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do. I'm going
+to put back those expressions we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put back those expressions we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put back those expressions we just
+had. So we uh this was the clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. So we uh this was the clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. So we uh this was the clicker
+question. Then we set it equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Then we set it equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Then we set it equal to zero.
+And now we have this E term here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we have this E term here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we have this E term here. We
+want to get rid of that because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of that because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of that because we don't
+know how much of our enzyme is free, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much of our enzyme is free, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how much of our enzyme is free, but
+we do know how much we put in our total.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know how much we put in our total.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do know how much we put in our total.
+So we're going to replace this E with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to replace this E with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're going to replace this E with a
+total enzyme minus bound enzyme. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total enzyme minus bound enzyme. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total enzyme minus bound enzyme. So we
+have a K1. Now instead of times E, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a K1. Now instead of times E, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a K1. Now instead of times E, we
+have times E0 times um our substrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have times E0 times um our substrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have times E0 times um our substrate.
+And then we have this ES term. So minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have this ES term. So minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we have this ES term. So minus
+K1 again. ES time substrate. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 again. ES time substrate. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 again. ES time substrate. And then we
+had these two terms. We just put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these two terms. We just put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these two terms. We just put those
+down here. Okay. So now we're back. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. Okay. So now we're back. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. Okay. So now we're back. Now
+we want to solve for the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve for the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to solve for the intermediate
+ES. and we'll solve for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. and we'll solve for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ES. and we'll solve for that
+intermediate ES in terms now of total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate ES in terms now of total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate ES in terms now of total
+enzyme. All right, so now we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. All right, so now we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. All right, so now we need to do
+some rearrangement. Just putting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rearrangement. Just putting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rearrangement. Just putting that
+expression up here that we just saw. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression up here that we just saw. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression up here that we just saw. And
+now we're going to rearrange our ES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to rearrange our ES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to rearrange our ES
+terms, everything with an ES to one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms, everything with an ES to one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms, everything with an ES to one side
+of the equation and then solve for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation and then solve for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation and then solve for it.
+So we have all of our ES terms on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have all of our ES terms on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have all of our ES terms on one
+side. We move that one. We move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. We move that one. We move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. We move that one. We move this
+one. We move that one. And on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We move that one. And on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. We move that one. And on the other
+side we just have this term with K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we just have this term with K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we just have this term with K1
+total enzyme and substrate. Now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total enzyme and substrate. Now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total enzyme and substrate. Now we can
+pull out the ES terms. So ES is here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the ES terms. So ES is here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out the ES terms. So ES is here. We
+have K1 time substrate K minus one K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K1 time substrate K minus one K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have K1 time substrate K minus one K2
+and then this term over here K1 total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this term over here K1 total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this term over here K1 total
+enzyme substrate. Now we divide and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme substrate. Now we divide and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme substrate. Now we divide and we
+get this term over here. So now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this term over here. So now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this term over here. So now we've
+solved for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved for
+ES. One more change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There is a constant that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a constant that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a constant that's easy to
+measure called the Michaelis Menton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure called the Michaelis Menton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure called the Michaelis Menton
+constant. And we want to now introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And we want to now introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. And we want to now introduce
+this term big k m and this term is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term big k m and this term is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term big k m and this term is equal
+to k minus1 + k2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k minus1 + k2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k minus1 + k2 over
+k1. Now we want to get this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1. Now we want to get this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k1. Now we want to get this new
+constant Michaelis meton constant into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Michaelis meton constant into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant Michaelis meton constant into
+this expression because it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression because it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression because it's easy to
+measure again practical. So let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure again practical. So let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure again practical. So let's do
+that. So here is this KM term again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So here is this KM term again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So here is this KM term again and
+we want this KM term to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this KM term to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want this KM term to
+appear in this solution to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in this solution to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear in this solution to our
+intermediate. We have K minus one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. We have K minus one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. We have K minus one here
+K2 like that. But there's no K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 like that. But there's no K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 like that. But there's no K1
+underneath it. So let's put one there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it. So let's put one there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath it. So let's put one there.
+So what we're going to do is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're going to do is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we're going to do is we're going
+to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to divide by
+K1. So we'll divide the top term by K1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1. So we'll divide the top term by K1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1. So we'll divide the top term by K1.
+We'll divi divide this K1 S term by K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll divi divide this K1 S term by K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll divi divide this K1 S term by K1
+and we'll divide K minus one plus K2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll divide K minus one plus K2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll divide K minus one plus K2 by
+K1. And we do that because then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1. And we do that because then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1. And we do that because then we can
+get our big KM in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our big KM in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our big KM in
+here. All right. So with all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. So with all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. So with all of these
+dividing by K1s, we can simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by K1s, we can simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by K1s, we can simplify this
+expression. And so we'll do that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. And so we'll do that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. And so we'll do that. So
+we'll cancel those K1s. We can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cancel those K1s. We can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll cancel those K1s. We can cancel
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+K1s. And then we can get this our total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1s. And then we can get this our total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1s. And then we can get this our total
+enzyme concentration times substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme concentration times substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme concentration times substrate
+over substrate concentration plus km
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over substrate concentration plus km
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over substrate concentration plus km
+because that term equals KM. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that term equals KM. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that term equals KM. And now
+we're happy because we can measure KM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy because we can measure KM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're happy because we can measure KM
+and we know how much total enzyme we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know how much total enzyme we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we know how much total enzyme we put
+in. So we just solved for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So we just solved for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So we just solved for our
+intermediate in terms of things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in terms of things we can
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+measure. But we're not done. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure. But we're not done. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure. But we're not done. This is
+just the expression for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expression for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expression for our
+intermediate. Now we have to put it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. Now we have to put it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. Now we have to put it back
+into our rate law. So let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our rate law. So let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our rate law. So let's do
+that. Almost done. Here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Almost done. Here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Almost done. Here is our
+expression for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for our
+intermediate. The rate of product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. The rate of product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate. The rate of product
+formation, the change in product over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation, the change in product over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation, the change in product over
+time equals K2 * ES this intermediate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals K2 * ES this intermediate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time equals K2 * ES this intermediate.
+Now we can plug that in to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can plug that in to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we can plug that in to that
+term and do that and we get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and do that and we get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and do that and we get this
+expression which is known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which is known as the
+Michaelis meant equation. K2 times total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelis meant equation. K2 times total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelis meant equation. K2 times total
+enzyme time substrate over substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme time substrate over substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme time substrate over substrate
+times plus KM. And let me just uh show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times plus KM. And let me just uh show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times plus KM. And let me just uh show
+you some pictures of Ma Menton um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some pictures of Ma Menton um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some pictures of Ma Menton um and
+Melis. So uh uh Mis was a professor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melis. So uh uh Mis was a professor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melis. So uh uh Mis was a professor in
+Germany and he was Jewish and uh he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and he was Jewish and uh he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and he was Jewish and uh he had
+a bit of a rocky career and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a rocky career and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a rocky career and was
+encouraged to do things that perhaps no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to do things that perhaps no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to do things that perhaps no
+one cared about that much like study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cared about that much like study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cared about that much like study
+enzymes or something. Um and uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes or something. Um and uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes or something. Um and uh he
+worked with Ma Menon who was Canadian.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with Ma Menon who was Canadian.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with Ma Menon who was Canadian.
+Um so Ma Menon um couldn't uh find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so Ma Menon um couldn't uh find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so Ma Menon um couldn't uh find a
+faculty position in Canada at the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty position in Canada at the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty position in Canada at the time.
+So she got a a position in the US at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So she got a a position in the US at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So she got a a position in the US at
+University of Pittsburgh. Um Michaelis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Pittsburgh. Um Michaelis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Pittsburgh. Um Michaelis
+decided Germany was not a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided Germany was not a good place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided Germany was not a good place to
+be. Um and ended up in New York City um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Um and ended up in New York City um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Um and ended up in New York City um
+at Rockefeller University. um Ma Menton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Rockefeller University. um Ma Menton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Rockefeller University. um Ma Menton
+although she published an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although she published an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although she published an enormous
+number of papers and really Michaela's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of papers and really Michaela's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of papers and really Michaela's
+Menton kinetics is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menton kinetics is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Menton kinetics is one of the most
+famous things if you ask a biochemist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous things if you ask a biochemist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous things if you ask a biochemist
+the one thing that everyone will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing that everyone will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing that everyone will know
+about is Michaela's men kinetics um she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Michaela's men kinetics um she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is Michaela's men kinetics um she
+was not promoted to full professor until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not promoted to full professor until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not promoted to full professor until
+she was 70 years old despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was 70 years old despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was 70 years old despite the fact
+that she had accomplished more than most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had accomplished more than most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had accomplished more than most
+anybody else um and then she retired at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else um and then she retired at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else um and then she retired at
+71 years of age so she was a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 years of age so she was a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+71 years of age so she was a full
+professor for one year before she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor for one year before she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor for one year before she
+retired um but Michaela had a rough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired um but Michaela had a rough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired um but Michaela had a rough time
+too and didn't get his kind of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and didn't get his kind of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and didn't get his kind of position
+that uh was was uh worthy of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh was was uh worthy of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh was was uh worthy of his
+accomplishments until he was in his 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments until he was in his 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishments until he was in his 50s
+um because of being a German Jew. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of being a German Jew. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of being a German Jew. So
+both of them had a pretty rocky career.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them had a pretty rocky career.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them had a pretty rocky career.
+Um but they were two of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but they were two of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but they were two of the most
+prominent figures really in biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent figures really in biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent figures really in biochemistry
+setting kind of we still use Michaelis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting kind of we still use Michaelis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting kind of we still use Michaelis
+met in kinetics all the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met in kinetics all the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met in kinetics all the time in
+biochemistry. So this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry. So this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry. So this is really
+pioneering work. Okay. So let me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering work. Okay. So let me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pioneering work. Okay. So let me now
+show you how to apply the Melis Menton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to apply the Melis Menton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to apply the Melis Menton
+equation to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to different
+conditions. So here we have a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So here we have a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So here we have a plot
+uh change in product. So the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change in product. So the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh change in product. So the rate at
+which product is being formed versus our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which product is being formed versus our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which product is being formed versus our
+substrate concentration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration.
+So as we at low substrate concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as we at low substrate concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as we at low substrate concentrations
+down here, there's a very fast change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, there's a very fast change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here, there's a very fast change in
+the amount of product that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of product that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of product that's being
+produced per time. So at low substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced per time. So at low substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced per time. So at low substrate
+concentration, when you add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration, when you add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration, when you add more
+substrate, it increases the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate, it increases the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate, it increases the rate
+significantly. And this is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly. And this is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly. And this is because
+there's a lot of free enzyme. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of free enzyme. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of free enzyme. So there's
+enzyme just waiting around to catalyze a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme just waiting around to catalyze a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme just waiting around to catalyze a
+reaction. You give it more substrate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. You give it more substrate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction. You give it more substrate,
+you get more product quickly. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more product quickly. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more product quickly. But this
+levels off up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels off up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels off up
+here. And at high substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And at high substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And at high substrate
+concentration, adding more substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration, adding more substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration, adding more substrate
+doesn't really help the rate any. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help the rate any. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help the rate any. It's
+leveling off. And that's because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off. And that's because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling off. And that's because all the
+active sites are already filled. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites are already filled. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites are already filled. So
+adding more substrate doesn't make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more substrate doesn't make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more substrate doesn't make it
+any faster. You need to form product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any faster. You need to form product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any faster. You need to form product and
+release it for substrate to bind. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release it for substrate to bind. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release it for substrate to bind. And so
+this all the active sites are filled.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the active sites are filled.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all the active sites are filled.
+The rate levels off. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The rate levels off. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The rate levels off. So this is the
+behavior that you observe when typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that you observe when typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that you observe when typical
+Michaelis mitten kinetics are in play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelis mitten kinetics are in play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michaelis mitten kinetics are in play.
+So now let's think about those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's think about those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's think about those two
+conditions again or two conditions one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions again or two conditions one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions again or two conditions one
+at high substrate concentration and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high substrate concentration and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high substrate concentration and one
+in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range
+here. So going back to our equation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So going back to our equation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So going back to our equation when
+substrate concentration is much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration is much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration is much greater
+than KM and I'm going to define KM for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than KM and I'm going to define KM for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than KM and I'm going to define KM for
+you other than the rate constants in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other than the rate constants in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other than the rate constants in a
+minute. Um so when that is true we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Um so when that is true we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Um so when that is true we can
+look at the malis meton equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the malis meton equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the malis meton equation and
+just think about what happens if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what happens if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about what happens if this
+substrate concentration is way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration is way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration is way way
+bigger than KM. So KM then is much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than KM. So KM then is much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than KM. So KM then is much much
+smaller than substrate and it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than substrate and it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than substrate and it kind of
+doesn't matter. So it's very small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter. So it's very small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter. So it's very small and
+we can ignore it. And if we cancel out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ignore it. And if we cancel out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can ignore it. And if we cancel out
+KM, then we can simplify this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KM, then we can simplify this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KM, then we can simplify this equation
+even further and cancel out our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and cancel out our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further and cancel out our
+substrates and we're left with this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates and we're left with this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates and we're left with this that
+the rate of product formation is just K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of product formation is just K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of product formation is just K2
+times our total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times our total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times our total
+enzyme. And this has a special name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And this has a special name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. And this has a special name.
+This is called Vmax, the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is called Vmax, the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is called Vmax, the maximum
+velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of the
+enzyme. So maximum velocity or maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. So maximum velocity or maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme. So maximum velocity or maximum
+rate equals K2 times your total enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate equals K2 times your total enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate equals K2 times your total enzyme
+concentration. So this is one equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So this is one equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. So this is one equation
+that you'll find on your equation sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find on your equation sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll find on your equation sheet
+for the final exam. And if we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final exam. And if we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final exam. And if we go back
+for a second and look at our plot up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second and look at our plot up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second and look at our plot up
+here, we can now write Vmax the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we can now write Vmax the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, we can now write Vmax the maximum
+velocity for that particular enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for that particular enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity for that particular enzyme
+concentration K2 times total enzyme.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration K2 times total enzyme.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration K2 times total enzyme.
+This is the maximum rate we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the maximum rate we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the maximum rate we're going to
+get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get.
+So now let's think about this down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's think about this down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now let's think about this down here
+at low substrate concentrations again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low substrate concentrations again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low substrate concentrations again
+and particularly at a concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly at a concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly at a concentration
+where substrate equals Km, substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where substrate equals Km, substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where substrate equals Km, substrate
+concentration equals KM. So if substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration equals KM. So if substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration equals KM. So if substrate
+concentration and KM are the same thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and KM are the same thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and KM are the same thing,
+we can just put an extra substrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just put an extra substrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just put an extra substrate in
+there. KM equals substrate. So on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. KM equals substrate. So on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. KM equals substrate. So on the
+bottom we have two substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we have two substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom we have two substrate
+concentrations. now. And that allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations. now. And that allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations. now. And that allows us
+to cancel out our substrates. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel out our substrates. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cancel out our substrates. And we're
+left with this equation. 12 K2 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with this equation. 12 K2 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with this equation. 12 K2 times the
+total concentration of enzyme, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of enzyme, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total concentration of enzyme, which is
+the half maximal rate. That's half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half maximal rate. That's half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half maximal rate. That's half of
+Vax. Vax was K2 times total enzyme. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vax. Vax was K2 times total enzyme. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vax. Vax was K2 times total enzyme. This
+is half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is half of
+that. And this is the definition of KM.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And this is the definition of KM.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And this is the definition of KM.
+KM is the concentration of substrate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KM is the concentration of substrate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KM is the concentration of substrate for
+which the rate is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the rate is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the rate is half
+maximal. So if we go back now to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal. So if we go back now to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal. So if we go back now to our
+plot, this is the maximum sub this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot, this is the maximum sub this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot, this is the maximum sub this is
+the maximum rate at half of that maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rate at half of that maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum rate at half of that maximum
+rate. The substrate concentration equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. The substrate concentration equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. The substrate concentration equals
+KM. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KM. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KM. So
+experimentally you can plot your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally you can plot your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally you can plot your data
+for the formation of product at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formation of product at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the formation of product at various
+substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate
+concentrations. Calculate Vmax and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations. Calculate Vmax and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations. Calculate Vmax and
+figure out what was the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what was the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what was the concentration of
+substrate when the rate was half that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate when the rate was half that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate when the rate was half that
+maximal rate and you can determine KM.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal rate and you can determine KM.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal rate and you can determine KM.
+That's why you want KM in your equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why you want KM in your equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why you want KM in your equation
+because it's something that's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's something that's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's something that's not that
+hard to measure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure.
+Okay, so let's apply this now. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's apply this now. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's apply this now. Let's
+think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an
+enzyme and we're told this is enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and we're told this is enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme and we're told this is enzyme
+carbonic and hydrates. It catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonic and hydrates. It catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonic and hydrates. It catalyze
+um CO2 to bicarbonate which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CO2 to bicarbonate which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CO2 to bicarbonate which is the
+buffering system that happens in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering system that happens in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffering system that happens in your
+blood. The maleis meton constants for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood. The maleis meton constants for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood. The maleis meton constants for
+this enzyme we have km 8 * 10us 5 molar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme we have km 8 * 10us 5 molar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme we have km 8 * 10us 5 molar
+and a k2 value of 6 * 5 to the 5th I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a k2 value of 6 * 5 to the 5th I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a k2 value of 6 * 5 to the 5th I
+think or six I don't know I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or six I don't know I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think or six I don't know I don't have
+my glasses for one hopefully you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my glasses for one hopefully you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my glasses for one hopefully you can see
+better than me all right so now with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than me all right so now with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than me all right so now with
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+values calculate the maximum reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values calculate the maximum reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values calculate the maximum reaction
+rate if the enzyme concentration is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if the enzyme concentration is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if the enzyme concentration is this
+which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is
+5* 10 to the something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5* 10 to the something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5* 10 to the something
+molar should make bigger font. Oh, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar should make bigger font. Oh, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar should make bigger font. Oh, it's
+easier to read on that. Okay, clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question. All right, 10 more seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep. So here you just had to say, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. So here you just had to say, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep. So here you just had to say, okay,
+if you had your glasses, and I have mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had your glasses, and I have mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you had your glasses, and I have mine
+now, enzyme concentration times K2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, enzyme concentration times K2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, enzyme concentration times K2 is
+going to give you the maximum rate. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the maximum rate. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you the maximum rate. So
+Vmax equals K2 time enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vmax equals K2 time enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vmax equals K2 time enzyme
+concentration. All right, so we can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. All right, so we can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. All right, so we can put
+that down. Vmax, K2, enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down. Vmax, K2, enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down. Vmax, K2, enzyme
+concentration. Multiply those out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. Multiply those out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration. Multiply those out
+together and you get the uh the rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get the uh the rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get the uh the rate and
+it's in molar per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in molar per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in molar per
+second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second.
+Now, what about the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what about the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, what about the concentration of
+substrate for the rate to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate for the rate to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate for the rate to be
+1.5 molar per second? Another clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 molar per second? Another clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 molar per second? Another clicker
+question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds. Wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. Wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds. Wow.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+uh what what is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number compared to the number we had up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number compared to the number we had up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number compared to the number we had up
+before? It's the half maximal rate. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before? It's the half maximal rate. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before? It's the half maximal rate. So,
+what is the enzyme the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the enzyme the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the enzyme the substrate
+concentration at the half maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at the half maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at the half maximal
+rate? KM. Yeah. So all you had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate? KM. Yeah. So all you had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate? KM. Yeah. So all you had to do
+that's the definition of KM is look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of KM is look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of KM is look for
+the KM value and say that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KM value and say that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KM value and say that is the
+substrate concentration when the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration when the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate concentration when the rate is
+half maximal. And so this is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half maximal. And so this is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half maximal. And so this is the kind of
+problem that you'll have that the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you'll have that the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you'll have that the extra
+problems have in them. And this this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have in them. And this this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems have in them. And this this can
+be the complete answer. You don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the complete answer. You don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the complete answer. You don't have
+to show any work for these. So a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show any work for these. So a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show any work for these. So a lot of
+these problems are just looking for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems are just looking for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems are just looking for you
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+identify or know what KM means. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify or know what KM means. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify or know what KM means. So, um,
+again, that's all you have to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, that's all you have to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, that's all you have to do for
+this. So, check out the extra problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, check out the extra problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, check out the extra problems
+on kinetics. They're not really extra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kinetics. They're not really extra.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on kinetics. They're not really extra.
+They're on enzymes and things, reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're on enzymes and things, reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're on enzymes and things, reaction
+mechanisms that haven't been on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that haven't been on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms that haven't been on a
+problem set. They will be on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set. They will be on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set. They will be on the final
+exam. Okay? And then we'll talk briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam. Okay? And then we'll talk briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam. Okay? And then we'll talk briefly
+about inhibitors, clicker competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inhibitors, clicker competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inhibitors, clicker competition
+Wednesday, and we're going to review a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, and we're going to review a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, and we're going to review a
+lot of the topics that we've covered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the topics that we've covered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the topics that we've covered on
+Wednesday. So, it's going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. So, it's going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. So, it's going to be a lot of
+fun. And our last video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. And our last video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. And our last video
+All right. So, quickly, we got to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, quickly, we got to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, quickly, we got to get to
+our clicker competition. So, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our clicker competition. So, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our clicker competition. So, let's
+finish uh let's finish uh lecture 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish uh let's finish uh lecture 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish uh let's finish uh lecture 34
+notes. So, the last thing we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. So, the last thing we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes. So, the last thing we've been
+talking about is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is one of the most
+exciting things in chemistry, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things in chemistry, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting things in chemistry, which is
+catalysis. How do you speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis. How do you speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis. How do you speed up
+reactions? But we have to end on a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions? But we have to end on a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions? But we have to end on a slow
+note which is that inhibitors are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note which is that inhibitors are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note which is that inhibitors are the
+opposite of catalysts and they slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of catalysts and they slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of catalysts and they slow down
+reactions. And if we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions. And if we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions. And if we're talking about
+enzymes, which we were doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes, which we were doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes, which we were doing on
+Monday, then inhibitors will often bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday, then inhibitors will often bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday, then inhibitors will often bind
+to the enzyme E forming an EI complex,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme E forming an EI complex,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme E forming an EI complex,
+an enzyme inhibitor complex, and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme inhibitor complex, and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme inhibitor complex, and they
+often bind in the active site. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often bind in the active site. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often bind in the active site. And so
+therefore substrate which we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore substrate which we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore substrate which we have here
+little substrate S cannot bind. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little substrate S cannot bind. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little substrate S cannot bind. It's a
+very simple idea if you want to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple idea if you want to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple idea if you want to design
+an inhibitor to stop an enzyme from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhibitor to stop an enzyme from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inhibitor to stop an enzyme from
+doing what it's doing. And in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what it's doing. And in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what it's doing. And in fact the
+pharmaceutical industry is largely about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry is largely about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry is largely about
+this designing inhibitors to bind to key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this designing inhibitors to bind to key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this designing inhibitors to bind to key
+enzymes to stop processes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to stop processes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes to stop processes.
+So often what you do in designing this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So often what you do in designing this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So often what you do in designing this,
+you want something that kind of looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something that kind of looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want something that kind of looks
+like the substrate, but most ideally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the substrate, but most ideally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the substrate, but most ideally you
+want something that actually resembles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that actually resembles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that actually resembles
+the transition state, a transition state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition state, a transition state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition state, a transition state
+analog. So remember catalysts work by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog. So remember catalysts work by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog. So remember catalysts work by
+lowering the transition state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the transition state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the transition state or
+activation energy barriers or activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy barriers or activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy barriers or activated
+complex. So they lower that energy. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex. So they lower that energy. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex. So they lower that energy. And
+so something that resembles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that resembles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something that resembles the
+transition state where bonds are partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state where bonds are partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition state where bonds are partly
+broken, partly formed, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken, partly formed, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken, partly formed, it's not
+reactants, it's not products, it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants, it's not products, it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants, it's not products, it's in
+the middle. Those molecules, those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle. Those molecules, those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle. Those molecules, those
+analoges of transition states will bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of transition states will bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of transition states will bind
+very tightly and will block the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tightly and will block the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tightly and will block the enzyme
+from doing its job. And this is really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing its job. And this is really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing its job. And this is really I
+told you about we had World AIDS Day. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about we had World AIDS Day. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about we had World AIDS Day. I
+mentioned that one of the reasons why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that one of the reasons why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that one of the reasons why
+AIDS is not such a huge problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS is not such a huge problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIDS is not such a huge problem in the
+US anymore. it's not a death sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US anymore. it's not a death sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US anymore. it's not a death sentence
+anymore is because the pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is because the pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore is because the pharmaceutical
+industry designed transition state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry designed transition state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry designed transition state
+analoges targeting HIV proteiase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges targeting HIV proteiase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges targeting HIV proteiase and
+they really worked very well. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really worked very well. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really worked very well. So if
+we're in the developing world um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the developing world um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the developing world um there's
+a good regime of pharmaceuticals that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good regime of pharmaceuticals that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good regime of pharmaceuticals that we
+can take that keep the viral load low.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that keep the viral load low.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that keep the viral load low.
+Now it's different um in other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it's different um in other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now it's different um in other parts of
+the world but a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world but a lot of the
+pharmaceutical industry is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical industry is about
+designing inhibitors for enzymes. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing inhibitors for enzymes. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing inhibitors for enzymes. Okay.
+So we've been talking about catalysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've been talking about catalysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've been talking about catalysis.
+We talked about catalytic mechanisms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about catalytic mechanisms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We talked about catalytic mechanisms,
+catalysts, we talked about effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts, we talked about effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysts, we talked about effective
+temperature, all sorts of things. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, all sorts of things. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature, all sorts of things. And so
+we're going to end our uh catalysis unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end our uh catalysis unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to end our uh catalysis unit
+with our final uh video in the series in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our final uh video in the series in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our final uh video in the series in
+their own words. And this is a former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own words. And this is a former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own words. And this is a former
+graduate student. She actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student. She actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate student. She actually just
+defended um talking about her work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defended um talking about her work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defended um talking about her work in
+Tony Zinsk's laboratory and why uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Zinsk's laboratory and why uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Zinsk's laboratory and why uh why
+kinetics are important to her research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics are important to her research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics are important to her research
+in development of bofuels. My name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in development of bofuels. My name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in development of bofuels. My name is
+Gina. I'm from Chongqing, China, and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gina. I'm from Chongqing, China, and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gina. I'm from Chongqing, China, and I'm
+a third-year graduate student working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third-year graduate student working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third-year graduate student working in
+the chemistry and biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry and biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry and biology
+department. My research is on converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department. My research is on converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department. My research is on converting
+carbon dioxide, a environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide, a environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon dioxide, a environmental
+pollutant, into useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutant, into useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutant, into useful
+bofuel. Right now, currently we burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuel. Right now, currently we burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuel. Right now, currently we burn
+ethanol in our um gasoline and ethanol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol in our um gasoline and ethanol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethanol in our um gasoline and ethanol
+is not an ideal fuel because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an ideal fuel because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an ideal fuel because it's a
+shorter chain length and the combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter chain length and the combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter chain length and the combustion
+of heat is not as high as longer chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat is not as high as longer chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat is not as high as longer chain
+length alcohols.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length alcohols.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length alcohols.
+Also, ethanol traps a lot of water, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, ethanol traps a lot of water, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, ethanol traps a lot of water, so
+it can corrupt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can corrupt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can corrupt the
+engine. When they first find the rust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. When they first find the rust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine. When they first find the rust
+neutrfa, they realize that this organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrfa, they realize that this organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrfa, they realize that this organism
+can store a lot of its carbon as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store a lot of its carbon as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can store a lot of its carbon as a
+polymer chain of aers. And these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain of aers. And these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer chain of aers. And these
+polyesters when isolated can be used as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyesters when isolated can be used as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyesters when isolated can be used as
+biodegradable plastics. For my research,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodegradable plastics. For my research,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodegradable plastics. For my research,
+I'm trying to turn this carbon storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to turn this carbon storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to turn this carbon storage
+organism into storing the carbon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism into storing the carbon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism into storing the carbon as
+bofuels. So alcohol that can burn in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. So alcohol that can burn in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels. So alcohol that can burn in our
+engines. To change these organisms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines. To change these organisms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines. To change these organisms from
+making biodegradable plastics to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making biodegradable plastics to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making biodegradable plastics to make
+bofuels, first I have to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels, first I have to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels, first I have to get rid of the
+gene that actually makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that actually makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that actually makes the
+biodegradable plastics and then finetune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodegradable plastics and then finetune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biodegradable plastics and then finetune
+another pathway to sh the excess carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pathway to sh the excess carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another pathway to sh the excess carbon
+into making bofuels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into making bofuels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into making bofuels.
+I really have to think about kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have to think about kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really have to think about kinetics
+because I want my pathway to go as fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want my pathway to go as fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want my pathway to go as fast
+as it can to produce as much product as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it can to produce as much product as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it can to produce as much product as
+possible within a period of time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible within a period of time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible within a period of time. So
+there are certain parameters uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain parameters uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are certain parameters uh for
+kinetics that I can change and certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics that I can change and certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics that I can change and certain
+parameters that I cannot change. For the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that I cannot change. For the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that I cannot change. For the
+parameters that I cannot change is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that I cannot change is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that I cannot change is the
+temperature because my organism would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because my organism would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because my organism would
+not survive under higher temperature.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not survive under higher temperature.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not survive under higher temperature.
+And for parameters that I can change,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for parameters that I can change,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for parameters that I can change,
+for example, I can change the enzyme by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, I can change the enzyme by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, I can change the enzyme by
+putting in a stronger, more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in a stronger, more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in a stronger, more efficient
+enzyme from a another organism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme from a another organism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme from a another organism to
+catalyze the same exact reaction. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze the same exact reaction. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze the same exact reaction. I can
+also increase the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also increase the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also increase the substrate
+concentration by eliminating another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by eliminating another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration by eliminating another
+competing pathways for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing pathways for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing pathways for the same
+substrate by deleting the gene. So hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate by deleting the gene. So hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate by deleting the gene. So hence
+making more of the substrate that going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making more of the substrate that going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making more of the substrate that going
+into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my
+product. Eventually, we'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. Eventually, we'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product. Eventually, we'll be able to
+take the carbon dioxide that's released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the carbon dioxide that's released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the carbon dioxide that's released
+as a pollutant and trap it and use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pollutant and trap it and use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pollutant and trap it and use it as
+a carbon source to make useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon source to make useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a carbon source to make useful
+molecules.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pC6Svpdiqoc.txt b/pC6Svpdiqoc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1ed77e4d2888ee55e12cd1be5478a7921ccc37a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pC6Svpdiqoc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, let's get started. That's this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's get started. That's this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's get started. That's this.
+We're going to have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to have to go through
+learning this language. It's it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this language. It's it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning this language. It's it comes
+quite quickly. There's a syntax that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly. There's a syntax that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quickly. There's a syntax that
+we're looking at all the time. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at all the time. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at all the time. I'm going
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say
+who that I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who that I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who that I want to do
+what and then I'm going to say maybe how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then I'm going to say maybe how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and then I'm going to say maybe how
+to do it and then I'm going to say when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and then I'm going to say when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and then I'm going to say when
+to do it. So the who is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. So the who is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it. So the who is going to be the
+whole group that's everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group that's everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group that's everybody in the
+room. So when you see whole group, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. So when you see whole group, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. So when you see whole group, you
+know I'm going to need everybody. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to need everybody. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm going to need everybody. Now
+I'm going to say what a long tone. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say what a long tone. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say what a long tone. The
+middle of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of your
+instrument middle choose some middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument middle choose some middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument middle choose some middle
+area there is for drums. It's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there is for drums. It's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area there is for drums. It's going to
+be a press roll of some type, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a press roll of some type, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a press roll of some type, right?
+You're going to be you're going to be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to be you're going to be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to be you're going to be if
+you had a a volume pedal, you'd be hold.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a a volume pedal, you'd be hold.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a a volume pedal, you'd be hold.
+But otherwise, you're you're trilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But otherwise, you're you're trilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But otherwise, you're you're trilling
+basically. For piano, you could hit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. For piano, you could hit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically. For piano, you could hit one
+note and let it put the sustain down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and let it put the sustain down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note and let it put the sustain down or
+you could rock between a major minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could rock between a major minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could rock between a major minor
+somewhere in there. But not a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in there. But not a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in there. But not a lot of
+rocking octaves or anything like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocking octaves or anything like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocking octaves or anything like that.
+Rock something simple. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock something simple. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rock something simple. So you're
+creating like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating like a
+drummer that kind of thing, right? Same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drummer that kind of thing, right? Same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drummer that kind of thing, right? Same
+in guitar. So you know what it is. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in guitar. So you know what it is. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in guitar. So you know what it is. You
+you choose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose one
+note, you take a breath and you go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note, you take a breath and you go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note, you take a breath and you go back
+to the same note. You don't develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same note. You don't develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same note. You don't develop the
+note at all. It's static. So I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note at all. It's static. So I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note at all. It's static. So I'm going
+to go whole group long tone middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go whole group long tone middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go whole group long tone middle
+pian. Now you know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pian. Now you know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pian. Now you know what's going to
+happen long. Now when is here and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen long. Now when is here and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen long. Now when is here and right
+at the end of my hands that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of my hands that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of my hands that's where the
+is right at my hands you come in. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right at my hands you come in. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right at my hands you come in. Okay.
+I'll make it louder. I might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make it louder. I might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll make it louder. I might say
+continue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's going to sound like a cluster. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to sound like a cluster. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to sound like a cluster. If
+you're playing F and you're playing F#,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing F and you're playing F#,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing F and you're playing F#,
+don't change. If I want you all to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change. If I want you all to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change. If I want you all to play
+a C major 7 chord, I can sign that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I'm not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm not going to do that
+now. Here we go. Don't change it. Sc I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Here we go. Don't change it. Sc I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. Here we go. Don't change it. Sc I
+mean, I want it right at the end of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I want it right at the end of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I want it right at the end of my
+hands. Here we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And once I cut off, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And once I cut off, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And once I cut off, it's a
+complete plain cut off right now. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete plain cut off right now. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete plain cut off right now. So
+that's middle of your instrument. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's middle of your instrument. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's middle of your instrument. Then
+this of course would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of course would
+be and this would be simple, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this would be simple, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and this would be simple, right?
+We're learning the letters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're learning the letters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're learning the letters in
+that. So here we go. Let's try to load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So here we go. Let's try to load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So here we go. Let's try to load
+on the tone. Now, if I don't say how,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tone. Now, if I don't say how,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the tone. Now, if I don't say how,
+then you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you choose
+how. And if you're louder than he, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how. And if you're louder than he, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how. And if you're louder than he, you
+don't get louder because she's louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get louder because she's louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get louder because she's louder
+than you. If you choose to be, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you. If you choose to be, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you. If you choose to be, you
+choose to be participant, then you stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be participant, then you stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to be participant, then you stay
+there. So without the how, it's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So without the how, it's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So without the how, it's your
+choice. Okay? So this time no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen and then a high long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+jump and then we'll go through a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and then we'll go through a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump and then we'll go through a few of
+them, right? And don't don't I'll be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, right? And don't don't I'll be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, right? And don't don't I'll be you
+guys. Don't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. Don't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. Don't do anything
+now. Don't do this. Don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go. Don't put a pause in there. Go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. Don't put a pause in there. Go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. Don't put a pause in there. Go from
+one to the other. If you were holding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the other. If you were holding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the other. If you were holding a
+long tongue for a length of time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stagger only change on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagger only change on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stagger only change on
+my it's going to take some time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my it's going to take some time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my it's going to take some time to get
+used to, but since that happened, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to, but since that happened, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to, but since that happened, let me
+address something really important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address something really important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address something really important when
+it comes to being a live composer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to being a live composer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to being a live composer that
+You are working with people and mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You are working with people and mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You are working with people and mistakes
+are going to happen. And the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to happen. And the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to happen. And the the
+philosophy of sounding is there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of sounding is there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of sounding is there's no
+such thing as a mistake. Like Miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as a mistake. Like Miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such thing as a mistake. Like Miles
+Davis said, there is no such thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis said, there is no such thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Davis said, there is no such thing as a
+mistake. So if you if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. So if you if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake. So if you if that
+happened and we were doing a concert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and we were doing a concert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and we were doing a concert
+tonight, you just it's fine that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight, you just it's fine that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight, you just it's fine that it
+happened. If if if it's another gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. If if if it's another gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. If if if it's another gesture
+like I do this and you come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I do this and you come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I do this and you come in
+accidentally with something else another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally with something else another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally with something else another
+type of content then you would keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of content then you would keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of content then you would keep
+playing that you know you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that you know you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing that you know you wouldn't
+acknowledge the same mistake because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the same mistake because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledge the same mistake because in
+sound painting you continue with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painting you continue with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painting you continue with the
+mistake it becomes the content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it becomes the content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it becomes the content that
+you're working with and I and I hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with and I and I hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with and I and I hear
+that and often will use the mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and often will use the mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and often will use the mistake
+because the mistake will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mistake will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mistake will be very
+interesting even more so than the what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting even more so than the what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting even more so than the what I
+intended it takes a long time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended it takes a long time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended it takes a long time to get
+used to this notion of business or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to this notion of business or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to this notion of business or
+saying is a mistake. I can say and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a mistake. I can say and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a mistake. I can say and you
+can go sure Walter I understand but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go sure Walter I understand but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go sure Walter I understand but in
+practice it's actually hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's actually hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's actually hard to
+do. So let's So now we've got different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So let's So now we've got different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So let's So now we've got different
+long tones and getting louder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tones and getting louder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tones and getting louder and
+getting softer, right? We have play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting softer, right? We have play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting softer, right? We have play and
+we have stop and I say watch me and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have stop and I say watch me and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have stop and I say watch me and then
+this needs to continue. So now imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this needs to continue. So now imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this needs to continue. So now imagine
+long tones going on. I want you to go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tones going on. I want you to go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tones going on. I want you to go up
+a whole step or a half step. to give her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole step or a half step. to give her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole step or a half step. to give her
+a go. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Okay. Most perhaps your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Most perhaps your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. Most perhaps your
+choice. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice. You
+work, you know, press go out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, you know, press go out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, you know, press go out to the
+sides to assemble. I don't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I have two hands, right? So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I have two hands, right? So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I have two hands, right? So let's
+say for you over this side, you overs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for you over this side, you overs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for you over this side, you overs
+this side. So now I can flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. So now I can flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side. So now I can flip
+it. Okay, so now that I can do this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, so now that I can do this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay, so now that I can do this,
+this, this, and then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together. Okay, here we go. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Okay, here we go. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Okay, here we go. And we're
+just in the letters now. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the letters now. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the letters now. We're not
+making words yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Okay. Good. All right. So, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Good. All right. So, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Good. All right. So, there's
+a lot of gestures that fall in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of gestures that fall in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of gestures that fall in the
+syntax of who, what, sometimes how, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of who, what, sometimes how, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax of who, what, sometimes how, and
+when. Hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when. Hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when. Hundreds of
+Then there's another set of pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there's another set of pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there's another set of pictures
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+loads. And we'll learn this one now. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads. And we'll learn this one now. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loads. And we'll learn this one now. But
+the whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole group
+scan as my hand goes by and passes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan as my hand goes by and passes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan as my hand goes by and passes and
+lines up and they look at this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines up and they look at this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines up and they look at this part of
+the arm, you know, as as the indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm, you know, as as the indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arm, you know, as as the indicator
+as to when to go play anything you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to when to go play anything you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to when to go play anything you want.
+But after my hand passes by, you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But after my hand passes by, you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But after my hand passes by, you stop
+immediately. It's almost like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately. It's almost like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately. It's almost like there's a
+big heart in the sense that I'm hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big heart in the sense that I'm hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big heart in the sense that I'm hitting
+the strings and they're muting after my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings and they're muting after my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strings and they're muting after my
+hands by. Anything doesn't have to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands by. Anything doesn't have to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands by. Anything doesn't have to just
+be one note. It can be similar things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one note. It can be similar things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one note. It can be similar things.
+Okay? Anything at all. So that this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Anything at all. So that this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Anything at all. So that this will
+create a salad of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a salad of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a salad of
+sound. This is the reason I wanted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. This is the reason I wanted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. This is the reason I wanted you
+like this and also split up so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and also split up so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and also split up so that we
+just don't have low sounds, middle, high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sounds. Wait for me. Because if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds. Wait for me. Because if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds. Wait for me. Because if you were
+standing up here doing this, say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up here doing this, say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing up here doing this, say you
+were the sound, you can actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the sound, you can actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the sound, you can actually you can
+feel the sound on your hand on your arm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the sound on your hand on your arm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the sound on your hand on your arm.
+So I know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I know when you
+know but it just takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it just takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but it just takes a little
+practice. Sorry again. So that we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. Sorry again. So that we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice. Sorry again. So that we play
+until is we play right when you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until is we play right when you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until is we play right when you only
+here. Okay. Okay. All right. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. Okay. All right. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. Okay. All right. I
+understand. only as a lines up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Actually, when you get used to it, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, when you get used to it, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, when you get used to it, you
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+that. Actually, let's do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Actually, let's do it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Actually, let's do it this
+way. I'm going go a little more slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. I'm going go a little more slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. I'm going go a little more slightly
+advanced and go this way. It'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and go this way. It'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced and go this way. It'll give you
+a sense of it. I'm going to say scan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of it. I'm going to say scan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of it. I'm going to say scan.
+This means with I'm going to go scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means with I'm going to go scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means with I'm going to go scan
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+movement. Now, as I go by, you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. Now, as I go by, you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. Now, as I go by, you're only
+going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move
+And you're going to go back. I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you're going to go back. I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you're going to go back. I got to
+sit up straight in your chair because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit up straight in your chair because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit up straight in your chair because I
+work with dancers. I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with dancers. I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with dancers. I'll give you a
+little bit of this. And it often when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of this. And it often when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of this. And it often when
+you work with movement first, it helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with movement first, it helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work with movement first, it helps
+you deal with sound. My uh I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with sound. My uh I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with sound. My uh I was a
+drummer for one time and they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drummer for one time and they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drummer for one time and they used to
+say you can say it, you can play it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can say it, you can play it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can say it, you can play it. So
+I used to have to always, you know, say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to have to always, you know, say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to have to always, you know, say
+complex rhythms, sing I could play, no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex rhythms, sing I could play, no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex rhythms, sing I could play, no
+problem. So now I want you to move. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So now I want you to move. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So now I want you to move. So
+as my arm goes by, you just move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my arm goes by, you just move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my arm goes by, you just move a
+little bit and go back to neutral. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and go back to neutral. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and go back to neutral. This
+actually comes from watching foot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes from watching foot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually comes from watching foot uh
+soccer football we say in Sweden but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer football we say in Sweden but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer football we say in Sweden but
+watching soccer and when they stood up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching soccer and when they stood up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching soccer and when they stood up
+and didn't wait that's where this sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't wait that's where this sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't wait that's where this sign
+comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from
+that's so now I want you I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so now I want you I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so now I want you I'm going to
+the whole group is the phrase scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole group is the phrase scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole group is the phrase scan
+with so this is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's what I mean. You let you That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what I mean. You let you That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what I mean. You let you That's
+what I'm talking about. We were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about. We were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm talking about. We were in a
+concert. That would be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. Because once you come in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Because once you come in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Because once you come in with
+something, you're stuck with it, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, you're stuck with it, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, you're stuck with it, you
+know? So then then I would have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? So then then I would have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? So then then I would have just one
+note coming across all this movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note coming across all this movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note coming across all this movement and
+one note right in the middle. That's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note right in the middle. That's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one note right in the middle. That's how
+you have why you get used to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have why you get used to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have why you get used to like
+mistakes are cool, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are cool, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes are cool, you know.
+Let's try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again. Okay, good. Now, now we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Okay, good. Now, now we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Okay, good. Now, now we'll go
+back to your instrument. If I if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your instrument. If I if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your instrument. If I if we were
+doing this in concert, I might say scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in concert, I might say scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in concert, I might say scan
+with movement because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movement because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with movement because it's
+interdisiplinary because it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisiplinary because it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisiplinary because it might be
+dancers in the group. I want everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers in the group. I want everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers in the group. I want everybody
+to move, you know, because it supports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move, you know, because it supports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move, you know, because it supports
+what the dancers doing. So, I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dancers doing. So, I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the dancers doing. So, I want you
+to go back to instrument. I'd say scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to instrument. I'd say scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to instrument. I'd say scan
+with instrument. Now I'm getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with instrument. Now I'm getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with instrument. Now I'm getting a
+little complex here, but just so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complex here, but just so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little complex here, but just so you
+know instant back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instant back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know instant back
+to by default.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, try as much as you can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, try as much as you can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, try as much as you can to
+offer different ideas as I go by. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer different ideas as I go by. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer different ideas as I go by. Do
+something different every time. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different every time. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different every time. That's
+right. Come up with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ideas. Right? So, the scan becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. Right? So, the scan becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas. Right? So, the scan becomes more
+interesting here. Instead of you playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here. Instead of you playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting here. Instead of you playing
+the same thing each time, if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing each time, if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing each time, if I wanted
+you to play the same thing each time, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play the same thing each time, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play the same thing each time, I
+could I could actually ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could actually ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I could actually ask you to do
+that. All right? So now continuing on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right? So now continuing on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right? So now continuing on,
+say I'm standing and I stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm standing and I stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm standing and I stop on
+somebody. What you would do is take what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody. What you would do is take what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody. What you would do is take what
+you're doing, your first idea, and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing, your first idea, and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing, your first idea, and you
+develop very slowly. So if I'm, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop very slowly. So if I'm, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop very slowly. So if I'm, you
+know, say I'm an actor, this is sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, say I'm an actor, this is sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, say I'm an actor, this is sign
+actor and I'm scanning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor and I'm scanning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor and I'm scanning.
+Huh? What? Oh, not that. Come on. Oh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh? What? Oh, not that. Come on. Oh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh? What? Oh, not that. Come on. Oh.
+Oh. Oh. Oh. No. No. No. No. No. No. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Oh. Oh. No. No. No. No. No. No. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Oh. Oh. No. No. No. No. No. No. Not
+that. Come. No. Come on. Okay. No. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Come. No. Come on. Okay. No. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Come. No. Come on. Okay. No. I
+didn't jump away from that idea and go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't jump away from that idea and go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't jump away from that idea and go,
+"Oh, oh, come on. Would you give me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, oh, come on. Would you give me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, oh, come on. Would you give me I
+got some new shoes. See this?" I mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some new shoes. See this?" I mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some new shoes. See this?" I mean,
+like, I didn't jump away from that. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, I didn't jump away from that. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, I didn't jump away from that. I
+say this. Oh, oh, oh. So, stay with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this. Oh, oh, oh. So, stay with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this. Oh, oh, oh. So, stay with your
+idea and develop it slowly. If I stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and develop it slowly. If I stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and develop it slowly. If I stop on
+you, let's try that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But since you came in, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But since you came in, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But since you came in, you're
+in, you know, cuz you came in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, you know, cuz you came in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, you know, cuz you came in and
+because you thought it's not exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you thought it's not exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you thought it's not exact
+science as far as just lining up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science as far as just lining up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science as far as just lining up the
+arms. So if you think if you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms. So if you think if you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms. So if you think if you think that
+oh he means me, then you play and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he means me, then you play and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh he means me, then you play and and
+I'm not going to be like Tuscanini and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to be like Tuscanini and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to be like Tuscanini and
+give you you know what this means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you you know what this means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you you know what this means in
+Tuscanini world. He used to hold the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuscanini world. He used to hold the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuscanini world. He used to hold the two
+means you two notice you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fired. The great conductor, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired. The great conductor, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired. The great conductor, right? And
+he used to do that in the middle of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used to do that in the middle of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used to do that in the middle of when
+he was conducting. You look at somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was conducting. You look at somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was conducting. You look at somebody
+go be conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away. So it's not like that. Sound pain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. So it's not like that. Sound pain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. So it's not like that. Sound pain.
+If you happen to come in and you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you happen to come in and you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you happen to come in and you make a
+mistake, remember it's no problem. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake, remember it's no problem. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake, remember it's no problem. Let's
+try it again. So if you come in, develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it again. So if you come in, develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it again. So if you come in, develop
+your idea slowly and when I move my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your idea slowly and when I move my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your idea slowly and when I move my head
+away, stop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, stop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away, stop.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, say I want that to continue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, say I want that to continue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, say I want that to continue,
+you know, so I don't have to hold my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so I don't have to hold my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so I don't have to hold my
+hand up there all night. Uh, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up there all night. Uh, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand up there all night. Uh, I would
+just take the the continue gesture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the the continue gesture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the the continue gesture and
+attach it to my arm. So, just I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach it to my arm. So, just I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach it to my arm. So, just I do this
+and I want this to go on and I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want this to go on and I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want this to go on and I say
+continue. Now, this is going to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue. Now, this is going to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue. Now, this is going to go on
+until remember the only in sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until remember the only in sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until remember the only in sound
+painting that you don't do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting that you don't do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting that you don't do is
+stop. That's the only mistake. Never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. That's the only mistake. Never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. That's the only mistake. Never
+stop. So when you make a mistake, don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. So when you make a mistake, don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. So when you make a mistake, don't
+stop. Continue with it. Let the composer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. Continue with it. Let the composer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. Continue with it. Let the composer
+deal with it because I can't compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it because I can't compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with it because I can't compose
+with the silence that you take the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the silence that you take the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the silence that you take the sound
+away from me. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me. You
+know, so let's just imagine that I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, so let's just imagine that I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, so let's just imagine that I did
+this and said continue. Everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and said continue. Everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and said continue. Everybody else
+in the room is what's called the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room is what's called the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room is what's called the rest of
+the group. So now we have not half but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group. So now we have not half but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group. So now we have not half but
+the rest of the group. I consign them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the group. I consign them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the group. I consign them on
+either side. So let's let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side. So let's let's imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side. So let's let's imagine that
+you're doing this, right? Just imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this, right? Just imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this, right? Just imagine
+that. And then I say rest of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then I say rest of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then I say rest of the group
+long play and you still play. Say rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long play and you still play. Say rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long play and you still play. Say rest
+of the group off. Rest of the group scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group off. Rest of the group scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group off. Rest of the group scan
+a little bit. You know, rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. You know, rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit. You know, rest of the
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+high play. Rest of the group off. Rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high play. Rest of the group off. Rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high play. Rest of the group off. Rest
+of the group scan some. And then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group scan some. And then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the group scan some. And then you're
+still going because you're not resting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going because you're not resting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going because you're not resting
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+group. Now I said whole group long tone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. Now I said whole group long tone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. Now I said whole group long tone.
+And since this is a hope of long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since this is a hope of long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since this is a hope of long time
+and when I give a pleasure I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I give a pleasure I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I give a pleasure I should do
+it for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for that
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+so let's try it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that was the time that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that was the time that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that was the time that you would
+come in and you know this. Okay. So, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and you know this. Okay. So, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and you know this. Okay. So, but
+what so what and I know you know it. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what and I know you know it. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what and I know you know it. So,
+you kept on playing and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept on playing and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kept on playing and you would have
+thought, "Oh, I missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, "Oh, I missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, "Oh, I missed
+it." You wouldn't jump to the long. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it." You wouldn't jump to the long. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it." You wouldn't jump to the long. That
+would have been one of those instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been one of those instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been one of those instances
+where I realized, "Oh, okay. You missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I realized, "Oh, okay. You missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I realized, "Oh, okay. You missed
+it." But you continue to play, you know?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it." But you continue to play, you know?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it." But you continue to play, you know?
+Yeah. Good. All right. So, what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. All right. So, what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Good. All right. So, what do we
+know? Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? Long
+tone, right? Pitch up. Pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone, right? Pitch up. Pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone, right? Pitch up. Pitch
+down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down.
+Scanning. Continue. Continue this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scanning. Continue. Continue this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scanning. Continue. Continue this way.
+Watch me. Rest of the group. Getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watch me. Rest of the group. Getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watch me. Rest of the group. Getting
+louder. Getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder. Getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder. Getting
+softer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Off.
+Woodwinds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodwinds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Woodwinds.
+Brass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brass.
+Percussion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Percussion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Percussion.
+Strings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strings.
+Vocalists. Voice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vocalists. Voice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vocalists. Voice.
+electronics, actor, dancer, movement,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics, actor, dancer, movement,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics, actor, dancer, movement,
+visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arts. So, group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts. So, group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arts. So, group
+one, group one, group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, group one, group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, group one, group
+two, right? For example, identifiers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, right? For example, identifiers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, right? For example, identifiers to
+be able to pick out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pick out
+uh and there's a whole thing with brass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a whole thing with brass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there's a whole thing with brass
+family, saxopones and strings, how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family, saxopones and strings, how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family, saxopones and strings, how to
+identify, but we will get into that. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify, but we will get into that. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify, but we will get into that. But
+right now, we'll just lump it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, we'll just lump it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now, we'll just lump it all
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay. So, now I say whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, now I say whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, now I say whole group
+point and I want you to be able to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I want you to be able to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and I want you to be able to very
+quick short. You're like dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick short. You're like dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick short. You're like dropping
+marbles down the stairs. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles down the stairs. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marbles down the stairs. You know,
+they're not all bouncing down together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all bouncing down together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all bouncing down together.
+It's a big spike. So, let's take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wave. Yeah. And then, and this Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave. Yeah. And then, and this Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave. Yeah. And then, and this Oh,
+sorry. Now, no, no, no. But this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Now, no, no, no. But this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Now, no, no, no. But this would
+have been, if we were going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been, if we were going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been, if we were going to do a
+content tonight, I would say you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content tonight, I would say you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content tonight, I would say you would
+go, "Oh, yeah. I came in too soon." But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go, "Oh, yeah. I came in too soon." But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go, "Oh, yeah. I came in too soon." But
+let it go right away. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go right away. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go right away. You can
+continue, right? And then I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue, right? And then I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue, right? And then I would do
+something with it. And then it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it. And then it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it. And then it it
+creates a very important environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a very important environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates a very important environment
+that you need to live composing. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to live composing. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to live composing. It's
+none of this, oh, I messed up. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this, oh, I messed up. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of this, oh, I messed up. You know,
+that can't be in this box. So, let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be in this box. So, let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can't be in this box. So, let's try
+it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+You can be all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hill. So what you want is I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill. So what you want is I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill. So what you want is I'm not
+telling anybody how to play. It's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling anybody how to play. It's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling anybody how to play. It's what
+how you want to interpret. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to interpret. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you want to interpret. So if you
+want to interpret one hand, that's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to interpret one hand, that's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to interpret one hand, that's fine.
+But to just let you know it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to just let you know it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But to just let you know it's very very
+popping and all kinds of percussive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind. Okay. All right, here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go. Okay, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+If you're given the integrity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're given the integrity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're given the integrity of the
+sound right to that next change and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right to that next change and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right to that next change and what
+happened there is it died off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there is it died off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there is it died off right
+before we hit the long tone. You ant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we hit the long tone. You ant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we hit the long tone. You ant you
+anticipated it by leaving space and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated it by leaving space and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated it by leaving space and by
+letting your sound drop down. So keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting your sound drop down. So keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting your sound drop down. So keep
+the strength of it going and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of it going and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strength of it going and then when
+you go to the long tone jump right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the long tone jump right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the long tone jump right to
+it. Okay? You can turn. Let's try that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay? You can turn. Let's try that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay? You can turn. Let's try that.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, good. Now, so this is tempo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Now, so this is tempo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Now, so this is tempo
+getting slower and getting faster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+No, it's getting faster, not louder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it's getting faster, not louder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, it's getting faster, not louder.
+Okay, here we go. Let's try it again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay, good. Good. Nice. It can be maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Good. Nice. It can be maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. Good. Nice. It can be maybe
+it can be a little more crisp. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a little more crisp. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a little more crisp. You can
+leave a little bit more space, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a little bit more space, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave a little bit more space, you know,
+so it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's more
+I just say that and then that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just say that and then that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just say that and then that's because
+it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little
+bit. It's a little long tonguey sound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. It's a little long tonguey sound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. It's a little long tonguey sound.
+You want to really pop. Nothing should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to really pop. Nothing should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to really pop. Nothing should
+go. No, no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. Oh,
+really? Okay. Is what an actor might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really? Okay. Is what an actor might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really? Okay. Is what an actor might
+do. All right. Here we go. So, a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. All right. Here we go. So, a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. All right. Here we go. So, a little
+bit more spike, you know, broken glass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more spike, you know, broken glass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more spike, you know, broken glass.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay. So now we keep going this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we keep going this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now we keep going this whole
+group point to point and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group point to point and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group point to point and it's like
+scanning and without pointing at you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning and without pointing at you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning and without pointing at you you
+play anything you want and if I stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play anything you want and if I stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play anything you want and if I stay
+pointed at you you develop the idea. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed at you you develop the idea. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed at you you develop the idea. I
+take my hand away and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my hand away and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take my hand away and you
+stop because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop because
+anything but your hands. No speaking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but your hands. No speaking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but your hands. No speaking.
+That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later. As soon as I take my hand away,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. As soon as I take my hand away,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. As soon as I take my hand away,
+stop. And it's it's hard to do. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. And it's it's hard to do. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop. And it's it's hard to do. It
+really is. Everybody has a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is. Everybody has a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is. Everybody has a problem with
+this including me when I say so because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this including me when I say so because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this including me when I say so because
+it's not like this kind of sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like this kind of sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like this kind of sign that
+you're looking at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at.
+If you watch what I'm doing, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you watch what I'm doing, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you watch what I'm doing, I'm
+stepping into what's called a box in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping into what's called a box in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping into what's called a box in
+sound. So, I'm moving out to an inactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. So, I'm moving out to an inactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. So, I'm moving out to an inactive
+space. So, I'm going over the tone. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So, I'm going over the tone. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. So, I'm going over the tone. I'm
+stepping into the box. And as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping into the box. And as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping into the box. And as soon as
+you see that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that,
+that's off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's off.
+Okay. You have to be really ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. You have to be really ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. You have to be really ready
+because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, so if I stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, so if I stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, so if I stop on
+you, if I and you know this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, if I and you know this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, if I and you know this because
+we've worked together. So if I stop on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked together. So if I stop on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've worked together. So if I stop on
+you, then you take your idea and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, then you take your idea and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you, then you take your idea and you
+develop it, you know. So you try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it, you know. So you try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop it, you know. So you try not to
+try not to go and then all say, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to go and then all say, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to go and then all say, you
+know, if you play and you just make just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you play and you just make just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you play and you just make just
+a short sound, then that's what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short sound, then that's what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short sound, then that's what you're
+working with, that short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with, that short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with, that short
+sound. just all of a sudden jump in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. just all of a sudden jump in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. just all of a sudden jump in and
+say, "Oh, he's pointing at me still. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh, he's pointing at me still. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh, he's pointing at me still. Now
+I'm just going to launch into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to launch into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to launch into
+something." Okay, let's try it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something." Okay, let's try it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something." Okay, let's try it.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Right. Do it as soon as I take. But so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Do it as soon as I take. But so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Do it as soon as I take. But so
+this is one that you'll get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that you'll get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one that you'll get a lot of
+mistakes in. So you realize, uhoh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in. So you realize, uhoh, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in. So you realize, uhoh, you
+know, he took his hand away. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, he took his hand away. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, he took his hand away. And then
+and then you just keep going. Okay. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just keep going. Okay. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just keep going. Okay. You
+know, that'd be a time Lucas say string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that'd be a time Lucas say string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that'd be a time Lucas say string
+player, you know, continued with this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player, you know, continued with this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player, you know, continued with this.
+Okay. All right. All right. So we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. All right. So we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. All right. So we keep
+going.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going.
+Uh now, um what do we know? The whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now, um what do we know? The whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh now, um what do we know? The whole
+group one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group one group
+two rest of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rest of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rest of the group
+woodwinds strings perussion vocalist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodwinds strings perussion vocalist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woodwinds strings perussion vocalist and
+voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actor as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor as an
+um point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um point to
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning
+stop faster. Watch me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue. Long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue. Long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue. Long
+time pitch up, pitch down. So, we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pitch up, pitch down. So, we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pitch up, pitch down. So, we're at
+like 13 14 seconds. And to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 13 14 seconds. And to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 13 14 seconds. And to do a
+performance, we're probably about 40.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, we're probably about 40.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, we're probably about 40.
+So, be like another hour plus and we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, be like another hour plus and we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, be like another hour plus and we go
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+performance. Really, no problem. because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Really, no problem. because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Really, no problem. because
+I'm experienced at doing this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm experienced at doing this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm experienced at doing this and you
+would know the language and we make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know the language and we make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know the language and we make it
+you know several more steps you hear we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know several more steps you hear we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know several more steps you hear we
+would do a performance that would sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do a performance that would sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do a performance that would sound
+like we've been rehearsing for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've been rehearsing for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've been rehearsing for a long
+time from just I do it all the time I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from just I do it all the time I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from just I do it all the time I've
+done it hundreds of times in orchestras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it hundreds of times in orchestras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it hundreds of times in orchestras
+so it's very quick learning curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very quick learning curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very quick learning curve and
+then if you want to go deeper to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to go deeper to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you want to go deeper to the
+language take some time to get further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language take some time to get further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language take some time to get further
+and further into this to use notated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further into this to use notated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further into this to use notated
+material like what we're going to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material like what we're going to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material like what we're going to do in
+Brazil pallets and that's section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil pallets and that's section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazil pallets and that's section
+rehearsed music choreography visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsed music choreography visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsed music choreography visual
+design piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design piece of
+music I've done paintings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music I've done paintings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music I've done paintings of
+he orchestra miles there was recently a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he orchestra miles there was recently a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he orchestra miles there was recently a
+sound painting of death just last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painting of death just last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painting of death just last week
+in Paris Shakespeare's nothing and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paris Shakespeare's nothing and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Paris Shakespeare's nothing and where
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+use the pal we take the piece and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pal we take the piece and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pal we take the piece and take
+it apart and number them as pallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart and number them as pallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it apart and number them as pallets
+music palette one, dance palette five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music palette one, dance palette five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music palette one, dance palette five,
+you know, after pallet two, that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, after pallet two, that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, after pallet two, that kind of
+things. Then we take those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Then we take those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Then we take those things and
+get it into first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into first
+thing. Or you could say point to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Or you could say point to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Or you could say point to point
+with because we know with now, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because we know with now, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because we know with now, right? So
+point to point with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece with
+one. So there's all kinds of ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So there's all kinds of ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So there's all kinds of ways of
+working besides the ability to compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working besides the ability to compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working besides the ability to compose
+live. Don't use just use what you hear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live. Don't use just use what you hear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live. Don't use just use what you hear.
+Uh so again with so if I go scan with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so again with so if I go scan with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so again with so if I go scan with
+pointalism now you're only I've modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalism now you're only I've modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalism now you're only I've modified
+it and you're only doing pointalism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you're only doing pointalism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you're only doing pointalism.
+Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turn right. So it's only going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn right. So it's only going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn right. So it's only going to be
+pointless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+or point to point with the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or point to point with the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or point to point with the long
+tone. Now, when I pointed to you, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone. Now, when I pointed to you, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone. Now, when I pointed to you, you're
+going to play a long tone, but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play a long tone, but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play a long tone, but since
+you're in point to point, you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in point to point, you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in point to point, you would
+still have the ability to develop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the ability to develop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the ability to develop it
+because point to point says you develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because point to point says you develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because point to point says you develop
+your ideas slowly, right? So if I point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas slowly, right? So if I point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ideas slowly, right? So if I point
+you to kind of long tone after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of long tone after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to kind of long tone after
+establishing that long tone, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing that long tone, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishing that long tone, you can
+start to change its quality and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to change its quality and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to change its quality and you can
+move away from that long tone and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from that long tone and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move away from that long tone and doing
+something else you know but very slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you know but very slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you know but very slow
+movement like a motif can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement like a motif can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement like a motif can really
+develop. So let's try that. So really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Yeah. And really a really cool one is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And really a really cool one is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And really a really cool one is if
+you go scan with long tone and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go scan with long tone and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go scan with long tone and you're
+not going to be able to play a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to play a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be able to play a long
+tone. It's just going to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone. It's just going to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone. It's just going to sound
+like the only way the long tone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the only way the long tone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the only way the long tone will
+come out is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out is a
+soft and then it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and then it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and then it comes
+out. We'll just try that because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. We'll just try that because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. We'll just try that because it's
+actually really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really hard to
+do. So scan. So, first it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So scan. So, first it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So scan. So, first it's just going
+to be like staccato.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+exactly. Uh, okay. But I won't that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. Uh, okay. But I won't that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. Uh, okay. But I won't that's
+getting another step. I would do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting another step. I would do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting another step. I would do that.
+So, now point to point and I point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now point to point and I point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, now point to point and I point at
+somebody, you know, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody, you know, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody, you know, for
+example, and and I would say continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, and and I would say continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, and and I would say continue
+like this or continue like this. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or continue like this. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or continue like this. And now
+I want somebody to relate to what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want somebody to relate to what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want somebody to relate to what you're
+doing. Again, we're building language,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. Again, we're building language,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. Again, we're building language,
+you know. So, if you feel at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. So, if you feel at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. So, if you feel at some point
+you want me to slow down or tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to slow down or tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want me to slow down or tell you a
+story or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story or
+something, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, let me
+know. I can go eight hours without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. I can go eight hours without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. I can go eight hours without
+stopping. So, um, so let's imagine, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping. So, um, so let's imagine, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping. So, um, so let's imagine, you
+know, I pointed at you and I pointed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I pointed at you and I pointed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I pointed at you and I pointed to
+you in the play. Now, I want someone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the play. Now, I want someone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in the play. Now, I want someone to
+relate to this. The relationship that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to this. The relationship that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to this. The relationship that
+you do with this is up to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with this is up to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with this is up to you.
+you can relate to what's being played by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relate to what's being played by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can relate to what's being played by
+being supportive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being supportive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being supportive or
+contrasting, you know. So, I might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasting, you know. So, I might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasting, you know. So, I might look
+at you and make sure I'm identified. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you and make sure I'm identified. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at you and make sure I'm identified. You
+might be, you know, grass five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be, you know, grass five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be, you know, grass five or
+something. Grass five or two, pointed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using very sophisticated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is relate to
+arguments relate to and now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments relate to and now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments relate to and now instead of
+giving you a play gesture which is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a play gesture which is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a play gesture which is hard
+edged you know as we change from long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged you know as we change from long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edged you know as we change from long
+tone to pointalism those are very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone to pointalism those are very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone to pointalism those are very hard
+changes like changing the channel on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes like changing the channel on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes like changing the channel on the
+television set of thinking but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television set of thinking but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television set of thinking but in this
+case I'm saying relate to now I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm saying relate to now I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'm saying relate to now I don't
+want to give a hard name so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give a hard name so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give a hard name so what's
+called slowly it's a funny gesture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slowly it's a funny gesture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slowly it's a funny gesture I
+really want to take this home that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to take this home that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to take this home that means
+Enter within 5 seconds whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enter within 5 seconds whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enter within 5 seconds whatever it is
+that the sound painter has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sound painter has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sound painter has
+signed. It doesn't mean to crescendo to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed. It doesn't mean to crescendo to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed. It doesn't mean to crescendo to
+crescendo two different signs of it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendo two different signs of it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crescendo two different signs of it just
+means to start within 5 seconds. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to start within 5 seconds. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to start within 5 seconds. So then
+you you know so imagine you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know so imagine you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know so imagine you know you're
+playing you know say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you know say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you know say
+rel and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rel and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rel and then you
+come how you want contrasting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come how you want contrasting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come how you want contrasting or
+supportive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive
+or you know how you want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know how you want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know how you want.
+That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. It was the switch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It was the switch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. It was the switch of the
+percussionist. I'm real used to like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussionist. I'm real used to like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussionist. I'm real used to like,
+you know, cuz I work with dancers all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, cuz I work with dancers all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, cuz I work with dancers all
+the time and how did you do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We morphed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We morphed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We morphed.
+This is morphing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That would be that would be or it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be that would be or it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be that would be or it would
+be actually sign that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually sign that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually sign that would be
+percussion. You know, maybe you're one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion. You know, maybe you're one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion. You know, maybe you're one
+and percussion two change places.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and percussion two change places.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and percussion two change places.
+Change. Yeah, change places. Change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change. Yeah, change places. Change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Change. Yeah, change places. Change
+places. And when you would actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. And when you would actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places. And when you would actually do
+that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that,
+but walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slowly facing down stage. Well, you face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly facing down stage. Well, you face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly facing down stage. Well, you face
+up, you face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down. Yeah, because you know working the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Yeah, because you know working the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Yeah, because you know working the
+dance you have to work in all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance you have to work in all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance you have to work in all kinds of
+things. Okay. So, let's try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Okay. So, let's try this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Okay. So, let's try this
+relationship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So, it's just normal for so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, it's just normal for so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, it's just normal for so let me
+just tell you you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used so much to remember like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so much to remember like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so much to remember like you
+know and my group used to say oh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and my group used to say oh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and my group used to say oh let's
+can we just have a sheet of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just have a sheet of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we just have a sheet of what you're
+doing Walter and we'll put it on the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Walter and we'll put it on the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Walter and we'll put it on the you
+know we'll do this and so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll do this and so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll do this and so the whole
+orchestra has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orchestra has
+sheets and they never looked at it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets and they never looked at it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets and they never looked at it you
+know because you actually have to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because you actually have to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because you actually have to just
+take it in your body and you got to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it in your body and you got to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it in your body and you got to you
+have to make mistakes you know it's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make mistakes you know it's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make mistakes you know it's part
+of the learning curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the learning curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the learning curve you
+Some people learn visually and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some people learn visually and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some people learn visually and some
+people learn another way. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn another way. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn another way. You know,
+takes a little time. So, so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little time. So, so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a little time. So, so I'm going to
+go hopefully point to point. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go hopefully point to point. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go hopefully point to point. I'm going
+to point at somebody and have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point at somebody and have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point at somebody and have them
+continue. I'm going to look at somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue. I'm going to look at somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue. I'm going to look at somebody
+else and have them relate to what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and have them relate to what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and have them relate to what that
+person is doing. Okay. So, let's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is doing. Okay. So, let's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is doing. Okay. So, let's set
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and as much as you can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and as much as you can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and as much as you can come
+immediately so that there's no delay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so that there's no delay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately so that there's no delay in
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you to Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, good. Nice. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good. Nice. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, good. Nice. Good.
+Um, so we keep going. So you can relate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we keep going. So you can relate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we keep going. So you can relate.
+That was nice. You related to in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was nice. You related to in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was nice. You related to in a very
+uh friendly way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh friendly way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh friendly way or
+loving, but you can relate to over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving, but you can relate to over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loving, but you can relate to over the
+top or murderous intent, you know, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top or murderous intent, you know, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top or murderous intent, you know, how
+you want, you know, that's up to you. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want, you know, that's up to you. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want, you know, that's up to you. So
+if we were going to do a concert, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were going to do a concert, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were going to do a concert, I
+would I would work a little bit on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would work a little bit on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I would work a little bit on that
+with you, the details of getting you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you, the details of getting you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you, the details of getting you to
+open up to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up to the idea of
+relationships. Um, but we're not. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. Um, but we're not. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships. Um, but we're not. I'm
+going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So now
+minimalism. Minimalism is playing two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism. Minimalism is playing two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism. Minimalism is playing two or
+three notes. This is a big group, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notes. This is a big group, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three notes. This is a big group, you
+know, woods and brass and some strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, woods and brass and some strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, woods and brass and some strings
+and percussion. Uh so be very minimal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and percussion. Uh so be very minimal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and percussion. Uh so be very minimal.
+So if I was an actor, say, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I was an actor, say, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I was an actor, say, you know,
+actor, I'm a sound paint myself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor, I'm a sound paint myself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor, I'm a sound paint myself.
+Minimalism. Watch me. I'll give you four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beats. Right. Sure. Right. Sure. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats. Right. Sure. Right. Sure. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats. Right. Sure. Right. Sure. Right.
+Sure. Right. Sure. I chose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Right. Sure. I chose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Right. Sure. I chose something
+very simple, you know, and I'm repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple, you know, and I'm repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple, you know, and I'm repeating
+it over and over and over again. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over and over again. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and over and over again. Right.
+When I come in with four beats, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I come in with four beats, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When I come in with four beats, it
+doesn't mean playing four four, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean playing four four, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean playing four four, but it
+doesn't mean the fourth is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean the fourth is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean the fourth is going to
+happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with
+four. And then I would keep I'm pulsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. And then I would keep I'm pulsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. And then I would keep I'm pulsing
+in one just give it a pulse so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one just give it a pulse so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one just give it a pulse so that if
+you choose to come in and play 15 in 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose to come in and play 15 in 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose to come in and play 15 in 15
+or seven or five, that's your choice. or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven or five, that's your choice. or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or seven or five, that's your choice. or
+three or four, but it has to be minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four, but it has to be minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four, but it has to be minimal
+within that field. I'm only giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that field. I'm only giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that field. I'm only giving you
+four to get started and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to get started and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to get started and then I'm
+pulsing. Okay, let's do it. So, let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsing. Okay, let's do it. So, let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsing. Okay, let's do it. So, let's do
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+two. Immediately establish a cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Immediately establish a cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Immediately establish a cycle.
+Don't go searching searching. Don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't go searching searching. Don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't go searching searching. Don't go
+right away. Come up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away. Come up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away. Come up with something
+simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and
+establish. There you go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay. Now, when I do this and then give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, when I do this and then give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, when I do this and then give
+a loop, you change to something new or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop, you change to something new or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loop, you change to something new or
+alter what you're doing. So, this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter what you're doing. So, this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter what you're doing. So, this means
+to change. So, now you're going along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change. So, now you're going along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change. So, now you're going along
+with your first idea. You know, whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first idea. You know, whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your first idea. You know, whatever
+it is, you're going to do that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, you're going to do that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, you're going to do that and you
+change to something new or alter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to something new or alter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change to something new or alter what
+you're doing. Okay, let's try again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+How are you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Nice. Cool. Nice. Nice. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+Yeah. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ah, heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Hey, heat. Hey,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So, say there's something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, say there's something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, say there's something that
+we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing
+and I want you to remember it. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to remember it. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to remember it. I want to
+bring it back somewhere in peace. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back somewhere in peace. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back somewhere in peace. So,
+say if there's something like the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if there's something like the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if there's something like the last
+minimalism, I go this is memory one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism, I go this is memory one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalism, I go this is memory one.
+Now, you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Time to grow now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time to grow now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time to grow now,
+right? So in a sound painting, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So in a sound painting, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So in a sound painting, you can
+have as many as 10 memories if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many as 10 memories if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as many as 10 memories if you don't
+make them all big group members. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them all big group members. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them all big group members. Like
+say you know two or three people in room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know two or three people in room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know two or three people in room
+one, four or five people in room two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, four or five people in room two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, four or five people in room two,
+you know the whole group is memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole group is memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the whole group is memory
+three. You can build if you're skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. You can build if you're skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. You can build if you're skilled
+at something, you can build 10 memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something, you can build 10 memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at something, you can build 10 memories
+and use them. If I sign a memory in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use them. If I sign a memory in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use them. If I sign a memory in
+performance, then I'm going to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, then I'm going to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance, then I'm going to use it
+fairly quickly after I sign it. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly after I sign it. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly after I sign it. Um, and
+if I wanted to bring that memory back 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted to bring that memory back 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I wanted to bring that memory back 15
+minutes later than I haven't used it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later than I haven't used it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes later than I haven't used it,
+then I'm taking a risk and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm taking a risk and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm taking a risk and I know that
+and I'm not going to probably get what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to probably get what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not going to probably get what I
+thought, you know, because you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, you know, because you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, you know, because you're not
+going to remember, but I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something. And that's the idea of why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. And that's the idea of why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. And that's the idea of why I
+would do that. So that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that. So that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do that. So that's an interesting
+thing about live composing is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about live composing is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about live composing is because
+you make choices knowing that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make choices knowing that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make choices knowing that they're
+not going to know. They know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to know. They know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to know. They know the the
+rules so to speak, but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so to speak, but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so to speak, but they they
+remember it kind of doing this. So they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it kind of doing this. So they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it kind of doing this. So they
+go after as much as you can remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after as much as you can remember.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go after as much as you can remember.
+And that's a different choice than using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a different choice than using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's a different choice than using
+something immediately when you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something immediately when you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something immediately when you're going
+to get exactly. So use something later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get exactly. So use something later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get exactly. So use something later
+and and actually use that that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually use that that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and actually use that that that you
+know that loss of memory is a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that loss of memory is a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that loss of memory is a part of
+composing. So that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing. So that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing. So that's an interesting
+thing about this is making those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is making those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this is making those
+decisions in the moment. Again, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in the moment. Again, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions in the moment. Again, if we
+were to go to concert, if I working any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to go to concert, if I working any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to go to concert, if I working any
+of these gestures, when something comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gestures, when something comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gestures, when something comes
+back at me, I can think of maybe 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at me, I can think of maybe 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at me, I can think of maybe 50
+different things to do. You know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to do. You know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things to do. You know, it's
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one, but I choose one of choose two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but I choose one of choose two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but I choose one of choose two or
+three. So that's how it works. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So that's how it works. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So that's how it works. You're
+starting to get it now. I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get it now. I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get it now. I mean there's
+so many so many of these gestures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many so many of these gestures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many so many of these gestures that
+once anybody comes back with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once anybody comes back with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once anybody comes back with anything
+then I choose the next four directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I choose the next four directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I choose the next four directions
+to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take
+um so memory can be how you see it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so memory can be how you see it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so memory can be how you see it like
+don't move right let's say we're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move right let's say we're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move right let's say we're a
+multid-disiplinary group so stay where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multid-disiplinary group so stay where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multid-disiplinary group so stay where
+you are just how you seated legs across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are just how you seated legs across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are just how you seated legs across
+like this if we were working with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if we were working with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this if we were working with with
+actors and dancers you would then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and dancers you would then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and dancers you would then have
+to sit in what's called neutral Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit in what's called neutral Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sit in what's called neutral Because
+you when you work in theater, if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you work in theater, if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you work in theater, if you if
+this is a one-man show and I'm sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-man show and I'm sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-man show and I'm sitting
+on stage and as you walk into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stage and as you walk into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stage and as you walk into the
+theater, I'm sitting here, I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater, I'm sitting here, I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater, I'm sitting here, I have a
+character and I'm telling you a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and I'm telling you a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and I'm telling you a story
+already just by how I'm seated seated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already just by how I'm seated seated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already just by how I'm seated seated
+like this, you know, I seated like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you know, I seated like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you know, I seated like this.
+I'm speaking to you with movement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm speaking to you with movement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm speaking to you with movement at
+this point. So how you sit and alter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. So how you sit and alter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. So how you sit and alter
+this very sound and move is key to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very sound and move is key to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very sound and move is key to the
+success of the piece. So let's imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the piece. So let's imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success of the piece. So let's imagine I
+ask you to sit like this. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to sit like this. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to sit like this. Okay.
+Everything where your trumpet is, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything where your trumpet is, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everything where your trumpet is, your
+saxophone is remember everything. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophone is remember everything. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxophone is remember everything. So now
+I'm going to say whole group. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say whole group. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to say whole group. This is
+where you want. It's how you're seated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want. It's how you're seated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want. It's how you're seated
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the say whole group.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say whole group.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say whole group.
+Sit. Then I'll say slowly enter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sit. Then I'll say slowly enter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sit. Then I'll say slowly enter.
+Everybody will sit up flat on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody will sit up flat on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everybody will sit up flat on the floor
+but not yet because you need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not yet because you need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not yet because you need to remember
+where you're at. Just tell your trombone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're at. Just tell your trombone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're at. Just tell your trombone
+is everything. And then I'll say whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything. And then I'll say whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything. And then I'll say whole
+group maybe one slowly enter and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group maybe one slowly enter and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group maybe one slowly enter and you go
+back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this
+position. Okay. So very in the piece the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Okay. So very in the piece the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. Okay. So very in the piece the
+audience is back checking it out. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is back checking it out. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is back checking it out. I've
+got you to this somehow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, you know, everybody from Duke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you know, everybody from Duke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you know, everybody from Duke
+Ellington to Sun Rob to Anthony Braxton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington to Sun Rob to Anthony Braxton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ellington to Sun Rob to Anthony Braxton
+to all the people on the AM have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the people on the AM have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all the people on the AM have worked
+with theater. The art ensemble Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with theater. The art ensemble Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with theater. The art ensemble Chicago
+was all about theater. Duke Ellington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all about theater. Duke Ellington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all about theater. Duke Ellington
+used to have his members of this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have his members of this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have his members of this group
+stand up and say things and speak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and say things and speak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and say things and speak and
+talk to each other. Then they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other. Then they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other. Then they would
+launch off into something else. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch off into something else. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launch off into something else. So
+theater is a huge part of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater is a huge part of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater is a huge part of being a
+musician on the stage as a musician.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician on the stage as a musician.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musician on the stage as a musician.
+Choruses often work theater, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choruses often work theater, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choruses often work theater, you know,
+often do different things. So I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do different things. So I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do different things. So I love
+doing that in sound. It's part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in sound. It's part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in sound. It's part of my
+work as a sounder. Although I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as a sounder. Although I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as a sounder. Although I have a
+sound string quartet and we're like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound string quartet and we're like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound string quartet and we're like this
+very new music sort of approach to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new music sort of approach to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very new music sort of approach to you
+know what I'm composing there. Um but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm composing there. Um but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm composing there. Um but I
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+working. So what we just did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. So what we just did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working. So what we just did was
+interdisciplinary. So if we were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary. So if we were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary. So if we were working
+uh doing concert with actors and dancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing concert with actors and dancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing concert with actors and dancers
+as part of the group then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the group then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as part of the group then you would
+learn certain things about movement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn certain things about movement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn certain things about movement and
+certain things about acting. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things about acting. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things about acting. So that
+these worlds come together. you're that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these worlds come together. you're that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these worlds come together. you're that
+you're not a musician. There's an actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a musician. There's an actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not a musician. There's an actor
+sitting next to you and you share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to you and you share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting next to you and you share
+nothing. You know, this is why it's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. You know, this is why it's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. You know, this is why it's why
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+interdisciplinary for me. I I I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary for me. I I I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdisciplinary for me. I I I need
+that in my work. Um, okay, let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my work. Um, okay, let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in my work. Um, okay, let's keep
+going. This means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. This means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. This means to
+improvise. So, if I look at you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise. So, if I look at you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise. So, if I look at you and I
+say, you know, maybe a woodwind 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, you know, maybe a woodwind 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, you know, maybe a woodwind 10
+improvise slowly. Now, you do what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise slowly. Now, you do what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvise slowly. Now, you do what you
+want.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want.
+That's your that's the wide open space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's your that's the wide open space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's your that's the wide open space
+for you. It's John C. You know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. It's John C. You know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. It's John C. You know when you
+are taking a soul simply put what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking a soul simply put what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are taking a soul simply put what I'll
+never do because I learned the hard way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do because I learned the hard way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do because I learned the hard way
+many years ago is what I'll never do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago is what I'll never do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years ago is what I'll never do is
+look at you and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at you and then do
+this and stop you in the middle of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and stop you in the middle of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and stop you in the middle of that
+because you'll yell at me later for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll yell at me later for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll yell at me later for
+stopping you in the middle of your solo,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping you in the middle of your solo,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping you in the middle of your solo,
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know. And that's what happened to me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. And that's what happened to me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. And that's what happened to me.
+You might want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might want to know
+that all of this stuff isn't theor comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of this stuff isn't theor comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of this stuff isn't theor comes
+from theory. It comes from practice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from theory. It comes from practice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from theory. It comes from practice.
+That's how I created all this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how I created all this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's how I created all this language
+in the moment, so to speak. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moment, so to speak. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the moment, so to speak. So, what
+I'll do is I would say, you know, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do is I would say, you know, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do is I would say, you know, if I
+say you would intend to improvise slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you would intend to improvise slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you would intend to improvise slowly
+into now, you're improvising and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into now, you're improvising and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into now, you're improvising and and I
+want you to kind of wrap it up or hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to kind of wrap it up or hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to kind of wrap it up or hear
+this wrapping up. I'll look at you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wrapping up. I'll look at you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wrapping up. I'll look at you and
+I'll say it's it means finish your idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it's it means finish your idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say it's it means finish your idea.
+You have up to a minute and a half to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have up to a minute and a half to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have up to a minute and a half to
+stop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you take
+it, you take that minute or you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you take that minute or you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, you take that minute or you take
+that 30 seconds or you take that minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 30 seconds or you take that minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 30 seconds or you take that minute
+and a half, you know, because I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half, you know, because I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half, you know, because I want you
+to be comfortable as a network boxer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be comfortable as a network boxer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be comfortable as a network boxer so
+that I don't shut you down, you know. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't shut you down, you know. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't shut you down, you know. So
+then there'll be no trust if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there'll be no trust if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there'll be no trust if I do this
+to you constantly or this asking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you constantly or this asking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you constantly or this asking to
+quit. There's no trust. So anyway, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit. There's no trust. So anyway, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit. There's no trust. So anyway, when
+I give this gesture, it'll be the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give this gesture, it'll be the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give this gesture, it'll be the only
+way out of it when there's an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out of it when there's an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out of it when there's an individual
+materialistic. The only way out of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialistic. The only way out of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materialistic. The only way out of it is
+an individual is this. But if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual is this. But if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual is this. But if I say
+pointtooint with the device, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointtooint with the device, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointtooint with the device, which is
+really just wide open, you know, so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just wide open, you know, so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just wide open, you know, so now
+you're really developing as fast as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really developing as fast as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really developing as fast as you
+want, as much as you want. So I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, as much as you want. So I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want, as much as you want. So I said
+continue, then in this case, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue, then in this case, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue, then in this case, because
+it's not the same idea, then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same idea, then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the same idea, then I could
+stop you like this. But this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you like this. But this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop you like this. But this one is
+saying I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sol.
+Um, so as far as our exit gestures, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so as far as our exit gestures, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so as far as our exit gestures, our
+off gestures, we have stop this way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off gestures, we have stop this way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off gestures, we have stop this way,
+slowly exit, finish your idea. As far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly exit, finish your idea. As far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly exit, finish your idea. As far as
+the play gestures, we have go and slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play gestures, we have go and slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the play gestures, we have go and slowly
+go. So this is coming within 5 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So this is coming within 5 seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So this is coming within 5 seconds.
+So let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's let's
+try long slowly enter and you'll enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try long slowly enter and you'll enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try long slowly enter and you'll enter
+the piece for 5 seconds. No machine just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece for 5 seconds. No machine just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece for 5 seconds. No machine just
+begin. You might begin one second, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin. You might begin one second, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin. You might begin one second, you
+might begin 5 seconds and other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might begin 5 seconds and other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might begin 5 seconds and other people
+in between that. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we get a softer edge to the change by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get a softer edge to the change by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get a softer edge to the change by
+doing this instead of this hard edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this instead of this hard edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this instead of this hard edge.
+Another way of doing it. Um okay, next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way of doing it. Um okay, next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way of doing it. Um okay, next
+gesture is you good? Your brain's okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture is you good? Your brain's okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture is you good? Your brain's okay?
+Any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions?
+Have you ever worked with a smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you ever worked with a smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you ever worked with a smell
+artist? Like someone who makes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist? Like someone who makes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist? Like someone who makes like
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+Yeah. Yes. Yes. Yeah. What was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yes. Yes. Yeah. What was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yes. Yes. Yeah. What was that
+like? It's great. I mean, because I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? It's great. I mean, because I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? It's great. I mean, because I work
+in theater, you know, so it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theater, you know, so it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theater, you know, so it's not like
+Anthony Braxton told me a story, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony Braxton told me a story, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony Braxton told me a story, you
+know, that he was in Paris some years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that he was in Paris some years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, that he was in Paris some years
+back and they came to see he and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and they came to see he and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and they came to see he and uh
+Leroy Jenkins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leroy Jenkins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leroy Jenkins and
+um it was Andrew Surell. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was Andrew Surell. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was Andrew Surell. I don't know
+who the tour was, but they came they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the tour was, but they came they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who the tour was, but they came they
+came to the concert and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the concert and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to the concert and there was
+Anthony and and whoever else it was,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony and and whoever else it was,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthony and and whoever else it was,
+Leroy, I believe and one other person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leroy, I believe and one other person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leroy, I believe and one other person
+and they were cooking on stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were cooking on stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were cooking on stage
+and the audience was, you know, almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audience was, you know, almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the audience was, you know, almost
+like cages 433. I mean, they were ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cages 433. I mean, they were ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cages 433. I mean, they were ready
+to like crucify them for cooking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like crucify them for cooking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like crucify them for cooking on
+stage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage.
+you know, I thought it was cool and it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I thought it was cool and it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, I thought it was cool and it,
+you know, so it influenced me and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so it influenced me and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so it influenced me and and
+yeah, I've used cooking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, so yeah, it's very it's very, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so yeah, it's very it's very, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so yeah, it's very it's very, you
+know, I work with laptop performers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I work with laptop performers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I work with laptop performers or
+circus play. I did a piece um uh three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus play. I did a piece um uh three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circus play. I did a piece um uh three
+years ago with 125 circus performers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago with 125 circus performers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago with 125 circus performers and
+we made a piece with 100 politicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and next year I have a piece in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next year I have a piece in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next year I have a piece in New York
+with seven trial workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with seven trial workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with seven trial workers
+so they work as actors you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they work as actors you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they work as actors you know and and
+the circus performers worked at work as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circus performers worked at work as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circus performers worked at work as
+movers and actors but there was real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movers and actors but there was real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movers and actors but there was real
+hard that was the most difficult thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that was the most difficult thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that was the most difficult thing
+was working with the circus performers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working with the circus performers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working with the circus performers
+because They could not get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because They could not get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because They could not get rid of
+the no matter, you know, because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no matter, you know, because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the no matter, you know, because they're
+used to doing that at the end of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to doing that at the end of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to doing that at the end of their
+routine. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go and I'm not kidding. I could not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I'm not kidding. I could not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I'm not kidding. I could not get
+them to stop that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to stop that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to stop that.
+It was in the body, you know, the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was in the body, you know, the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was in the body, you know, the years
+of training, you know, and I could not,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of training, you know, and I could not,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of training, you know, and I could not,
+it was really hard to get them to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really hard to get them to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really hard to get them to to
+when they made a mistake, as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they made a mistake, as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they made a mistake, as we've been
+speaking about, to actually work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about, to actually work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about, to actually work with
+the mistake, especially when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake, especially when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistake, especially when they were
+juggling seven lit back and forth with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling seven lit back and forth with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling seven lit back and forth with
+the lights out, you know, and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights out, you know, and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights out, you know, and they were
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fire. I'm not I'm not kidding. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire. I'm not I'm not kidding. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire. I'm not I'm not kidding. So, the
+idea was and I rehearsed this with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was and I rehearsed this with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was and I rehearsed this with them
+for like two weeks. did the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like two weeks. did the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like two weeks. did the performance
+in Oslo and and uh and they if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Oslo and and uh and they if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Oslo and and uh and they if they
+dropped something when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped something when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped something when they were
+juggling, they were supposed to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling, they were supposed to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juggling, they were supposed to kind of
+work with it and bang it on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it and bang it on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it and bang it on the floor
+and hit it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hit it on your
+leg except for the fire ones, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg except for the fire ones, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg except for the fire ones, right? And
+uh they had such a hard time doing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they had such a hard time doing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they had such a hard time doing it.
+And so what I had to do with this thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what I had to do with this thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so what I had to do with this thing,
+there was a there wasund and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there wasund and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a there wasund and something
+people. So what I did was I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So what I did was I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. So what I did was I I
+choreographed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choreographed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choreographed
+uh uh this was a movement pallet one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this was a movement pallet one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh this was a movement pallet one for
+some of the other performers and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other performers and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the other performers and I would
+say you know prepare prepare movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know prepare prepare movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know prepare prepare movement
+pallet one and they would stand up about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet one and they would stand up about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pallet one and they would stand up about
+50 people and then I would say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 people and then I would say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 people and then I would say you know
+you know moving pallet one and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving pallet one and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving pallet one and do this
+and then I had 50 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going. So I took what was bothering me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So I took what was bothering me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So I took what was bothering me
+and used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It worked.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It worked.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It worked.
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+shapewise. I'm going to go whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapewise. I'm going to go whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapewise. I'm going to go whole group
+shapew and then I'm going to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapew and then I'm going to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapew and then I'm going to go into
+neutral. This is this is living graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. This is this is living graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. This is this is living graphic
+meditation. So when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation. So when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meditation. So when I
+move, you're going to follow me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, you're going to follow me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move, you're going to follow me with
+sound. But you don't have to do it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. But you don't have to do it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. But you don't have to do it as
+like lando like it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lando like it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lando like it could be
+pointalistic. You know, you could leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalistic. You know, you could leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalistic. You know, you could leave
+space in it. But look at what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in it. But look at what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in it. But look at what I'm doing
+with my body and relate to it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my body and relate to it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my body and relate to it with
+sound. And this comes from my work as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. And this comes from my work as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound. And this comes from my work as a
+saxoponist with two dancers who I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxoponist with two dancers who I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saxoponist with two dancers who I worked
+with for eight years and was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for eight years and was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for eight years and was always
+improvising to their set dances. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvising to their set dances. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvising to their set dances. And I
+came up with this chest shape. I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this chest shape. I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this chest shape. I thought
+oh let me just you know look at the look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me just you know look at the look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let me just you know look at the look
+at what I'm doing my body whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what I'm doing my body whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what I'm doing my body whatever it is
+and and relate to it. Let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and relate to it. Let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and relate to it. Let's see what
+happens. And the only way out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. And the only way out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens. And the only way out of this
+one, the whole neutral one, go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, the whole neutral one, go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, the whole neutral one, go to
+neutral. Move a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. Move a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. Move a little
+bit. Go to neutral. That's silence. Move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Go to neutral. That's silence. Move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. Go to neutral. That's silence. Move
+a little bit more. Move a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more. Move a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more. Move a little bit
+more. Go back to silence. And then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Go back to silence. And then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Go back to silence. And then to
+get out of this, I can't I can't sign.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of this, I can't I can't sign.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of this, I can't I can't sign.
+Oh, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go. So the only way out, this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So the only way out, this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So the only way out, this is an
+irregular verb in sounding. The only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular verb in sounding. The only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irregular verb in sounding. The only way
+out is is to use watch me. So I go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is is to use watch me. So I go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is is to use watch me. So I go back
+to the neutral and I say watch me. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neutral and I say watch me. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the neutral and I say watch me. And
+now it's now I can go on to any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's now I can go on to any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's now I can go on to any other
+side. Okay, let's try.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Yeah.
+Good. So, so it's really interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So, so it's really interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. So, so it's really interesting.
+So, you know, you can either take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you can either take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you can either take
+something like this and work with it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and work with it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this and work with it for
+a little whileing or there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little whileing or there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little whileing or there's something
+going on. You just look at, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. You just look at, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on. You just look at, you know,
+just the movements shape and you like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the movements shape and you like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the movements shape and you like a
+little piece and then get out of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece and then get out of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little piece and then get out of it and
+go on to something else. you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to something else. you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to something else. you know, the
+gestures can be used and you can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures can be used and you can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures can be used and you can work
+with them for a while depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them for a while depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them for a while depending on the
+piece or they can just be used up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece or they can just be used up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece or they can just be used up really
+quickly. Um, okay. Extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Um, okay. Extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. Um, okay. Extended
+techniques looking gesture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques looking gesture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques looking gesture in the
+language, something my father used to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, something my father used to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, something my father used to do
+in my mother years ago,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mother years ago,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my mother years ago,
+but it was a loving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a loving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a loving
+and it needs alternate techniques on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it needs alternate techniques on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it needs alternate techniques on the
+instruments pop inside the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments pop inside the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments pop inside the same
+techniques. Let's try something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. Let's try something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques. Let's try something
+different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Flutter I'm gonna say scan with extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flutter I'm gonna say scan with extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flutter I'm gonna say scan with extended
+techniques.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+because you came in. That's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you came in. That's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you came in. That's exactly what
+you do. what what exactly that I mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do. what what exactly that I mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do. what what exactly that I mean so
+if you go out it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go out it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go out it's like the
+acknowledgement and everybody knows oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement and everybody knows oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement and everybody knows oh
+you made a mistake you know and plus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made a mistake you know and plus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made a mistake you know and plus it
+doesn't work for the whole you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for the whole you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for the whole you know
+momentum of the piece so good so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the piece so good so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the piece so good so that's
+extended techniques and we can do point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended techniques and we can do point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended techniques and we can do point
+to point with extended techniques you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point with extended techniques you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point with extended techniques you
+know shape line let's do that shape line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know shape line let's do that shape line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know shape line let's do that shape line
+these are all modes scanning point shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all modes scanning point shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all modes scanning point shape
+line modes so shape line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, there's so many different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there's so many different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there's so many different places
+to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with
+that. Anyway, I won't get into that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Anyway, I won't get into that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Anyway, I won't get into that.
+I'll never get to these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never get to these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll never get to these other
+gestures. A hit, just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures. A hit, just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures. A hit, just a
+simple point, simple sound. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple point, simple sound. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple point, simple sound. In other
+words, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, you're
+like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like,
+"Oh, okay. Real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, okay. Real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Oh, okay. Real
+short. Prep it here and then together."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short. Prep it here and then together."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short. Prep it here and then together."
+And exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And exactly.
+So now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now a
+low I'll stay in the box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low I'll stay in the box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low I'll stay in the box and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you exactly you know then there's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly you know then there's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly you know then there's a way
+to stick those kinds of patterns you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick those kinds of patterns you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick those kinds of patterns you
+know so that you can actually like put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that you can actually like put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that you can actually like put
+things out there and stick them so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out there and stick them so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out there and stick them so they
+stay actually called the stick. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay actually called the stick. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay actually called the stick. So then
+I stick the pattern so it's called stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stick the pattern so it's called stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stick the pattern so it's called stick
+hip stick hip. Now, when I repeat my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip stick hip. Now, when I repeat my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hip stick hip. Now, when I repeat my
+movement two or three times, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement two or three times, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement two or three times, you're
+going to know that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know that I want you to
+continue with that movement, so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with that movement, so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue with that movement, so to
+speak. Okay? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, if I take it and start to speed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I take it and start to speed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I take it and start to speed it
+up, you're not going to be able to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, you're not going to be able to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, you're not going to be able to stay
+together. And I know that and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And I know that and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And I know that and I don't
+expect that you will. But something will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that you will. But something will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that you will. But something will
+happen. As long as you maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. As long as you maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. As long as you maintain
+integrity, it becomes then individual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity, it becomes then individual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity, it becomes then individual.
+This is individual, this is collective,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is individual, this is collective,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is individual, this is collective,
+it becomes in an individual effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes in an individual effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes in an individual effort to
+speed up and it starts to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up and it starts to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed up and it starts to become
+intertwined. So this is a gesture called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwined. So this is a gesture called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwined. So this is a gesture called
+intertwining but actually happening not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwining but actually happening not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intertwining but actually happening not
+silent. So then you intertwine it as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent. So then you intertwine it as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent. So then you intertwine it as it
+starts to speed up. Okay. Anyway, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to speed up. Okay. Anyway, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to speed up. Okay. Anyway, just
+so you know, that's what I would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know, that's what I would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know, that's what I would expect
+to have happen. I really expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have happen. I really expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have happen. I really expect to be
+able to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to keep
+together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together.
+Um, a hit always goes back. So, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a hit always goes back. So, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a hit always goes back. So, if
+you're in a long tone, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a long tone, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a long tone, we
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+what you Okay. Always goes back. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you Okay. Always goes back. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you Okay. Always goes back. So,
+let's put it long tone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you you would get used to it. Tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you would get used to it. Tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you would get used to it. Tomorrow
+would be ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be ready to
+go. So now let's imagine that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So now let's imagine that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. So now let's imagine that we have a
+long tone going on. Now if you were up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tone going on. Now if you were up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tone going on. Now if you were up
+here sounding or you were sounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sounding or you were sounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here sounding or you were sounding
+somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody
+else, you just begun it and you say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, you just begun it and you say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, you just begun it and you say you
+have a long tone going. Now you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long tone going. Now you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a long tone going. Now you want to
+use scan, you know, for example, a mode,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use scan, you know, for example, a mode,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use scan, you know, for example, a mode,
+but there's already a sound going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's already a sound going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's already a sound going
+on. If you did this to a sound register,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. If you did this to a sound register,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. If you did this to a sound register,
+like, you know, a Mel or some register,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, a Mel or some register,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you know, a Mel or some register,
+and you scan it, it's a long tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you scan it, it's a long tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you scan it, it's a long tone
+moment, and you just said whole group,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment, and you just said whole group,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment, and you just said whole group,
+scan it, and you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it, and you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it, and you did
+this, everybody in the group would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, everybody in the group would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, everybody in the group would not
+respond. It just continued in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond. It just continued in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond. It just continued in the long
+term. So why doesn't that work? Why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. So why doesn't that work? Why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. So why doesn't that work? Why is
+this? Because if it if in a nutshell, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Because if it if in a nutshell, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this? Because if it if in a nutshell, if
+you if you were able to do that, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you were able to do that, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you were able to do that, it
+would limit the possibilities of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would limit the possibilities of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would limit the possibilities of what
+you can do with the language. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the language. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with the language. So in
+order to be able to have a long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to have a long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to be able to have a long term
+going on and to put something else on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and to put something else on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and to put something else on
+top of it, it's called a layer scan. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it, it's called a layer scan. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it, it's called a layer scan. And
+so now you have a long time going on. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a long time going on. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a long time going on. I
+say layer scanning. Now, as my arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say layer scanning. Now, as my arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say layer scanning. Now, as my arm
+passes by, it's normal scanning. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes by, it's normal scanning. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes by, it's normal scanning. You
+choose what you want to do as my arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what you want to do as my arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what you want to do as my arm
+passes by. And after it goes by, we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes by. And after it goes by, we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes by. And after it goes by, we go
+back to a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a long
+time. Okay. So, it's turning. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So, it's turning. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So, it's turning. It's a
+replacement layer on the top as my arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement layer on the top as my arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement layer on the top as my arm
+goes by.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by.
+Okay. Let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Exactly. So you layer you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So you layer you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. So you layer you can you can
+layer point to point or you can layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer point to point or you can layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer point to point or you can layer
+any of the modes. So you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the modes. So you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the modes. So you know what I
+mean? So the so that's layer scanning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? So the so that's layer scanning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? So the so that's layer scanning.
+There's there's 20 different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's 20 different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's there's 20 different types of
+scanning in sort of the first two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning in sort of the first two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning in sort of the first two levels
+of the language you know. So you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language you know. So you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language you know. So you can do
+all kinds of things but with modes. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things but with modes. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of things but with modes. Uh
+so another to work with is called modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another to work with is called modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another to work with is called modify
+scan or it could be modify shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan or it could be modify shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan or it could be modify shape and
+modify point modify scan. Now as my art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify point modify scan. Now as my art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify point modify scan. Now as my art
+goes by we're going to long tone repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by we're going to long tone repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes by we're going to long tone repeat
+simple. Now make the long tone louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Now make the long tone louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Now make the long tone louder
+make it softer. Make change the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it softer. Make change the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it softer. Make change the quality
+of it. Do something to the long tone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Do something to the long tone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Do something to the long tone.
+Add a flutter tone to it. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add a flutter tone to it. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add a flutter tone to it. You know
+something. Do something. Change vibr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Do something. Change vibr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. Do something. Change vibr
+whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+first simple right now one more with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first simple right now one more with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first simple right now one more with the
+layer idea. I'll say layer of scan with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer idea. I'll say layer of scan with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer idea. I'll say layer of scan with
+volume high. So now as I go by you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume high. So now as I go by you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume high. So now as I go by you just
+you're going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to just
+model the layer of what you're doing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the layer of what you're doing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the layer of what you're doing. So
+I'm just layering I'll now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just layering I'll now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just layering I'll now you know
+partic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Now that would have been all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that would have been all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that would have been all those
+people that I said continue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that I said continue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that I said continue.
+So then I said continue and then I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I said continue and then I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I said continue and then I said
+rest of the group Paul. Okay. But I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the group Paul. Okay. But I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the group Paul. Okay. But I left
+that. Let's do that one time. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Let's do that one time. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Let's do that one time. So we have
+rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group. Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on. Ah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I was going to take it take it there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to take it take it there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was going to take it take it there for
+a minute. So, we'll do that before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute. So, we'll do that before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute. So, we'll do that before we
+you know I'll keep going and go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'll keep going and go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'll keep going and go through
+the language and then we'll do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and then we'll do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the language and then we'll do a little
+piece so you can when you make mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so you can when you make mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so you can when you make mistakes
+you have to hang on you know don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to hang on you know don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to hang on you know don't worry
+about the mistake and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mistake and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the mistake and that's where
+really becomes apparent. Oh yeah, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really becomes apparent. Oh yeah, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really becomes apparent. Oh yeah, it's
+not so easy to do actually. But let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to do actually. But let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to do actually. But let's
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+going because we really could go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because we really could go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because we really could go to a
+concert. So this How's my great? Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert. So this How's my great? Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert. So this How's my great? Good.
+Can I ask you four or five questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I ask you four or five questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can I ask you four or five questions?
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Give you a mental break for a second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give you a mental break for a second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Give you a mental break for a second and
+then we'll review. This is just fabulous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll review. This is just fabulous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll review. This is just fabulous
+that we can begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can begin
+to but I have four things to get. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but I have four things to get. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but I have four things to get. One is
+to Have you done this where there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Have you done this where there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Have you done this where there's been
+audience participation? Uh, okay. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience participation? Uh, okay. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience participation? Uh, okay. I
+assume so. Yeah. Let me just address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume so. Yeah. Let me just address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume so. Yeah. Let me just address
+that real quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that real quickly.
+U because I work so much in theater. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U because I work so much in theater. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U because I work so much in theater. We
+have in theater we have this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in theater we have this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in theater we have this thing
+called the fourth wall, you know, and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fourth wall, you know, and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the fourth wall, you know, and um
+I love working with the audience because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love working with the audience because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love working with the audience because
+uh um they're out there in sound and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um they're out there in sound and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um they're out there in sound and I'm
+selfish and I work with sound. So what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish and I work with sound. So what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selfish and I work with sound. So what I
+do I'll often a sound painting is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll often a sound painting is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll often a sound painting is an
+hour long and it feels like it's 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour long and it feels like it's 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour long and it feels like it's 15
+minutes. It's kind of like minimalism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It's kind of like minimalism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It's kind of like minimalism in
+that you never played a minimalist piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you never played a minimalist piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you never played a minimalist piece
+it like really seems very short because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like really seems very short because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like really seems very short because
+some it does something to the perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it does something to the perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some it does something to the perception
+time perception. So I usually do an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time perception. So I usually do an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time perception. So I usually do an hour
+piece and somewhere in maybe the 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and somewhere in maybe the 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and somewhere in maybe the 50
+minute mark I can feel that as we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute mark I can feel that as we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute mark I can feel that as we all
+came when we play music since such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came when we play music since such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came when we play music since such a
+time marked um I'll say to the group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time marked um I'll say to the group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time marked um I'll say to the group to
+get the audience there the audience has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the audience there the audience has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the audience there the audience has
+watched this I just did it recently a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched this I just did it recently a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched this I just did it recently a
+bunch of times recently and the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times recently and the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times recently and the audience
+is watching this and seeing all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is watching this and seeing all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is watching this and seeing all these
+signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs
+um so they they get an idea what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they they get an idea what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so they they get an idea what's going
+on and believe it or not they're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and believe it or not they're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and believe it or not they're kind of
+ready to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if they're not, there's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if they're not, there's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if they're not, there's another way
+that I work with them. So, so somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I work with them. So, so somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I work with them. So, so somewhere
+in the piece, I'll say whole group long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piece, I'll say whole group long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the piece, I'll say whole group long
+tone with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tone with
+voice. Now, the whole group will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice. Now, the whole group will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice. Now, the whole group will
+go and I'll turn to the audience. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I'll turn to the audience. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I'll turn to the audience. Yeah.
+And then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do and I'll bring one up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I'll bring one up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and I'll bring one up and
+bring you know and then I'll say scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you know and then I'll say scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring you know and then I'll say scan
+but I'll use speaking scan with speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll use speaking scan with speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll use speaking scan with speaking
+and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speak you know and then hits with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak you know and then hits with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak you know and then hits with
+speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h you know and if and so I teach maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h you know and if and so I teach maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h you know and if and so I teach maybe a
+handful of gestures and then bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of gestures and then bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of gestures and then bring the
+audience in. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience in. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience in. And
+if like in Sweden, we have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like in Sweden, we have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like in Sweden, we have something
+that's called wa. Sweden is very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called wa. Sweden is very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called wa. Sweden is very much
+like uh Japanese in culture. You never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Japanese in culture. You never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh Japanese in culture. You never
+hug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hug
+anybody. You only shake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody. You only shake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody. You only shake
+hands, you know. So working with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands, you know. So working with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands, you know. So working with an
+audience that has model which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience that has model which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience that has model which means you
+really you know I've had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know I've had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really you know I've had a lot of
+problems and until I learned model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and until I learned model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and until I learned model I
+lost it work because I was too over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost it work because I was too over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost it work because I was too over the
+top as a New Yorker you know let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top as a New Yorker you know let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top as a New Yorker you know let's do
+this you know if you have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know if you have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know if you have that kind of
+attitude you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude you
+don't so so Swedish audience you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so so Swedish audience you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so so Swedish audience you know
+but I did this to them so when I group a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did this to them so when I group a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I did this to them so when I group a
+long tone to sing it and then one turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tone to sing it and then one turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tone to sing it and then one turn
+to the Swedish audience they weren't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Swedish audience they weren't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Swedish audience they weren't so
+So I said whole group I did this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I said whole group I did this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I said whole group I did this and
+this means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heckle the entire orchestra said hey you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heckle the entire orchestra said hey you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heckle the entire orchestra said hey you
+can't do anything what's the matter go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything what's the matter go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do anything what's the matter go
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+can't really so then I turned to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really so then I turned to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really so then I turned to the to
+the public and I said to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public and I said to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public and I said to the
+public and and they there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and and they there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and and they there was no
+longer it broke right down you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it broke right down you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer it broke right down you know and
+so then I said the orchestra yell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I said the orchestra yell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then I said the orchestra yell and
+the public gentlemen I had the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public gentlemen I had the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public gentlemen I had the whole
+group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know it's it's theater I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's theater I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's theater I mean
+Shakespeare that's what used to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare that's what used to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare that's what used to happen
+in the days of Shakespeare you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the days of Shakespeare you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the days of Shakespeare you know this
+is part of theater the audience involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of theater the audience involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of theater the audience involved
+Shakespeare is so anyway yes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare is so anyway yes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare is so anyway yes a lot of
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the this are there ever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the this are there ever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the this are there ever uh
+duets do you ever relinquish some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duets do you ever relinquish some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duets do you ever relinquish some
+control um so that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um so that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control um so that they would
+have could they det with themselves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have could they det with themselves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have could they det with themselves or
+how does that you think the sky's is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that you think the sky's is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that you think the sky's is the
+limit. The sky's is the limit. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. The sky's is the limit. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit. The sky's is the limit. Okay.
+Yeah. Absolutely. You know, we're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Absolutely. You know, we're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Absolutely. You know, we're right
+now you're learning the language in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're learning the language in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're learning the language in and
+I'm going through these things quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going through these things quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going through these things quickly
+at times in in a piece just like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times in in a piece just like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at times in in a piece just like you're
+playing your instrument where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing your instrument where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing your instrument where you can
+play very fast at times. So, can I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play very fast at times. So, can I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play very fast at times. So, can I move
+fast, you know, and make these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast, you know, and make these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast, you know, and make these things
+happen very quickly. But I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen very quickly. But I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen very quickly. But I'm not going
+to play fast all night, you know. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play fast all night, you know. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play fast all night, you know. That's
+boring, you know. So, I I I change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring, you know. So, I I I change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring, you know. So, I I I change it
+up. You know, I might play a solo. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. You know, I might play a solo. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. You know, I might play a solo. I
+might make let them sit for a while. Or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make let them sit for a while. Or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might make let them sit for a while. Or
+we might use what's called a flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might use what's called a flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might use what's called a flying
+fish,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish,
+which is a group that's it's flying fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a group that's it's flying fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a group that's it's flying fish
+and it's a group that's separate. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a group that's separate. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a group that's separate. It's a
+it's an entity that takes off on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an entity that takes off on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an entity that takes off on its
+own. Wow. So, there's there's triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own. Wow. So, there's there's triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own. Wow. So, there's there's triggers
+also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also.
+So there's all this kind of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's all this kind of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's all this kind of all these
+sorts of things and also there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things and also there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of things and also there's um
+there's more than one sound painter at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one sound painter at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than one sound painter at a
+time with a group this size from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a group this size from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a group this size from three
+to four sound painters but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four sound painters but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four sound painters but often
+two. So during the piece I might look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So during the piece I might look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So during the piece I might look
+you might be sound number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be sound number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be sound number
+two which means come up and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which means come up and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which means come up and then you
+come up and you take two. Wow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and you take two. Wow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up and you take two. Wow.
+Yeah. We'll try that. We'll get one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. We'll try that. We'll get one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. We'll try that. We'll get one of
+your opinion to do that so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opinion to do that so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opinion to do that so you can see
+what I mean. It's really cool. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean. It's really cool. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean. It's really cool. You have
+to really listen. It's a duet playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really listen. It's a duet playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really listen. It's a duet playing
+two pianos and two saxopones.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's fun. I just quick it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's fun. I just quick it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's fun. I just quick it's
+just I Does Do you Does the face get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I Does Do you Does the face get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I Does Do you Does the face get
+used only to enhance the gesture or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only to enhance the gesture or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used only to enhance the gesture or do
+you ever use it separately?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you do in shape line in shape line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do in shape line in shape line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do in shape line in shape line
+you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go
+you know when I'm making an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I'm making an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I'm making an expression
+that's great or you can say you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great or you can say you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great or you can say you can say
+you know actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know actor
+one long tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one long tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one long tone
+with this is body or you say with face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is body or you say with face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this is body or you say with face
+and this is and this is or this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is and this is or this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is and this is or this is if
+and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not
+okay and wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and wow
+speak point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak point.
+So they have a long face and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they have a long face and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So they have a long face and they're
+speaking. It's almost like a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it takes a very trained accent to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes a very trained accent to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes a very trained accent to do
+that. I won't try but you should you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I won't try but you should you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I won't try but you should you can
+imagine your face being long and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your face being long and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine your face being long and this is
+kind of like a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a long
+faces you know and then you speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces you know and then you speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces you know and then you speaking
+pointalistic while you're keeping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalistic while you're keeping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalistic while you're keeping this
+long expression. So that's that's cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long expression. So that's that's cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long expression. So that's that's cool.
+That was my my last question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was my my last question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was my my last question.
+his uh implications for uh for lack of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh implications for uh for lack of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh implications for uh for lack of a
+better word traditional conducting. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better word traditional conducting. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better word traditional conducting. I
+mean they're massive just as they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're massive just as they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they're massive just as they are
+for so-called traditional playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so-called traditional playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so-called traditional playing
+because of that. Have you done things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that. Have you done things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that. Have you done things
+with people working with them that way?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people working with them that way?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people working with them that way?
+Yeah. Like in orchestra I like to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Like in orchestra I like to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Like in orchestra I like to take
+Sio give him a few lessons like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sio give him a few lessons like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sio give him a few lessons like that.
+Yes. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Not
+but yes I have. Yeah. Yeah. I've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes I have. Yeah. Yeah. I've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes I have. Yeah. Yeah. I've done a
+lot of master classes with conductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of master classes with conductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of master classes with conductors
+and it's not so much It's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not so much It's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not so much It's a different
+thing where the conductor is this role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where the conductor is this role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where the conductor is this role
+is not a conductor. This role is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a conductor. This role is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a conductor. This role is a
+composer and he uses conducting skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer and he uses conducting skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer and he uses conducting skills
+at certain times. Interesting. But yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain times. Interesting. But yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at certain times. Interesting. But yet
+communication is is absolutely Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is is absolutely Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication is is absolutely Yeah.
+It's that's you are conducting. I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that's you are conducting. I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's that's you are conducting. I am
+conducting in that sense that way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting in that sense that way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting in that sense that way but
+but it's at the same time I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's at the same time I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's at the same time I'm using
+patterns of time and times but the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of time and times but the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of time and times but the rest
+of the time it's it's a sign language.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time it's it's a sign language.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time it's it's a sign language.
+So how great the music would be whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how great the music would be whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how great the music would be whether
+it's Brahms or Braxton if if the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Brahms or Braxton if if the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Brahms or Braxton if if the person
+who's helping shape it brings this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's helping shape it brings this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's helping shape it brings this kind
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+that's what I that's what I try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I that's what I try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I that's what I try to do
+when I'm working in class is get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm working in class is get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm working in class is get the
+expression come out so they learn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression come out so they learn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression come out so they learn the
+sound and often the gesture that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and often the gesture that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound and often the gesture that's the
+most helpful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most helpful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most helpful is
+shapew interesting you know for getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapew interesting you know for getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapew interesting you know for getting
+getting the Bernstein to come out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the Bernstein to come out yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the Bernstein to come out yeah
+beautiful I'll leave you alone It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful I'll leave you alone It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful I'll leave you alone It's a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um as like a artist yourself, do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as like a artist yourself, do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as like a artist yourself, do you
+ever find yourself frustrated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever find yourself frustrated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever find yourself frustrated that
+you're not conveying the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not conveying the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not conveying the like the
+message in your head or you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message in your head or you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message in your head or you just
+relinquish it as they're doing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relinquish it as they're doing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relinquish it as they're doing their own
+thing? No, that doesn't happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? No, that doesn't happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing? No, that doesn't happen because
+it's a trained group. Uh you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trained group. Uh you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trained group. Uh you know,
+always I' I know kind of what they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I' I know kind of what they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I' I know kind of what they know
+because I have to talk. But if but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to talk. But if but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to talk. But if but to
+speak to that for a second, say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to that for a second, say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak to that for a second, say
+something does happen and you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does happen and you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something does happen and you know you
+don't understand what I'm asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand what I'm asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand what I'm asking for
+then you you have a gesture you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you have a gesture you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you have a gesture you give
+back to me which is you go this and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me which is you go this and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me which is you go this and take
+your hand back. A that's great you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand back. A that's great you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand back. A that's great you know.
+So then that's a sign rephrase that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then that's a sign rephrase that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then that's a sign rephrase that you
+know now if there's something that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now if there's something that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now if there's something that you
+can't do and it becomes too difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do and it becomes too difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do and it becomes too difficult
+like a high D on a trunk or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a high D on a trunk or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a high D on a trunk or something
+and you can't really hold that for too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't really hold that for too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't really hold that for too
+long. If you can, you put your hand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. If you can, you put your hand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long. If you can, you put your hand in
+your throat and take it down. You see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your throat and take it down. You see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your throat and take it down. You see
+the trumpet to slow reaction or change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trumpet to slow reaction or change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trumpet to slow reaction or change
+and you change to something first. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you change to something first. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you change to something first. If I
+don't see you, then you just stop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see you, then you just stop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see you, then you just stop and
+you're only going to neutralize for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to neutralize for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only going to neutralize for the
+next gesture. So these are built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next gesture. So these are built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next gesture. So these are built-in
+safeties in the piece, you know, because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeties in the piece, you know, because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeties in the piece, you know, because
+when you're working multiddisiplinary,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working multiddisiplinary,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're working multiddisiplinary,
+you have to have these built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have these built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have these built-in
+safeties. Language is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeties. Language is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safeties. Language is so
+Yeah, that's beautiful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Do you ever do anything like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you ever do anything like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you ever do anything like when
+members of group maybe sign to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of group maybe sign to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of group maybe sign to each
+other? Yes. You can go on YouTube. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other? Yes. You can go on YouTube. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other? Yes. You can go on YouTube. If
+you go on YouTube and you look at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on YouTube and you look at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go on YouTube and you look at uh
+first you go in and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you go in and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you go in and look at
+soundpainting Walter Thompson link and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundpainting Walter Thompson link and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundpainting Walter Thompson link and
+then you go to Pexo Pexo. You'll see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to Pexo Pexo. You'll see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to Pexo Pexo. You'll see two
+excerpts there. And then in that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts there. And then in that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpts there. And then in that same
+area, you'll see a a video that was shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area, you'll see a a video that was shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area, you'll see a a video that was shot
+two years ago. It's it's 11 very skilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago. It's it's 11 very skilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago. It's it's 11 very skilled
+sound painters. We're in tour in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painters. We're in tour in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound painters. We're in tour in France
+at what's called the sound painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's called the sound painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's called the sound painting
+think tank which every year happens. 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think tank which every year happens. 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think tank which every year happens. 14
+of them have happened where sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have happened where sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have happened where sound
+painters around the world come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters around the world come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters around the world come and
+discuss and develop the language further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and develop the language further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and develop the language further
+in all the disciplines. So these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the disciplines. So these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the disciplines. So these are
+very skilled sound painters sitting in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very skilled sound painters sitting in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very skilled sound painters sitting in a
+circle sound painting each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle sound painting each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle sound painting each other.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+it's there's a sample of it on YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's a sample of it on YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there's a sample of it on YouTube
+and these are all like really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all like really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are all like really really
+high level. Some of them live 10 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level. Some of them live 10 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level. Some of them live 10 12
+years and some very seriously for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and some very seriously for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and some very seriously for three
+or four. So very high level and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four. So very high level and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four. So very high level and so you
+might be one of the sound painters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of the sound painters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be one of the sound painters and
+there's there's a whole language for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a whole language for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a whole language for
+one-handed gestures so you can hold your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-handed gestures so you can hold your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-handed gestures so you can hold your
+instrument. So they're using some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument. So they're using some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument. So they're using some of the
+one-handed gestures and and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-handed gestures and and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-handed gestures and and so they
+they're signing. So you you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're signing. So you you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're signing. So you you want
+something to happen. You look and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen. You look and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen. You look and you
+say you know brass tube long tone slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know brass tube long tone slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know brass tube long tone slowly
+enter the alter just half this half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the alter just half this half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the alter just half this half the
+gesture and so then that person so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and so then that person so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and so then that person so
+you've said long tone and then another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've said long tone and then another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've said long tone and then another
+sound picture might use the one-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound picture might use the one-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound picture might use the one-handed
+gesture for higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture for higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture for higher
+volume and then somebody else might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and then somebody else might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and then somebody else might say
+change so the whole everybody so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the whole everybody so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so the whole everybody so it's
+not like someone's complete the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like someone's complete the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like someone's complete the whole
+phrase the phrase might be passed around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the phrase might be passed around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase the phrase might be passed around
+amongst the entire group and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the entire group and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the entire group and that you
+can see on YouTube it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on YouTube it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on YouTube it's actually a
+pretty well done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well done
+uh DVD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DVD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DVD
+are in. So is is video the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in. So is is video the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in. So is is video the way that you
+document this type of work? We were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document this type of work? We were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document this type of work? We were
+speaking about that. I mean you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about that. I mean you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking about that. I mean you you can
+you can listen to like any music. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can listen to like any music. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can listen to like any music. It
+doesn't have to have you know when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to have you know when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to have you know when you
+listen to a great piece you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to a great piece you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to a great piece you know with
+Schulty conducting Beethoven you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schulty conducting Beethoven you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schulty conducting Beethoven you don't
+have to have Shulty in it to listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have Shulty in it to listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have Shulty in it to listen to
+it. Um but I think one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um but I think one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um but I think one of the one of the
+m when you're working in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m when you're working in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m when you're working in a
+multi-disipline you have to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-disipline you have to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-disipline you have to have that
+but I think it's very interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's very interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's very interesting to
+have that as as the main medium to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that as as the main medium to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that as as the main medium to work
+on. So often I shoot you know DVD or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So often I shoot you know DVD or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So often I shoot you know DVD or
+shoot something for DVD but then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot something for DVD but then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot something for DVD but then at the
+same time I put it on CD. The the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I put it on CD. The the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I put it on CD. The the reason
+I you know this started for me as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know this started for me as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you know this started for me as as
+something that came out of frustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came out of frustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that came out of frustration
+you know it came out of uh I'm I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it came out of uh I'm I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it came out of uh I'm I come
+from a very uh open background but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very uh open background but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very uh open background but also
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+structure all that stuff I studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all that stuff I studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all that stuff I studied
+very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long
+time really into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time really into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time really into my
+complexity the sound painting thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity the sound painting thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity the sound painting thing has
+has kind of overridden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of overridden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kind of overridden
+my composing in the more traditional way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my composing in the more traditional way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my composing in the more traditional way
+even though I write a lot of pallets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I write a lot of pallets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though I write a lot of pallets
+still compose a lot for dance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still compose a lot for dance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still compose a lot for dance.
+Um, but it's just interesting, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it's just interesting, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but it's just interesting, you know,
+I if you were to ask me when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you were to ask me when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if you were to ask me when I was
+22, you know, what I'd be doing in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22, you know, what I'd be doing in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22, you know, what I'd be doing in my
+50s, at 54, what I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s, at 54, what I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s, at 54, what I would be
+doing, I would never tell you what. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing, I would never tell you what. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing, I would never tell you what. So,
+because this this for me, this came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this for me, this came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this for me, this came out
+of frustration of of ensemble just kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frustration of of ensemble just kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of frustration of of ensemble just kind
+of we were speaking around, I believe,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we were speaking around, I believe,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we were speaking around, I believe,
+like often group improv with a big group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often group improv with a big group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like often group improv with a big group
+of people. I said just think about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people. I said just think about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people. I said just think about it's
+hard to do. It's because there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do. It's because there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to do. It's because there's so many
+different personalities and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different personalities and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different personalities and different
+group dynamics involved and unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group dynamics involved and unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group dynamics involved and unless you
+study like certain methods that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study like certain methods that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study like certain methods that probably
+Mark works with and Sarah works with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark works with and Sarah works with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mark works with and Sarah works with and
+we work with that it's really hard for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work with that it's really hard for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we work with that it's really hard for a
+group to to like really work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to to like really work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group to to like really work together
+and so when I was so sound pain came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I was so sound pain came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when I was so sound pain came out
+of that frustration so I never thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that frustration so I never thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that frustration so I never thought
+that in this age I would actually my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this age I would actually my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this age I would actually my
+heart would come out of frustration. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart would come out of frustration. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart would come out of frustration. So
+look look out for it. You never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look out for it. You never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look look out for it. You never know
+where it's going to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so let's keep
+going. How much time we got? 20 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. How much time we got? 20 minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. How much time we got? 20 minutes.
+Okay, good. We're good. Another 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. We're good. Another 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. We're good. Another 60
+gestures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So shake wine from watching dancers, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So shake wine from watching dancers, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So shake wine from watching dancers, you
+know. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Um,
+uh, scanning from watching soccer, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, scanning from watching soccer, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, scanning from watching soccer, you
+know. uh stab freeze. The next gesture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. uh stab freeze. The next gesture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. uh stab freeze. The next gesture I
+was listening to a CD of my a CD the son
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was listening to a CD of my a CD the son
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was listening to a CD of my a CD the son
+gave me and it was kind of lame you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me and it was kind of lame you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me and it was kind of lame you know
+so I was cooking well this was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was cooking well this was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was cooking well this was a lot of
+years ago when I was cooking listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when I was cooking listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago when I was cooking listening
+to the CD in the living room and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the CD in the living room and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the CD in the living room and all of
+a sudden it became really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden it became really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden it became really interesting
+you know that doesn't sound like the CD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that doesn't sound like the CD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that doesn't sound like the CD
+I was listening to I walked into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was listening to I walked into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was listening to I walked into the
+room skipping you know so the skipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room skipping you know so the skipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room skipping you know so the skipping
+sound was really nice you know it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound was really nice you know it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound was really nice you know it's much
+better than what was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than what was on the
+CD I don't remember who it was, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD I don't remember who it was, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD I don't remember who it was, but it
+was just something I bought. It just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something I bought. It just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just something I bought. It just
+wasn't so I wasn't appealing to me, at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so I wasn't appealing to me, at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so I wasn't appealing to me, at
+least not in that moment. Maybe another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not in that moment. Maybe another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least not in that moment. Maybe another
+time. But the skipping was really cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. But the skipping was really cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. But the skipping was really cool.
+I said, "How can I do that?" You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "How can I do that?" You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said, "How can I do that?" You know,
+that is interesting. There's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is interesting. There's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is interesting. There's these
+gestures that I've come up with. Some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures that I've come up with. Some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures that I've come up with. Some of
+them come out of my my studying musical,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come out of my my studying musical,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them come out of my my studying musical,
+my study, the visual arts or just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my study, the visual arts or just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my study, the visual arts or just this
+just two people passing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two people passing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two people passing on the
+street. I've created a gesture called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. I've created a gesture called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. I've created a gesture called
+coming from that. So things come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that. So things come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from that. So things come from
+all over the place. It's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place. It's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place. It's not just a
+music, you know, background I have when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music, you know, background I have when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music, you know, background I have when
+I create this up. So, so I came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create this up. So, so I came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create this up. So, so I came up
+called stab freeze, which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called stab freeze, which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called stab freeze, which is what we're
+going to do now. And I hold this out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do now. And I hold this out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do now. And I hold this out as
+I say that, you know, you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that, you know, you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say that, you know, you're doing
+whatever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you're
+doing. And the moment that my fist hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. And the moment that my fist hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing. And the moment that my fist hits
+my palm, that's when you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my palm, that's when you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my palm, that's when you're going to get
+stuck. As you can see, I'm sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. As you can see, I'm sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. As you can see, I'm sort
+of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a
+CD just kind of get stuck. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD just kind of get stuck. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD just kind of get stuck. You have
+to really be true to the moment of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really be true to the moment of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really be true to the moment of what
+you're doing. You don't just naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. You don't just naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing. You don't just naturally
+go ta ta. You have to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ta ta. You have to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ta ta. You have to think of the
+rhythm of what you're playing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And when that time I was in silence, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when that time I was in silence, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when that time I was in silence, so
+I got caught in between words. So I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got caught in between words. So I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got caught in between words. So I got
+stuck there. Or it could be like imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck there. Or it could be like imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck there. Or it could be like imagine
+trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say
+something like talk or or you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like talk or or you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like talk or or you know if
+you say word like to to talk you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say word like to to talk you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say word like to to talk you know
+what I mean it's really just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean it's really just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean it's really just in the
+moment. So let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. So let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. So let's try
+it. Let's try wood. Yes. It seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Let's try wood. Yes. It seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Let's try wood. Yes. It seems like
+there's like a a tempo to to it. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a a tempo to to it. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like a a tempo to to it. There's
+there is inherently from what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is inherently from what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is inherently from what you were
+just doing from from the tempo of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing from from the tempo of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just doing from from the tempo of my
+voice. So I take the tempo of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice. So I take the tempo of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice. So I take the tempo of of the
+forward momentum of my voice and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward momentum of my voice and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward momentum of my voice and that's
+so whatever the tempo of whatever was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever the tempo of whatever was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whatever the tempo of whatever was
+happening before you get stuck. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening before you get stuck. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening before you get stuck. Okay.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Let's do this. Let's do it this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do this. Let's do it this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do this. Let's do it this way.
+This is the one of the easiest way. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the one of the easiest way. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the one of the easiest way. So
+each player stuck in their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each player stuck in their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each player stuck in their own
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+and let's do it this. We're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's do it this. We're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's do it this. We're going to go
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+pointalistic movement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalistic movement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointalistic movement.
+So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're and there's going to be no sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're and there's going to be no sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're and there's going to be no sound
+involved in it, you know, it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it, you know, it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in it, you know, it's only
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+movement. So now pointalism for dancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. So now pointalism for dancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. So now pointalism for dancers
+is this kind of, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like you know, it's really like you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know, it's really like you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know, it's really like you've
+been struck by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been struck by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been struck by
+lightning, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning, you know.
+So, so now without hitting the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so now without hitting the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so now without hitting the person
+next to you, in other words, without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contact with without within two within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with without within two within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with without within two within
+three. So, so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So, so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So, so no
+contact. Um, I want you to do points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact. Um, I want you to do points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact. Um, I want you to do points
+movement. Okay? So, let's say whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. Okay? So, let's say whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement. Okay? So, let's say whole
+group pointed movement. I'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group pointed movement. I'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group pointed movement. I'll give you a
+pledge. You're going to be like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pledge. You're going to be like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pledge. You're going to be like, you
+know, but watch your instruments, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, but watch your instruments, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, but watch your instruments, you
+know. No, you know, you know, and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. No, you know, you know, and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. No, you know, you know, and then I
+preparing and you're going to be moving,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing and you're going to be moving,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing and you're going to be moving,
+you know, and then when I stab you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and then when I stab you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and then when I stab you,
+you're going to get stuck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then I take my hand off and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I take my hand off and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I take my hand off and you go
+back and then and then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then and then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then and then you're going to
+get stuck again, whatever you're doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck again, whatever you're doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck again, whatever you're doing.
+Now, if I want you to stay there, I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I want you to stay there, I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I want you to stay there, I just
+say continue. And now you're stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say continue. And now you're stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say continue. And now you're stuck
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+And then if I make B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if I make B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then if I make B
+The volume for dance to to step into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The volume for dance to to step into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The volume for dance to to step into the
+dance for a moment. Volume for dance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance for a moment. Volume for dance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance for a moment. Volume for dance is
+not getting louder. If I'm stuck like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting louder. If I'm stuck like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not getting louder. If I'm stuck like
+this and the sound brings the volume up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the sound brings the volume up,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the sound brings the volume up,
+it just means I'm taking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means I'm taking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just means I'm taking more
+space. Okay? And of course, tempo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay? And of course, tempo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay? And of course, tempo is
+obvious. It slows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious. It slows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious. It slows
+down. So now when the staff reach you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So now when the staff reach you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. So now when the staff reach you in
+the middle of pointless movement, take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of pointless movement, take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of pointless movement, take
+it back off. You're going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back off. You're going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back off. You're going to go back
+staff you again. Ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff you again. Ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff you again. Ask you to
+continue and then maybe bring up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and then maybe bring up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue and then maybe bring up some
+volume. Bring down the tempo. Then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. Bring down the tempo. Then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume. Bring down the tempo. Then take
+your back off and you're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back off and you're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your back off and you're going to go
+back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the
+front. So don't try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. So don't try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front. So don't try to be
+dancers. Don't wave your arms around.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers. Don't wave your arms around.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers. Don't wave your arms around.
+Use your instruments, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Use your instruments, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Use your instruments, you
+know, okay? But don't, you know, coke,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, okay? But don't, you know, coke,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, okay? But don't, you know, coke,
+you know, really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, really be
+careful. Don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. Don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful. Don't get
+overenthusiastic. Here we go. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overenthusiastic. Here we go. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overenthusiastic. Here we go. So
+qualistic movement. Let's go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualistic movement. Let's go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualistic movement. Let's go from a
+place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place of
+neutral. Now you're you're crossing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. Now you're you're crossing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral. Now you're you're crossing over
+the dance world for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute. Now watch me. Keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Now watch me. Keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Now watch me. Keep
+going. You're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stuck. Yeah. And then I take it back off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Yeah. And then I take it back off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Yeah. And then I take it back off
+and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go
+back. And now you're going to get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. And now you're going to get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. And now you're going to get stuck
+again. Now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Now you're
+stuck. Now I'm see Now you're stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Now I'm see Now you're stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck. Now I'm see Now you're stuck
+there. I let you stay. Stay there. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I let you stay. Stay there. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I let you stay. Stay there. Now
+I'll slow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down. Now make the space. Don't scoot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Now make the space. Don't scoot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Now make the space. Don't scoot it
+up. Just try to take up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Just try to take up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Just try to take up a little bit
+more but carefully.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but carefully.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more but carefully.
+So you're hitting other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instruments. Now, as soon as I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments. Now, as soon as I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments. Now, as soon as I take my
+hand back off of it, you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand back off of it, you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand back off of it, you go back to
+point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and
+Okay, good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, you know,
+imagine we're doing a performance and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we're doing a performance and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we're doing a performance and we
+have 10 dancers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 dancers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 dancers,
+you know, and now the dancers are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and now the dancers are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and now the dancers are are
+doing are doing sound painting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing are doing sound painting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing are doing sound painting as
+dancers, you know, and now I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers, you know, and now I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancers, you know, and now I want to
+support what's going on by bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support what's going on by bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support what's going on by bringing in
+the musicians to do things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musicians to do things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musicians to do things that are
+pedestrian in movement, simple and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian in movement, simple and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian in movement, simple and
+pedestrian. And then this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian. And then this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian. And then this is one of the
+ways I do it just something very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I do it just something very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways I do it just something very simple
+like this, you know. So it actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you know. So it actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you know. So it actually in
+the beginning it's like kind of hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning it's like kind of hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning it's like kind of hard to
+get used to. Uh but if you see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to. Uh but if you see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get used to. Uh but if you see it in
+performance where the dancers doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance where the dancers doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance where the dancers doing it
+in a very like you know learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very like you know learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very like you know learning
+uh then then in this case you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then then in this case you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then then in this case you know
+you're you're just given this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just given this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're just given this kind of
+supportive movement behind behind them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive movement behind behind them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supportive movement behind behind them.
+Okay. Um let's try with sound. Now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um let's try with sound. Now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um let's try with sound. Now it
+make total sense with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sound right now. You know what it is cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right now. You know what it is cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound right now. You know what it is cuz
+it's in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the body
+now. So we'll do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pointalism in our staff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Good. Good. Good. Um, all right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Good. Good. Um, all right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Good. Good. Um, all right. So,
+that's staffing. Let's do a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's staffing. Let's do a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's staffing. Let's do a couple of
+more and then let's do a piece.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I mean there is synchronizing. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean there is synchronizing. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I mean there is synchronizing. We
+won't work on this right now by stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work on this right now by stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't work on this right now by stepping
+through the box. You can you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the box. You can you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the box. You can you try to
+synchronize in that last status I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize in that last status I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize in that last status I had
+you you know going stuck there. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know going stuck there. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know going stuck there. So I
+want you to try to synchronize. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to try to synchronize. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to try to synchronize. That's
+really hard feel you would synchronize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard feel you would synchronize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard feel you would synchronize
+in sort of pockets of people like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of pockets of people like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sort of pockets of people like five
+separate synchronizations maybe as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate synchronizations maybe as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate synchronizations maybe as I'm
+saying synchronize. But who do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying synchronize. But who do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying synchronize. But who do I
+synchronize with? You might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize with? You might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize with? You might be able to
+hear what's coming on from here, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what's coming on from here, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear what's coming on from here, you
+know. So, but you might synchronize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So, but you might synchronize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So, but you might synchronize
+with. So, there's just different pockets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So, there's just different pockets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So, there's just different pockets
+of synchronization. As long as I stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of synchronization. As long as I stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of synchronization. As long as I stay
+here, you try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you try to do
+it. That's one way to do it. Another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. That's one way to do it. Another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. That's one way to do it. Another one
+is synchronized. You have one chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is synchronized. You have one chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is synchronized. You have one chance
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now. And another synchronization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. And another synchronization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. And another synchronization
+synchronize and do it within 5 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize and do it within 5 seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize and do it within 5 seconds.
+So let's try one of the work together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's try one of the work together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's try one of the work together.
+So we can finish this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can finish this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can finish this other
+stuff. I'll stab you from point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. I'll stab you from point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. I'll stab you from point to
+listen synchronize. I'll step into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen synchronize. I'll step into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen synchronize. I'll step into the
+box and as long as I'm here, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and as long as I'm here, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and as long as I'm here, you're
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+synchronize. Don't don't keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize. Don't don't keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize. Don't don't keep the
+integrity of the sound. Don't just drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the sound. Don't just drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrity of the sound. Don't just drop
+down to listen. You can stay where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to listen. You can stay where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to listen. You can stay where you
+are. You realize coming to you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. You realize coming to you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. You realize coming to you go
+somewhere. Here we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, that was really cool. It's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that was really cool. It's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that was really cool. It's like a
+plan. I can live my bathroom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. I can live my bathroom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. I can live my bathroom.
+open flame, you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open flame, you know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open flame, you know.
+So, yeah. And then once I take my hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah. And then once I take my hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah. And then once I take my hands
+and remove, then you're stuck in that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove, then you're stuck in that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remove, then you're stuck in that.
+You don't continue to try to synchronize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't continue to try to synchronize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You don't continue to try to synchronize
+because if I wanted to come closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I wanted to come closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I wanted to come closer to
+everybody doing unison, then I can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody doing unison, then I can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody doing unison, then I can come
+back into it and get closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into it and get closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into it and get closer to the
+unison. Um, so let's do these next ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unison. Um, so let's do these next ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unison. Um, so let's do these next ones
+and then let's do a piece and I'll train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's do a piece and I'll train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let's do a piece and I'll train
+somebody else as a sound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So by holding this flap,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay, good. Now you could be you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, good. Now you could be you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, good. Now you could be you could
+be like and I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue very cool and then the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue very cool and then the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue very cool and then the rest of
+the group you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+st everybody else sing and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st everybody else sing and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+st everybody else sing and everybody
+else go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoop whoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoop whoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoop whoop
+whoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoop
+whoop whoop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So anyway, I mean that's that's a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anyway, I mean that's that's a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So anyway, I mean that's that's a place
+where this kind of do it now would work,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this kind of do it now would work,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this kind of do it now would work,
+you know. Um, so that's that's air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. Um, so that's that's air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know. Um, so that's that's air
+sounds like that type of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And why don't you do it through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why don't you do it through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why don't you do it through your
+instrument? Air sound instrument through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument? Air sound instrument through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument? Air sound instrument through
+the instrument. Um, let's do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I thought about it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I know you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I know you know,
+but normally you have to do it with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but normally you have to do it with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but normally you have to do it with your
+voice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I like went there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Um, and then whistle. So, here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, and then whistle. So, here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Um, and then whistle. So, here we
+go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+And if you can't whistle, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you can't whistle, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you can't whistle, you have to
+look like you can. And then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like you can. And then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like you can. And then and then
+home group speak. And this is uh we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home group speak. And this is uh we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home group speak. And this is uh we did
+this earlier today. By default, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this earlier today. By default, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this earlier today. By default, this is
+what's called the default in by default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the default in by default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the default in by default
+uh you're going to speak loud and fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to speak loud and fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're going to speak loud and fast
+and not tell a story. This would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not tell a story. This would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not tell a story. This would be
+telling a story or it's also called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a story or it's also called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling a story or it's also called
+melody in some. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody in some. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melody in some. So it's
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+narrative. So in other words, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. So in other words, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. So in other words, you're
+using words kind of musically, repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using words kind of musically, repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using words kind of musically, repeating
+them, using parts of them, you know. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, using parts of them, you know. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, using parts of them, you know. Oh,
+come on. No, no. Oh, come on. Come on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on. No, no. Oh, come on. Come on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on. No, no. Oh, come on. Come on.
+Come on. Come on. No, no, no, no, no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Come on. No, no, no, no, no,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come on. Come on. No, no, no, no, no,
+no. Really, really, really not it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. Really, really, really not it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no. Really, really, really not it. You
+know, because you have to speak loud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, because you have to speak loud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, because you have to speak loud and
+fast. So hang on to one little idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. So hang on to one little idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. So hang on to one little idea
+almost like in point to point and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like in point to point and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like in point to point and just
+kind of develop that one thing. So I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of develop that one thing. So I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of develop that one thing. So I go
+hold speak and by default when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold speak and by default when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold speak and by default when I say
+this, you're going to write it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you're going to write it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you're going to write it in my
+hand. You're going to be like, I open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. You're going to be like, I open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. You're going to be like, I open
+these doors. It's all these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these doors. It's all these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these doors. It's all these people
+speaking with almost knock me off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking with almost knock me off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking with almost knock me off my
+feet. Okay, that's what I want. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet. Okay, that's what I want. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet. Okay, that's what I want. That's
+the effect I want to happen by default.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect I want to happen by default.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect I want to happen by default.
+As other sound makers might set it set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As other sound makers might set it set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As other sound makers might set it set
+default differently, but I set it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default differently, but I set it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default differently, but I set it like
+this. It's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It's always
+loud. So, lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ch up cat up chick up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Yeah. Good. Okay. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Come up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come up.
+You're my You're my other sounding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're my You're my other sounding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're my You're my other sounding.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now if so face game and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now if so face game and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now if so face game and let's
+just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold and
+play. Yeah. Play is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Yeah. Play is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Yeah. Play is like
+bowling and then throw your arm out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowling and then throw your arm out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowling and then throw your arm out and
+make put your hands side by side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make put your hands side by side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make put your hands side by side and
+make a a snap at the end so they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a a snap at the end so they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a a snap at the end so they know
+where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're
+coming. Yeah. And then when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming. Yeah. And then when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming. Yeah. And then when you do
+that, step back out. And if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, step back out. And if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, step back out. And if you want
+them to remind them is to continue,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to remind them is to continue,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to remind them is to continue,
+right? Can you do continue doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Can you do continue doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Can you do continue doing
+something? So now you can work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something? So now you can work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something? So now you can work with
+standing. Try standing. Try that. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing. Try standing. Try that. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing. Try standing. Try that. Right.
+And hold your arm up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And hold your arm up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And hold your arm up like
+straight and keep it stiff. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and keep it stiff. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight and keep it stiff. It's not
+like this, you know? It's like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you know? It's like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, you know? It's like there's a
+board on there. And then pass over it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board on there. And then pass over it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board on there. And then pass over it.
+And then, you know, take it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then, you know, take it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then, you know, take it down and
+then stop. And then try long tone again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then stop. And then try long tone again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then stop. And then try long tone again.
+should play. Now make them louder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should play. Now make them louder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should play. Now make them louder
+like Yeah. And then up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Yeah. And then up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Yeah. And then up and
+down. Tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Tell me
+continue. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then slow
+down like tea in time out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like tea in time out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like tea in time out.
+Turn your hand chop down like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. You slide your hand and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You slide your hand and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. You slide your hand and that's
+going to slow him down and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to slow him down and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to slow him down and then
+hits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits.
+Yeah. And then hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And then hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And then hits
+it. Okay. What I'll do is you'll go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. What I'll do is you'll go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. What I'll do is you'll go back
+and sit and I'll I'll call you up. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit and I'll I'll call you up. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sit and I'll I'll call you up. I'll
+go and you'll come up and stand here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you'll come up and stand here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and you'll come up and stand here and
+I'll take this and do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take this and do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take this and do a little bit of
+sound cleansing for a while and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound cleansing for a while and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound cleansing for a while and then
+I'll step back center and look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll step back center and look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll step back center and look at you
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say I'll call you up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll call you up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll call you up.
+Okay. Okay. So remember this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So remember this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. So remember this thing
+saying is a mistake. Wait on keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a mistake. Wait on keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is a mistake. Wait on keep
+going. So let's make a piece. You know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So let's make a piece. You know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. So let's make a piece. You know
+we know the content gestures the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the content gestures the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the content gestures the ones
+that are going to call up sound. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to call up sound. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to call up sound. We know
+long tone pointism minimalism. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tone pointism minimalism. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tone pointism minimalism. No
+problem. Everybody's good on that. Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Everybody's good on that. Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Everybody's good on that. Point
+to point. No problem. Scanning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point. No problem. Scanning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to point. No problem. Scanning.
+scanning with pointalism getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning with pointalism getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning with pointalism getting
+louder slow faster I might use shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder slow faster I might use shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder slow faster I might use shape
+lock remember so I won't use many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock remember so I won't use many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock remember so I won't use many
+gestures point to point don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures point to point don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures point to point don't forget
+that if I point you stop when I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I point you stop when I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I point you stop when I take my
+hand away but if you continue to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand away but if you continue to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand away but if you continue to go
+after I stop then don't stop I mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I stop then don't stop I mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I stop then don't stop I mean if
+you want to pull away if you continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pull away if you continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to pull away if you continue to
+play don't stop let me look at you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play don't stop let me look at you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play don't stop let me look at you and
+say try to come off of the point but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say try to come off of the point but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say try to come off of the point but if
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+you're Let's make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece. By the way, minimalism could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. By the way, minimalism could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece. By the way, minimalism could be
+with a swing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a swing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a swing
+feel. Minimalism with a rock feel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel. Minimalism with a rock feel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel. Minimalism with a rock feel.
+Minimalism swing field. Classical uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimalism swing field. Classical uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimalism swing field. Classical uh a
+classical feel. A rock feel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical feel. A rock feel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical feel. A rock feel.
+Klesmer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Klesmer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Klesmer.
+Irish.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irish.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irish.
+Funk march.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funk march.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funk march.
+Okay. Tap note.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Tap note.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Tap note.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C D E F G A B flat sharp. C C sharp. Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D E F G A B flat sharp. C C sharp. Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C D E F G A B flat sharp. C C sharp. Oh
+my god.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my god.
+D A C major 7 chord in figure one. Who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D A C major 7 chord in figure one. Who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D A C major 7 chord in figure one. Who
+plays in what part of the chord?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays in what part of the chord?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays in what part of the chord?
+Minimalism with a swing field C major 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimalism with a swing field C major 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minimalism with a swing field C major 7
+chord configuration one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord configuration one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord configuration one
+configuration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration.
+Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just to dig a little deeper. If we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just to dig a little deeper. If we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just to dig a little deeper. If we had
+more time, you know, like we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time, you know, like we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time, you know, like we were
+rehearsing for a long a long week of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsing for a long a long week of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehearsing for a long a long week of
+this say we did a concert at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say we did a concert at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this say we did a concert at the end of
+the week, you would be really proud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week, you would be really proud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week, you would be really proud of
+this. But you you already are. We can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. But you you already are. We can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. But you you already are. We can do
+it tonight. I just want to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tonight. I just want to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tonight. I just want to show you the
+more depth is how the art goes in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth is how the art goes in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more depth is how the art goes in there.
+There's all kinds of ways to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's all kinds of ways to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's all kinds of ways to sign
+rhythms and all kinds of stuff, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythms and all kinds of stuff, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhythms and all kinds of stuff, you
+know. So, here we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There you go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat. Heat.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Heat. Heat. Heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we'll do a short piece, the two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll do a short piece, the two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll do a short piece, the two of
+us, two something, and really listen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, two something, and really listen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us, two something, and really listen,
+and then we talk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we talk.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Don't tell me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't tell me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't tell me.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good. Good. So, if you wanted anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Good. So, if you wanted anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Good. So, if you wanted anybody
+wanted to, you know, to work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to, you know, to work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to, you know, to work with the
+language as a composer, you go in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as a composer, you go in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as a composer, you go in front
+of the mirror like a a conductor or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror like a a conductor or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mirror like a a conductor or
+dancer might and you stand there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancer might and you stand there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dancer might and you stand there and you
+look at your gestures, you know, and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your gestures, you know, and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at your gestures, you know, and you
+detach them from one to the next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detach them from one to the next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detach them from one to the next to the
+next to the next. So, it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the next. So, it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the next. So, it's really
+detached because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached because
+The body is what makes the clarity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The body is what makes the clarity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The body is what makes the clarity and
+movement is what makes it happen. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is what makes it happen. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement is what makes it happen. So if
+I stand in front of you and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stand in front of you and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stand in front of you and just
+go, you know, that's what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go, you know, that's what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go, you know, that's what I'm going to
+get. But the the more clear that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. But the the more clear that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get. But the the more clear that I
+sign the better, you know, for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the better, you know, for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign the better, you know, for the
+communication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So how are we? I think we're over. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how are we? I think we're over. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how are we? I think we're over. But
+that that's great. Okay. Good. Good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's great. Okay. Good. Good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's great. Okay. Good. Good.
+Thank you very much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's been a pleasure to work with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been a pleasure to work with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's been a pleasure to work with you
+guys. Thank you. Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pQDVHvW19vI.txt b/pQDVHvW19vI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b28874964fa1ae4b48abb570b18f7d7cf065876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pQDVHvW19vI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3201 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Create
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality education
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Let's get
+started then.
+
+We went through Rayleigh
+fading very, very
+
+quickly last time.
+
+I want to spend a little more
+time on it today since it's
+
+one of the sort of classical
+models of wireless channels.
+
+And it's good to understand
+how it works.
+
+And it's good to also understand
+what all the
+
+assumptions that are made when
+one assumes Rayleigh fading,
+
+because they're really
+quite a few of them.
+
+OK, so what we're doing is we're
+assuming flat fading.
+
+In other words when we talk
+about flat fading, we're
+
+talking about fading where if
+you generate a discrete model
+
+for the channel, that discrete
+model is just going to have
+
+one path in it.
+
+In other words, the output is
+going to look like a faded
+
+version of the input.
+
+It'll be shifted in phase
+because of the unknown phase
+
+in the channel.
+
+It'll be attenuated by
+some random amount.
+
+But if you look at the waveform,
+it'll look like the
+
+waveform that you transmitted
+except for the noise.
+
+And that's what really is
+represented by this one tap
+
+model that we've been
+looking at.
+
+In general we've said that you
+can model a pretty arbitrary
+
+channel for purposes of
+somewhat narrow band
+
+communication by using a
+sequence of taps where usually
+
+for want of something better to
+do, we model those taps as
+
+being Gaussian random variables,
+complex Gaussian
+
+random variables with zero mean,
+and variables which are
+
+circularly symmetric.
+
+And we assume for not any very
+good reason, that the taps are
+
+independent of each other.
+
+I mean we have to make some
+assumptions or we can't start
+
+to make any progress on trying
+to analyze these channels.
+
+But we should realize that all
+of these assumptions are
+
+subject to a certain
+amount of question.
+
+OK.
+
+When we assume a single tap
+model, and these tap models
+
+are always given with the number
+of the tap given first,
+
+and the time given second.
+
+So what we're assuming here
+is the only tap is
+
+the tap at time 0.
+
+And it's at time 0 because we're
+assuming the receiver
+
+timing is locked at transmitter
+timing.
+
+And we're just going to get
+rid of the zero because
+
+there's only one tap, and
+call this G sub m.
+
+We're also going to pretty much
+assume that G sub m stays
+
+relatively constant
+for a relatively
+
+long amount of time.
+
+Except as far as this analysis
+of Rayleigh fading goes, we
+
+don't have to assume that.
+
+Because in fact, when we're
+assuming Rayleigh fading, the
+
+analysis that we're going to
+follow, the receiver doesn't
+
+know anything about the channel
+at all, except that
+
+it's a single tap model.
+
+And therefore what the receiver
+does is it goes
+
+through maximum likelihood
+detection assuming that that
+
+single tap is just a complex
+Gaussian random variable.
+
+OK when you have a complex
+Gaussian random variable as
+
+you've seen in the problem sets
+and we've noted a number
+
+of times, the energy in that
+complex Gaussian random
+
+variable is exponential.
+
+And the magnitude is just a
+square root of the magnitude
+
+squared, namely the energy.
+
+And that has a Rayleigh
+distribution which looks like
+
+this, namely the probability
+density of how much
+
+response you get.
+
+We'll base this law here.
+
+And the phase of course, is
+equally likely to be anything.
+
+Namely the phase is uniform
+and random.
+
+This density looks like this.
+
+I wanted to draw this so it
+would emphasize the fact that
+
+the magnitude is in fact,
+always nonnegative.
+
+But also to emphasize the fact
+there's a whole lot of
+
+probability down here
+where there's
+
+very, very little channel.
+
+And this is in fact what gives
+rise to the fact that if you
+
+try to communicate over Rayleigh
+fading, and you don't
+
+make any use of diversity--
+and we'll talk later about
+
+diversity--
+
+in fact you can't communicate
+very well at all.
+
+And that's because of this very
+bad region here where the
+
+channel is very badly faded.
+
+You send a bit on this channel
+which is very badly faded, and
+
+there's nothing much the
+receiver can do.
+
+And that's the thing we
+want to try to get a
+
+real feeling for.
+
+OK so the output of the channel
+when you put in an
+
+input U sub m, and we'll think
+of this as being a binary
+
+digit for this time being.
+
+So the output is going to be
+the input times this tap
+
+variable, which is this complex
+Gaussian random
+
+variable plus a noise random
+variable, which we're also
+
+assuming is complex Gaussian
+and circularly symmetric.
+
+OK so what we have, if you're
+going to make two hypotheses
+
+about two possible values of
+U sub m, look at what this
+
+random phase does here.
+
+No matter what U sub m you
+transmit in one epoch of time,
+
+the channel is going to rotate
+this around by a completely
+
+random phase.
+
+It's going to add a noise to
+it which has a completely
+
+random phase.
+
+And the output is going
+to come out.
+
+And the output has a completely
+random phase.
+
+Namely the phase of the output
+cannot possibly tell you
+
+anything about what
+input you're
+
+putting into the channel.
+
+OK so in other words, in this
+model that we're using, the
+
+phase is completely useless.
+
+And if we want to talk about
+anything connected to using
+
+likelihoods, the only thing we
+can use is the magnitude of
+
+the output.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, why don't we just analyze
+it in terms of the magnitude
+
+of the output?
+
+Well when you analyze these
+problems, Gaussian things are
+
+usually much easier to analyze
+than things like this.
+
+Not always, I mean we
+have to get used to
+
+analyzing all of them.
+
+But this particular problem of
+Rayleigh fading is really
+
+easier to analyze in
+terms of these
+
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+But it's easier to understand
+in terms of recognizing that
+
+the only thing you can make any
+use is these magnitudes.
+
+OK if we only use one complex
+degree of freedom in a signal,
+
+namely if we try to send some
+signal and we only use one
+
+input to the channel, then
+we only get one output.
+
+Namely we sent U sub
+0, we get V sub 0.
+
+And we try to decide from
+V sub 0 what was sent.
+
+We're really in a very bad
+pickle at that point.
+
+Because the only thing that
+makes any sense, since we can
+
+only use the magnitudes, is to
+send a very small magnitude or
+
+a positive magnitude.
+
+Magnitudes are positive
+anyway.
+
+So if you're going to send
+binary signals, this is your
+
+only choice-- if it
+makes any sense--
+
+if you make this larger
+than zero you're
+
+just wasting energy.
+
+So you only have this choice.
+
+And you can choose the amplitude
+a that you're using.
+
+But that's the only thing
+that you can do.
+
+OK, this is a very nasty thing
+to analyze for one thing.
+
+It gives you a very large error
+
+probability for another thing.
+
+Nobody uses it for
+another thing.
+
+And therefore almost all systems
+of trying to transmit
+
+in this kind of Rayleigh fading,
+always use at least
+
+two sample values.
+
+In other words, instead of
+just putting one complex
+
+degree of freedom into the
+channel, you're going to put
+
+two complex degrees of freedom
+into the channel.
+
+And the thing that we're going
+to analyze, because it's the
+
+easiest thing to do in this
+discrete time model we've
+
+developed, is to think of
+modeling hypothesis 0 as
+
+sending two symbols U sub 0 and
+U sub 1 will make U sub 0
+
+equal to a, and U sub
+1 equal to 0.
+
+And the alternative case, if
+we're going to try to send
+
+input 1, this is binary
+transmission.
+
+You can talk about more than
+binary transmission, but
+
+binary is awful enough.
+
+You get U sub 0 and U sub
+1 is equal to 0 and a.
+
+So what you're going to
+be doing here in this
+
+pulse-position modulation, is
+choosing one of these two
+
+different epochs to
+put the data in.
+
+So in one case, you put all your
+energy in the first one.
+
+In the other case, you put all
+your energy in the second one.
+
+Mathematically, this is
+completely equivalent to
+
+frequency-shift keying, that's
+completely equivalent to
+
+phase-shift keying.
+
+And if we had a little
+more time, we
+
+could talk about that.
+
+And I'll probably put an
+appendix in which talks about
+
+those two systems.
+
+But in fact, it's completely
+the same thing.
+
+It's just that you're using
+different complex degrees of
+
+freedom than we're using here.
+
+So we're really analyzing
+FSK and PSK.
+
+And that's where people usually
+come up with these
+
+analyses of Rayleigh fading.
+
+OK when we have input 0, what
+we receive then, is the 0 is
+
+going to be the input a, times
+the magnitude of the channel
+
+of time 0, plus a
+noise variable.
+
+The noise is complex
+Gaussian, remember.
+
+The second input is just going
+to be the noise variable.
+
+Alternatively, if we're sending
+the second symbol,
+
+which means we put our energy
+into the second degree of
+
+freedom, it means that what
+we're going to get is the 0
+
+was just going to
+be the noise.
+
+And the second output
+is going to be the
+
+signal plus the noise.
+
+And remember, both this variable
+and this variable are
+
+both complex Gaussian.
+
+The phase doesn't
+mean anything.
+
+So what we can use is simply
+the magnitude.
+
+OK, so when we have hypothesis
+equal to 0, what comes out is
+
+going to be, the 0 is going
+to be a complex
+
+Gaussian random variable.
+
+Let me introduce a new piece
+of notation now.
+
+Because it gets to be a real
+mess to constantly talk about
+
+a Gaussian complex random
+variable, and talk about it's
+
+real part and imaginary part as
+being independent Gaussian.
+
+So I'll just call this
+normal complex.
+
+And this first thing is the
+mean, which is a real and
+
+imaginary part, but it's
+zero in most of the
+
+things we deal with.
+
+And the second one is the mean
+square value of this random
+
+variable V sub zero.
+
+So this quantity here is now
+twice the variance of the real
+
+part of V sub 0, and twice
+the imaginary part of
+
+the variance of v0.
+
+We scaled the noise in
+a peculiar way here.
+
+And I apologize for all
+of the mess that
+
+occurs when we do this.
+
+Because sometimes we think of
+the noise as having variance N
+
+sub 0 over 2 in each real and
+imaginary degree of freedom.
+
+And therefore N sub 0 in a
+complex degree of freedom.
+
+And sometimes we think of it as
+having variance N sub 0 W
+
+Where does that difference
+come from?
+
+It's this infernal problem of
+the sampling theorem being so
+
+critical in most of the models
+that we talk about.
+
+OK because when you use the
+sampling theorem, the sinc x
+
+over x waveforms that we use are
+not orthonormal, they're
+
+orthogonal.
+
+And this factor of W appears
+exactly because of that.
+
+They appear because the
+magnitude of the signal is a,
+
+and the energy and
+the power in the
+
+signal is then a-squared.
+
+OK.
+
+In this case the power in the
+signal is not quite a-squared
+
+because we only send energy in
+one or the other of alternate
+
+degrees of freedom.
+
+So therefore, if we look at a
+time one second, we get W
+
+complex degrees of
+freedom to use.
+
+We only send energy in half of
+those so that the actual power
+
+that we're sending is a-squared
+divided by 2.
+
+OK.
+
+Because of that, when we
+normalize the noise the same
+
+way the signal is normalized,
+we get this
+
+variance W N sub 0.
+
+If you're confused by that,
+everyone is confused by it.
+
+Everyone I know, when they go
+through calculations like
+
+this, they always start out
+with some arbitrary fudge
+
+factor like this.
+
+And after they get all done,
+they think it through or more
+
+likely they look it up in a book
+to see what somebody else
+
+has gotten.
+
+And then they sweat about it a
+little bit, and they finally
+
+decide what it ought to be.
+
+And that's just the way it is.
+
+It's the problem of having both
+the sampling theorem and
+
+orthonormal waveforms
+sitting around.
+
+It's also the problem of
+multiplying the power by 2 as
+
+soon as we go to passband.
+
+Because both of those things
+together generate all of this
+
+difficulty.
+
+But anyway, this is
+the way it is.
+
+And the important thing for us
+is that what we can have now
+
+is under these two hypotheses.
+
+We just have two Gaussian random
+variables, complex
+
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+And in one case, the larger mean
+square value is in one.
+
+And in the other case the
+larger mean square
+
+value is in the other.
+
+OK.
+
+So just reviewing that.
+
+If H is equal to zero, V sub 0
+and V sub 1 are these complex
+
+Gaussian random variables.
+
+If H is equal to one, then we
+have this set of Gaussian
+
+random variables.
+
+The probability density of V
+sub 0 and V sub 1, and now
+
+it's more convenient to use the
+real and imaginary parts
+
+for the Gaussian density.
+
+Anytime you're working problems
+of this type, try
+
+both densities using real and
+imaginary parts, and using
+
+magnitude in phase, and see
+which one is easier.
+
+Here it turns out that the
+easiest thing is just to use
+
+the ordinary conventional
+density over real and
+
+imaginary parts.
+
+And what we wind up with is
+this Gaussian density.
+
+On V sub 0 the density is V sub
+0 squared divided by the
+
+variance a-squared
+plus W N sub 0.
+
+And on V sub 1, it's this
+Gaussian density V sub 1
+
+squared divided by W N sub 0.
+
+Just because here we
+have this variance.
+
+Here we have this variance.
+
+OK, on the alternative
+hypothesis when H is equal to
+
+one, you have the same thing
+but the denominators are
+
+switched around.
+
+When you take the likelihood
+ratio, you want to take the
+
+ratio of this, to the
+ratio of this.
+
+If you look at it and you take
+the logarithm of that, you're
+
+taking the ratio of
+this to this.
+
+Incidentally the coefficient
+here, you could write it out
+
+if you want to.
+
+It's 1 over the square root of
+blah, times 1 over the square
+
+root of blah.
+
+But if you recognize that the
+coefficient here has to be the
+
+same as the coefficient
+here, you don't have
+
+to worry about it.
+
+So when you take the log
+likelihood ratio, you get this
+
+divided by this.
+
+You have the same form
+in both cases.
+
+In one case, you have this term
+minus this term and this
+
+term minus this term.
+
+And the other case well, for
+V sub 0, you have this term
+
+minus this term.
+
+And for V sub 1 you have this
+term minus this term.
+
+Because of the symmetry between
+the two, this just
+
+comes out to V sub 0 squared
+minus V sub 1
+
+squared times a-squared.
+
+And when you do the algebra, the
+denominator is a-squared
+
+plus W N sub 0 times
+W N sub 0.
+
+OK.
+
+What do we do for making a
+maximum likelihood decision?
+
+Maximum likelihood is map when
+the threshold is equal to 1,
+
+which is when the logarithm
+of the correct
+
+threshold is equal 0.
+
+Which says that you take this
+quantity, and if it's
+
+nonnegative, you choose
+H equals zero.
+
+And if it's negative, you
+choose H equals one.
+
+Which says you compare V sub 0
+squared and V sub 1 squared.
+
+And whichever one is larger,
+that's the one you choose.
+
+And if you go back and look at
+the problem, it's pretty
+
+obvious that that's what
+you want to do anyway.
+
+I mean you'd be very, very
+surprised when you're
+
+comparing two Gaussian random
+variables where one of them
+
+has a larger variance
+than the other.
+
+And on the other hypothesis,
+the absolon
+
+has the larger variance.
+
+If you came up with any rule
+other than to take the
+
+magnitude squares and to then
+compare those two magnitude
+
+squares, you would go back and
+look at the problem again
+
+realizing you must have
+done something wrong.
+
+But anyway when you deal with
+problems like this, I advise
+
+you to take log likelihood
+ratio anyway.
+
+Because every once in awhile you
+find something which comes
+
+out in a somewhat
+peculiar way.
+
+But anyway, here there's
+nothing peculiar.
+
+So what we have to do
+now is to find the
+
+probability of error.
+
+Now what's the probability
+of error?
+
+OK if we actually transmit zero,
+then V sub 0 squared is
+
+exponential.
+
+It's exponential
+with this mean.
+
+Namely this is the mean
+of V sub 0 squared.
+
+And V sub 1 is exponential
+with this mean.
+
+In other words, this is
+a big exponential.
+
+And this is a little
+exponential.
+
+The two of them have probability
+densities that
+
+look like this.
+
+This is not going to work.
+
+The big one has a probability
+density that looks like this.
+
+And the little one--
+
+this is big--
+
+and the little one has
+a probability density
+
+that looks like this.
+
+And what you want to do is to
+subtract a random variable
+
+with this density from a random
+
+variable with this density.
+
+So you're convolving two
+exponential densities with
+
+each other.
+
+And unfortunately, you're taking
+the differences of two.
+
+So you're convolving the
+negatives of this with this.
+
+And then you have to integrate
+the thing.
+
+And it's just something
+you have to do.
+
+And the answer is, the
+probability of error is then 2
+
+plus a-squared over W N
+sub 0 to the minus 1.
+
+OK that is really
+an awful result.
+
+Because that says that if you
+increase the energy that
+
+you're using, the probability of
+error goes down very, very,
+
+very slowly.
+
+And if you look at this picture
+you think about it a
+
+little bit, it should be clear
+that that's the only thing
+
+that can happen.
+
+OK.
+
+Because if you increase
+a-squared a little bit, it's
+
+not going to save
+you much here.
+
+Because when you have a bigger
+a-squared, it's just going to
+
+move down the value
+of g bar that's
+
+going to give you trouble.
+
+Namely when you double a, the
+value of magnitude of g that
+
+gives you trouble just goes
+down by a factor of two.
+
+When that goes down by a factor
+two, this bad part of
+
+the curve just goes down
+in a quadratic way.
+
+Well that's what this
+is telling us.
+
+OK.
+
+I mean the thing that we see
+is a quadratic and a.
+
+So we're sort of assured that
+we're doing the right thing.
+
+And we're sort of also assured
+that the reason why this
+
+result is so awful, is just that
+sometimes the fading is
+
+so bad there's nothing
+you can do about it.
+
+OK now the signal power
+as we said before is
+
+a-squared over 2.
+
+Since half the inputs
+are zero.
+
+So we can put twice as
+much energy into the
+
+ones that are non-zero.
+
+And therefore when you put this
+in terms of the average
+
+signal energy that you're
+sending, what we get is E sub
+
+b over N sub 0.
+
+OK.
+
+So that again says exactly the
+same thing that this does.
+
+It's worthwhile keeping both
+of these notions around,
+
+because we have done something
+kind of peculiar here.
+
+I should mention it for you.
+
+As soon as you're looking at a
+fading channel, the power that
+
+you're talking about becomes
+a little peculiar.
+
+Because remember when
+we were looking
+
+at white noise channels?
+
+What we were looking at is the
+power at the receiver, the
+
+signal power as received
+at the receiver.
+
+Now at this point, we still want
+to talk about E sub b.
+
+We still want to isolate this
+problem from the attenuation
+
+that occurs just because of
+distance and things like.
+
+Because of that, when we model
+g, this original model that we
+
+use here was a model in
+which the magnitude
+
+of g had mean one.
+
+And we made it have mean
+one so that the energy
+
+would come out right.
+
+Which is another reason why you
+get confused with these E
+
+sub b over N sub 0 terms.
+
+OK so anyway, that's
+the answer.
+
+And E sub b is in terms of the
+received energy using the
+
+average value of fading.
+
+OK we next want to look at
+non-coherent detection.
+
+Non-coherent detection
+is another thing that
+
+communication engineers
+use all the time, talk
+
+about all the time.
+
+And you have to understand what
+the difference is between
+
+coherent transmission and
+incoherent transmission.
+
+The general idea is that when
+you're doing incoherent
+
+detection, you're assuming that
+you don't know what the
+
+phase of the channel is.
+
+And somehow you want to do your
+detection without knowing
+
+that phase.
+
+The difference between Rayleigh
+fading on this kind
+
+of channel and incoherent
+detection, is that with
+
+incoherent detection the
+receiver is assumed to know
+
+what the magnitude of the
+channel is, but not the phase.
+
+It's harder to measure the phase
+of the channel than it
+
+is the measure of
+the magnitude.
+
+Because the phase changes
+very, very fast.
+
+If you look at these equations
+we have for what the response
+
+of the channel is, you see the
+phase changing many, many
+
+times during the time where the
+amplitude of the fading
+
+changes by just a little bit.
+
+So a very common assumption that
+people make when trying
+
+to do detection is that
+it's incoherent.
+
+Partly, people get used to
+analyzing incoherent
+
+communication.
+
+And I've seen this
+so many times.
+
+And they insist on building
+communication systems using
+
+incoherent detection.
+
+They will swear up and down
+there's no way you
+
+can measure the phase.
+
+And what they're really saying
+is that's the only kind of
+
+communication they understand.
+
+And because that's the only
+thing they understand, they
+
+become very, very upset if
+anyone suggests that you ought
+
+to try to measure the phase.
+
+But that's a tale
+for another day.
+
+OK so now we want to look at the
+case where we're assuming
+
+that we know the magnitude
+of the channel.
+
+It's just some quantity that
+we'll call g tilde.
+
+We're assuming that the same
+magnitude occurs both on U sub
+
+0 and U sub 1.
+
+We're going to use the same
+transmission system that we
+
+used before, namely
+pulse-position modulation.
+
+We'll either put our energy in
+U sub 0 or we'll put our
+
+energy in U sub 1.
+
+We'll try to detect
+what's going on.
+
+But we just give the detector
+this little extra amount of
+
+ability of knowing what
+the channel is.
+
+I'm going to talk more later
+about how you can use this
+
+knowledge of what the channel
+is, and how you can measure
+
+what the channel is.
+
+But for now we just assume
+that we know it.
+
+So the phase is random
+and independent
+
+of everything else.
+
+So under hypothesis H equals
+zero, we have the output of
+
+the channel.
+
+And times 0 is whatever input
+level we put in a, times what
+
+the channel does to us, times
+e to this random phase.
+
+And V sub 1 it's just--
+
+plus Z sub 0.
+
+And in the other case we have
+V sub 1 equals Z sub 1.
+
+And under the other hypothesis
+V sub 1 is this input with a
+
+random phase but a known
+magnitude and again, a
+
+Gaussian random variable.
+
+Phases are independent
+of the hypothesis.
+
+The phases are independent
+of the
+
+magnitudes which are known.
+
+The phases are independent of
+everything and therefore, we
+
+just want to forget
+about them.
+
+So the question is, how do we
+make a maximum likelihood
+
+decision on this problem?
+
+Well you look at the problem.
+
+And for the same reason as
+before you say, it's obvious
+
+how to make a maximum likelihood
+decision just from
+
+all the symmetry
+that you have.
+
+If the magnitude of V sub 0 is
+bigger than the magnitude of V
+
+sub 1, V sub 0 corresponds to
+this little bit of extra
+
+energy that you have.
+
+So if V sub 0, the magnitude
+of V sub 0 is positive, is
+
+bigger than the magnitude
+of V sub 1, you want to
+
+choose H equals 0.
+
+And alternatively you'll want
+to choose H equals 1.
+
+It's obvious right?
+
+I've tried for years to find
+a way to prove that.
+
+And the only way I can prove
+it is by going into Bessel
+
+functions which is the way that
+everybody else proves it.
+
+And this seems like absolute
+foolishness to me.
+
+And if any of you can find a
+way to do this, I would be
+
+delighted to hear it.
+
+I will be in great admiration
+of you.
+
+Because I'm sure there has
+to be an easy way to
+
+look at this problem.
+
+And I just can't find it.
+
+OK anyway, we're not going to
+worry about all these Bessel
+
+functions, because that's just
+arithmetic in a sense.
+
+So we're just going to say well
+it can be proven using
+
+all of this machinery.
+
+So what we really want to find
+is what is the probability of
+
+error when we make
+that decision.
+
+And when we make that decision,
+namely what we're
+
+looking for is the probability
+of this magnitude then, is
+
+bigger than this magnitude
+when H equals one is the
+
+correct hypothesis.
+
+Because that's the probability
+of error then.
+
+So you have these two
+different terms.
+
+You just go through all of the
+junk that's in the appendix to
+
+the notes we passed
+out last time.
+
+If you want to go through that,
+I think it's great.
+
+It's an interesting analysis.
+
+Certainly not going
+to do it now.
+
+When you get done doing that you
+find out the probability
+
+of error is exactly one half
+times e to the minus a-squared
+
+times this known magnitude
+of the channel.
+
+I mean, a-squared and g tilde
+have to appear together here.
+
+OK because what's coming out of
+the channel, the magnitude
+
+of what's coming out of the
+channel without noise is just
+
+a times g tilde.
+
+They both come together
+everywhere.
+
+And therefore, they have to come
+together anytime you're
+
+talking about optimal detection,
+probability of
+
+error, or anything else.
+
+So these two appear together.
+
+We have the same noise term down
+here as we had before.
+
+Because again we're using a
+sampling theorem analysis and
+
+the noise in each of these
+random variables is W N sub 0.
+
+OK so that's a little surprising
+that that's what
+
+the noise is.
+
+If you knew the phase also, if
+the detector knew both the
+
+magnitude and the phase of the
+channel, it would be the
+
+conventional Gaussian
+problem that we've
+
+analyzed many times before.
+
+And the solution would be that
+probability of error is equal
+
+to Q of a-squared times
+g tilde squared
+
+divided by W N sub 0.
+
+Now if you remember the
+estimates we've come up with
+
+and the bounds we've come up
+with on the Q function, the
+
+simplest bound that we came
+up with was this.
+
+Namely you take this thing, you
+take one half of it, which
+
+is the Gaussian density
+with the coefficient.
+
+You multiply it by one half.
+
+So this is the simplest estimate
+we can get of this.
+
+On the other hand when this
+quantity is large, a much
+
+better estimate of this is to
+have that estimate which has a
+
+1 over the square root of pi
+times W N sub 0 over a-squared
+
+g tilde squared in it.
+
+So we have that term extra.
+
+Which says that when this
+is large, whenever we're
+
+communicating at all reasonably,
+this probability
+
+of error is much smaller than
+this probability of error.
+
+However you talk to any
+communication engineer, and
+
+they'll say when you have a
+good signal noise ratio,
+
+incoherent detection
+is virtually as
+
+good as coherent detection.
+
+And why did they say that?
+
+Well it's because the
+probability of error goes down
+
+so quickly with energy here.
+
+It's going down as a square
+of an exponent.
+
+Well it's going down as an
+exponent in the energy.
+
+The question you want to ask is
+how much extra energy do I
+
+have to use?
+
+If I'm using coherent detection,
+how much more
+
+energy does an incoherent
+detector need at the input in
+
+order to get the same results?
+
+And then you see the question
+is very different.
+
+Because if I increase this
+quantity just a little bit,
+
+this probability of error
+goes down like a bat.
+
+OK.
+
+So what happens then, when you
+compare these two terms is
+
+that as the signal to noise
+ratio gets larger and larger,
+
+the amount of extra energy you
+need to make incoherent
+
+detection work as well as
+coherent detection goes down
+
+with 1 over a-squared.
+
+Which says that these
+communication engineers who
+
+swear that they like incoherent
+detection in fact,
+
+have something on their side.
+
+because they don't
+have to assume so
+
+much about the channel.
+
+They have something which
+is more robust.
+
+And in fact what's turning out
+here, is that even though this
+
+error probability is a little
+bigger than this error
+
+probability, there's only a
+very negligible amount of
+
+extra dB required to make
+the two the same.
+
+So it only costs a little bit of
+extra energy to be able to
+
+use incoherent detection instead
+of coherent detection.
+
+OK so this is very
+strange now.
+
+We have a nice error probability
+which is almost as
+
+good as the Gaussian
+error probability
+
+using incoherent detection.
+
+This is assuming that the
+channel, that the receiver
+
+knows what g tilde is.
+
+But now we go back and think
+about this, and look at our
+
+detection rule, which is the
+optimal detection rule.
+
+And the optimal detection rule
+is no matter what g tilde
+
+happens to be, we compare the
+magnitude of V sub 0 with the
+
+magnitude of V sub 1.
+
+In other words, we have analyzed
+this assuming that we
+
+know what g tilde is.
+
+We know what the gain
+of the channel is.
+
+But the receiver doesn't pay
+any attention to it.
+
+OK so now we have this very
+peculiar situation where
+
+incoherent detection with a
+known value channel is almost
+
+as good as coherent
+detection is.
+
+But at the same time Rayleigh
+fading gives this awful error
+
+probability.
+
+So now you have the final part
+of the argument take this
+
+probability of error, multiply
+it by the probability density
+
+of g tilde squared, integrate
+it to find out what the
+
+average error probability is
+when we average over the
+
+channel fading.
+
+And guess what answer you get?
+
+Well you ought to be able to
+guess it if you've looked at
+
+the homework already.
+
+Because in the homework you
+actually go through this
+
+integration.
+
+And bingo you get the Rayleigh
+fading result.
+
+Which says that the problem with
+Rayleigh fading is not
+
+any lack of knowledge
+about the channel.
+
+Knowing what the channel is
+would not give you, even
+
+knowing what the phase is of the
+channel would not give you
+
+a lot of extra help.
+
+The only help in knowing what
+the phase is, is to get this
+
+result instead of this result.
+
+And even that won't
+help you much.
+
+The problem is anytime you're
+dealing with Rayleigh fading,
+
+the channel has faded so badly
+a large fraction of the time,
+
+that you can't get
+an acceptable
+
+probability of error.
+
+OK so now we have to
+stop and think.
+
+What do you do about this?
+
+Well you have two general kinds
+of techniques to use at
+
+this point.
+
+OK and one of them is to
+try to measure the
+
+channel at the receiver.
+
+You take the measurement of the
+channel at the receiver.
+
+You send it to the
+transmitter.
+
+And the transmitter then does
+something to compensate for
+
+the amount of fading.
+
+One thing that the transmitter
+can do is anytime the channel
+
+is badly faded, it increases
+the amount of
+
+power that it's sending.
+
+That's what typical
+voice systems do.
+
+And the other thing that you can
+do is change the rate at
+
+which you're transmitting.
+
+You can do all sorts of things
+with the transmitter if you
+
+know what the channel is.
+
+You can respond to it
+in various ways.
+
+And all these different
+communication systems have
+
+various ways of dealing
+with that.
+
+And we'll talk a little about
+that on Wednesday when we talk
+
+about CDMA.
+
+The other thing you can do
+about it is use something
+
+called diversity.
+
+And the idea of diversity is
+that instead of sending this
+
+one bit, trying to use as few
+degrees of freedom as
+
+possible, you try to send your
+bits using as many degrees of
+
+freedom as possible.
+
+If you can use a large number of
+degrees of freedom, and if
+
+the fading is independent on
+these different degrees of
+
+freedom, then in fact
+you gain something.
+
+Because instead of having one
+random variable which can
+
+totally cripple you, you have
+lots of random variables.
+
+And if any one of them is
+good, you get through.
+
+So you get a benefit
+out of diversity.
+
+OK so that's our next topic.
+
+Namely, how do you measure
+the channel?
+
+Because if you're going to use
+diversity it's a help to know
+
+the channel.
+
+If you're going to use coding,
+coding is just another way to
+
+get diversity.
+
+Again your coding will work
+better if you know what the
+
+channel is.
+
+So somehow we would like to be
+able to measure the channel
+
+and send it back to the
+transmitter if we want to
+
+alter the power, the rate of
+the transmitter, and to let
+
+the receiver use it if the
+receiver is going to.
+
+Well we have seen that when
+you use one bit on just a
+
+couple of degrees of freedom,
+knowing what the channel is
+
+does not do you much help.
+
+If you use coding or if you use
+one bit and spread it over
+
+a large number of degrees of
+freedom, then knowing what the
+
+channel is gives you
+a great deal.
+
+This is one of the basic
+confusions that everyone has
+
+when they deal with
+Rayleigh fading.
+
+Because when you look at a
+Rayleigh faded channel, the
+
+first thing you analyze is this
+incredibly small number
+
+of degrees of freedom.
+
+And you say wow, that's awful.
+
+There's no way to
+deal with that.
+
+And then you start looking
+for something.
+
+And you say, well diversity
+helps me.
+
+But in general, this is the
+general scheme of things that
+
+we're going to use.
+
+OK.
+
+So as we said channel
+measurement helps if diversity
+
+is available.
+
+Why does that help when
+diversity is available?
+
+OK, think of sending
+this one bit.
+
+You get one reception, and then
+
+you get another reception.
+
+And on this reception, you
+get one amount of fading.
+
+On this reception you get
+another amount of fading.
+
+If I don't know how much fading
+there is it doesn't
+
+help me an awful lot.
+
+It helps me some.
+
+But if I know that this channel
+is faded badly and
+
+this channel is not faded, then
+I'm going to use what
+
+comes out here instead of
+what comes out here.
+
+And then my detector is going
+to work much, much better.
+
+When you look at diversity
+results, always ask yourself a
+
+couple of questions.
+
+Is the detector using knowledge
+of what the strength
+
+of the channel is on these
+two diversity outputs?
+
+Is the transmitter using it's
+knowledge of what those
+
+channels are?
+
+You get very different results
+for diversity depending on the
+
+answers to both of
+those questions.
+
+OK, so if you have a multi-tap
+model for a channel--
+
+OK remember the multi-tap models
+that we came up with.
+
+We we're looking at transmission
+using multipath.
+
+And we had multipath in
+different ranges of a delay.
+
+We came up with a model which
+gave us multiple taps for a
+
+discrete model of the channel.
+
+You get a large number of taps
+if you're using broadband
+
+communication.
+
+Because using broadband
+communication 1 over W becomes
+
+very small.
+
+And therefore these ranges of
+delay become very small.
+
+And if you're using very narrow
+band communication,
+
+that's when you have
+the flat fading.
+
+Namely flat fading is not flat
+fading, it's fading which is
+
+flat over the bandwidth
+that you're using.
+
+So if you use a broader
+bandwidth and you have
+
+multiple taps, then these taps
+are going to be independent of
+
+each other.
+
+And you automatically
+have diversity.
+
+So the question is how
+do you use that.
+
+Well if you're going to use
+it, you better be able to
+
+measure it.
+
+OK so now we're going to try to
+figure out how to do that
+
+measurement.
+
+And the first thing to do is
+to assume the simplest
+
+possible thing.
+
+I mean, suppose you know how
+many taps the channel has.
+
+Suppose it has k sub
+0 channel taps.
+
+So the channel looks like
+this, G sub 0, G sub
+
+1, and G sub 2.
+
+You're transmitting a
+sequence of inputs.
+
+OK remember all of this stuff
+came from trying to model a
+
+channel in terms of discrete
+inputs, where you're sending
+
+one input each one
+over W seconds.
+
+So you put in a sequence
+of inputs.
+
+You have these three different
+channel taps here.
+
+And what comes out when you put
+in a single bit here or a
+
+single symbol.
+
+You get something out when
+this tap right away.
+
+You get something out here
+one time unit later.
+
+You get something out here,
+one epoch still later.
+
+So all of these outputs
+get added up.
+
+And therefore the output here
+at time m, is the input at
+
+time m times this tap, plus the
+input at time m minus 1
+
+times this tap, plus the
+input at time m minus
+
+2 times this tap.
+
+Because it takes these inputs
+that long to go through there.
+
+All this is is just digital
+convolution, OK.
+
+I'm just drawing it out in
+the figure so you see
+
+what's going on.
+
+Because otherwise you tend to
+think everything happens at
+
+one instant of time.
+
+Then we're adding this
+white Gaussian noise.
+
+When we're talking about
+digital systems, white
+
+Gaussian noise just means that
+each of these random variables
+
+are independent at each
+other random variable.
+
+They all have the
+same variance.
+
+And the real parts and
+imaginary parts
+
+have the same variance.
+
+And they're independent
+of each other.
+
+Namely these are all normal
+random variables.
+
+Since we're sending a, or minus
+a, or something with
+
+magnitude a, we want to divide
+by a out here, if we want to
+
+figure out anything about
+what these taps are.
+
+OK so suppose that what we send
+now is a bunch of zeros,
+
+followed by a single input,
+followed by a bunch of zeros.
+
+What comes out?
+
+Well the thing that comes out is
+at the point that this big
+
+input comes in, we get a
+G sub 0 out at the time
+
+that you put in a.
+
+I mean we're leaving out
+propagation delay here.
+
+We got a times G sub
+1, the next epoch.
+
+Then we get a times G sub
+2, the next epoch.
+
+And by that time the input is
+completely out of the filter.
+
+And we get zeros after that.
+
+So if you put in a bunch of
+zeros and then a single a, you
+
+got a nice measurement
+of the channel.
+
+There's Gaussian noise added
+to each of these inputs.
+
+But in fact you do
+get a reading of
+
+each channel output.
+
+When you divide these by the a
+here, then you get something
+
+which is a measurement of the
+appropriate tap G plus
+
+Gaussian noise on it.
+
+OK now you try to make an
+estimation from this.
+
+And the trouble is we don't
+want to say much about
+
+estimation theory.
+
+But in fact the notes gives you
+a very brief introduction
+
+into estimation.
+
+There are two well-known
+kinds of estimation.
+
+One of them is maximum
+likelihood estimation.
+
+And the other one is minimum
+mean square error estimation.
+
+Maximum likelihood estimation is
+in fact exactly the same as
+
+maximum likelihood detection.
+
+Namely you look at the
+likelihoods which is the
+
+probabilities of the outputs
+given the inputs.
+
+And what's the input
+in this problem?
+
+The input is these channel
+variables.
+
+Because that's the thing we're
+trying to measure in this
+
+measurement problem.
+
+We assume that the probing
+signal is known.
+
+It's just a bunch of zeros,
+followed by a, followed by a
+
+bunch of zeros.
+
+So we know that.
+
+We're trying to estimate
+these things.
+
+So these are the variables that
+we're trying to estimate.
+
+So we try to find the
+probability density of the
+
+output conditional on the
+knowledge of G sub 0.
+
+Which is just the Gaussian
+density shifted to
+
+a times G sub 0.
+
+You then look at the maximum
+likelihood estimate of G. So
+
+you're looking at the value
+you can put in to maximize
+
+this estimate which comes out
+here as a times G sub 2.
+
+And then at this appropriate
+time, you're looking at G sub
+
+2 here, plus a noise
+random variable.
+
+And since the noise is zero
+mean, this quantity here is in
+
+fact the best estimate in
+terms of the maximum
+
+likelihood that you can get.
+
+If you assume that this is a
+Gaussian random variable and
+
+this is a Gaussian random
+variable, you can solve a
+
+minimum mean square error
+estimation problem.
+
+It's much like the map problem
+except these random variables
+
+are all continuous here.
+
+But it's a little different from
+the map problem in the
+
+sense that you can't have
+equally likely inputs where
+
+you have a continuous
+random variable.
+
+You make them all equally
+probable.
+
+The only possible value
+you can have is zero.
+
+Because it has to
+extend forever.
+
+So anyway, maximum likelihood
+detection is just normalize
+
+what you get so that in the
+absence of Gaussian noise, you
+
+would get the variable
+you're looking for.
+
+And then ignore the
+Gaussian noise,
+
+and that's your estimate.
+
+OK.
+
+If you want to do this and you
+want to use the strategy, it
+
+looks like a very
+nice strategy.
+
+But what's the problem in it?
+
+If this sequence is somewhat
+longer, you need a whole lot
+
+of zeros in between each
+probing signal.
+
+And what that means is you're
+going to be using your energy
+
+and clumping it all up
+into the small number
+
+of degrees of freedom.
+
+Which means you're going to be
+sending a lot of energy at one
+
+instant of time and then nothing
+for a long period of
+
+time, then a very big signal for
+awhile then nothing for a
+
+long period of time,
+and so forth.
+
+If you do that, the FTC
+is really going
+
+to be down on you.
+
+Because you're not supposed to
+send too much energy in any
+
+small amount of time or any
+small amount of frequency.
+
+So you're supposed to spread
+things out a little bit.
+
+You say OK, that doesn't
+work too well.
+
+What am I going to do?
+
+How can I choose a sequence of
+input so they have relatively
+
+constant amplitude, but at the
+same time so that when I go
+
+through this kind of filter, I
+can sort out what's coming
+
+from here, and what's coming
+from here, and
+
+what's coming from here.
+
+Well it turns out that the
+answer to that question is to
+
+use a pseudonoise sequence.
+
+And the next thing I want to
+do is to give you some idea
+
+about why these pseudonoise
+sequences work.
+
+OK so we'll think in terms
+of vectors now.
+
+OK so we have a vector input, u
+sub 1, u sub 2, up to u sub
+
+n, a vector of length n.
+
+So we're putting these
+discrete signals in
+
+one after the other.
+
+We're passing them through
+this, which is a digital
+
+filter now.
+
+So what comes out here V prime
+is just a convolution of u and
+
+G. We then add the
+noise to it.
+
+I claim that what we ought
+to do is use the matched
+
+filter here to u.
+
+And if I use a matched filter
+to u here, that matched
+
+filter, if I'm using a
+pseudonoise sequence, is going
+
+to bingo give me the filter that
+I started out with, plus
+
+some noise.
+
+OK why is that?
+
+The property that pseudonoise
+sequences have, if I choose
+
+each of the inputs to have the
+magnitude of a, and think of
+
+it as being real plus or minus
+a, which is what people
+
+usually do.
+
+If you look at the correlation
+of this sequence, namely the
+
+correlation of u sub m with the
+complex conjugate of u sub
+
+m spaced a little bit, PN
+sequences have the property
+
+that this correlation function
+looks like an impulse.
+
+OK.
+
+Now how you find sequences that
+have that property is
+
+another question.
+
+But in fact they do exist.
+
+There are lots of them.
+
+They're easy to find.
+
+And they have this very
+nice property.
+
+Another way to say this is that
+is that the vector u has
+
+to be orthogonal to
+all of its shifts.
+
+That's exactly what
+this is saying.
+
+And another way of saying it
+is that u, if you pass it
+
+through the matched filter to
+u-- now remember what a
+
+matched filter is on
+an analog waveform.
+
+You take a waveform, you switch
+it around in time.
+
+You take the complex conjugate
+of it, and
+
+that's the matched filter.
+
+And when you convolve u with
+this matched filter, what it's
+
+doing is just exactly the same
+operation of correlation.
+
+OK in other words, convolution
+with one of the sequences
+
+turned around this time, is
+the same as correlation.
+
+And most of you have
+seen that I'm sure.
+
+So that if we take this matched
+filter where u tilde
+
+sub j is equal to the complex
+conjugate of u at time minus
+
+j, then I pass u through the
+filter G. Forget about the
+
+noise for the time being.
+
+I then pass it through the
+matched filter u tilde.
+
+What I'm going to get out, I
+claim, is G. And I'll show you
+
+why that is in just a minute.
+
+Let make caution you
+about something.
+
+Because you can get very
+confused with this picture.
+
+Because as soon as I take this
+input, u 1 up to u sub m.
+
+This matched filter is going to
+start responding at time u
+
+sub minus m.
+
+And it's going to finish
+responding a
+
+time u sub minus 1.
+
+So it responds before
+it's hit.
+
+Which again is this business of
+thinking of timing at the
+
+receiver being very much delayed
+from timing at the
+
+transmitter.
+
+Which is a trick that
+we've always played.
+
+Which is why we don't have to
+think of filters as being
+
+realizable.
+
+Still in this example, this
+becomes confusing.
+
+And I'll show you
+why in a minute.
+
+OK so I'm going to assume that
+I picked a good PN sequence.
+
+So when I convolve it with its
+matched filter I essentially
+
+get an impulse function, namely
+a discrete impulse.
+
+Which is the same as saying that
+u is orthogonal to all of
+
+its shifts.
+
+And that's exactly what
+you what to do.
+
+You want to think of
+turning it around
+
+and passing it through.
+
+And that's exactly what
+this is doing.
+
+OK so we have the output of
+this filter, which is u
+
+convolved with G. We're then
+convolving that with this
+
+matched filter u tilde.
+
+And now we use the nice property
+of convolution, which
+
+you probably don't think
+of very often.
+
+But the nice property that
+convolution has, is that it's
+
+both associative and
+commutative.
+
+OK.
+
+And therefore when we look at
+V prime times u tilde, it's
+
+the convolution of u with G--
+that's what the prime is-- all
+
+convolved with the
+matched filter u.
+
+Because of the associativity and
+the commutativity, you can
+
+reverse these two things so
+you're taking the convolution
+
+of u with its matched filter.
+
+When you take the convolution of
+u with its matched filter,
+
+you get a delta function.
+
+And you take a delta function
+and pass it through G. And
+
+what comes out is a delta
+function weighted by a-squared
+
+n, which is just the energy
+of what we're putting in.
+
+OK so that says that if we can
+find pseudonoise sequences,
+
+all of this works.
+
+And it works just dandy.
+
+If you put noise in,
+what happens there?
+
+Well let's analyze the
+noise separately.
+
+The noise is going through
+this matched filter.
+
+Well if u is a pseudonoise
+sequence, if it has this nice
+
+correlation property and you
+flip it around in time, it's
+
+going to have the same nice
+correlation property.
+
+So that in fact u tilde is
+going to have the same
+
+property that it's orthogonal
+to all of its time shifts.
+
+If you now look at what happens
+when you take Z and
+
+send it through this filter,
+and you find the covariance
+
+matrix for Z passed through
+this filter, what that
+
+independence gives you is the
+correlation function is just
+
+all diagonal, all terms,
+all the same.
+
+Which says that all of these
+terms and this vector here are
+
+all white Gaussian
+noise variables.
+
+So what comes out is the filter
+plus white noise.
+
+Which is the same thing that
+happened when we put in a
+
+single input with zeros
+on both sides.
+
+OK.
+
+So using a PN sequence works
+in exactly the same way as
+
+this very special pseudonoise
+sequence, which just has one
+
+input in it.
+
+Which happens to be a
+pseudonoise sequence
+
+in this term also.
+
+OK so the output then, is
+going to be a maximum
+
+likelihood estimate of G. OK,
+this is the way that people
+
+typically measure channels.
+
+They use pseudonoise inputs.
+
+And the output that comes
+out, namely the
+
+output that comes out.
+
+When we put in a finite duration
+pseudonoise sequence,
+
+what we're going to look for
+is the output at the exact
+
+instant of the last digit
+as the input goes in.
+
+And the output then is G sub
+0, followed by G sub 1,
+
+followed by G sub 2,
+and then silence.
+
+So you see nothing coming out
+until this big burst of
+
+energy, which is all
+digits of G.
+
+OK so now we want to put all
+of this together into
+
+something called a
+rake receiver.
+
+I wish I could spend more time
+on the rake receiver because
+
+it's a really neat thing.
+
+It was developed in the 50s
+about the same time that
+
+information theory was
+getting developed.
+
+But it was developed by people
+who were trying to do radar.
+
+And at the same time trying to
+do a little communication
+
+along with the radar.
+
+And this was one of the things
+they came up with.
+
+So they wanted to measure the
+channel and make decisions in
+
+transmitting data both
+at the same time.
+
+And the trick here is about the
+same as the trick we use
+
+in trying to measure carrier
+frequency, and make decisions
+
+at the same time.
+
+Namely you use the decisions
+you make
+
+to measure the frequency.
+
+You use the frequency
+that you've measured
+
+to make future decisions.
+
+And here, we're going to do
+exactly the same thing.
+
+We make decisions.
+
+We use those decisions as a way
+of measuring the channel.
+
+We then use the measurements of
+the channel to create this
+
+matched filter G tilde.
+
+And that's what we're going to
+use to make the decisions.
+
+OK if you have two different
+inputs, I mean here we'll just
+
+look at binary inputs.
+
+You take u sub 0 and u sub 1,
+and you look at what happens
+
+when you have those
+two inputs.
+
+This is just a vector white
+Gaussian noise problem that we
+
+looked at in quite a bit of
+detail when we were studying
+
+decision theory.
+
+What we want to do is to look
+at, I mean if these two
+
+signals are not antipodal to
+each other you want to look at
+
+the mean of them.
+
+And you'll want to look at u sub
+0 minus that mean, and u
+
+sub 1 minus that mean as
+two antipodal signals.
+
+When you go through all of
+that, you find that the
+
+maximum likelihood decision is
+to take the real part of the
+
+output, of the inner product
+of the output, with u sub 0
+
+convolved with g, and the real
+part of v convolved with u sub
+
+1 convolved with G.
+
+OK in other words, what's
+happening here is that as far
+
+as anybody is concerned, we're
+not using u sub 0 and u sub 1
+
+in this making a decision.
+
+We know what the channel is.
+
+And therefore what exists right
+before the white noise
+
+is added, is these two signals u
+sub 0 convolved with g and u
+
+sub 1 convolved with g.
+
+So we're doing binary
+detection on
+
+those two known signals.
+
+And we're using the output to
+try to make the best choice
+
+between them.
+
+So this is the thing
+that we do.
+
+So we want to use a filter
+matched to u sub 0
+
+convolved with g.
+
+Now how do we build a filter
+matched to a convolution of
+
+two things?
+
+Well we convolve
+u sub 0 with g.
+
+And then we turn the
+thing around.
+
+And then we see that after
+turning it around what we've
+
+gotten is the turned around
+version of u convolved with
+
+the turned around
+version of g.
+
+I mean write it down
+and you'll see that
+
+that's what you have.
+
+So what you wind up with is
+the following figure.
+
+You either send u sub 0
+or you send u sub 1.
+
+This is a way to send
+one binary digit.
+
+We're sending it by using these
+long PN sequences now.
+
+If u sub 0 goes through g, we
+got a V prime out, which is
+
+the output before
+noise is added.
+
+We then add noise so we get.
+
+And then we pass to try
+to detect whether
+
+this or this is true.
+
+We take this output V. We
+convolve it with u sub 1
+
+convolved with g, and with
+u sub 0 convolved with g.
+
+Now you'll all say I'm
+wasting stuff here.
+
+Because I could just put the g
+over here and then follow it
+
+with u sub 1 or u sub 0.
+
+Be patient for a little bit.
+
+I want to put both of them in.
+
+And I want to put them
+in this order.
+
+And then I make a
+decision here.
+
+OK well here comes the clincher
+to the argument.
+
+Look at what happens
+right there.
+
+If I forget about this and I
+forget about this, what I get
+
+here is u sub 0 coming in.
+
+It's going through
+the filter g.
+
+It has white noise
+added to it.
+
+It goes through the matched
+filter to u sub 0.
+
+And what comes out is
+a measurement of g.
+
+That's what we showed before.
+
+When we were trying to measure
+g, that was the way we did it.
+
+We started out with
+a PN sequence, go
+
+through g, add noise--
+
+we can't avoid the noise-- go
+through the matched filter.
+
+That is a measurement of
+g at that point there.
+
+And if we send u sub 1, that's
+a measurement of g at that
+
+point there.
+
+So finally we have the rake
+receiver which does both of
+
+these things it once.
+
+You either send u sub
+0 or u sub 1.
+
+You go through this filter.
+
+You add white noise.
+
+As far as making a decision is
+concerned, you do what we
+
+talked about before.
+
+You compare this output
+with this
+
+output to make a decision.
+
+After you make a decision you
+go forward in time, because
+
+we've done everything backwards
+in time here.
+
+And you take what is going to
+come out of here, which hasn't
+
+come out yet.
+
+And you use that to make
+a new estimate of g.
+
+You use that estimate of g
+turned around in time, to
+
+alter your estimate of the
+matched filter to g.
+
+And if you read the notes, the
+notes explains what's going on
+
+as far as the timing in
+here, a little bit
+
+better than I can here.
+
+But in fact, this is the kind
+of circuit that people
+
+actually use to both measure
+channels, and to send data at
+
+the same time.
+
+I want stop here because
+we're supposed to
+
+evaluate the class.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pjBsOFUNN34.txt b/pjBsOFUNN34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ada13bc8fbb8e17dbf8d1b4ddad8fa35d4009dd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pjBsOFUNN34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi it's me again richard and phil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi it's me again richard and phil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi it's me again richard and phil and
+i'm happy to talk with you again and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to talk with you again and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm happy to talk with you again and i'm
+going to be talking some more about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking some more about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking some more about this
+notion of the forecast being always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the forecast being always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of the forecast being always
+wrong we're always is in quote marks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong we're always is in quote marks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong we're always is in quote marks to
+gain the general idea that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the general idea that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain the general idea that we can't
+count on it being right but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on it being right but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on it being right but of course
+sometimes we make a forecast that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we make a forecast that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we make a forecast that what
+actually happens is exactly what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens is exactly what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens is exactly what's
+forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+although the general rule is it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the general rule is it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the general rule is it is not
+i showed you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i showed you some
+slides previously or about how the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides previously or about how the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides previously or about how the our
+cost estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost estimate of
+creating projects was uncertain but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating projects was uncertain but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating projects was uncertain but now
+let's look at predictions of project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at predictions of project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at predictions of project
+demand so this is another class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so this is another class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand so this is another class of
+possibilities where we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities where we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities where we could have
+deviate from what's actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from what's actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from what's actually happening
+this one is one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is one of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is one of the many
+predictions of the price of oils in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of the price of oils in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions of the price of oils in a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+timeline between here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline between here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline between here now
+2004 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2004 and
+10 years later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years later on
+and what we have here is an official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here is an official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have here is an official
+projection which is this line that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection which is this line that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection which is this line that's
+green and that's the low one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and that's the low one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and that's the low one and then
+there's the red one which is the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the red one which is the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the red one which is the high
+and the best forecast is that blue one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best forecast is that blue one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best forecast is that blue one
+where it's supposed to be around forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be around forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's supposed to be around forty
+dollars a barrel as predicted in 2004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a barrel as predicted in 2004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a barrel as predicted in 2004
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big
+line up here is at the top is what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up here is at the top is what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up here is at the top is what was
+actually happening and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happening and you can see that
+the line the prediction was not only not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line the prediction was not only not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line the prediction was not only not
+within the range of what was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the range of what was originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the range of what was originally
+predicted but it was about twice as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted but it was about twice as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted but it was about twice as much
+and it went up to over a hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it went up to over a hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it went up to over a hundred dollars
+a barrel in that period which is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel in that period which is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a barrel in that period which is only
+six years ahead so the expert agency had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years ahead so the expert agency had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years ahead so the expert agency had
+been doing that was saying well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing that was saying well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing that was saying well it's
+going to be in this range it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in this range it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in this range it's a
+reasonably tight range uh 40 to 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably tight range uh 40 to 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably tight range uh 40 to 60
+dollars perhaps and in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars perhaps and in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars perhaps and in fact what
+actually happens was terrifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens was terrifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens was terrifically
+different from uh what was occurred now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from uh what was occurred now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from uh what was occurred now
+i've just shown you this one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just shown you this one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've just shown you this one particular
+graph but the fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but the fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but the fact is
+that oil price predictions have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oil price predictions have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oil price predictions have are
+notorious for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notorious for
+being different than what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being different than what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being different than what actually
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+and you can appreciate why because first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can appreciate why because first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can appreciate why because first
+of all there have been wars in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there have been wars in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all there have been wars in this area
+in the middle east and elsewhere which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle east and elsewhere which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle east and elsewhere which
+changed things there have been huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed things there have been huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed things there have been huge
+economic developments the rise of china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic developments the rise of china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic developments the rise of china
+its appetite for oil has raised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its appetite for oil has raised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its appetite for oil has raised the
+prices enormously and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices enormously and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices enormously and then
+not yet shown on this graph but you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet shown on this graph but you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not yet shown on this graph but you will
+know it which is the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it which is the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it which is the development of
+fracking which has really reduced the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking which has really reduced the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking which has really reduced the
+prices of oil considerably so that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of oil considerably so that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of oil considerably so that in
+general the forecast of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the forecast of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the forecast of what
+will happen to the price of oil have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the price of oil have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen to the price of oil have not
+been correct systematically not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been correct systematically not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been correct systematically not been
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+not just by the average person of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just by the average person of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just by the average person of the
+street but by the international agencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street but by the international agencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street but by the international agencies
+and national agencies charged with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and national agencies charged with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and national agencies charged with
+projecting the price of oil it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting the price of oil it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projecting the price of oil it doesn't
+happen the way they say it will and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the way they say it will and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen the way they say it will and i'm
+not blaming them they're doing the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not blaming them they're doing the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not blaming them they're doing the best
+they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there are things that happen around them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that happen around them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that happen around them
+that change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change the
+possibilities here's a different one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here's a different one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities here's a different one
+here is a projection for in the united
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a projection for in the united
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a projection for in the united
+states the production of wind energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the production of wind energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states the production of wind energy
+installations so the blue line was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations so the blue line was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installations so the blue line was a
+forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+and it seemed perfectly reasonable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed perfectly reasonable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seemed perfectly reasonable it
+showed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed a
+active growth and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active growth and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active growth and that was
+considered to be fairly aggressive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be fairly aggressive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered to be fairly aggressive at
+that time and then what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and then what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time and then what happened
+actually the red bars show the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the red bars show the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the red bars show the actual
+amount that was installed in those years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that was installed in those years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that was installed in those years
+and it got to be easily twice what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it got to be easily twice what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it got to be easily twice what
+happened in most of the years except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in most of the years except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in most of the years except the
+last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one
+what happened here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here well
+what i believe happens the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i believe happens the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i believe happens the explanation
+was that somewhere in the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that somewhere in the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that somewhere in the government
+they passed regulations or in state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they passed regulations or in state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they passed regulations or in state
+governments they passed regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments they passed regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments they passed regulations
+encouraging the use of wind wind energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging the use of wind wind energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging the use of wind wind energy
+so people responded this was unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people responded this was unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people responded this was unexpected
+by the people who made the forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the people who made the forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the people who made the forecast
+originally but it happened this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally but it happened this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally but it happened this is the
+kind of thing that does occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that does occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that does occur
+sometimes it leads to an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it leads to an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it leads to an increase
+sometimes it leads to a decrease but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it leads to a decrease but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it leads to a decrease but the
+thing is that there are changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that there are changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that there are changes
+let me go to another one this time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to another one this time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to another one this time it's
+for water use in a sector of england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water use in a sector of england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for water use in a sector of england
+called anglia done by the anglia water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called anglia done by the anglia water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called anglia done by the anglia water
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and the la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the la
+line in the middle here the black line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the middle here the black line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the middle here the black line
+going straight up is the projected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going straight up is the projected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going straight up is the projected
+demand and they said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and they said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and they said well
+you know we're not sure about this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not sure about this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not sure about this so
+let's go basically plus or minus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go basically plus or minus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go basically plus or minus 10
+gives us a reasonable range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a reasonable range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a reasonable range
+some other people earlier had a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people earlier had a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other people earlier had a more
+aggressive uh line going up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive uh line going up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressive uh line going up but
+basically it was continued use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it was continued use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it was continued use
+associated with more people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with more people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with more people and
+more washing machines and whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more washing machines and whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more washing machines and whatever you
+have but it was a growth pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it was a growth pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but it was a growth pattern
+now remarkably what actually happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remarkably what actually happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now remarkably what actually happened
+was the water use decreased and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the water use decreased and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the water use decreased and then at
+some point it increased a little bit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it increased a little bit or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point it increased a little bit or
+up to what was expected then went down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to what was expected then went down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to what was expected then went down
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+it was different now it's just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was different now it's just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was different now it's just another
+example of how the forecast and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how the forecast and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how the forecast and the
+actuality is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality is different
+what happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened here
+it wasn't they stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't they stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't they stopped
+washing or things like that but what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing or things like that but what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing or things like that but what i
+believe happened was that the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe happened was that the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe happened was that the water
+company decided to raise the prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company decided to raise the prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company decided to raise the prices
+to finance new facilities good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finance new facilities good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finance new facilities good thing
+but people said ah if i'm paying more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people said ah if i'm paying more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people said ah if i'm paying more
+i'm going to pay attention to my leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to pay attention to my leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to pay attention to my leaks
+and in fact in many water supply systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in many water supply systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in many water supply systems
+about a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third
+of the actual use of water is goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual use of water is goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actual use of water is goes into
+leaks because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaks because
+uh the faucets drip because you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the faucets drip because you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the faucets drip because you uh
+the mains were built 50 100 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mains were built 50 100 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mains were built 50 100 years ago
+and they leak and because people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they leak and because people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they leak and because people don't
+bother to save water by installing low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to save water by installing low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother to save water by installing low
+flush toilets or what have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush toilets or what have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flush toilets or what have you
+so it's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's in fact
+quite easy for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite easy for them to
+decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+water that they use or the water that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that they use or the water that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water that they use or the water that
+goes through their households or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through their households or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through their households or their
+industries um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries um
+if they have the right incentive to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have the right incentive to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they have the right incentive to do
+it same thing happened in boston when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it same thing happened in boston when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it same thing happened in boston when
+they built a large sewage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a large sewage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a large sewage
+protection unit in boston harbor they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection unit in boston harbor they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection unit in boston harbor they
+spent about six billion dollars for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about six billion dollars for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent about six billion dollars for it
+they raised the prices my prices went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raised the prices my prices went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they raised the prices my prices went up
+from about fifty dollars a year to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about fifty dollars a year to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about fifty dollars a year to about
+five hundred dollars a year and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hundred dollars a year and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hundred dollars a year and like
+other people i installed all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people i installed all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people i installed all kinds of
+water savings devices in my house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water savings devices in my house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water savings devices in my house and
+the water usage in boston went down also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water usage in boston went down also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water usage in boston went down also
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it wasn't anticipated by the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't anticipated by the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't anticipated by the engineering
+experts by the experts that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts by the experts that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts by the experts that were
+thinking about it the making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it the making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it the making the
+projection as the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection as the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection as the uh
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+system was being developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was being developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was being developed
+so again you have a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you have a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you have a situation where
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+forecast and the actuality don't match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and the actuality don't match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast and the actuality don't match
+you might ask how do i get these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask how do i get these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might ask how do i get these kinds
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs
+and this is gives you an exercise you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gives you an exercise you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is gives you an exercise you
+can do for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do for yourself
+i ask my students to choose any topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ask my students to choose any topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i ask my students to choose any topic
+they want to to look for a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to to look for a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to to look for a series of
+forecasts for the future and to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts for the future and to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts for the future and to compare
+them with what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with what happened
+and this particular one was done by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular one was done by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this particular one was done by one
+student the others were done by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student the others were done by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student the others were done by other
+students but you can test my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but you can test my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students but you can test my
+supposition my argument that the demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposition my argument that the demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposition my argument that the demands
+are not as predicted by choosing a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as predicted by choosing a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as predicted by choosing a topic
+that you want yourself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want yourself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want yourself the
+sales of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of the
+ford pickups the introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford pickups the introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ford pickups the introduction of
+electric vehicles whatever you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehicles whatever you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric vehicles whatever you might be
+interested in you could see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you could see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you could see what
+forecasts were done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts were done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecasts were done
+five ten years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ten years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ten years ago
+what has now been happening and make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has now been happening and make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has now been happening and make the
+comparison yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison yourself
+sometimes the forecast will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the forecast will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the forecast will be
+a good indicators would actually happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good indicators would actually happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good indicators would actually happen
+but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general
+these are the kind of results that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of results that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the kind of results that my
+students bring up to me when i give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students bring up to me when i give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students bring up to me when i give them
+that exercise these are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exercise these are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exercise these are the kind of
+graphs pictures diagrams that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs pictures diagrams that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs pictures diagrams that you can
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+for yourselves create for yourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+why is it that the expert forecasts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that the expert forecasts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it that the expert forecasts are
+often wrong what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often wrong what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often wrong what is happening
+the general answer is because things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general answer is because things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general answer is because things
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+what things well there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things well there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what things well there might be
+technological advances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological advances
+that you don't need to do things the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need to do things the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't need to do things the way
+you did them before or that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did them before or that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did them before or that there's
+fracking which made the price of oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking which made the price of oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fracking which made the price of oil
+cheaper for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper for example
+there are weather weather patents that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are weather weather patents that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are weather weather patents that
+accounts maybe for some of the increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts maybe for some of the increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts maybe for some of the increase
+in variability in the use of water in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variability in the use of water in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variability in the use of water in in
+england in that particular example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england in that particular example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england in that particular example there
+are economic crises the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are economic crises the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are economic crises the um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+economic situation isn't so good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic situation isn't so good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic situation isn't so good and
+people don't buy as much and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't buy as much and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't buy as much and they
+things are cheaper or more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are cheaper or more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are cheaper or more difficult
+things happen that is the lesson from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen that is the lesson from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen that is the lesson from
+today thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pxka4eFhURU.txt b/pxka4eFhURU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88cc7791f13cbb2197224f183742fc39c52e1368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pxka4eFhURU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay can somebody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay can somebody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay can somebody tell me
+what the homeobox jeans are often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the homeobox jeans are often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the homeobox jeans are often called
+Hawk jeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are they code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for transcription factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription factors
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you
+delete certain Haw genes or change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete certain Haw genes or change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete certain Haw genes or change their
+position even you can get abnormalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position even you can get abnormalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position even you can get abnormalities
+in this in the segmentation of the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the segmentation of the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in the segmentation of the body
+some of that has been done with flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that has been done with flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that has been done with flies
+that can produce a fly for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with legs coming out of his head or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with legs coming out of his head or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with legs coming out of his head or
+something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that you
+know and it's interesting of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and it's interesting of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and it's interesting of the
+arrangement on the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement on the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement on the chromosome
+that the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the position of the
+gene in the chromos in the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene in the chromos in the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene in the chromos in the sequence of
+genes on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes on the
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+chromosome is always consistent up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome is always consistent up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome is always consistent up right
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the
+species as we we saw last time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as we we saw last time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species as we we saw last time this
+slide of a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide of a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide of a mouse
+showing the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of three different genes but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three different genes but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three different genes but they were
+doing immunostaining of the antibodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing immunostaining of the antibodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing immunostaining of the antibodies
+for the proteins of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the proteins of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the proteins of those
+genes and here you this this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and here you this this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and here you this this is actually
+not it's it's Mis dermal expression but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's it's Mis dermal expression but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's it's Mis dermal expression but
+these genes are expressed in nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are expressed in nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are expressed in nervous
+system and and other body tissues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and other body tissues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and and other body tissues but
+you see how each each one of them each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how each each one of them each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see how each each one of them each
+of these transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these transcription
+factors that's a roster limit for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that's a roster limit for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that's a roster limit for its
+expression less precise on the CLE side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression less precise on the CLE side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression less precise on the CLE side
+but now if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hindbrain during development at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain during development at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain during development at a
+certain period you see this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period you see this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period you see this pattern
+appearing a segmentation that's visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing a segmentation that's visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing a segmentation that's visible
+in the bulges of the hinding they we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bulges of the hinding they we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bulges of the hinding they we
+call them Romo mirrors mirror for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Romo mirrors mirror for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them Romo mirrors mirror for the
+section uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section uh or
+segment rmo of course for the ramen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment rmo of course for the ramen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment rmo of course for the ramen
+sephon and these are seg segmentation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sephon and these are seg segmentation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sephon and these are seg segmentation of
+the ramen sephon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ramen sephon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ramen sephon
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when you look at the uh expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you look at the uh expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you look at the uh expression of
+transcription factors including many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors including many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors including many of
+the hot skines they have an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot skines they have an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hot skines they have an interesting
+pattern and here's a little cartoon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and here's a little cartoon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and here's a little cartoon of
+the ROM mirors of the hindbrain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ROM mirors of the hindbrain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ROM mirors of the hindbrain from
+rostal here on the left the coddle on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal here on the left the coddle on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostal here on the left the coddle on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+right and if you look at the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you look at the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you look at the pattern of
+gene expression this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression this
+way uh it sort of looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh it sort of looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way uh it sort of looks like a
+barcode it's interesting that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode it's interesting that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode it's interesting that some of
+them are Express expressed in like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are Express expressed in like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are Express expressed in like one
+Romo mirror and then they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romo mirror and then they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romo mirror and then they're not
+expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed
+and the next one then they are expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one then they are expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one then they are expressed
+in the the next one down the line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the next one down the line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the the next one down the line and
+that's true of a number of them you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of a number of them you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of a number of them you see
+here they skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they skip
+two so this one's in one and two not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this one's in one and two not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so this one's in one and two not in
+three then these two are both present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then these two are both present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three then these two are both present in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+fourth and they're present again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth and they're present again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth and they're present again in the
+sixth and one of them is also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven so that's true of a a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so that's true of a a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so that's true of a a number of
+different genes and this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genes and this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different genes and this is just one
+experiment showing an effect of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment showing an effect of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment showing an effect of these
+genes uh here you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes uh here you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes uh here you you're
+seeing what you saw in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you saw in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what you saw in the previous
+slide expression of these particular hog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide expression of these particular hog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide expression of these particular hog
+genes there's two that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes there's two that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes there's two that have
+that more limited expression in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more limited expression in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that more limited expression in just
+certain segments and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain segments and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain segments and not
+others if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others if you
+take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh
+uh stem cells basically the precursor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stem cells basically the precursor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stem cells basically the precursor
+cells from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells from the
+embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo
+uh and inject them in another embryo if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and inject them in another embryo if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and inject them in another embryo if
+you do it before those romir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it before those romir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it before those romir
+form you can inject them near a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you can inject them near a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form you can inject them near a
+boundary and they spread right across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and they spread right across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary and they spread right across
+that boundary because the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary because the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that boundary because the boundary
+is before those genes are expressed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is before those genes are expressed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is before those genes are expressed it
+doesn't have have the reality it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have have the reality it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have have the reality it does
+later because after their the romir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later because after their the romir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later because after their the romir
+appear you inject those cells and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear you inject those cells and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear you inject those cells and they
+don't they don't move over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+boundary of course the Jans must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of course the Jans must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary of course the Jans must be
+doing many other things too we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing many other things too we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing many other things too we know that
+there's developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's developmental
+differences uh the motor neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh the motor neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences uh the motor neurons that
+originate in a particular romir just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate in a particular romir just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate in a particular romir just
+inate a particular part of the mism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inate a particular part of the mism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inate a particular part of the mism
+corresponding to the uh branchial arches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the uh branchial arches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the uh branchial arches
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+embryo all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now this entire class is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now this entire class is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now this entire class is about
+the hindbrain and the cranial nerves of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain and the cranial nerves of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain and the cranial nerves of
+the hindbrain we've talked a bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain we've talked a bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain we've talked a bit about
+hind brain specializations already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain specializations already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain specializations already in
+chapter six uh but we'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six uh but we'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter six uh but we'll talk a little
+more about hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about hind brain
+specializations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations
+today so first first back to The Columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so first first back to The Columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so first first back to The Columns
+of the secondary Sensory neurons and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the secondary Sensory neurons and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the secondary Sensory neurons and the
+motor neurons and compare the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons and compare the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons and compare the hindbrain
+and spinal cord and this is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinal cord and this is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinal cord and this is probably the
+third time I've presented it I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time I've presented it I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third time I've presented it I want you
+to start to remember it in this case I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to remember it in this case I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start to remember it in this case I'm
+showing here for the spinal cord this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here for the spinal cord this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing here for the spinal cord this is
+based on a figure of NAA where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a figure of NAA where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a figure of NAA where I've
+added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the
+colors the sensory and motor columns but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the sensory and motor columns but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors the sensory and motor columns but
+also I've colored in the the visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I've colored in the the visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I've colored in the the visceral
+column the preganglionic motor motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column the preganglionic motor motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column the preganglionic motor motor
+neurons of the sympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the sympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons of the sympathetic
+system and then in the hindbrain I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then in the hindbrain I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then in the hindbrain I've
+used the red color for the visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the red color for the visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the red color for the visceral
+sensory and visceral motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and visceral motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory and visceral motor
+neurons visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons visceral
+sensory that's input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory that's input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory that's input
+from the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the entire
+gut yeah they do have sensory fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut yeah they do have sensory fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gut yeah they do have sensory fibers
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+they they come in through dorsal Roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they come in through dorsal Roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they come in through dorsal Roots
+but they reach this nucleus behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they reach this nucleus behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they reach this nucleus behind
+brain uh the rostal part of the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh the rostal part of the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain uh the rostal part of the nucleus
+is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case
+nucleus getting input from the 7eventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus getting input from the 7eventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus getting input from the 7eventh
+9th and 10th cranial nerves but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th and 10th cranial nerves but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9th and 10th cranial nerves but here
+just across the boundary between AER and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just across the boundary between AER and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just across the boundary between AER and
+basil plates you have the visceral motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil plates you have the visceral motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil plates you have the visceral motor
+column that's this very long column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that's this very long column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column that's this very long column the
+dorsal motor nucleus of the Vegas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nerve and you'll note here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and you'll note here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve and you'll note here
+here there's just two Roots the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's just two Roots the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's just two Roots the dorsal
+root and ventral root at each segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and ventral root at each segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and ventral root at each segment
+that's not true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true in the
+hindbrain okay here the sensory fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain okay here the sensory fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain okay here the sensory fibers
+are coming in in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming in in two different
+positions this is where the input Sav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions this is where the input Sav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions this is where the input Sav
+from the auditory and vular senses would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the auditory and vular senses would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the auditory and vular senses would
+come in whereas the ca sensory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in whereas the ca sensory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in whereas the ca sensory input
+from the face comes in uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the face comes in uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the face comes in uh a little
+further uh ventrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh ventrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further uh ventrally
+the trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal
+nerve uh and then you have so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh and then you have so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve uh and then you have so these are
+sensory nerves but the fifth actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory nerves but the fifth actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory nerves but the fifth actually
+has a motor component too but it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a motor component too but it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a motor component too but it has a
+motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor
+nucleus that's just on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's just on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that's just on the other side of
+this boundary but the it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boundary but the it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boundary but the it's the
+masticator that for chewing movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masticator that for chewing movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masticator that for chewing movements
+and it goes out it joins the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes out it joins the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes out it joins the sensory
+fibers of the this nerve I don't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers of the this nerve I don't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers of the this nerve I don't show
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+here and then you have mix nerves 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you have mix nerves 7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you have mix nerves 7th
+99th and 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99th and 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99th and 10th
+primarily uh where you have a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily uh where you have a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily uh where you have a mixture of
+sensory fibers and motor fibers so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory fibers and motor fibers so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory fibers and motor fibers so no
+law of roots at all but then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of roots at all but then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of roots at all but then you have a
+sematic motor column controlling eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sematic motor column controlling eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sematic motor column controlling eye
+movements and controlling tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and controlling tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements and controlling tongue
+movements that just contain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that just contain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements that just contain the
+motor motor neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want now go through cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want now go through cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want now go through cranial nerves
+a little bit and then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and then we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and then we'll talk about
+theind brain some more naming cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theind brain some more naming cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theind brain some more naming cell
+groups looking at fibers going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups looking at fibers going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups looking at fibers going through
+the cord and fibers from those of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord and fibers from those of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cord and fibers from those of those
+cranial nerves and first of all what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves and first of all what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerves and first of all what is
+a sensory plode remember how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensory plode remember how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensory plode remember how the
+secondary Sensory neurons of the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary Sensory neurons of the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary Sensory neurons of the spinal
+cord originate from neural crest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord originate from neural crest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord originate from neural crest
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+okay the secondary Sensory neurons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the secondary Sensory neurons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the secondary Sensory neurons of
+the cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nerves don't just originate in neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves don't just originate in neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves don't just originate in neural
+crest at the in the head Ridge and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crest at the in the head Ridge and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crest at the in the head Ridge and they
+also originate from sensory pla codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also originate from sensory pla codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also originate from sensory pla codes
+what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plod there's several of them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plod there's several of them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plod there's several of them they
+contribute to the eight nerves audition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the eight nerves audition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the eight nerves audition
+and vular sense the old factory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vular sense the old factory neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vular sense the old factory neurons
+originate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate in a
+plode okay it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plode okay it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plode okay it's just
+a piece of of the ectodermal tissue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of of the ectodermal tissue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of of the ectodermal tissue the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+tissue that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue that is
+neurogenic okay it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenic okay it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurogenic okay it gives
+rise to among other things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to among other things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to among other things to
+neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons
+okay so they don't all those secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they don't all those secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they don't all those secondary
+sensory cells don't come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells don't come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells don't come from
+nurest okay and then we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurest okay and then we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurest okay and then we want to know
+about the cranial nerves and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cranial nerves and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cranial nerves and their
+number I have a table in the book uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I have a table in the book uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I have a table in the book uh you
+start studying that table because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start studying that table because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start studying that table because I'm
+going to give you some time but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you some time but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you some time but we're
+going to memorize all the cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to memorize all the cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to memorize all the cranial nerves
+and a few things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a few things about
+them I'll give you more instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'll give you more instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I'll give you more instruction
+about that but I want you to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but I want you to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but I want you to start
+paying attention to that because when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to that because when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to that because when I
+say sth nerve I expect you to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sth nerve I expect you to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sth nerve I expect you to know what
+it is if I say the 12th nerve you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if I say the 12th nerve you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if I say the 12th nerve you should
+know what it is now you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is now you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is now you probably don't
+but just start learning it and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just start learning it and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just start learning it and over
+time pretty much the numbers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pretty much the numbers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time pretty much the numbers and the
+names mean the same thing to you co well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names mean the same thing to you co well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names mean the same thing to you co well
+you need to know the number and the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the number and the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know the number and the name
+and a little bit about the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit about the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit about the function
+these sensory or motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sensory or motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sensory or motor
+okay so these Pros say a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these Pros say a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these Pros say a little more
+about them there's a tri first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them there's a tri first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them there's a tri first of all
+the dorsal lateral placodes include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal lateral placodes include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal lateral placodes include the
+trial PL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's two main portions upic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's two main portions upic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's two main portions upic and
+the Maxum mular portions they give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maxum mular portions they give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Maxum mular portions they give rise
+to the secondary sensory cells of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the secondary sensory cells of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the secondary sensory cells of the
+trigeminal gangl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal gangl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal gangl
+okay that make up the trial the axons of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that make up the trial the axons of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that make up the trial the axons of
+those cells give those neurons give rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells give those neurons give rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells give those neurons give rise
+to close to the trial nerve cran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and then the odic plode another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then the odic plode another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then the odic plode another one of
+the dorsal lateral pla codes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal lateral pla codes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal lateral pla codes then
+they're named according to position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named according to position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're named according to position in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+embryo that's gives rise to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo that's gives rise to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo that's gives rise to the
+distributor and auditory secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor and auditory secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor and auditory secondary
+sensory cells the those gangli cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells the those gangli cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells the those gangli cell that
+are outside the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside the central nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are outside the central nervous system
+and then I already as I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I already as I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I already as I already
+mentioned the frory plod gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the frory plod gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the frory plod gives rise to
+the fact the epithelium remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact the epithelium remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact the epithelium remember the
+frame of sensory ns are right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of sensory ns are right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of sensory ns are right in the
+epithelium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epithelium
+that is a specialized region thicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a specialized region thicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a specialized region thicken
+region of the ectm that giv rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the ectm that giv rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the ectm that giv rise
+today there's also I don't stress this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there's also I don't stress this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there's also I don't stress this
+but there's an epibranchial sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an epibranchial sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's an epibranchial sometimes
+called epipal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called epipal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called epipal
+plaur that gives rise to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaur that gives rise to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaur that gives rise to some of the
+gangling cells of nerves 79 and 10 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangling cells of nerves 79 and 10 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangling cells of nerves 79 and 10 but
+that those are more complicated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are more complicated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are more complicated because
+the neural crest also contributes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural crest also contributes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural crest also contributes to
+them all right so let's Let's uh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so let's Let's uh talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right so let's Let's uh talk
+about these cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these cranial
+nerves the 12 cranial nerves is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves the 12 cranial nerves is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves the 12 cranial nerves is actually
+not a full description at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a full description at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a full description at
+all even humans have more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all even humans have more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all even humans have more than that
+especially in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the
+embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo
+uh so why is it so traditional to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so why is it so traditional to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so why is it so traditional to name
+just 12 it's because it is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 12 it's because it is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 12 it's because it is pretty
+adequate to describe the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate to describe the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate to describe the adult
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+U there's a table in the and Hodo book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U there's a table in the and Hodo book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U there's a table in the and Hodo book
+that lists 25 different cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lists 25 different cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lists 25 different cranial nerves
+okay some of them are found only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of them are found only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of them are found only in
+certain groups of vertebrates we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups of vertebrates we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups of vertebrates we've
+mentioned a few times here the lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a few times here the lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a few times here the lateral
+line nerves there up to six of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line nerves there up to six of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line nerves there up to six of them and
+animals say with Electro reception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals say with Electro reception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals say with Electro reception
+there's also mechanical lateral line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also mechanical lateral line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also mechanical lateral line
+organs mechanos sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs mechanos sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs mechanos sensory
+organs but most vertebrates don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs but most vertebrates don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organs but most vertebrates don't have
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh some of our our cranial nerves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh some of our our cranial nerves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh some of our our cranial nerves in
+mammals like the facial or the glossop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals like the facial or the glossop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals like the facial or the glossop
+fral or the vagus nerve there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fral or the vagus nerve there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fral or the vagus nerve there's actually
+two distinct Parts but they the nerve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distinct Parts but they the nerve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distinct Parts but they the nerve uh
+forms a fibers the fibers of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a fibers the fibers of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a fibers the fibers of those two
+components are together in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are together in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are together in many
+vertebrates and in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's the tradition is to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's the tradition is to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's the tradition is to name
+just 12 for human we ignore very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 12 for human we ignore very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 12 for human we ignore very tiny
+nerves that we don't know much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves that we don't know much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerves that we don't know much about the
+function and it certainly accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it certainly accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and it certainly accounts for
+every all the things that are well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every all the things that are well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every all the things that are well known
+and well studied in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well studied in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well studied in the
+vertebrates so we just learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12 so let's take now a look at CLE hind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so let's take now a look at CLE hind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 so let's take now a look at CLE hind
+brain of an adult mammal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of an adult mammal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of an adult mammal
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and look at the location of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the location of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the location of the cell
+groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+uh look at those columns of secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at those columns of secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at those columns of secondary
+Sensory neurons and motor neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons and motor neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons and motor neurons and
+also where the accents are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also where the accents are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also where the accents are that are
+passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this we're going to look at figure 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to look at figure 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to look at figure 10
+can in the book it's a slic through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in the book it's a slic through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in the book it's a slic through the
+adult cotle hind brain that is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult cotle hind brain that is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult cotle hind brain that is the part
+of the hindbrain we call the medala or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain we call the medala or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain we call the medala or
+medulla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medulla
+ablong the elongation of the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablong the elongation of the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablong the elongation of the spinal cord
+not below the cerebella region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not below the cerebella region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not below the cerebella region and
+quantin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantin
+region first of all what are the Sens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region first of all what are the Sens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region first of all what are the Sens
+modalities that you know about from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities that you know about from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modalities that you know about from that
+caline brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region we mentioned them a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we mentioned them a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region we mentioned them a number of
+times already I've even mentioned them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times already I've even mentioned them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times already I've even mentioned them
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributor what about somata sensory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor what about somata sensory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributor what about somata sensory of
+course that's a hindbrain nerve too the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a hindbrain nerve too the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that's a hindbrain nerve too the
+TR geminal that starts in neur rostal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR geminal that starts in neur rostal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR geminal that starts in neur rostal
+hindbrain but you still see it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain but you still see it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain but you still see it in the
+codal hindbrain because a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codal hindbrain because a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codal hindbrain because a very long
+descending nucleus of that system and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending nucleus of that system and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending nucleus of that system and in
+addition you have visceral sensory it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition you have visceral sensory it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition you have visceral sensory it
+and we include in that The Taste sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we include in that The Taste sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we include in that The Taste sense
+okay all of that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represented I know you can answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented I know you can answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented I know you can answer this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh which cranial nerves carry some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which cranial nerves carry some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which cranial nerves carry some
+medicin where you put from the face into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicin where you put from the face into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicin where you put from the face into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+brain you should by now know the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain you should by now know the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain you should by now know the number
+and the name of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the name of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the name of that
+nerve what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve what is
+it trigeminal nerve The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trigeminal nerve The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it trigeminal nerve The
+Fifth Fifth nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fifth Fifth nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fifth Fifth nerve
+so we want to look what first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to look what first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to look what first of all
+where are the primary sensory nures like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the primary sensory nures like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the primary sensory nures like
+every dorsal root every cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dorsal root every cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dorsal root every cranial nerve
+Canadian sensory fibers the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian sensory fibers the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian sensory fibers the answer to
+this question is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question is always the
+same where are the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same where are the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same where are the cell
+bodies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies in
+a what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what's the
+word not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus if you're outside the CNN what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus if you're outside the CNN what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus if you're outside the CNN what's
+it called a gangion right so it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called a gangion right so it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it called a gangion right so it's in the
+trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+gangion okay it's a big gangion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion okay it's a big gangion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion okay it's a big gangion that
+sits on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits on either side of the
+hypothalamus but it has nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus but it has nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus but it has nothing to do
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+hypothalamus okay it just happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus okay it just happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus okay it just happens to be
+there at the base of the brain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the base of the brain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the base of the brain that's
+because the nerves are coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nerves are coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the nerves are coming in from
+the head region from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head region from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head region from the
+face okay and they're coming in under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face okay and they're coming in under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face okay and they're coming in under
+the under the branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under the branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under the branch
+and they enter the rostal part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they enter the rostal part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they enter the rostal part of the
+hind brain they actually penetrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain they actually penetrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hind brain they actually penetrate
+through the rostal pontine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rostal pontine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rostal pontine
+region okay below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cerebellum so where are the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum so where are the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum so where are the secondary
+Sensory neurons well they're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons well they're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons well they're in the
+hindra and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're they've got to be in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they've got to be in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they've got to be in this region
+here okay in that column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay in that column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay in that column
+so let's look now at the adult hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look now at the adult hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look now at the adult hindbrain
+here this is where those trial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is where those trial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is where those trial nerve
+cells are you'll see them in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are you'll see them in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are you'll see them in that
+position at every section of the hind BL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at every section of the hind BL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position at every section of the hind BL
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+rostral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral
+portion where the cerebellum distorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion where the cerebellum distorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion where the cerebellum distorts
+the whole picture so much we'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole picture so much we'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole picture so much we'll take a
+look at that by the end of the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that by the end of the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that by the end of the class and
+it just continues because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons
+form right that follow this area right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form right that follow this area right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form right that follow this area right
+here a lot of accents coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a lot of accents coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a lot of accents coming from
+orost you only see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orost you only see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orost you only see them
+penetrating very far roster so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating very far roster so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penetrating very far roster so this
+would have to be a section of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a section of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be a section of the
+embryonic brain to actually be coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic brain to actually be coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic brain to actually be coming in
+at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh so what else did we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what else did we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what else did we ask
+there we've already answered here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we've already answered here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we've already answered here's
+where you see the special senses coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see the special senses coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see the special senses coming
+in distributor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distributor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in distributor
+auditory and that's exactly the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory and that's exactly the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory and that's exactly the position
+at the very cadle end when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very cadle end when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very cadle end when you're
+entering the spinal cord that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the spinal cord that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the spinal cord that's where
+the dorsal column of are but the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal column of are but the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dorsal column of are but the dorsal
+column are really in the very Ral lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column are really in the very Ral lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column are really in the very Ral lend
+of the SP of C some people don't still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SP of C some people don't still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SP of C some people don't still
+call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H here's where the motor accents come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H here's where the motor accents come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H here's where the motor accents come
+out from the so every all the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the so every all the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the so every all the eye
+muscles are controlled by neurons like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles are controlled by neurons like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles are controlled by neurons like
+this there's the only one that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's the only one that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's the only one that doesn't
+exit that way the the fourth nerve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit that way the the fourth nerve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit that way the the fourth nerve the
+trolear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleus but otherwise it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but otherwise it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but otherwise it's the same as
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+others and then the the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then the the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and then the the nuclei
+controlling the tongue the hypoglossum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the tongue the hypoglossum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the tongue the hypoglossum
+so that's very much like a ventro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very much like a ventro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's very much like a ventro
+group but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but look
+look at the axons now going through I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the axons now going through I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the axons now going through I I
+show them all here the descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them all here the descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them all here the descending
+Pathways here is the sort of parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways here is the sort of parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways here is the sort of parameter
+shape of the paramal track coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the paramal track coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the paramal track coming from
+the cortex cortical spinal AEL paramal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex cortical spinal AEL paramal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cortex cortical spinal AEL paramal
+tract right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract right at the
+base they always run on either side when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base they always run on either side when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base they always run on either side when
+you look even at a sheep brain and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look even at a sheep brain and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look even at a sheep brain and turn
+it over and you look the ventral side uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and you look the ventral side uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it over and you look the ventral side uh
+you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see
+these grooves a little groove on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these grooves a little groove on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these grooves a little groove on the
+midline Bas artery might be there if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline Bas artery might be there if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline Bas artery might be there if it
+hasn't been pulled away but then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been pulled away but then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't been pulled away but then you'll
+see a little bit of an indentation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bit of an indentation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a little bit of an indentation at
+the edge of the paramal tract and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the paramal tract and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the paramal tract and this
+will have a slightly whitish appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a slightly whitish appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a slightly whitish appearance
+because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the
+myin all right and then right above it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myin all right and then right above it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myin all right and then right above it
+you see the sensory fibers coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the sensory fibers coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the sensory fibers coming
+from coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from coming from the
+uh spinal cord and from the dorsal colum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spinal cord and from the dorsal colum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh spinal cord and from the dorsal colum
+nuclei dorsal colum nuclei give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei dorsal colum nuclei give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei dorsal colum nuclei give rise to
+the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial
+liscus so where if this is the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liscus so where if this is the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liscus so where if this is the medial
+miniscus here on the right side where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniscus here on the right side where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniscus here on the right side where
+are the cells that gave rise to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cells that gave rise to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cells that gave rise to those
+medial miniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial miniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial miniscus
+accs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember dorsal column medial and ncus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember dorsal column medial and ncus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember dorsal column medial and ncus
+those two names should be started into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two names should be started into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two names should be started into
+Link in your mind dorsal colum medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link in your mind dorsal colum medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Link in your mind dorsal colum medial
+and misus path so where would the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and misus path so where would the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and misus path so where would the cells
+be they would be at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they would be at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be they would be at the top of the
+spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei
+but on the other side is a decoation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other side is a decoation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other side is a decoation at
+the cin behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it you drew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you drew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you drew that
+out in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in your
+homework all right and then we have Des
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework all right and then we have Des
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework all right and then we have Des
+I drew the descending pathways on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew the descending pathways on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I drew the descending pathways on the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+here and I'm showing you where the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm showing you where the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm showing you where the for
+example the tectospinal accend are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axons from the VB nucleus also follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons from the VB nucleus also follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons from the VB nucleus also follow
+that accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that accents
+cerebellum now if you imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum now if you imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum now if you imagine that the
+brain stem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain stem is
+transparent and you want to see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and you want to see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent and you want to see where
+each of these groups of nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these groups of nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these groups of nuclei
+are study this and this I use color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are study this and this I use color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are study this and this I use color
+coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+to to see them so I've shown the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see them so I've shown the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see them so I've shown the sensory
+cell groups here this figure is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups here this figure is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groups here this figure is based on
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+NAA and the uh motor groups on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAA and the uh motor groups on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NAA and the uh motor groups on the left
+so that's where you see the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where you see the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where you see the C
+nucle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle
+and A little below the cooker nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A little below the cooker nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A little below the cooker nucleus
+and a little more medial you see the VB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little more medial you see the VB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little more medial you see the VB
+nucle fairly large nuclei there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle fairly large nuclei there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucle fairly large nuclei there's
+actually four separate nuclei we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four separate nuclei we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four separate nuclei we just
+blump them together problem of distribut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blump them together problem of distribut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blump them together problem of distribut
+nuclei C nuclei there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei C nuclei there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei C nuclei there's two
+main two or three depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main two or three depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main two or three depending on how you
+divide it up we just call them the cocu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it up we just call them the cocu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide it up we just call them the cocu
+nuclei and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then
+Tria and you see there's the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tria and you see there's the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tria and you see there's the principal
+nucleus but here's the axons that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but here's the axons that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but here's the axons that come
+in way up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in way up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in way up here
+they they keep going go all the way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they keep going go all the way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they keep going go all the way down
+into the top spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the top spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the top spinal
+cord they go a little further than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they go a little further than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they go a little further than this
+picture shows that's all secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture shows that's all secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture shows that's all secondary
+sensory cells representing inputs coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells representing inputs coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory cells representing inputs coming
+into the face okay and then and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the face okay and then and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the face okay and then and what is
+the the remaining one well it's a red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the remaining one well it's a red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the remaining one well it's a red
+color so it's got to be visceral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so it's got to be visceral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so it's got to be visceral or
+taste it has a particular name because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste it has a particular name because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taste it has a particular name because
+of its appearance in a in a missile St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its appearance in a in a missile St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its appearance in a in a missile St
+stain it's called the nucleus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain it's called the nucleus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stain it's called the nucleus of the
+solitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitary
+tract okay because it's a track that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract okay because it's a track that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract okay because it's a track that
+does stand out even in the sustain can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does stand out even in the sustain can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does stand out even in the sustain can
+be seen right next to it solitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen right next to it solitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seen right next to it solitary
+tract many taste fibers in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract many taste fibers in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract many taste fibers in that
+tract as well as visceral sensory fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract as well as visceral sensory fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract as well as visceral sensory fibers
+coming in cranial nerves cranial nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in cranial nerves cranial nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in cranial nerves cranial nerve
+10 primarily but also from seven and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 primarily but also from seven and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 primarily but also from seven and
+n and then the various motor nuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then the various motor nuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then the various motor nuron
+groups are shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups are shown here
+and it includes some that we in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it includes some that we in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it includes some that we in the
+other picture because they're very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other picture because they're very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other picture because they're very small
+nuclei they're part of that visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei they're part of that visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei they're part of that visceral
+motor C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor C
+column control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+salvation okay now those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvation okay now those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salvation okay now those kinds of
+figures this one and this one don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures this one and this one don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures this one and this one don't
+memorize them use them for reference if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them use them for reference if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize them use them for reference if
+you forget and you you read you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget and you you read you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forget and you you read you're
+reading something about these nuclei you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading something about these nuclei you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading something about these nuclei you
+want to remember where they were look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remember where they were look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remember where they were look
+back at chapter 10 and look up where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at chapter 10 and look up where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at chapter 10 and look up where
+they are and notice they go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and notice they go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and notice they go all the way
+up into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into the
+midbrain okay I mentioned that the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay I mentioned that the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain okay I mentioned that the one
+in red there the aing of westf nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red there the aing of westf nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red there the aing of westf nucleus
+remember what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+controls the pupils pupilary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the pupils pupilary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the pupils pupilary
+size not the blink of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not the blink of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size not the blink of the
+eye but just the pupils of the eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye but just the pupils of the eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye but just the pupils of the eyes
+the iris okay and then the ooc motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iris okay and then the ooc motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iris okay and then the ooc motor
+nuclei the third and fourth and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei the third and fourth and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei the third and fourth and then one
+more down here six controlling different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more down here six controlling different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more down here six controlling different
+directions of I all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of I all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of I all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want to look more at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to look more at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to look more at these
+trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+nuclei but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei but I want to
+say a little go back to this topic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little go back to this topic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little go back to this topic about
+the evolution of the system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of the system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution of the system because
+these Pathways and where they terminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways and where they terminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Pathways and where they terminated
+were pretty important factors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty important factors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty important factors and
+influence the evolution of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the evolution of the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the evolution of the hindbrain
+and also more Rosal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures uh so first of all where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh so first of all where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures uh so first of all where does
+the information go when it comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information go when it comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information go when it comes into
+Tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tri
+n there should be local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n there should be local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n there should be local
+reflexes I just mentioned I blink well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes I just mentioned I blink well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexes I just mentioned I blink well
+that's a reflex that depends on input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflex that depends on input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a reflex that depends on input
+coming in uh to the tri jaminal nerve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in uh to the tri jaminal nerve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in uh to the tri jaminal nerve it
+could come in it could come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come in it could come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come in it could come from the
+cornea puff of air will cause an eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea puff of air will cause an eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornea puff of air will cause an eye
+blink it could be a touch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink it could be a touch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink it could be a touch of the
+eyelashes or touch of the face okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyelashes or touch of the face okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyelashes or touch of the face okay it
+also could just be visual input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but we're concerned here with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're concerned here with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're concerned here with this
+medic input there's got to be a pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medic input there's got to be a pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medic input there's got to be a pathway
+for the eye bling so we look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eye bling so we look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the eye bling so we look at that
+uh I mentioned that it's could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mentioned that it's could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mentioned that it's could be
+considered a fix fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a fix fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a fix fixed action pattern
+there's actually a drive associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a drive associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a drive associated with
+it to blink your eyes periodically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to blink your eyes periodically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to blink your eyes periodically it's
+very important in keeping the corly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in keeping the corly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in keeping the corly
+lubricated and then we have the Lisa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricated and then we have the Lisa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lubricated and then we have the Lisa
+Pathways remember the Lis Pathways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways remember the Lis Pathways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways remember the Lis Pathways in
+the spinal cord there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a a spinal reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a spinal reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a spinal reticular
+pathway were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway were the
+spinothalamic tract and then the dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinothalamic tract and then the dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinothalamic tract and then the dorsal
+column medial liscus system there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column medial liscus system there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column medial liscus system there must
+be equivalent systems here for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equivalent systems here for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equivalent systems here for the
+trigal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system but first let's go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but first let's go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but first let's go through this
+hypothesis that the decoation of axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that the decoation of axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that the decoation of axons
+to the midbrain and forebrain evolv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain and forebrain evolv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the midbrain and forebrain evolv
+with or after the evolution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or after the evolution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with or after the evolution of the
+crossed retinal projection to the twin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed retinal projection to the twin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed retinal projection to the twin
+brain mid and that led to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mid and that led to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain mid and that led to cross
+projections of the TR geminal system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of the TR geminal system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections of the TR geminal system as
+well and even the auditory system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and even the auditory system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and even the auditory system has
+been affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been affected by
+that so in fact the entire midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in fact the entire midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so in fact the entire midbrain and
+forbrain in the sensory world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain in the sensory world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain in the sensory world is
+represented up side opposite to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented up side opposite to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented up side opposite to where
+the brain representation is but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain representation is but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain representation is but not in
+the H brain spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cord so what is the most ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord so what is the most ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord so what is the most ancient
+ascending pathway from the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending pathway from the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending pathway from the secondary
+Sensory neurons to the trinal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons to the trinal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensory neurons to the trinal system
+what did I just call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+what was the oldest one from the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cord say it louder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord say it louder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord say it louder than
+that spinal reticular so what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spinal reticular so what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spinal reticular so what do we call
+it here in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here in the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here in the hindbrain
+now trigemino reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now trigemino reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now trigemino reticular
+okay and then you should be able to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you should be able to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you should be able to at
+least give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least give a
+quick description of the hypothesis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick description of the hypothesis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick description of the hypothesis for
+how somata sensory and visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how somata sensory and visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how somata sensory and visual system
+Pathways evolve to become predominantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways evolve to become predominantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways evolve to become predominantly
+crossed in the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed in the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed in the simplest possible
+way the the hypothesis is that it was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the the hypothesis is that it was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the the hypothesis is that it was to
+increase the speed of Escape movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the speed of Escape movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the speed of Escape movements
+so let's go through that in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through that in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go through that in a little
+more detail first of all in these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail first of all in these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail first of all in these little
+diagrams I've sketched spinal reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams I've sketched spinal reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams I've sketched spinal reticular
+and and uh trigeminal reticular Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh trigeminal reticular Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh trigeminal reticular Pathways
+mostly ipsilateral Pathways but a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly ipsilateral Pathways but a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly ipsilateral Pathways but a few
+axons spinal and even in brain levels I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons spinal and even in brain levels I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons spinal and even in brain levels I
+reach the other side and then here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the other side and then here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the other side and then here I
+show the same I leave the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the same I leave the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the same I leave the spinal
+reticular and I add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular and I add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular and I add to
+it here in Black the trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here in Black the trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here in Black the trigeminal
+retic axons that Ascend as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retic axons that Ascend as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retic axons that Ascend as far as the
+very codal for brain I don't show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very codal for brain I don't show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very codal for brain I don't show that
+here because there's so few them but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there's so few them but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because there's so few them but I
+show them mainly in the midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them mainly in the midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them mainly in the midbrain and
+hindbrain going into the reticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain going into the reticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain going into the reticular
+formation and a few of the accents going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and a few of the accents going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and a few of the accents going
+to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other side
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's all you have in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you have in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you have in the most
+primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive
+vertebraes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebraes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertebraes
+okay that's the CTIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the CTIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the CTIC
+pathway but in all the more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but in all the more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway but in all the more advanced
+creatures you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures you end up
+with these cross Pathways and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these cross Pathways and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these cross Pathways and I just
+have a few drawings to illustrate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few drawings to illustrate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a few drawings to illustrate that
+start with this one this these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this one this these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with this one this these were the
+bases for those figures you have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases for those figures you have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases for those figures you have in the
+book so what I'm showing here is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so what I'm showing here is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book so what I'm showing here is first
+of all here's the drinal input and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all here's the drinal input and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all here's the drinal input and here
+I show spinal reticular Pathways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I show spinal reticular Pathways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I show spinal reticular Pathways and
+know a few of them are getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few of them are getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few of them are getting to the
+other side most of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side most of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side most of them are
+epilat here's the retinal primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilat here's the retinal primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilat here's the retinal primitive
+retinal input the most ancient pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal input the most ancient pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retinal input the most ancient pathway
+coming in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in to the
+hypothalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus
+and even in modern mammals that pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in modern mammals that pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even in modern mammals that pathway
+goes pretty much equally to the same to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes pretty much equally to the same to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes pretty much equally to the same to
+the to the two sides in the hamster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the two sides in the hamster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the two sides in the hamster
+where I've studied it with several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've studied it with several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I've studied it with several
+different methods I can't discriminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods I can't discriminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods I can't discriminate
+the quantity in the two sides it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in the two sides it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in the two sides it's a
+bilateral projection it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral projection it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilateral projection it's a little
+nucleus and there that sits above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there that sits above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and there that sits above the
+optic kism and the fibers go mainly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic kism and the fibers go mainly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic kism and the fibers go mainly to
+the supermatic nucleus but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supermatic nucleus but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supermatic nucleus but they also
+spill outside it and the adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill outside it and the adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill outside it and the adjacent
+areas all right so the question is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all right so the question is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas all right so the question is why
+with further Evolution they end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with further Evolution they end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with further Evolution they end up
+mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Christ here's what the animal had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ here's what the animal had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christ here's what the animal had to do
+if it's going to get away from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to get away from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's going to get away from something
+coming here from the right side it caus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here from the right side it caus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming here from the right side it caus
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+shadow affecting the lateral eye could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow affecting the lateral eye could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadow affecting the lateral eye could
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+touching U the animal or causing water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching U the animal or causing water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching U the animal or causing water
+currents okay so you get trigeminal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents okay so you get trigeminal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents okay so you get trigeminal and
+visual input what we want to do is turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual input what we want to do is turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual input what we want to do is turn
+away and swim like hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and swim like hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and swim like hell
+right the Turning Away was critical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the Turning Away was critical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the Turning Away was critical and
+people have generally ignored this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have generally ignored this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have generally ignored this in
+studying it they study the what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying it they study the what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying it they study the what they
+call a startle response or rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a startle response or rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a startle response or rapid
+swimming but they forget that they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming but they forget that they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming but they forget that they don't
+want to swim right towards the attacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to swim right towards the attacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to swim right towards the attacking
+animal they want to turn so I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal they want to turn so I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal they want to turn so I think the
+speed of that was very important that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of that was very important that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of that was very important that's
+my hypothesis so the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hypothesis so the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hypothesis so the result
+was to get turning you need to contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get turning you need to contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get turning you need to contract
+muscles on the left for input coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles on the left for input coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles on the left for input coming in
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+right so you've got to reach motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you've got to reach motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you've got to reach motor
+neurons on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and if you're doing that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you're doing that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you're doing that with
+forbrain input in the case of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain input in the case of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbrain input in the case of the visual
+system there were no long Pathways going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there were no long Pathways going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system there were no long Pathways going
+all the way down the spinal cord or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the spinal cord or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the spinal cord or even
+hindra okay they they did there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindra okay they they did there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindra okay they they did there were
+neurons though in the midbrain that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons though in the midbrain that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons though in the midbrain that went
+directly to HB brain of spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to HB brain of spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to HB brain of spinal
+cord so that's I'm showing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord so that's I'm showing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord so that's I'm showing in
+Red so the most rapid Pathway to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red so the most rapid Pathway to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Red so the most rapid Pathway to get
+there was a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a cross
+pathway you save even saving a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway you save even saving a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway you save even saving a very
+small fraction of a second could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of a second could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fraction of a second could make
+the difference between living and dying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+are again for the hind brain and spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again for the hind brain and spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are again for the hind brain and spinal
+cord they don't cross okay and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they don't cross okay and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord they don't cross okay and what's
+critical here is what's in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical here is what's in the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical here is what's in the hindbrain
+and spinal cord so the midbrain pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinal cord so the midbrain pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spinal cord so the midbrain pathway
+that reaches those is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaches those is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reaches those is on
+Cross all right and that's very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross all right and that's very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross all right and that's very clear
+even in modern animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in modern animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in modern animals
+so this is the behavior these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the behavior these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the behavior these are the
+Pathways that had to evolve to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that had to evolve to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways that had to evolve to get that
+very rapid response the question is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid response the question is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid response the question is then
+how did that evolve afterwards and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did that evolve afterwards and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did that evolve afterwards and uh
+I'll just go through that quickly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know this just says what I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this just says what I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this just says what I just have
+already gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that the projection to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the projection to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that the projection to the
+midbrain surface became topographically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain surface became topographically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain surface became topographically
+organized and with topographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized and with topographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized and with topographic
+input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input
+uh first of all it could Aid add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first of all it could Aid add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first of all it could Aid add a
+little bit of directionality to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of directionality to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of directionality to that
+escape response I'm not sure just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape response I'm not sure just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape response I'm not sure just how
+important that would have been but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that would have been but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that would have been but one
+thing is very clear that once you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is very clear that once you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is very clear that once you have a
+topographic projection it becomes useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographic projection it becomes useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topographic projection it becomes useful
+for a lot of things besides just rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of things besides just rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of things besides just rapid
+Escape when you look at Escape responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape when you look at Escape responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape when you look at Escape responses
+in animals the direction they they turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals the direction they they turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in animals the direction they they turn
+in doesn't differ that much I mean it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doesn't differ that much I mean it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doesn't differ that much I mean it it
+generally is away from the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally is away from the animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally is away from the animal
+uh but it doesn't vary that much but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it doesn't vary that much but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it doesn't vary that much but if
+you want to find food turn towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find food turn towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find food turn towards
+something that's not dangerous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not dangerous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's not dangerous or
+towards a mate or towards another fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a mate or towards another fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards a mate or towards another fish
+then of course the topography it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the topography it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the topography it becomes
+critical and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical and for that
+again the most efficient was you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the most efficient was you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the most efficient was you've got
+to contract the muscles on the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contract the muscles on the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contract the muscles on the opposite
+side instead of doing this if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side instead of doing this if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side instead of doing this if you want
+to orient towards something if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to orient towards something if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to orient towards something if it's not
+dangerous you know you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous you know you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous you know you're going to have
+to contract the muscles on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contract the muscles on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to contract the muscles on the other
+side so that led to the evolution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so that led to the evolution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so that led to the evolution this
+is from our earlier class where I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from our earlier class where I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from our earlier class where I show
+input to the surface of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the surface of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the surface of the midbrain
+here is the ipsilateral descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the ipsilateral descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the ipsilateral descending
+pathway controlling local motion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway controlling local motion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway controlling local motion here
+then is the cross pathway controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the cross pathway controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the cross pathway controlling
+turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning
+towards that's the pecto spinal pit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that's the pecto spinal pit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards that's the pecto spinal pit it
+only reaches the rostal most part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reaches the rostal most part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only reaches the rostal most part of the
+spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal
+cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord
+in the animals that that I know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the animals that that I know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the animals that that I know about
+and it's been studied in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been studied in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's been studied in a number of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+animals so you end up with a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so you end up with a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals so you end up with a cross
+pathway from the tectum and an uncross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from the tectum and an uncross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from the tectum and an uncross
+pathway with very different functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway with very different functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway with very different functions
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right and once this visual pathway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and once this visual pathway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and once this visual pathway
+became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became
+crossed the ca sensory Pathways and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed the ca sensory Pathways and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossed the ca sensory Pathways and even
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+auditory that also gave information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory that also gave information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory that also gave information
+about the space around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the space around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the space around the
+head had to match it otherwise it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head had to match it otherwise it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head had to match it otherwise it was a
+mismatch between CTIC sensory and visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between CTIC sensory and visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between CTIC sensory and visual
+and between auditory and visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between auditory and visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between auditory and visual and
+that's exactly what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what happened in
+evolution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay
+and that is how how all the senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is how how all the senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is how how all the senses
+midbrain and forbrain became represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and forbrain became represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain and forbrain became represented
+on the opposite side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space yes uh it is so that simply is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yes uh it is so that simply is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space yes uh it is so that simply is
+arguing for the importance of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing for the importance of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing for the importance of visual
+system very early there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very early there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very early there is some
+variation when you look across species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation when you look across species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation when you look across species
+that some species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some species
+have projections that are more bilateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have projections that are more bilateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have projections that are more bilateral
+in their core brain but they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their core brain but they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their core brain but they're more
+specialized species you I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized species you I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized species you I'm talking
+about sort of the main line that led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the main line that led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the main line that led to
+Modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern
+mammals but there is some variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals but there is some variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals but there is some variation and
+I don't know of any review that's gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of any review that's gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of any review that's gone
+through I know individual studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through I know individual studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through I know individual studies that
+show some of these odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some of these odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some of these odd
+Pathways but most of the vertebrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways but most of the vertebrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pathways but most of the vertebrates
+have the kind of pathways I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kind of pathways I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the kind of pathways I'm talking
+about and the Very ancient ones this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the Very ancient ones this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and the Very ancient ones this is
+what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you
+have well the most ancient ones don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well the most ancient ones don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have well the most ancient ones don't
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+have the don't even have the uh spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the don't even have the uh spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the don't even have the uh spinal
+trck cross yet they just have spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trck cross yet they just have spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trck cross yet they just have spinal
+reticular there's a lot more study that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular there's a lot more study that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular there's a lot more study that
+could be done especially on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done especially on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done especially on those
+primitive animals uh to look for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive animals uh to look for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive animals uh to look for more
+evidence of this and animals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this and animals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of this and animals like
+amphioxys you see any we don't know much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxys you see any we don't know much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxys you see any we don't know much
+they're just little pigmented areas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just little pigmented areas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just little pigmented areas they
+would respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would respond to
+Shadows but there were animals after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows but there were animals after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shadows but there were animals after
+amphioxys and before the hag fish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxys and before the hag fish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphioxys and before the hag fish and
+the Sea L pries though that we only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sea L pries though that we only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sea L pries though that we only have
+FAL records know though the lateral eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL records know though the lateral eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL records know though the lateral eyes
+did appear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know long long before they hag fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know long long before they hag fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know long long before they hag fish
+increas RIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have to talk louder I this is such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk louder I this is such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk louder I this is such a
+noise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I question not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure let's
+uh let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see what
+else I want to say a little more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I want to say a little more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I want to say a little more about
+the trious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trious
+system in this picture I'm showing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in this picture I'm showing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in this picture I'm showing where
+they are in the embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the embryo
+and then here they are in the Heim brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here they are in the Heim brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here they are in the Heim brain
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and here I've just shown the tramal left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I've just shown the tramal left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I've just shown the tramal left
+the others out but I've included the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others out but I've included the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others out but I've included the
+facial motor nucleus because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial motor nucleus because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial motor nucleus because I want to
+show the simplest pathway for the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the simplest pathway for the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the simplest pathway for the I
+blink going directly from inter neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink going directly from inter neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blink going directly from inter neurons
+here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the
+trial uh nucleus going to either by way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial uh nucleus going to either by way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial uh nucleus going to either by way
+of inter neurons or or like to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inter neurons or or like to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inter neurons or or like to this
+neuron or directly to the facial mle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron or directly to the facial mle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron or directly to the facial mle is
+causing the eye bling I assume that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the eye bling I assume that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the eye bling I assume that some
+of the pathways are probably direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathways are probably direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pathways are probably direct
+because it's very important functionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very important functionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very important functionally
+for that to be a rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+movement it's a little bit like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement it's a little bit like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement it's a little bit like the
+Escape response it's protective it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape response it's protective it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Escape response it's protective it's
+preserving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving the
+eyes so it's very rapid okay now now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so it's very rapid okay now now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so it's very rapid okay now now now
+I want you to be able to contrast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be able to contrast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be able to contrast the
+trigeminal nerve and the trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal nerve and the trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal nerve and the trial
+liscus think of the meaning of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liscus think of the meaning of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liscus think of the meaning of each of
+those terms trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms trigeminal
+nerve primary sensory cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve primary sensory cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve primary sensory cell
+accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accents
+okay these are the accents of cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the accents of cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the accents of cells in
+the trigeminal gangling then what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal gangling then what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal gangling then what is the
+trigeminal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this well what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well what is the
+secondary sense reactions exactly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sense reactions exactly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sense reactions exactly just
+like from the spinal cord but now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from the spinal cord but now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from the spinal cord but now we're
+talking about Pathways originate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Pathways originate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Pathways originate in the
+hinding this looks complicated only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinding this looks complicated only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinding this looks complicated only
+because I added some other nuclei here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I added some other nuclei here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I added some other nuclei here
+in a bunch of words but I can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of words but I can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of words but I can very
+simply show you what I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply show you what I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply show you what I'm talking about
+here's the trial gangion sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the trial gangion sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the trial gangion sitting
+remember below the the brain and humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember below the the brain and humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember below the the brain and humans
+here's it three branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's it three branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's it three branches
+up thalmic maxillary and mandibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up thalmic maxillary and mandibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up thalmic maxillary and mandibular
+branches of the trinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the trinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the trinal
+nerve there the cell bodies are in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve there the cell bodies are in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve there the cell bodies are in that
+gangion and here the axon comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion and here the axon comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gangion and here the axon comes in and
+terminates in the trigeminal nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates in the trigeminal nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates in the trigeminal nuclei
+sometimes that's called the brainstem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's called the brainstem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's called the brainstem
+trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal
+complex they're just secondary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex they're just secondary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex they're just secondary sensory
+cells of the trigeminal nuclei principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the trigeminal nuclei principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells of the trigeminal nuclei principal
+nucleus at the top and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus at the top and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus at the top and then the
+descending nucleus they're all getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending nucleus they're all getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending nucleus they're all getting
+direct input from those primary ACC okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct input from those primary ACC okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct input from those primary ACC okay
+now the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the cells
+there if they're not forming a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if they're not forming a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there if they're not forming a reflex
+like that I blink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I blink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that I blink
+reflex they may be sending an axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex they may be sending an axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex they may be sending an axon
+across the midline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the midline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the midline and
+ascending in a lisus that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending in a lisus that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascending in a lisus that's the
+trigeminal liscus we can't separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal liscus we can't separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal liscus we can't separate
+spinal like in the spinal cord we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal like in the spinal cord we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal like in the spinal cord we had
+the spinothalamic and the dorsal column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinothalamic and the dorsal column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinothalamic and the dorsal column
+medal liscus there arexons of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal liscus there arexons of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medal liscus there arexons of different
+eyes obviously the ones from up here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes obviously the ones from up here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes obviously the ones from up here are
+going to reach Thea Centric cortex a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reach Thea Centric cortex a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to reach Thea Centric cortex a lot
+more rapidly they're more like the doal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapidly they're more like the doal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rapidly they're more like the doal
+column system made in the medial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column system made in the medial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column system made in the medial in
+muscus whereas the ones down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscus whereas the ones down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscus whereas the ones down here
+including pain input that goes down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including pain input that goes down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including pain input that goes down into
+the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal
+cord this Pathways to the brain are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord this Pathways to the brain are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord this Pathways to the brain are
+slower more like the spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower more like the spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower more like the spinal thalamic
+tract but they're all called trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract but they're all called trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract but they're all called trigeminal
+liscus you can see them they simply join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liscus you can see them they simply join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liscus you can see them they simply join
+the medial miniscus and spinal pamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial miniscus and spinal pamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medial miniscus and spinal pamic
+tract accon as they course there through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract accon as they course there through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract accon as they course there through
+the midbrain into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain into the
+caral terminate in the ventral posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caral terminate in the ventral posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caral terminate in the ventral posterior
+nucleus where the cells then project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus where the cells then project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus where the cells then project to
+some medic through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medic through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some medic through
+cortex so very much like the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cord I'm leaving out the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord I'm leaving out the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord I'm leaving out the spinal
+reticular here just showing these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular here just showing these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticular here just showing these more
+recently evolved Pathways that are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently evolved Pathways that are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently evolved Pathways that are so
+important than getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than getting to the
+Corbit and then I already mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corbit and then I already mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corbit and then I already mentioned this
+is where the pain in put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the pain in put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the pain in put
+goes okay and this enlarges a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes okay and this enlarges a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes okay and this enlarges a little
+bit here you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit here you see the
+crossing these are the tri trial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing these are the tri trial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing these are the tri trial and
+rcus accents notice here in the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcus accents notice here in the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rcus accents notice here in the ventral
+basil or ventral posterior nucleus those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil or ventral posterior nucleus those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basil or ventral posterior nucleus those
+two names mean the same thing uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two names mean the same thing uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two names mean the same thing uh I'm
+showing the green here I omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the green here I omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the green here I omit
+the lateralmost heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateralmost heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateralmost heart
+why because the vental posterior nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the vental posterior nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because the vental posterior nucleus
+gets input from the body surface too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets input from the body surface too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets input from the body surface too
+from the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the spinal
+cord that's what goes out here the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord that's what goes out here the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord that's what goes out here the body
+is topographically represented in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is topographically represented in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is topographically represented in that
+nucleus codal parts of the body are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus codal parts of the body are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus codal parts of the body are here
+the more medial Parts here the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more medial Parts here the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more medial Parts here the very
+medial most is input from the tongue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial most is input from the tongue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial most is input from the tongue and
+there's a taste area there okay the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a taste area there okay the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a taste area there okay the most
+medial part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial part of that
+nuc and I describe there what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuc and I describe there what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuc and I describe there what you're
+seeing at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing at each
+level we talked about Ro I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we talked about Ro I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we talked about Ro I've just
+mentioned here the masory nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here the masory nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here the masory nucleus and
+feeding and we talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and we talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding and we talked about these
+specializations before except this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations before except this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializations before except this one I
+didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have the
+picture that Amy mentioned this staros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that Amy mentioned this staros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that Amy mentioned this staros
+mole and notice here's that specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and notice here's that specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and notice here's that specialized
+organ but here is proportionately how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ but here is proportionately how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ but here is proportionately how
+it's represented in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's represented in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's represented in the
+neocortex all this is is a munculus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex all this is is a munculus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neocortex all this is is a munculus you
+know they distort the picture according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they distort the picture according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they distort the picture according
+to how much brain is taken up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how much brain is taken up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how much brain is taken up by
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually
+find copy of figure from the paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find copy of figure from the paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find copy of figure from the paper that
+the most recent paper that mapped the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent paper that mapped the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent paper that mapped the
+staros M cortex that was done by John C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staros M cortex that was done by John C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staros M cortex that was done by John C
+buil Amy found the paper but we just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buil Amy found the paper but we just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buil Amy found the paper but we just I
+didn't pull the figure out yet okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pull the figure out yet okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pull the figure out yet okay and
+then the trial system representing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the trial system representing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the trial system representing the
+whiskers so here it shows the face and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers so here it shows the face and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskers so here it shows the face and
+then it shows the Barrel Fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it shows the Barrel Fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it shows the Barrel Fields and
+cortex but here they are in the phonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but here they are in the phonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex but here they are in the phonus
+where you don't call them barrels you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't call them barrels you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't call them barrels you
+call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them
+barreloids and down in the brain stem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barreloids and down in the brain stem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barreloids and down in the brain stem
+you call them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call them
+barrelet just cute names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrelet just cute names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrelet just cute names
+to represent the fact that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the fact that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the fact that you can
+actually see see these little clumps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see see these little clumps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see see these little clumps of
+cells for each whisker in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells for each whisker in the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells for each whisker in the hindbrain
+in the phalus and in the cortex we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phalus and in the cortex we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the phalus and in the cortex we've
+seen this in the cortex wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in the cortex wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this in the cortex wanted to show
+you a few more of the accents this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few more of the accents this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a few more of the accents this is
+from a frontal section where each little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a frontal section where each little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a frontal section where each little
+puff of accents there labeled with di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puff of accents there labeled with di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puff of accents there labeled with di
+eye which diffuses through the accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye which diffuses through the accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye which diffuses through the accents
+even in a fixed brain and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a fixed brain and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a fixed brain and you can see
+the little Puffs one puff per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Puffs one puff per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little Puffs one puff per
+whisker and here they are cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisker and here they are cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whisker and here they are cut
+tangentially you see the accents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangentially you see the accents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangentially you see the accents the
+barrels the cells would be mainly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels the cells would be mainly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrels the cells would be mainly in the
+dark areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark areas
+here here they are in a c of colon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here they are in a c of colon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here they are in a c of colon
+estras and here they are in cyto C you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estras and here they are in cyto C you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estras and here they are in cyto C you
+just keep seeing them with these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep seeing them with these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep seeing them with these various
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and then we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then we've talked
+about distortions why don't we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about distortions why don't we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about distortions why don't we do the
+distortions we've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions we've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions we've already seen
+these but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but I want
+to talk about distortions from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about distortions from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about distortions from the
+incredible development of the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible development of the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible development of the cerebellum
+it's particularly prominent in animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly prominent in animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly prominent in animals
+with a lot of such manual dexterity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of such manual dexterity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lot of such manual dexterity
+dexterity of other body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity of other body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dexterity of other body
+movements um so we'll look at it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements um so we'll look at it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements um so we'll look at it for
+human and go through some of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and go through some of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human and go through some of these terms
+so we're going to end right there we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to end right there we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to end right there we'll
+come right back here next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qIfu7MwTBrA.txt b/qIfu7MwTBrA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9566293fb19ac8d6b52b651a8830c4c73322c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qIfu7MwTBrA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a numero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remember that when we count we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that when we count we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember that when we count we do
+uno that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and joy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's difficult. We didn't do yet. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's difficult. We didn't do yet. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's difficult. We didn't do yet. Does
+anybody want to try to spell it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HS. That's still there. Okay. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS. That's still there. Okay. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HS. That's still there. Okay. But
+it's on. Oh, no. That's an I. That's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on. Oh, no. That's an I. That's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on. Oh, no. That's an I. That's so
+It's just scriptive writing. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just scriptive writing. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just scriptive writing. Okay.
+Script.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M A R I G E O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A R I G E O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M A R I G E O
+Perfecto. So we're lucky that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfecto. So we're lucky that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfecto. So we're lucky that it's
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just
+Friday the 17th 17th in Italy brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday the 17th 17th in Italy brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday the 17th 17th in Italy brings
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bad luck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad luck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bad luck.
+Fortuna along is good luck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortuna along is good luck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortuna along is good luck.
+Okay. Um, so today we will directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so today we will directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, so today we will directly
+start to cook because it will take you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to cook because it will take you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to cook because it will take you a
+while.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while.
+And as you cook, I want you to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as you cook, I want you to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as you cook, I want you to try to
+speak as much Italian as possible. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak as much Italian as possible. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak as much Italian as possible. We
+have two guests, so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two guests, so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two guests, so you have the
+opportunity to introduce yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to introduce yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to introduce yourself and
+ask all kind of questions. Practice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask all kind of questions. Practice,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask all kind of questions. Practice,
+practice, practice. Okay. So, before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, practice. Okay. So, before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, practice. Okay. So, before you
+get up,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we make two kinds of pasta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we make two kinds of pasta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we make two kinds of pasta.
+We're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do they contain?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do they contain?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do they contain?
+Yes. And we make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+pasta. Not inside the pasta. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta. Not inside the pasta. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasta. Not inside the pasta. That's
+sauce. We could do that. That's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce. We could do that. That's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce. We could do that. That's also
+nice. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. But
+no, no, no. We are going to make a fungi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, no, no. We are going to make a fungi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, no, no. We are going to make a fungi
+sauce. Okay. And then we make oret.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce. Okay. And then we make oret.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce. Okay. And then we make oret.
+Let me write it down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ears. Oh, ears. Yeah, I heard somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears. Oh, ears. Yeah, I heard somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ears. Oh, ears. Yeah, I heard somebody
+saying ears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying ears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying ears.
+Okay, first I said I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+or or means ear. So what for these cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or means ear. So what for these cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or means ear. So what for these cute
+cute ears?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute ears?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute ears?
+Little cute ears. So they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little cute ears. So they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little cute ears. So they look like
+little cute ears. And it's a recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cute ears. And it's a recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little cute ears. And it's a recipe
+that's traditional from this region. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the hill the taco and the region is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hill the taco and the region is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hill the taco and the region is
+called puly. Wow. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called puly. Wow. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called puly. Wow. Yes.
+Pulya from pulya. And we will eat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulya from pulya. And we will eat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulya from pulya. And we will eat the
+oret. Well, traditionally one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oret. Well, traditionally one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oret. Well, traditionally one of the
+recipes would be with broccoli, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipes would be with broccoli, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recipes would be with broccoli, but we
+already made pasta with broccoli. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made pasta with broccoli. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already made pasta with broccoli. So we
+will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make
+oret that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oret that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oret that's
+within mozzarella and basil. That's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within mozzarella and basil. That's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within mozzarella and basil. That's it's
+almost it's almost summer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost it's almost summer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost it's almost summer.
+So we can do something fresh and easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can do something fresh and easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can do something fresh and easy.
+friendship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qU6NkB4xE7U.txt b/qU6NkB4xE7U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fbae64704a666963b169a5b3fb16a1d073cb1ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qU6NkB4xE7U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3222 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We started to talk
+about the discrete time
+
+Fourier transform last time.
+
+This is probably something
+you've been exposed to before,
+
+and as in many cases, we're
+looking at it in a very
+
+different way than what you
+probably looked at it before.
+
+The discrete time Fourier
+transform is simply the time
+
+frequency dual of the
+Fourier series.
+
+Nothing more than that.
+
+For any L2 function --
+
+now we're talking about a
+function of frequency, but a
+
+function is a function.
+
+So this is a complex valued
+function of frequency.
+
+If it's limited, if it's
+truncated to the band from
+
+minus w to plus w, then, in
+fact, it's inverse Fourier
+
+transform is given by this limit
+in the mean of the sum
+
+of the coefficients times
+v sub k of f.
+
+This is exactly the same as
+the Fourier transform
+
+replacing times with
+frequencies, replacing w for t
+
+over 2, and in the complex
+frequency you're replacing a
+
+to the plus 2 pi i here with e
+to the minus 2 pi i in the
+
+Fourier series.
+
+So those are the only
+differences, it's just
+
+notational differences, and
+aside from that, it works
+
+exactly the same way.
+
+The coefficients are
+given by this.
+
+We showed, when we were talking
+about the Fourier
+
+series, that these coefficients
+exist as complex
+
+numbers, they're
+always finite.
+
+You can calculate them
+if you want to.
+
+This quantity here can
+be rather fishy.
+
+This is this limit in the mean
+which says that you have to
+
+calculate this by looking at
+the sum here over a finite
+
+sum, over a finite sum this
+is well-defined and
+
+behaves very nicely.
+
+As you go to the limit funny
+things can happen, but the
+
+thing that we showed is in terms
+of energy, nothing funny
+
+can happen.
+
+I'm going to give you an example
+of this kind of funny
+
+business as we talk about the
+sampling theorem in just a
+
+couple of minutes.
+
+So the u hat of f has
+to be L1 since it is
+
+limited in this way.
+
+It has a continuous inverse
+transform, which is this.
+
+OK, so you can go from --
+
+blah blah blah blah blah.
+
+The discrete Fourier transform
+is simply a transform between
+
+a function and a sequence
+of terms.
+
+Now this bit here is something
+we haven't
+
+talked about before.
+
+Because now we've talked about
+Fourier transforms also, and
+
+if you have an L2 function, u
+hat of f, that L2 function has
+
+a Fourier transform and an
+inverse Fourier transform in
+
+this case, which is u of t,
+which is given by this
+
+expression here, the
+usual expression
+
+for the Fourier transform.
+
+Now, the thing that's peculiar
+about this Fourier transform
+
+is that since u hat of f is
+limited, is truncated, this
+
+transform here exists
+everywhere.
+
+We don't need a limit
+in the mean here.
+
+You can calculate this for
+every t this exists.
+
+This is a point-wise
+convergent thing.
+
+This is the thing that you're
+used to when you think of
+
+functions, because the function
+is defined everywhere
+
+in this case.
+
+And since we're going to go into
+the sampling theorem, it
+
+had damned well better be
+defined everywhere because
+
+otherwise the sampling
+theorem wouldn't make
+
+any sense at all.
+
+So, the inverse Fourier
+transform of the discrete time
+
+Fourier transform, as we
+said, is this, it's a
+
+limit in the mean.
+
+Namely, you take more
+and more terms here.
+
+You get closer and closer to
+this in terms of energy.
+
+It doesn't say anything about
+what happens for particular
+
+values of f.
+
+This is a sampling expansion
+with t equals 1 over 2w.
+
+OK, let's go back here.
+
+We're talking about some
+function of frequency which
+
+has a Fourier series, it also
+has a Fourier transform.
+
+What we're interested in now
+is what is the relationship
+
+between these coefficients
+here and a discrete time
+
+Fourier transform and
+this function here.
+
+What I want to show you is
+that, in fact, these two
+
+things are very closely
+related.
+
+You can now go back to the
+Fourier series itself and
+
+relate the Fourier series
+coefficients to the Fourier
+
+transform and you'll get the
+same kind of sampling
+
+representation that we're
+getting right now.
+
+So, if we -- there's something
+missing in what I'm
+
+trying to say here.
+
+Oh, I see what I'm trying
+to do, sorry.
+
+What I'm trying to do is to
+take the inverse Fourier
+
+transform of u hat of
+f, which is given by
+
+this expression here.
+
+Temporarily I'm going to forget
+about the fact that
+
+this is a limit in the mean,
+throw mathematics to the
+
+winds, and simply take this
+inverse transform.
+
+Take the inverse transform
+of this also.
+
+So, when I take the inverse
+transform of the sum, what I'm
+
+going to get is the sum over k
+of u sub k, and then in place
+
+of this frequency function --
+these are orthogonal functions
+
+here, the things I listed
+on the previous page --
+
+I got u of t is the sum of
+u sub k times these time
+
+functions now.
+
+These time functions are just
+the Fourier transforms of
+
+these frequency functions
+here.
+
+This is a set of orthogonal
+wave forms here, which are
+
+truncated sinusoids.
+
+I want to take the Fourier
+transform of these and the
+
+Fourier transforms of these --
+
+I should have put them both on
+the same slide so you could
+
+see what they are --
+
+but in fact, in your homework
+you're going to take the
+
+inverse Fourier transform of
+that and show that it is, in
+
+fact, this.
+
+That's just a nice exercise in
+taking rectangular functions
+
+and sinc functions and applying
+shifts in both time
+
+and frequency.
+
+When you do this, this turns
+out to have the inverse
+
+transform of this.
+
+So this is u of t is just this,
+where this comes from
+
+here, and then this turns out to
+be the inverse transform of
+
+this function here, which,
+in fact, is just this.
+
+Sorry for all of that.
+
+So now if we want to try to
+understand what this means,
+
+suppose that you take a function
+u of t, which is, in
+
+fact, the inverse transform of
+this u hat of f, which is
+
+truncated to a finite
+band limit.
+
+If we then take v of t equal to
+u of t everywhere except on
+
+the sample points, and on every
+sample point we simply
+
+add 1 to v -- in other words,
+v of kt is equal to
+
+u of kT plus 1.
+
+So we take this nice smooth
+function that we have here,
+
+and at every sample point
+we simply add 1.
+
+So now the question is, is this
+new function I have still
+
+baseband limited or isn't it?
+
+You see you can't answer that
+question because we weren't
+
+careful enough to say
+what we meant by a
+
+baseband limited function.
+
+Usually when you talk about a
+baseband limited function,
+
+you're talking about a function
+whose Fourier
+
+transform is zero, except in the
+range minus w to plus w.
+
+Well, this new function v of t
+here has the property that its
+
+Fourier transform is zero
+outside of minus w to plus w.
+
+And therefore if you define
+baseband limited as functions
+
+whose Fourier transform is zero
+outside of limits, then
+
+the sampling theorem
+doesn't hold.
+
+So what do we do about this?
+
+Well, the easiest thing to do
+about it is to change what we
+
+mean by baseband limited to what
+you would have meant if
+
+we hadn't going through all
+of this mathematics.
+
+In other words, the Fourier
+transform cuts both ways -- u
+
+of t has a Fourier transform, u
+hat of f, u hat of f has an
+
+inverse transform, u of t.
+
+What we mean now by baseband
+limited is that u of t is the
+
+inverse transform of a frequency
+function, which is
+
+limited to minus
+w over plus w.
+
+In other words, we will regard
+u of t here as being baseband
+
+limited, we will not
+regard v of t as
+
+being baseband limited.
+
+Because we have these two
+functions, u of t and v of t,
+
+which both have the same Fourier
+transforms, but which
+
+are not equal to each other.
+
+We want to, at this point, say
+that the only one which is
+
+really baseband limited is the
+function which is the inverse
+
+transform of u of t.
+
+If you read the sampling theorem
+as it's written in the
+
+notes, that's exactly
+what it says.
+
+It defines this function u of
+t to which the sampling
+
+theorem applies in that way.
+
+Well anyway, this
+is the sampling
+
+theorem at this point.
+
+It says you can take
+u of t, you can
+
+express it in this way.
+
+If I go back to the previous
+slide, what we did here by
+
+comparing u of t with this
+expression for u sub k. u sub
+
+k are the coefficients in the
+discrete time Fourier
+
+transform. u of t is this
+inverse transform.
+
+These quantities here
+are almost the same.
+
+This quantity here is just
+evaluating this at particular
+
+frequencies.
+
+Namely, if for frequency f I
+substitute in, if we're time
+
+t, I substitute in k over 2w,
+then this formula just becomes
+
+that formula.
+
+In other words, 2w times
+u sub k is equal to u
+
+evaluated at k over 2w.
+
+You already saw that when you
+looked at the Fourier series.
+
+When you looked at the Fourier
+series, you saw these
+
+coefficients, which, in fact,
+look like the Fourier
+
+transform terms.
+
+And which, in fact, were the
+same as the Fourier transform
+
+except for a scale factor at
+some particular frequency.
+
+Here we have these coefficients,
+which are, in
+
+fact, scaled versions of the
+inverse transform of
+
+particular times.
+
+So the conclusion from that
+is that, in fact, what the
+
+discrete time Fourier transform
+is is it's simply
+
+the Fourier transform of the
+sampling theorem expansion.
+
+The two of them are duals in a
+very different way than the
+
+Fourier series and the
+dtft are duals.
+
+The dtft and the Fourier series
+are duals in the sense
+
+that if you take the expressions
+for the Fourier
+
+series and change frequency
+for time and time for
+
+frequency, you get
+to the dtft.
+
+Here what we're doing is taking
+the dtft and simply
+
+taking the inverse Fourier
+transform of it, so that the
+
+sampling theorem is, in
+fact, the Fourier
+
+transform of the dtft.
+
+It's not the dual, it's the
+Fourier transform itself.
+
+Well, the discrete time Fourier
+transform generalizes
+
+to arbitrary frequency intervals
+just as well as to a
+
+baseband interval.
+
+Namely, you can do exactly the
+same thing as what we've just
+
+done if you're looking not at
+the frequency at the range of
+
+frequencies from minus w to plus
+w, but you shift that up
+
+to any old place you want to and
+look at delta minus w to
+
+delta plus w.
+
+And the fact the discrete time
+Fourier transform, if you
+
+don't put the rectangular
+function in it is going to be
+
+periodic anyway.
+
+It's exactly the same
+thing that we had
+
+with a Fourier series.
+
+With a Fourier series, we could
+find the Fourier series
+
+for a function limited between
+minus t over 2
+
+to plus t over 2.
+
+Now by duality, we can find
+the dtft for a function
+
+limited between minus w plus
+delta and plus w plus delta.
+
+That's what we're doing here.
+
+So the dtft in generalized form
+is now this, and v sub k
+
+is now the integral from delta
+minus w to delta plus w of the
+
+same old thing as before.
+
+This is equal to this, which
+is the same old thing as
+
+before, except we now have this
+shifted frequency in the
+
+rectangular function.
+
+So if we take the inverse
+Fourier transform of this,
+
+again, using the same duality
+we had before, we get v of t
+
+is equal to the sum times
+the sinc function.
+
+And the only difference now
+that we're expanding this
+
+given frequency band not
+centered around zero but
+
+centered around something else,
+the only difference in
+
+the sampling theorem is now
+we have this rotating term
+
+gyrating around up at this
+frequency, k over 2w.
+
+That's the only way in which
+this is different from the
+
+sampling theorem that
+we had before.
+
+I wish I could put more things
+on one slide but you wouldn't
+
+see them if I could.
+
+So here's a Fourier transform
+of the sum 1 over t, u of kt
+
+time the sinc function.
+
+Here it's the same thing.
+
+That's one reason for comparing
+
+these things sometimes.
+
+1 over t in here.
+
+OK, times, so it's the same
+thing with this rotating term
+
+which is the only difference.
+
+Now, how many of you can see
+that the Fourier transform of
+
+this quantity is equal to
+this sinc function?
+
+I can't do that.
+
+It's one of the things you're
+going to do in your homework.
+
+I get confused every time I do
+it, and I got confused enough
+
+to leave out the 1 over t
+this time when I did it.
+
+You just have to be patient
+with that and do it a few
+
+times and you'll find
+that it's not --
+
+well, it becomes automatic
+after awhile.
+
+It's one place where you
+need plug and chug.
+
+So now that we've generalized
+the dtft to look at any old
+
+frequency band instead of just
+the frequency band around
+
+zero, we can do the
+same thing that we
+
+did with time functions.
+
+Namely, with a time function --
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You don't think
+it should be a 1 over t?
+
+Well, you very well might be
+right because I didn't think
+
+it should have been either
+when I wrote it down.
+
+But I don't see --
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It was the--.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, that's the
+difference, yes, of course.
+
+It's not the coefficient
+that I have here,
+
+it's the actual --
+
+yeah.
+
+Yes.
+
+So it should be the
+same as the--
+
+Oh, I see the problem.
+
+I shouldn't have had the 1
+over t here, should I?
+
+No.
+
+I know one of them couldn't
+be right.
+
+It is right in the notes, so
+you can sort it out there.
+
+So, the thing we did when we
+were dealing with a Fourier
+
+series is we took an arbitrary
+function of time, we segmented
+
+it into time intervals and then
+we expanded each one of
+
+those time intervals into
+a Fourier series.
+
+By doing that we could take an
+arbitrary L2 function and
+
+represent it as an orthogonal
+expansion over this double sum
+
+of time shifts and
+frequency terms.
+
+We call that the truncated
+sinusoidal expansion, the t
+
+spaced truncated sinusoids and
+we made an expansion out of
+
+that that would allow us to
+express any old L2 function in
+
+terms of that.
+
+Here we're going to
+do the same thing.
+
+We can take an arbitrary
+frequency function, separate
+
+into bands of frequencies.
+
+You often want to do this in
+digital communication when
+
+you're looking at transmitting
+information in different
+
+bands, which you do all
+the time in radio.
+
+Somebody has a certain part of
+the spectrum, they transmit a
+
+signal there, somebody else
+has another part of the
+
+spectrum, they transmit
+a signal there.
+
+You can look at those different
+signals which are in
+
+different frequency bands,
+they're all orthogonal to each
+
+other, they don't interfere
+with each other at all.
+
+We're doing the same
+thing here.
+
+We're just saying an arbitrary
+function can be split into
+
+different frequency bands, each
+one of those frequency
+
+bands can be represented both by
+a dtft, which is the thing
+
+we just did on the last slide,
+and by sampling theorem
+
+expression, which is what we get
+when we take the inverse
+
+Fourier transform of the dtft.
+
+So when we do that what we get
+is a perfectly arbitrary
+
+frequency function which exists
+from minus infinity to
+
+plus infinity.
+
+We can represent it as the
+sum of all these separate
+
+frequency functions.
+
+I just threw a limit in the
+mean here because I'm not
+
+being careful about what happens
+where we separate from
+
+one frequency function
+to the next.
+
+Namely, at frequency w do I use
+one term or do I use the
+
+other term or do
+I use the sum.
+
+But we don't want to
+worry about that.
+
+We don't want to even
+think about it.
+
+So we put a limit in
+the mean here.
+
+So the v sub hat m of f then is
+going to be the part of u
+
+of f which is in this particular
+frequency range.
+
+That's completely the analogy
+of taking a time function,
+
+looking at that time function
+over a particular range of
+
+time, and here what we're doing
+is taking a frequency
+
+function, segementing it into
+different frequency intervals
+
+so that the end frequency
+interval is then just this
+
+with a rectangular function
+to truncate it.
+
+If I take the inverse Fourier
+transform of this what I'm
+
+going to get is u of t, take the
+inverse transform of all
+
+of these terms, so I'll get
+the sum of vm of t.
+
+Now, vm of t is the inverse
+Fourier transform of vm of f.
+
+You take that quantity, take the
+inverse transform of it,
+
+and sure enough you get this
+kind of expression here.
+
+It's a sampling theorem in v sub
+m of f with this rotating
+
+frequency term here,
+which is just the
+
+thing that we had before.
+
+So, all we're doing here is
+starting out with some
+
+arbitrary frequency function,
+we're segementing it in
+
+frequencies.
+
+Each frequency band then has
+a dtft associated with it.
+
+When we take the inverse Fourier
+transform of that
+
+dtft, what we get is a sampling
+expansion for that
+
+particular frequency band.
+
+So what this is doing here,
+finally when we get all done
+
+with this, is I'm just combining
+the sampling theorem
+
+expansion in each frequency
+range, which
+
+is what u of t is.
+
+So I've taken u of t, I split it
+up into different frequency
+
+ranges, I've expressed what's
+in each frequency range in
+
+terms of a sampling theorem.
+
+The sampling theorem terms are
+these with these rotating
+
+terms in them corresponding to
+the mth frequency range.
+
+This is completely analogous
+then to the truncated sinc
+
+function expansion
+we had before.
+
+This becomes a little more
+sensible if we substitute a
+
+sampling time, t,
+for 1 over 2w.
+
+Namely, all of these expressions
+here are talking
+
+about what happens when you
+sample these individual
+
+frequency bands at intervals
+1 over 2w.
+
+So we'll just call that capital
+T to make the formula
+
+look a little simpler.
+
+Then we get u of t is this
+limit in the mean of this
+
+whole expression there.
+
+So it's a double sum, it's
+a sum over time, over the
+
+samples, so there's one term for
+each time, kT, and there's
+
+one term for each frequency
+interval.
+
+Frequencies are indexed by
+m, time is indexed by k.
+
+So the thing we have here is an
+expansion now in terms of
+
+coefficients -- these are just
+called coefficients again.
+
+This expansion which looks
+suspiciously like the t space
+
+truncated sinusoids that
+we had before.
+
+The only difference is that,
+the terms were truncated in
+
+time; here, the terms are
+truncated in frequency.
+
+So the different terms making
+up this expansion, these
+
+orthogonal terms here, in one
+case what we have is a sinc
+
+function which is translated
+in time and then
+
+translated in frequency.
+
+In another case we have the
+rectangular function, which is
+
+translated in time and then
+translated in frequency.
+
+So in that sense, these two
+expansions are almost the
+
+same, and you can think of doing
+expansions perhaps in
+
+other things also and we'll talk
+more about that later.
+
+So, this then is just this thing
+we're going to call a t
+
+spaced sinc weighted
+sinusoid expansion.
+
+So the only thing we have is
+this one sinc function which
+
+is this hat sort of function.
+
+The terms in here are those
+functions shifted in time by
+
+some number of sampling
+intervals, t, and then shifted
+
+in frequency by some number
+of frequency bands, 2w.
+
+See, the original frequency
+bands that we had went from
+
+minus w to plus w.
+
+The next one goes from
+w to 3w, the next one
+
+goes from 3w to 5w.
+
+So the frequency bands we're
+talking about here
+
+are of width 2w.
+
+The time intervals we're talking
+about are of width t.
+
+Why do people confuse
+you that way?
+
+Well, because all of this
+happened a long time before
+
+people realized how closely
+the duality relationship
+
+between time and
+frequency was.
+
+So people wanted to talk about
+frequencies, baseband
+
+frequencies.
+
+You talk about a baseband
+limited to w and you're
+
+talking about positive
+frequencies, because engineers
+
+used to deal with cosines and
+sine, and there weren't any
+
+such thing as negative
+frequencies.
+
+Then they decided everything
+was easier when they dealt
+
+with complex sinusoids, negative
+frequencies reared
+
+their ugly head, but people
+didn't want to change their
+
+notation for what a frequency
+band was,
+
+which is probably good.
+
+So we're simply stuck with
+this incompatibility of
+
+dealing with frequencies one
+way and dealing with
+
+time the other way.
+
+We can look at that as
+increments of time t, and
+
+increments of frequency, 1 over
+t, but, in fact, 1 over t
+
+is 2w, so the increments in time
+we're using in both of
+
+these expansions, are t, the
+increments in frequency we're
+
+using are 2w.
+
+Now, there's a relatively long
+section in the notes talking
+
+about degrees of freedom,
+which is a
+
+pretty important topic.
+
+It's a little bit fishy
+mathematically, but it really
+
+makes good engineering sense.
+
+It's an idea which is important
+both in terms of
+
+taking source wave forms and
+representing them in
+
+orthogonal expansions, and in
+taking frequency functions and
+
+representing them --
+
+well, it is also important in
+terms of taking things that we
+
+transmit where you have bits
+coming into an encoder.
+
+We're going to turn those bits
+into signals, we're going to
+
+turn those signals
+into wave forms.
+
+Those wave forms will usually
+be thought of as things that
+
+we transmit in time, and we
+also transmit them in
+
+frequency, because we often use
+some kind of multiplexing
+
+between different
+frequency bands.
+
+We want to have a common way of
+thinking about all of these
+
+things, and this is the way
+that we're going to do it.
+
+Namely, if we're thinking in
+terms of a particular sampling
+
+time, t, and we want to look
+at a very, very large
+
+frequency band, and therefore,
+look at many multiplex
+
+frequency bands, we can say how
+many coefficients can we
+
+send on this channel?
+
+When we look at it in these
+terms of different frequency
+
+bands, the number of
+coefficients we can send is
+
+over a period of time, t zero.
+
+We can send t zero
+over t different
+
+coefficients in time.
+
+We now look at frequency.
+
+We have some very broad
+frequency band, w zero.
+
+The number of different
+bands that we have
+
+is w zero over 2w.
+
+As a result of all of this when
+you add everything up,
+
+you get 2t zero w zero degrees
+of freedom over this overall
+
+bandwidth of w zero.
+
+Now remember, an overall
+bandwidth of w zero in terms
+
+of these complex frequencies
+goes from minus w to plus w.
+
+Minus w zero to plus w zero.
+
+The time interval goes from
+minus t zero over 2 to plus t
+
+zero over 2.
+
+So this factor 2 here, which we
+always talk about in terms
+
+of number of degrees of
+freedom, is really a
+
+consequence of the fact that we
+measure time intervals and
+
+frequency intervals in a
+slightly different way.
+
+But anyway, whether we look at
+it in terms of one expansion
+
+or the other expansion the
+answer we get is the same.
+
+If you take some large time
+interval, some large frequency
+
+interval, tuck as many numbers
+as you can in that interval,
+
+this is what you come up with.
+
+Now, why did I say that this
+is just slightly fishy?
+
+Well, it's slightly fishy
+because if you take a function
+
+and you truncate it in time --
+
+if we take this function and
+truncate it to minus t zero
+
+over 2 and plus t zero over 2,
+even though that might be ten
+
+years, how can we limit
+the frequency?
+
+Well, we can't.
+
+Because when we take the Fourier
+transform of a time
+
+limited function, it exists
+for all frequencies.
+
+The same thing happens if we try
+to limit it in frequency,
+
+it squirts out forever
+in time.
+
+So you can't get around that.
+
+The thing that saves us is that
+if t zero and w zero are
+
+both large enough, these
+functions all dribble away
+
+quickly enough that it doesn't
+make any difference.
+
+You know it has to.
+
+If you think in terms of the
+sampling theorem, and you try
+
+to think about it carefully in
+mathematics, what does it say?
+
+If you want to transmit a
+function by putting these
+
+little sine x over x hats
+around each of the
+
+coefficients in the function,
+when do you have to start
+
+transmitting those wave forms?
+
+You have to start transmitting
+them at minus infinity.
+
+I mean we turn on our
+transmitter and we somehow
+
+have to have been transmitting
+for an infinite amount of time
+
+before we send the
+first symbol.
+
+Well that's ridiculous,
+of course.
+
+So that we always approximate
+these sinusoids by sinusoids
+
+which are truncated, and we
+always have some engineering
+
+faith that what we're throwing
+away is not important.
+
+The only place that it's
+important is when you start
+
+talking about things which are
+really zero everywhere and
+
+then it becomes important.
+
+But the idea of degrees of
+freedom is a very sensible
+
+idea until you try to express
+it precisely.
+
+Let's get on to something
+called aliasing.
+
+We're going to spend most of
+the rest of today talking
+
+about aliasing.
+
+I want to try to explain why
+it is that we want to spend
+
+time on this, because
+there are really two
+
+things going on here.
+
+One of the things that are going
+on is that if you want
+
+to look at a wave form and do
+some processing on it, the
+
+usual way to do it with the
+digital technology we have
+
+today, is to take that wave form
+and sample it very, very
+
+rapidly in time.
+
+Then process the hell out
+of all those samples.
+
+We do that hardly caring whether
+it's band limited,
+
+hardly caring about the
+information in it, hardly
+
+caring about anything, we just
+want to sample it so fast that
+
+we essentially approximate
+the function very well.
+
+Now when we do that something's
+going to get lost,
+
+because when we take those
+samples we're ignoring what
+
+happens between the samples.
+
+In some approximate sense, wave
+forms are always smooth
+
+because they always get filtered
+by something before
+
+anybody looks at them.
+
+And because they're smooth, if
+you'd sample it fast enough,
+
+your fast enough samples
+are going to look
+
+like the wave form.
+
+If you just connect them with
+straight lines you're going to
+
+get a very good approximation
+of what the wave form is.
+
+But then you stop and ask, and
+when you stop and ask you're
+
+in trouble because you say well,
+how fast do I have to
+
+sample, and if I sample that
+fast, how much error am I
+
+going to make?
+
+That's the question for which
+aliasing gives you the answer.
+
+So we want to explore
+it for that reason.
+
+The other reason that we want to
+explore it is when we start
+
+talking about modulation, we'll
+start talking about
+
+something called Nyquist
+criterion, and that's best
+
+looked at in terms of aliasing
+again, and we'll see why that
+
+is when we get there.
+
+So for both of those reasons,
+and also for the reason of
+
+trying to understand these
+expansions in terms of source
+
+wave forms, we want to
+understand what this
+
+relationship is between the
+samples of a function that
+
+isn't quite band limited and
+the function itself.
+
+So the thing we're going to do
+to try to understand that is
+
+instead of studying just the
+samples, which is what you
+
+usually do, if you're just
+looking at the samples and
+
+you're trying to say how much
+error do I incur by doing
+
+that, and we're looking at mean
+square error, somehow or
+
+other we have to get back to
+wave forms and compare the
+
+resulting wave form with the
+wave form we started with.
+
+So the thing that we're going to
+do is to take our function
+
+u of t, we're going to sample
+it at some very rapid speed,
+
+and then we're going to take
+those samples and recreate a
+
+wave form by the sampling
+theorem.
+
+So we're going to call the
+approximation to u of t some
+
+approximation s of t -- s of t
+is, in fact, baseband limited
+
+at this point to a frequency w
+where t is equal to 1 over 2w,
+
+and we simply have this sampling
+theorem applied to u
+
+of kt, as if u of kt came from
+a band limited wave form.
+
+So this is, in a sense, an
+interpolation formula.
+
+It's a little better than
+taking these samples and
+
+joining them by straight lines,
+because we're, in fact,
+
+joining them by these smoother
+sinc functions.
+
+The question is how close is s
+of t to u of t and how do we
+
+look at that question?
+
+Well, we now have a nice way of
+looking at it because after
+
+going through this t spaced
+sinc weighted sinusoidal
+
+expansion, we have an exact
+expression for u of t, which
+
+is the limit in the mean
+of these frequency
+
+terms in u of t.
+
+Namely, to get this expression,
+remember the thing
+
+we did was to take arbitrary u
+of t, split it up into little
+
+frequency bands, each of width
+w, then apply the sampling
+
+theorem to each of those
+frequency terms, which we can
+
+do exactly.
+
+So this, in fact, is an exact
+expansion -- don't worry about
+
+the limit in the mean right now,
+we're going to get rid of
+
+that in a while.
+
+So we have s of t,
+which is this.
+
+We have u of t, which is this.
+
+Now, we look at this and we say
+OK, s of kt, namely, the
+
+case sample of s of t,
+is simply u of kt.
+
+That's what happens here.
+
+You put in any old time which
+is some integer j times
+
+capital T and you look at this
+expression here, and the sinc
+
+function is only non-zero when
+j capital T over t, when if
+
+you take the sinc function of
+an integer it's zero unless
+
+the integer is zero.
+
+The sinc function goes through
+zero at every integer point
+
+except for zero itself where
+it's equal to 1.
+
+That's the thing which makes
+the sync function nice.
+
+It dribbles away --
+
+2, 3 and so forth minus 1.
+
+So it's zero at all those sample
+times, so that the case
+
+sample of s of ts of kt is
+just equal to u of kt.
+
+Namely, what we're doing in this
+approximation, which is
+
+what one usually does if one
+samples something, is we're
+
+assuming that the approximation
+is correct at
+
+the sample points, and we're
+arranging it so it's correct
+
+at the sample points.
+
+So, s of kt then is equal
+to u of kt from this.
+
+u of kt from this --
+
+OK, now take t and substitute
+k times capital T in here.
+
+And if we substitute k times
+capital T in here -- let's
+
+not, let's substitute j times
+capital T to avoid a conflict
+
+with notation here.
+
+Then this T here becomes
+jT and what we have is
+
+sinc of j minus k.
+
+So we have a sum here over all
+k of sync of j minus k.
+
+Sinc of j minus k is zero for
+all integers k, except for j,
+
+therefore, this quantity
+is zero every time k is
+
+not equal to j.
+
+Therefore, we just have
+the sum over m.
+
+So, s of kt is equal to u of kt,
+which is equal to the sum
+
+over all frequency bands,
+m, of v sub m of kt.
+
+Now what is this saying?
+
+The thing this is saying is if
+you take this function u of t,
+
+which has a bunch of different
+frequency bands in it, each of
+
+those frequency bands has
+a sampling theorem
+
+associated with it.
+
+Each one of those frequency
+bands is represented by its
+
+samples at periods of time, k.
+
+But as soon as we look at u
+of kt, if we only have the
+
+samples u of kt, there's no way
+to tell which frequency
+
+band it's coming from.
+
+So all of these different
+frequency bands
+
+all get alias together.
+
+If I just look at u of kt, what
+it is is the sum over all
+
+these frequency bands of the
+samples of the individual
+
+frequency functions.
+
+So that if you tell me what u
+of kt is, I can't tell you
+
+what these samples are.
+
+All I know is what the
+sum of them is.
+
+So, in fact, if you start out
+with a function which instead
+
+of being baseband limited to w,
+in fact, is sitting between
+
+w and 3w, and there's nothing
+in this baseband, and I look
+
+at these samples and then I
+recreate things this way, what
+
+am I doing?
+
+I'm just taking that function
+at w to 3w and translating
+
+down in frequency
+to minus w to w.
+
+You can't tell.
+
+There's no way to tell just
+from the samples which
+
+frequency band we're
+looking at.
+
+So all these things get
+mixed together.
+
+So, s of t then, since s of
+t is this times these sinc
+
+functions, and this is the sum
+of all the vm's, s of t is
+
+just this double sum now where
+all of these are now down at
+
+this baseband frequency
+interval.
+
+There's no way to
+tell them apart.
+
+We have this double sum here so
+I'm adding up all of these
+
+different coefficients and
+they're all mixed together all
+
+down in this one
+frequency band.
+
+So, u of t is represented this
+way, double sum, vm of kt, vm
+
+of kt, sinc of t over t minus
+k, sinc of t over t minus k.
+
+This rotating term up here,
+an s of t, what I've done
+
+effectively is to get rid of
+all these rotating terms.
+
+It simplifies it enormously,
+but I changed the function.
+
+In fact, this function is low
+path limited to w and this
+
+function has all of the glory
+of an arbitrary set of
+
+frequencies in it.
+
+By just looking at these
+samples, I've lost all of this
+
+stuff and it's just back down to
+a baseband limited function
+
+at this point.
+
+So, if I look at the difference
+between u of t and
+
+s of t, what I'm going to get
+-- and this is expressed a
+
+little differently than the
+way it is in the notes but
+
+it's the same thing -- just the
+sum over k and m, and it
+
+has these sinc functions
+in it, which both
+
+of these terms have.
+
+Then u of t has these rotating
+terms and s of t doesn't, so s
+
+of t just has one in place
+of the rotating term.
+
+So the difference between u of
+t and s of t is just this big
+
+monster sum here, which is
+looking at all the different
+
+frequency bands at all the
+different sampling times.
+
+If I now try to look at the
+energy difference between u of
+
+t and s of t, because that's
+what I'm interested in -- how
+
+much error have I accumulated,
+how much mean square error
+
+have I gotten?
+
+By taking u of t and sampling
+it and then viewing it as a
+
+low pass function.
+
+This energy difference, well, we
+have a set of coefficients
+
+here, we have a set
+of functions here.
+
+These functions are all
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+Why are they orthogonal?
+
+Well, because sinc functions are
+orthogonal, which I think
+
+we've shown on our homework, and
+space time functions are
+
+orthogonal.
+
+So, all of these functions
+are orthogonal to --
+
+excuse me --
+
+spaced frequency functions are
+orthogonal to each other, and
+
+the sinc weighted functions are
+orthogonal to each other.
+
+So all I'm doing here is
+expanding all of this in terms
+
+of these orthogonal functions.
+
+I have to do this separately
+for these terms --
+
+I know what happens.
+
+This works when it's cold and it
+doesn't work when it's hot.
+
+Interesting.
+
+So I'm separating this into
+this term and this term.
+
+Now, look at what this is
+when m is equal to zero.
+
+When m is equal to zero, e to
+the 2 pi i, zero t over t
+
+minus 1 is zero.
+
+So, all of the m terms here are
+collapsed into zero, so
+
+there isn't any error down
+at baseband in a sense.
+
+All of the error occurs due to
+these frequency terms larger
+
+than minus w to w.
+
+Well, that's the way
+it should be.
+
+Because we know that if u of t
+didn't have any terms outside
+
+of minus w to plus w, the
+sampling theorem would be
+
+absolutely rock solid
+with no error.
+
+So the errors are due to
+two kinds of terms.
+
+One, they're due to these terms,
+which is this thing.
+
+Two, they're due to these
+terms, which is this.
+
+The only difference between this
+is that this is a square
+
+of a sum and this is
+a sum of squares.
+
+Sum of squares are nicer, we
+can deal with them more
+
+nicely, and we understand
+what that is better.
+
+A sum and then taking the square
+of it after we take the
+
+sum is a good deal dirtier.
+
+The trouble is that
+this difference
+
+doesn't have to be L2.
+
+In other words, the mean square
+error we got from doing
+
+this can be infinite.
+
+One of the problems in the
+current problem set is a nice
+
+simple example of this.
+
+So, s of t need not have
+finite energy.
+
+That's a real kicker, because
+all of this theory is very
+
+nice until this point.
+
+I mean the sampling theorem
+works perfectly because when
+
+you're dealing with baseband
+limited functions --
+
+for up baseband limited
+function, the sinc functions
+
+give you a perfect
+approximation.
+
+Namely, the sampling theorem
+works with no error at all.
+
+As soon as you get a function
+which spills out into higher
+
+frequencies, you can, in fact,
+have these samples coming up
+
+with infinite energy in them,
+and at that point this
+
+difference here can have
+infinite energy.
+
+In fact, you would do much,
+much better if you simply
+
+represented u of t by zero.
+
+You'd do infinitely better in
+terms of mean square error
+
+just by throwing it away and
+saying I'm not going even
+
+bother to approximate it.
+
+I'll just call it zero
+and nothing else.
+
+If you did that, you would only
+have the error in u of t
+
+and you wouldn't have all this
+generated stuff from all these
+
+terms that you're
+throwing away.
+
+When we start looking at random
+processes, and really
+
+the only thing that we're
+interested in here is random
+
+processes because noise
+is a random
+
+process, signals are random.
+
+So when we start looking at
+random processes, the thing
+
+that we're going to find is that
+this square of a sum in
+
+terms of expected value is going
+to be approximately the
+
+same as this sum of squares.
+
+So that this term and this term
+are going to be roughly
+
+equal for most of the stochastic
+processes that we
+
+deal with, so this problem
+doesn't occur of s of t having
+
+infinite energy.
+
+What that means is that
+these two terms are of
+
+roughly equal magnitude.
+
+Now, we can understand
+something more
+
+about these two terms.
+
+The term here is what you get,
+namely, these are the parts of
+
+u of t which are outside
+of the frequency range
+
+from minus w to w.
+
+A reasonable alternative to
+simply sampling this function
+
+would be to filter the
+function first.
+
+If you filter the function first
+what's going to happen?
+
+These terms will go away.
+
+These terms will stay.
+
+You still have the aliasing --
+
+you can't get rid of that.
+
+But you can get rid
+of these terms.
+
+Excuse me.
+
+I take that back.
+
+I seem to have a binary problem
+today, whatever.
+
+I seem to be mixing up
+proof and falsehood.
+
+If you filter a function you're
+clearly going to get
+
+rid of all of the aliasing,
+because after you filtered the
+
+function you will have
+a band limited
+
+function sitting there.
+
+So the only error you're going
+to get is the error in what
+
+you've thrown away.
+
+What you've thrown away is, in
+fact, this quantity here.
+
+Slow down, say it right.
+
+What you have thrown
+away is all of the
+
+extra frequency terms.
+
+So the error is all of those
+frequency terms that you've
+
+thrown away.
+
+These are the frequency terms
+that you've thrown away.
+
+This is the error that you wind
+up with after you filter.
+
+These terms here are
+the aliasing terms.
+
+These are the things which, in
+fact, could be infinite if
+
+you're unlucky enough.
+
+These you can get rid
+of by filtering.
+
+So now the question is should
+you filter first or should you
+
+just sample and say
+to hell with it?
+
+Well, if you think about why
+you want to sample and use
+
+digital signal processing, what
+you're trying to do is to
+
+avoid building very complex
+analog filters.
+
+So if you try to build a very,
+very sharp filter which is
+
+getting rid of all of those out
+of band terms, you're sort
+
+of throwing away a lot of the
+reason for trying to sample to
+
+start with.
+
+So the usual conclusion is no,
+we're not going to filter
+
+first, or we're only going to
+have a very crude filtering
+
+operation first, and we'll just
+sample a little faster if
+
+we have to, because sampling
+faster is easier.
+
+So we usually just sample faster
+and avoid these terms.
+
+Now we want to look at aliasing
+viewed in frequency
+
+terms, and we've almost
+been doing this.
+
+We've been sort of talking
+around it a little bit.
+
+We're viewing an arbitrary
+function, u of t, in terms of
+
+a sum of these frequency
+limited functions.
+
+We're just arbitrarily taking
+a function, splitting it up
+
+into these frequency bands.
+
+In terms of frequency what
+we're doing is just
+
+segementing the Fourier
+transform u of f.
+
+As far as the samples are
+concerned, uf of kt is just
+
+equal to the sum of the samples
+in each of these
+
+frequency bands -- that's
+what we've been saying.
+
+That's really what aliasing
+is at a fundamental level.
+
+So when you sample you can't
+tell which frequency band each
+
+of these samples come from, and
+they usually come a little
+
+bit from each one.
+
+So, s of t now, I'd like to
+split up s of t in the same
+
+way that I split up u of t.
+
+I'd like to split up s of t,
+even though I can't do this
+
+from looking at s of t, I can
+do it mathematically.
+
+I want to split up s of t into
+the contributions to s of t
+
+from all of these
+different bands.
+
+So I want to view the mth
+frequency band as the sum of
+
+vm of kt times sinc of
+t over t minus k.
+
+Namely, look at what s of t was
+to start with, somewhere
+
+back here a long time ago.
+
+What we found was that s of t
+is equal to this quantity
+
+here, which is the sum over
+time terms, the sampling
+
+terms, and a sum over
+frequency term.
+
+What I'm doing now is I'm just
+defining s sub m of t to be
+
+this sum in here for one
+particular value of m.
+
+I'm just splitting this
+double sum into a
+
+number of separate terms.
+
+So this is the contribution
+to s of t from the
+
+mth frequency band.
+
+So, s of t is the sum of all of
+these different frequency
+
+contributions in this quantity.
+vm of t, which came
+
+from u of t, same quantity here
+except for the complex
+
+exponential here. vm of t is
+the same quantity with the
+
+rotating term at
+the end of it.
+
+Namely, this is the actual
+signal at this
+
+mth frequency band.
+
+So the contribution to it and
+the sampling approximation is
+
+this, the actual term is this.
+
+So we look at these two and we
+say gee, this looks like -- if
+
+we look at this in the frequency
+domain this looks
+
+like just a frequency shift.
+
+So the thing we can then say is
+that v sub m of f, namely
+
+the Fourier transform of this,
+differs from the Fourier
+
+transform of this just
+by a frequency shift.
+
+If we take the frequency shift
+formula and frequency and look
+
+at it in time it just becomes
+that rotating term there.
+
+Namely, frequency shifts look
+like complex exponential
+
+multipliers.
+
+We already know that d sub m of
+f is the mth frequency band
+
+and u of t.
+
+So in fact, it's u of
+f truncated to the
+
+mth frequency band.
+
+That's what this said .
+
+So, u hat of f rect ft
+minus m is just equal
+
+to this term here.
+
+So this says that s hat of f,
+which is the sum of all these
+
+terms, is just the sum over m,
+sum over all the frequency
+
+terms of u hat of f plus m over
+t times a rectangular
+
+function of ft.
+
+All this is saying is that s
+of f in frequency, it's all
+
+down at baseband now.
+
+Each of these frequency terms in
+u of t, up at some band and
+
+frequency, when we sample it,
+we're effectively bringing it
+
+down to base then.
+
+When we sample it and multiply
+by the sinc functions we're
+
+bringing it down to baseband.
+
+So this is saying when you look
+at this approximation,
+
+the space band approximation,
+what we wind up with is this
+
+frequency function evaluated at
+all of these different --
+
+well, just evaluated
+at different times.
+
+So, s hat of f is, in fact,
+frequency limited to minus w
+
+to plus w, and it has all
+of these different terms
+
+contributing to it.
+
+It's just looking at aliasing
+and frequency instead of
+
+looking at aliasing and time.
+
+In both cases it's
+the same thing.
+
+In one case, all of the samples
+get mixed together.
+
+In the other case, all
+of the frequency
+
+bands get mixed together.
+
+I hope this will be clearer
+in terms of this.
+
+Let's take some arbitrary
+function here -- a most
+
+amazing thing, these
+things all get.
+
+It seems as if latex -- a thing
+for drawing pictures is
+
+fine on my screen but not fine
+when I print things.
+
+But anyway, this is
+fine as it is.
+
+It's slightly different from the
+one in the notes, which is
+
+also goofed up in
+the same way.
+
+Let's suppose we start out
+with a frequency function
+
+which looks like this.
+
+Actually, it should have
+something else
+
+there but that's OK.
+
+This is minus 1 over 2t,
+this is plus 1 over 2t.
+
+In other words, minus w to w.
+
+Here we have another frequency
+band from w to 3w, another
+
+frequency band from 3w to 5w.
+
+What that formula said is that
+each frequency band gets
+
+picked up and stuck down
+in the baseband area.
+
+So, in fact, what's happening
+is that this part of the
+
+frequency function is
+going to be picked
+
+up, stuck down there.
+
+So this goes over there.
+
+This quantity here is in
+the band from 3w to 5w.
+
+It gets picked up and
+put in here also.
+
+It's gotten picked up
+and put down there.
+
+So I have this part, this part,
+and this part just stays
+
+where it is -- this
+is the part that's
+
+actually band limited.
+
+So that s hat of f now is going
+to be the sum of this
+
+and this and this, and one
+disappeared term which was
+
+supposed to be here, and that's
+going to come in there.
+
+When you add up all of these
+-- this goes over to there.
+
+When you add up all of these
+you get the total frequency
+
+function s hat of f.
+
+All of you understand the
+mechanics of this?
+
+I mean graphically you can
+just find s hat of f from
+
+taking all of these things and
+folding them all into this
+
+baseband approximation.
+
+So that you can look at the
+error that you get in terms of
+
+sampling a function which is
+not quite band limited in
+
+these terms, also.
+
+The aliasing then looks like the
+translation from something
+
+which is in this band stuck
+into the main band between
+
+minus w and w.
+
+Translation of this thing stuck
+into the main band.
+
+Translation of this stuck
+into the main band.
+
+They're all added together in
+such a way that you can't tell
+
+which one came from where.
+
+So once you look at this, you
+can't go back to here, which
+
+is why people call
+it aliasing.
+
+These things are all just mixed
+together and there's no
+
+way to get back.
+
+The theorem that corresponds
+to all of this, and the
+
+theorem is pretty much proven
+in the appendix if you
+
+want to read it.
+
+If you're not interested in
+those mathematical details
+
+you're certainly welcome
+not to read it.
+
+I'm not going to have
+any problems on it.
+
+I'm not going to have any quiz
+problems on it, we might have
+
+a problem on it.
+
+It turns out that just L1 and
+L2 is not enough when you're
+
+dealing with aliasing.
+
+Aliasing, since you're both
+sampling and looking at things
+
+at arbitrarily large
+frequencies, the mathematics
+
+just gets messy.
+
+So the condition that you need
+is that the frequency function
+
+you're dealing with in order
+for all of these aliasing
+
+results to hold true, is that
+the limit as f goes to
+
+infinity of u hat of f times
+some function, f to the 1 plus
+
+epsilon has to go to zero.
+
+In other words, this is saying
+that u hat of f has to go to
+
+zero with increasing frequency
+fast enough.
+
+It has to go to zero a little
+faster than 1 over f.
+
+If it went to zero, it was
+1 over f, that would be
+
+guaranteed by a thing, L2.
+
+That's not enough here.
+
+You need the stronger
+condition.
+
+So if it goes to zero fast
+enough as f gets very, very
+
+large -- you know any function
+you're going to deal with you
+
+can always model it so
+that it does this.
+
+Because you simply can't
+transmit wave forms that have
+
+arbitrarily high frequencies
+in them.
+
+I mean no matter what kind of
+antenna you use to transmit
+
+them, if it's an optical antenna
+you can get to much
+
+higher frequencies, but no
+matter what kind of antenna
+
+you use you're going to be
+limited somehow in frequency,
+
+and it's going to drop off much
+faster with increasing
+
+frequency than this.
+
+So this isn't any sort of
+practical limitation on
+
+aliasing, it's just that it's
+there and it limits the models
+
+you can create somewhat.
+
+If you have this condition then
+it says that the Fourier
+
+transform of u of t has
+to be an L1 function.
+
+The inverse transform,
+u of t, has to be
+
+continuous and bounded.
+
+In other words, when we go from
+u hat of f to u of t we
+
+get a bonafide function there.
+
+It's not something which
+is a limit in the mean.
+
+Because as soon as we're
+dealing with samples of
+
+something you really need a
+function to talk about.
+
+You can't have something
+which is --
+
+well, you can't have something
+which has these little extra
+
+things on it.
+
+You can't live with that.
+
+So the theorem says that
+this frequency
+
+function has to be L1.
+
+It says the inverse transform
+has to be
+
+continuous and bounded.
+
+We've already seen that L1
+functions have continuous and
+
+bounded Fourier transforms.
+
+For any t greater than zero,
+the sampling approximation,
+
+namely, s of t, which is this,
+is going to be bounded and
+
+continuous.
+
+And s hat of f satisfies
+this relationship here.
+
+So this is the frequency
+version of
+
+the aliasing formula.
+
+Here you still have the limit
+in the mean here.
+
+As soon as you go back to
+frequencies you can't say
+
+anything precise anymore.
+
+In time, everything
+is precise.
+
+These functions are bonafide
+functions.
+
+In terms of frequencies
+they're not quite.
+
+I want to just start talking
+about these L2 functions.
+
+As you realize, we've not only
+been talking about L2
+
+functions, we've been talking
+about L1 functions also, and
+
+now these crazy functions
+which go off
+
+to zero fast enough.
+
+The thing we're basically
+interested in, aside from
+
+sampling, is the L2 functions
+because they're the ones where
+
+you can go from function
+to Fourier
+
+transform and back again.
+
+They're the ones which work or
+these orthogonal expansions,
+
+and they're the main things
+we're going to
+
+be interested in.
+
+When we try to go further
+talking about these functions,
+
+it turns out that it's much
+easier to think about them in
+
+terms of vector spaces.
+
+Some of you probably have
+thought about wave forms
+
+before as vectors, some of
+you probably haven't.
+
+I'm sure all of you are familiar
+with vectors at least
+
+in terms of a notational
+convenience as a way of
+
+representing n tuples
+of numbers.
+
+You can always take an n tuple
+of numbers and instead of
+
+writing out u1, u2, u3, up to u
+sub n, you can say vector u,
+
+and you can manipulate those
+vectors, you can add vectors,
+
+you can multiply them by
+scalers, you can do all of the
+
+neat things that people do, even
+without knowing anything
+
+about vector spaces.
+
+It's not much of an extension
+on that to take accountably
+
+infinite sequence of numbers and
+represent it as a vector,
+
+especially if you've never
+done it before.
+
+If you've done it before and
+if you've thought about it
+
+before, you will realize there
+are some problems there.
+
+But at least conceptually
+there's no problem.
+
+You can think about a sequence
+of numbers as being a vector,
+
+you can add those sequences,
+you can multiply them by
+
+scalers, you can do all sorts
+of neat things with them.
+
+Since we've shown how to
+represent wave forms as
+
+sequences of coefficients in
+orthogonal expansions, it then
+
+isn't much of an extension to
+think about wave forms as
+
+being vectors.
+
+But the nice thing about doing
+this is that you're not really
+
+stuck to a particular
+orthogonal
+
+expansion when you do this.
+
+You can think of wave forms as
+being vectors in just as nice
+
+a sense as you can think about
+these n tuples as being
+
+vectors, and that's what
+we're trying to get at.
+
+These orthogonal expansions
+we're going to be looking at
+
+are really viewed most easily
+in terms of vector space.
+
+All of the questions about
+convergence of orthogonal
+
+expansions and things like that,
+limits and all of that,
+
+all of these are very natural
+in vector spaces.
+
+They're so natural that people
+often forget about the fact
+
+that they're taking
+limits even.
+
+So it just looks nice there.
+
+But as soon as we do this, what
+we're going to be doing
+
+constantly from now on is trying
+to say what we know
+
+when we're looking at
+two-dimensional vectors, we
+
+have all sorts of
+pretty pictures
+
+about how they behave.
+
+We are going to be trying to use
+those pretty pictures in
+
+two-dimensional space to
+understand what happens with
+
+wave forms, and in order to do
+that we have to know a little
+
+bit more about vectors than just
+vectors are things you
+
+can add and multiply
+scalers by.
+
+So I will bore you for two
+minutes by quickly going
+
+through the axioms of
+a vector space.
+
+My reason for going through
+this is when you define a
+
+vector space axiomatically, then
+you can, in fact, prove
+
+that wave forms satisfy
+all those axioms.
+
+Once you prove that wave forms
+satisfy all those axioms, then
+
+everything you know about
+two-dimensional and
+
+three-dimensional vectors and
+all of that stuff all applies.
+
+Namely, everything which is
+general for vector spaces
+
+applies to these vectors.
+
+So the axioms are
+the following.
+
+You start out with
+a set of elements
+
+which you call vectors.
+
+In terms of n tuples, the set of
+elements is just the set of
+
+different n tuples.
+
+You also start out -- well,
+for here we don't have to
+
+worry about scalers.
+
+So we have the set of n tuples
+now, or perhaps it might be a
+
+set of sequences or a
+set of wave forms.
+
+The things we insist on before
+we will call this set a vector
+
+space are that we have
+an operation
+
+which we call addition.
+
+Fortunately for n tuples,
+addition is what you would
+
+think it would be.
+
+It's element-wise addition.
+
+For sequences, it's element-wise
+addition again.
+
+For wave forms, it's
+function addition.
+
+You have communitivity --
+
+you can add things
+in either order.
+
+I mean look, if nobody pointed
+this out to you, you'd do it
+
+anyway, right?
+
+So that it looks like nothing.
+
+But in fact, you can invent
+things, mathematical objects,
+
+which you can deal with which
+are not communitive.
+
+So this is saying to be a vector
+space it has to have
+
+this communitivity operation.
+
+Associativity --
+
+again, it's hard to see why you
+would say something like
+
+this, but all we're defining
+is this addition operation,
+
+namely, there's a definition
+of addition, and we know by
+
+axiom that the sum has to
+be in this vector space.
+
+As soon as we assume this
+associativity axiom, it says
+
+OK, this is a vector in the
+space, this and this are both
+
+vectors in the space.
+
+Therefore, this sum has
+to be in the space.
+
+Therefore this plus the sum
+has to be in the space.
+
+What associativity says
+is that that's the
+
+same element as this.
+
+Once you see this you leave out
+the parentheses because
+
+you can add as many things
+as you want to.
+
+Same thing -- well, here there
+has to be a unique
+
+vector, zero --
+
+v plus zero is equal to v for
+all v, and there's only one
+
+vector that has that property.
+
+We're going to see some problems
+there in a little bit
+
+when we start studying these
+L2 functions, but we'll do
+
+that next time.
+
+Finally, for every v there's a
+unique negative vector so that
+
+the sum is equal to zero.
+
+All the operations that
+you're used to.
+
+We'll go through the other
+things next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qU8Wi_KHH1E.txt b/qU8Wi_KHH1E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01610286e009f9f438e70630bda84d27b9f3ca4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qU8Wi_KHH1E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we we're so glad that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're so glad that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we're so glad that we can
+welcome jacasimir professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jambo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jambo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jambo
+so his name is actually i love the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his name is actually i love the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his name is actually i love the name
+tj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tj
+busal and i think you'll get to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busal and i think you'll get to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busal and i think you'll get to hear
+more perhaps about the only one who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perhaps about the only one who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more perhaps about the only one who
+called me like that well that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me like that well that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called me like that well that's your
+name on twitter that is um that's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on twitter that is um that's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name on twitter that is um that's his
+handle on twitter it's tj bosal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on twitter it's tj bosal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on twitter it's tj bosal and
+which has which is quite loaded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has which is quite loaded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has which is quite loaded in
+symbolism yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolism yes
+that's why i love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i love it
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+so i can say that you know the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can say that you know the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can say that you know the entire
+semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester
+all of our discussions have prepared us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our discussions have prepared us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our discussions have prepared us
+for his visit in many ways um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his visit in many ways um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his visit in many ways um
+because the topic of this class um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the topic of this class um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the topic of this class um
+is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um
+basically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically about
+the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use
+or the misuse of language in the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the misuse of language in the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the misuse of language in the way we
+create our identity or the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create our identity or the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create our identity or the way we
+we misidentify ourselves these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we misidentify ourselves these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we misidentify ourselves these are the
+our compatriots because obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our compatriots because obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our compatriots because obviously the
+world and as we saw actually through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and as we saw actually through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and as we saw actually through
+each of them you get to hear more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them you get to hear more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them you get to hear more is
+that growing up we are socializing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that growing up we are socializing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that growing up we are socializing to
+certain beliefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain beliefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain beliefs
+about language that can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about language that can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about language that can either
+give us power or can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us power or can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us power or can
+this remove power from us you see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remove power from us you see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this remove power from us you see and
+then we've discussed various ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've discussed various ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've discussed various ways in
+which we can regain that power we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can regain that power we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we can regain that power we can
+keep that power alive and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that power alive and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that power alive and that's what
+your work is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work is all about
+in the particular case of of haiti so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular case of of haiti so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the particular case of of haiti so
+so we've read um your parts of your book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've read um your parts of your book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've read um your parts of your book
+comes really chapter 8 on the beauty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes really chapter 8 on the beauty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes really chapter 8 on the beauty and
+the power of the suffering people of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the suffering people of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the suffering people of
+haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haiti
+where you show so clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you show so clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you show so clearly
+the key importance of language as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key importance of language as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key importance of language as you
+call it as a living archive because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it as a living archive because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it as a living archive because when
+you write about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write about
+people who've been oppressed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've been oppressed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've been oppressed what
+everything's excluded where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's excluded where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's excluded where do you get
+your archives because they didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your archives because they didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your archives because they didn't write
+the history he's written by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history he's written by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history he's written by the
+europeans by the winners so and one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europeans by the winners so and one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europeans by the winners so and one way
+to recover that history is through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover that history is through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover that history is through
+language and in the in the case of 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and in the in the case of 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and in the in the case of 80s
+through creole right and that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through creole right and that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through creole right and that's one of
+the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+aspects of john's work that i felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of john's work that i felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of john's work that i felt
+extremely important for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important for me
+um and for me personally why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for me personally why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and for me personally why
+is so important um in terms of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so important um in terms of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so important um in terms of my own
+liberation is because this is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberation is because this is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberation is because this is what i
+grew up with so i grew up with this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with so i grew up with this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up with so i grew up with this um
+with this textbook so this is my history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this textbook so this is my history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this textbook so this is my history
+textbook this is where i learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook this is where i learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook this is where i learned
+the history of my country um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of my country um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of my country um
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+and it's actually it's quite amazing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually it's quite amazing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually it's quite amazing to
+think of it you know i think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it you know i think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it you know i think of the
+concept that you brought up yesterday on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that you brought up yesterday on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that you brought up yesterday on
+monday of deformation you know the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday of deformation you know the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday of deformation you know the point
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+colonized people either in the caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonized people either in the caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonized people either in the caribbean
+or palestine being deformed through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or palestine being deformed through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or palestine being deformed through
+historical factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical factors
+is that haiti is a proud independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that haiti is a proud independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that haiti is a proud independent
+country so in the caribbean you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so in the caribbean you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so in the caribbean you know
+people know about haiti like there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know about haiti like there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know about haiti like there are
+songs written about haiti but hates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs written about haiti but hates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+songs written about haiti but hates
+struggles for independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles for independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggles for independence
+yet little haitians like myself will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet little haitians like myself will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet little haitians like myself will
+learn history from a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn history from a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn history from a book
+that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um
+that receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that receive
+the imprimatur the approval of what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imprimatur the approval of what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imprimatur the approval of what if
+you read here this is the premature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read here this is the premature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read here this is the premature of
+the catholic church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catholic church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catholic church
+so the catholic church is institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the catholic church is institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the catholic church is institution
+that approves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approves
+the version of history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the version of history
+that teachers teach us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teachers teach us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that teachers teach us
+about our old history and then the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our old history and then the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our old history and then the part
+that's very striking um is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very striking um is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very striking um is the is the
+pre preface which i put here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre preface which i put here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre preface which i put here because
+it's so striking and i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so striking and i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's so striking and i'm just going to
+read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read
+um the the bottom part of it so so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the bottom part of it so so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the bottom part of it so so here
+it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that
+um the mean people will teach you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mean people will teach you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mean people will teach you how to
+detest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detest
+evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil
+um and how to honor virtue and the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how to honor virtue and the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and how to honor virtue and the good
+people who teach you will teach you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who teach you will teach you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who teach you will teach you are
+to honor virtue and then our heroes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to honor virtue and then our heroes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to honor virtue and then our heroes will
+teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you
+um patriotic pride and the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patriotic pride and the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um patriotic pride and the price of
+liberty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberty
+um and we have to admire the efforts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have to admire the efforts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have to admire the efforts of
+a las casas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the value of souls um for eternity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of souls um for eternity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of souls um for eternity
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+does anyone know about las casas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know about las casas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know about las casas
+so tell me marilyn what do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me marilyn what do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tell me marilyn what do you know
+about lascaux um i know he mostly said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lascaux um i know he mostly said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about lascaux um i know he mostly said
+like in the dominican side of the island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the dominican side of the island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the dominican side of the island
+um he was basically like a priest kinda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was basically like a priest kinda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he was basically like a priest kinda
+but he was also like a history first in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was also like a history first in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he was also like a history first in
+a historian he was an author and he kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a historian he was an author and he kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a historian he was an author and he kept
+writing up like every single thing he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing up like every single thing he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing up like every single thing he
+was very much you know pro-indigenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much you know pro-indigenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very much you know pro-indigenous
+and he tries to defend them but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tries to defend them but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he tries to defend them but just
+basically you know recording history yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know recording history yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know recording history yes
+actually that's a good point so las
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a good point so las
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's a good point so las
+casas he was very much pro-indigenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casas he was very much pro-indigenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casas he was very much pro-indigenous
+and he was so pro-indigenous that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was so pro-indigenous that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was so pro-indigenous that what
+what he did when he noticed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did when he noticed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did when he noticed that the
+indigenous people were dying off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous people were dying off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indigenous people were dying off
+they were you know dying of yellow fever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know dying of yellow fever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were you know dying of yellow fever
+or various abuses of genocide he thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or various abuses of genocide he thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or various abuses of genocide he thought
+that the best way to save the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best way to save the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the best way to save the the the
+so-called indians is to bring in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called indians is to bring in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called indians is to bring in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+africans because he is he has his theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africans because he is he has his theory
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
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+that
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+
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+
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+are
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+
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+
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+in fact he invented the notion well they
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+in the nation of blackness that blacks
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this thin for slavery therefore
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+
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+are this thin for slavery therefore
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+
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+let's bring this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring this the
+the africans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the africans in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the africans in
+to save the indigenous people he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we're being asked you know in in the
+name of virtue to honor and to adore las
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of virtue to honor and to adore las
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+casas and and the others will thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casas and and the others will thank you
+they are missionaries basically you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are missionaries basically you see
+ 
+
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+they are missionaries basically you see
+do you see any name of a haitian freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see any name of a haitian freedom
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see any name of a haitian freedom
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+
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+here
+ 
+
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+you see and this is what we have to
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+
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+you see and this is what we have to
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+ align:start position:0%
+adore and then it says at the end
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+adore and then it says at the end
+love this little book and be docile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a history book now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a history book now this is a
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+
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+so that's a history book now this is a
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+ 
+
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+a french
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+
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+
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+
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+catholic brother called
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+rafael birhou a haitian linguist asian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafael birhou a haitian linguist asian
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafael birhou a haitian linguist asian
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist called trebel pompilus
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this book is uh karl brown who
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in this book is uh karl brown who
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+
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+priest would have us recite by heart
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+
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+priest would have us recite by heart
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
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+
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+
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+development can he expect from its
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+
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+development can he expect from its
+creole creole will nev will be nothing
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+ align:start position:0%
+creole creole will nev will be nothing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+creole creole will nev will be nothing
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+
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+but a patois there is nothing to do
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+
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+
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+
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+parents never speak create your children
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+
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+parents never speak create your children
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+be pitiless in correcting your children
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+you see
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+
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+do you imagine a country where most
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+
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+do you imagine a country where most
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+
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+
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+that parents never speak cruel to your
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+
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+that parents never speak cruel to your
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+children can you imagine so it means
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+
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+
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+
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+wouldn't just they would never speak
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+
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+wouldn't just they would never speak
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+with children they have to
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+
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+with children they have to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just as a background to tell
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just as a background to tell
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+you why
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+
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+you why
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this is more actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually this is more actually the
+same so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so this is um
+my report card from senior gonzaga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my report card from senior gonzaga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my report card from senior gonzaga
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually so we shared that same
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually so we shared that same
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+um i went to go like maybe 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i went to go like maybe 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i went to go like maybe 50 years
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart maybe i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart maybe i don't know
+no no yes but i spent three years in san
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no yes but i spent three years in san
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no yes but i spent three years in san
+diego okay okay so do you remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diego okay okay so do you remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diego okay okay so do you remember these
+report cards you know they had colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report cards you know they had colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report cards you know they had colors
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have oh yeah yeah they were
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have oh yeah yeah they were
+color coded they were let me try you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color coded they were let me try you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color coded they were let me try you
+remember yes yes thank for very well oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember yes yes thank for very well oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember yes yes thank for very well oh
+green i don't remember the color but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green i don't remember the color but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green i don't remember the color but it
+was color coded so this was you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was color coded so this was you know i
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+was color coded so this was you know i
+was a good student right so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good student right so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a good student right so yeah
+very well but this is the cost of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well but this is the cost of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well but this is the cost of the of
+this trivia you have to adhere to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trivia you have to adhere to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trivia you have to adhere to these
+directives you know so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives you know so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directives you know so basically
+students cannot have to be present um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students cannot have to be present um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students cannot have to be present um
+you cannot bring weapons to class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot bring weapons to class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot bring weapons to class you
+know
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+ align:start position:0%
+know
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+
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+know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+forbidden you cannot loiter and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden you cannot loiter and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden you cannot loiter and then
+rule number four the use of cruel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule number four the use of cruel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule number four the use of cruel is
+prohibited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited
+you see that so to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that so to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that so to me
+you better not be clear so so now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better not be clear so so now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better not be clear so so now to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to
+today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um
+so that's why i've been so so happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i've been so so happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why i've been so so happy
+right to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to bring in
+and and here i want to give thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here i want to give thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and here i want to give thanks to
+the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history
+unit i want to give thanks to mit global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit i want to give thanks to mit global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit i want to give thanks to mit global
+languages and also global friends um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and also global friends um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and also global friends um
+he's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also
+sponsoring um john's visit and mit haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsoring um john's visit and mit haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsoring um john's visit and mit haiti
+also is sponsoring john's visit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is sponsoring john's visit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is sponsoring john's visit and so
+if i gave this talk on monday uh vivian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i gave this talk on monday uh vivian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i gave this talk on monday uh vivian
+was there and it was an amazing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there and it was an amazing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there and it was an amazing really
+an amazing talk which you might get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing talk which you might get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amazing talk which you might get to
+hear more about um today but really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about um today but really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear more about um today but really what
+jean is teaching us to do is to re-read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jean is teaching us to do is to re-read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jean is teaching us to do is to re-read
+nation history not from the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation history not from the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation history not from the perspective
+of the las casas the bhutan the eu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the las casas the bhutan the eu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the las casas the bhutan the eu the
+brothers of the criminal instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers of the criminal instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers of the criminal instruction
+he's asking us to reread ancient history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's asking us to reread ancient history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's asking us to reread ancient history
+from the perspective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of the
+formerly colonized from that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly colonized from that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly colonized from that of the
+captives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captives
+and and he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he's doing
+and john is i like to say that john is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and john is i like to say that john is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and john is i like to say that john is
+the one of the rare very rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the rare very rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the rare very rare
+intellectuals who've been producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals who've been producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals who've been producing
+texts in creole for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts in creole for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts in creole for
+actually when was the first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when was the first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when was the first the first
+text you produced in creole in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text you produced in creole in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text you produced in creole in on
+history sociology when was that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history sociology when was that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history sociology when was that i'm
+going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you
+in the 70s you see in the journal cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s you see in the journal cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 70s you see in the journal cell
+okay the father's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't remember that i have it at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember that i have it at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't remember that i have it at home
+actually i found it no yeah so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i found it no yeah so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i found it no yeah so that
+that's avant-garde that's really forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's avant-garde that's really forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's avant-garde that's really forward
+thinking that in the 70s that was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that in the 70s that was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that in the 70s that was before
+the famous reform there now oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous reform there now oh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the famous reform there now oh yes
+indeed you know it was before that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you know it was before that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you know it was before that we
+have this reform in 82 that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this reform in 82 that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this reform in 82 that basically
+say look you know the schools are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you know the schools are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you know the schools are
+feeling asian children we have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling asian children we have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling asian children we have to use
+creole as a tool of instruction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creole as a tool of instruction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creole as a tool of instruction and
+before that jean was producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that jean was producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that jean was producing
+text in creole on history and and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in creole on history and and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in creole on history and and we're
+very pleased that john has so happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pleased that john has so happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very pleased that john has so happily
+agreed to translate some of his work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to translate some of his work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed to translate some of his work in
+career that we're putting on platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career that we're putting on platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career that we're putting on platform
+mit 80 and so so actually we spent time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit 80 and so so actually we spent time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit 80 and so so actually we spent time
+today discussing the next article that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today discussing the next article that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today discussing the next article that
+will go which is on that very topic d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go which is on that very topic d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go which is on that very topic d
+colonial versus colonial so that's why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial versus colonial so that's why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonial versus colonial so that's why i
+i feel really honored and we should all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel really honored and we should all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i feel really honored and we should all
+be pleased to have shane with us today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pleased to have shane with us today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pleased to have shane with us today
+so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually
+and and i love this talk this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i love this talk this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i love this talk this um
+it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+in the in the laku the lakku is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the laku the lakku is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the laku the lakku is this
+communal unit where haitians live that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal unit where haitians live that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal unit where haitians live that's
+where we get we get a sovereignty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get we get a sovereignty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we get we get a sovereignty
+triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers
+protests the kind of protesters that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests the kind of protesters that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protests the kind of protesters that can
+actually log down the country pay luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually log down the country pay luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually log down the country pay luck
+is the term that's used in haiti when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the term that's used in haiti when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the term that's used in haiti when
+you when it's a protest you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when it's a protest you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when it's a protest you you
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+shut down the country out of protest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down the country out of protest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut down the country out of protest and
+in that croquette what john does which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that croquette what john does which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that croquette what john does which
+is actually very relevant to our work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very relevant to our work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually very relevant to our work
+here and i can think of what's the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and i can think of what's the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and i can think of what's the what
+gabby is doing for for a project is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabby is doing for for a project is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gabby is doing for for a project is how
+how to use technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to use technology
+to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to
+move social change forward and and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move social change forward and and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move social change forward and and in
+this coquette it talks about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coquette it talks about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coquette it talks about how
+haitians even very poor haitians or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haitians even very poor haitians or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haitians even very poor haitians or very
+important stations i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stations i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stations i should say
+manage to use the phones whatsapp to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to use the phones whatsapp to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to use the phones whatsapp to be
+able to create protests so in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to create protests so in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to create protests so in a way
+that's a bit what we're doing to using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit what we're doing to using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bit what we're doing to using
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+like in the in the platform to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the in the platform to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the in the platform to push
+forward the clear movement um and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the clear movement um and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward the clear movement um and i
+wanted to because john
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to because john
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to because john
+used to work for united nations um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work for united nations um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to work for united nations um how
+many years did you spend uh working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years did you spend uh working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years did you spend uh working for
+that i spent 15 years working there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i spent 15 years working there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i spent 15 years working there but
+i was the representative of haiti at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the representative of haiti at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was the representative of haiti at
+unesco you were yes but i never went i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unesco you were yes but i never went i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unesco you were yes but i never went i i
+resigned before going okay okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned before going okay okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resigned before going okay okay this is
+great this is great john because i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great this is great john because i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great this is great john because i'm
+going to show you what your successor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what your successor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you what your successor is
+doing now yes dominic gp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now yes dominic gp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now yes dominic gp
+i call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i call it
+spam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why i want to show you this is to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i want to show you this is to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i want to show you this is to show
+you the you know the power of a germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the you know the power of a germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the you know the power of a germany
+and how a germany even affects science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a germany even affects science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how a germany even affects science
+because unesco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unesco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because unesco
+is the unit for education science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit for education science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the unit for education science and
+culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture
+at the u.n and unesco's basic mission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the u.n and unesco's basic mission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the u.n and unesco's basic mission is
+to promote linguistic diversity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote linguistic diversity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote linguistic diversity and
+equity and human rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and human rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity and human rights
+yet in unesco's recent survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in unesco's recent survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet in unesco's recent survey
+for the atlas of languages look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atlas of languages look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atlas of languages look at this
+table here they ask each country to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here they ask each country to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here they ask each country to
+check um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check um
+a box here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box here
+based on your language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your language and
+so you have the choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the choices
+you speak at isolate link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak at isolate link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak at isolate link
+you speak a language long you speak a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak a language long you speak a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you speak a language long you speak a
+mixed language you speak a korean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed language you speak a korean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed language you speak a korean
+language you speak speaking language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you speak speaking language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language you speak speaking language so
+there is a concept of language without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a concept of language without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a concept of language without
+any adjective that's the unmark category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any adjective that's the unmark category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any adjective that's the unmark category
+and then if you speak a creole then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you speak a creole then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you speak a creole then you
+basically in a separate category and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in a separate category and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in a separate category and
+when you look at the guide for the atlas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the guide for the atlas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the guide for the atlas
+it tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you that
+a cruel language is not on the par with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cruel language is not on the par with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cruel language is not on the par with
+language why because it comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language why because it comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language why because it comes from a
+pigeon that's the argument that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon that's the argument that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon that's the argument that because
+creoles come from pigeons therefore they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creoles come from pigeons therefore they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creoles come from pigeons therefore they
+don't belong to that category you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't belong to that category you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't belong to that category you see
+and something which actually has loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something which actually has loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something which actually has loads
+of evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evidence
+data analysis against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis against that
+so i want to close by showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to close by showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i want to close by showing
+successor after many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor after many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor after many years
+at the so this happened in early april
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the so this happened in early april
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the so this happened in early april
+so basically what she did was it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what she did was it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what she did was it was
+amazing she challenged unesco's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing she challenged unesco's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing she challenged unesco's
+categorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorization
+of queer languages and let's just listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of queer languages and let's just listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of queer languages and let's just listen
+to this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and then
+it's going to be your turn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be your turn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be your turn to
+tell us more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us more about
+your work in this in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work in this in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your work in this in this class
+let's play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um actually so as we speak as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um actually so as we speak as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um actually so as we speak as we
+speak i'm i'm looking forward to hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak i'm i'm looking forward to hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak i'm i'm looking forward to hearing
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the ambassador gp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambassador gp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ambassador gp
+about how unesco a class is responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how unesco a class is responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how unesco a class is responding
+because at first they say well our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at first they say well our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at first they say well our
+experts tell us this is what creels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts tell us this is what creels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts tell us this is what creels are
+you know we have to address our experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to address our experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have to address our experts
+but he's been pushing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's been pushing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he's been pushing back
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+tell us which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us which is
+exactly that's okay so but now actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's okay so but now actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's okay so but now actually
+in the past couple of days there's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past couple of days there's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past couple of days there's been
+some back and forth and i'm hoping maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some back and forth and i'm hoping maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some back and forth and i'm hoping maybe
+before the meeting ends that that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the meeting ends that that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the meeting ends that that's in
+fact i just sent them a picture of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact i just sent them a picture of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact i just sent them a picture of this
+now to remind us that you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to remind us that you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to remind us that you know we're
+here waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here waiting for
+for some result here of what she's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some result here of what she's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some result here of what she's doing
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i think i think that should give enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i think that should give enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i think that should give enough
+context here to why you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context here to why you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context here to why you know
+this this person that we have here is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this person that we have here is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this person that we have here is so
+so important both for me personally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important both for me personally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important both for me personally but
+also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for
+for us you know fighting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us you know fighting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us you know fighting for
+for emancipation really um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for emancipation really um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for emancipation really um so
+so let's go around the room and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go around the room and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go around the room and um and
+introduce ourselves um to professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce ourselves um to professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce ourselves um to professor
+jacasimir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacasimir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jacasimir
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+hi i'm josiah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm josiah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm josiah
+actually it's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's great
+i think we're told that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're told that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're told that with the
+minecraft with the mask it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minecraft with the mask it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minecraft with the mask it might be a
+bit so as you speak if you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so as you speak if you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit so as you speak if you could just
+remove it and put it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it and put it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it and put it back
+okay but just when you speak and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but just when you speak and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but just when you speak and you can
+put it back afterwards yes hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back afterwards yes hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it back afterwards yes hi
+i'm from jamaica and that's the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm from jamaica and that's the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm from jamaica and that's the reason
+why i'm so interested in taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i'm so interested in taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why i'm so interested in taking this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my project is on the role economics can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my project is on the role economics can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my project is on the role economics can
+play informing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play informing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play informing like
+like the opinions on different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the opinions on different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the opinions on different languages
+so usually tends to like the rich tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually tends to like the rich tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so usually tends to like the rich tend
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+determine like what language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine like what language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine like what language is
+acceptable in society and so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable in society and so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable in society and so i'm
+researching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+any question for jasara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question for jasara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any question for jasara
+no i mean the only question i can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean the only question i can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean the only question i can say
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+well i don't know if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't know if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i don't know if this is a
+compliment for you but as far as i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment for you but as far as i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compliment for you but as far as i'm
+concerned jamaican jamaica and haiti are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned jamaican jamaica and haiti are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned jamaican jamaica and haiti are
+so similar they look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similar they look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so similar they look like
+twins you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twins you know
+and i said the only difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said the only difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said the only difference is that
+jamaica was under the british who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaica was under the british who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaica was under the british who were
+coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up
+the empire and we were with the french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empire and we were with the french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empire and we were with the french
+going down so we got independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down so we got independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down so we got independent
+the only difference is they not us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is they not us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference is they not us
+no and what is important for jamaica and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and what is important for jamaica and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and what is important for jamaica and
+for myself also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for myself also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for myself also
+is that we have a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have a language
+now i had a jamaican professor friend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i had a jamaican professor friend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i had a jamaican professor friend of
+my good friend of mine historian he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my good friend of mine historian he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my good friend of mine historian he says
+when i am in jamaica people speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i am in jamaica people speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i am in jamaica people speaking
+jamaican i don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaican i don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaican i don't understand
+he was genuinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was genuinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was genuinely
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+anglophone he can't speak jamaican quill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anglophone he can't speak jamaican quill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anglophone he can't speak jamaican quill
+and i will give i could give you endless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will give i could give you endless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will give i could give you endless
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of
+this cruel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cruel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cruel
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+giving the note of a different country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the note of a different country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the note of a different country
+no and jamaica certainly the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and jamaica certainly the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and jamaica certainly the country
+where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have
+the free village system established and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free village system established and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free village system established and
+acknowledged by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged by the
+by the empire that's quite important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the empire that's quite important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the empire that's quite important
+what i call counter plantation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so my name is rachel robinson i'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my name is rachel robinson i'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my name is rachel robinson i'm also
+jamaican oh oh the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaican oh oh the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaican oh oh the master
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so i was interested in taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i was interested in taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i was interested in taking this
+class because i've never really had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because i've never really had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because i've never really had the
+opportunity to take a class like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to take a class like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to take a class like this
+about like caribbean identities and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like caribbean identities and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like caribbean identities and like
+real languages and i didn't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real languages and i didn't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real languages and i didn't really know
+like too much about it and i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like too much about it and i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like too much about it and i thought
+this would be such a great space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be such a great space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be such a great space to
+learn more about it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more about it um
+throughout like my life i guess i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout like my life i guess i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout like my life i guess i would
+say i've had like some struggles with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i've had like some struggles with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say i've had like some struggles with my
+jamaican identity and like knowing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaican identity and like knowing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jamaican identity and like knowing my
+history my culture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history my culture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history my culture and
+like really claiming it as my own given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really claiming it as my own given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really claiming it as my own given
+like that i wasn't born there and like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that i wasn't born there and like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that i wasn't born there and like i
+just i just don't know as much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i just don't know as much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i just don't know as much um
+so this class has helped me a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this class has helped me a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this class has helped me a lot in
+growth and like really claiming it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and like really claiming it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and like really claiming it and
+want getting more excited to like learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want getting more excited to like learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want getting more excited to like learn
+more to reach out to like my parents my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to reach out to like my parents my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to reach out to like my parents my
+grandparents my family members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents my family members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents my family members and
+things like that so um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so um one of the
+projects i did in this class was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects i did in this class was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects i did in this class was just
+like about our identities and that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about our identities and that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about our identities and that i
+kind of talked about like my struggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talked about like my struggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talked about like my struggle
+and the this was earlier on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this was earlier on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the this was earlier on so
+i hadn't made as much growth i think as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't made as much growth i think as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hadn't made as much growth i think as
+i have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have now
+um but i just talked about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i just talked about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but i just talked about like
+different things that i've struggled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that i've struggled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that i've struggled
+with and ways that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and ways that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and ways that i want to
+um like try to fix that and grow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like try to fix that and grow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like try to fix that and grow and
+yeah that was probably like my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was probably like my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was probably like my favorite
+thing that i've like done because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i've like done because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that i've like done because it
+just was so almost healing to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just was so almost healing to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just was so almost healing to kind of
+talk about myself and i put like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about myself and i put like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about myself and i put like a lot
+of pictures of my family and like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures of my family and like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pictures of my family and like that
+was just really nice to see yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just really nice to see yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just really nice to see yeah
+yes i don't have much to add except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i don't have much to add except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i don't have much to add except that
+for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+the production of music in jamaica and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of music in jamaica and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production of music in jamaica and
+in the cabin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cabin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cabin
+i don't have to add i just mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to add i just mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't have to add i just mentioned
+that and you can imagine the rest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can imagine the rest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you can imagine the rest to
+tell you the beauty of the sovereign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the beauty of the sovereign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the beauty of the sovereign
+people because it's not music from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it's not music from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because it's not music from the
+high classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high classes
+you know i mean that make jamaica that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean that make jamaica that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean that make jamaica that
+put jamaica on the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello i'm ianna ferguson i'm from san
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello i'm ianna ferguson i'm from san
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello i'm ianna ferguson i'm from san
+francisco grenadines um i took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+francisco grenadines um i took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+francisco grenadines um i took this
+class because i grew up in saint vincent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because i grew up in saint vincent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because i grew up in saint vincent
+so i've always had like knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've always had like knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've always had like knowledge of
+caribbean history from a caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean history from a caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean history from a caribbean
+person's perspective so i was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's perspective so i was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's perspective so i was interested
+to see how it would look from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how it would look from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how it would look from
+i guess americans perspective in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess americans perspective in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess americans perspective in this
+class and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and so
+that's why i took the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i took the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i took the class
+my main project in the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my main project in the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my main project in the class is
+examining the linguistic chains in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining the linguistic chains in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining the linguistic chains in the
+caribbean and the running theme was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean and the running theme was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean and the running theme was the
+song redemption song by bob marley man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song redemption song by bob marley man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song redemption song by bob marley man
+to pick so i've used the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick so i've used the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick so i've used the lines
+emancipate yourself for mental slavery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emancipate yourself for mental slavery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emancipate yourself for mental slavery
+then i was just confirmed minds and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i was just confirmed minds and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i was just confirmed minds and that
+was my main idea for my project so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my main idea for my project so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was my main idea for my project so i'm
+investigating uh why people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating uh why people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating uh why people in the
+caribbean speak the way that they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean speak the way that they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean speak the way that they do
+saint vincent is a very very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint vincent is a very very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint vincent is a very very special
+country actually saint vincent is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country actually saint vincent is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country actually saint vincent is the
+link between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between the
+americans and the african born people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans and the african born people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americans and the african born people
+with the garifunas in belize you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the garifunas in belize you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the garifunas in belize you can
+imagine saint vincent and the garifunas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine saint vincent and the garifunas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine saint vincent and the garifunas
+in belize which which are belizeans no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in belize which which are belizeans no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in belize which which are belizeans no
+they are lost paradise and vincent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are lost paradise and vincent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are lost paradise and vincent it's
+not africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not africa
+no and if they call us queues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and if they call us queues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and if they call us queues
+the the black are coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the black are coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the black are coming from the
+caribbean because they are distinct they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean because they are distinct they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean because they are distinct they
+are from saint wilson and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from saint wilson and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from saint wilson and they are
+garifunas and they are the living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garifunas and they are the living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garifunas and they are the living
+prisons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisons of the
+caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean
+of the caribs i'm sorry no and saint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the caribs i'm sorry no and saint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the caribs i'm sorry no and saint
+vincent has some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vincent has some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vincent has some other
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+uh aspects also with regard to creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aspects also with regard to creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aspects also with regard to creole
+when the british took over trinidad i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the british took over trinidad i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the british took over trinidad i
+mean when the spaniards gave to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when the spaniards gave to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when the spaniards gave to me that
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+to the british and the british could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the british and the british could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the british and the british could not
+put order into that because police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put order into that because police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put order into that because police
+and the population speculated which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the population speculated which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the population speculated which is
+always thought that the police and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought that the police and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always thought that the police and the
+population were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population were
+the conifers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conifers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conifers
+i'm conspiring conspiring against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm conspiring conspiring against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm conspiring conspiring against the
+british so what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british so what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british so what they did
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+had a set of agents and been sentient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a set of agents and been sentient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a set of agents and been sentient
+commerce policemen because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce policemen because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commerce policemen because they were
+monolingually speaking so that held the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolingually speaking so that held the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolingually speaking so that held the
+british nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+british nobody
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is can be used as a tool for oh yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be used as a tool for oh yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can be used as a tool for oh yes so
+you said i mean and also now they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said i mean and also now they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said i mean and also now they feel
+like is because the belgians and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is because the belgians and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is because the belgians and the
+vicinian do not speak real no et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinian do not speak real no et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vicinian do not speak real no et cetera
+does that give them an opportunity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that give them an opportunity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that give them an opportunity but
+saint vincent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint vincent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint vincent is
+very important for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for this
+he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he also
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+co-presence of black caribbeans and red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-presence of black caribbeans and red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-presence of black caribbeans and red
+carpets and this is in itself also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpets and this is in itself also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carpets and this is in itself also a
+very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+they have a way of calling the caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a way of calling the caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a way of calling the caribbean
+plantation america so what do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation america so what do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation america so what do we have to
+do with plantation plantation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with plantation plantation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with plantation plantation is a
+european institution you said i mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european institution you said i mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european institution you said i mean so
+let's see the diversity within our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the diversity within our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see the diversity within our
+countries you see i mean and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you see i mean and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you see i mean and that's a
+very very very diverse country so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very diverse country so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very diverse country so my
+name is marilyn belonado i was born in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is marilyn belonado i was born in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is marilyn belonado i was born in
+the dominican republic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominican republic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominican republic
+um i've lived in new york for about 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've lived in new york for about 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i've lived in new york for about 12
+years now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now
+and i think my main reason behind taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think my main reason behind taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think my main reason behind taking
+this class is that like i have grown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that like i have grown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that like i have grown up
+in a very dominican neighborhood very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very dominican neighborhood very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very dominican neighborhood very
+dominican household so i had very like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominican household so i had very like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominican household so i had very like i
+wouldn't say negative but more tolerant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say negative but more tolerant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say negative but more tolerant
+ideas about haiti and i wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about haiti and i wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about haiti and i wasn't really
+like that knowledgeable about haiti but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that knowledgeable about haiti but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that knowledgeable about haiti but
+i wanted to learn more you know instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to learn more you know instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wanted to learn more you know instead
+of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like
+these indoctrinate myself from what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these indoctrinate myself from what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these indoctrinate myself from what i
+had known before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had known before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had known before
+um and because of that in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and because of that in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and because of that in this class
+i've gotten the chance to like learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've gotten the chance to like learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've gotten the chance to like learn
+more about dominican spanish like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about dominican spanish like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about dominican spanish like
+through my own research but also um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my own research but also um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through my own research but also um we
+were able to read the farming of bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to read the farming of bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to read the farming of bones
+by edushantika and i really like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by edushantika and i really like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by edushantika and i really like um
+getting to interview the people around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to interview the people around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to interview the people around
+me and seeing like what do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and seeing like what do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and seeing like what do you actually
+know about the history between dr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the history between dr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the history between dr and
+haiti because like i really knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haiti because like i really knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haiti because like i really knew
+anything and like you know i just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and like you know i just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and like you know i just wanted
+to like look more into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like look more into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like look more into that
+um and just seeing like how much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just seeing like how much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and just seeing like how much we
+don't know and how much more work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and how much more work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know and how much more work we
+have to do is just so surprising to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is just so surprising to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is just so surprising to me
+and yeah i think that's why we took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah i think that's why we took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah i think that's why we took this
+class well as i was telling you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class well as i was telling you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class well as i was telling you before
+we started no the dr in us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started no the dr in us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started no the dr in us
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+i still would say we are two wings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still would say we are two wings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still would say we are two wings of
+the same bird even though this sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same bird even though this sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same bird even though this sentence
+was used between cuba and in puerto rico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used between cuba and in puerto rico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used between cuba and in puerto rico
+but that's a fact we live together we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a fact we live together we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a fact we live together we
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+i think the only case of two countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the only case of two countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the only case of two countries
+in the same islands if there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same islands if there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same islands if there are two
+cases in the world we are one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in the world we are one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in the world we are one of them
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+but what is interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is interesting is
+what we how we have increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we how we have increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we how we have increased
+the diversity of the caribbean where i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diversity of the caribbean where i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diversity of the caribbean where i
+spent 10 years in trinidad working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent 10 years in trinidad working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent 10 years in trinidad working with
+the u.n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.n
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my friends at the academy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends at the academy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends at the academy in the
+academic community think of in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic community think of in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic community think of in term of
+plantation america and they would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation america and they would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plantation america and they would see
+free village societies and bush negroes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free village societies and bush negroes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free village societies and bush negroes
+and counter plantation this is marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counter plantation this is marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and counter plantation this is marginal
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+core of development is no no i mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of development is no no i mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of development is no no i mean if
+you take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+no you have equality at the end of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you have equality at the end of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you have equality at the end of time
+you will never reach no equal plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never reach no equal plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will never reach no equal plantation
+is that plantation is the capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that plantation is the capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that plantation is the capitalist
+institution no economic institution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution no economic institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution no economic institution
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+face that institution we had created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that institution we had created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face that institution we had created
+other things like the bush societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like the bush societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things like the bush societies
+like the privilege system and the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the privilege system and the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the privilege system and the place
+where you can see that in the deer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see that in the deer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can see that in the deer
+because when you see the deer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you see the deer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you see the deer this is
+where columbus started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where columbus started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where columbus started
+washing away all the old tiles and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing away all the old tiles and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washing away all the old tiles and all
+the prestige of pre-columbian what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prestige of pre-columbian what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prestige of pre-columbian what you
+imagine for a colombian a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for a colombian a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for a colombian a a
+civilization and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization and then
+he start a set of co-existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he start a set of co-existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he start a set of co-existence of
+remnant of the spanish group the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnant of the spanish group the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnant of the spanish group the poor
+spaniards who could not follow with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaniards who could not follow with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaniards who could not follow with the
+contest towards cuba et cetera no then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest towards cuba et cetera no then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contest towards cuba et cetera no then
+the spanish blacks ladinos who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanish blacks ladinos who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanish blacks ladinos who were
+enslaved in spain and came to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved in spain and came to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved in spain and came to the
+dominican republic then a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominican republic then a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominican republic then a set of
+enslaved imported from africa then a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved imported from africa then a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved imported from africa then a set
+of winery from jamaica who went in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winery from jamaica who went in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of winery from jamaica who went in the
+service themselves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service themselves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service themselves in the
+in santo domingo all these before even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in santo domingo all these before even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in santo domingo all these before even
+the french took over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the french took over in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the french took over in
+in the western part of the country you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the western part of the country you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the western part of the country you
+serving and this will give you a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving and this will give you a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serving and this will give you a type of
+society what is also very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society what is also very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society what is also very important and
+interesting in the dominican republic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the dominican republic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in the dominican republic is
+that they have that spanish tradition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have that spanish tradition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have that spanish tradition of
+the ejidus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ejidus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ejidus
+he does a reform of communal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does a reform of communal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does a reform of communal
+ownership of the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership of the land
+which the american had and the spaniard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the american had and the spaniard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the american had and the spaniard
+conserved it now and this gave a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved it now and this gave a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved it now and this gave a certain
+freedom of the population an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of the population an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom of the population an
+element to negotiate the plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to negotiate the plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to negotiate the plantation
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+well and the deer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the deer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the deer
+bring something back to the diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring something back to the diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring something back to the diversity of
+the cayman the spaniard came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cayman the spaniard came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cayman the spaniard came back
+you know i mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean they
+re-colonize the country not during long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-colonize the country not during long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-colonize the country not during long
+but enough to do much harm and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enough to do much harm and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enough to do much harm and to
+establish the white supremacists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the white supremacists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the white supremacists
+not in not only in the country but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in not only in the country but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+the head of the of the illegality of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+saint domingue and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint domingue and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saint domingue and this
+reconquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconquer
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery etc etc a time when cuba and
+and puerto rico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puerto rico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and puerto rico
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+no and one of the problem of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and one of the problem of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and one of the problem of the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+enslave us no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslave us no way
+you said i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said i mean
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very very interesting and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's not to such an extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it's not to such an extent
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in the dear and in haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dear and in haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dear and in haiti
+there are brothers and sisters there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are brothers and sisters there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are brothers and sisters there are
+no problems but the two oligarchies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problems but the two oligarchies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problems but the two oligarchies
+they are like cat and dogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are like cat and dogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are like cat and dogs
+they they can't stand each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can't stand each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they can't stand each other
+but underneath they are very friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but underneath they are very friendly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but underneath they are very friendly
+and they are making their money quietly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are making their money quietly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are making their money quietly
+but you should hear them so they prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should hear them so they prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you should hear them so they prepare
+the population to hate each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population to hate each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population to hate each other
+this is their job to make us fight he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their job to make us fight he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is their job to make us fight he
+said i think that you have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i think that you have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i think that you have a very good
+position to observe the diversity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to observe the diversity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to observe the diversity of the
+caribbean and the importance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean and the importance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caribbean and the importance of the
+non-plantation system even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-plantation system even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-plantation system even though you
+are probably one of the best actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably one of the best actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably one of the best actual
+system of plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of plantation
+actually there's a book called um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a book called um why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a book called um why
+the fights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fights
+yeah yeah so it's a book about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so it's a book about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so it's a book about the
+history of the deer in haiti now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the deer in haiti now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the deer in haiti now that
+you mentioned you know they make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned you know they make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned you know they make sure
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+they fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fight
+oh yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah
+why because you know when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you know when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because you know when you go to
+these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um
+cog fighting the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cog fighting the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cog fighting the days
+the humans are the ones making the cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humans are the ones making the cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humans are the ones making the cops
+fight the cops don't want to fight right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight the cops don't want to fight right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight the cops don't want to fight right
+the are not made to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are not made to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are not made to fight
+so much you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much you know so
+it's such a powerful metaphor you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a powerful metaphor you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's such a powerful metaphor you know
+that the deer and haiti why do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the deer and haiti why do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the deer and haiti why do they
+fight well they fight basically like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight well they fight basically like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight well they fight basically like why
+the fight because they have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fight because they have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fight because they have other
+people pushing them to fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pushing them to fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pushing them to fight
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+hi i'm gabrielle with gabby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm gabrielle with gabby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi i'm gabrielle with gabby
+and i'm jamaican and i took this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm jamaican and i took this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm jamaican and i took this class
+because i really don't know much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really don't know much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i really don't know much about
+my people's history with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my people's history with that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my people's history with that so
+anything that says like kirby and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that says like kirby and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that says like kirby and
+culture lessons or something i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture lessons or something i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture lessons or something i was
+always like interested in because um i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like interested in because um i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like interested in because um i
+was raised by my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was raised by my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was raised by my mother
+and although she has like fun stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although she has like fun stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and although she has like fun stories
+about like school life in jamaica and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like school life in jamaica and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like school life in jamaica and
+stuff like that she never really told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that she never really told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that she never really told me
+much about the history of jamaica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the history of jamaica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the history of jamaica
+so i only knew like surface level stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i only knew like surface level stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i only knew like surface level stuff
+and i wanted to go in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wanted to go in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wanted to go in more
+and my project was on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my project was on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my project was on how
+european nations to this day have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european nations to this day have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european nations to this day have some
+type of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of economic
+power in the caribbean despite them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in the caribbean despite them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in the caribbean despite them
+trying to like form their own economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like form their own economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to like form their own economic
+power and how europe kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and how europe kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and how europe kind of
+uses hegemony to build off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses hegemony to build off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses hegemony to build off that
+um and i thought that was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i thought that was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i thought that was pretty
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+it is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is indeed
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+i must say that the jamaica has probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i must say that the jamaica has probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i must say that the jamaica has probably
+of the best historians of the guy brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best historians of the guy brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best historians of the guy brain
+and yesterday i was privileged enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yesterday i was privileged enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yesterday i was privileged enough to
+have dinner with one of them which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dinner with one of them which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dinner with one of them which is a
+a vince brown vincent brown now who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vince brown vincent brown now who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vince brown vincent brown now who just
+came out with a tremendous book you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with a tremendous book you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with a tremendous book you
+certainly know over or read not a tucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no i mean one of the best uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean one of the best uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean one of the best uh
+stories of how the africans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of how the africans in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of how the africans in
+the guiban fought for themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guiban fought for themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guiban fought for themselves and
+maintain themselves jamaica has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain themselves jamaica has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain themselves jamaica has this
+peculiarity of having forced the british
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiarity of having forced the british
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peculiarity of having forced the british
+not to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to recognize
+this defense no and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defense no and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this defense no and this is this is
+to my mind very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the how we have been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how we have been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the how we have been able
+to defend ourselves to keep our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defend ourselves to keep our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to defend ourselves to keep our
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+differences and to reproduce it so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and to reproduce it so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and to reproduce it so what
+you have is that for instance one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is that for instance one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have is that for instance one of the
+reason why haiti was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why haiti was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why haiti was
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+independent no i mentioned the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent no i mentioned the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent no i mentioned the fact that
+the british was going up but the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the british was going up but the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the british was going up but the other
+reason is that when in 1804 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that when in 1804 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that when in 1804 and the
+french was before in 1791 when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french was before in 1791 when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french was before in 1791 when the
+french were in crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french were in crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french were in crisis
+60 of the haitians came from africa was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 of the haitians came from africa was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 of the haitians came from africa was
+african-born people you know in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-born people you know in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-born people you know in those
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+turkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turkey
+revolution is describing a set of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution is describing a set of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution is describing a set of people
+coming straight from africa you said i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight from africa you said i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming straight from africa you said i
+mean so this gives you an an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so this gives you an an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so this gives you an an idea
+of the conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the conservation of
+an identity you have received in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity you have received in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an identity you have received in your
+village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village
+no and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and here
+no the the the position you have against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the the the position you have against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the the the position you have against
+the system that is and how you finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that is and how you finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that is and how you finding
+that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but
+in in between what is important and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in between what is important and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in between what is important and this
+is where the caribbean appeals now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the caribbean appeals now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where the caribbean appeals now is
+that you come from congo you come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you come from congo you come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you come from congo you come from
+you are an ashanti you are a wall of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are an ashanti you are a wall of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are an ashanti you are a wall of you
+are zulu you mean and with all are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zulu you mean and with all are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zulu you mean and with all are
+coming to becoming jamaicans so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to becoming jamaicans so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to becoming jamaicans so the the
+process of unification it is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of unification it is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of unification it is where we
+are going to create a new identity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to create a new identity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to create a new identity which
+is caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is caribbean
+while the to follow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the to follow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the to follow you
+your the institution created by europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the institution created by europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the institution created by europe
+want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to be
+homogenized individuals without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenized individuals without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogenized individuals without a
+community without an identity proper so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community without an identity proper so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community without an identity proper so
+you are supposed to be british for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are supposed to be british for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are supposed to be british for
+instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance
+i was one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was one day
+of two my great friends both of them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two my great friends both of them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two my great friends both of them but
+one of them is from the dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is from the dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is from the dr
+yodan from saint lucia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yodan from saint lucia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yodan from saint lucia
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+very high level persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level persons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high level persons
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the friend from the india
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend from the india
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the friend from the india
+say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh
+are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we
+a afro-latin i say beg your pardon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a afro-latin i say beg your pardon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a afro-latin i say beg your pardon
+because in the english-speaking country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the english-speaking country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the english-speaking country
+it's nearly an offense to tell somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nearly an offense to tell somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nearly an offense to tell somebody
+the natural saxons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and she defined herself as a full artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she defined herself as a full artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she defined herself as a full artist
+and i said well me i'm no afro latin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said well me i'm no afro latin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i said well me i'm no afro latin
+what are you then well i happen to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you then well i happen to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you then well i happen to be
+kaiban caribbean and caribbean food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaiban caribbean and caribbean food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kaiban caribbean and caribbean food
+there's no afro saxon no afro-latin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no afro saxon no afro-latin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no afro saxon no afro-latin we
+are caribbean in our diversity and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are caribbean in our diversity and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are caribbean in our diversity and this
+is what makes makes us really peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes makes us really peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes makes us really peculiar
+no and different from any other form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and different from any other form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and different from any other form of
+blackness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackness
+you know i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean
+no matter where you go well i will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you go well i will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you go well i will not
+explain that because it's fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that because it's fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain that because it's fascinating
+yes yes indeed so so gabby so gabby made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes indeed so so gabby so gabby made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes indeed so so gabby so gabby made
+it tip-top talking about technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tip-top talking about technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tip-top talking about technology and
+pay luck so should we watch gabby's tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay luck so should we watch gabby's tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay luck so should we watch gabby's tick
+tock together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tock together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tock together
+okay so what is car com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is car com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is car com
+car com shortened for the caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car com shortened for the caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car com shortened for the caribbean
+community and common market is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and common market is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and common market is an
+organization made up of the caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization made up of the caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization made up of the caribbean
+and latin americas to promote economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and latin americas to promote economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and latin americas to promote economic
+growth and integration with the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and integration with the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and integration with the rest of
+the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market
+on their own website they describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own website they describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own website they describe
+themselves as developing countries who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as developing countries who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as developing countries who
+have connections to markets in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have connections to markets in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have connections to markets in both
+north and south america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north and south america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north and south america
+so their goal basically to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their goal basically to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so their goal basically to be taken
+seriously and get caribbean economies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and get caribbean economies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously and get caribbean economies on
+the market however their plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market however their plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market however their plan of
+execution is essentially to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution is essentially to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution is essentially to sell
+themselves to the ones who matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to the ones who matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to the ones who matter the
+most in the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in the game
+european nations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european nations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+european nations
+their who we are statement on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their who we are statement on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their who we are statement on their
+website kind of seems to confirm this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website kind of seems to confirm this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website kind of seems to confirm this as
+they um describe their community as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um describe their community as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um describe their community as
+multilingual and go on to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilingual and go on to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilingual and go on to include
+english french and dutch as their main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english french and dutch as their main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+english french and dutch as their main
+languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages
+now the language portion of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the language portion of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the language portion of this is
+really important because it is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because it is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important because it is very
+symbolic when it comes to colonizee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic when it comes to colonizee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic when it comes to colonizee and
+colonizer relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizer relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonizer relationships
+in the caribbean for example most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the caribbean for example most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the caribbean for example most people
+speak some sort of creole or patra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak some sort of creole or patra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak some sort of creole or patra
+derived from a blend of indigenous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from a blend of indigenous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from a blend of indigenous and
+african languages as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african languages as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african languages as well as the
+language of their colonizer these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of their colonizer these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of their colonizer these
+languages despite being common tongues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages despite being common tongues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages despite being common tongues
+are often treated as lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often treated as lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often treated as lesser
+and the most prevalent example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most prevalent example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most prevalent example of this
+is haiti's relationship with the french
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is haiti's relationship with the french
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is haiti's relationship with the french
+who surprise surprise has had a stake in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who surprise surprise has had a stake in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who surprise surprise has had a stake in
+keeping haiti a francophone country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping haiti a francophone country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping haiti a francophone country
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+haiti's government has had a history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haiti's government has had a history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haiti's government has had a history of
+disregarding their mother tongue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disregarding their mother tongue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disregarding their mother tongue of
+creole despite it being one of their two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creole despite it being one of their two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creole despite it being one of their two
+national languages the second one take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national languages the second one take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national languages the second one take a
+wild guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild guess
+um funnily enough roughly five to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um funnily enough roughly five to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um funnily enough roughly five to ten
+percent of haitians can actually speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of haitians can actually speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of haitians can actually speak
+french fluently and those are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french fluently and those are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french fluently and those are usually
+the elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elite
+considering the active push in schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the active push in schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the active push in schools
+to speak french by literally only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak french by literally only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak french by literally only
+teaching in french you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in french you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching in french you can see why
+schools in haiti aren't exactly thriving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in haiti aren't exactly thriving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools in haiti aren't exactly thriving
+and why they needed to join car com in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why they needed to join car com in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why they needed to join car com in
+the first place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place
+so haiti like the rest of carcom wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so haiti like the rest of carcom wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so haiti like the rest of carcom wants
+better economic opportunities for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better economic opportunities for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better economic opportunities for their
+country and their people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and their people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and their people
+yet the french seem to be getting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the french seem to be getting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet the french seem to be getting in the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+as they have historically always done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they have historically always done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they have historically always done
+so haiti needs out of the disparities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so haiti needs out of the disparities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so haiti needs out of the disparities
+the french have put them in yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the french have put them in yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the french have put them in yet
+french rely on francophone countries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french rely on francophone countries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+french rely on francophone countries to
+keep them relevant and in power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them relevant and in power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them relevant and in power
+so what do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do they do
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+they throw money at the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they throw money at the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they throw money at the situation
+and then declare that they know best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi um i'm viviane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi um i'm viviane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi um i'm viviane and
+i'm in this class i'm from palestine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in this class i'm from palestine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in this class i'm from palestine and
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+have been over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been over the last
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+decade and a half of my life working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade and a half of my life working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade and a half of my life working
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+peasant communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasant communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peasant communities
+in recovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recovering
+ourselves through recovering our seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves through recovering our seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves through recovering our seed
+heritage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage
+and so i'm very interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm very interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm very interested in
+imagination and how our imagination can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and how our imagination can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and how our imagination can
+help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us
+in the journey of liberation so for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the journey of liberation so for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the journey of liberation so for me
+the caribbean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caribbean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caribbean
+is such a rich place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a rich place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a rich place to
+learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from
+and to understand from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand from
+other people's experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's experiences
+uh that have a lot of similarities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have a lot of similarities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that have a lot of similarities and
+obviously a lot of uniqueness to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot of uniqueness to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot of uniqueness to it
+uh how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do we
+find our power and our beauty uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our power and our beauty uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find our power and our beauty uh in the
+and how can our beauty as we uncover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how can our beauty as we uncover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how can our beauty as we uncover it
+we've been told it's ugly how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been told it's ugly how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been told it's ugly how can we
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+accentuate our beauty if you were an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuate our beauty if you were an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuate our beauty if you were an
+extract it again to regain power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract it again to regain power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract it again to regain power in
+ourselves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves so
+i find a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find a lot
+in the caribbean for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the caribbean for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the caribbean for me
+and the beauty of it and the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beauty of it and the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the beauty of it and the beauty of
+also finding power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also finding power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also finding power
+inside the wounds that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the wounds that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the wounds that we have
+so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you i will not comment on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no no no i mean this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no i mean this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no no i mean this is very
+important because in fact he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because in fact he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because in fact he
+i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think
+the results of the work i have done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of the work i have done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results of the work i have done in
+the book where we have in front of us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book where we have in front of us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book where we have in front of us is
+that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our
+soul wealth is our imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul wealth is our imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soul wealth is our imagination
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+if you take the people coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the people coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the people coming from
+africa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+africa
+in the cabin we are the majority no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cabin we are the majority no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cabin we are the majority no we
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+like worms we had just nothing and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like worms we had just nothing and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like worms we had just nothing and we
+were individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were individuals
+nickel naked individuals with no contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel naked individuals with no contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel naked individuals with no contact
+nothing there doesn't exist an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there doesn't exist an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there doesn't exist an
+individual in the world who is alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in the world who is alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in the world who is alone
+i mean an individual is come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean an individual is come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean an individual is come from a
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+so the first thing we we built was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we we built was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing we we built was a
+community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community
+but building a community was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but building a community was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but building a community was
+exactly opposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly opposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly opposing
+the power of the plantation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the plantation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the plantation system
+no with what did we build the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no with what did we build the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no with what did we build the community
+with our mind with our imagination to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our mind with our imagination to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our mind with our imagination to
+give you only one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the european
+family is based on private property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is based on private property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is based on private property
+no the definition and of an enslaved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the definition and of an enslaved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the definition and of an enslaved in
+the code noah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code noah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code noah is
+he or she who cannot possess anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she who cannot possess anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she who cannot possess anything
+that does not belong to his master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not belong to his master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not belong to his master
+so obviously we had nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we had nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously we had nothing
+no yet we create family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yet we create family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yet we create family
+we find a way of bypassing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find a way of bypassing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find a way of bypassing
+this element obviously our families will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element obviously our families will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this element obviously our families will
+be called non-family promiscuous or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called non-family promiscuous or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called non-family promiscuous or all
+sort of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of things
+they try to deface our the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to deface our the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they try to deface our the product of
+our imagination and up to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imagination and up to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our imagination and up to now
+up to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now
+they cannot cope with our family system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot cope with our family system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot cope with our family system
+no if there are two institutions produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if there are two institutions produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if there are two institutions produce
+products of our imagination that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of our imagination that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of our imagination that are
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+despised no is voodoo and family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despised no is voodoo and family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despised no is voodoo and family
+and they are the less understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the less understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are the less understood
+institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions
+all over the caribbean we call it chango
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the caribbean we call it chango
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the caribbean we call it chango
+baches quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baches quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baches quality
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+obiya no matter they don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obiya no matter they don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obiya no matter they don't even know
+what they are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are talking about
+no and family did not understand family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and family did not understand family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and family did not understand family
+they don't our family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't our family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't our family
+no for instance in haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for instance in haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no for instance in haiti
+family is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is supposed to be
+a patriarchal material god knows what no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patriarchal material god knows what no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a patriarchal material god knows what no
+all sorts of names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of names
+they don't know what it is they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what it is they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know what it is they just
+don't know what it is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what it is because
+let's see you know what happened just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see you know what happened just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see you know what happened just to
+to finish this comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish this comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish this comment
+two persons in any countryside of haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two persons in any countryside of haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two persons in any countryside of haiti
+old people they go to church they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old people they go to church they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old people they go to church they get
+married they have because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married they have because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married they have because they are
+celebrating their 50 years of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating their 50 years of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrating their 50 years of living
+together this is when they get married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is when they get married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is when they get married
+they don't get married to have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get married to have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get married to have the right
+to go to bed with one another no no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to bed with one another no no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to bed with one another no no no
+no after being to bed after having their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no after being to bed after having their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no after being to bed after having their
+kids their grandkids the situation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids their grandkids the situation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids their grandkids the situation now
+the whole village is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole village is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole village is going to
+celebrate their marriage i mean you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate their marriage i mean you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate their marriage i mean you see
+our conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conception
+of wedding is not the western conception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wedding is not the western conception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wedding is not the western conception
+of wedding how could we have that if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wedding how could we have that if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wedding how could we have that if not
+imagining another institution working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining another institution working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining another institution working in
+another setting creating a story this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another setting creating a story this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another setting creating a story this is
+that wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wealth
+that bothered them because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bothered them because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bothered them because we are
+different and a friend of mine in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not different but a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different but a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not different but a professor
+in the zoom of the catholic church said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the zoom of the catholic church said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the zoom of the catholic church said
+listen what my problem is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen what my problem is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen what my problem is the following
+if you are a people that is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a people that is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are a people that is being
+exploited by some big master you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited by some big master you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited by some big master you will
+tend to look like the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to look like the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to look like the master
+no so you can defend yourself that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you can defend yourself that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you can defend yourself that he's
+saying that but you prepared from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that but you prepared from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that but you prepared from the
+beginning you say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning you say no
+so how did that happen you said i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did that happen you said i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did that happen you said i mean
+obviously this is what i'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is what i'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously this is what i'm telling you
+we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+from the beginning we are not from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning we are not from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning we are not from this
+line of thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line of thought
+the problem is how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is how we're going to
+maintain that identity we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain that identity we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain that identity we had
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+the difference is that we could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that we could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that we could not
+because we came like individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we came like individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we came like individuals
+so we have to create another community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to create another community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to create another community
+and this community is kaiban made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this community is kaiban made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this community is kaiban made
+it is not from africa it is not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not from africa it is not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not from africa it is not from
+europe it is local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe it is local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europe it is local
+you see i mean we create something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see i mean we create something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see i mean we create something in
+difficult condition and we are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult condition and we are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult condition and we are still
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+we're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not the
+we do have problems i cannot prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have problems i cannot prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have problems i cannot prove
+anybody there that haiti is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody there that haiti is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody there that haiti is not the
+first country in the world put it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first country in the world put it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first country in the world put it that
+way what's important like to say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's important like to say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way what's important like to say but
+like some of the people said and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of the people said and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like some of the people said and by the
+way great kaiba and men lloyd best say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way great kaiba and men lloyd best say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way great kaiba and men lloyd best say
+this is the most developed country of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most developed country of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most developed country of
+america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+america
+as far a lord versus concern as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far a lord versus concern as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far a lord versus concern as far as
+imagination as well as self-confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as well as self-confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as well as self-confidence
+as far as identity as far as fighting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as identity as far as fighting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as identity as far as fighting to
+stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay
+you know i mean because we we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean because we we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean because we we could
+disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear
+or the nation has disappeared the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the nation has disappeared the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the nation has disappeared the time
+does disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does disappear
+we could disappear creation probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could disappear creation probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could disappear creation probably
+will disappear but the day we forget our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear but the day we forget our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will disappear but the day we forget our
+basic values it is the day when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic values it is the day when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic values it is the day when we
+disappeared not before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared not before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared not before
+i mean i will not speak of my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i will not speak of my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i will not speak of my friends
+from palestine you know i mean they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from palestine you know i mean they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from palestine you know i mean they are
+on the verge of and we are on the verge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the verge of and we are on the verge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the verge of and we are on the verge
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you know i mean we're on the verge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean we're on the verge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean we're on the verge of
+but we will disappear but you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will disappear but you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will disappear but you have in
+the caribbean for instance in dominica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caribbean for instance in dominica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the caribbean for instance in dominica
+uh cave caller la cavedes engines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cave caller la cavedes engines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cave caller la cavedes engines the
+town the cave of the indians where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town the cave of the indians where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town the cave of the indians where they
+found together the bones of 200 indians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found together the bones of 200 indians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found together the bones of 200 indians
+who killed themselves wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who killed themselves wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who killed themselves wow
+yeah i mean with the manufactures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean with the manufactures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean with the manufactures
+poison the person themselves because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison the person themselves because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poison the person themselves because
+they do not want and cannot live under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not want and cannot live under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do not want and cannot live under
+the spanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spanish
+the spaniards you know i mean in mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaniards you know i mean in mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaniards you know i mean in mexico
+there is also a wonderful example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a wonderful example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also a wonderful example of
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+la
+el canon del sumidero el canon your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+el canon del sumidero el canon your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+el canon del sumidero el canon your
+canyon sumidero is well well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon sumidero is well well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon sumidero is well well what
+happened is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is that
+this group of the first nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of the first nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group of the first nation
+is fighting against spaniards and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fighting against spaniards and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fighting against spaniards and the
+spaniard army is coming and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaniard army is coming and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaniard army is coming and they just
+cannot win no so they put the kids the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot win no so they put the kids the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot win no so they put the kids the
+ladies and the warriors and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies and the warriors and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladies and the warriors and they're
+fighting and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally
+step back they retreat they retreated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back they retreat they retreated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back they retreat they retreated it
+everybody fell into the canyon wow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody fell into the canyon wow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody fell into the canyon wow and
+up to now you can visit mexico you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now you can visit mexico you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to now you can visit mexico you will
+visit the canyon del sudeiro i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the canyon del sudeiro i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the canyon del sudeiro i mean
+certainly there has been genocide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there has been genocide but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there has been genocide but
+the point is that we have chose chosen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that we have chose chosen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that we have chose chosen a
+collective suicide i mean this is how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective suicide i mean this is how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective suicide i mean this is how we
+lived you said i mean we prefer to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived you said i mean we prefer to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived you said i mean we prefer to live
+like that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that instead of
+bending our head we have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending our head we have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending our head we have done that
+already so okay we are fighting we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so okay we are fighting we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already so okay we are fighting we are
+poor we are weak but we ain't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor we are weak but we ain't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor we are weak but we ain't going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+too low ahead yeah and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low ahead yeah and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too low ahead yeah and this is
+i seek ibn because i'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i seek ibn because i'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i seek ibn because i'm talking about the
+cabin but i'll give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin but i'll give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabin but i'll give you an example of
+mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico
+you know i mean and i'm sure you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean and i'm sure you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i mean and i'm sure you'll find
+that all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all over
+mexico with the arrival of so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico with the arrival of so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mexico with the arrival of so one of the
+point points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point points
+that in fact he unites us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact he unites us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact he unites us here
+and it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is that
+we have never thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have never thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have never thought
+we were second to nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were second to nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were second to nobody
+never never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never
+and we cannot think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we cannot think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we cannot think that
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+this is why we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why we say
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+no is the starting point it is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is the starting point it is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is the starting point it is not the
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+yes i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i mean
+we have to plan on the basis that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to plan on the basis that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to plan on the basis that we are
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i i mean we have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+long tradition of contact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tradition of contact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long tradition of contact with the
+palestinians in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palestinians in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+palestinians in fact the
+the right arm of i see that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right arm of i see that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right arm of i see that somebody
+damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn
+made peace he may hear us in peace his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made peace he may hear us in peace his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made peace he may hear us in peace his
+name he's mary he was palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name he's mary he was palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name he's mary he was palestinian
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+and oh yes indeed no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh yes indeed no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh yes indeed no and
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+he was with us in the fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was with us in the fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was with us in the fight
+and he died for that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he died for that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he died for that also
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+so what's your project about can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's your project about can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's your project about can you
+tell us about your project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about your project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us about your project
+my project yes for the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my project yes for the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my project yes for the class
+uh which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and actually i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i'm
+learning a lot about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a lot about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning a lot about uh
+voodoo in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voodoo in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voodoo in terms of a
+spiritual practice but also finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual practice but also finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual practice but also finding a
+lot of parallels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of parallels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of parallels
+uh that i'm finding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i'm finding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that i'm finding with
+practices in palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices in palestinian
+heritage that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heritage that are
+being we're being told are not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being we're being told are not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being we're being told are not uh
+you know are not you know i'm not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are not you know i'm not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know are not you know i'm not right
+to think in that way like our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think in that way like our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think in that way like our
+imagination in our spirituality whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in our spirituality whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in our spirituality whether
+it's through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through
+people who dream or people who um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who dream or people who um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who dream or people who um
+relate to nature as also a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to nature as also a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to nature as also a source of
+information uh through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh through
+also being taught by the catholic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also being taught by the catholic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also being taught by the catholic
+schools and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools and
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+religious institutions that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious institutions that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious institutions that this is not
+the way we should think and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we should think and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we should think and this is
+primitive and we should throw it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive and we should throw it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive and we should throw it away
+and so i'm interested so much in buddhi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm interested so much in buddhi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i'm interested so much in buddhi
+because it's also another way of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also another way of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's also another way of knowing
+the world and being in the world that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and being in the world that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and being in the world that is
+very liberatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think there's so much wisdom there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think there's so much wisdom there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think there's so much wisdom there
+that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can
+really improve our ability to live not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve our ability to live not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really improve our ability to live not
+just in dignity but also with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in dignity but also with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in dignity but also with other
+beings that we are equal to other beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings that we are equal to other beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings that we are equal to other beings
+um and i feel like this is an urgent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i feel like this is an urgent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and i feel like this is an urgent
+learning for for today so i am in i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for for today so i am in i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for for today so i am in i've
+interviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewed
+a priestess that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priestess that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a priestess that uh
+uh who is wonderful um and she's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is wonderful um and she's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who is wonderful um and she's a great
+storyteller so it also shows how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyteller so it also shows how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyteller so it also shows how like
+telling stories and how stories are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling stories and how stories are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling stories and how stories are so
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+in in knowing ourselves like what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in knowing ourselves like what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in knowing ourselves like what is the
+story we tell ourselves and the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we tell ourselves and the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story we tell ourselves and the ability
+to create a new story like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a new story like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a new story like
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+yes i am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes i am
+exploring that also with myself and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring that also with myself and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring that also with myself and my
+own dreaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own dreaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own dreaming
+yes indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes indeed
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+thank you that was great so thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that was great so thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that was great so thanks to
+all of you for sharing such personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you for sharing such personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you for sharing such personal
+aspects of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of your
+of yourselves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourselves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yourselves um
+so now it's it's one um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's it's one um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it's it's one um so
+technically we we're supposed to enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically we we're supposed to enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically we we're supposed to enter
+the second part of of this which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of of this which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second part of of this which is um
+you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will
+introduce say a few words about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce say a few words about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce say a few words about the
+chapter 8 that we all read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 8 that we all read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter 8 that we all read
+then we go around the room and we each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go around the room and we each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go around the room and we each
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+a question but i wonder whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question but i wonder whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question but i wonder whether it's a
+good time for a break um before because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time for a break um before because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time for a break um before because
+that might what do you think tom what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might what do you think tom what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might what do you think tom what do
+you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say
+okay so they usually do yeah so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they usually do yeah so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they usually do yeah so let's
+take a break um let's say it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break um let's say it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a break um let's say it's uh it's
+one so let's come back at 10 after one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's come back at 10 after one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's come back at 10 after one
+it's 12 58 10 after one yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12 58 10 after one yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 12 58 10 after one yeah and then
+okay so get some coffee stretch your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so get some coffee stretch your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so get some coffee stretch your
+legs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qrbCpv3Sv34.txt b/qrbCpv3Sv34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3931b1ee1fedc88ad15f1d94491db8475854bd77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qrbCpv3Sv34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11618 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common license. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, we're going to get started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're going to get started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we're going to get started the
+homework. Does everybody have a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework. Does everybody have a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework. Does everybody have a copy of
+the handout? If not, there's some on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout? If not, there's some on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout? If not, there's some on the
+steps. stairs. There's muddy cards on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. stairs. There's muddy cards on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps. stairs. There's muddy cards on
+the steps and there we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps and there we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps and there we're going to do
+three things today. That's this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things today. That's this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things today. That's this complex
+problem. I want to talk about a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I want to talk about a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. I want to talk about a problem
+on center of percussion and then if as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on center of percussion and then if as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on center of percussion and then if as
+we have time I'm going to summarize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time I'm going to summarize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time I'm going to summarize some
+summarizing statements about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing statements about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing statements about uh
+imbalances which we've talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances which we've talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalances which we've talked a lot
+about off and on. So let's I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about off and on. So let's I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about off and on. So let's I want you to
+restrain looking at the notes I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrain looking at the notes I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrain looking at the notes I've
+handed out. The notes I've handed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out. The notes I've handed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed out. The notes I've handed out
+are this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this complex
+problem and you'll let you look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you'll let you look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you'll let you look at them
+in a minute, but I want to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute, but I want to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute, but I want to get you to
+think about some things before you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some things before you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some things before you see
+what's on the notes. But the notes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the notes. But the notes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the notes. But the notes are
+intended so that you don't have to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended so that you don't have to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended so that you don't have to spend
+a lot of time writing down messy stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time writing down messy stuff.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of time writing down messy stuff.
+You can think and listen and they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can think and listen and they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can think and listen and they'll
+also be sent out on the web so that put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be sent out on the web so that put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be sent out on the web so that put
+posted so you don't have to grab a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted so you don't have to grab a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted so you don't have to grab a copy
+for your friends because I only made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your friends because I only made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your friends because I only made a
+100 copies and 122 of you. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 copies and 122 of you. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 copies and 122 of you. Okay, so
+let's start with this problem. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with this problem. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with this problem. This is
+a basically a complex system mass a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basically a complex system mass a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basically a complex system mass a
+pendulum and it when you I've made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and it when you I've made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum and it when you I've made up
+one for you. So here's my here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for you. So here's my here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for you. So here's my here's the
+pendulum. It's on an axle stuck into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum. It's on an axle stuck into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum. It's on an axle stuck into my
+cart. The cart's got springs connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart. The cart's got springs connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart. The cart's got springs connected
+to it and it naturally has some damping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and it naturally has some damping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and it naturally has some damping.
+So this is um a realization of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is um a realization of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is um a realization of what's
+been drawn there. So let's just give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been drawn there. So let's just give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been drawn there. So let's just give it
+a little bump.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cart moves back and forth. Pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cart moves back and forth. Pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cart moves back and forth. Pendulum
+swings back and forth. If I start it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings back and forth. If I start it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swings back and forth. If I start it
+this way, it'll act a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, it'll act a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, it'll act a lot more
+crazy. It'll have more chaotic looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy. It'll have more chaotic looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy. It'll have more chaotic looking
+kind of motion. The reason for that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motion. The reason for that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motion. The reason for that,
+which has to do with this is a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with this is a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has to do with this is a multiple
+degree of freedom system, has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system, has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom system, has more than
+one natural frequency. Has has more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural frequency. Has has more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one natural frequency. Has has more than
+one frequency. It responds all mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one frequency. It responds all mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one frequency. It responds all mixed
+together. And that's why it it'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And that's why it it'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. And that's why it it'll do
+kind of crazy things like that'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy things like that'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of crazy things like that'll stop
+almost stop and then start up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost stop and then start up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost stop and then start up again
+stuff like that. All completely natural.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. All completely natural.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that. All completely natural.
+And but if I give it a nice gentle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but if I give it a nice gentle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And but if I give it a nice gentle
+start, it actually mostly vibrates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, it actually mostly vibrates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start, it actually mostly vibrates in
+what I call one mode of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call one mode of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I call one mode of
+vibration. Okay. So that's that's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. Okay. So that's that's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration. Okay. So that's that's we
+want to get the equations of motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the equations of motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get the equations of motion of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+system. So I've the uh I've drawn here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So I've the uh I've drawn here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. So I've the uh I've drawn here
+I've drawn it. And the first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it. And the first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn it. And the first question
+about a system like this when you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a system like this when you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a system like this when you go to
+analyze it is how many degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it is how many degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it is how many degrees of
+freedom does it have? Right? So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom does it have? Right? So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom does it have? Right? So I'm
+going to this I'm going to claim this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this I'm going to claim this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to this I'm going to claim this to
+be a planer motion problem. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a planer motion problem. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a planer motion problem. It's
+confined to the board and confined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined to the board and confined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined to the board and confined to
+rotation perpendicular to the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation perpendicular to the board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation perpendicular to the board.
+Okay. Anytime that happens, the uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anytime that happens, the uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Anytime that happens, the uh each
+object has at most three degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object has at most three degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object has at most three degrees of
+freedom. X, Y, and a rotation. So we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. X, Y, and a rotation. So we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. X, Y, and a rotation. So we've
+conf we said no rotations around X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conf we said no rotations around X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conf we said no rotations around X or
+around Y. So three possible ones for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Y. So three possible ones for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around Y. So three possible ones for
+this mass, three possible ones for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass, three possible ones for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass, three possible ones for this
+mass, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass, right?
+And the uh then we start looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the uh then we start looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the uh then we start looking for the
+constraints in addition. Well, this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in addition. Well, this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints in addition. Well, this one
+is constrained. It can't move out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained. It can't move out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained. It can't move out of the
+out of the uh See, we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the uh See, we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the uh See, we've already
+constrained that. Wait a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained that. Wait a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained that. Wait a second.
+Um, how do I want to say this? This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do I want to say this? This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do I want to say this? This one
+is certainly constrained in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly constrained in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is certainly constrained in the Y
+because of the track here. So, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the track here. So, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the track here. So, that's
+one constraint. We're starting off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constraint. We're starting off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one constraint. We're starting off with
+six possible. We've got one because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six possible. We've got one because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six possible. We've got one because it's
+constrained in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in the
+Y. The uh but it can certainly move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y. The uh but it can certainly move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y. The uh but it can certainly move in
+the X. Can it rotate in the Z? this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X. Can it rotate in the Z? this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X. Can it rotate in the Z? this big
+mass. So that's two. So the of the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So that's two. So the of the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. So that's two. So the of the three
+possible, the top one only has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, the top one only has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible, the top one only has one
+possible degree of freedom. X. This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible degree of freedom. X. This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible degree of freedom. X. This one
+also has three possible degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has three possible degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has three possible degrees of
+freedom. It's pinned at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. It's pinned at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom. It's pinned at
+A. What does that give? What does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. What does that give? What does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. What does that give? What does that
+do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraints? So this one take 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints? So this one take 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints? So this one take 30 seconds
+and even talk to your neighbor. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even talk to your neighbor. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even talk to your neighbor. How many
+constraints does cause by the pin at A?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So,
+let's how many believe that there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's how many believe that there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's how many believe that there's one
+constraint provided by the pin at A?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint provided by the pin at A?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint provided by the pin at A?
+Let's see the hands that believe we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see the hands that believe we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see the hands that believe we have
+one. Get them up high. Up high now. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Get them up high. Up high now. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Get them up high. Up high now. How
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+two? Okay. How about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two? Okay. How about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two? Okay. How about
+three? All right. Little uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three? All right. Little uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three? All right. Little uncertainty
+here. All right. We do. You know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. We do. You know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All right. We do. You know the
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+today? Have you prescribed the motion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Have you prescribed the motion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Have you prescribed the motion at
+a in any way? In what way? Do you nod in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in any way? In what way? Do you nod in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in any way? In what way? Do you nod in
+your head?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Has to move with the block. We've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Has to move with the block. We've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Has to move with the block. We've
+already given the other block a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given the other block a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already given the other block a
+coordinate. What is it? X. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate. What is it? X. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate. What is it? X. So if you
+know X, do you know the motion of A?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X, do you know the motion of A?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X, do you know the motion of A?
+Okay. So you have established the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you have established the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So you have established the motion
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+A. So if you know A, you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So if you know A, you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. So if you know A, you don't need
+anything additional information about A,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything additional information about A,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything additional information about A,
+do you? It's already been you've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you? It's already been you've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you? It's already been you've already
+chosen a coordinate for it. So if A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a coordinate for it. So if A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a coordinate for it. So if A is
+prescribed, that means X1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed, that means X1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribed, that means X1 and
+Y1 the motion the coordinates describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y1 the motion the coordinates describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y1 the motion the coordinates describing
+this thing. And I've given it an started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. And I've given it an started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing. And I've given it an started
+at a center of mass, a little x1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a center of mass, a little x1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a center of mass, a little x1 that
+way, a little y1 that way. Those are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, a little y1 that way. Those are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, a little y1 that way. Those are my
+possible displacement coordinates. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible displacement coordinates. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible displacement coordinates. And
+it has a rotation coordinate, three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a rotation coordinate, three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a rotation coordinate, three
+possible degrees of freedom, right? X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible degrees of freedom, right? X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible degrees of freedom, right? X
+and Y are prescribed at this point. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y are prescribed at this point. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y are prescribed at this point. If
+you prescribe the motion of fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prescribe the motion of fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you prescribe the motion of fix the
+motion of at any point on a rigid body,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of at any point on a rigid body,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of at any point on a rigid body,
+what does that say about motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that say about motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that say about motion
+translational motion any place else on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion any place else on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational motion any place else on
+the rigid body?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigid body?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rigid body?
+Remember this is back to the subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember this is back to the subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember this is back to the subtle
+definition of what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of what we mean by
+translation. What we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation. What we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation. What we mean by
+rotation motion parallel motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation motion parallel motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation motion parallel motion the
+translation part of this every point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation part of this every point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation part of this every point on
+the object moves parallel to every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moves parallel to every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object moves parallel to every other
+point. So if you prescribe if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So if you prescribe if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So if you prescribe if you
+prescribe the translation of any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the translation of any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescribe the translation of any one
+point you have prescribed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have prescribed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you have prescribed the
+translation for all. So this second body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for all. So this second body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation for all. So this second body
+basically its only translation that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically its only translation that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically its only translation that it
+can have is X of the main body. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have is X of the main body. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have is X of the main body. So you
+you have confined it in X and Y. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have confined it in X and Y. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have confined it in X and Y. It has
+no X and Y possibilities. Those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no X and Y possibilities. Those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no X and Y possibilities. Those are two
+constraints leaving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints leaving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints leaving you
+with one right one degree of freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one right one degree of freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one right one degree of freedom and
+we use and then we pick a coordinate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use and then we pick a coordinate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use and then we pick a coordinate for
+it and the natural one to use for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the natural one to use for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the natural one to use for that
+is the angle here. So we need two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angle here. So we need two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angle here. So we need two two
+coordinates completely describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates completely describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates completely describe the
+motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion.
+it'll yield two equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion. Okay, so I you know on quizzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Okay, so I you know on quizzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Okay, so I you know on quizzes
+you know you say how many independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say how many independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you say how many independent
+degrees of freedom are there? That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom are there? That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom are there? That is
+the same question as saying how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question as saying how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same question as saying how many uh
+equations of motion are required to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion are required to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations of motion are required to
+completely describe this system or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely describe this system or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely describe this system or how
+many independent coordinates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent coordinates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent coordinates are
+required to completely describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to completely describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to completely describe the
+motion of the system. They're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the system. They're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the system. They're all
+through the same question. So that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same question. So that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same question. So that that
+threw a couple of people on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw a couple of people on the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threw a couple of people on the last
+quiz. Okay, let's move on to free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz. Okay, let's move on to free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz. Okay, let's move on to free body
+diagrams. So we now we know we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. So we now we know we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. So we now we know we've got
+two coordinates theta and x. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coordinates theta and x. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two coordinates theta and x. And now
+you're free to look at your you can free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're free to look at your you can free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're free to look at your you can free
+to look at things and I don't I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at things and I don't I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at things and I don't I want you
+to spend most your time thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend most your time thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend most your time thinking and
+listening and not having to write but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and not having to write but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening and not having to write but
+make notes as you get insights about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make notes as you get insights about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make notes as you get insights about
+things. Free body diagram then two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Free body diagram then two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Free body diagram then two of
+them. The uh the pendulum piece is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. The uh the pendulum piece is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. The uh the pendulum piece is
+actually pretty simple. You got mg down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty simple. You got mg down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty simple. You got mg down
+and you have two possible forces at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have two possible forces at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have two possible forces at this
+point of rotation. And I've just named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of rotation. And I've just named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of rotation. And I've just named
+them F1 and F_sub_2. And I've drawn them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them F1 and F_sub_2. And I've drawn them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them F1 and F_sub_2. And I've drawn them
+not arbitrarily, but I've drawn picked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not arbitrarily, but I've drawn picked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not arbitrarily, but I've drawn picked a
+direction to draw them in. I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to draw them in. I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to draw them in. I don't know
+what direction they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction they're
+in. And that's my complete free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And that's my complete free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. And that's my complete free body
+diagram. If I've missed anything, tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. If I've missed anything, tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. If I've missed anything, tell
+me. Or if you have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Or if you have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Or if you have any questions about
+it, ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, ask
+me. Okay, the free body diagram for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Okay, the free body diagram for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Okay, the free body diagram for this
+guy. This is capital M. This one's m1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. This is capital M. This one's m1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy. This is capital M. This one's m1.
+That's mass m2. just to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's mass m2. just to keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's mass m2. just to keep it
+straight. Lots of possible forces in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. Lots of possible forces in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight. Lots of possible forces in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing.
+Um, reaction forces through the wheels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, reaction forces through the wheels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, reaction forces through the wheels.
+They're only vertical. I've left out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're only vertical. I've left out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're only vertical. I've left out
+friction, ignored friction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction, ignored friction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction, ignored friction.
+Um, but also these F1 and F2 act at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but also these F1 and F2 act at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but also these F1 and F2 act at the
+pin. And notice I've drawn them exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin. And notice I've drawn them exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin. And notice I've drawn them exactly
+equal and opposite to these. Kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite to these. Kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite to these. Kind of a
+key thing to do. And why do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that? There's a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's the law?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the law?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the law?
+Newton's third. You got to do that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's third. You got to do that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's third. You got to do that or
+else it won't work. Okay, there. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it won't work. Okay, there. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else it won't work. Okay, there. These
+are common unknowns, but they're equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are common unknowns, but they're equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are common unknowns, but they're equal
+and opposite at this point. And we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opposite at this point. And we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opposite at this point. And we have
+an M1G hanging down. The spring force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M1G hanging down. The spring force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an M1G hanging down. The spring force
+resists any positive motion. The spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resists any positive motion. The spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resists any positive motion. The spring
+pulls back. Any positive velocity, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls back. Any positive velocity, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls back. Any positive velocity, the
+the damper holds back. And that's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damper holds back. And that's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damper holds back. And that's the uh
+all of the forces on this thing. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the forces on this thing. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the forces on this thing. It's
+going to be necessary to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be necessary to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be necessary to be able to
+break these things down because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these things down because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these things down because I'm
+going to sum things. Uh going to need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum things. Uh going to need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum things. Uh going to need to
+have bits and pieces of f_sub_2 and f1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bits and pieces of f_sub_2 and f1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bits and pieces of f_sub_2 and f1.
+So cosine thetas and sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thetas. Now I don't don't try to resist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas. Now I don't don't try to resist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetas. Now I don't don't try to resist
+looking at your paper for a second. Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your paper for a second. Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at your paper for a second. Next
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept
+question. We've talked a lot in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. We've talked a lot in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. We've talked a lot in the last
+couple of lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures
+about the best approach to do problems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the best approach to do problems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the best approach to do problems,
+right? Especially using angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Especially using angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Especially using angular
+momentum. Do you think you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. Do you think you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. Do you think you're going to
+need some angular momentum to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some angular momentum to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some angular momentum to solve this
+problem? An approach using torqus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? An approach using torqus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem? An approach using torqus and
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+momentum. More than likely. Anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. More than likely. Anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum. More than likely. Anytime
+things are rotating, more than likely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are rotating, more than likely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are rotating, more than likely.
+So, what's the best approach here? Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what's the best approach here? Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what's the best approach here? Do
+you are we going to compute angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are we going to compute angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are we going to compute angular
+momentum with respect to a that pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to a that pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to a that pivot
+point with respect to g the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with respect to g the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point with respect to g the center of
+mass? And it's not too obvious. I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass? And it's not too obvious. I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass? And it's not too obvious. I'm just
+so let's if you were starting out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's if you were starting out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's if you were starting out this
+problem, how would you begin it? Would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, how would you begin it? Would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, how would you begin it? Would
+you decide I'm going to sum my sum my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide I'm going to sum my sum my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide I'm going to sum my sum my
+torqus around point A or I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus around point A or I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus around point A or I'm going to
+sum my torqus around G? Did I mark G?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum my torqus around G? Did I mark G?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum my torqus around G? Did I mark G?
+Yeah, it's right it's right right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's right it's right right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's right it's right right at the
+center. All right, think about that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. All right, think about that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center. All right, think about that for
+a second. Got a question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. Got a question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. Got a question?
+All right, I'm gonna I'm gonna ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm gonna I'm gonna ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm gonna I'm gonna ask you
+this. Any questions about the question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Any questions about the question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Any questions about the question?
+I just I want you to I want a real show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I want you to I want a real show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just I want you to I want a real show
+of hands here. I want you just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands here. I want you just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands here. I want you just you know
+what would you do to start with? So, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do to start with? So, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do to start with? So, how
+many would sum torqus compute angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many would sum torqus compute angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many would sum torqus compute angular
+momentum with respect to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to point
+A? Okay. How about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A? Okay. How about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A? Okay. How about
+G? H. Interesting. And it another way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G? H. Interesting. And it another way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G? H. Interesting. And it another way or
+you somebody holding back on me. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somebody holding back on me. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somebody holding back on me. Not
+everybody raised their hands here. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody raised their hands here. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody raised their hands here. Okay.
+All right. Most people do it around A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Most people do it around A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Most people do it around A.
+Uh A would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work. Okay. G would work too. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. G would work too. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. G would work too. And in
+fact I first when I sat down to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I first when I sat down to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I first when I sat down to do this
+problem, I did it with A first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, I did it with A first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, I did it with A first and then
+I went and did it with G. And G actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went and did it with G. And G actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went and did it with G. And G actually
+turns out that doing it with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that doing it with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that doing it with respect to
+G is just slightly easier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the approach we need to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the approach we need to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the approach we need to find
+two equations of motion. We have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations of motion. We have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations of motion. We have two
+bodies. We're going to do use Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. We're going to do use Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies. We're going to do use Newton's
+and Oilers's laws to go after them. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Oilers's laws to go after them. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Oilers's laws to go after them. So
+the starting out first one sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting out first one sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting out first one sum of the
+forces in the x direction on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the x direction on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces in the x direction on this
+body. There's a lot of you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. There's a lot of you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body. There's a lot of you know there's
+a lot of unknowns. So, I'm going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of unknowns. So, I'm going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of unknowns. So, I'm going to end
+up with start off with more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with start off with more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with start off with more than two
+equations because I've got how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because I've got how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because I've got how many
+unknowns? One, two, three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four. X, the motion X, five, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. X, the motion X, five, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. X, the motion X, five, and the
+angle theta six. I could I could need as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta six. I could I could need as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle theta six. I could I could need as
+many as six equations to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as six equations to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many as six equations to start
+with. If I sum forces in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. If I sum forces in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. If I sum forces in the vertical
+direction, I can turns out that N1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, I can turns out that N1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, I can turns out that N1 and
+N2 here I never actually have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 here I never actually have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 here I never actually have to deal
+with. And I'm going to don't so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. And I'm going to don't so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. And I'm going to don't so don't
+start there. If you think you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there. If you think you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start there. If you think you might not
+have to mess with them, don't start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to mess with them, don't start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to mess with them, don't start
+there. You're going to waste a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. You're going to waste a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. You're going to waste a lot of
+time. I don't think I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I don't think I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. I don't think I'm going to have to
+deal with them. In fact, I'm only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with them. In fact, I'm only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with them. In fact, I'm only going
+to need four. I'm going to find four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need four. I'm going to find four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to need four. I'm going to find four
+equations involving f_sub_1, f_sub_2, x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involving f_sub_1, f_sub_2, x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations involving f_sub_1, f_sub_2, x,
+and theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, here's how I'm saving a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, here's how I'm saving a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, here's how I'm saving a little
+time today. I've written it down for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time today. I've written it down for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time today. I've written it down for you
+and I've written it out. Same same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've written it out. Same same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've written it out. Same same thing
+on your on your paper. Let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your paper. Let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your on your paper. Let's talk about
+the first one. This is the sum of forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one. This is the sum of forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one. This is the sum of forces
+in the capital this capital X direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capital this capital X direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the capital this capital X direction
+which is our inertial frame X on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our inertial frame X on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our inertial frame X on the
+main cart on mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main cart on mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main cart on mass
+one. So it's got to be the mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's got to be the mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it's got to be the mass times
+the acceleration and this is not I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration and this is not I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration and this is not I don't
+know how that sneaked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that sneaked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that sneaked in
+there and I've called it in capital I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I've called it in capital I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and I've called it in capital I
+hat direction. Okay. Mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction. Okay. Mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction. Okay. Mass times
+acceleration. I just sum up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. I just sum up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. I just sum up all the
+forces on that cart. spring force holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on that cart. spring force holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on that cart. spring force holds
+back the direction of the arrow on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the direction of the arrow on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the direction of the arrow on my
+free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body
+diagram tells you the sense of it. Minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram tells you the sense of it. Minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram tells you the sense of it. Minus
+kx minus bx dot plus f_sub_2 cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx minus bx dot plus f_sub_2 cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kx minus bx dot plus f_sub_2 cosine
+theta plus f_sub_1 sin theta all in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus f_sub_1 sin theta all in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus f_sub_1 sin theta all in the
+x ihat direction. Okay. Sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x ihat direction. Okay. Sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x ihat direction. Okay. Sum of the
+forces on my little bar here in the x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on my little bar here in the x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on my little bar here in the x1
+direction. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Now
+x1 is down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 is down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 is down
+here and y1 it's off that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So sum of the forces in x1 is now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum of the forces in x1 is now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum of the forces in x1 is now on
+mass 2 must be the mass mass that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 2 must be the mass mass that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass 2 must be the mass mass that its
+mass times its acceleration and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times its acceleration and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times its acceleration and I've
+just called it is it's and any doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called it is it's and any doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called it is it's and any doesn't
+matter which where I do my what point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which where I do my what point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which where I do my what point
+I'm going to do angular momentum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do angular momentum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do angular momentum with
+respect to this is Newton's law and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this is Newton's law and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this is Newton's law and it's
+the mass it's the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass it's the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass it's the acceleration of the
+center of the gravity with respect to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the gravity with respect to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the gravity with respect to an
+inertial frame but this is in the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame but this is in the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial frame but this is in the little
+ihat direction it's what I want it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat direction it's what I want it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat direction it's what I want it's the
+component in that direction I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in that direction I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in that direction I have a
+minus f1 i in that direction and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f1 i in that direction and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus f1 i in that direction and I have
+a plus m2g cosine theta I in the ihat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus m2g cosine theta I in the ihat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus m2g cosine theta I in the ihat
+direction pretty straightforward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction pretty straightforward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction pretty straightforward with
+Newton's second law again the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law again the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's second law again the other
+component for Newton in the y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component for Newton in the y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component for Newton in the y1
+direction mass times the acceleration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction mass times the acceleration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction mass times the acceleration in
+the jhat direction minus f_sub_2j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jhat direction minus f_sub_2j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jhat direction minus f_sub_2j
+because my f_sub_2 happens to be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my f_sub_2 happens to be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my f_sub_2 happens to be in the
+minus direction in the free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus direction in the free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus direction in the free body
+diagram minus m2g sin theta in the jhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram minus m2g sin theta in the jhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram minus m2g sin theta in the jhat
+And finally, I'm going to sum my moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, I'm going to sum my moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally, I'm going to sum my moments
+about the ma the center of of mass. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ma the center of of mass. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ma the center of of mass. It
+would also work if I did it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also work if I did it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would also work if I did it around
+A, I would you the reason you normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, I would you the reason you normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, I would you the reason you normally
+do it around A, which is why I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it around A, which is why I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it around A, which is why I started
+there, is why what's the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, is why what's the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, is why what's the advantage of
+doing it around A? The potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it around A? The potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it around A? The potential
+advantage of going to A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of going to A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of going to A.
+Eliminate forces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eliminate forces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eliminate forces.
+Yeah. there f_sub_1 and f_sub_2 don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. there f_sub_1 and f_sub_2 don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. there f_sub_1 and f_sub_2 don't
+generate moments at the pin and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate moments at the pin and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate moments at the pin and there's
+a hope that then you can get what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hope that then you can get what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hope that then you can get what you
+need to know without ever having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know without ever having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know without ever having to
+evaluate f1 and f_sub_2 right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate f1 and f_sub_2 right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate f1 and f_sub_2 right and in
+this case uh they are they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh they are they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case uh they are they're going to
+pop up in these equations and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up in these equations and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop up in these equations and you're
+going to have to deal with them anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to deal with them anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to deal with them anyway
+turns out so it doesn't actually give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so it doesn't actually give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so it doesn't actually give
+you much an advantage so it's easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you much an advantage so it's easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you much an advantage so it's easier
+because the torque equation's easier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the torque equation's easier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the torque equation's easier in
+terms of the number of terms it has what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the number of terms it has what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the number of terms it has what
+makes It's slightly easier in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes It's slightly easier in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes It's slightly easier in this
+problem. You got to deal with F1 and F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You got to deal with F1 and F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. You got to deal with F1 and F2
+anyway. So, it's just the time rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. So, it's just the time rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway. So, it's just the time rate of
+change of the angular momentum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the angular momentum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the angular momentum with
+respect to G. The uh and that's external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to G. The uh and that's external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to G. The uh and that's external
+torqus. And the only external torque is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus. And the only external torque is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus. And the only external torque is
+caused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused by
+F2. And I left out a minus sign. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2. And I left out a minus sign. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2. And I left out a minus sign. You
+have it on your paper, I think,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. No, it's correct. It's positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. No, it's correct. It's positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. No, it's correct. It's positive.
+So you have F2 acts on a moment arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have F2 acts on a moment arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have F2 acts on a moment arm
+about G L2 and it's going to be in the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about G L2 and it's going to be in the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about G L2 and it's going to be in the K
+hat direction. That's the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction. That's the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction. That's the external
+torque on the system. The it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque on the system. The it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque on the system. The it's uh
+gravity causes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity causes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity causes no
+torque because it's acting at the at G,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque because it's acting at the at G,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque because it's acting at the at G,
+right? And this has got to be the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this has got to be the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this has got to be the time
+rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H. I claim in this problem you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H. I claim in this problem you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H. I claim in this problem you don't
+have to uh you don't have to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh you don't have to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to uh you don't have to do this but
+in this problem I claim I can write h as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem I claim I can write h as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this problem I claim I can write h as
+a mass moment of inertia matrix times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass moment of inertia matrix times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mass moment of inertia matrix times a
+vector that is that tells you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is that tells you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that is that tells you what the
+rotation rate is. You in fact can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rate is. You in fact can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation rate is. You in fact can always
+do this about G. This is I with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this about G. This is I with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this about G. This is I with respect
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+G. If you know what it is, this I I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. If you know what it is, this I I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. If you know what it is, this I I have
+chosen the set of coordinates that pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the set of coordinates that pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the set of coordinates that pass
+through the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of
+mass x1 that way y1 perpendicular to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass x1 that way y1 perpendicular to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass x1 that way y1 perpendicular to it.
+Are they principal coordinate and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they principal coordinate and z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are they principal coordinate and z
+coming out of the board? Are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the board? Are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the board? Are they
+principal coordinates? Sure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinates? Sure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal coordinates? Sure you know
+that we've this is just a uniform rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've this is just a uniform rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've this is just a uniform rod
+but just symmetry immediately should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just symmetry immediately should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just symmetry immediately should
+tell you that they are. Yes. Um you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that they are. Yes. Um you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that they are. Yes. Um you said
+that the uh that always work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that always work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh that always work for
+stationary rotation axis. I thought only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary rotation axis. I thought only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary rotation axis. I thought only
+work for stationary axis and rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for stationary axis and rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for stationary axis and rotation
+about the center of mass. You can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center of mass. You can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the center of mass. You can always
+do things with the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things with the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things with the center of
+mass. Okay, but you could just work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. Okay, but you could just work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. Okay, but you could just work this
+out by the basic definition of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by the basic definition of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by the basic definition of uh
+angular momentum. Don't the hard way. R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum. Don't the hard way. R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum. Don't the hard way. R
+cross ps and those kind of things. you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross ps and those kind of things. you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross ps and those kind of things. you
+end up in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up in the same
+place. This one because it's 0 0 omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. This one because it's 0 0 omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. This one because it's 0 0 omega
+Z. When you do the multiplication, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. When you do the multiplication, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z. When you do the multiplication, this
+is a diagonal. The only term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a diagonal. The only term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a diagonal. The only term that
+matters is this one, right? So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is this one, right? So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is this one, right? So that's
+going to give us an I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us an I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us an I
+ZZG. Theta dot, which is omega Z, K hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZZG. Theta dot, which is omega Z, K hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZZG. Theta dot, which is omega Z, K hat
+direction. And it's not theta dot. The H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And it's not theta dot. The H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And it's not theta dot. The H
+gives you theta dot. Omega Z is theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you theta dot. Omega Z is theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you theta dot. Omega Z is theta
+dot. And we've taken the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. And we've taken the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. And we've taken the time
+derivative, which gives us theta dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative, which gives us theta dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative, which gives us theta dot.
+And we know what the mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know what the mass moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we know what the mass moment of
+inertia about a uniform stick is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about a uniform stick is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about a uniform stick is around
+with respect to g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to g
+ml^2 theta k. So there's our four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml^2 theta k. So there's our four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ml^2 theta k. So there's our four
+equations we have to work with. And do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we have to work with. And do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we have to work with. And do
+they involve n1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve n1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they involve n1 or
+n2? Not at all. That's why I said we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2? Not at all. That's why I said we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2? Not at all. That's why I said we had
+potentially six. We really only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially six. We really only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially six. We really only have
+four unknowns. And now the uh you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four unknowns. And now the uh you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four unknowns. And now the uh you use
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+two to solve for f_sub_1 and f_sub_2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to solve for f_sub_1 and f_sub_2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to solve for f_sub_1 and f_sub_2.
+Once you get expressions for f_sub_1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you get expressions for f_sub_1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once you get expressions for f_sub_1 and
+n f_sub_2, you can eliminate them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n f_sub_2, you can eliminate them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n f_sub_2, you can eliminate them from
+here and here and you're done. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and you're done. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and you're done. That's
+all that's but there's a bit of uh a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's but there's a bit of uh a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that's but there's a bit of uh a bit
+of work left to do that. But that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work left to do that. But that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work left to do that. But that's the
+approach. Use these two isolate f1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. Use these two isolate f1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. Use these two isolate f1 and
+f_sub_2 and plug them into these two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 and plug them into these two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 and plug them into these two to
+get your final equations of motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But we have a couple of things we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we have a couple of things we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we have a couple of things we don't
+know yet that we need in here. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet that we need in here. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet that we need in here. The
+acceleration of that center of mass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that center of mass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that center of mass in
+the I hat and do and break it into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I hat and do and break it into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I hat and do and break it into two
+components I hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I hat and
+jhat. But that's what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jhat. But that's what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jhat. But that's what we've been
+studying kinematics for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so we need to know the velocity of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we need to know the velocity of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we need to know the velocity of G
+with respect to O. We need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O. We need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to O. We need to know the
+acceleration of G with respect to O.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so the velocity is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the velocity is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the velocity is pretty
+straightforward. We've done this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. We've done this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. We've done this many
+times. It's the velocity of a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. It's the velocity of a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. It's the velocity of a with
+respect. You always remember you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect. You always remember you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect. You always remember you pick
+things you know to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you know to work
+from and you try to make as few as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and you try to make as few as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and you try to make as few as
+possible things you don't know or put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things you don't know or put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things you don't know or put
+them in forms that we know how to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in forms that we know how to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in forms that we know how to go
+about getting it. These are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting it. These are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about getting it. These are
+vectors. Do we know the velocity of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. Do we know the velocity of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors. Do we know the velocity of A
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O? What's A? A is the place where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O? What's A? A is the place where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O? What's A? A is the place where the
+pin is. What's its velocity of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin is. What's its velocity of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin is. What's its velocity of that
+point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point?
+X dot and in what direction?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot and in what direction?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X dot and in what direction?
+Capital. Okay. So this is X dot capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital. Okay. So this is X dot capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital. Okay. So this is X dot capital
+I hat. And now this term the velocity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat. And now this term the velocity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat. And now this term the velocity of
+G with respect to A. This is a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to A. This is a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with respect to A. This is a rigid
+body which is rotating and translating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body which is rotating and translating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body which is rotating and translating.
+And we've run into this before, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we've run into this before, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we've run into this before, right?
+And there is the basically the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there is the basically the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there is the basically the equation
+for such things is it's the motion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for such things is it's the motion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for such things is it's the motion of
+the the translational velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the translational velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the translational velocity of the
+object plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object plus the
+velocities within the object including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities within the object including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities within the object including
+anything contributed by rotation. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything contributed by rotation. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything contributed by rotation. So
+this term is the velocity of the point g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is the velocity of the point g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term is the velocity of the point g
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+a to the center g with velocity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the center g with velocity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to the center g with velocity of the
+center g with respect to point a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center g with respect to point a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center g with respect to point a and
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+um write it consistently here. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um write it consistently here. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um write it consistently here. This is
+the velocity of g with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of g with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of g with respect to
+a evaluated if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a evaluated if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a evaluated if you had
+no rotation. This is the if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rotation. This is the if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rotation. This is the if you're
+sitting the other way the books often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting the other way the books often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting the other way the books often
+say it this is what you would see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it this is what you would see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it this is what you would see if you
+were on the object sitting at a looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the object sitting at a looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were on the object sitting at a looking
+at g is it moving you'd say no well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at g is it moving you'd say no well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at g is it moving you'd say no well
+another way of saying that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of saying that that's the
+velocity of this thing if there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this thing if there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this thing if there were no
+rotation right so this term happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation right so this term happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation right so this term happens to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+zero plus omega and I'll write I'm kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus omega and I'll write I'm kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero plus omega and I'll write I'm kind
+of doing this on purpose we know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this on purpose we know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this on purpose we know this is
+omega z in the i in the k direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega z in the i in the k direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega z in the i in the k direction but
+reminding You this the omega is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding You this the omega is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding You this the omega is always
+with respect to the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the inertial
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+cross r g a the ve position vector from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross r g a the ve position vector from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross r g a the ve position vector from
+between the two points. And this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two points. And this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two points. And this so this
+case we end up with then x dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we end up with then x dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we end up with then x dot
+ihat plus this is going to be omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat plus this is going to be omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat plus this is going to be omega
+z k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z k
+cross l over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross l over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross l over
+2 little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 little
+ihat. k cross i is j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat. k cross i is j.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat. k cross i is j.
+So x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So x
+dot i hat this is in this little j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot i hat this is in this little j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot i hat this is in this little j
+moving coordinate system direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving coordinate system direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving coordinate system direction.
+Omega z is theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega z is theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega z is theta
+dot theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot theta
+dot l over 2 j hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I kind of made let me I didn't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of made let me I didn't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of made let me I didn't leave
+enough room here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough room here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough room here this
+is x do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x do I
+plus okay familiar r our omega term so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay familiar r our omega term so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay familiar r our omega term so
+that's your velocity of g with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your velocity of g with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your velocity of g with respect
+to o we need to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration of that same point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that same point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that same point and
+we're going to take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take the derivative of
+this to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a point to remind to we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point to remind to we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point to remind to we haven't talked
+about this in a while. This has mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a while. This has mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in a while. This has mixed
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+vectors, right? It's got unit vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors, right? It's got unit vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors, right? It's got unit vectors in
+the inertial frame as unit vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame as unit vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial frame as unit vectors in
+the rotating frame. Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating frame. Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotating frame. Is that
+allowed? No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed? No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed? No
+problem. It's perfectly legitimate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's perfectly legitimate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It's perfectly legitimate,
+right? You kind you have to reduce it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You kind you have to reduce it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? You kind you have to reduce it
+eventually to get a workable equation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to get a workable equation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually to get a workable equation,
+but that's just fine at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just fine at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just fine at this
+intermediate stage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate stage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate stage.
+Okay, the next thing you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the next thing you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the next thing you want to do is
+find this a with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this a with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find this a with respect to
+g a g with respect to o the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g a g with respect to o the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g a g with respect to o the
+acceleration and we know that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative derivative remember with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative derivative remember with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative derivative remember with
+respect to the inertial frame it's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the inertial frame it's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the inertial frame it's why
+we get the have to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the have to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the have to deal with this
+rotation business of velocity of g with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation business of velocity of g with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation business of velocity of g with
+respect to o but the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to o but the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to o but the derivative of this
+does I change direction? Nope. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I change direction? Nope. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I change direction? Nope. So this
+is just x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot and we have a single term here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and we have a single term here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and we have a single term here that
+we have to take a derivative of. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take a derivative of. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to take a derivative of. So we
+get a theta dot l2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j. This is a little lowercase j. But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j. This is a little lowercase j. But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j. This is a little lowercase j. But now
+does j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does j
+rotate? Yeah. And so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate? Yeah. And so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate? Yeah. And so this is the
+derivative of a rotating vector. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a rotating vector. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of a rotating vector. The
+rotate the derivative of J is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the derivative of J is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the derivative of J is minus
+theta do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. So
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared L over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I. All right. And that's all there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. All right. And that's all there is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. All right. And that's all there is to
+getting G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting G.
+Now, we could have done I'm going to rem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we could have done I'm going to rem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we could have done I'm going to rem
+this. Oops. I want that one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't want you to be afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to be afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you to be afraid
+of using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+big kind of hairy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big kind of hairy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big kind of hairy
+looking vector 3D vector equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking vector 3D vector equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking vector 3D vector equation for
+acceleration. acceleration in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. acceleration in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. acceleration in this case
+gets called this is a with respect to O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets called this is a with respect to O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets called this is a with respect to O
+putting it in terms of this problem plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in terms of this problem plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it in terms of this problem plus
+the acceleration of G with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of G with respect to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of G with respect to A
+evaluated with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated with no
+rotation plus omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation plus omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation plus omega
+dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot
+cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RA plus omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RA plus omega cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RA plus omega cross
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+cross R GA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega cross
+velocity GA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity GA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity GA
+omega equals Z. And I should have one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega equals Z. And I should have one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega equals Z. And I should have one,
+two, three, four, five terms. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, four, five terms. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, four, five terms. There's
+always five potential terms when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always five potential terms when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always five potential terms when you're
+evaluating the acceleration of a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the acceleration of a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating the acceleration of a point
+on a rigid body which is translating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a rigid body which is translating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a rigid body which is translating and
+rotating. This is translating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating. This is translating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating. This is translating and
+rotating reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating reference
+frames attached you know on a rig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames attached you know on a rig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames attached you know on a rig
+attached to the rigid body and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the rigid body and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the rigid body and then you
+just go in and fill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go in and fill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go in and fill it
+in. This is the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. This is the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. This is the acceleration of the
+rigid body the translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body the translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid body the translational
+acceleration in this problem. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in this problem. What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in this problem. What is
+that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that?
+Louder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louder.
+Okay, this guy is capital X double dot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this guy is capital X double dot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this guy is capital X double dot I
+hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat.
+Right. This is the acceleration of point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. This is the acceleration of point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. This is the acceleration of point
+G relative to A. If you were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G relative to A. If you were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G relative to A. If you were in the
+object on the object it is all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the object it is all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object on the object it is all right
+zero. This is uh the Oilarian term. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. This is uh the Oilarian term. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. This is uh the Oilarian term. This
+is theta dot crossed with the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta dot crossed with the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta dot crossed with the distance
+from the between the two points. Is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the between the two points. Is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the between the two points. Is this
+zero? No, not necessarily. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? No, not necessarily. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero? No, not necessarily. So this is
+theta double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot. This is the L over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. This is the L over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot. This is the L over
+two. That's this. And when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. That's this. And when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. That's this. And when you do the
+crossroduct of K and I, you get J.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossroduct of K and I, you get J.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossroduct of K and I, you get J.
+That's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that
+term. Omega cross omega cross RGA. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Omega cross omega cross RGA. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Omega cross omega cross RGA. This
+is a centripal term. Would you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a centripal term. Would you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a centripal term. Would you think
+it's going to be zero? Nope. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be zero? Nope. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be zero? Nope. So this is
+K cross I is J. Kross J is I minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K cross I is J. Kross J is I minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K cross I is J. Kross J is I minus this
+is the term that gives you minus theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the term that gives you minus theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the term that gives you minus theta
+dot^ 2 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot^ 2 L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot^ 2 L
+/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2
+I. And this is our Gololis term. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. And this is our Gololis term. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. And this is our Gololis term. It
+requires motion of that point G relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires motion of that point G relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires motion of that point G relative
+to A. Is that moving? Nope. So this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A. Is that moving? Nope. So this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A. Is that moving? Nope. So this term
+goes to zero. Get the same answer. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. Get the same answer. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero. Get the same answer. All
+right. So, don't be afraid of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, don't be afraid of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, don't be afraid of this this
+thing. Just lay it down. Just plug the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Just lay it down. Just plug the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Just lay it down. Just plug the
+things in and the right things will fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in and the right things will fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in and the right things will fall
+out. All right. On the paper, I break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. On the paper, I break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. All right. On the paper, I break
+this I I break down uh A with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I break down uh A with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I I break down uh A with
+acceleration of G with respect to O into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of G with respect to O into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of G with respect to O into
+its little I and little J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components. And I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. And I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. And I end up
+with acceleration of G with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with acceleration of G with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with acceleration of G with respect to
+O. So I group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O. So I group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O. So I group the
+terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the
+I capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I capital X
+dot sin theta actually have to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot sin theta actually have to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot sin theta actually have to break
+this. See this is not in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. See this is not in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. See this is not in the direction
+of little I or little J. So I use the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little I or little J. So I use the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of little I or little J. So I use the I
+know that I can express capital I as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I can express capital I as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I can express capital I as a
+lowerase I sin theta plus J cosine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowerase I sin theta plus J cosine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowerase I sin theta plus J cosine theta
+and I use that. So it's X dot sin theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use that. So it's X dot sin theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use that. So it's X dot sin theta
+minus L / 2 theta^ 2. It is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L / 2 theta^ 2. It is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L / 2 theta^ 2. It is in the
+little ihat direction. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ihat direction. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ihat direction. So this is the
+ihat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x
+dot cossine theta plus l / 2 theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot cossine theta plus l / 2 theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot cossine theta plus l / 2 theta dot
+and this is the jhat term. Okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the jhat term. Okay. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the jhat term. Okay. Yeah.
+Why you choose to put everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why you choose to put everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why you choose to put everything in
+terms of the rotating?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the rotating?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the rotating?
+I just you know this you have to always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just you know this you have to always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just you know this you have to always
+have these same decisions to make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these same decisions to make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these same decisions to make and
+it's what you're comfortable with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you're comfortable with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you're comfortable with and
+what you think is going to lead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think is going to lead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think is going to lead to the
+least work. You have no idea how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least work. You have no idea how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least work. You have no idea how much
+time I spent working on this problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I spent working on this problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I spent working on this problem to
+put it in a form that I thought I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a form that I thought I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a form that I thought I could
+teach it to you. I spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it to you. I spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it to you. I spent a lot of time
+on it. The point being occasionally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it. The point being occasionally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it. The point being occasionally you
+have to spend a lot of time working them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend a lot of time working them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend a lot of time working them
+out, going down a path that doesn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, going down a path that doesn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, going down a path that doesn't pay
+off, backing up, going down the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, backing up, going down the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off, backing up, going down the next
+one. On quizzes, on homework, most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. On quizzes, on homework, most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. On quizzes, on homework, most of
+what stops you from getting to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stops you from getting to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stops you from getting to the final
+right answer is confidence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is confidence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer is confidence.
+you you got to believe that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you got to believe that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you got to believe that you've
+learned these things well enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned these things well enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned these things well enough that
+you know this is the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is the right thing to do
+and it'll get you there if you just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll get you there if you just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll get you there if you just do
+the arithmetic right. Okay? And we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic right. Okay? And we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arithmetic right. Okay? And we all
+make little mistakes and you all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make little mistakes and you all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make little mistakes and you all have to
+back up and do it again. But that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and do it again. But that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up and do it again. But that's why
+the fundamentals and understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamentals and understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamentals and understanding the
+basic concepts are so important. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concepts are so important. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic concepts are so important. If you
+got the concepts down cold, you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the concepts down cold, you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the concepts down cold, you'll have
+confidence that your method's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that your method's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence that your method's going to
+work. Okay. So I I've got a this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. So I I've got a this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. Okay. So I I've got a this is my
+idle I direction term. This is my J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle I direction term. This is my J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle I direction term. This is my J
+direction term. I can take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction term. I can take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction term. I can take those
+and take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take this
+bit and plug it in here. Let's just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and plug it in here. Let's just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and plug it in here. Let's just give
+it a name. Let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a name. Let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a name. Let's call
+this A and this piece here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this A and this piece here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this A and this piece here
+B. And your A goes right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's a and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a and this is
+b. Okay. And now you've made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. Okay. And now you've made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. Okay. And now you've made that
+substitution. You can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. You can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. You can solve for
+f1. And they're they're all in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1. And they're they're all in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f1. And they're they're all in one
+direction. Now it's all in the little i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Now it's all in the little i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Now it's all in the little i
+hat direction. You make the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction. You make the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction. You make the other
+substitution. Everything's in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. Everything's in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. Everything's in little
+jhat. And you can drop them. You no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jhat. And you can drop them. You no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jhat. And you can drop them. You no
+longer have to carry it along. You now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have to carry it along. You now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have to carry it along. You now
+have scalar equations. You can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have scalar equations. You can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have scalar equations. You can solve for
+f_sub_1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_1 and
+f_sub_2. So that is that's done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2. So that is that's done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2. So that is that's done.
+and you take those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take those two
+expressions. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions. So this
+implies f_sub_1 equals and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f_sub_1 equals and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f_sub_1 equals and this one
+implies f_sub_2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f_sub_2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies f_sub_2
+equals. And you take those and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals. And you take those and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals. And you take those and you put
+f_sub_1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f_sub_2. You need f_sub_1 and f_sub_2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2. You need f_sub_1 and f_sub_2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2. You need f_sub_1 and f_sub_2
+and you plug it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you plug it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you plug it in
+here. And in this equation, you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And in this equation, you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And in this equation, you only
+need an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F2. And when you do that, you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2. And when you do that, you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2. And when you do that, you get your
+two equations of motion. Now, a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations of motion. Now, a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations of motion. Now, a couple
+things happen. And it turns when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen. And it turns when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen. And it turns when you do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um when you make the substitution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you make the substitution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you make the substitution in
+here, you end up with an M X dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you end up with an M X dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, you end up with an M X dot
+cossine^ 2 theta and an M 2 X dot sin^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine^ 2 theta and an M 2 X dot sin^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine^ 2 theta and an M 2 X dot sin^ 2
+theta and sin^ square plus cosine^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and sin^ square plus cosine^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and sin^ square plus cosine^ 2
+conveniently equals 1 and that collapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently equals 1 and that collapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently equals 1 and that collapses
+and goes away. So you end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the two final expressions here after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two final expressions here after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two final expressions here after
+you've made those combinations. So from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made those combinations. So from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made those combinations. So from
+four over here, I'll call it four prime,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four over here, I'll call it four prime,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four over here, I'll call it four prime,
+you get one of your equations of motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's one equation of motion. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one equation of motion. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one equation of motion. It's
+primarily about the translation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about the translation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily about the translation of the
+uh rotation of the system come. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rotation of the system come. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rotation of the system come. It
+derives from all those substitutions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives from all those substitutions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives from all those substitutions in
+this equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation.
+Curiously, these two bits go together,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curiously, these two bits go together,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curiously, these two bits go together,
+which if you had worked around A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you had worked around A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you had worked around A and
+used dangerously perhaps the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used dangerously perhaps the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used dangerously perhaps the parallel
+axis theorem, you would have ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem, you would have ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis theorem, you would have ended up
+with ML squ over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three. But that's your first equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. But that's your first equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. But that's your first equation.
+That's one of your equations of motion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one of your equations of motion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's one of your equations of motion.
+And from the first one, the forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And from the first one, the forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And from the first one, the forces that
+comes from the sum of the forces on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the sum of the forces on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the sum of the forces on the
+main mass m1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main mass m1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main mass m1 +
+m2 x dot plus bx dot plus k x. All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 x dot plus bx dot plus k x. All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m2 x dot plus bx dot plus k x. All the
+usual just things for a mass spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual just things for a mass spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual just things for a mass spring
+oscillator, but now you got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator, but now you got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator, but now you got these
+additional forces that are exerted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional forces that are exerted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional forces that are exerted on
+that because he's got this pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because he's got this pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because he's got this pendulum
+flagging back and forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if I made a mistake on the board,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I made a mistake on the board,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I made a mistake on the board,
+believe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe the
+paper. I think I've got it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. I think I've got it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. I think I've got it all
+transcribed right. This is your force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed right. This is your force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed right. This is your force
+equation on the main mass. It's the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on the main mass. It's the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on the main mass. It's the if
+you didn't have the pendulum hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have the pendulum hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have the pendulum hanging
+there, there's your uh equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, there's your uh equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, there's your uh equation of
+motion for just in a cart going back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for just in a cart going back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion for just in a cart going back and
+forth with springs. Then you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth with springs. Then you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth with springs. Then you have this
+pendulum hanging on it which requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum hanging on it which requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum hanging on it which requires
+which puts additional forces on it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which puts additional forces on it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which puts additional forces on it that
+come through those F1 and F2 terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through those F1 and F2 terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come through those F1 and F2 terms and
+they you can see they have to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can see they have to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can see they have to do with
+having to accelerate things down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to accelerate things down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to accelerate things down
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now these two equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now these two equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now these two equations are
+actually quite easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite easy to
+linearize. So linearize means you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize. So linearize means you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize. So linearize means you can
+always linearize around the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always linearize around the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always linearize around the equilibrium
+position. This is its equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. This is its equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. This is its equilibrium
+position. small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position. small
+motions that can be described what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions that can be described what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions that can be described what you
+see there by linearized equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there by linearized equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there by linearized equations of
+motion and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and to
+linearize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize.
+So for theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small sin theta is approximately equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sin theta is approximately equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sin theta is approximately equal
+to theta. Cosine theta is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta. Cosine theta is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theta. Cosine theta is approximately
+equal to one. And you just have signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. And you just have signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one. And you just have signs
+and cosiness in here. You let this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness in here. You let this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness in here. You let this guy
+go to one. You let this go to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to one. You let this go to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to one. You let this go to theta
+here, one here, theta, and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, one here, theta, and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, one here, theta, and you have
+linearized equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearized equations of
+motion. Now, other problems are can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Now, other problems are can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. Now, other problems are can be
+harder to linearize, but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to linearize, but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to linearize, but this is
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+simple. Two linear equations solvable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Two linear equations solvable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Two linear equations solvable.
+If you solve them, it'll give you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you solve them, it'll give you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you solve them, it'll give you two
+natural frequencies for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and two vibration modes. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and two vibration modes. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and two vibration modes. All
+right, that's the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that's the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, that's the end of this
+problem. Any last questions about it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Any last questions about it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Any last questions about it?
+I'm going to move on to this topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move on to this topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move on to this topic of
+center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+percussion. Okay, this next one's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion. Okay, this next one's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percussion. Okay, this next one's kind
+of fun. It has a real practical purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun. It has a real practical purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun. It has a real practical purpose
+in life. I didn't bring my tennis racket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life. I didn't bring my tennis racket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life. I didn't bring my tennis racket
+or my baseball bat. But if any of you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my baseball bat. But if any of you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my baseball bat. But if any of you if
+any of you play sports that use things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you play sports that use things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you play sports that use things
+that hit things, you know, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit things, you know, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hit things, you know, there's a
+when you hit the baseball and you hit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hit the baseball and you hit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hit the baseball and you hit it
+that down on the handle, it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down on the handle, it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down on the handle, it really
+stings your hands,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stings your hands,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stings your hands,
+right? Or the tennis racket, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or the tennis racket, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Or the tennis racket, if you
+don't hit it right, it just you feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hit it right, it just you feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't hit it right, it just you feel a
+lot of forces in your hands and you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of forces in your hands and you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of forces in your hands and you hit
+it with really sweet, you feel almost no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with really sweet, you feel almost no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with really sweet, you feel almost no
+force at all. How many have had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at all. How many have had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force at all. How many have had that
+experience? Really common. Okay. So, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience? Really common. Okay. So, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience? Really common. Okay. So, is
+there a right place to hit it? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a right place to hit it? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a right place to hit it? The
+answer is yes. And we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes. And we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes. And we're going to go
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+that right now. So, here's our I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now. So, here's our I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now. So, here's our I'm
+looking down. Here's my baseball bat. Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down. Here's my baseball bat. Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking down. Here's my baseball bat. Z
+is in this direction. This is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this direction. This is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this direction. This is kind of
+the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top
+view. So, here's my handle of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bat. Balls coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in. Put some force on it. I think I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Put some force on it. I think I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Put some force on it. I think I put
+it lowercase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lowercase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lowercase in the
+notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes.
+Okay. And I want to know and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I want to know and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And I want to know and I want to
+minimize that force in my hands. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that force in my hands. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that force in my hands. I'm
+going to call this place where it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this place where it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call this place where it hits
+P. I'm going to say here's its center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. I'm going to say here's its center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. I'm going to say here's its center of
+mass at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass at
+G. Point about which you're holding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Point about which you're holding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Point about which you're holding it
+and it's rotating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's rotating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's rotating is
+A. And my coordinate system attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. And my coordinate system attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. And my coordinate system attached to
+the bat. Remember we always attach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat. Remember we always attach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat. Remember we always attach you
+always have this coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have this coordinate system
+attached to the bat in this rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the bat in this rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the bat in this rotational
+problems so that we can define things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so that we can define things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so that we can define things
+like moments of inertia. So, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like moments of inertia. So, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like moments of inertia. So, it's a
+coordinate system attached to the bat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system attached to the bat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system attached to the bat.
+And here's my y direction. And z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's my y direction. And z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's my y direction. And z's
+coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board. And this distance is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. And this distance is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. And this distance is going to be
+important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to
+me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RGA. And this distance here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA. And this distance here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA. And this distance here I'm going to
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+Q. It's my unknown. And I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. It's my unknown. And I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q. It's my unknown. And I want to know
+where the where's the sweet spot. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where's the sweet spot. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where's the sweet spot. What
+do I want Q to be so that I minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want Q to be so that I minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want Q to be so that I minimize the
+force when at where I'm at A where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when at where I'm at A where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when at where I'm at A where I'm
+hanging on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it? So, how many degrees of freedom? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So, how many degrees of freedom? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? So, how many degrees of freedom? How
+many independent coordinates do I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent coordinates do I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent coordinates do I need
+to do this problem? This problem's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this problem? This problem's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this problem? This problem's
+complicated because it's a, you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's a, you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's a, you know, a
+real life situation. It's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life situation. It's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life situation. It's quite
+complicated and I'm going to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and I'm going to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and I'm going to do a lot of
+simplification and claim the answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and claim the answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and claim the answer and
+then look at the answer and say, does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at the answer and say, does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look at the answer and say, does it
+make sense? Were my did my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense? Were my did my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense? Were my did my
+simplifications make sense? So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications make sense? So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications make sense? So, I'm
+going to make this I'm going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this I'm going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this I'm going to do a
+number of simplifications. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of simplifications. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of simplifications. I'm going to
+argue that I think I can get at most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that I think I can get at most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that I think I can get at most of
+the answer by essentially saying right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer by essentially saying right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer by essentially saying right
+here where I'm hitting it, my wrists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where I'm hitting it, my wrists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where I'm hitting it, my wrists are
+like hinge point. That's point A. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hinge point. That's point A. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hinge point. That's point A. I'm
+going to assume it rotates about a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume it rotates about a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume it rotates about a fixed
+point at that moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at that moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at that moment.
+Okay. Pretty gross simplification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Pretty gross simplification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Pretty gross simplification of the
+real thing going on. You really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing going on. You really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing going on. You really got
+muscles. just putting moments on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles. just putting moments on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles. just putting moments on it.
+Your wrists actually are moving some,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your wrists actually are moving some,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your wrists actually are moving some,
+but I'm just going to say rotating only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just going to say rotating only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just going to say rotating only
+about that point. It stays in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that point. It stays in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that point. It stays in this
+plane. It's a planer motion problem. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. It's a planer motion problem. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. It's a planer motion problem. At
+most three possible degrees of freedom,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most three possible degrees of freedom,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most three possible degrees of freedom,
+x, y, and some theta, right? And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, y, and some theta, right? And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x, y, and some theta, right? And I'm
+going to make the simplification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the simplification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make the simplification that
+it's pinned at a. So if it's pinned at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pinned at a. So if it's pinned at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pinned at a. So if it's pinned at
+a, what is that? How many constraints is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a, what is that? How many constraints is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a, what is that? How many constraints is
+that? Two. One left. So I only need I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Two. One left. So I only need I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Two. One left. So I only need I'm
+going to pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick one
+coordinate that's going to be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that's going to be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that's going to be my
+theta. So even though I've made these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So even though I've made these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So even though I've made these
+gross simplifications, will the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross simplifications, will the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gross simplifications, will the answer
+actually turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turn out to be
+meaningful? And this G is my center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful? And this G is my center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful? And this G is my center of
+mass. And let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we
+know I ZZ with respect to G that is mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I ZZ with respect to G that is mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I ZZ with respect to G that is mass
+moment of inertia for rotation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia for rotation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia for rotation is
+Z. Okay, assume that we know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given. So for this problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. So for this problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given. So for this problem the
+uh when you have fixed rotation points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you have fixed rotation points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you have fixed rotation points
+the last that that this problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last that that this problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last that that this problem here
+that a point wasn't fixed it was moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a point wasn't fixed it was moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a point wasn't fixed it was moving
+accelerating. You could have had lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating. You could have had lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating. You could have had lots of
+complicated terms in its expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated terms in its expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated terms in its expression for
+torque if you had done it that way. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque if you had done it that way. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque if you had done it that way. This
+is fixed today. It makes a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed today. It makes a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed today. It makes a lot of sense
+to compute moments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute moments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute moments about
+a. All right. So my first equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. All right. So my first equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. All right. So my first equation here
+that I want is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want is the sum of the
+moments torqus with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments torqus with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments torqus with respect to
+A and these are well they'll all turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and these are well they'll all turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and these are well they'll all turn
+out to be in the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be in the Z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be in the Z direction
+here and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are time rate of change of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are time rate of change of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are time rate of change of the angular
+momentum with respect to G which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to G which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum with respect to G which in
+these planer motion problems always then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these planer motion problems always then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these planer motion problems always then
+boils down to the mass moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils down to the mass moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils down to the mass moment of inertia
+for the axis you're rotating it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the axis you're rotating it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the axis you're rotating it about
+times the angular acceleration. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular acceleration. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular acceleration. That's
+that term. Oops, not g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a. Excuse me. We picked our point. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Excuse me. We picked our point. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. Excuse me. We picked our point. We
+got to stick with it here. Okay, I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to stick with it here. Okay, I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to stick with it here. Okay, I need
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this
+is in the k hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the k hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the k hat
+direction. This is the only only term in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. This is the only only term in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. This is the only only term in
+our torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation. What are the external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. What are the external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. What are the external
+torqus? Well, now the z's out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus? Well, now the z's out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus? Well, now the z's out of the
+board like this. I've got a force acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board like this. I've got a force acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board like this. I've got a force acting
+on a moment arm giving me a torque in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a moment arm giving me a torque in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a moment arm giving me a torque in
+the other direction. So this is minus f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction. So this is minus f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction. So this is minus f
+q also k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat. Now I might have done this sooner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. Now I might have done this sooner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. Now I might have done this sooner
+but we should look at a free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should look at a free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we should look at a free body
+diagram. So, here's a little stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So, here's a little stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram. So, here's a little stick
+figure of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of my
+bat. And I potentially have an unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat. And I potentially have an unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat. And I potentially have an unknown
+force in the y direction, r y, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the y direction, r y, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the y direction, r y, and
+another unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another unknown
+force in the x direction here at a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the x direction here at a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the x direction here at a that
+pinpoint where it's rotating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint where it's rotating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinpoint where it's rotating it
+about. Out here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Out here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Out here is
+g and g. Is there an m is there an mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g and g. Is there an m is there an mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g and g. Is there an m is there an mg
+term? Well, there's gravity, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term? Well, there's gravity, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term? Well, there's gravity, right? But
+it's acting it's in the minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acting it's in the minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acting it's in the minus Z
+direction. And I'm this is I'm still I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And I'm this is I'm still I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And I'm this is I'm still I'm
+looking down on it. This is a top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+view. So gravity would create a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. So gravity would create a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view. So gravity would create a moment
+in the Y direction. And I don't need I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y direction. And I don't need I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Y direction. And I don't need I
+don't I don't have to deal with that. My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't have to deal with that. My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't have to deal with that. My
+only moment this is my for this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only moment this is my for this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only moment this is my for this is my
+torque equation only has khat terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque equation only has khat terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque equation only has khat terms in
+it. Gravity creates a a moment in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Gravity creates a a moment in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Gravity creates a a moment in the Y
+which in fact you have to that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact you have to that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact you have to that's a
+static equilibrium problem. You do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static equilibrium problem. You do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static equilibrium problem. You do have
+to provide that when you're holding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide that when you're holding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide that when you're holding the
+bat or else the bat would droop, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat or else the bat would droop, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat or else the bat would droop, right?
+It doesn't have anything to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't have anything to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It doesn't have anything to do with the
+dynamics actually. Okay, here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics actually. Okay, here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics actually. Okay, here's here's
+G. There's no gravity term that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. There's no gravity term that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. There's no gravity term that you can
+see. It's pointing into the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. It's pointing into the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. It's pointing into the board and
+out here is my point P and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is my point P and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here is my point P and here's
+F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F.
+Okay, so I need an equation. I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I need an equation. I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I need an equation. I have
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+for moment equilibrium. I need a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for moment equilibrium. I need a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for moment equilibrium. I need a some
+dynamic equation. I have two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic equation. I have two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic equation. I have two possible
+equations for force equilibrium. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for force equilibrium. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for force equilibrium. How
+many unknowns do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have? But none no others. Three possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? But none no others. Three possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? But none no others. Three possible
+unknowns. I'm going to need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns. I'm going to need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns. I'm going to need three
+equations to get rid of these two terms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to get rid of these two terms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to get rid of these two terms,
+right? And I looking ahead. My objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And I looking ahead. My objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And I looking ahead. My objective
+is to make that term go to zero. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make that term go to zero. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make that term go to zero. So I
+both have to find an expression for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have to find an expression for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have to find an expression for it
+and then figure out how to make it go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out how to make it go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then figure out how to make it go to
+zero. That's all that's that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's all that's that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. That's all that's that's how you
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+problem. Okay. So the from let's do sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay. So the from let's do sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Okay. So the from let's do sum
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+forces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y. So you have an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So you have an r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y. So you have an r
+y j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y j
+hat minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat minus
+f also in the jhat direction. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f also in the jhat direction. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f also in the jhat direction. And that's
+basically all there is to that. But that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all there is to that. But that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all there is to that. But that
+must be the mass of the bat times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the mass of the bat times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the mass of the bat times the
+acceleration of G with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of G with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of G with respect to
+O in the Y direction. So that's our J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O in the Y direction. So that's our J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O in the Y direction. So that's our J
+hat component. This is just component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat component. This is just component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat component. This is just component of
+acceleration in the Jhat direction. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the Jhat direction. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration in the Jhat direction. And
+the sum of the forces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X, we look at those. Well, we have an RX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, we look at those. Well, we have an RX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, we look at those. Well, we have an RX
+in the I and there are no others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I and there are no others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I and there are no others.
+And that must be then the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that must be then the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that must be then the mass of the
+bat times the acceleration g with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat times the acceleration g with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat times the acceleration g with
+respect to O of the bit in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O of the bit in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O of the bit in the x
+direction. And that'll be in the i hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And that'll be in the i hat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And that'll be in the i hat.
+So I've got two unknown accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got two unknown accelerations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I've got two unknown accelerations
+now to have to deal with. But we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to have to deal with. But we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to have to deal with. But we know
+lots of kinematics now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's do it this way just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do it this way just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's do it this way just to give you
+the practice. Acceleration of G with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice. Acceleration of G with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practice. Acceleration of G with
+respect to O. Acceleration of A with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O. Acceleration of A with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to O. Acceleration of A with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+O plus the acceleration of G with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O plus the acceleration of G with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O plus the acceleration of G with
+respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to
+A. Omega equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Omega equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Omega equals
+Z plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plus
+Omega dot cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RGA plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA plus 2
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+cross V G A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V G A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V G A
+omega equals Z. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega equals Z. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega equals Z. And
+finally plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally plus
+omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r one two three four five
+terms. Our vector 3D equation is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Our vector 3D equation is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms. Our vector 3D equation is f
+figure it out quickly. What's this term?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z what?
+fixed point of rotation. That was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point of rotation. That was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point of rotation. That was our
+assumption. This guy goes to zero. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. This guy goes to zero. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. This guy goes to zero. Okay.
+The velocity in g was effect zero. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The velocity in g was effect zero. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The velocity in g was effect zero. Okay.
+Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another
+zero. Omega dot cross r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that could you know there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that could you know there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that could you know there's an
+angular acceleration which there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration which there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular acceleration which there might
+be cross r that's a perfectly legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cross r that's a perfectly legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cross r that's a perfectly legitimate
+term. And that'll give you a this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. And that'll give you a this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. And that'll give you a this will
+give you a theta double dot just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a theta double dot just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a theta double dot just like
+before. It's in the k direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. It's in the k direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. It's in the k direction
+cross r g a in the i. That's this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross r g a in the i. That's this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross r g a in the i. That's this term
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here. Okay. This velocity of g with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. This velocity of g with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Okay. This velocity of g with
+respect to a on the bat that went zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a on the bat that went zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a on the bat that went zero
+the corololis that goes away. So at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corololis that goes away. So at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corololis that goes away. So at this
+point we've only got one term from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we've only got one term from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we've only got one term from there
+and this term is our centrial term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term is our centrial term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this term is our centrial term.
+think there's going to be a centrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force. Common sense, should it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Common sense, should it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force. Common sense, should it
+be? Anytime you have rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Anytime you have rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Anytime you have rotational
+something rotating about a point, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotating about a point, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotating about a point, if the
+center of mass is not the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is not the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is not the point of
+rotation, you will have you will be make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation, you will have you will be make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation, you will have you will be make
+forcing a mass to move in a circle. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing a mass to move in a circle. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing a mass to move in a circle. And
+that always requires centrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always requires centrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always requires centrial
+acceleration always requires a force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration always requires a force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration always requires a force.
+This for sure will give you a term which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This for sure will give you a term which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This for sure will give you a term which
+is a minus omega z^2 type term times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus omega z^2 type term times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a minus omega z^2 type term times the
+r the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the distance
+rg that's its radius and it's inward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rg that's its radius and it's inward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rg that's its radius and it's inward so
+in this direction it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this direction it'll be
+ihat three terms same as before we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat three terms same as before we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat three terms same as before we now
+have our accelerations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so from our top equation up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so from our top equation up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so from our top equation up there
+from the summation of forces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the summation of forces in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the summation of forces in the
+y, we'll now substitute these in. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y, we'll now substitute these in. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y, we'll now substitute these in. We
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m
+rg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rg
+a j hat the acceleration term. See we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j hat the acceleration term. See we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a j hat the acceleration term. See we
+ended up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up with
+uh the theta the k cross i term gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theta the k cross i term gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the theta the k cross i term gives
+you j. So the oilarian term is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you j. So the oilarian term is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you j. So the oilarian term is going to
+show up here. So that we need a theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up here. So that we need a theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up here. So that we need a theta
+double dot and this is in the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot and this is in the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot and this is in the j
+direction that comes from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that comes from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that comes from the the
+acceleration we figured out and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration we figured out and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration we figured out and that's
+equal to minus f plus r y. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus f plus r y. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus f plus r y. And this is
+all little J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hat. Let me write the other one first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. Let me write the other one first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat. Let me write the other one first.
+Here. Here's the summation in the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here. Here's the summation in the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here. Here's the summation in the x
+direction. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. That's
+mass times our acceleration in the iH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times our acceleration in the iH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times our acceleration in the iH
+direction. And what term? We only ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And what term? We only ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And what term? We only ended
+up with one term doing that. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with one term doing that. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with one term doing that. And that's
+our centrial term. So we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus r g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus r g
+a theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta dot
+squared ihat. That's the centripal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared ihat. That's the centripal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared ihat. That's the centripal
+acceleration times the mass. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration times the mass. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration times the mass. And the
+only term that it is equated to is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term that it is equated to is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only term that it is equated to is the
+other reaction force. Okay. So, here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reaction force. Okay. So, here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reaction force. Okay. So, here's
+the here's the here's the key step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the here's the key step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the here's the key step in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problem. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. We
+want what to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want what to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want what to be
+zero so that we're hitting it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that we're hitting it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so that we're hitting it at the
+sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet
+spot. What's the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objective? We We don't We want R Y to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective? We We don't We want R Y to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective? We We don't We want R Y to go
+away. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Make it go away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I'll do it as an intermediate step.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll do it as an intermediate step.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll do it as an intermediate step.
+Just a sec. F is then I'm going to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just a sec. F is then I'm going to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just a sec. F is then I'm going to leave
+R Y for just a second longer. R Y minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Y for just a second longer. R Y minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Y for just a second longer. R Y minus
+M R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M R
+GA theta dot and since this is my com I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA theta dot and since this is my com I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA theta dot and since this is my com I
+can drop the J hats this is now a scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the J hats this is now a scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the J hats this is now a scalar
+equation I can find an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can find an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I can find an expression for
+this force that I don't even know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force that I don't even know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force that I don't even know what
+the force is but the ball exerts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is but the ball exerts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force is but the ball exerts on the
+bat but it exists I can say this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat but it exists I can say this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat but it exists I can say this must be
+true and my objective is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and my objective is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and my objective is that this
+should be zero so that says when that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero so that says when that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be zero so that says when that's
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+F is minus M RGA theta dot and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is minus M RGA theta dot and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is minus M RGA theta dot and I'm going
+to use that in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that in just a
+moment. So I'm going to substitute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. So I'm going to substitute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. So I'm going to substitute this
+into our first equation up there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our first equation up there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our first equation up there for
+moment equation number one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this implies that f is minus m r g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this implies that f is minus m r g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this implies that f is minus m r g
+with respect to a theta double dot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a theta double dot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a theta double dot and
+this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+one which I have an fq so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which I have an fq so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which I have an fq so
+I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is now also a scalar equation. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is now also a scalar equation. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is now also a scalar equation. I
+can drop the k hats. So I z with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the k hats. So I z with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the k hats. So I z with respect
+to a theta dot equals minus fq k minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a theta dot equals minus fq k minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a theta dot equals minus fq k minus
+fq but f is minus. So the minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fq but f is minus. So the minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fq but f is minus. So the minuses
+cancel. So I get m r g a theta double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. So I get m r g a theta double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel. So I get m r g a theta double
+dot times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot times
+q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I
+ZZ with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A can be expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as M times something we call the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M times something we call the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as M times something we call the radius
+of girration squared with respect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of girration squared with respect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of girration squared with respect and
+this has got to be with respect to A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got to be with respect to A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has got to be with respect to A.
+the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of
+gyration for rotation about a I can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyration for rotation about a I can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gyration for rotation about a I can find
+an expression like this so that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like this so that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like this so that it's
+equal to izz about with respect to a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to izz about with respect to a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to izz about with respect to a and
+all the radius gyration means is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the radius gyration means is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the radius gyration means is if I
+took all the mass and put it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all the mass and put it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all the mass and put it that
+distance away the mass moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away the mass moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away the mass moment of inertia
+of that concentrated point mass with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that concentrated point mass with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that concentrated point mass with
+respect to the point of rotation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the point of rotation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the point of rotation is the
+same as in the real object so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as in the real object so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as in the real object so this is
+just a you know convenience that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a you know convenience that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a you know convenience that we use
+so that's mcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's mcap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's mcap
+square. And that says then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square. And that says then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square. And that says then that
+m cappa^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equals
+m r g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m r g
+a theta dot. I have a theta dot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta dot. I have a theta dot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theta dot. I have a theta dot here
+too. Sorry. Times q. And I can solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Sorry. Times q. And I can solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. Sorry. Times q. And I can solve for
+q. The theta double dots go away. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. The theta double dots go away. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q. The theta double dots go away. The
+m's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m's go
+away. and Q is just kappa squared a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. and Q is just kappa squared a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. and Q is just kappa squared a
+divided by r g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's and that's the that's this that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and that's the that's this that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's and that's the that's this that's
+the answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this
+uh center of percussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh center of percussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh center of percussion
+problem. Here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bat. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat. Here's
+A. Here's G. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Here's G. Here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A. Here's G. Here's
+P. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. The
+um Q is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. Whoops, excuse me. Q is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Whoops, excuse me. Q is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Whoops, excuse me. Q is the
+distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P. It's always outside of G. It'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. It's always outside of G. It'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P. It's always outside of G. It'll
+always be outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be outside of
+G. We'll have to think about maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. We'll have to think about maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. We'll have to think about maybe a
+reason for that. So, here's the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that. So, here's the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that. So, here's the center
+of mass. Here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RGA. And here's this point at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA. And here's this point at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA. And here's this point at which you
+want to hit at the sweet spot. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hit at the sweet spot. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hit at the sweet spot. And it's
+always kappa squared a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kappa squared a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kappa squared a over
+r. Now, you how could you how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. Now, you how could you how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. Now, you how could you how do you get
+to kappa squared a? Well, you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kappa squared a? Well, you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kappa squared a? Well, you need to
+evaluate zzz with respect to a. But I ZZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate zzz with respect to a. But I ZZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate zzz with respect to a. But I ZZ
+with respect to A. You can do parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to A. You can do parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to A. You can do parallel
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+theorem. I ZZ with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. I ZZ with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. I ZZ with respect to
+G plus M RGA squ right and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G plus M RGA squ right and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G plus M RGA squ right and you have
+that. So if we were to do this, I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So if we were to do this, I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So if we were to do this, I gave
+you a quick example. If this were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick example. If this were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a quick example. If this were a
+uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rod, right? I ZZ G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod, right? I ZZ G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rod, right? I ZZ G
+equ= ML^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ= ML^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ= ML^2 /
+12 I Z with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 I Z with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 I Z with respect to
+A M L 2 / 12 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A M L 2 / 12 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A M L 2 / 12 +
+M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R G with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R G with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R G with respect to
+A squared that is M L^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A squared that is M L^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A squared that is M L^2 /
+12 + m l 2 this is L over2 to RGA half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 + m l 2 this is L over2 to RGA half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 + m l 2 this is L over2 to RGA half
+the length if I put a right at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length if I put a right at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length if I put a right at the end
+so I'm doing this simple rod putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm doing this simple rod putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm doing this simple rod putting a
+right here g right in the middle so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here g right in the middle so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here g right in the middle so this
+is l over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is l over
+two m l 2 over 2^2 4 you add those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two m l 2 over 2^2 4 you add those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two m l 2 over 2^2 4 you add those two
+together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you
+get m l 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get m l 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get m l 2
+over3 equ= m kappa a squared. So kappa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 equ= m kappa a squared. So kappa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 equ= m kappa a squared. So kappa
+squar a is l^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and
+q = l2 over 3 / l / 2. So you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q = l2 over 3 / l / 2. So you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q = l2 over 3 / l / 2. So you get
+2/3 l 2/3 of the length put you out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 l 2/3 of the length put you out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 l 2/3 of the length put you out here
+or half the length. So here's L over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half the length. So here's L over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half the length. So here's L over
+two. Here's P at 2 L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over3. So anytime you run into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3. So anytime you run into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3. So anytime you run into this
+radius, these center of percussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius, these center of percussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius, these center of percussion
+problems, tennis racket, baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, tennis racket, baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems, tennis racket, baseball
+bats, whatever, the right place to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bats, whatever, the right place to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bats, whatever, the right place to hit
+it is away from the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is away from the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is away from the point of
+rotation. Now do you think this is now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. Now do you think this is now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. Now do you think this is now?
+How good is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model? You know, is it you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? You know, is it you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model? You know, is it you start
+thinking about well, what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about well, what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about well, what are the
+things, you know, does the bat handle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, you know, does the bat handle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, you know, does the bat handle's
+really moving? Uh, it's still actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving? Uh, it's still actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moving? Uh, it's still actually
+remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkably
+good. It's remarkably good. In fact, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. It's remarkably good. In fact, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. It's remarkably good. In fact, you
+know, the fact these other things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the fact these other things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the fact these other things are
+happening, like you're putting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening, like you're putting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening, like you're putting some
+moment on with your wrists, the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on with your wrists, the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on with your wrists, the fact
+that you still have some speed down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you still have some speed down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you still have some speed down
+here. All you're doing is kind of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All you're doing is kind of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. All you're doing is kind of maybe
+changing the point. It's it's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the point. It's it's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the point. It's it's rotating
+around, but you're still having to exert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, but you're still having to exert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around, but you're still having to exert
+forces with your hands at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces with your hands at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces with your hands at that point
+where you're holding it and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're holding it and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're holding it and you just
+want those forces to go to zero. The all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those forces to go to zero. The all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want those forces to go to zero. The all
+of these other complications, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other complications, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these other complications, you're
+still going to find out to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to find out to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still going to find out to make that
+force go to zero. It's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force go to zero. It's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force go to zero. It's approximately
+that pretty good. It's really a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty good. It's really a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pretty good. It's really a pretty
+good answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer.
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+Ah, let's go back and and we had we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, let's go back and and we had we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, let's go back and and we had we we
+have another piece of information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another piece of information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another piece of information that
+we developed in this problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed in this problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we developed in this problem that we
+haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used. We had another equation. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used. We had another equation. We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used. We had another equation. We had
+the acceleration in the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration in the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration in the I
+direction and it's just equal to RX. m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's just equal to RX. m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and it's just equal to RX. m
+the RX force is M * the acceleration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RX force is M * the acceleration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RX force is M * the acceleration in
+the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+R g with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R g with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R g with respect to
+A theta dot squared. That's our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A theta dot squared. That's our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A theta dot squared. That's our old
+centrial force term, right? Centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrial force term, right? Centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrial force term, right? Centrifugal
+force, centripal acceleration. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force, centripal acceleration. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force, centripal acceleration. And
+here's centrial acceleration times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's centrial acceleration times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's centrial acceleration times the
+mass is the force to make that to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is the force to make that to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is the force to make that to make
+the bat go in a circle. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat go in a circle. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bat go in a circle. You have to
+provide that force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, I want to finish up by t a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I want to finish up by t a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, I want to finish up by t a
+loose end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose end
+that many people have continue to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many people have continue to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many people have continue to have a
+little trouble with because I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trouble with because I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trouble with because I get
+questions on muddy cards about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on muddy cards about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on muddy cards about this and
+it was on this last homework. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on this last homework. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on this last homework. I don't
+know how that wheel with the little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that wheel with the little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how that wheel with the little bit
+missing. If you all got that sorted out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing. If you all got that sorted out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing. If you all got that sorted out,
+if that if you're all perfectly clear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that if you're all perfectly clear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that if you're all perfectly clear in
+your mind about that, then I don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind about that, then I don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind about that, then I don't need
+to say what I'm going to talk about for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what I'm going to talk about for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say what I'm going to talk about for
+a second. But I thought I would tidy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. But I thought I would tidy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. But I thought I would tidy
+just tie that up the last little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tie that up the last little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tie that up the last little bit
+here. This problem is a nice lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. This last force that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+computed is the force required to swing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed is the force required to swing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed is the force required to swing
+this thing in a circle. And I'm putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in a circle. And I'm putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing in a circle. And I'm putting
+that force right here. And I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force right here. And I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that force right here. And I'm I'm
+saying it's actually the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's actually the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's actually the point of
+rotation is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation is right
+here. And that force is a mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And that force is a mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And that force is a mass times the
+acceleration of that point. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that point. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of that point. And that
+point is a distance from my point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a distance from my point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a distance from my point of
+rotation to the center of mass. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation to the center of mass. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation to the center of mass. No
+accident. You're accelerating the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. You're accelerating the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident. You're accelerating the center
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mass. That times the the uh rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. That times the the uh rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. That times the the uh rotation
+rate squared is the acceleration. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate squared is the acceleration. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate squared is the acceleration. The
+centrial acceleration. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrial acceleration. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrial acceleration. This is the
+force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force.
+So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the
+anytime you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object, maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object, maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object, maybe it's a
+wheel. And maybe it has stuck on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. And maybe it has stuck on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. And maybe it has stuck on
+it a little extra mass. You don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little extra mass. You don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little extra mass. You don't know
+about a rock stuck in your tire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the center of rotation. Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the center of rotation. Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the center of rotation. Your
+axle and your wheel doesn't move. Tire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle and your wheel doesn't move. Tire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle and your wheel doesn't move. Tire
+doesn't move relative to the axle. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move relative to the axle. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't move relative to the axle. You
+got this little bit of mass. Missing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this little bit of mass. Missing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this little bit of mass. Missing or
+added, doesn't much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added, doesn't much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added, doesn't much
+matter. The center of mass of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. The center of mass of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. The center of mass of this
+system is no longer at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is no longer at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is no longer at the center of
+rotation. So I'll call the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. So I'll call the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation. So I'll call the center of
+rotation here a. That's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation here a. That's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation here a. That's what it's
+rotating about. this addition or loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about. this addition or loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating about. this addition or loss of
+a piece of mass makes the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of mass makes the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of mass makes the center of mass
+of the system move a little bit. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system move a little bit. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system move a little bit. So if
+an act of an extra little bit of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act of an extra little bit of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act of an extra little bit of mass
+out here, the new actual center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here, the new actual center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here, the new actual center of
+gravity of the system is out here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity of the system is out here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity of the system is out here is a
+little distance away and I'll get call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little distance away and I'll get call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little distance away and I'll get call
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Eccentricity. So now I have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eccentricity. So now I have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eccentricity. So now I have a system
+whose center of mass is not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose center of mass is not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose center of mass is not at the
+center of rotation and its distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RGA is I'm calling is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA is I'm calling is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RGA is I'm calling is the
+eccentricity and as this rotates now put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity and as this rotates now put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eccentricity and as this rotates now put
+a coordinate system on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coordinate system on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coordinate system on here
+I XY rotating with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+force that's going to appear here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that's going to appear here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that's going to appear here on
+this axle, it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axle, it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this axle, it's going to have
+a force that I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force that I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force that I'll call
+RX. rx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RX. rx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RX. rx
+equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the
+mass times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass times the
+acceleration of the center of gravity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the center of gravity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the center of gravity of
+the system. And the center acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. And the center acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. And the center acceleration
+of the center of gravity in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the center of gravity in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the center of gravity in this
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+e theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared and it's inward in the ihat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and it's inward in the ihat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and it's inward in the ihat
+direction. Therefore the minus sign. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Therefore the minus sign. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Therefore the minus sign. So
+the force this is the c this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force this is the c this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force this is the c this is the
+centrial acceleration times mass. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrial acceleration times mass. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrial acceleration times mass. The
+force required to make it do that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required to make it do that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force required to make it do that is an
+inward force minus m e theta dot^ squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ihat. Okay, I drew rx in a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat. Okay, I drew rx in a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ihat. Okay, I drew rx in a positive
+direction. The answer comes out minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. The answer comes out minus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. The answer comes out minus.
+It says it's going the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way. So this is always the case. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So this is always the case. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So this is always the case. If you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+system that for some reason is does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that for some reason is does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that for some reason is does not
+rotate about its true center of mass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about its true center of mass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about its true center of mass but
+in fact the center of mass is off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the center of mass is off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the center of mass is off a
+little bit or a lot you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit or a lot you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit or a lot you will have to
+provide a force that's inwardly directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a force that's inwardly directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a force that's inwardly directed
+as that thing spins. Okay. Now the I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that thing spins. Okay. Now the I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that thing spins. Okay. Now the I a
+subtle a subtlety I want you to know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle a subtlety I want you to know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle a subtlety I want you to know to
+really go away with is that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go away with is that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really go away with is that we've talked
+quite a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot about
+unbalance due to these masses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance due to these masses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbalance due to these masses that
+aren't at the concentrated at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't at the concentrated at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't at the concentrated at the center
+these these unbalanced masses. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these unbalanced masses. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these unbalanced masses. There are
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+kinds of unbalanced that engineers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of unbalanced that engineers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of unbalanced that engineers have
+chosen to describe the world with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to describe the world with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen to describe the world with two
+kinds. One is static imbalance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds. One is static imbalance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds. One is static imbalance and the
+other is dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is dynamic
+imbalance. A statically imbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance. A statically imbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance. A statically imbalanced
+system is one in which you can if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is one in which you can if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is one in which you can if you
+this I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a side
+view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of
+um an edge view of this thing as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an edge view of this thing as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an edge view of this thing as it's
+spinning. Maybe like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning. Maybe like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning. Maybe like this.
+and the center of rotation is here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center of rotation is here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the center of rotation is here and
+the G is here. That force is inward on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G is here. That force is inward on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G is here. That force is inward on
+it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. But
+I've it it's really it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've it it's really it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've it it's really it's perfectly
+symmetric. So this is this force that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. So this is this force that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric. So this is this force that
+I'm having to provide to keep this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm having to provide to keep this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm having to provide to keep this thing
+from flying off is perfectly inward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flying off is perfectly inward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flying off is perfectly inward
+directed. Does it generate any moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed. Does it generate any moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed. Does it generate any moments
+about this point? None. This is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point? None. This is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point? None. This is called
+static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imbalance. And that is here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance. And that is here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance. And that is here's an example
+of static imbalance. This is my rotor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of static imbalance. This is my rotor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of static imbalance. This is my rotor.
+I'm going to put it on its side. Gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put it on its side. Gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put it on its side. Gravity
+says I want this to hang down because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I want this to hang down because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I want this to hang down because
+where's the center of mass of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the center of mass of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the center of mass of this
+system? Up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? Up
+here along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here along
+here. It's down here somewhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's down here somewhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. It's down here somewhere.
+Right? That center of mass, you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That center of mass, you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? That center of mass, you do a
+statics calculation. Mg sin theta, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statics calculation. Mg sin theta, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statics calculation. Mg sin theta, you
+know it's going to hang down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to hang down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's going to hang down.
+So that's why they call it static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's why they call it static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's why they call it static
+imbalance. And the way you can correct a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance. And the way you can correct a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalance. And the way you can correct a
+statically imbalanced system is just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically imbalanced system is just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically imbalanced system is just do
+the test. Put the thing, hang the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test. Put the thing, hang the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test. Put the thing, hang the thing
+on an axle. And do I have a handy axle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an axle. And do I have a handy axle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an axle. And do I have a handy axle
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today? Put it on an axle and see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Put it on an axle and see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today? Put it on an axle and see if it
+rotates. And if it rots rotates to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates. And if it rots rotates to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotates. And if it rots rotates to some
+point hanging down, you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point hanging down, you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point hanging down, you know this
+thing's statically in balance. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Look at my kit of parts here. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at my kit of parts here. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at my kit of parts here. Let's
+maybe do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this. I don't know if this heavy enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I don't know if this heavy enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I don't know if this heavy enough
+to do the job, but now I've put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the job, but now I've put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the job, but now I've put a little
+bit of mass on here. And I presume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of mass on here. And I presume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of mass on here. And I presume that
+if I do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do this with
+it, okay, it goes down. The system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, okay, it goes down. The system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, okay, it goes down. The system is
+statically imbalanced. This system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically imbalanced. This system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically imbalanced. This system now
+is also dynamically imbalanced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? It kind of depends on where I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? It kind of depends on where I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? It kind of depends on where I do
+the calculation. But if I do my if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation. But if I do my if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation. But if I do my if I say
+that I want to know this one, I've put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to know this one, I've put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to know this one, I've put a
+force a mass off center here. And if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a mass off center here. And if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force a mass off center here. And if I
+compute moments about a point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute moments about a point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute moments about a point that's
+perfectly lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly lined
+up with it, this system will create no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with it, this system will create no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with it, this system will create no
+moments about that point. This system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about that point. This system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about that point. This system
+perfectly balanced. Now, the mass that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly balanced. Now, the mass that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly balanced. Now, the mass that
+I've stuck on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've stuck on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've stuck on here
+is there. This system is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there. This system is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there. This system is perfectly
+balanced. It generates no moments as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. It generates no moments as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. It generates no moments as it
+spins, no matter where you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins, no matter where you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins, no matter where you calculate
+this point. But this extra little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. But this extra little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point. But this extra little
+bit if I put my if I compute this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if I put my if I compute this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit if I put my if I compute this is a
+if I compute h with respect to a here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I compute h with respect to a here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I compute h with respect to a here
+and do the derivatives of it I get no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the derivatives of it I get no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the derivatives of it I get no
+torqus except in the z direction. But as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus except in the z direction. But as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torqus except in the z direction. But as
+soon as I move away from there and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I move away from there and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I move away from there and there
+is a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distance
+here and I compute moments about that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I compute moments about that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I compute moments about that do
+I get some static moments not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get some static moments not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get some static moments not in the
+direction of spin? Yes. So when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of spin? Yes. So when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of spin? Yes. So when you do
+that this system if I'm if this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this system if I'm if this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this system if I'm if this is my
+point A let's call it is over here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A let's call it is over here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A let's call it is over here this
+this system is it statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is it statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system is it statically
+imbalanced? Yep. Is it dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced? Yep. Is it dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced? Yep. Is it dynamically
+imbalanced? Yeah. So how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced? Yeah. So how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbalanced? Yeah. So how would you
+balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance
+it? Final question of the term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me. How would you balance put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. How would you balance put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. How would you balance put this
+system into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system into
+balance? All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So, if I put another mass here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, if I put another mass here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, if I put another mass here,
+will that statically balance it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Statically balance, meaning if I let go,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statically balance, meaning if I let go,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statically balance, meaning if I let go,
+it'll rotate. Will will it have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll rotate. Will will it have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll rotate. Will will it have to
+rotate around and find a low point? Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around and find a low point? Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around and find a low point? Is
+there any low point? If I put it one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any low point? If I put it one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any low point? If I put it one
+equal and opposite equal distance away,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite equal distance away,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite equal distance away,
+opposite side, would it be statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side, would it be statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite side, would it be statically
+balanced? Yeah, because gravity pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Yeah, because gravity pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Yeah, because gravity pulls
+down on this one equal and opposite down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on this one equal and opposite down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down on this one equal and opposite down
+on this one. So it would be statically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one. So it would be statically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this one. So it would be statically
+balanced. Would it be dynamically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. Would it be dynamically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced. Would it be dynamically
+balanced? The system as you spin will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? The system as you spin will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? The system as you spin will
+try to twist like this. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to twist like this. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to twist like this. So it's not
+dynamically balanced. What if I move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically balanced. What if I move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically balanced. What if I move it
+over to here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is it statically balanced? Yes. Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it statically balanced? Yes. Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it statically balanced? Yes. Is it
+dynamically balanced?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compute the torqus. You know, you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the torqus. You know, you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the torqus. You know, you put
+let's put a right in the center. Compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a right in the center. Compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a right in the center. Compute
+the angular momentum. Take its time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum. Take its time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular momentum. Take its time
+derivative. And you will find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. And you will find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. And you will find that this
+one as it spins tries to create a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as it spins tries to create a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as it spins tries to create a moment
+like that. And this one as it spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And this one as it spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. And this one as it spins
+tries to create a moment like that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to create a moment like that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to create a moment like that. And
+they're exactly equal and opposite. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly equal and opposite. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're exactly equal and opposite. This
+is this is dynamically balanced. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is dynamically balanced. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is dynamically balanced. and
+statically balanced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Was it dynamically balanced about a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was it dynamically balanced about a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Was it dynamically balanced about a this
+is not dynamic? If you put a right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not dynamic? If you put a right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not dynamic? If you put a right in
+the usual center, the original center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual center, the original center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual center, the original center of
+gravity, we'll call a of this wheel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity, we'll call a of this wheel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity, we'll call a of this wheel.
+This system is not dynamically balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This system is not dynamically balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This system is not dynamically balanced
+with respect to an A that's right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an A that's right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an A that's right on the
+axle and on the center because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle and on the center because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axle and on the center because it has
+this little offset.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little offset.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little offset.
+Okay.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r6Tk1-jZxzg.txt b/r6Tk1-jZxzg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54da11998174ba9adfc22351fa9422d10596bf65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r6Tk1-jZxzg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the previous sections showed us how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous sections showed us how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous sections showed us how to
+build a circuit that computes a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a circuit that computes a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a circuit that computes a given
+some our products expression an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some our products expression an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some our products expression an
+interesting question to ask is if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question to ask is if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question to ask is if we can
+implement the same functionality using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the same functionality using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement the same functionality using
+fewer or smaller gates in other words is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer or smaller gates in other words is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer or smaller gates in other words is
+there an equivalent boolean expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an equivalent boolean expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an equivalent boolean expression
+that involves fewer operations boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves fewer operations boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves fewer operations boolean
+algebra has many identities that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra has many identities that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra has many identities that can be
+used to transform an expression into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to transform an expression into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to transform an expression into an
+equivalent and hopefully smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and hopefully smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent and hopefully smaller
+expression the reduction identity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the reduction identity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the reduction identity in
+particular offers a transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular offers a transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular offers a transformation that
+simplifies an expression involving two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies an expression involving two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies an expression involving two
+variables and four operations into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and four operations into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and four operations into a
+single variable and no operations let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable and no operations let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single variable and no operations let's
+see how we might use that identity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we might use that identity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we might use that identity to
+simplify a summer products expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify a summer products expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify a summer products expression
+here's the equation from the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the equation from the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the equation from the start of
+this chapter involving four product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter involving four product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter involving four product
+terms we'll use a variant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we'll use a variant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms we'll use a variant of the
+reduction identity involving a boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction identity involving a boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction identity involving a boolean
+expression alpha and a single variable a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression alpha and a single variable a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression alpha and a single variable a
+looking at their product terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at their product terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at their product terms the
+middle to offer an opportunity to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to offer an opportunity to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle to offer an opportunity to apply
+the reduction identity if we let alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction identity if we let alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reduction identity if we let alpha
+be the expression C and to be so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expression C and to be so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the expression C and to be so we
+simplify the middle two product terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the middle two product terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify the middle two product terms to
+just alpha in other words C and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just alpha in other words C and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just alpha in other words C and B
+eliminating the variable a from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the variable a from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminating the variable a from this
+part of the expression considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the expression considering the
+now three product terms we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now three product terms we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now three product terms we see that the
+first and last terms can also be reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and last terms can also be reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and last terms can also be reduced
+this time letting alpha be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time letting alpha be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time letting alpha be the
+expression not C and day wow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression not C and day wow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression not C and day wow this
+equivalent equation is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent equation is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent equation is much smaller
+counting inversions and pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting inversions and pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting inversions and pairwise
+operations the original equation has 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations the original equation has 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations the original equation has 14
+operations while the simplified equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations while the simplified equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations while the simplified equation
+has four operations the simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four operations the simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has four operations the simplified
+circuit would be much cheaper to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit would be much cheaper to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit would be much cheaper to build
+and have a smaller TPD in the bargain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a smaller TPD in the bargain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have a smaller TPD in the bargain
+doing this sort of boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this sort of boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this sort of boolean
+simplification by hand is tedious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification by hand is tedious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification by hand is tedious and
+error-prone just the sort of task a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error-prone just the sort of task a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error-prone just the sort of task a
+computer program could help with such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program could help with such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program could help with such
+programs are in common use but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are in common use but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs are in common use but the
+computation needed to discover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation needed to discover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation needed to discover the
+smallest possible form for an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible form for an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible form for an expression
+grows faster than exponentially as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows faster than exponentially as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows faster than exponentially as the
+number of inputs increases so for larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inputs increases so for larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inputs increases so for larger
+equations the program uses various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the program uses various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the program uses various
+heuristics to choose which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics to choose which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristics to choose which
+simplifications to apply the results are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications to apply the results are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifications to apply the results are
+quite good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite good
+but not necessarily optimal but it sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily optimal but it sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not necessarily optimal but it sure
+beats doing the simplification by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats doing the simplification by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beats doing the simplification by hand
+another way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about
+simplification is by searching the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification is by searching the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification is by searching the truth
+table for don't care situations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for don't care situations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for don't care situations for
+example look at the first and third rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at the first and third rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at the first and third rows
+of the original truth table on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original truth table on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the original truth table on the left
+in both cases a is 0 C is 0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases a is 0 C is 0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases a is 0 C is 0 and the
+output Y is 0 the only difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Y is 0 the only difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Y is 0 the only difference is the
+value of B which we can then tell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B which we can then tell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B which we can then tell is
+irrelevant when both a and C are 0 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant when both a and C are 0 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant when both a and C are 0 this
+gives us the first row of the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the first row of the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the first row of the truth
+table on the right where we use X to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on the right where we use X to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table on the right where we use X to
+indicate that the value of B doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that the value of B doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that the value of B doesn't
+matter when a and C are both 0 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when a and C are both 0 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter when a and C are both 0 by
+comparing rows with the same value for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing rows with the same value for y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing rows with the same value for y
+we can find other don't care situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find other don't care situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find other don't care situations
+the truth table with don't care us has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table with don't care us has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth table with don't care us has
+only three rows where the output is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three rows where the output is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only three rows where the output is 1
+and in fact the last row is redundant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the last row is redundant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the last row is redundant in
+the sense that the input combinations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that the input combinations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that the input combinations it
+matches 0 1 1 and 1 1 1 are covered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches 0 1 1 and 1 1 1 are covered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches 0 1 1 and 1 1 1 are covered by
+the second and fourth rows the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and fourth rows the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and fourth rows the product
+terms derived from rows 2 & 4 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms derived from rows 2 & 4 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms derived from rows 2 & 4 are
+exactly the product term to be found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the product term to be found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the product term to be found by
+applying the reduction identity do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the reduction identity do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the reduction identity do we
+always want to use the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to use the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to use the simplest possible
+equation is the template for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the template for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is the template for our
+circuits seems like that would minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits seems like that would minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits seems like that would minimize
+the circuit cost and maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit cost and maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit cost and maximize
+performance a good thing the simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance a good thing the simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance a good thing the simplified
+circuit is shown here let's look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is shown here let's look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is shown here let's look at how
+it performs when a is 1 B is 1 and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it performs when a is 1 B is 1 and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it performs when a is 1 B is 1 and C
+makes a transition from 1 to 0 before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a transition from 1 to 0 before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a transition from 1 to 0 before
+the transition C is 1 and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition C is 1 and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition C is 1 and we can see
+from the annotated node values that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the annotated node values that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the annotated node values that it's
+the bottom and gate that's causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and gate that's causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and gate that's causing the
+output Y to be 1 when C transitions to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Y to be 1 when C transitions to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output Y to be 1 when C transitions to 0
+the bottom and gate turns off and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and gate turns off and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom and gate turns off and the
+top and gate turns on and eventually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and gate turns on and eventually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top and gate turns on and eventually the
+Y output becomes 1 again but the turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y output becomes 1 again but the turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y output becomes 1 again but the turning
+on of the top and gate is delayed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of the top and gate is delayed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on of the top and gate is delayed by the
+tpd of the inverter so there's a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpd of the inverter so there's a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpd of the inverter so there's a brief
+period of time when neither and gate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time when neither and gate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time when neither and gate is
+on and the output momentarily becomes 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the output momentarily becomes 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the output momentarily becomes 0
+this short blip and wise value is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short blip and wise value is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this short blip and wise value is called
+a glitch and it may result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glitch and it may result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a glitch and it may result in
+short-lived changes on many node values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-lived changes on many node values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-lived changes on many node values
+as our propagates through other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our propagates through other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our propagates through other parts of
+the circuit all those changes consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit all those changes consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit all those changes consume
+powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers
+would be good to avoid these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to avoid these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to avoid these sorts of
+glitches if we can if we include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches if we can if we include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches if we can if we include the
+third product term ba in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third product term ba in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third product term ba in our
+implementation the circuit still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the circuit still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation the circuit still
+computes the same long term answer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the same long term answer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computes the same long term answer as
+before but now when a and B are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now when a and B are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but now when a and B are both
+high the output Y will be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the output Y will be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the output Y will be one
+independently of the value of the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the value of the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the value of the C
+input so the 1 to 0 transition on the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so the 1 to 0 transition on the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so the 1 to 0 transition on the C
+input doesn't cause a glitch on the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input doesn't cause a glitch on the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input doesn't cause a glitch on the Y
+output if you recall the last section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output if you recall the last section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output if you recall the last section of
+the previous chapter the phrase we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous chapter the phrase we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous chapter the phrase we use
+to describe such circuits is lenient
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rLOVwqMKlBc.txt b/rLOVwqMKlBc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9304320e5bc7b96f54607138dc56f5cd961d5fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rLOVwqMKlBc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So, one of the exciting parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, one of the exciting parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, one of the exciting parts of
+this class is that we ran a optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that we ran a optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that we ran a optional
+session where whoever is interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session where whoever is interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session where whoever is interested in
+doing the research side of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the research side of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the research side of the material
+uh could solve open problems together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could solve open problems together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could solve open problems together.
+So, we call this a problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we call this a problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we call this a problem solving
+session, but it's all of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session, but it's all of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session, but it's all of the problems
+are unsolved in the field. Um, and so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unsolved in the field. Um, and so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unsolved in the field. Um, and so,
+you know, it's not a required part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's not a required part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's not a required part of
+the class because it's okay to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because it's okay to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because it's okay to just
+learn the material, but if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the material, but if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the material, but if you really
+want to engage with what we're learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to engage with what we're learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to engage with what we're learning
+about, then you should try to advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, then you should try to advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, then you should try to advance
+the field and solve new problems beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and solve new problems beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field and solve new problems beyond
+what we know how to solve. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know how to solve. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we know how to solve. Um, and so
+every week I have this session for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week I have this session for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week I have this session for two
+hours. That seems to be about the sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours. That seems to be about the sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours. That seems to be about the sweet
+spot. and I would come with uh a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. and I would come with uh a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot. and I would come with uh a couple
+of new open problems inspired by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new open problems inspired by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new open problems inspired by the
+material that we just covered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we just covered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that we just covered in the
+last uh week of lectures. Um and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh week of lectures. Um and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh week of lectures. Um and so this
+this is I find a really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I find a really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I find a really powerful
+combination in teaching where uh you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in teaching where uh you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination in teaching where uh you've
+just covered in in one week uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered in in one week uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just covered in in one week uh the the
+latest uh that everyone knows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest uh that everyone knows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest uh that everyone knows you
+everyone's at the state-of-the-art.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's at the state-of-the-art.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's at the state-of-the-art.
+They've just learned what what the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They've just learned what what the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They've just learned what what the best
+results are in the field. Um and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are in the field. Um and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results are in the field. Um and so it's
+natural to ask well what's next? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to ask well what's next? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural to ask well what's next? What
+would be the next step? How could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the next step? How could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the next step? How could we
+improve these results? What would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve these results? What would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve these results? What would be the
+next thing to analyze? And so the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing to analyze? And so the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing to analyze? And so the open
+problem session nicely dovetales with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session nicely dovetales with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem session nicely dovetales with
+the lectures where you know it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures where you know it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lectures where you know it's just
+been a couple of lectures. So it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a couple of lectures. So it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a couple of lectures. So it's still
+fresh in the mind and now we know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh in the mind and now we know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh in the mind and now we know all
+these techniques. Can we conquer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques. Can we conquer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these techniques. Can we conquer this
+new problem? So the hardest part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problem? So the hardest part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problem? So the hardest part of
+course as a teacher is picking out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as a teacher is picking out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as a teacher is picking out what
+is the right unsolved problem to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right unsolved problem to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the right unsolved problem to work on
+because they have to be easy enough that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to be easy enough that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have to be easy enough that
+you have a hope of solving them in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hope of solving them in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a hope of solving them in two
+hours. Although some of them we continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours. Although some of them we continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours. Although some of them we continue
+through multiple weeks. Uh but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through multiple weeks. Uh but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through multiple weeks. Uh but at least
+you want to make some progress in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make some progress in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to make some progress in two
+hours otherwise you feel like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours otherwise you feel like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours otherwise you feel like you're
+wasting time and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting time and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting time and it's kind of
+discouraging. Uh but you also don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraging. Uh but you also don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraging. Uh but you also don't want
+the problem to be so easy that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem to be so easy that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem to be so easy that uh you
+know it's not worth writing a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not worth writing a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not worth writing a paper
+about. So the challenge is to find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So the challenge is to find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So the challenge is to find this
+balance and also hoping that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and also hoping that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance and also hoping that the problem
+is within the scope of the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within the scope of the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within the scope of the material that
+you just taught because it's unsolved.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just taught because it's unsolved.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just taught because it's unsolved.
+No one knows whether these techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one knows whether these techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one knows whether these techniques
+will apply. But uh by bringing a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will apply. But uh by bringing a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will apply. But uh by bringing a few
+problems to the table uh and uh also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to the table uh and uh also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to the table uh and uh also by
+the end students were bringing in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end students were bringing in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end students were bringing in their
+own suggested problems uh you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own suggested problems uh you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own suggested problems uh you you can
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+lucky. And so in the in the session um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky. And so in the in the session um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky. And so in the in the session um
+there are about a dozen people typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about a dozen people typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about a dozen people typically
+would show up each week. It would shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up each week. It would shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would show up each week. It would shift
+a little bit who has the time um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit who has the time um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit who has the time um because
+it is kind of extracurricular. Uh but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is kind of extracurricular. Uh but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is kind of extracurricular. Uh but we
+would get together. where I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get together. where I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get together. where I would
+describe the problems usually within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the problems usually within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the problems usually within
+just a few minutes um and remind people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes um and remind people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few minutes um and remind people
+of the past problems from past weeks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past problems from past weeks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the past problems from past weeks and
+update if people had any progress since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update if people had any progress since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update if people had any progress since
+the last week then they would present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week then they would present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last week then they would present
+what they what their ideas were or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what their ideas were or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what their ideas were or what
+their things were but then mostly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their things were but then mostly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their things were but then mostly uh
+most of the time is spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time is spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time is spent
+brainstorming. So um often we were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming. So um often we were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming. So um often we were in a
+room that had lots of little kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that had lots of little kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room that had lots of little kind of
+corners each with whiteboards and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners each with whiteboards and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners each with whiteboards and so
+often different people would say oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often different people would say oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often different people would say oh you
+want to work on this problem if so come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on this problem if so come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to work on this problem if so come
+to this little corner and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this little corner and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this little corner and then they
+would work in that corner on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work in that corner on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work in that corner on their
+problem and so there'd be a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so there'd be a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so there'd be a few
+different groups um each of like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups um each of like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups um each of like three
+or four people brainstorming about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four people brainstorming about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four people brainstorming about some
+problem. Oh maybe we could do this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Oh maybe we could do this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Oh maybe we could do this what
+if we applied this technique we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we applied this technique we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we applied this technique we just
+learned from class and this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from class and this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from class and this sort of
+thing. And then I would jump around from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And then I would jump around from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. And then I would jump around from
+corner to corner and try to give my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner to corner and try to give my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner to corner and try to give my
+advice like, "Oh, have you tried this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice like, "Oh, have you tried this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advice like, "Oh, have you tried this?
+Oh, this paper seems relevant. Maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, this paper seems relevant. Maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, this paper seems relevant. Maybe you
+should read this one." Um, and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read this one." Um, and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should read this one." Um, and then in
+the span of those two hours, often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span of those two hours, often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span of those two hours, often we
+would solve the problems we would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve the problems we would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would solve the problems we would look
+at. Certainly not all of them, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. Certainly not all of them, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at. Certainly not all of them, but I
+would say maybe half of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say maybe half of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say maybe half of the problems
+that we set out to solve, we we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we set out to solve, we we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we set out to solve, we we actually
+did uh by the end. Um, many of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh by the end. Um, many of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh by the end. Um, many of those
+turned into the final projects for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into the final projects for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned into the final projects for
+students in the class. So that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class. So that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in the class. So that was
+another motivator for people to come. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another motivator for people to come. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another motivator for people to come. um
+and many of them have been published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them have been published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of them have been published
+since. So, uh they're now papers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since. So, uh they're now papers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since. So, uh they're now papers in the
+literature and uh it's been a nice way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and uh it's been a nice way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and uh it's been a nice way
+to progress the the field of hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress the the field of hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to progress the the field of hardness
+proofs. And I I think this approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs. And I I think this approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs. And I I think this approach is
+really powerful uh in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful uh in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful uh in general for
+probably for more advanced classes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably for more advanced classes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably for more advanced classes uh
+like advanced undergraduate and graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like advanced undergraduate and graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like advanced undergraduate and graduate
+classes. Um anywhere people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. Um anywhere people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes. Um anywhere people are
+comfortable uh going that extra step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable uh going that extra step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable uh going that extra step and
+trying out research. I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying out research. I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying out research. I think this is a
+really powerful technique of combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful technique of combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful technique of combining
+teaching the latest material in an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the latest material in an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the latest material in an area
+and then trying to push those frontiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trying to push those frontiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then trying to push those frontiers
+and solve new problems. It takes extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve new problems. It takes extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve new problems. It takes extra
+effort but um most professors are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort but um most professors are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort but um most professors are also
+researchers in addition to teachers. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers in addition to teachers. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers in addition to teachers. So
+uh they should all try it and I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they should all try it and I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they should all try it and I'd be
+happy to give them advice for how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to give them advice for how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy to give them advice for how to do
+it. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's
+um I I've been doing it for several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I've been doing it for several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I've been doing it for several
+years in all of my advanced classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in all of my advanced classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in all of my advanced classes and
+uh uh in the beginning it was it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the beginning it was it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the beginning it was it was a
+little there are lots of kinks to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little there are lots of kinks to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little there are lots of kinks to work
+out and figuring out what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and figuring out what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and figuring out what's the right
+level of problem. Uh but uh now it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of problem. Uh but uh now it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of problem. Uh but uh now it works
+pretty well and pretty consistently. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and pretty consistently. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well and pretty consistently. I
+think um one key to making these problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um one key to making these problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um one key to making these problem
+sessions work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions work is
+uh you can't be the only driving force.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can't be the only driving force.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can't be the only driving force.
+you need to orchestrate the students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to orchestrate the students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to orchestrate the students to
+be uh willing to speak up. I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh willing to speak up. I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh willing to speak up. I mean it's
+always a challenge in lectures to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a challenge in lectures to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a challenge in lectures to get
+students to ask questions but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to ask questions but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to ask questions but this is
+like way beyond asking questions. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like way beyond asking questions. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like way beyond asking questions. Now
+they have to like suggest answers uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to like suggest answers uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to like suggest answers uh and
+suggest ideas and they have to be in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest ideas and they have to be in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest ideas and they have to be in an
+environment where they're comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where they're comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment where they're comfortable
+voicing uh their ideas and not being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicing uh their ideas and not being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voicing uh their ideas and not being uh
+too too self-critical because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too self-critical because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too self-critical because when
+you're solving problems it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving problems it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving problems it's really
+usually most ideas don't work. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually most ideas don't work. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually most ideas don't work. That's
+life. But uh silence is like the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. But uh silence is like the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. But uh silence is like the worst
+thing for solving problems. So even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for solving problems. So even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for solving problems. So even if
+you have like a kind of lame idea, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a kind of lame idea, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a kind of lame idea, like
+you know it doesn't work, it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't work, it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it doesn't work, it's still
+worth saying it because it might inspire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth saying it because it might inspire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth saying it because it might inspire
+someone else to have a second idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else to have a second idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else to have a second idea and
+then a third idea and just keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a third idea and just keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a third idea and just keeping the
+conversation going is really critical.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going is really critical.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation going is really critical.
+Um so I think whatever you can do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I think whatever you can do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I think whatever you can do to
+encourage that kind of like including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage that kind of like including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage that kind of like including
+yourself asking silly questions that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself asking silly questions that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself asking silly questions that may
+not you know don't the answer doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know don't the answer doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know don't the answer doesn't
+really tell you well what's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you well what's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tell you well what's the right
+way ask you know being comfortable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ask you know being comfortable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way ask you know being comfortable uh
+not knowing the answers and uh asking uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing the answers and uh asking uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not knowing the answers and uh asking uh
+initially stupid questions that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially stupid questions that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially stupid questions that might
+lead into interesting directions I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead into interesting directions I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead into interesting directions I think
+will encourage the students to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encourage the students to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will encourage the students to do the
+same and it doesn't work for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and it doesn't work for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and it doesn't work for everyone
+some students remain quiet throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students remain quiet throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students remain quiet throughout
+the whole semester, but hopefully they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole semester, but hopefully they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole semester, but hopefully they
+at least got to see this picture of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least got to see this picture of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least got to see this picture of how
+research happens. That's that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research happens. That's that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research happens. That's that's sort of
+the goal. the problem sessions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal. the problem sessions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal. the problem sessions are
+definitely a much more personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a much more personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a much more personal
+interaction with me and so they feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with me and so they feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with me and so they feel a
+lot more comfortable around me um as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more comfortable around me um as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more comfortable around me um as the
+as the professor uh and so yeah they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the professor uh and so yeah they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the professor uh and so yeah they're
+definitely more comfortable asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more comfortable asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more comfortable asking
+asking questions and lecture and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions and lecture and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions and lecture and uh it
+just generally leads to a nice kind of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally leads to a nice kind of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just generally leads to a nice kind of I
+mean it's really a bonding experience I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's really a bonding experience I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's really a bonding experience I
+would say so I see it especially within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say so I see it especially within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say so I see it especially within
+the group that uh they're super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group that uh they're super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group that uh they're super
+comfortable working with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable working with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable working with each other
+because they've solved so many problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've solved so many problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've solved so many problems
+s together there's this there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s together there's this there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s together there's this there's this
+camaraderie of you know we can tackle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camaraderie of you know we can tackle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camaraderie of you know we can tackle
+anything and so um so this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and so um so this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and so um so this problem
+session is considered continued way past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session is considered continued way past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session is considered continued way past
+the end of semester it's been going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of semester it's been going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of semester it's been going for
+another year since hopefully it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year since hopefully it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another year since hopefully it'll
+continue going of course some students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue going of course some students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue going of course some students
+will graduate and leave but uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will graduate and leave but uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will graduate and leave but uh it's
+actually been great for my research if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been great for my research if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been great for my research if I
+have a new hardness problem I can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new hardness problem I can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new hardness problem I can bring
+it to the the problem session and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the the problem session and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the the problem session and like
+wolves they'll they'll attack it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves they'll they'll attack it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wolves they'll they'll attack it and
+usually we'll we'll get a solution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we'll we'll get a solution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually we'll we'll get a solution uh
+within a few weeks So, so it's really um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few weeks So, so it's really um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few weeks So, so it's really um
+and and a a big part of that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a a big part of that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and a a big part of that I think is
+because they've shared this experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've shared this experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they've shared this experience
+and they've solved so many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've solved so many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've solved so many things
+together that uh it really they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that uh it really they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that uh it really they have a
+lot of confidence in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of confidence in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of confidence in this in this
+context. So,
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sN-m5WkbMyI.txt b/sN-m5WkbMyI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90d1df00c4c619e3e011f88bf0f1b8c12abf8138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sN-m5WkbMyI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+We will practice going between reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will practice going between reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We will practice going between reference
+frames to look at relative velocities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames to look at relative velocities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames to look at relative velocities in
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+dimension. Let's say that an observer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension. Let's say that an observer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension. Let's say that an observer is
+standing on the sidewalk and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the sidewalk and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the sidewalk and that
+observer sees a car drive past to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer sees a car drive past to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer sees a car drive past to the
+right at a speed of vc car. The observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at a speed of vc car. The observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at a speed of vc car. The observer
+also sees a bike that's riding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sees a bike that's riding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sees a bike that's riding to the
+left at a slower speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at a slower speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at a slower speed
+v. Now I'm interested in what the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. Now I'm interested in what the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v. Now I'm interested in what the car
+looks like from the perspective of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like from the perspective of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like from the perspective of the
+bike.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike.
+The bike sees itself as stationary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bike sees itself as stationary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bike sees itself as stationary and
+sees the world around it moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the world around it moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the world around it moving to the
+right. To the bike, the observer on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. To the bike, the observer on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. To the bike, the observer on the
+sidewalk appears to be moving to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalk appears to be moving to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalk appears to be moving to the
+right with a speed of ebike. The car was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with a speed of ebike. The car was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with a speed of ebike. The car was
+moving to the right relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to the right relative to the
+reference frame of the observer sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame of the observer sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame of the observer sitting
+on the sidewalk. So to the bike, the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sidewalk. So to the bike, the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sidewalk. So to the bike, the car
+looks like it's going even faster to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's going even faster to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it's going even faster to the
+right with a total speed of vcar plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vic. Let's say later on the biker throws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vic. Let's say later on the biker throws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vic. Let's say later on the biker throws
+an apple in the direction of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apple in the direction of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apple in the direction of her
+movement and sees this apple travel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and sees this apple travel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement and sees this apple travel to
+the left with a speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left with a speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left with a speed of
+vapp. Now I want to know what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapp. Now I want to know what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapp. Now I want to know what an
+observer sees in the stationary frame on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer sees in the stationary frame on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer sees in the stationary frame on
+the sidewalk. The apple appears to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sidewalk. The apple appears to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sidewalk. The apple appears to be
+traveling a speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling a speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling a speed
+vapper all to the left. So the observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapper all to the left. So the observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapper all to the left. So the observer
+on the sidewalk will see the apple move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sidewalk will see the apple move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sidewalk will see the apple move
+to the left with a total speed of vapp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left with a total speed of vapp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left with a total speed of vapp
+plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v
+bike. Now let's say the person throws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike. Now let's say the person throws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bike. Now let's say the person throws
+the apple forward at a speed vapp. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple forward at a speed vapp. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the apple forward at a speed vapp. What
+does the car see to the car? The apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the car see to the car? The apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the car see to the car? The apple
+is going to the left at a speed of vcar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to the left at a speed of vcar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to the left at a speed of vcar
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+vapp. How about the bike? to the bike.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapp. How about the bike? to the bike.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapp. How about the bike? to the bike.
+The apple is going at a speed of vapp.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sP6ueZ9dJqo.txt b/sP6ueZ9dJqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f383cd6977c38041bb7526d28d4808265ba56506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sP6ueZ9dJqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9339 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Last time um we were very much uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last time um we were very much uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last time um we were very much uh
+dealing with uh Deia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh Deia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with uh Deia and
+Cleanths and um they both come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanths and um they both come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanths and um they both come in and
+out of the dialogue but the last part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the dialogue but the last part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the dialogue but the last part of
+the dialogue is uh very much given to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue is uh very much given to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dialogue is uh very much given to
+Felo the skeptic and uh so he gets he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo the skeptic and uh so he gets he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo the skeptic and uh so he gets he
+gets this sort of is there any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this sort of is there any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets this sort of is there any kind of
+natural progression here? You see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural progression here? You see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural progression here? You see a
+natural progression from say uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural progression from say uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural progression from say uh the
+pious theism of uh Demia, the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pious theism of uh Demia, the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pious theism of uh Demia, the sort of
+experimental theology of uh Cleanththees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental theology of uh Cleanththees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental theology of uh Cleanththees
+who wants to use you know the mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to use you know the mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to use you know the mechanisms
+of the world to prove the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world to prove the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world to prove the existence of
+God and the skepticism of Felo. Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God and the skepticism of Felo. Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God and the skepticism of Felo. Do you
+see any kind of progression or is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any kind of progression or is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any kind of progression or is this
+the right way to do the dialogue?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, it ends finally when Flo says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it ends finally when Flo says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it ends finally when Flo says that
+God is um basically neither good nor bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is um basically neither good nor bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God is um basically neither good nor bad
+and that leaves it on a like he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leaves it on a like he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that leaves it on a like he said
+it's God's morally neutral that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's God's morally neutral that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's God's morally neutral that kind of
+leaves it open and like rather than like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves it open and like rather than like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves it open and like rather than like
+shifting the discussion towards one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the discussion towards one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting the discussion towards one
+extreme versus that God's evil or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme versus that God's evil or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme versus that God's evil or
+something like they touch upon both like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like they touch upon both like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like they touch upon both like
+all different perspectives and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different perspectives and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all different perspectives and then
+finally they just leave it Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally they just leave it Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally they just leave it Okay.
+Yeah. At the end, uh, Pmpilius, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. At the end, uh, Pmpilius, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. At the end, uh, Pmpilius, the
+young man who's sort of sitting there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young man who's sort of sitting there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young man who's sort of sitting there,
+he says, "Who does he vote for?" Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says, "Who does he vote for?" Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says, "Who does he vote for?" Anybody
+get to the end, the very end. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the end, the very end. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the end, the very end. It's a
+It's the end of the last chapter. I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the end of the last chapter. I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the end of the last chapter. I I
+don't think I asked you to read that, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I asked you to read that, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I asked you to read that, so
+you probably didn't. U, but he votes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably didn't. U, but he votes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably didn't. U, but he votes.
+Yeah. Claire for Cleanthies. Yeah, he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Claire for Cleanthies. Yeah, he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Claire for Cleanthies. Yeah, he's
+he's he's uh he's pretty much convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's uh he's pretty much convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's uh he's pretty much convinced
+by Cleanth. So almost the middle ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Cleanth. So almost the middle ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Cleanth. So almost the middle ground
+I guess. Yeah. Yeah. So that's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess. Yeah. Yeah. So that's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess. Yeah. Yeah. So that's uh the
+it's an interesting uh to have him sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting uh to have him sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an interesting uh to have him sort
+of make the last you know conclusion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make the last you know conclusion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make the last you know conclusion or
+give him the last word because uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him the last word because uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give him the last word because uh at the
+end they all kind of say ah just joking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they all kind of say ah just joking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end they all kind of say ah just joking
+or or we're just having an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or we're just having an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or we're just having an interesting
+philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical
+discussion. Uh Deia of course gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion. Uh Deia of course gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion. Uh Deia of course gets a
+little nervous and leaves. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nervous and leaves. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nervous and leaves. Uh but
+anyway, we'll come back to that. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, we'll come back to that. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, we'll come back to that. Okay.
+So, so uh Fela was a very definite um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so uh Fela was a very definite um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so uh Fela was a very definite um I
+mean at the first in the first part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at the first in the first part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean at the first in the first part of
+this dialogue he pretty much teams up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dialogue he pretty much teams up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dialogue he pretty much teams up
+with uh Filela teams up with the Mia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Filela teams up with the Mia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Filela teams up with the Mia
+with the pious. Why what is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pious. Why what is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pious. Why what is it about
+those two that they have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two that they have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two that they have in
+common? I mean, it's not until toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common? I mean, it's not until toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common? I mean, it's not until toward
+the end uh in in in in later in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end uh in in in in later in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end uh in in in in later in chapter
+7 and and uh toward the end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and and uh toward the end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 and and uh toward the end that
+uh Deia says, "Oh, now your true colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Deia says, "Oh, now your true colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Deia says, "Oh, now your true colors
+are coming out." That's when he starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out." That's when he starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming out." That's when he starts
+arguing about, you know, how badly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about, you know, how badly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguing about, you know, how badly the
+world is made. But uh he and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is made. But uh he and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is made. But uh he and uh
+uh uh uh Sophilo the skeptic and Deia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh Sophilo the skeptic and Deia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh Sophilo the skeptic and Deia
+the pious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pious
+theist they sort of team up against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theist they sort of team up against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theist they sort of team up against
+Cleanthes. How come?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is it
+that highest views and skepticism have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that highest views and skepticism have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that highest views and skepticism have
+in common?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common?
+It has to do with knowledge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, I mean, if you are either really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean, if you are either really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I mean, if you are either really
+pious or really skeptical in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pious or really skeptical in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pious or really skeptical in order to
+make an argument for either one, I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an argument for either one, I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an argument for either one, I feel
+like you would have to know a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would have to know a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you would have to know a certain
+amount about what you're talking about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount about what you're talking about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount about what you're talking about.
+Whereas, if you kind of take that middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas, if you kind of take that middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas, if you kind of take that middle
+ground between, it could just be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground between, it could just be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground between, it could just be because
+you don't necessarily have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't necessarily have enough
+knowledge to form a like valid really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to form a like valid really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to form a like valid really
+strong opinion. So then maybe they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong opinion. So then maybe they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong opinion. So then maybe they they
+use their knowledge even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their knowledge even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use their knowledge even though they
+know different things to go against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different things to go against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know different things to go against the
+eneies. Okay. Um I think that's you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eneies. Okay. Um I think that's you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eneies. Okay. Um I think that's you got
+is is the the um Deia's position is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the the um Deia's position is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the the um Deia's position is you
+know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're
+just poor humans. I mean what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just poor humans. I mean what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just poor humans. I mean what do we
+know? I mean our brains are barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? I mean our brains are barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know? I mean our brains are barely
+capable of understanding their immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of understanding their immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of understanding their immediate
+surroundings and so forth. There's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and so forth. There's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings and so forth. There's no
+way we can possibly understand the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can possibly understand the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can possibly understand the ways
+of the creator. So forget about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the creator. So forget about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the creator. So forget about it.
+Don't try to reason. Don't you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't try to reason. Don't you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Don't try to reason. Don't you your
+reason isn't going to get you there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason isn't going to get you there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason isn't going to get you there.
+Reason is not a tool that is of any use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reason is not a tool that is of any use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reason is not a tool that is of any use
+in trying to understand deity. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to understand deity. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trying to understand deity. So that's
+that's the theistic view that the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the theistic view that the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the theistic view that the world
+is just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just kind of
+vastly too complicated for us to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly too complicated for us to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vastly too complicated for us to really
+come to a conclusion on the basis of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a conclusion on the basis of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a conclusion on the basis of our
+reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about
+God. We have to accept God on faith.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God. We have to accept God on faith.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God. We have to accept God on faith.
+Faith is it you you know. So the skeptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith is it you you know. So the skeptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith is it you you know. So the skeptic
+comes in and agrees in in in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and agrees in in in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and agrees in in in the case of
+Felo. He he agrees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? Well, Filel also is skeptical about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Well, Filel also is skeptical about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Well, Filel also is skeptical about
+our ability to know things. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ability to know things. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ability to know things. It's just
+that his view is, you know, yeah, things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his view is, you know, yeah, things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his view is, you know, yeah, things
+are really, really complicated. And, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really, really complicated. And, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really, really complicated. And, you
+know, when you start really exploring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, when you start really exploring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, when you start really exploring
+them, you find out how complicated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, you find out how complicated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them, you find out how complicated they
+are. And the more we learn, oftenimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And the more we learn, oftenimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. And the more we learn, oftenimes
+the less we the more we realize we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less we the more we realize we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less we the more we realize we know
+very little.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little.
+So the the skeptic can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the skeptic can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the skeptic can become
+uh a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very similar
+uh line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh line of
+thinking to the deist the theist because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to the deist the theist because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to the deist the theist because
+you know skeptic really believes that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know skeptic really believes that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know skeptic really believes that uh
+humans really can't find certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans really can't find certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans really can't find certain
+knowledge. They can approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. They can approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. They can approximate
+things but really understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but really understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but really understanding the
+fundamental way in which the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental way in which the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental way in which the universe is
+organized is you know uh sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized is you know uh sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized is you know uh sort of a
+hopeless project.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless project.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopeless project.
+So these two can kind of talk together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these two can kind of talk together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these two can kind of talk together
+and mutually support. And that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutually support. And that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutually support. And that's why
+Felo comes in because they're both going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo comes in because they're both going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo comes in because they're both going
+against Glanthy's who says no. Cleanth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Glanthy's who says no. Cleanth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against Glanthy's who says no. Cleanth
+is an expression of the the rationalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an expression of the the rationalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an expression of the the rationalists
+the the great sort of enthusiastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the great sort of enthusiastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the great sort of enthusiastic
+rationalism of the enlightenment. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalism of the enlightenment. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalism of the enlightenment. And
+you know he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's
+confident we can really see the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident we can really see the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident we can really see the way in
+which God works by understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which God works by understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which God works by understanding the
+world and the universe because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the universe because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and the universe because we have
+our science and our knowledgebased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our science and our knowledgebased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our science and our knowledgebased
+uh inquiries which can penetrate to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inquiries which can penetrate to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh inquiries which can penetrate to very
+very far into the world. the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far into the world. the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far into the world. the way the
+world works and come back with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world works and come back with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world works and come back with an
+understanding of its complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of its complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of its complexity
+and reason on the basis of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reason on the basis of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reason on the basis of that that
+this is all uh been intended. It would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all uh been intended. It would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all uh been intended. It would
+have to be intended in order to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be intended in order to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be intended in order to have
+design of this kind of um effectiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of this kind of um effectiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of this kind of um effectiveness
+and and and capacity. So, so Felo is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and capacity. So, so Felo is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and capacity. So, so Felo is now
+constantly coming up against he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly coming up against he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly coming up against he's
+constantly pointing out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly pointing out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly pointing out that
+Cleanththees is really not able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanththees is really not able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanththees is really not able to make
+the conclusions he's trying to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusions he's trying to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusions he's trying to draw
+because as he says in this case uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as he says in this case uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as he says in this case uh this
+was in the part two which we read last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the part two which we read last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the part two which we read last
+time he said you know it's one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he said you know it's one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he said you know it's one thing to
+talk about a house we see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a house we see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a house we see a lot of
+houses when we see another house we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses when we see another house we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+houses when we see another house we know
+oh yeah somebody built that just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah somebody built that just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah somebody built that just like
+they built all the others but when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built all the others but when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built all the others but when we
+start talking about the universe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the universe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the universe and
+saying well you know the universe is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well you know the universe is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying well you know the universe is way
+way more complex and therefore something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more complex and therefore something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way more complex and therefore something
+even he says you know Felo's point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even he says you know Felo's point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even he says you know Felo's point is
+you know you can't compare a house and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can't compare a house and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can't compare a house and
+universe it just doesn't work I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe it just doesn't work I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe it just doesn't work I mean
+they're entirely different orders of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're entirely different orders of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're entirely different orders of uh
+comparison so there's a big critique of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so there's a big critique of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison so there's a big critique of
+analogical thinking in in this work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogical thinking in in this work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogical thinking in in this work that
+analogy works to a degree and analogy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy works to a degree and analogy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy works to a degree and analogy I
+think as you know from various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as you know from various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as you know from various
+explorations you've had in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations you've had in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorations you've had in other
+contexts analogy works up to a point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts analogy works up to a point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts analogy works up to a point but
+when you when the subjects being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when the subjects being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when the subjects being
+compared get too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared get too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared get too far
+apart we have the expression it's apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart we have the expression it's apples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart we have the expression it's apples
+and oranges no I mean at the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oranges no I mean at the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oranges no I mean at the basis of
+that is an understanding that analogies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an understanding that analogies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is an understanding that analogies
+only work for classes of objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work for classes of objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only work for classes of objects and
+considerations that are closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallel and Cleanthy's thinking is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and Cleanthy's thinking is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and Cleanthy's thinking is very
+very deeply indebted to analogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deeply indebted to analogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very deeply indebted to analogical
+principles. He's I mean all of it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles. He's I mean all of it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles. He's I mean all of it is you
+know based on these grand analogies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know based on these grand analogies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know based on these grand analogies
+between complexity at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between complexity at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between complexity at a certain
+level and complexity at a vast at a at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and complexity at a vast at a at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and complexity at a vast at a at a
+very grand level. So Felo being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very grand level. So Felo being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very grand level. So Felo being the
+skeptic is constantly trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptic is constantly trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptic is constantly trying to
+understand the basis of knowledge. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basis of knowledge. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the basis of knowledge. I
+mean, that's what he's really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, that's what he's really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, that's what he's really interested
+in. He's he's offering these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. He's he's offering these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. He's he's offering these
+reservations, but u um you know, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations, but u um you know, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reservations, but u um you know, they
+keep they keep coming back.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep they keep coming back.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep they keep coming back.
+So, Felo also makes the point as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Felo also makes the point as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, Felo also makes the point as we
+mentioned last time of self-organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time of self-organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned last time of self-organized
+matter and the idea that um you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the idea that um you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter and the idea that um you know if
+you're going to talk about order imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about order imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to talk about order imposed
+through a mental process, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a mental process, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a mental process, a
+spiritual mental process of bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual mental process of bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritual mental process of bringing
+things into existence as creation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into existence as creation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into existence as creation would
+have had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had to
+be. His point is, well, if we're arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. His point is, well, if we're arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. His point is, well, if we're arguing
+that and with as little evidence as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and with as little evidence as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and with as little evidence as we
+have, we can also argue maybe all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, we can also argue maybe all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have, we can also argue maybe all this
+stuff is organized according to internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is organized according to internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is organized according to internal
+principles that, you know, are simply,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that, you know, are simply,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that, you know, are simply,
+you know, not known to us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, not known to us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, not known to us.
+But it's no more speculative to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's no more speculative to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it's no more speculative to say that
+than to say that you know some divine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to say that you know some divine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to say that you know some divine
+power through some kind of mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power through some kind of mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power through some kind of mental
+process brought the world into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process brought the world into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process brought the world into
+existence. What what is the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence. What what is the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence. What what is the mechanism
+for moving across those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for moving across those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for moving across those kinds of
+categories from spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories from spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories from spiritual
+supernaturalism to materialbased earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernaturalism to materialbased earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernaturalism to materialbased earth
+that's a big jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a big jump
+across of course the argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across of course the argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across of course the argument is
+anything is possible with you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is possible with you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is possible with you know a
+deity but uh Felo's point is it's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity but uh Felo's point is it's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity but uh Felo's point is it's no
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+absurd to say that things are organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd to say that things are organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd to say that things are organized
+through an internal principle than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an internal principle than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an internal principle than
+through some external. In fact, he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some external. In fact, he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some external. In fact, he says
+his view is it's a little it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his view is it's a little it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his view is it's a little it's a little
+more rational or I'm not sure if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rational or I'm not sure if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rational or I'm not sure if we
+should use the word rational here. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the word rational here. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the word rational here. We
+give that to Cleanths, but it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to Cleanths, but it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that to Cleanths, but it's a little
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+plausible that things may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible that things may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible that things may be
+self-ordered. Why is he saying that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why does he hold a view that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why does he hold a view that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why does he hold a view that it's it's
+at least as maybe more likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as maybe more likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as maybe more likely that
+things are organized through internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are organized through internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are organized through internal
+principles of self-organization than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of self-organization than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of self-organization than
+through some intervention of a deity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some intervention of a deity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some intervention of a deity.
+He but he really gives no from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He but he really gives no from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He but he really gives no from what I
+remember he doesn't give much of a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he doesn't give much of a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember he doesn't give much of a real
+explanation as to how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation as to how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation as to how this
+self-organizing principle works. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing principle works. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing principle works. The
+closest I think he gets, which is reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest I think he gets, which is reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest I think he gets, which is reason
+by analogy, is the whole, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by analogy, is the whole, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by analogy, is the whole, you know, it's
+from the seed comes the tree and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the seed comes the tree and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the seed comes the tree and from
+the tree comes another tree, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree comes another tree, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree comes another tree, you know,
+which is all fine, but it doesn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all fine, but it doesn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is all fine, but it doesn't seem
+to cover the dust off, you know, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover the dust off, you know, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cover the dust off, you know, the the
+the real.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real.
+He's quite he's quite aware that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's quite he's quite aware that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's quite he's quite aware that he's
+on, you know, as shaky a ground. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, you know, as shaky a ground. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, you know, as shaky a ground. All
+he's saying in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's saying in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's saying in essence
+is we're keeping it in the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're keeping it in the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're keeping it in the natural
+order, the explanations in the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order, the explanations in the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order, the explanations in the natural
+order. If we say that there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. If we say that there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. If we say that there's some
+natural principle but he doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural principle but he doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural principle but he doesn't have a
+ghost of a clue what that natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost of a clue what that natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghost of a clue what that natural
+principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle
+is and you know even Darwin when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you know even Darwin when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you know even Darwin when he
+started argue he didn't really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started argue he didn't really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started argue he didn't really know what
+was happening at the cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening at the cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was happening at the cellular
+level he sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level he sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level he sort of
+described natural selection so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described natural selection so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described natural selection so forth but
+when it came to you know the micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it came to you know the micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it came to you know the micro
+explanation of that he had a few odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of that he had a few odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of that he had a few odd
+theories Uh but you know he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories Uh but you know he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories Uh but you know he was
+speculating too. So yeah um he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating too. So yeah um he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculating too. So yeah um he doesn't
+know. So in part five uh Felo continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So in part five uh Felo continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. So in part five uh Felo continues
+his attack on on uh the anthropocentric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his attack on on uh the anthropocentric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his attack on on uh the anthropocentric.
+So one of the things that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the things that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one of the things that both
+Felo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Deia accuse Cleanth of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deia accuse Cleanth of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deia accuse Cleanth of is
+anthropomorphism. What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphism. What is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphism. What is
+anthropomorphism? Why is it why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphism? Why is it why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphism? Why is it why is it
+being attributed to Cleanths by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being attributed to Cleanths by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being attributed to Cleanths by these
+two others?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two others?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two others?
+Yeah, there's this uh thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there's this uh thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, there's this uh thought
+that always makes analogy of a godly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always makes analogy of a godly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always makes analogy of a godly
+entity with a earthly object and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity with a earthly object and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity with a earthly object and how
+earthly objects are made with purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthly objects are made with purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthly objects are made with purpose
+and design through human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design through human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design through human
+uh human reasoning and how God therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh human reasoning and how God therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh human reasoning and how God therefore
+must also use that same reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also use that same reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must also use that same reasoning
+um to create the world. Okay. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to create the world. Okay. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to create the world. Okay. So, so
+he's he's using the sort of um craftsman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's using the sort of um craftsman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's using the sort of um craftsman
+crafts person model of, you know, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafts person model of, you know, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafts person model of, you know, this
+is the way the world was made by a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way the world was made by a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the way the world was made by a great
+supernatural person who pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernatural person who pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supernatural person who pretty much
+works the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works the way we
+do, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, which
+strikes Deia and Felo as kind of odd to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes Deia and Felo as kind of odd to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strikes Deia and Felo as kind of odd to
+start with humans and then arrive at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with humans and then arrive at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with humans and then arrive at at
+at at deity. I mean for Demia it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at deity. I mean for Demia it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at deity. I mean for Demia it's like
+sacrilege profane to say you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrilege profane to say you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacrilege profane to say you know this
+deity is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity is just like
+us and therefore that's what he uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and therefore that's what he uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and therefore that's what he uses
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+anthropomorphite that's what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphite that's what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropomorphite that's what they call
+cleanthesis and theo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanthesis and theo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanthesis and theo
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+also this sense that uh the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this sense that uh the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this sense that uh the world is
+beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and
+We've heard this before, haven't we?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've heard this before, haven't we?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've heard this before, haven't we?
+From
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+From
+Panglos, the crazy philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panglos, the crazy philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panglos, the crazy philosopher
+uh who said it's the best of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who said it's the best of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who said it's the best of all
+possible worlds. You know, things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible worlds. You know, things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible worlds. You know, things are
+all done for a purpose. And if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all done for a purpose. And if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all done for a purpose. And if you
+happen to be in the wrong place and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in the wrong place and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be in the wrong place and you
+suffer pain or whatever, you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer pain or whatever, you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer pain or whatever, you know, you
+can be consoled by the fact that, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be consoled by the fact that, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be consoled by the fact that, you
+know, the greater purpose is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the greater purpose is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the greater purpose is being
+served. And you know, true, you happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served. And you know, true, you happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served. And you know, true, you happen
+to be in the wrong place at the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the wrong place at the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the wrong place at the wrong
+time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but most other things weren't. And so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most other things weren't. And so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most other things weren't. And so if
+you get back far enough and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back far enough and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get back far enough and you see the
+world in the way it works, it's it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in the way it works, it's it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in the way it works, it's it's got
+this u sense of perfection to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u sense of perfection to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u sense of perfection to it.
+So again this is u and then he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again this is u and then he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again this is u and then he says
+rather cheekily if you will at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather cheekily if you will at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather cheekily if you will at the end
+of the uh chapter he says in a word this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh chapter he says in a word this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh chapter he says in a word this
+is felo talking in a word cleanth a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is felo talking in a word cleanth a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is felo talking in a word cleanth a man
+who follows your hypothesis is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who follows your hypothesis is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who follows your hypothesis is able
+perhaps to assert or conjecture that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to assert or conjecture that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to assert or conjecture that the
+universe sometime arose from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe sometime arose from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe sometime arose from something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+design but beyond that position he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but beyond that position he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design but beyond that position he
+cannot ascertain one single circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot ascertain one single circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot ascertain one single circumstance
+and is left afterwards to fix every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is left afterwards to fix every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is left afterwards to fix every
+point of his theology by the utmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of his theology by the utmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of his theology by the utmost
+license of fancy and hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license of fancy and hypothesis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license of fancy and hypothesis.
+You see what he's saying here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see what he's saying here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see what he's saying here is you
+know okay let's say it by design but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay let's say it by design but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay let's say it by design but
+once you say that's true how it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you say that's true how it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you say that's true how it's like
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+knows and then he says this world for he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows and then he says this world for he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows and then he says this world for he
+knows is very faulty and imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows is very faulty and imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows is very faulty and imperfect
+compared to a superior standard and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a superior standard and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a superior standard and was
+only the first rude essay of some infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first rude essay of some infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first rude essay of some infant
+deity who afterwards abandoned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity who afterwards abandoned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity who afterwards abandoned it
+ashamed of his lame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed of his lame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed of his lame
+performance. So this of course offends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. So this of course offends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. So this of course offends
+uh the MIA but uh you know he the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MIA but uh you know he the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the MIA but uh you know he the point
+is is you know if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is you know if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is you know if this
+world is not that perfect a world I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is not that perfect a world I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is not that perfect a world I mean
+if we can imagine better worlds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can imagine better worlds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can imagine better worlds that
+could be constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be constructed
+uh then maybe if the deity constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then maybe if the deity constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then maybe if the deity constructed
+the world the deity was sort of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the deity was sort of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the deity was sort of young
+and needed practice and this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and needed practice and this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and needed practice and this just
+happened to be one of those worlds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be one of those worlds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be one of those worlds that
+spun off and you know it didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spun off and you know it didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spun off and you know it didn't quite
+work. So he's cracking open this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So he's cracking open this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So he's cracking open this this
+this case about how perfect is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case about how perfect is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case about how perfect is the
+world. I mean once Cleanths has made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. I mean once Cleanths has made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. I mean once Cleanths has made
+this big point about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big point about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big point about this this
+absolutely gorgeous ravishing machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely gorgeous ravishing machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely gorgeous ravishing machine
+you know he's kind of stuck in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's kind of stuck in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he's kind of stuck in this
+corner. He's painted himself into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner. He's painted himself into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner. He's painted himself into a
+corner of sorts because now you can say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of sorts because now you can say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner of sorts because now you can say,
+well, okay, how perfect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, okay, how perfect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, okay, how perfect is
+it? And that's where the thrust of a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? And that's where the thrust of a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? And that's where the thrust of a lot
+of this end of this this this book. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this end of this this this book. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this end of this this this book. Um
+that that's the thrust of the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the thrust of the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's the thrust of the end of the
+book is sort of moving into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is sort of moving into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book is sort of moving into this
+direction of how perfect is the world,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of how perfect is the world,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of how perfect is the world,
+what kind of world do we live in? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of world do we live in? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of world do we live in? Uh
+could there have been better worlds? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there have been better worlds? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could there have been better worlds? Um
+what are some of the problems we find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the problems we find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the problems we find in
+the world? Uh and so on and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world? Uh and so on and so forth.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world? Uh and so on and so forth.
+And if there are problems in a world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if there are problems in a world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if there are problems in a world and
+so forth, was the deity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth, was the deity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth, was the deity
+benevolent but not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolent but not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolent but not completely
+competent or was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent or was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent or was the
+deity competent but not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity competent but not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity competent but not quite
+benevolent. I mean one or the other if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolent. I mean one or the other if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benevolent. I mean one or the other if
+you know you have to come to these uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to come to these uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have to come to these uh so
+this is this is definitely the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is definitely the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is definitely the direction
+that he's moving in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's moving in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's moving in.
+So let's say that this world is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that this world is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that this world is a great
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+entity. Uh Fileo then makes the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity. Uh Fileo then makes the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity. Uh Fileo then makes the point
+about the ship builder. What what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ship builder. What what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ship builder. What what what
+was this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that the ship was built through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the ship was built through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the ship was built through
+trial and error? What works and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error? What works and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial and error? What works and what
+doesn't. It wasn't just all a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't. It wasn't just all a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't. It wasn't just all a sudden
+created and was perfect the first time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and was perfect the first time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and was perfect the first time.
+So why why would earth be any different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why why would earth be any different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So why why would earth be any different
+from say the ship? Precisely. Precisely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say the ship? Precisely. Precisely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from say the ship? Precisely. Precisely.
+Yeah. I mean earth as we know it now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I mean earth as we know it now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I mean earth as we know it now uh
+supports life and so on. Did it always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports life and so on. Did it always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports life and so on. Did it always
+support life? Well no. Uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support life? Well no. Uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support life? Well no. Uh of course
+that's adding new knowledge to uh Hume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's adding new knowledge to uh Hume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's adding new knowledge to uh Hume
+didn't know that. But uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that. But uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know that. But uh you know the
+notion of you know life on the earth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of you know life on the earth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of you know life on the earth as
+something that was just put there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was just put there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that was just put there
+uh that's certainly subject to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's certainly subject to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's certainly subject to other
+kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of
+explanations. Um and so he brings in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations. Um and so he brings in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations. Um and so he brings in
+this whole ship builder notion. The ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole ship builder notion. The ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole ship builder notion. The ship
+is this great perfect wonderful thing. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this great perfect wonderful thing. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this great perfect wonderful thing. I
+don't know use your own metaphor. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know use your own metaphor. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know use your own metaphor. Uh the
+Ferrari. Okay the Ferrari. Where' the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari. Okay the Ferrari. Where' the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari. Okay the Ferrari. Where' the
+Ferrari start? Well, it started way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari start? Well, it started way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari start? Well, it started way back
+with a steam engine and some two cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a steam engine and some two cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a steam engine and some two cycles
+and you know it didn't look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it didn't look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it didn't look like a
+Ferrari. Uh people have been working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari. Uh people have been working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ferrari. Uh people have been working on
+cars forever and they keep trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars forever and they keep trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars forever and they keep trying to
+change them and improve them and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change them and improve them and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change them and improve them and make
+them better and better and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them better and better and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them better and better and you know
+think of all the technologies we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all the technologies we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all the technologies we have
+that have delivered the capacity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have delivered the capacity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have delivered the capacity we
+have. None of those was just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. None of those was just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. None of those was just kind of
+invented out of nowhere. They've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented out of nowhere. They've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented out of nowhere. They've all
+emerged through constant interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged through constant interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerged through constant interaction and
+improvement and incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement and incremental
+development. So this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. So this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. So this notion of
+incrementalism as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementalism as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementalism as a
+source of greater degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of greater degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of greater degree of
+perfection is being introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection is being introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfection is being introduced
+here. And of course incrementalism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And of course incrementalism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And of course incrementalism is
+profoundly important to Darwin's style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly important to Darwin's style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly important to Darwin's style
+of thinking, is it not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking, is it not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking, is it not?
+I mean, so we're getting into this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, so we're getting into this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, so we're getting into this this
+species of thinking about objects,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of thinking about objects,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species of thinking about objects,
+complicated objects as things drawn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated objects as things drawn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated objects as things drawn out
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ages. So, the ship is a absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages. So, the ship is a absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ages. So, the ship is a absolutely
+brilliant example. These great clipper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant example. These great clipper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant example. These great clipper
+ships that were, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that were, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ships that were, you know,
+state-of-the-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art
+uh moving around the world for good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving around the world for good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moving around the world for good and
+evil. Uh but you know these are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil. Uh but you know these are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil. Uh but you know these are things
+that uh had not simply been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh had not simply been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh had not simply been
+invented. They had been and uh my only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented. They had been and uh my only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented. They had been and uh my only
+problem with this this passage here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this this passage here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this this passage here is
+the word stupid in front of mechanic. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word stupid in front of mechanic. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word stupid in front of mechanic. I
+I never thought of mechanics as stupid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never thought of mechanics as stupid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I never thought of mechanics as stupid.
+Uh mechanics uh oftenimes know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh mechanics uh oftenimes know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh mechanics uh oftenimes know a lot
+more than you know the people are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you know the people are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you know the people are doing
+the sort of the grand design. So, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the grand design. So, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the grand design. So, uh,
+but nevertheless, he's his point is is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless, he's his point is is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless, he's his point is is,
+you know, it's it's somebody if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's somebody if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's somebody if you ask
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mechanic how to make the ship, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic how to make the ship, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic how to make the ship, the
+mechanic can't tell you. Doesn't know. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic can't tell you. Doesn't know. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic can't tell you. Doesn't know. I
+just do this part of it. you know, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this part of it. you know, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this part of it. you know, I I
+seam I I put the seam uh you know, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam I I put the seam uh you know, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam I I put the seam uh you know, I I
+ the seams or I do I I build the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ the seams or I do I I build the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ the seams or I do I I build the
+mast or I make the sails or I you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast or I make the sails or I you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast or I make the sails or I you know,
+think of all the thousands of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all the thousands of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all the thousands of things
+that go into building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into building a
+ship. Nobody sat down one night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship. Nobody sat down one night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship. Nobody sat down one night and
+said, "Okay, I'm going to design this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Okay, I'm going to design this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, "Okay, I'm going to design this
+thing uh you know from scratch." Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh you know from scratch." Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh you know from scratch." Okay,
+so he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he says
+um many worlds might have been bunched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many worlds might have been bunched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um many worlds might have been bunched
+and bungled throughout the eternity era.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bungled throughout the eternity era.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bungled throughout the eternity era.
+system was struck out. Much labor lost,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was struck out. Much labor lost,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system was struck out. Much labor lost,
+many fruitless trials made and a slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fruitless trials made and a slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fruitless trials made and a slow
+but continued improvement carried on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but continued improvement carried on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but continued improvement carried on
+during infinite ages in the art of world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during infinite ages in the art of world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during infinite ages in the art of world
+making. This would strike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making. This would strike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making. This would strike
+u uh dei as you know highly sacrilegious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u uh dei as you know highly sacrilegious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u uh dei as you know highly sacrilegious
+and profane but you know we are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and profane but you know we are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and profane but you know we are in a
+discussion here trying to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here trying to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion here trying to look at what
+the possibilities are and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities are and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities are and that's what
+the point of Hume's discussion is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of Hume's discussion is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of Hume's discussion is is
+open us up to the ways in which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open us up to the ways in which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open us up to the ways in which we can
+think about the world open the mind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the world open the mind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the world open the mind up
+you know think about the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think about the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know think about the possibilities
+the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of
+possibilities you know he's not he's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you know he's not he's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities you know he's not he's not
+trying to make you I think and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make you I think and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make you I think and you can
+you can choose your you can pick your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose your you can pick your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose your you can pick your
+object.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object.
+Is that slow advocacy for like some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that slow advocacy for like some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that slow advocacy for like some kind
+of polytheism or like in the last part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polytheism or like in the last part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of polytheism or like in the last part
+of that ship builder argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that ship builder argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that ship builder argument is
+yeah the uh say like a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the uh say like a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the uh say like a lot of people
+work yeah he says in one passage he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah he says in one passage he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah he says in one passage he says
+well maybe a lot of gods worked on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe a lot of gods worked on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe a lot of gods worked on the
+world you know maybe the world was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know maybe the world was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know maybe the world was you
+know kind of a collective enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of a collective enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of a collective enterprise
+among deities several of them got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among deities several of them got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among deities several of them got
+together and sort of made up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and sort of made up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and sort of made up the
+different elements of the world and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements of the world and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements of the world and so
+on and so forth and uh Yeah. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and uh Yeah. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth and uh Yeah. So you
+could use that as you know uh if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that as you know uh if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that as you know uh if you if
+you wanted to for that kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to for that kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to for that kind of an
+argument. I don't think he's serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. I don't think he's serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. I don't think he's serious
+about it. But he's just trying to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. But he's just trying to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. But he's just trying to point
+out that you know you can think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you know you can think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that you know you can think about a
+lot of different ways in which the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different ways in which the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different ways in which the world
+could come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come into
+existence. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence. Okay.
+So unnecessary complexity. Is this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unnecessary complexity. Is this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unnecessary complexity. Is this a
+uh is this something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is this something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is this something that
+uh uh that uh Felo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggesting? Does a world is the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting? Does a world is the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting? Does a world is the world
+unnecessarily complex?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, it's a it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's a it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it's a it's an interesting
+question. I know the Rube Goldberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. I know the Rube Goldberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. I know the Rube Goldberg
+machines I'm sure you've all seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I'm sure you've all seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines I'm sure you've all seen and
+they're immensely charming. U but uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're immensely charming. U but uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're immensely charming. U but uh the
+fact that the world seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the world seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the world seems to
+operate in ways that might not operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in ways that might not operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate in ways that might not operate
+if it were designed precisely for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were designed precisely for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it were designed precisely for its
+purpose. The notion that it may be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose. The notion that it may be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose. The notion that it may be more
+complex than it need be. I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex than it need be. I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex than it need be. I think there's
+this kind of dialogue underneath some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of dialogue underneath some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of dialogue underneath some of
+Felo's speculations here that yeah, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo's speculations here that yeah, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo's speculations here that yeah, we
+have pain and we have pleasure and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pain and we have pleasure and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pain and we have pleasure and you
+know we have general laws and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have general laws and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have general laws and so forth
+but uh you know if if an ideal person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know if if an ideal person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you know if if an ideal person or
+ideal deity were building the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal deity were building the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal deity were building the world
+maybe it'd be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'd be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it'd be a little
+simpler and a little less painful and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and a little less painful and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler and a little less painful and so
+forth. So underneath here is some notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. So underneath here is some notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. So underneath here is some notion
+of mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constraint and that's a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and that's a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint and that's a very powerful
+idea within Darwin that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea within Darwin that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea within Darwin that you know
+evolution in Darwin's view you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in Darwin's view you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in Darwin's view you can't
+work like God and just do the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like God and just do the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like God and just do the thing that
+the species needs. Evolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species needs. Evolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the species needs. Evolution is
+constrained is it not? How is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained is it not? How is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained is it not? How is it
+constrained?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limited by it's limited by the mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by it's limited by the mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited by it's limited by the mutations
+that occur by the mutations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur by the mutations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occur by the mutations and the
+subject now that they have to work with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject now that they have to work with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject now that they have to work with.
+Evolution works with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution works with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution works with what
+exists and you know so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and you know so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and you know so uh
+uh a bladder in some ocean organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bladder in some ocean organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a bladder in some ocean organism
+emerges in a land organism as a lung.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges in a land organism as a lung.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerges in a land organism as a lung.
+But you know the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you know the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you know the fact that you know
+evolution is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution is constantly
+um as a process incremental process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a process incremental process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as a process incremental process is
+constantly working with whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly working with whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly working with whatever the
+materials that are available. You can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are available. You can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials that are available. You can't
+create new materials. It doesn't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new materials. It doesn't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create new materials. It doesn't it's
+not like a designer in a laboratory or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a designer in a laboratory or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like a designer in a laboratory or a
+workshop who says oh I need I need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop who says oh I need I need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop who says oh I need I need this
+and I'll put this wheel here and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll put this wheel here and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll put this wheel here and I'll
+put this here you know so forth. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this here you know so forth. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this here you know so forth. That
+seems to be Cleanthy's model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be Cleanthy's model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be Cleanthy's model for the
+universe is it was made like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is it was made like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe is it was made like a
+clock and you know somebody just put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and you know somebody just put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and you know somebody just put it
+all together in a workshop quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together in a workshop quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together in a workshop quite a
+workshop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshop
+whereas the notion behind evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the notion behind evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the notion behind evolution and
+Felo is beginning to explore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo is beginning to explore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo is beginning to explore this
+terrain is there are incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain is there are incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrain is there are incredible
+constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints
+All organisms are under phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All organisms are under phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All organisms are under phenomenal
+pressure, phenomenal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure, phenomenal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure, phenomenal
+constraints and um you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and um you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and um you know they
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+function just barely as well as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just barely as well as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function just barely as well as they
+need to in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive.
+Okay. So then of course his part seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then of course his part seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then of course his part seven
+he gets into his uh he really likes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets into his uh he really likes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he gets into his uh he really likes this
+this notion of vegetative universe. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of vegetative universe. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of vegetative universe. Of
+course, as as you said, he doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, as as you said, he doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, as as you said, he doesn't have
+a ghost of an idea exactly how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ghost of an idea exactly how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ghost of an idea exactly how this
+works either, but at least he's keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works either, but at least he's keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works either, but at least he's keeping
+the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of
+explanation, you know, in a band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation, you know, in a band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation, you know, in a band of
+explanation that we all kind of accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that we all kind of accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that we all kind of accept
+as a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a natural
+world. I mean, cosmos is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. I mean, cosmos is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. I mean, cosmos is a little bit
+out there. We don't know a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. We don't know a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there. We don't know a whole lot
+about the all the particulars of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the all the particulars of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the all the particulars of the
+cosmos, but you know, we know that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos, but you know, we know that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos, but you know, we know that we're
+part of it. The earth is part of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it. The earth is part of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it. The earth is part of it.
+Newton's laws as we said before sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws as we said before sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's laws as we said before sort of
+extended the explanation and the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended the explanation and the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended the explanation and the sort of
+principles of physical existence into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of physical existence into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of physical existence into
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+heavens. So the notion that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavens. So the notion that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavens. So the notion that uh this
+physical law extends beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical law extends beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical law extends beyond
+uh and Newton others did before Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Newton others did before Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and Newton others did before Newton
+too. I mean even capernicus they're sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I mean even capernicus they're sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too. I mean even capernicus they're sort
+of working on principles of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on principles of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of working on principles of natural
+explanation that goes all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that goes all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation that goes all the way back
+to early early Greek thought this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to early early Greek thought this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to early early Greek thought this whole
+spirit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit of
+naturalism. Okay. So he says the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalism. Okay. So he says the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturalism. Okay. So he says the world
+plainly resembles more an animal or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plainly resembles more an animal or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plainly resembles more an animal or a
+vegetable than it does a watch or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable than it does a watch or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable than it does a watch or a
+knitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knitting
+loom. His cause therefore it is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loom. His cause therefore it is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loom. His cause therefore it is more
+probable resembles the cause of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable resembles the cause of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable resembles the cause of the
+former. The cause of the former is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former. The cause of the former is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former. The cause of the former is
+generation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation or
+vegetation. The cause therefore of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation. The cause therefore of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation. The cause therefore of the
+world we may infer to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we may infer to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we may infer to be something
+similar or analogous to generation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar or analogous to generation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar or analogous to generation or
+vegetation. As he says, the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation. As he says, the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetation. As he says, the effects of
+these principles are all known to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles are all known to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principles are all known to us
+from experience. But the principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experience. But the principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experience. But the principles
+themselves and their manner of operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and their manner of operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and their manner of operation
+are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are totally
+unknown. But that's okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown. But that's okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown. But that's okay.
+I mean there are people who are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there are people who are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there are people who are going to
+look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these
+uh questions. Some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions. Some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh questions. Some of them
+um you know uh this this book uh was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh this this book uh was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh this this book uh was
+really just u just before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just u just before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just u just before the
+development of um uh astronomy. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of um uh astronomy. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of um uh astronomy. the
+Hershels, the two Hershels who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hershels, the two Hershels who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hershels, the two Hershels who uh
+developed modern concepts of astronomy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed modern concepts of astronomy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed modern concepts of astronomy,
+the expanding universe and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expanding universe and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expanding universe and so on and so
+forth and took astronomical speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and took astronomical speculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and took astronomical speculation
+to a much more detailed and higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a much more detailed and higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a much more detailed and higher level
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+understanding. And you know the uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding. And you know the uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding. And you know the uh many
+of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things
+uh that they showed was that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they showed was that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that they showed was that we can
+learn more and more and more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more and more and more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more and more and more about the
+way the cosmos works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the cosmos works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the cosmos works.
+We can't learn more and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can't learn more and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can't learn more and more and more
+about how the great clock of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the great clock of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the great clock of the
+universe came into existence from in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe came into existence from in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe came into existence from in the
+lab of in the lab of the u of gods. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab of in the lab of the u of gods. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab of in the lab of the u of gods. So
+you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's
+a there's a possibility of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a possibility of scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a possibility of scientific
+exploration in one direction but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration in one direction but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploration in one direction but in the
+other direction that possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction that possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction that possibility is
+really barren. There's not a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really barren. There's not a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really barren. There's not a whole lot
+you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look
+into.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into.
+So, nor is it less intelligible or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, nor is it less intelligible or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, nor is it less intelligible or less
+conformable to experience to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformable to experience to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformable to experience to say that
+the world rose by vegetation from a seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world rose by vegetation from a seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world rose by vegetation from a seed
+shed by another world than to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed by another world than to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shed by another world than to say that
+it rose from a divine reason or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rose from a divine reason or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it rose from a divine reason or
+contrivance according to the senses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivance according to the senses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrivance according to the senses in
+which Cleanth understands. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Cleanth understands. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Cleanth understands. Okay. And
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+he Okay. So, this is this is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Okay. So, this is this is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he Okay. So, this is this is where we
+arrive. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive. um
+um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in
+uh leading up to u the last the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leading up to u the last the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leading up to u the last the last
+section.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section.
+Uh I mean there there's a lot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I mean there there's a lot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I mean there there's a lot in the
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book
+and we could probably spend the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could probably spend the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we could probably spend the whole
+term working on this book if you were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term working on this book if you were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term working on this book if you were so
+inclined.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined.
+Uh him's a a great thinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh him's a a great thinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh him's a a great thinker
+and a generous thinker. He gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a generous thinker. He gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a generous thinker. He gives
+everybody a very solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody a very solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody a very solid
+representation. You can say, well, he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. You can say, well, he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation. You can say, well, he
+favors Felo, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors Felo, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favors Felo, but
+uh he does give Filel the last sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he does give Filel the last sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he does give Filel the last sort of
+section. So I've always thought myself,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. So I've always thought myself,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section. So I've always thought myself,
+yeah, he's sort of giving him the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, he's sort of giving him the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, he's sort of giving him the the
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best
+parts. on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. on the other hand
+uh he certainly gives a a good run for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he certainly gives a a good run for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he certainly gives a a good run for
+Cleanthies and he deeply respects I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanthies and he deeply respects I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleanthies and he deeply respects I'm
+I'm convinced uh the speculations of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm convinced uh the speculations of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm convinced uh the speculations of uh
+Demia or or not speculations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demia or or not speculations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demia or or not speculations because
+Demia doesn't like to speculate he the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demia doesn't like to speculate he the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Demia doesn't like to speculate he the
+belief and the pious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief and the pious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief and the pious
+faith okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith okay
+so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in
+Part 11. We're jumping to the uh end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part 11. We're jumping to the uh end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part 11. We're jumping to the uh end
+here, but these are sections that are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but these are sections that are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but these are sections that are of
+importance to us in our exploration here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to us in our exploration here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to us in our exploration here
+this term. Um he comes to this question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term. Um he comes to this question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term. Um he comes to this question.
+Um what would we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what would we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what would we
+expect from a powerful, wise, benevolent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from a powerful, wise, benevolent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from a powerful, wise, benevolent
+deity who is making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity who is making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deity who is making a
+world? What what what would we expect?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world? What what what would we expect?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world? What what what would we expect?
+and he comes he's devoted the chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he comes he's devoted the chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he comes he's devoted the chapter
+before this on sort of short chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this on sort of short chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this on sort of short chapter on
+the persistence of misery and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the persistence of misery and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the persistence of misery and how
+miserable humans are you know the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable humans are you know the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable humans are you know the fact
+that they've got illnesses and they're I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've got illnesses and they're I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've got illnesses and they're I
+mean humans have had the plague they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean humans have had the plague they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean humans have had the plague they've
+had you know I think probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you know I think probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had you know I think probably
+today we may not really be in a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we may not really be in a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we may not really be in a good
+position to appreciate what life was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to appreciate what life was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position to appreciate what life was
+like in the mid 18th century. It was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the mid 18th century. It was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the mid 18th century. It was not
+quite like our, you know, suburban life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like our, you know, suburban life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite like our, you know, suburban life
+and our, you know, uh, moderate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our, you know, uh, moderate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our, you know, uh, moderate level
+of, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affluence, which some people see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence, which some people see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence, which some people see
+diminishing these days. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing these days. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing these days. But
+nevertheless, uh, compared to compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless, uh, compared to compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless, uh, compared to compared
+to the average person and access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average person and access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average person and access to
+health care and nutrition and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care and nutrition and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health care and nutrition and so on and
+so forth, kings and queens really didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth, kings and queens really didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth, kings and queens really didn't
+uh have the options that we have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the options that we have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have the options that we have.
+There was a lot of you know moderately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a lot of you know moderately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a lot of you know moderately
+miserable condition to human living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable condition to human living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable condition to human living
+um and a lot of very strikingly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of very strikingly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a lot of very strikingly uh
+striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+misery lots and lots of really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misery lots and lots of really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misery lots and lots of really really
+poor people. Um so you know when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people. Um so you know when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people. Um so you know when he
+talks about this section it has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about this section it has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about this section it has a little
+more impact at that time. Now we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more impact at that time. Now we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more impact at that time. Now we could
+ask if today you know have we emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if today you know have we emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask if today you know have we emerged
+out of that period of all this pain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that period of all this pain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that period of all this pain and
+so forth and maybe at last we've uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and maybe at last we've uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and maybe at last we've uh that
+that's that accidental world of u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that accidental world of u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that accidental world of u of
+voltater you know which I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltater you know which I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltater you know which I think most
+people thought was a little overdone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought was a little overdone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought was a little overdone but
+nevertheless pointed out to some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless pointed out to some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless pointed out to some serious
+truths. Okay. So he says uh the the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths. Okay. So he says uh the the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truths. Okay. So he says uh the the four
+the persistence of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the persistence of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the persistence of human
+misery and he he points out that uh Felo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misery and he he points out that uh Felo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misery and he he points out that uh Felo
+points out that there are what he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out that there are what he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points out that there are what he calls
+four circumstances of evil and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four circumstances of evil and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four circumstances of evil and the first
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+pain. What about pain?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, he says that pain is unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, he says that pain is unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, he says that pain is unnecessary
+if like all it's trying to get you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like all it's trying to get you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if like all it's trying to get you to do
+is to not do things that cause pain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to not do things that cause pain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to not do things that cause pain.
+Like it teaches you to stay away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like it teaches you to stay away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like it teaches you to stay away from
+things. But so it's kind of like um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But so it's kind of like um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. But so it's kind of like um it's
+like a punishment correction kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a punishment correction kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a punishment correction kind of
+factor. And he proposes that if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And he proposes that if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor. And he proposes that if we just
+had pleasure and more pleasure then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pleasure and more pleasure then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had pleasure and more pleasure then
+people would naturally stay away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would naturally stay away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would naturally stay away from
+the things that do not give them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that do not give them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that do not give them that
+much pleasure or like just slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much pleasure or like just slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much pleasure or like just slight
+discomfort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discomfort.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discomfort.
+Okay. Yeah. He says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so he says the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so he says the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so he says the first
+circumstance which introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance which introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance which introduces
+evil. We can we can discuss the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil. We can we can discuss the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil. We can we can discuss the meaning
+of evil um is that contrivance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evil um is that contrivance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evil um is that contrivance or
+economy of the animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creation. Pay attention to language here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation. Pay attention to language here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation. Pay attention to language here
+because this this notion of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this notion of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this this notion of an
+economy. Why is he using the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. Why is he using the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy. Why is he using the word
+economy? He's spelling it oe. uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy? He's spelling it oe. uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy? He's spelling it oe. uh but
+it's it's the word economy. He says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the word economy. He says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the word economy. He says the
+first circumstance which introduces evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first circumstance which introduces evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first circumstance which introduces evil
+is that contrivance or economy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that contrivance or economy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that contrivance or economy of the
+animal creation by which pains as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal creation by which pains as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal creation by which pains as well
+as pleasures are employed to excite all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pleasures are employed to excite all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pleasures are employed to excite all
+creatures to action and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures to action and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures to action and make them
+vigilant in the great work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-preservation. How about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation. How about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation. How about that
+economy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+self-preservation? Why is he referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation? Why is he referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation? Why is he referring
+to economy? David,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to economy? David,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to economy? David,
+it kind of reminds me of survival of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of reminds me of survival of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of reminds me of survival of the
+fittest almost like Okay. Um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fittest almost like Okay. Um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fittest almost like Okay. Um it's
+there's competition and they're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's competition and they're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's competition and they're always
+trying to one's always trying to outdo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to one's always trying to outdo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to one's always trying to outdo
+the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other.
+Yeah. Darwin used the word economy in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Darwin used the word economy in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Darwin used the word economy in in
+in New York.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York.
+So what is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is an
+economy? Why do we use a word economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy? Why do we use a word economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy? Why do we use a word economy
+for the situated nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the situated nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the situated nature
+of living beings?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+First and foremost to be an environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and foremost to be an environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and foremost to be an environment
+with limited resources. Okay. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limited resources. Okay. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limited resources. Okay. And so
+it's um different aspects of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um different aspects of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um different aspects of the economy
+making decisions based on those limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions based on those limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making decisions based on those limited
+resources. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources. Yeah.
+Yeah. There are limited resources.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There are limited resources.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There are limited resources.
+uh things are trying to stay alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things are trying to stay alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things are trying to stay alive and
+there's a certain amount of you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain amount of you know as
+he says uh the great work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says uh the great work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says uh the great work of
+self-preservation this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation this is you know
+suggests economy great work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests economy great work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests economy great work of
+self-preservation you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation you know there's a
+context in which things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v for
+self-preservation and this is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation and this is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-preservation and this is uh this is
+uh driven partly ly, he says, or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh driven partly ly, he says, or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh driven partly ly, he says, or or
+regulated partly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated partly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated partly by
+pain. How else could it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain. How else could it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain. How else could it be
+regulated, Jennifer?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Like what he argued how? Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like what he argued how? Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like what he argued how? Yeah. Yeah.
+Yeah. By like just not having pleasure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. By like just not having pleasure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. By like just not having pleasure.
+But like in instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But like in instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But like in instead of
+But he was saying that like he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But he was saying that like he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But he was saying that like he was
+saying that you could just use pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you could just use pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you could just use pleasure
+instead of pleasure and pain. Yeah. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pleasure and pain. Yeah. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of pleasure and pain. Yeah. Is
+that any any opinions on whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any any opinions on whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any any opinions on whether that
+would work? I feel like it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work? I feel like it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would work? I feel like it's all
+relative. And if you did it that way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative. And if you did it that way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative. And if you did it that way,
+then less pleasure would be equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then less pleasure would be equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then less pleasure would be equivalent
+to pain, wouldn't it? Okay. Yeah. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pain, wouldn't it? Okay. Yeah. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pain, wouldn't it? Okay. Yeah. All
+right. Or deprivation of some sort. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Or deprivation of some sort. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Or deprivation of some sort. And
+pain comes in many forms doesn't it? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain comes in many forms doesn't it? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain comes in many forms doesn't it? It
+comes as you know uh pain is a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes as you know uh pain is a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes as you know uh pain is a kind of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it it can yeah pain is be pretty hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can yeah pain is be pretty hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it can yeah pain is be pretty hard
+word to define actually it's it ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to define actually it's it ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word to define actually it's it ranges
+all the way from mild discomfort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from mild discomfort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from mild discomfort to
+intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense
+suffering and uh you know across this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering and uh you know across this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering and uh you know across this
+whole realm of uh experience we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole realm of uh experience we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole realm of uh experience we see a
+lot of things. So yeah you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things. So yeah you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things. So yeah you could you
+could make that argument. Yeah Jacob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make that argument. Yeah Jacob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make that argument. Yeah Jacob
+Also, if you lose pain, you lose part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, if you lose pain, you lose part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, if you lose pain, you lose part of
+your spectrum, like you're just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrum, like you're just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrum, like you're just saying
+about how it ranges. If you have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it ranges. If you have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how it ranges. If you have just
+positive feedback, you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback, you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback, you don't know the
+difference between something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between something that
+neither hurts nor helps you versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither hurts nor helps you versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither hurts nor helps you versus
+something that does hurt you a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does hurt you a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that does hurt you a lot.
+Whereas, yeah. Yeah. It it would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas, yeah. Yeah. It it would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas, yeah. Yeah. It it would be an
+interesting speculation to imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting speculation to imagine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting speculation to imagine a
+world in which uh just degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which uh just degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in which uh just degrees of
+pleasure because maybe maybe in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure because maybe maybe in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure because maybe maybe in some
+sense if we just had degrees of pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if we just had degrees of pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if we just had degrees of pleasure
+without any pain we wouldn't think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any pain we wouldn't think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any pain we wouldn't think of it
+as pleasure. Maybe the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pleasure. Maybe the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as pleasure. Maybe the two things
+are exist in opposition to each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exist in opposition to each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exist in opposition to each other.
+this this notion of the proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this notion of the proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this notion of the proportion of
+pain and pleasure in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and pleasure in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and pleasure in our
+lives. You know, it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives. You know, it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives. You know, it's an interesting
+question, but certainly the capacity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, but certainly the capacity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, but certainly the capacity for
+pain and the capacity for intense pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and the capacity for intense pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain and the capacity for intense pain
+is there. And uh that's part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there. And uh that's part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there. And uh that's part of what
+he's arguing is, you know, is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's arguing is, you know, is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's arguing is, you know, is that
+capacity really needed? The deity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity really needed? The deity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity really needed? The deity was
+really concerned about us. Would, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concerned about us. Would, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concerned about us. Would, you
+know, these wars and all these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these wars and all these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, these wars and all these sorts of
+things be things that we would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things be things that we would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things be things that we would be the
+inventors of?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors of?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors of?
+Um so he he he designates this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so he he he designates this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so he he he designates this the first
+of the four circumstance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evil. The second one is operation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil. The second one is operation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil. The second one is operation by
+general laws. What does he mean here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general laws. What does he mean here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general laws. What does he mean here?
+Operation by general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operation by general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Operation by general
+laws. How could it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. How could it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws. How could it be
+different? Could we have special laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different? Could we have special laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different? Could we have special laws
+organized for each? Charles would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized for each? Charles would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized for each? Charles would have
+his own set of laws and Devon would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own set of laws and Devon would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own set of laws and Devon would have
+another set and Clare would have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set and Clare would have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set and Clare would have another
+set and they would all operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and they would all operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and they would all operate
+Uh so what does he mean by operation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what does he mean by operation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what does he mean by operation by
+general laws? Why is this something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general laws? Why is this something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general laws? Why is this something that
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+physics? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Basic physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Basic physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Basic physics
+of uh space and motion and things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh space and motion and things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh space and motion and things of
+that sort. Uh they don't you know work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort. Uh they don't you know work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort. Uh they don't you know work
+according to our individual we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our individual we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our individual we don't
+have our own private little world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our own private little world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our own private little world of
+laws to live in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws to live in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws to live in.
+Uh I always found this uh kind of an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I always found this uh kind of an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh I always found this uh kind of an odd
+argument because I couldn't imagine what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument because I couldn't imagine what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument because I couldn't imagine what
+uh the alternate would be. But he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alternate would be. But he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the alternate would be. But he
+says, "A being therefore who knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "A being therefore who knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "A being therefore who knows the
+secret springs of the universe might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret springs of the universe might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret springs of the universe might
+easily by particular volitions turn all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily by particular volitions turn all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily by particular volitions turn all
+these accidents to the good of mankind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accidents to the good of mankind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these accidents to the good of mankind
+and render the whole world happy without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and render the whole world happy without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and render the whole world happy without
+discovering himself in any operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering himself in any operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering himself in any operation.
+A fleet whose purposes were salutoy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A fleet whose purposes were salutoy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A fleet whose purposes were salutoy to
+society might always meet with a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society might always meet with a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society might always meet with a fair
+wind. Good princes enjoy sound health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind. Good princes enjoy sound health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind. Good princes enjoy sound health
+and long life. Persons born to power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long life. Persons born to power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long life. Persons born to power and
+authority be fame framed with good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority be fame framed with good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority be fame framed with good
+tempers and virtuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempers and virtuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempers and virtuous
+dispositions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions.
+Uh goes on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh goes on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh goes on.
+So there seem to be a lot of laws that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there seem to be a lot of laws that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there seem to be a lot of laws that
+we have to adapt to. Nature is, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to adapt to. Nature is, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to adapt to. Nature is, you
+know, as as we were saying before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as as we were saying before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, as as we were saying before,
+nature is the realm of natural law, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is the realm of natural law, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is the realm of natural law, the
+way in which it operates and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which it operates and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which it operates and our
+position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in
+nature, you know, we contend with it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature, you know, we contend with it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature, you know, we contend with it.
+It's it's there's a struggle there. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's there's a struggle there. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's there's a struggle there. Is
+it just arguing for the consistency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just arguing for the consistency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just arguing for the consistency of
+good and evil? Like for example, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and evil? Like for example, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and evil? Like for example, the the
+fact that no matter how many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that no matter how many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that no matter how many times
+there's an earthquake, the earthquake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an earthquake, the earthquake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an earthquake, the earthquake
+always seems to be a bad thing. Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always seems to be a bad thing. Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always seems to be a bad thing. Whereas
+in the opposite case where one time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite case where one time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite case where one time you
+have an earthquake and it ruins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an earthquake and it ruins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an earthquake and it ruins the
+town, the next time it causes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town, the next time it causes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town, the next time it causes all the
+all the caves on the mountain to open up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the caves on the mountain to open up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the caves on the mountain to open up
+and gold comes or whatever, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gold comes or whatever, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gold comes or whatever, you know,
+diamonds come pouring out. Like is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds come pouring out. Like is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamonds come pouring out. Like is that
+all is that what the argument is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is that what the argument is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is that what the argument is about
+or I'm not quite sure I'm following it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm not quite sure I'm following it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm not quite sure I'm following it?
+uh he's I think the former that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's I think the former that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he's I think the former that that you
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+the way in which we experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which we experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which we experience
+catastrophes is always when we somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophes is always when we somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophes is always when we somehow
+find ourselves in the midst of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ourselves in the midst of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ourselves in the midst of large
+physical forces. Uh and those physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forces. Uh and those physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical forces. Uh and those physical
+forces can be described in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces can be described in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces can be described in a variety of
+ways that we have no control over. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have no control over. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we have no control over. And
+so, you know, like in the great, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, you know, like in the great, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, you know, like in the great, you
+know, winds we get caught up in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, winds we get caught up in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, winds we get caught up in and
+earthquakes as you say and so forth. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes as you say and so forth. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquakes as you say and so forth. Um,
+and rarely do they turn out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rarely do they turn out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rarely do they turn out to
+be for the good, but it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for the good, but it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be for the good, but it is it is
+conceptually possible that they would,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually possible that they would,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually possible that they would,
+you know, uh, earthquake might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, earthquake might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, uh, earthquake might take
+place and bring in water to the inland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and bring in water to the inland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and bring in water to the inland
+that you could then use for your farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could then use for your farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could then use for your farms
+and things of that sort. But uh usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things of that sort. But uh usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things of that sort. But uh usually
+it's the opposite. Mudslides, uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the opposite. Mudslides, uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the opposite. Mudslides, uh people
+getting buried, uh people getting caught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting buried, uh people getting caught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting buried, uh people getting caught
+in hurricanes, uh things of this sort.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hurricanes, uh things of this sort.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hurricanes, uh things of this sort.
+And the fact that these are all just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact that these are all just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact that these are all just
+part of natural law. I they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of natural law. I they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of natural law. I they're just
+things that happen in nature. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in nature. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that happen in nature. They're
+consistent. They're part of the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent. They're part of the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent. They're part of the natural
+world. And so our fit with the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And so our fit with the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And so our fit with the natural
+world is what he's really saying is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is what he's really saying is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is what he's really saying is not
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+good. Yeah. You know, if we now now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Yeah. You know, if we now now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Yeah. You know, if we now now we
+know humans and their history and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know humans and their history and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know humans and their history and there
+were hunter gatherers and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hunter gatherers and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were hunter gatherers and there were
+farms and you know all uh agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms and you know all uh agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farms and you know all uh agricultural
+societies and you know there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies and you know there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies and you know there was a
+steady growth into the cities and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady growth into the cities and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady growth into the cities and so on
+and so forth. Uh but through all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. Uh but through all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth. Uh but through all that
+history that we know uh the fit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that we know uh the fit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history that we know uh the fit of
+humans with their environment has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans with their environment has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans with their environment has not
+been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been that
+great and we're experiencing it now. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and we're experiencing it now. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and we're experiencing it now. You
+know, we talk endlessly about climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we talk endlessly about climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we talk endlessly about climate
+change and that's going right to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and that's going right to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and that's going right to his
+point about natural law because climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about natural law because climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point about natural law because climate
+is in some sense the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense the natural
+uh natural existence of our lives. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural existence of our lives. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh natural existence of our lives. I
+mean this is what we exist in and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what we exist in and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what we exist in and as
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+changes we have to scramble to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes we have to scramble to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes we have to scramble to try to
+figure out how to live within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to live within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to live within that
+context.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context.
+So yeah, we are humans with expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, we are humans with expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah, we are humans with expectations
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+consciousness who find themselves kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness who find themselves kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness who find themselves kind
+of in nature someplace and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in nature someplace and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in nature someplace and trying to
+figure out how to adapt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to adapt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to adapt to
+it. So that in in some sense is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So that in in some sense is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So that in in some sense is the
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+project is to adapt better to nature. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is to adapt better to nature. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is to adapt better to nature. I
+mean, if a deity can simply change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, if a deity can simply change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, if a deity can simply change
+everything, has infinite capacity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, has infinite capacity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, has infinite capacity,
+couldn't a deity just constantly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't a deity just constantly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't a deity just constantly be
+shifting? Uh, I mean, it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting? Uh, I mean, it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting? Uh, I mean, it's kind of an
+absurd argument, but but you know, he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd argument, but but you know, he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd argument, but but you know, he's
+it does draw out the fact that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does draw out the fact that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does draw out the fact that we do
+live in these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in these uh
+contested uh spaces of existence, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will. Okay. So, operation by general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. Okay. So, operation by general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will. Okay. So, operation by general
+laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the parsimony of powers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parsimony of powers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parsimony of powers and
+faculties. What's he talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties. What's he talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties. What's he talking about
+here? We not only exist in this content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? We not only exist in this content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? We not only exist in this content
+contended space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but humans. Yeah. Well, we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but humans. Yeah. Well, we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but humans. Yeah. Well, we don't have
+wings. We don't have fur. We don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings. We don't have fur. We don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings. We don't have fur. We don't have
+claws.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claws.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claws.
+Like we don't have a lot of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we don't have a lot of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like we don't have a lot of things that
+could make us a lot better off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make us a lot better off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make us a lot better off in
+nature, but we do have some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature, but we do have some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature, but we do have some things that
+other animals don't. Yeah. Yeah. We we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals don't. Yeah. Yeah. We we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other animals don't. Yeah. Yeah. We we
+we have um we certainly have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um we certainly have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um we certainly have a
+u a capacity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a capacity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u a capacity to
+reason.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason.
+Uh he says here uh in short nature seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh he says here uh in short nature seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh he says here uh in short nature seems
+to have formed an exact calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have formed an exact calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have formed an exact calculation of
+the necessities of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessities of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the necessities of her
+creatures. That's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures. That's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatures. That's a pretty
+observant statement. Uh and like a rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observant statement. Uh and like a rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observant statement. Uh and like a rigid
+master has afforded them little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master has afforded them little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master has afforded them little more
+powers or endowments than what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers or endowments than what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers or endowments than what are
+strictly sufficient to apply those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly sufficient to apply those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly sufficient to apply those to
+supply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply those
+necessities. An indulgent parent would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities. An indulgent parent would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities. An indulgent parent would
+have bestowed a large stock in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bestowed a large stock in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bestowed a large stock in order to
+guard against accidents, secure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard against accidents, secure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard against accidents, secure the
+happiness and welfare of the creature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness and welfare of the creature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness and welfare of the creature in
+the most unfortunate concurrence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circumstances. So this is a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances. So this is a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances. So this is a famous
+sculpture called the dying goal. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture called the dying goal. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture called the dying goal. But
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice? I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+humans you know aren't that impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you know aren't that impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you know aren't that impressive
+uh when it comes to their you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when it comes to their you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when it comes to their you know their
+physical I mean everything of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical I mean everything of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical I mean everything of course I
+mean they are impressive in many ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they are impressive in many ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they are impressive in many ways
+obviously and especially in their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and especially in their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and especially in their their
+their mental capacities and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mental capacities and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mental capacities and so on and so
+forth but you know look how frail this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but you know look how frail this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but you know look how frail this
+figure is and humans have been uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is and humans have been uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure is and humans have been uh
+developed with a little more capacity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with a little more capacity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with a little more capacity a
+little more ability to furnish their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more ability to furnish their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more ability to furnish their
+needs to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to avoid
+the pain and suffering or to adapt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pain and suffering or to adapt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pain and suffering or to adapt to
+the natural powers or whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural powers or whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural powers or whatever.
+So the existence of general laws and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the integration of that with the frail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of that with the frail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration of that with the frail
+human I mean you can see what's building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human I mean you can see what's building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human I mean you can see what's building
+up here is is a picture of u you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is is a picture of u you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is is a picture of u you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+incremental change or incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change or incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental change or incremental
+uh uh scaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ability. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability. Okay.
+Now again, I don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now again, I don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now again, I don't want to be
+ahistorical about this, but Darwin comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahistorical about this, but Darwin comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahistorical about this, but Darwin comes
+into this and you can see where a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and you can see where a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this and you can see where a lot of
+Darwin's thinking is when he's thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's thinking is when he's thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darwin's thinking is when he's thinking
+about organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about organic
+beings. Everything in Darwin's system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings. Everything in Darwin's system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings. Everything in Darwin's system of
+natural existence is in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural existence is in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural existence is in the same
+situation, humans included. They all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, humans included. They all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, humans included. They all
+have something, but just enough to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something, but just enough to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something, but just enough to get
+into the next generation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So yeah there's a lot of for all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah there's a lot of for all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah there's a lot of for all its
+abundance there's tremendous parsimony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance there's tremendous parsimony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance there's tremendous parsimony
+in in natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+existence and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence and finally
+uh this seems to me close to general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this seems to me close to general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this seems to me close to general
+laws operation of general laws what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws operation of general laws what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws operation of general laws what uh
+is what he calls inaccurate workmanship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls inaccurate workmanship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what he calls inaccurate workmanship
+in some sense he's coming back to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense he's coming back to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense he's coming back to his
+you know contradiction of U Cleanthy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know contradiction of U Cleanthy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know contradiction of U Cleanthy's
+great beautiful machine of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great beautiful machine of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great beautiful machine of of the
+universe. He's saying, you know, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. He's saying, you know, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe. He's saying, you know, this is
+a great beautiful machine. It's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great beautiful machine. It's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great beautiful machine. It's not that
+beautiful when you look at it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful when you look at it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful when you look at it more
+closely. It's got lots and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely. It's got lots and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely. It's got lots and lots of
+problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u he says the four circumstances which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u he says the four circumstances which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u he says the four circumstances which
+arises uh whence arise the misery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises uh whence arise the misery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises uh whence arise the misery and
+ill of the universe is the inaccurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill of the universe is the inaccurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ill of the universe is the inaccurate
+workmanship of all the springs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workmanship of all the springs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workmanship of all the springs and
+principles of the great machine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of the great machine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles of the great machine of
+nature. It must be acknowledged that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. It must be acknowledged that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature. It must be acknowledged that
+there are few parts of the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few parts of the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few parts of the universe
+which seem not to serve some purpose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seem not to serve some purpose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seem not to serve some purpose and
+whose removal would not produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose removal would not produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose removal would not produce a
+visible defect or disorder in the whole.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible defect or disorder in the whole.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible defect or disorder in the whole.
+the parts all hang together, nor can one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts all hang together, nor can one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parts all hang together, nor can one
+be touched uh without affecting the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be touched uh without affecting the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be touched uh without affecting the rest
+in a greater or less degree. But at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a greater or less degree. But at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a greater or less degree. But at the
+same time, it must be observed that none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, it must be observed that none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time, it must be observed that none
+of these parts or principles, however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these parts or principles, however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these parts or principles, however
+useful, are so accurately adjusted as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful, are so accurately adjusted as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful, are so accurately adjusted as to
+keep precisely within those bounds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep precisely within those bounds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep precisely within those bounds in
+which their utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which their utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which their utility
+consists. And so he goes on u uh thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists. And so he goes on u uh thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists. And so he goes on u uh thus
+the winds are requisite to convey the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winds are requisite to convey the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the winds are requisite to convey the
+vapors along the surface of the globe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapors along the surface of the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapors along the surface of the globe
+and to assist men in navigation. But how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to assist men in navigation. But how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to assist men in navigation. But how
+often rising up to tempests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often rising up to tempests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often rising up to tempests and
+hurricanes do they become pernitious?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes do they become pernitious?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurricanes do they become pernitious?
+Rains are necessary to nourish all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rains are necessary to nourish all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rains are necessary to nourish all the
+plants and animals of the earth. But how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and animals of the earth. But how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and animals of the earth. But how
+often are they defective? How often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are they defective? How often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often are they defective? How often
+excessive? Heat is requisite to all life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive? Heat is requisite to all life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excessive? Heat is requisite to all life
+and vegetation, but it is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vegetation, but it is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vegetation, but it is not always
+found in due proportion and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in due proportion and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in due proportion and so on and so
+forth. We have lots of complaints. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. We have lots of complaints. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth. We have lots of complaints. I
+mean, you know, we can we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you know, we can we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you know, we can we can always
+find things to complain about, but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find things to complain about, but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find things to complain about, but um
+this is uh the fourth of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh the fourth of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh the fourth of his
+his accounts or his uh what he calls his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his accounts or his uh what he calls his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his accounts or his uh what he calls his
+uh circumstance of evil.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh circumstance of evil.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh circumstance of evil.
+And in this his effort to ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this his effort to ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in this his effort to ultimately
+uh counter Cleanthy's uh natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh counter Cleanthy's uh natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh counter Cleanthy's uh natural
+theology as being even vaguely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology as being even vaguely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology as being even vaguely
+valid. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. So it's
+uh Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what do you think of the three? Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do you think of the three? Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do you think of the three? Are
+they I suppose I'm coming out as a Felo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I suppose I'm coming out as a Felo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they I suppose I'm coming out as a Felo
+uh fan. Uh I always liked Felo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fan. Uh I always liked Felo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fan. Uh I always liked Felo
+personally. Uh he's a skeptic and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally. Uh he's a skeptic and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally. Uh he's a skeptic and I
+don't know there's something about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there's something about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know there's something about his
+but I have to say uh Cleanths is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to say uh Cleanths is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to say uh Cleanths is is
+impressive and so is to me in his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive and so is to me in his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive and so is to me in his own
+way. Uh they all have uh their views of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Uh they all have uh their views of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Uh they all have uh their views of
+the world. Do you think these views now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Do you think these views now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Do you think these views now
+are pretty much old? you know, are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much old? you know, are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty much old? you know, are these
+things that we've moved beyond or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've moved beyond or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we've moved beyond or do
+they still exist among people in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still exist among people in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still exist among people in our
+contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary
+society? And is there a fourth view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society? And is there a fourth view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society? And is there a fourth view that
+I've missed that that Hume has missed?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I'm a feeler fan, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I'm a feeler fan, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I'm a feeler fan, too.
+I'm definitely still apply. I'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely still apply. I'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely still apply. I'll look at
+different views. just just the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views. just just the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views. just just the fact that
+like we still are choosing ones who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we still are choosing ones who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we still are choosing ones who we
+agree with and the fact that we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with and the fact that we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with and the fact that we can't
+count we I mean if we were involved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we I mean if we were involved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count we I mean if we were involved in a
+debate with these three philosophers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate with these three philosophers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate with these three philosophers I
+don't feel as though we would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel as though we would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel as though we would have the
+answers to counter everything that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to counter everything that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to counter everything that they
+were saying or to completely agree. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying or to completely agree. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying or to completely agree. So I
+think they're definitely still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're definitely still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they're definitely still
+applicable just because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable just because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable just because we don't have
+those answers yet. Yeah. I mean, any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those answers yet. Yeah. I mean, any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those answers yet. Yeah. I mean, any one
+of us in this room, if we were sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this room, if we were sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us in this room, if we were sitting
+in a room with any one of them, would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room with any one of them, would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a room with any one of them, would
+probably lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably lose the
+argument cuz they're all they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument cuz they're all they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument cuz they're all they're all
+pretty savvy about what they know. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty savvy about what they know. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty savvy about what they know. And
+yet, when you see them together, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, when you see them together, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, when you see them together, you
+think, whoa, they're, you know, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, whoa, they're, you know, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, whoa, they're, you know, they
+really represent quite a broad spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent quite a broad spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really represent quite a broad spectrum
+of uh of of views. um you know and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of of views. um you know and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of of views. um you know and and
+uh so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but
+certainly there are many many people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are many many people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are many many people in
+contemporary culture certainly here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary culture certainly here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary culture certainly here and
+elsewhere in the world who would line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere in the world who would line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere in the world who would line up
+with uh Demia and a pious view of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Demia and a pious view of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh Demia and a pious view of uh the
+world as the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world as the result of the
+creation. I'm not so sure how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation. I'm not so sure how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation. I'm not so sure how many
+people would line up with Cleanths. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would line up with Cleanths. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would line up with Cleanths. uh
+you know that was a sort of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was a sort of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that was a sort of natural
+theology came out as an expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology came out as an expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theology came out as an expression of
+the uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh of the
+enlightenment among many of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightenment among many of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightenment among many of these
+scientists who still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists who still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists who still
+believed very strongly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed very strongly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed very strongly in
+God but also knew that science was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God but also knew that science was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+God but also knew that science was a
+very powerful approach to experience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful approach to experience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful approach to experience and
+so they wanted to somehow find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to somehow find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they wanted to somehow find a
+scientific basis for arguing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific basis for arguing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific basis for arguing the
+existence of God and we have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of God and we have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of God and we have to put
+Newton in there. We'd have to put Ben
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton in there. We'd have to put Ben
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton in there. We'd have to put Ben
+Franklin in there. We'd have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin in there. We'd have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Franklin in there. We'd have to put
+Joseph Priestley and many other people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph Priestley and many other people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph Priestley and many other people.
+And probably Charles Darwin at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And probably Charles Darwin at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And probably Charles Darwin at the start
+of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his
+career. It's pretty close to the way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. It's pretty close to the way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career. It's pretty close to the way a
+really intelligent, rational believer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intelligent, rational believer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really intelligent, rational believer
+would would think. And then finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would think. And then finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would think. And then finally,
+Felo. Felo, you know, is just a skeptic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo. Felo, you know, is just a skeptic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Felo. Felo, you know, is just a skeptic.
+And a lot of people are scared of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a lot of people are scared of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a lot of people are scared of
+skepticism. just you know wow he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism. just you know wow he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism. just you know wow he doesn't
+he thinks the world is you know uh badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks the world is you know uh badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks the world is you know uh badly
+designed by infinite deities so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by infinite deities so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed by infinite deities so there
+there there's a level of not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a level of not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's a level of not only
+skepticism but um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism but um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skepticism but um you know
+um I don't know uh there's a level of u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know uh there's a level of u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know uh there's a level of u
+um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of
+uh atheism if you will and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atheism if you will and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh atheism if you will and so you know
+he's he's problematic for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's problematic for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's problematic for a lot of
+at the end. How does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end. How does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end. How does it
+end?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end?
+Well, Hempilius uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Hempilius uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, Hempilius uh he
+uh he votes for Cle he thinks Cleanths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he votes for Cle he thinks Cleanths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he votes for Cle he thinks Cleanths
+has made the best case and they all kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made the best case and they all kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has made the best case and they all kind
+of get back together and say, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get back together and say, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get back together and say, you know,
+this is a nice this is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice this is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice this is a nice
+discussion. We should have more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion. We should have more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion. We should have more of
+these. And uh so you know it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. And uh so you know it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. And uh so you know it was very
+offered very much by Hume as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered very much by Hume as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered very much by Hume as something
+that you know he just wanted to put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know he just wanted to put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know he just wanted to put out
+there as different approaches. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as different approaches. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there as different approaches. And it's
+it's a in my view an amazing work. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a in my view an amazing work. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a in my view an amazing work. It's
+it's complex and dense but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complex and dense but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complex and dense but it's an
+amazing piece of work.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sz4kq_ltDrM.txt b/sz4kq_ltDrM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..010fee433a133566ab452bc0de1f9aea507ed44d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sz4kq_ltDrM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+There are three architectural parameters that
+characterize a virtual memory system and hence
+
+the architecture of the MMU.
+
+P is the number of address bits used for the
+page offset in both virtual and physical addresses.
+
+V is the number of address bits used for the
+virtual page number.
+
+And M is the number of address bits used for
+the physical page number.
+
+All the other parameters, listed on the right,
+are derived from these three parameters.
+
+As mentioned earlier, the typical page size
+is between 4KB and 16KB, the sweet spot in
+
+the tradeoff between the downside of using
+physical memory to hold unwanted locations
+
+and the upside of reading as much as possible
+from secondary storage so as to amortize the
+
+high cost of accessing the initial word over
+as many words as possible.
+
+The size of the virtual address is determined
+by the ISA.
+
+We're now making the transition from 32-bit
+architectures, which support a 4 gigabyte
+
+virtual address space, to 64-bit architectures,
+which support a 16 exabyte virtual address
+
+space.
+
+"Exa" is the SI prefix for 10^18 - a 64-bit
+address can access a *lot* of memory!
+
+The limitations of a small virtual address
+have been the main cause for the extinction
+
+of many ISAs.
+
+Of course, each generation of engineers thinks
+that the transition they make will be the
+
+final one!
+
+I can remember when we all thought that 32
+bits was an unimaginably large address.
+
+Back then we're buying memory by the megabyte
+and only in our fantasies did we think one
+
+could have a system with several thousand
+megabytes.
+
+Today's CPU architects are feeling pretty
+smug about 64 bits - we'll see how they feel
+
+in a couple of decades!
+
+The size of physical addresses is currently
+between 30 bits (for embedded processors with
+
+modest memory needs) and 40+ bits (for servers
+that handle large data sets).
+
+Since CPU implementations are expected to
+change every couple of years, the choice of
+
+physical memory size can be adjusted to match
+current technologies.
+
+Since programmers use virtual addresses, they're
+insulated from this implementation choice.
+
+The MMU ensures that existing software will
+continue to function correctly with different
+
+sizes of physical memory.
+
+The programmer may notice differences in performance,
+but not in basic functionality.
+
+For example, suppose our system supported
+a 32-bit virtual address, a 30-bit physical
+
+address and a 4KB page size.
+
+So p = 12, v = 32-12 = 20, and m = 30 - 12
+= 18.
+
+There are 2^m physical pages, which is 2^18
+in our example.
+
+There are 2^v virtual pages, which is 2^20
+in our example.
+
+And since there is one entry in the page map
+for each virtual page, there are 2^20 (approximately
+
+one million) page map entries.
+
+Each page map entry contains a PPN, an R bit
+and a D bit, for a total of m+2 bits, which
+
+is 20 bits in our example.
+
+So there are approximately 20 million bits
+in the page map.
+
+If we were thinking of using a large special-purpose
+static RAM to hold the page map, this would
+
+get pretty expensive!
+
+But why use a special-purpose memory for the
+page map?
+
+Why not use a portion of main memory, which
+we have a lot of and have already bought and
+
+paid for?
+
+We could use a register, called the page map
+pointer, to hold the address of the page map
+
+array in main memory.
+
+In other words, the page map would occupy
+some number of dedicated physical pages.
+
+Using the desired virtual page number as an
+index, the hardware could perform the usual
+
+array access calculation to fetch the needed
+page map entry from main memory.
+
+The downside of this proposed implementation
+is that it now takes two accesses to physical
+
+memory to perform one virtual access:
+the first to retrieve the page table entry
+
+needed for the virtual-to-physical address
+translation, and the second to actually access
+
+the requested location.
+
+Once again, caches to the rescue.
+
+Most systems incorporate a special-purpose
+cache, called a translation look-aside buffer
+
+(TLB), that maps virtual page numbers to physical
+page numbers.
+
+The TLB is usually small and quite fast.
+
+It's usually fully-associative to ensure the
+best possible hit ratio by avoiding collisions.
+
+If the PPN is found by using the TLB, the
+access to main memory for the page table entry
+
+can be avoided, and we're back to a single
+physical access for each virtual access.
+
+The hit ratio of a TLB is quite high, usually
+better than 99%.
+
+This isn't too surprising since locality and
+the notion of a working set suggest that only
+
+a small number of pages are in active use
+over short periods of time.
+
+As we'll see in a few slides, there are interesting
+variations to this simple TLB page-map-in-main-memory
+
+architecture.
+
+But the basic strategy will remain the same.
+
+Putting it all together:
+the virtual address generated by the CPU is
+
+first processed by the TLB to see if the appropriate
+translation from VPN to PPN has been cached.
+
+If so, the main memory access can proceed
+directly.
+
+If the desired mapping is not in the TLB,
+the appropriate entry in the page map is accessed
+
+in main memory.
+
+If the page is resident, the PPN field of
+the page map entry is used to complete the
+
+address translation.
+
+And, of course, the translation is cached
+in the TLB so that subsequent accesses to
+
+this page can avoid the access to the page
+map.
+
+If the desired page is not resident, the MMU
+triggers a page fault exception and the page
+
+fault handler code will deal with the problem.
+
+Here's a final example showing all the pieces
+in action.
+
+In this example, p = 10, v = 22, and m = 14.
+
+How many pages can reside in physical memory
+at one time?
+
+There are 2^m physical pages, so 2^14.
+
+How many entries are there in the page table?
+
+There's one entry for each virtual page and
+there are 2^v virtual pages, so there are
+
+2^22 entries in the page table.
+
+How many bits per entry in the page table?
+
+Assume each entry holds the PPN, the resident
+bit, and the dirty bit.
+
+Since the PPN is m bits, there are m+2 bits
+in each entry, so 16 bits.
+
+How many pages does the page table occupy?
+
+There are 2^v page table entries, each occupying
+(m+2)/8 bytes, so the total size of the page
+
+table in this example is 2^23 bytes.
+
+Each page holds 2^p = 2^10 bytes, so the page
+table occupies 2^23/2^10 = 2^13 pages.
+
+What fraction of virtual memory can be resident
+at any given time?
+
+There are 2^v virtual pages, of which 2^m
+can be resident.
+
+So the fraction of resident pages 
+is 2^m/2^v = 2^14/2^22 = 1/2^8.
+
+What is the physical address for virtual address
+0x1804?
+
+Which MMU components are involved in the translation?
+
+First we have to decompose the virtual address
+into VPN and offset.
+
+The offset is the low-order 10 bits, so is
+0x004 in this example.
+
+The VPN is the remaining address bits, so
+the VPN is 0x6.
+
+Looking first in the TLB, we that the VPN-to-PPN
+mapping for VPN 0x6 is cached,
+
+so we can construct the physical address by
+concatenating the PPN (0x2) with the 10-bit
+
+offset (0x4) to get a physical address of
+0x804.
+
+You're right!
+
+It's a bit of pain to do all the bit manipulations
+when p is not a multiple of 4.
+
+How about virtual address 0x1080?
+
+For this address the VPN is 0x4 and the offset
+is 0x80.
+
+The translation for VPN 0x4 is not cached
+in the TLB, so we have to check the page map,
+
+which tells us that the page is resident in
+physical page 5.
+
+Concatenating the PPN and offset, we get 0x1480
+as the physical address.
+
+Finally, how about virtual address 0x0FC?
+
+Here the VPN is 0 and the offset 0xFC.
+
+The mapping for VPN 0 is not found in the
+TLB and checking the page map reveals that
+
+VPN 0 is not resident in main memory, so a
+page fault exception is triggered.
+
+There are a few things to note about the example
+TLB and page map contents.
+
+Note that a TLB entry can be invalid (it's
+R bit is 0).
+
+This can happen when a virtual page is replaced,
+so when we change the R bit to 0 in the page
+
+map, we have to do the same in the TLB.
+
+And should we be concerned that PPN 0x5 appears
+twice in the page table?
+
+Note that the entry for VPN 0x3 doesn't matter
+since it's R bit is 0.
+
+Typically when marking a page not resident,
+we don't bother to clear out the other fields
+
+in the entry since they won't be used when
+R=0.
+
+So there's only one *valid* mapping to PPN
+5.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uKYAcK2JXo0.txt b/uKYAcK2JXo0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20269175db1ad58c6a9d671861ac7cff79f415d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uKYAcK2JXo0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, before we begin, I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, before we begin, I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, before we begin, I just want to
+make sure you guys all, uh, remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you guys all, uh, remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you guys all, uh, remember
+about the quiz on Friday. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quiz on Friday. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quiz on Friday. So,
+um, the quiz is going to be in Walker at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the quiz is going to be in Walker at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, the quiz is going to be in Walker at
+2 p.m. Everybody goes to Walker. Uh, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 p.m. Everybody goes to Walker. Uh, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 p.m. Everybody goes to Walker. Uh, the
+quiz is open book. Um, you can bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz is open book. Um, you can bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz is open book. Um, you can bring
+your own notes, you bring your class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own notes, you bring your class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own notes, you bring your class
+notes, uh, bring the readings from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes, uh, bring the readings from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes, uh, bring the readings from
+class, uh, you can bring a calculator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, uh, you can bring a calculator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, uh, you can bring a calculator.
+Um, but please don't bring any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but please don't bring any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but please don't bring any
+computers, phones, PDAs, things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers, phones, PDAs, things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers, phones, PDAs, things like
+that. So, make sure you have all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, make sure you have all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So, make sure you have all your
+stuff printed out before you show up if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff printed out before you show up if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff printed out before you show up if
+you've been taking notes on a laptop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been taking notes on a laptop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been taking notes on a laptop.
+Okay. So, um what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um what we're going to do
+today is just uh quickly uh well, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is just uh quickly uh well, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is just uh quickly uh well, we're
+going to do an introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do an introduction to
+networking, but quickly I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking, but quickly I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking, but quickly I just want to
+finish the topic of caching uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the topic of caching uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the topic of caching uh that we
+began last that that I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began last that that I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began last that that I sort of
+introduced at the very end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced at the very end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced at the very end of the
+lecture last time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture last time. So
+um if you guys remember we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you guys remember we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you guys remember we were talking
+about our uh our pipelined web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our uh our pipelined web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our uh our pipelined web server
+system that consisted of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stages. Uh a networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stage connected up to our HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stage connected up to our disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage connected up to our disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage connected up to our disk
+stage. Okay. Um and we talked about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. Okay. Um and we talked about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage. Okay. Um and we talked about what
+the performance we did a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance we did a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance we did a little
+performance analysis of the system. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance analysis of the system. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance analysis of the system. We
+looked at what the cost of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what the cost of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at what the cost of each of these
+stages is in terms of what the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages is in terms of what the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages is in terms of what the sort of
+uh throughput of each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughput of each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh throughput of each one of these
+stages is. We said that as long as if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages is. We said that as long as if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages is. We said that as long as if we
+split this networking module up into 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this networking module up into 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this networking module up into 10
+subm modules, we can get the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm modules, we can get the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm modules, we can get the throughput
+of this thing to be uh about 100 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing to be uh about 100 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing to be uh about 100 uh
+requests per second. Right? We said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second. Right? We said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second. Right? We said the
+delay of this guy was one that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of this guy was one that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of this guy was one that the
+latency of this was 1 millisecond. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency of this was 1 millisecond. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency of this was 1 millisecond. So
+that means it can process a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it can process a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it can process a thousand
+requests per second. We said the latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second. We said the latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second. We said the latency
+of the disk was 10 milliseconds. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disk was 10 milliseconds. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disk was 10 milliseconds. So that
+means it can also process 100 requests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it can also process 100 requests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it can also process 100 requests
+per second. Okay. And we said remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second. Okay. And we said remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second. Okay. And we said remember
+that when we're looking at a pipeline uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're looking at a pipeline uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we're looking at a pipeline uh
+the sort of throughput of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of throughput of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of throughput of the entire
+pipeline is going to be bottlenecked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline is going to be bottlenecked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline is going to be bottlenecked by
+the slowest stage in the system. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowest stage in the system. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slowest stage in the system. Um and
+so if we look at this we see that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at this we see that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we look at this we see that these
+two stages uh are both are both running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stages uh are both are both running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two stages uh are both are both running
+at 100 uh 100 requests per second. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 100 uh 100 requests per second. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 100 uh 100 requests per second. Um
+but we have a very simple way of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a very simple way of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a very simple way of making
+this first network stage uh be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first network stage uh be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first network stage uh be able to
+process more requests per second right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process more requests per second right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process more requests per second right
+because we simply can replicate uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we simply can replicate uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we simply can replicate uh the
+number of uh networking sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh networking sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of uh networking sort of the
+number of threads that are sending data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of threads that are sending data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of threads that are sending data
+out over the network. So for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the network. So for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over the network. So for example if
+we went from 10 nodes here to 100 nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went from 10 nodes here to 100 nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went from 10 nodes here to 100 nodes
+we could up increase the throughput of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could up increase the throughput of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could up increase the throughput of
+this stage to a thousand requests per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage to a thousand requests per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage to a thousand requests per
+second which means that now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second which means that now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second which means that now the
+bottleneck stage that we have is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck stage that we have is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck stage that we have is simply
+the disk stage. So the question is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk stage. So the question is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk stage. So the question is um is
+there something we can do to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something we can do to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something we can do to increase
+the throughput of the disk stage? And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput of the disk stage? And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput of the disk stage? And if
+you think about it at first it may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it at first it may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it at first it may seem
+like well there's probably no way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well there's probably no way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well there's probably no way that
+we can do anything because the disk well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do anything because the disk well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do anything because the disk well
+it takes 10 milliseconds to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes 10 milliseconds to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes 10 milliseconds to you know
+every page takes 10 milliseconds to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every page takes 10 milliseconds to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every page takes 10 milliseconds to read
+in. So what are we going to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So what are we going to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So what are we going to do about
+that? Um and there's a very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Um and there's a very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Um and there's a very sort of
+standard answer to that that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard answer to that that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard answer to that that you guys
+have all seen before. That answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all seen before. That answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all seen before. That answer is
+caching.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so the simple idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the simple idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the simple idea is
+that we're going to take this IO stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to take this IO stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to take this IO stage
+or this disk stage with its disk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this disk stage with its disk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this disk stage with its disk that
+runs at 10 milliseconds. And what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at 10 milliseconds. And what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at 10 milliseconds. And what I've
+shown here is a very simple piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is a very simple piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here is a very simple piece of
+pseudo code that might correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code that might correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo code that might correspond to
+what this uh sort of the read or the git
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this uh sort of the read or the git
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this uh sort of the read or the git
+uh page ID function for this disc for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh page ID function for this disc for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh page ID function for this disc for
+this IO stage does. It simply calls some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IO stage does. It simply calls some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this IO stage does. It simply calls some
+read function that reads page ID off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read function that reads page ID off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read function that reads page ID off the
+disk and then returns the page. Um, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk and then returns the page. Um, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk and then returns the page. Um, if
+we add a cache to this system, suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a cache to this system, suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we add a cache to this system, suppose
+we have a in-memory cache that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a in-memory cache that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a in-memory cache that can
+retrieve a page in 0.1 milliseconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve a page in 0.1 milliseconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve a page in 0.1 milliseconds.
+Okay, in that case, the way that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in that case, the way that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in that case, the way that we can
+use that cache is just before every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that cache is just before every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that cache is just before every time
+we go to the disk, we can check and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the disk, we can check and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go to the disk, we can check and see
+if the page that we're trying to load is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the page that we're trying to load is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the page that we're trying to load is
+in the cache. And then only if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache. And then only if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache. And then only if it's not
+in the cache do we need to actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache do we need to actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cache do we need to actually go
+to the disk. So when we get a miss on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the disk. So when we get a miss on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the disk. So when we get a miss on
+the cache, we go check the disk to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache, we go check the disk to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache, we go check the disk to see
+if the page is available. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the page is available. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the page is available. So we can
+extend the code in a very simple way uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the code in a very simple way uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend the code in a very simple way uh
+to take advantage of this. uh we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of this. uh we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take advantage of this. uh we simply
+say we look up in the cache first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we look up in the cache first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we look up in the cache first and
+then if the page is null or empty or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the page is null or empty or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if the page is null or empty or
+whatever uh we can't find it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh we can't find it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh we can't find it in the
+cache then we go ahead and look it up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache then we go ahead and look it up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache then we go ahead and look it up on
+the disk and then we add that result to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk and then we add that result to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk and then we add that result to
+the cache. So um there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache. So um there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cache. So um there's a couple of
+little details that uh we need to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details that uh we need to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little details that uh we need to work
+through but let's first uh look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but let's first uh look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but let's first uh look at what
+the performance of this system is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of this system is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of this system is going
+to be or how this is going to impact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be or how this is going to impact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be or how this is going to impact the
+performance of what we've been doing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of what we've been doing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of what we've been doing. So
+um if we come over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we come over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we come over
+here and if we think about what the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if we think about what the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if we think about what the cost
+of accessing a page on this system would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accessing a page on this system would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of accessing a page on this system would
+be um well the cost is going to be we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um well the cost is going to be we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um well the cost is going to be we're
+always going to have to check the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have to check the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to have to check the cache
+right that's the first thing we do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the first thing we do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the first thing we do so
+it's uh I'm write C for cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh I'm write C for cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh I'm write C for cost of
+accessing the cache or cost is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the cache or cost is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing the cache or cost is in this
+case going to be expressed in something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case going to be expressed in something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case going to be expressed in something
+like uh the number of milliseconds to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the number of milliseconds to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the number of milliseconds to do
+a look up in the cache and then plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look up in the cache and then plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look up in the cache and then plus uh
+the cost of looking it up in the disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of looking it up in the disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of looking it up in the disk
+but we only have to look up on the disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only have to look up on the disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we only have to look up on the disc
+some of the time, right? So there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the time, right? So there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the time, right? So there's some
+probability of getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a
+miss times uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss times uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss times uh the
+cost of uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of uh that
+miss. Okay, so in this case we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss. Okay, so in this case we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss. Okay, so in this case we said the
+cost of going to the cache was 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of going to the cache was 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of going to the cache was 0.1
+millisec was was 0.1 milliseconds. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisec was was 0.1 milliseconds. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisec was was 0.1 milliseconds. The
+cost of going to the disk is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of going to the disk is 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of going to the disk is 10
+milliseconds. Okay, and now what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds. Okay, and now what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds. Okay, and now what we're
+left is to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is to figure out what the
+probability of this miss is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this miss is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this miss is.
+So if you think about a system for for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you think about a system for for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you think about a system for for a
+little bit, you might say, well, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, you might say, well, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, you might say, well, okay,
+so what's the what does the system look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the what does the system look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the what does the system look
+like? What's the probability that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? What's the probability that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? What's the probability that we're
+going to get at a we're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get at a we're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get at a we're actually going
+to get a hit or a miss? Um, and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a hit or a miss? Um, and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a hit or a miss? Um, and if you
+if what the applications are doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what the applications are doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what the applications are doing is
+simply generating random requests for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply generating random requests for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply generating random requests for
+random pages, which might be one model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random pages, which might be one model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random pages, which might be one model
+of how the application behaves, then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the application behaves, then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how the application behaves, then it
+doesn't seem like the cache is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like the cache is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem like the cache is going to
+buy us very much, right? Because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy us very much, right? Because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy us very much, right? Because the
+cache is going to be a small fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache is going to be a small fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache is going to be a small fraction of
+the total size of the disc. It might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total size of the disc. It might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total size of the disc. It might be
+in RAM. So you know we might have 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in RAM. So you know we might have 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in RAM. So you know we might have 100
+megabytes of cache and we might have 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes of cache and we might have 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabytes of cache and we might have 10
+gigabytes of disk right. So that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes of disk right. So that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes of disk right. So that means
+there's a factor of 100 difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a factor of 100 difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a factor of 100 difference
+between these two things. So if the disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things. So if the disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two things. So if the disk
+if the page requests are random the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the page requests are random the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the page requests are random the
+probability that something is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that something is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that something is going to
+be in the cache is going to be very low.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the cache is going to be very low.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the cache is going to be very low.
+It's going to be only say 1%. But it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be only say 1%. But it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be only say 1%. But it
+turns out that almost all applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that almost all applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that almost all applications
+have an interesting property which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an interesting property which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an interesting property which is
+commonly referred to as uh locality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reference. And what this means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. And what this means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference. And what this means is that
+if you look at which pages a program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at which pages a program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at which pages a program is
+likely to access over time, be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to access over time, be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to access over time, be these
+pages of data or uh parts of a program,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of data or uh parts of a program,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages of data or uh parts of a program,
+typically programs uh a page that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically programs uh a page that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically programs uh a page that has
+been accessed recently is very likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been accessed recently is very likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been accessed recently is very likely to
+be accessed again. So a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessed again. So a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessed again. So a simple example
+might be that if you look at the files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that if you look at the files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that if you look at the files
+that are being used in a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being used in a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being used in a computer
+system, um usually there's a small set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, um usually there's a small set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, um usually there's a small set
+of files that a user is working with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of files that a user is working with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of files that a user is working with at
+any given point in time. you're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point in time. you're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given point in time. you're running
+certain programs, you're editing certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain programs, you're editing certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain programs, you're editing certain
+documents, and there's a huge array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents, and there's a huge array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents, and there's a huge array of
+other programs and files and documents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programs and files and documents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programs and files and documents
+that are on the system that you aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the system that you aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the system that you aren't
+accessing. So, and when those files are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing. So, and when those files are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessing. So, and when those files are
+when those active files are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those active files are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those active files are being
+accessed, it's much there's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed, it's much there's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed, it's much there's a much
+higher probability of getting a hit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability of getting a hit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher probability of getting a hit of
+looking at those active files than there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those active files than there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at those active files than there
+is of going to any one of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of going to any one of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of going to any one of the other
+files. So even when the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files. So even when the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files. So even when the difference
+between these things is say a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these things is say a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these things is say a factor of
+100 in the case of a web server it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 in the case of a web server it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 in the case of a web server it might
+be very likely that we would have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very likely that we would have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very likely that we would have you
+know 90% maybe of the pages that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 90% maybe of the pages that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 90% maybe of the pages that have
+been accessed uh are already in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been accessed uh are already in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been accessed uh are already in the
+cache. Okay so in that case sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache. Okay so in that case sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache. Okay so in that case sorry this
+probability should be uh 0.9 90%. Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability should be uh 0.9 90%. Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability should be uh 0.9 90%. Okay
+so suppose that the probability of a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that the probability of a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that the probability of a of
+sorry excuse me this should be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry excuse me this should be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry excuse me this should be this is
+the probability of a hit is 90%. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a hit is 90%. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a hit is 90%. The
+probability of a miss is then 10%. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a miss is then 10%. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a miss is then 10%. Okay.
+So um the if you look if you think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um the if you look if you think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um the if you look if you think if
+you look at the uh now what this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the uh now what this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the uh now what this sort of
+formula evaluates to we see it's 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula evaluates to we see it's 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula evaluates to we see it's 0.1
+plus uh 10 * 0.1. So it's 1.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh 10 * 0.1. So it's 1.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh 10 * 0.1. So it's 1.1
+milliseconds on average assuming that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds on average assuming that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds on average assuming that we
+get a 90% hit rate on our cache. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 90% hit rate on our cache. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a 90% hit rate on our cache. Okay.
+So if you if you now come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you if you now come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you if you now come back to this
+diagram what that means is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what that means is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what that means is that we can
+the throughput of this box is uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput of this box is uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the throughput of this box is uh you
+know is uh one over 1.1 remember because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is uh one over 1.1 remember because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is uh one over 1.1 remember because
+throughput is just one over latency when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is just one over latency when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput is just one over latency when
+we have just sort of just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just sort of just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have just sort of just this one
+module um which means that you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module um which means that you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module um which means that you know now
+we can process something like so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can process something like so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can process something like so uh this
+uh this is something like uh sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is something like uh sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is something like uh sorry this
+should be one over latency but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one over latency but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be one over latency but these
+this is in uh milliseconds so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in uh milliseconds so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in uh milliseconds so this is
+0.11 Uh sorry the number of seconds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.11 Uh sorry the number of seconds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.11 Uh sorry the number of seconds this
+is is 00011 right so one over 00011 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is 00011 right so one over 00011 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is 00011 right so one over 00011 is
+about 900 okay so we can get about 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 900 okay so we can get about 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 900 okay so we can get about 900
+requests per second that we can process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second that we can process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests per second that we can process
+instead of just 100 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just 100 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just 100 this is
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal okay so what we've managed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so what we've managed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so what we've managed to do
+is increase the throughput of this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increase the throughput of this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increase the throughput of this stage
+by about a factor of nine and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about a factor of nine and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by about a factor of nine and now you
+can see that sort of all three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that sort of all three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that sort of all three of these
+stages are close to about a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages are close to about a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages are close to about a thousand
+requests a second we've increased the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests a second we've increased the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests a second we've increased the
+performance of the system pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the system pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the system pretty
+dramatically ally by introducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically ally by introducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically ally by introducing the
+cache. Um, and you have to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache. Um, and you have to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache. Um, and you have to remember that
+this cache is only going to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cache is only going to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cache is only going to be sort of
+it's only going to be a good idea when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only going to be a good idea when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only going to be a good idea when
+we're sure that we have this locality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sure that we have this locality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sure that we have this locality of
+reference property. Okay, so if the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference property. Okay, so if the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference property. Okay, so if the web
+server uh is going to a random page,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server uh is going to a random page,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server uh is going to a random page,
+then we're not going to if the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're not going to if the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're not going to if the web
+server sort of is asked to fetch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server sort of is asked to fetch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server sort of is asked to fetch a
+random page on every request, the cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random page on every request, the cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random page on every request, the cache
+is not going to be a good choice. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a good choice. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be a good choice. But
+most of the time, web servers do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time, web servers do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time, web servers do have
+this locality property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this locality property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this locality property.
+So the last little detail that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the last little detail that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the last little detail that we need
+to talk about when we talk about caches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is uh simply the is is the the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh simply the is is the the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is uh simply the is is the the sort
+of uh question about uh how we do how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh question about uh how we do how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh question about uh how we do how we
+deal with uh page eviction. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh page eviction. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with uh page eviction. So in this
+diagram here um when we call add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here um when we call add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram here um when we call add to the
+cache if the cache is already full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache if the cache is already full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache if the cache is already full of
+results we have to pick something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we have to pick something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results we have to pick something to
+replace right so we need uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace right so we need uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace right so we need uh what's
+called a a a a page removal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a a a a page removal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a a a a page removal or
+page replacement property uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy. Okay. So um you guys presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy. Okay. So um you guys presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy. Okay. So um you guys presumably
+have seen different page removal or page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen different page removal or page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen different page removal or page
+replacement properties in 64 before. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement properties in 64 before. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacement properties in 64 before. Um
+I'll just talk about two very quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just talk about two very quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just talk about two very quickly.
+Uh a FIFO policy and a LRU policy. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh a FIFO policy and a LRU policy. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh a FIFO policy and a LRU policy. Okay.
+So what FIFO means is first in first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what FIFO means is first in first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what FIFO means is first in first
+out. So it says um the that the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So it says um the that the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. So it says um the that the thing to
+throw out is the first thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out is the first thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw out is the first thing that we
+loaded into the cache. Okay. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded into the cache. Okay. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaded into the cache. Okay. So if I
+access a set of pages, you know, uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a set of pages, you know, uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access a set of pages, you know, uh one
+if suppose I have a a three element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if suppose I have a a three element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if suppose I have a a three element
+cache and I access a set of pages one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and I access a set of pages one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache and I access a set of pages one,
+two, three, two, one, four. Uh what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, two, one, four. Uh what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, three, two, one, four. Uh what I'm
+going to do is I'm gonna load this. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm gonna load this. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm gonna load this. I'm
+going to put when I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put when I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put when I I'm
+gonna access these three pages. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna access these three pages. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna access these three pages. This is
+going to page one will be the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to page one will be the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to page one will be the first one
+that's in my cache. So when I try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in my cache. So when I try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in my cache. So when I try and
+load page four, I'm going to evict page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load page four, I'm going to evict page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load page four, I'm going to evict page
+one. Okay, that's what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, that's what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Okay, that's what's going to happen
+in a five a FIFO system because one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a five a FIFO system because one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a five a FIFO system because one was
+the first one that was loaded. What a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that was loaded. What a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that was loaded. What a
+least recently used approach says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently used approach says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least recently used approach says is
+instead of evicting the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of evicting the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of evicting the first thing that
+was put into the cache, we want to evict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put into the cache, we want to evict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was put into the cache, we want to evict
+the last thing that was read from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that was read from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that was read from the
+cache. So in this case, if I do 1 2 3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache. So in this case, if I do 1 2 3 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache. So in this case, if I do 1 2 3 2
+1 and then I get four, the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then I get four, the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then I get four, the last thing
+that was read was three and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was read was three and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was read was three and that's what
+I'll evict from the cache. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll evict from the cache. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll evict from the cache. So if you
+think about the intuition behind these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the intuition behind these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the intuition behind these
+two policies, um you'll sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two policies, um you'll sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two policies, um you'll sort of you
+realize that this FIFO approach has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this FIFO approach has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that this FIFO approach has a
+problem which is that um it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that um it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that um it's sort of
+contrary to this notion of locality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary to this notion of locality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrary to this notion of locality of
+reference, right? Because it says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference, right? Because it says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference, right? Because it says it
+doesn't capture anything about uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture anything about uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't capture anything about uh how
+sort of frequently a data a data item is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of frequently a data a data item is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of frequently a data a data item is
+accessed or when it was last accessed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed or when it was last accessed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed or when it was last accessed.
+simply uh you know just throws something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh you know just throws something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh you know just throws something
+it it throws something that has it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it throws something that has it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it throws something that has it it
+throws the sort of first access thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws the sort of first access thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws the sort of first access thing
+out of the cache even if that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cache even if that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the cache even if that first
+access thing is uh read all the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access thing is uh read all the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access thing is uh read all the time.
+LRU has this sort of captures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LRU has this sort of captures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LRU has this sort of captures the
+intuition which we want which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition which we want which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition which we want which is that
+something that's been accessed recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's been accessed recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's been accessed recently
+is likely to be accessed again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely to be accessed again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely to be accessed again and
+something that hasn't been accessed very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that hasn't been accessed very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that hasn't been accessed very
+recently um probably is less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um probably is less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently um probably is less likely to
+be accessed again. So it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessed again. So it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessed again. So it sort of
+captures our our intuitive idea that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our our intuitive idea that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures our our intuitive idea that we
+want locality of reference. Um, so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want locality of reference. Um, so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want locality of reference. Um, so the
+text talks much more carefully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text talks much more carefully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text talks much more carefully about
+these different page removal policies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different page removal policies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different page removal policies,
+but anytime you see anybody talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anytime you see anybody talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anytime you see anybody talk about a
+cache, you should uh sort of immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache, you should uh sort of immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache, you should uh sort of immediately
+ask think to ask the question, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask think to ask the question, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask think to ask the question, well,
+what's the page removal policy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the page removal policy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the page removal policy that's
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+used? Okay. Um, so that basically does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used? Okay. Um, so that basically does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used? Okay. Um, so that basically does
+it for uh our discussion of caching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for uh our discussion of caching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for uh our discussion of caching and
+uh of performance that we started last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of performance that we started last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of performance that we started last
+time. And what we're going to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And what we're going to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And what we're going to do now is
+move on to this uh topic of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to this uh topic of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to this uh topic of of
+networking. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so a computer network um you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so a computer network um you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so a computer network um you guys
+should all be familiar with what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be familiar with what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be familiar with what the
+idea of a computer network is. It's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a computer network is. It's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of a computer network is. It's uh
+some sort of a a connection that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a a connection that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a a connection that
+connects uh multiple computers together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects uh multiple computers together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects uh multiple computers together.
+Um so why do why are we interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so why do why are we interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so why do why are we interested in
+studying a computer network? What is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a computer network? What is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying a computer network? What is it
+that's relevant about a computer network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant about a computer network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's relevant about a computer network
+for the purposes of this class? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this class? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this class? And
+there's really sort of two primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really sort of two primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really sort of two primary
+reasons. Um the first one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. Um the first one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. Um the first one is that
+computer networks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer networks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer networks are
+commonly used as components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems. Okay. So anytime we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Okay. So anytime we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Okay. So anytime we're building
+a big computer system, it's very likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big computer system, it's very likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big computer system, it's very likely
+that it's going to involve a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to involve a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to involve a computer
+network. Um so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Um so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Um so it's going to be
+important for us to understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us to understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for us to understand what the
+properties of computer networks are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of computer networks are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of computer networks are and
+how uh sort of computer networks affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh sort of computer networks affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh sort of computer networks affect
+the design of our system if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of our system if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of our system if we want to
+use them effectively in our systems. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them effectively in our systems. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them effectively in our systems. Um
+and computer networks have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer networks have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computer networks have a number of
+uses in computer systems. They do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in computer systems. They do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in computer systems. They do things
+like um allow us to overcome geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um allow us to overcome geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um allow us to overcome geographic
+limits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits.
+So, you know, you guys are all familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you guys are all familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you know, you guys are all familiar
+with, you know, the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, you know, the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, you know, the ability of the
+internet to allow you to check the, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to allow you to check the, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet to allow you to check the, you
+know, score of some, you know, sporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, score of some, you know, sporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, score of some, you know, sporting
+game that's happening on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's happening on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's happening on the other side
+of the country or to be able to send an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country or to be able to send an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the country or to be able to send an
+email to your parents back home. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to your parents back home. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to your parents back home. So,
+obviously, uh, those are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously, uh, those are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously, uh, those are things that
+networks. So, so being able to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So, so being able to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So, so being able to sort of
+transmit data over long distances is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit data over long distances is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit data over long distances is
+clearly a good thing for many kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a good thing for many kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly a good thing for many kinds of
+systems. They also allow us to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. They also allow us to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. They also allow us to access
+remote data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this is related to the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is related to the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is related to the other thing
+uh to the other one, but you know, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the other one, but you know, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to the other one, but you know, if
+you have data that's not on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have data that's not on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have data that's not on your
+computer that you want to get a hold of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that you want to get a hold of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that you want to get a hold of,
+you may want to contact your bank and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to contact your bank and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may want to contact your bank and
+ask them for your bank balance. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them for your bank balance. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them for your bank balance. Um and
+then finally, um they can be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally, um they can be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally, um they can be used to
+physically separate a client and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically separate a client and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically separate a client and a
+server.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we talked about the the last few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we talked about the the last few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we talked about the the last few
+lectures we spent a while talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we spent a while talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures we spent a while talking about
+what uh the ability the the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh the ability the the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh the ability the the fact that we
+can use things like threads and address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use things like threads and address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use things like threads and address
+spaces in order to provide sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces in order to provide sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces in order to provide sort of
+enforced modularity between modules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced modularity between modules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced modularity between modules
+running on the same computer. But there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on the same computer. But there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on the same computer. But there
+are lots of situations in which we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of situations in which we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots of situations in which we want
+to actually physically separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually physically separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually physically separate the
+client and the server. Right? Your bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and the server. Right? Your bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and the server. Right? Your bank
+doesn't really want you to be running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really want you to be running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really want you to be running
+you know your copy of Quickn on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your copy of Quickn on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your copy of Quickn on their
+server. Right? Because this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server. Right? Because this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server. Right? Because this notion of
+enforced modularity that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced modularity that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced modularity that we talked about
+isn't a perfect separation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a perfect separation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a perfect separation between the
+client and the server. Whereas putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and the server. Whereas putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and the server. Whereas putting
+these things on really separate machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things on really separate machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things on really separate machines
+that are only connected by this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are only connected by this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are only connected by this network
+that is controlled by this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is controlled by this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is controlled by this piece of
+hardware that's this network card that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware that's this network card that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware that's this network card that
+sort of uh talks over the network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh talks over the network.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh talks over the network.
+That's that's a sort of a that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's a sort of a that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's a sort of a that's a good
+reason maybe to separate these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason maybe to separate these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason maybe to separate these things
+from each other. And then finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other. And then finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other. And then finally the
+second major reason why we want to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second major reason why we want to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second major reason why we want to study
+networks uh is simply that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks uh is simply that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks uh is simply that they
+themselves are an interesting computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are an interesting computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are an interesting computer
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+Okay, so we talked in the first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we talked in the first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we talked in the first lecture
+about some of the interesting sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the interesting sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some of the interesting sort of
+the properties that big computer systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that big computer systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties that big computer systems
+have. Well, you know, the there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Well, you know, the there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have. Well, you know, the there's not
+many computer systems that are bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many computer systems that are bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many computer systems that are bigger
+than the internet, right? It's a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the internet, right? It's a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the internet, right? It's a perfect
+example of a giant complex interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a giant complex interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a giant complex interesting
+system with all sorts of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with all sorts of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with all sorts of complicated
+behaviors and we'll talk about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and we'll talk about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and we'll talk about some of
+those complicated behaviors today um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complicated behaviors today um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complicated behaviors today um as
+we overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we overview
+networks. Okay. So uh the goal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. Okay. So uh the goal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. Okay. So uh the goal of the
+our discussion of networking in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of networking in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of networking in some
+sense is going to be to develop a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is going to be to develop a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is going to be to develop a set of
+tools that allow us to uh have universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that allow us to uh have universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that allow us to uh have universal
+communication between a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between a number of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+clients.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what do I mean by that? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what do I mean by that? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what do I mean by that? Um
+suppose I have some collection of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have some collection of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have some collection of uh
+machines which I'll just draw as little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines which I'll just draw as little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines which I'll just draw as little
+boxes that are scattered around. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes that are scattered around. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes that are scattered around. Um and
+they're connected together. What we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected together. What we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connected together. What we want
+to do is to uh connect these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to uh connect these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to uh connect these guys
+together. Okay. And the network system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Okay. And the network system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Okay. And the network system
+that we're going to design is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to design is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to design is going to
+be the interconnect that allows these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the interconnect that allows these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the interconnect that allows these
+guys to talk to each other. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to talk to each other. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to talk to each other. And the
+abstraction that what we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that what we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction that what we want this
+network to be able to provide at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to be able to provide at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to be able to provide at a very
+high level is the ability to do any to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level is the ability to do any to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level is the ability to do any to
+any communication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so we want, you know, if this is A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we want, you know, if this is A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so we want, you know, if this is A
+and this is D, we want A to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is D, we want A to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is D, we want A to be able to
+send it a message to D or anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it a message to D or anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it a message to D or anybody else
+who's in this network. And that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in this network. And that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in this network. And that should
+be true for any for any of the pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true for any for any of the pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true for any for any of the pairs
+that we can find. Um, and so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can find. Um, and so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can find. Um, and so in some
+sense, what we're going to do uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, what we're going to do uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, what we're going to do uh over
+the next course of the next couple weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next course of the next couple weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next course of the next couple weeks
+is sort of see how we design this cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of see how we design this cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of see how we design this cloud
+that sits in between all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sits in between all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sits in between all these different
+computers. If you like, you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. If you like, you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. If you like, you can sort of
+think of this cloud. Oftentimes, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this cloud. Oftentimes, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this cloud. Oftentimes, the
+internet is represented as a cloud. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet is represented as a cloud. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet is represented as a cloud. It's
+just some black box that you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some black box that you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some black box that you sort of
+send messages into with an address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send messages into with an address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send messages into with an address and
+on the other side the sort of message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side the sort of message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side the sort of message
+sort of pops out at the at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pops out at the at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pops out at the at the other
+end. So we're going to dive into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. So we're going to dive into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. So we're going to dive into this
+cloud and see what happens inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud and see what happens inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud and see what happens inside of
+it. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in order to start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in order to start to
+understand some of the challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some of the challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some of the challenges of
+building this cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building this cloud
+uh it's sort of we we should start we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of we we should start we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's sort of we we should start we're
+going to start looking kind of top down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start looking kind of top down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start looking kind of top down.
+We're going to look at the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to look at the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to look at the biggest
+issues that we have to deal with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we have to deal with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that we have to deal with and
+then we're going to break up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to break up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to break up those
+issues into some smaller pieces. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so what are the issues that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what are the issues that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so what are the issues that sort
+of immediately pop out when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediately pop out when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of immediately pop out when you first
+start thinking about the properties of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about the properties of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking about the properties of a
+network? Well, um, so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network? Well, um, so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network? Well, um, so there's some
+technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+issues which have to do with, um, things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues which have to do with, um, things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues which have to do with, um, things
+like the physical medium over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the physical medium over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the physical medium over which
+you're transmitting messages. Um, or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transmitting messages. Um, or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transmitting messages. Um, or the
+properties of the links over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the links over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the links over which
+you're transmitting them, the rates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transmitting them, the rates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're transmitting them, the rates at
+which you can send data, uh, the, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can send data, uh, the, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can send data, uh, the, uh,
+loss rate, the number, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss rate, the number, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss rate, the number, you know,
+percentage of messages that get lost by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of messages that get lost by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of messages that get lost by
+the link as it's transmitted. So those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link as it's transmitted. So those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the link as it's transmitted. So those
+are the kinds of things we need mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of things we need mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kinds of things we need mean by
+technological concerns. Um and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological concerns. Um and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological concerns. Um and there are
+uh so one kind of technological concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so one kind of technological concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so one kind of technological concern
+is this is sort of the different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is sort of the different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is sort of the different kinds
+of technology that we might use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology that we might use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology that we might use for
+transmission and we we saw this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and we we saw this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and we we saw this notion
+of D technology over D technology over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D technology over D technology over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D technology over D technology over
+DT uh before uh it's just this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT uh before uh it's just this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT uh before uh it's just this idea that
+the technology just like the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology just like the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology just like the technology
+in your computer system has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your computer system has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your computer system has been
+evolving dramatically over time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving dramatically over time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving dramatically over time the
+technology of networks has been evolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of networks has been evolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of networks has been evolving
+dramatically and uh we're going to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and uh we're going to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically and uh we're going to sort
+of study the r some of the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study the r some of the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of study the r some of the range of
+different uh technologies that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh technologies that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh technologies that we have
+to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal
+There also are a set of limits any time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There also are a set of limits any time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There also are a set of limits any time
+uh technological physical fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technological physical fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh technological physical fundamental
+limits that are associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that are associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that are associated with
+networks. So these are things like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So these are things like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. So these are things like um
+the speed of light. Okay. Um we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light. Okay. Um we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light. Okay. Um we simply
+can't uh over we can't send messages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh over we can't send messages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh over we can't send messages uh
+faster than the speed of light, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the speed of light, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than the speed of light, right?
+Where these are these are messages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where these are these are messages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where these are these are messages that
+are being transmitted down a wire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being transmitted down a wire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being transmitted down a wire and
+they propagate at some speed and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propagate at some speed and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they propagate at some speed and that's
+going to be fundamentally a bottleneck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fundamentally a bottleneck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be fundamentally a bottleneck
+uh in in the design of a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the design of a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in the design of a computer
+system. If I have to send a message from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. If I have to send a message from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. If I have to send a message from
+here to California, that message isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to California, that message isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to California, that message isn't
+going to get any there any sooner than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get any there any sooner than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get any there any sooner than
+the amount of time it takes for, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time it takes for, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of time it takes for, you
+know, light to trans travel across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, light to trans travel across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, light to trans travel across the
+country. And those numbers is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. And those numbers is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country. And those numbers is sort of
+the the amount of time that it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of time that it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the amount of time that it takes to
+transmit a message off the country is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a message off the country is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit a message off the country is
+non-trivial in computer time. It might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial in computer time. It might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial in computer time. It might
+be a couple hundred milliseconds. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a couple hundred milliseconds. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a couple hundred milliseconds. And
+that's a long time as we saw before when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a long time as we saw before when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a long time as we saw before when
+we have a processor that can execute,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a processor that can execute,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a processor that can execute,
+you know, a billion instructions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a billion instructions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, a billion instructions a
+second. Okay. So um the other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay. So um the other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay. So um the other sort of
+interesting issue that's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue that's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting issue that's going to come
+out about networks um is that networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about networks um is that networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about networks um is that networks
+are a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a shared
+infrastructure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. What that means is that networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What that means is that networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What that means is that networks
+there are multiple users who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple users who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple users who are
+simultaneously using a network. You guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously using a network. You guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously using a network. You guys
+of course all know this from uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course all know this from uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course all know this from uh using
+the internet and all the networks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and all the networks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and all the networks that
+we're going to study in this class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study in this class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to study in this class uh
+are basically a shared infrastructure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically a shared infrastructure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are basically a shared infrastructure.
+And we'll talk in a minute about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll talk in a minute about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll talk in a minute about why
+sort of the networks are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the networks are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the networks are are
+fundamentally uh almost always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally uh almost always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally uh almost always going to
+be sort of uh shared. They're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of uh shared. They're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of uh shared. They're going to
+have to transmit data for multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to transmit data for multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to transmit data for multiple
+different users at the same time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different users at the same time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different users at the same time. And
+that's going to present a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to present a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to present a number of
+challenges about how we ensure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges about how we ensure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges about how we ensure that the
+network is uh fair, that everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is uh fair, that everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is uh fair, that everybody's
+that everybody gets to send their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody gets to send their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody gets to send their data
+when they want to send data, how we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they want to send data, how we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they want to send data, how we uh
+sort of allow multiple people to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of allow multiple people to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of allow multiple people to access
+the same physical wire at the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same physical wire at the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same physical wire at the same point
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+time. Okay. So um what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So um what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Okay. So um what I want to do is
+sort of talk about the I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about the I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of talk about the I'll talk about
+these two things now in order. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things now in order. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things now in order. I'm going
+to start off by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start off by talking about
+technology. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, so the first interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, so the first interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, so the first interesting
+technological problem um, which I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological problem um, which I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological problem um, which I've
+already mentioned is that these networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned is that these networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned is that these networks
+are extremely diverse. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely diverse. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extremely diverse. They're
+heterogeneous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous.
+Okay. Um, technology, networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, technology, networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, technology, networking
+technology has evolved a great deal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has evolved a great deal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology has evolved a great deal in
+the past 20 years or 30 years since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past 20 years or 30 years since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past 20 years or 30 years since
+networks were first first started being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks were first first started being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks were first first started being
+designed. And that means that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed. And that means that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed. And that means that there's a
+huge sort of range of devices that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge sort of range of devices that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge sort of range of devices that we
+might have to transmit data over. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to transmit data over. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to transmit data over. Um, so
+let me show you what I mean. Um, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you what I mean. Um, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you what I mean. Um, this is
+just a a a graph showing uh the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a a graph showing uh the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a a a graph showing uh the rate of
+transmission uh the sort of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh the sort of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh the sort of number of
+bits per second that you can send over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second that you can send over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits per second that you can send over
+different networking protocols. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different networking protocols. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different networking protocols. Um and
+the thing to take away from this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to take away from this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing to take away from this first
+is to note that uh on the y ais here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to note that uh on the y ais here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to note that uh on the y ais here um
+these this is an exponential scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is an exponential scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is an exponential scale.
+Okay. So the technology at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the technology at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the technology at the very
+bottom things like a early telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom things like a early telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom things like a early telephone
+modems uh could maybe send data at 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modems uh could maybe send data at 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modems uh could maybe send data at 10 10
+kilobits a second. Okay. Whereas uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobits a second. Okay. Whereas uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobits a second. Okay. Whereas uh
+these sort of high-end router class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of high-end router class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of high-end router class
+devices that are running the e running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that are running the e running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices that are running the e running
+the internet or uh sort of very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet or uh sort of very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet or uh sort of very fast
+desktop Ethernet kinds of connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop Ethernet kinds of connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desktop Ethernet kinds of connections
+that are coming out today are uh can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming out today are uh can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming out today are uh can
+send more like say in this case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send more like say in this case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send more like say in this case we have
+a we have uh 100 or we have 10 terabits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have uh 100 or we have 10 terabits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have uh 100 or we have 10 terabits
+a second right so one one time 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second right so one one time 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second right so one one time 10 the
+10th so we're talking about a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th so we're talking about a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th so we're talking about a factor of
+uh 10 to the 7th or 10 the eth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 to the 7th or 10 the eth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 10 to the 7th or 10 the eth
+difference in performance in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in performance in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in performance in terms of
+the number of bits that these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bits that these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of bits that these different
+uh kinds of devices can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of devices can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of devices can actually
+transmit. So that's pretty dramatic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit. So that's pretty dramatic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit. So that's pretty dramatic and
+that's going to uh make it difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to uh make it difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to uh make it difficult to
+design computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems. Okay. Um and these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Okay. Um and these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. Okay. Um and these kinds of
+variations occur not only at the uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations occur not only at the uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations occur not only at the uh sort
+of number of bits that we can send per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of bits that we can send per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of bits that we can send per
+second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but also in terms of the propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also in terms of the propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also in terms of the propagation
+delay of the links. Okay, so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of the links. Okay, so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of the links. Okay, so if I have a
+local area network that's connecting two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area network that's connecting two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local area network that's connecting two
+computers in my office together, I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in my office together, I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in my office together, I may
+be able to transmit a message from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to transmit a message from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to transmit a message from one
+computer to the other in order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to the other in order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to the other in order of
+microsconds. Okay, but as we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsconds. Okay, but as we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsconds. Okay, but as we said
+before, to send a message all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, to send a message all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, to send a message all the way
+across the country might take 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country might take 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country might take 200
+milliseconds. to send a message, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds. to send a message, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds. to send a message, you
+know, across the uh across the Pacific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, across the uh across the Pacific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, across the uh across the Pacific
+Ocean by way of a satellite in orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocean by way of a satellite in orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ocean by way of a satellite in orbit
+around the United States might take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the United States might take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the United States might take a
+second. To send a message, you know, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. To send a message, you know, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. To send a message, you know, to
+Mars, it might take, you know, tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars, it might take, you know, tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mars, it might take, you know, tens of
+seconds or a minute. Okay, so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or a minute. Okay, so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or a minute. Okay, so there's
+this huge range in terms of transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge range in terms of transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this huge range in terms of transmission
+times that some of these different links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that some of these different links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that some of these different links
+have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have.
+Um so and fundamentally basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so and fundamentally basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so and fundamentally basically the
+these sort of two things bit rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of two things bit rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of two things bit rate and
+propagation delay are going to uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay are going to uh tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay are going to uh tell
+us how long it we would expect to it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how long it we would expect to it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us how long it we would expect to it it
+to take for a message to travel across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take for a message to travel across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take for a message to travel across
+uh a message to travel from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a message to travel from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a message to travel from one place to
+the other. Um so uh for example we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. Um so uh for example we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. Um so uh for example we can
+say bit rate uh the amount of time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bit rate uh the amount of time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bit rate uh the amount of time. So
+we can uh think of a communication link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh think of a communication link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh think of a communication link
+if you like as being a piece of pipe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like as being a piece of pipe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like as being a piece of pipe.
+Okay. Um which has some width that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um which has some width that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um which has some width that is
+the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate. Okay. So that's the this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. Okay. So that's the this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. Okay. So that's the this is the
+sort of the width of the pipe is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the width of the pipe is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the width of the pipe is the
+number of bits that I can cram down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits that I can cram down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits that I can cram down this
+thing. Right? So a wider pipe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Right? So a wider pipe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Right? So a wider pipe I can
+shove more data down it. Um but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove more data down it. Um but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shove more data down it. Um but no
+matter how much data I can sort of shove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much data I can sort of shove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how much data I can sort of shove
+down it per second um there still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it per second um there still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it per second um there still is
+some length to this pipe right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some length to this pipe right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some length to this pipe right and
+that's the sort of separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of separation between
+the sender and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender and
+receiver and that's bottlenecked as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver and that's bottlenecked as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver and that's bottlenecked as we
+said before by the speed of light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before by the speed of light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before by the speed of light and
+that's going to affect how long it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to affect how long it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to affect how long it takes
+for a message to get from say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a message to get from say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a message to get from say one
+endpoint to the other. Um, so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint to the other. Um, so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint to the other. Um, so if you
+think about the total time to transmit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the total time to transmit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the total time to transmit a
+message from one guy to the other, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from one guy to the other, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message from one guy to the other, it's
+going to be the amount of time it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the amount of time it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the amount of time it takes
+to pack the bits into the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pack the bits into the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pack the bits into the beginning of
+the pipe, right? And then the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe, right? And then the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe, right? And then the amount of
+time that it takes for all of those bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it takes for all of those bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it takes for all of those bits
+to trans to come out the other end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trans to come out the other end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trans to come out the other end.
+Okay? Um, so it's going to be some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Um, so it's going to be some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Um, so it's going to be some uh
+function of the it's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the it's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the it's going to be some
+combination of the propagation delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the propagation delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the propagation delay
+plus the transmission delay. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the transmission delay. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the transmission delay. And the
+propagation delay is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay is just going to be
+um equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um equal to the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh length divided by say for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length divided by say for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length divided by say for example the
+speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of
+light. And we're going to need to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And we're going to need to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light. And we're going to need to add to
+that uh the transmission delay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the transmission delay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the transmission delay which is
+simply going to be the number of bits we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to be the number of bits we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to be the number of bits we
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+send divided by uh the bit rate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send divided by uh the bit rate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send divided by uh the bit rate number
+of bits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits per
+second. Okay. Okay. And this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay. Okay. And this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay. Okay. And this is this is
+so this is the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the uh the
+um the time to send along one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+link.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link.
+Okay. So um it's worth remembering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um it's worth remembering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um it's worth remembering that
+this this time to send equation is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this time to send equation is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this time to send equation is uh
+this is only to send along a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only to send along a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is only to send along a single
+link. Um if we have to send more data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link. Um if we have to send more data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link. Um if we have to send more data um
+if there are multiple people for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are multiple people for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are multiple people for example
+who are waiting to get access to a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are waiting to get access to a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are waiting to get access to a link
+we may have to uh sort of that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to uh sort of that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to uh sort of that may
+increase the delay that it takes to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the delay that it takes to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the delay that it takes to send
+a message or if we have to relay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message or if we have to relay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message or if we have to relay a
+message over multiple hops and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message over multiple hops and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message over multiple hops and there's
+some intermediate node in between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate node in between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intermediate node in between each
+of those hops and that that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those hops and that that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those hops and that that sort of
+processing at each intermediate node may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing at each intermediate node may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing at each intermediate node may
+take some additional time as well. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some additional time as well. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some additional time as well. Okay.
+Um so if we look at a graph of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we look at a graph of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if we look at a graph of some of
+the properties of networks um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of networks um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of networks um it's
+interesting to sort of look at the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to sort of look at the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to sort of look at the rate
+of change of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of these different
+technologies. So this is just showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. So this is just showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies. So this is just showing
+what Moore's law is. So we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Moore's law is. So we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Moore's law is. So we saw this
+before uh processor speed doubles every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh processor speed doubles every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh processor speed doubles every
+18 months according to Moore's law. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months according to Moore's law. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months according to Moore's law. Um
+if you look at the say size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the say size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the say size of the
+internet so the number of things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so the number of things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet so the number of things that we
+have to connect together well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to connect together well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to connect together well that's
+been doubling every 13 months. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doubling every 13 months. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doubling every 13 months. So this
+has this uh sort of exponential behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this uh sort of exponential behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this uh sort of exponential behavior
+that Moore's law has as well. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Moore's law has as well. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Moore's law has as well. So we're
+talking about sort of the number of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of the number of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of the number of a
+number of things that we have to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that we have to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things that we have to connect
+together is just growing at this massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is just growing at this massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together is just growing at this massive
+rate and that's a real challenge uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and that's a real challenge uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and that's a real challenge uh for
+designing the uh kinds of protocols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the uh kinds of protocols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing the uh kinds of protocols that
+we're going to need to use in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to use in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to need to use in the case
+of in in in these networks. Um the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in in in these networks. Um the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in in in these networks. Um the other
+thing that we see that's been going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we see that's been going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we see that's been going up
+at the same rate or even faster is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same rate or even faster is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same rate or even faster is the
+amount of traffic that's being sent over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of traffic that's being sent over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of traffic that's being sent over
+the internet. So more and more people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. So more and more people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet. So more and more people
+are sending data and again uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sending data and again uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sending data and again uh this
+affects the sort of this is a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the sort of this is a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the sort of this is a challenge
+for designing protocols that are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for designing protocols that are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for designing protocols that are able to
+scale up and up and up to these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up and up and up to these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale up and up and up to these more
+greater and greater rates. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and greater rates. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater and greater rates. Um the
+largest link capacity uh in the most in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest link capacity uh in the most in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest link capacity uh in the most in
+the in the past few years has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the past few years has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the past few years has actually
+started to go up as fast as double once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to go up as fast as double once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to go up as fast as double once
+every seven months. So this is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every seven months. So this is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every seven months. So this is the sort
+of size of the largest pipe that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size of the largest pipe that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size of the largest pipe that's on
+the internet say connecting uh lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet say connecting uh lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet say connecting uh lots of
+the these big uh service providers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these big uh service providers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these big uh service providers on
+the internet together. Um and this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet together. Um and this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet together. Um and this has
+been just getting hu larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been just getting hu larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been just getting hu larger and larger
+and larger as well. And so this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger as well. And so this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger as well. And so this again
+means in order to exploit all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in order to exploit all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in order to exploit all this
+additional link capacity, we need faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional link capacity, we need faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional link capacity, we need faster
+computers. Uh and it's affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Uh and it's affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers. Uh and it's affecting the
+sort of tech it's sort of uh the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tech it's sort of uh the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tech it's sort of uh the rate of
+change of technology is just extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of technology is just extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of technology is just extremely
+high. Um interestingly enough, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high. Um interestingly enough, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high. Um interestingly enough, of
+course, as we said before, the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, as we said before, the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, as we said before, the speed of
+light never changes. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light never changes. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light never changes. So this is a
+fundamental constraint that we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental constraint that we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental constraint that we're always
+going to have to deal with when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to deal with when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to deal with when we're
+building these things. But um it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these things. But um it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building these things. But um it's also
+the case that if you look at there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that if you look at there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that if you look at there's
+another number that you can look at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another number that you can look at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another number that you can look at and
+in the context of the internet uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the internet uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the internet uh this
+number is where this is bits per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is where this is bits per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is where this is bits per second
+per dollar. Okay. So what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dollar. Okay. So what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per dollar. Okay. So what does that
+mean? Uh this is the amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Uh this is the amount of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean? Uh this is the amount of money
+that you have to that the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to that the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to that the amount of
+money that it costs to for example send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that it costs to for example send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that it costs to for example send
+one bit per second um over the internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit per second um over the internet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bit per second um over the internet.
+Um and this number just has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this number just has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and this number just has not been
+scaling up very fast. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up very fast. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling up very fast. If you look at
+this, it's it's a factor of 10 cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, it's it's a factor of 10 cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, it's it's a factor of 10 cheaper
+today than it was uh in 1980 to send uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than it was uh in 1980 to send uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today than it was uh in 1980 to send uh
+the same the same amount of data per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the same amount of data per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the same amount of data per
+second out over the internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second out over the internet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second out over the internet.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so, so why is that? That seems strange,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so why is that? That seems strange,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, so why is that? That seems strange,
+right? I mean, if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, if you look at the
+fundamental technology, the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental technology, the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental technology, the technology
+itself has gotten much faster. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has gotten much faster. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself has gotten much faster. If you
+look at the sort of Ethernet network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sort of Ethernet network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the sort of Ethernet network
+that you might have in your home or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have in your home or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have in your home or your
+office, this thing has gotten, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, this thing has gotten, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, this thing has gotten, you know,
+it went from in, you know, 1980 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went from in, you know, 1980 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went from in, you know, 1980 you
+might have had one megabit a second that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had one megabit a second that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have had one megabit a second that
+you could transmit over this Ethernet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could transmit over this Ethernet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could transmit over this Ethernet.
+You can now for $100 go to Best Buy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can now for $100 go to Best Buy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can now for $100 go to Best Buy and
+buy something that can transmit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something that can transmit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy something that can transmit a
+gigabit a second over an Ethernet. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabit a second over an Ethernet. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabit a second over an Ethernet. Okay,
+so we're talking about a huge scale up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about a huge scale up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about a huge scale up
+in technology in terms of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technology in terms of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technology in terms of the sort of
+performance of the networks. The issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the networks. The issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the networks. The issue
+here is that uh there's a human cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that uh there's a human cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that uh there's a human cost
+that's associated with sending data out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with sending data out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's associated with sending data out
+over the internet. Um, and what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the internet. Um, and what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the internet. Um, and what I mean
+by that is there's these if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that is there's these if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that is there's these if you want to
+send if I want to send data from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send if I want to send data from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send if I want to send data from here to
+California, there's a physical wire that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California, there's a physical wire that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California, there's a physical wire that
+that data has to trans has to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data has to trans has to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data has to trans has to transfer
+over, right? And somebody owns that wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over, right? And somebody owns that wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over, right? And somebody owns that wire
+and it costs somebody a lot of money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it costs somebody a lot of money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it costs somebody a lot of money to
+cut the holes in the ground where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the holes in the ground where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the holes in the ground where that
+wire runs and to knock holes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire runs and to knock holes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire runs and to knock holes through
+buildings and to get rights from all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and to get rights from all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and to get rights from all the
+cities that that wire runs through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that that wire runs through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that that wire runs through to
+dig holes in their roads, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig holes in their roads, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dig holes in their roads, right? So,
+there's some very large human cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very large human cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some very large human cost
+associated with setting up these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with setting up these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with setting up these sort of
+very wide areas. Um, and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide areas. Um, and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very wide areas. Um, and you see the
+same kind of thing not just in wired but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing not just in wired but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of thing not just in wired but
+in wireless technology with wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wireless technology with wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in wireless technology with wireless
+companies pending huge amounts of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies pending huge amounts of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies pending huge amounts of money
+for access to the rights to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for access to the rights to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for access to the rights to use a
+particular part of the wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular part of the wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular part of the wireless
+spectrum. Okay, so this is this bits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. Okay, so this is this bits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum. Okay, so this is this bits per
+second per dollar is growing slowly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per dollar is growing slowly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per dollar is growing slowly.
+Okay, and the reason for that is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and the reason for that is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and the reason for that is these
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+costs. Okay. And what this argues for,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. Okay. And what this argues for,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs. Okay. And what this argues for,
+what this suggests that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this suggests that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this suggests that we're going to
+need to to do when we're building these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to do when we're building these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to to do when we're building these
+internets um or building these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internets um or building these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internets um or building these large
+networks is to share these network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is to share these network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is to share these network
+links. Okay. So, you know, if every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links. Okay. So, you know, if every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links. Okay. So, you know, if every time
+we added a new host to the network, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added a new host to the network, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we added a new host to the network, uh
+we had to run a wire that connected it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to run a wire that connected it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to run a wire that connected it
+from uh that connected it to every other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that connected it to every other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that connected it to every other
+host in the network. Obviously, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host in the network. Obviously, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host in the network. Obviously, that
+would be hugely expensive. So, we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hugely expensive. So, we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be hugely expensive. So, we want
+to avoid that. And so uh we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that. And so uh we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that. And so uh we are going to
+end up because of these costs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up because of these costs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up because of these costs of
+physically running the wires having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically running the wires having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically running the wires having to
+uh share network connections. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh share network connections. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh share network connections. Um and
+that brings us to the sort of next topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings us to the sort of next topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brings us to the sort of next topic
+that I want to talk about um which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about um which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about um which is
+this topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sharing. Okay. So just so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing. Okay. So just so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing. Okay. So just so that
+everybody's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's clear
+um this notion of having pair-wise links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this notion of having pair-wise links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this notion of having pair-wise links
+a connection from every host to every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection from every host to every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a connection from every host to every
+other host is just not practical. Say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other host is just not practical. Say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other host is just not practical. Say
+suppose I have you know some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have you know some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I have you know some set of
+nodes like this you know if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes like this you know if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes like this you know if I want to
+connect all of them together uh by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect all of them together uh by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect all of them together uh by their
+own set of independent wires um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of independent wires um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own set of independent wires um I don't
+know if I got all of them there but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I got all of them there but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I got all of them there but um
+then the cost is going to be uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cost is going to be uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cost is going to be uh you know
+the if I have n hosts the cost is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if I have n hosts the cost is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if I have n hosts the cost is going
+to be n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be n squared
+wires okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and that's just it's just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's just it's just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that's just it's just too
+expensive right if you have a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive right if you have a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive right if you have a million
+hosts you're going to have a trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosts you're going to have a trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosts you're going to have a trillion
+wires okay so we don't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires okay so we don't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires okay so we don't want to be
+measuring building anything that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring building anything that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring building anything that has a
+skill a trillion components in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill a trillion components in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skill a trillion components in it.
+That's just uh it's it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just uh it's it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just uh it's it's going to be
+really really expensive to deploy. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really expensive to deploy. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really expensive to deploy. So
+um what we end up doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we end up doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we end up doing is
+uh multipplexing. Okay. So what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multipplexing. Okay. So what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multipplexing. Okay. So what do I
+mean by that? I mean this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that? I mean this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that? I mean this notion of
+sharing links. So let's look at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing links. So let's look at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing links. So let's look at a very
+simplified kind of an architecture um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified kind of an architecture um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified kind of an architecture um
+for something like the internet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So suppose I have two hosts um a two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose I have two hosts um a two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose I have two hosts um a two two
+nodes two computers A and B that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes two computers A and B that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes two computers A and B that I want
+to be able to communicate um over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to communicate um over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to communicate um over a
+network to some other pair of nodes C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to some other pair of nodes C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network to some other pair of nodes C
+and D. Okay. Um well in a multipplexed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D. Okay. Um well in a multipplexed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D. Okay. Um well in a multipplexed
+network what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network what we're going to do is we're
+going to have a set of uh these uh boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a set of uh these uh boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a set of uh these uh boxes
+that are going to connect these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to connect these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to connect these these
+nodes together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, I've just sort of shown one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I've just sort of shown one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I've just sort of shown one possible
+network network topology, but these what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network network topology, but these what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network network topology, but these what
+these boxes are um are sometimes they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes are um are sometimes they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these boxes are um are sometimes they're
+sometimes called switches.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called switches.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called switches.
+Um, and they're the connection points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and they're the connection points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and they're the connection points
+that are uh scattered at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh scattered at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh scattered at various
+locations around the internet um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations around the internet um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations around the internet um that
+transfer data from one location to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer data from one location to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer data from one location to the
+other. So, in your home, you very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So, in your home, you very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. So, in your home, you very you
+may you may well have a uh you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may you may well have a uh you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may you may well have a uh you know, a
+wireless what's sometimes called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless what's sometimes called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless what's sometimes called a
+wireless router. That's the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless router. That's the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wireless router. That's the thing that
+transfers data from the air onto a wired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers data from the air onto a wired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers data from the air onto a wired
+network. You may have a box from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. You may have a box from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. You may have a box from your
+cable company that transfers data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable company that transfers data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable company that transfers data from
+your home uh out over the cable. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home uh out over the cable. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your home uh out over the cable. Um and
+then the cable company itself has a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cable company itself has a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cable company itself has a box
+that transfers data to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfers data to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfers data to some other
+service provider which maybe transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service provider which maybe transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service provider which maybe transfers
+data across the country which transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data across the country which transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data across the country which transfers
+data into the home of whoever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into the home of whoever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data into the home of whoever you're
+trying to send or or business of whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to send or or business of whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to send or or business of whoever
+you're trying to send a message to. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to send a message to. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to send a message to. So
+you have this set of sort of these what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this set of sort of these what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this set of sort of these what
+we're calling switches here that connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling switches here that connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're calling switches here that connect
+all these various hosts together. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these various hosts together. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these various hosts together. Um and
+these hosts clearly there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hosts clearly there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hosts clearly there are
+connections here that are sharing data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections here that are sharing data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections here that are sharing data.
+So if I look at this if I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I look at this if I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I look at this if I look at this
+link here if both A and B are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link here if both A and B are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link here if both A and B are trying to
+send data to C clearly there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send data to C clearly there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send data to C clearly there's going to
+be some data for both A and B traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some data for both A and B traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some data for both A and B traveling
+on this wire. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this wire. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this wire. Um and so
+the so what we uh end up with is sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so what we uh end up with is sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so what we uh end up with is sorry
+um so there's a sort of a set of issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a sort of a set of issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there's a sort of a set of issues
+that are brought up by the fact that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are brought up by the fact that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are brought up by the fact that we
+need to we're we're sharing this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to we're we're sharing this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to we're we're sharing this data
+and that we have this kind of switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we have this kind of switched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we have this kind of switched
+infrastructure which we're routing data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure which we're routing data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure which we're routing data
+around in. So the first issue um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in. So the first issue um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in. So the first issue um that we
+need to talk about is this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about is this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about is this that
+obviously comes up is this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously comes up is this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously comes up is this notion of
+routing. Okay. So when you see a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing. Okay. So when you see a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing. Okay. So when you see a graph
+like this um and you ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um and you ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um and you ask the question
+well okay how does A get its data to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay how does A get its data to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay how does A get its data to C
+um we have to pick some route which uh A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have to pick some route which uh A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have to pick some route which uh A
+is going to take along this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take along this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to take along this path
+uh along through through this network in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along through through this network in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh along through through this network in
+order to get to C and there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get to C and there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get to C and there are a couple
+of different alternatives right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different alternatives right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different alternatives right so
+anytime you're you're sending a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you're you're sending a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you're you're sending a message
+there has to be something that plans out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be something that plans out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be something that plans out
+how that route is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that route is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that route is going to be
+transmitted um and commonly what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted um and commonly what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted um and commonly what happens
+is that each one of these intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each one of these intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each one of these intermediate
+points along the network has some table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points along the network has some table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points along the network has some table
+which says, you know, how to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says, you know, how to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says, you know, how to get to
+every other location within the network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other location within the network.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other location within the network.
+And we'll talk about uh how how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll talk about uh how how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll talk about uh how how those
+tables work, how these tables that talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables work, how these tables that talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables work, how these tables that talk
+about what where to forward your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what where to forward your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what where to forward your
+messages to work. But when a node has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to work. But when a node has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages to work. But when a node has
+multiple sort of possible locations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sort of possible locations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple sort of possible locations
+where it can send data out to, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can send data out to, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can send data out to, um
+typically that node is called a router.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that node is called a router.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically that node is called a router.
+Okay? So if you hear the term router,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So if you hear the term router,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So if you hear the term router,
+just think of it as one of these switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as one of these switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of it as one of these switch
+things that gets to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that gets to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that gets to make a decision
+about um where some kind of traffic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um where some kind of traffic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um where some kind of traffic is
+going to be sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sent
+to. Okay? So um now what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay? So um now what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to. Okay? So um now what we need to do
+in order to start designing these uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to start designing these uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to start designing these uh in
+order to think a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to think a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to think a little bit more about
+uh how these switches work um is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how these switches work um is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how these switches work um is to
+resolve the issue of how we multipplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the issue of how we multipplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the issue of how we multipplex
+traffic over uh one of these links. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic over uh one of these links. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic over uh one of these links. So
+we said there may be traffic for both A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said there may be traffic for both A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said there may be traffic for both A
+and B running on this link going into D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B running on this link going into D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B running on this link going into D.
+Well, so how are we going to interle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so how are we going to interle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so how are we going to interle the
+traffic from A and B um in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic from A and B um in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic from A and B um in order to make
+this work? And there are two uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work? And there are two uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work? And there are two uh sort of
+techniques we we so we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we we so we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we we so we call this
+uh a technique for interle data we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a technique for interle data we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a technique for interle data we call
+it switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it switching
+um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or
+multipplexing. We're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipplexing. We're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipplexing. We're going to talk about
+two techniques for switching. We're talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two techniques for switching. We're talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two techniques for switching. We're talk
+about circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about circuit
+switching and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching and we'll talk about
+uh we'll talk about packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll talk about packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll talk about packet
+switching. Okay. Okay, so circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching. Okay. Okay, so circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching. Okay. Okay, so circuit
+switching is uh is is pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching is uh is is pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching is uh is is pretty easy to
+understand at an intuitive level. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at an intuitive level. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand at an intuitive level. The
+idea with a circuit switch is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with a circuit switch is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with a circuit switch is that we
+want to set up some uh reserved channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set up some uh reserved channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set up some uh reserved channel
+uh that is the communication channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is the communication channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that is the communication channel
+between two endpoints uh say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two endpoints uh say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two endpoints uh say for example
+A and C. So a simple way if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C. So a simple way if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and C. So a simple way if you want to
+think about circuit switching um is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about circuit switching um is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about circuit switching um is to
+think about you know the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you know the way that the
+the think about the way that phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the think about the way that phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the think about the way that phone
+networks used to work. So you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks used to work. So you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks used to work. So you may have
+seen these old movies where we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen these old movies where we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen these old movies where we have uh
+where the operator would plug wires into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the operator would plug wires into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the operator would plug wires into
+a switchboard. What an operator is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switchboard. What an operator is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a switchboard. What an operator is doing
+there is establishing a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is establishing a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is establishing a physical
+circuit, a physical wire that connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit, a physical wire that connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit, a physical wire that connects
+two endpoints together. Okay, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two endpoints together. Okay, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two endpoints together. Okay, so that's
+circuit switching. You have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit switching. You have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit switching. You have a bunch of
+different each, you know, each operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different each, you know, each operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different each, you know, each operator
+has a bunch of lines coming in and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of lines coming in and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bunch of lines coming in and a
+bunch of lines coming out. Somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines coming out. Somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of lines coming out. Somebody
+connects to the operator and says, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to the operator and says, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to the operator and says, I
+want to talk to line A and, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to line A and, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk to line A and, you know,
+the operator establishes the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator establishes the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator establishes the physical
+connection. So, of course, we don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. So, of course, we don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection. So, of course, we don't use
+that technology for doing uh circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology for doing uh circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology for doing uh circuit
+switching anymore, but this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching anymore, but this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching anymore, but this notion of
+cir circuit switching is still used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cir circuit switching is still used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cir circuit switching is still used in
+the telephone system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the telephone system.
+Um and the way that a sort of common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the way that a sort of common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the way that a sort of common
+digital telephone system might work um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital telephone system might work um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital telephone system might work um
+is follows. It uses uh is as follows. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is follows. It uses uh is as follows. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is follows. It uses uh is as follows. So
+the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea
+is that suppose I have some set of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that suppose I have some set of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that suppose I have some set of uh
+nodes A, B and C all of which want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes A, B and C all of which want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes A, B and C all of which want to
+send their data out over some line. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their data out over some line. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their data out over some line. So
+they're connecting up to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connecting up to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're connecting up to some
+switch and they want to send their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and they want to send their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and they want to send their data
+out over this switch out out over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over this switch out out over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over this switch out out over this
+wire that that is on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire that that is on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire that that is on the other side of
+this switch. Okay. Um so what circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch. Okay. Um so what circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch. Okay. Um so what circuit
+switching so what the this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching so what the this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching so what the this kind of
+switching that we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching that we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching that we're going to talk about
+does which is commonly called TDM for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does which is commonly called TDM for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does which is commonly called TDM for
+time division multipplexing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um is to give each one of these uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um is to give each one of these uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um is to give each one of these uh each
+one of these nodes A, B and C a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these nodes A, B and C a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these nodes A, B and C a little
+unit of time in which only its traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time in which only its traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of time in which only its traffic
+is being transmitted on this wire. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being transmitted on this wire. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being transmitted on this wire. So we
+divide this if you think of this wire as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this if you think of this wire as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide this if you think of this wire as
+having a bunch of different uh having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bunch of different uh having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bunch of different uh having
+you know one additional piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one additional piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one additional piece of
+information put on at each unit of time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information put on at each unit of time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information put on at each unit of time.
+Um, and this is the wire stretching out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this is the wire stretching out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and this is the wire stretching out
+uh away from the host. So that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh away from the host. So that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh away from the host. So that this is
+sort of time is going this way as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of time is going this way as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of time is going this way as the
+signal propagates down the wire. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal propagates down the wire. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal propagates down the wire. And if
+you were to look at all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look at all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to look at all the different
+messages that are on the wire, what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages that are on the wire, what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages that are on the wire, what you
+would see is sort of a read a repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see is sort of a read a repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see is sort of a read a repeating
+pattern of time intervals. Um, and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of time intervals. Um, and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of time intervals. Um, and each
+of these time intervals would be carved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these time intervals would be carved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these time intervals would be carved
+up into a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slots. Okay? And each slot is allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots. Okay? And each slot is allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots. Okay? And each slot is allocated
+to exactly one uh is ex allocated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exactly one uh is ex allocated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exactly one uh is ex allocated to
+exactly one of these nodes. And each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of these nodes. And each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of these nodes. And each
+node gets the same slot in each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node gets the same slot in each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node gets the same slot in each one of
+these larger intervals. Okay? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these larger intervals. Okay? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these larger intervals. Okay? So you
+would see a pattern like A's traffic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a pattern like A's traffic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a pattern like A's traffic,
+B's traffic, C's traffic and so on. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's traffic, C's traffic and so on. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's traffic, C's traffic and so on. And
+then in the next interval we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the next interval we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the next interval we would have
+A's traffic, B's traffic and C's traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's traffic, B's traffic and C's traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's traffic, B's traffic and C's traffic
+again. So there this be repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So there this be repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. So there this be repeating
+pattern where each node is associated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern where each node is associated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern where each node is associated to
+each to the same slot in every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each to the same slot in every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each to the same slot in every one of
+these intervals. Okay? And we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals. Okay? And we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intervals. Okay? And we call the
+data that say for example a puts into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that say for example a puts into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that say for example a puts into a
+slot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot a
+frame. So a frame is just a uh the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. So a frame is just a uh the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. So a frame is just a uh the sort
+of the the set of data that is allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the set of data that is allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the set of data that is allocated
+to a node. Um and so this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a node. Um and so this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a node. Um and so this this is the
+basically the way that circuit switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way that circuit switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way that circuit switching
+works and it's almost exactly the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's almost exactly the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and it's almost exactly the way
+that the phone network works now. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the phone network works now. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the phone network works now. So a
+phone network carves up the wire into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone network carves up the wire into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone network carves up the wire into a
+bunch of these little slots where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these little slots where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these little slots where each
+uh conversation is allocated one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conversation is allocated one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh conversation is allocated one of
+these uh sort of uh frames in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sort of uh frames in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sort of uh frames in each
+interval. So in a typical phone network,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. So in a typical phone network,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval. So in a typical phone network,
+a frame might be eight bits. Um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame might be eight bits. Um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a frame might be eight bits. Um and you
+there might be the these intervals there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be the these intervals there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be the these intervals there
+might be 8,000 of them per second. Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 8,000 of them per second. Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be 8,000 of them per second. Okay?
+So we'd have 8,000 intervals per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second. Okay? Okay. And so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay? Okay. And so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Okay? Okay. And so what that
+means is that if each frame is 8 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if each frame is 8 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if each frame is 8 bits
+and there's 8,000 intervals, each sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 8,000 intervals, each sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 8,000 intervals, each sender
+can send 64,000 bits per second. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send 64,000 bits per second. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can send 64,000 bits per second. And it
+turns out that 64,000 bits per second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that 64,000 bits per second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that 64,000 bits per second is
+about enough to be able to uh encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about enough to be able to uh encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about enough to be able to uh encode
+voice at a at a sort of acceptable level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice at a at a sort of acceptable level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice at a at a sort of acceptable level
+for people. Um so we can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people. Um so we can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people. Um so we can talk about the
+sort of capacity of this channel by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of capacity of this channel by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of capacity of this channel by
+basically looking at the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically looking at the number of
+frames that are in one interval. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames that are in one interval. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frames that are in one interval. So if
+we say there are n max frames in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say there are n max frames in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say there are n max frames in one
+interval um then that's that specifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval um then that's that specifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval um then that's that specifies
+the number of conversations that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of conversations that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of conversations that we can
+simultaneously maintain on this wire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously maintain on this wire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously maintain on this wire.
+And so the behavior of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the behavior of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the behavior of one of these
+circuit switch systems is basically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit switch systems is basically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit switch systems is basically as
+follows that everybody who's having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows that everybody who's having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows that everybody who's having a
+conversation has bandwidth allocated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation has bandwidth allocated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation has bandwidth allocated to
+them has has a frame allocated to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has has a frame allocated to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has has a frame allocated to them
+in every interval. So up to nmax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every interval. So up to nmax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every interval. So up to nmax
+conversations can be held simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations can be held simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations can be held simultaneously
+and there's no problem. But as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no problem. But as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no problem. But as soon as
+we get to the N n plus first guy Nmax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the N n plus first guy Nmax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the N n plus first guy Nmax
+plus first guy tries to send a meth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first guy tries to send a meth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first guy tries to send a meth
+tries to initiate a call the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to initiate a call the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to initiate a call the network
+will simply refuse to accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply refuse to accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will simply refuse to accept that
+connection because there's no slot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because there's no slot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection because there's no slot
+available for this guy to do his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for this guy to do his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for this guy to do his
+communication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication.
+Um and the last little detail about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the last little detail about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and the last little detail about how
+these circuit switches work uh is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circuit switches work uh is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circuit switches work uh is just
+how do we actually establish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually establish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we actually establish a
+connection in the first place. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection in the first place. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection in the first place. Um and
+you know that that so we need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that so we need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that that so we need some
+protocol for actually uh reserving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for actually uh reserving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol for actually uh reserving a
+slot for a particular connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot for a particular connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slot for a particular connection between
+a pair of endpoints. Um and so typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of endpoints. Um and so typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of endpoints. Um and so typically
+what we'll do what you'll do is reser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do what you'll do is reser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do what you'll do is reser
+reserve some frame or set of frames to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve some frame or set of frames to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve some frame or set of frames to
+carry information that's used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry information that's used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry information that's used to
+configure the connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configure the connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configure the connection between the
+endpoints. So A can request that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints. So A can request that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints. So A can request that you
+know a interval be assigned to to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a interval be assigned to to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a interval be assigned to to its
+connection between C and then it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between C and then it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between C and then it will be
+uh by communicating during a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by communicating during a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by communicating during a special
+frame. Okay. So that's uh that's circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. Okay. So that's uh that's circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame. Okay. So that's uh that's circuit
+switching. Uh but circuit switching has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching. Uh but circuit switching has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching. Uh but circuit switching has
+a has a problem. Um and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has a problem. Um and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has a problem. Um and we're going to
+need to introduce this notion of packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to introduce this notion of packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to introduce this notion of packet
+switching to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. Okay. So the idea behind the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So the idea behind the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Okay. So the idea behind the reason
+that circuit switching has a problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circuit switching has a problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that circuit switching has a problem is
+as follows. It's because although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows. It's because although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows. It's because although
+circuit switching works great for voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit switching works great for voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit switching works great for voice
+where every conversation is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every conversation is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where every conversation is essentially
+a continuous stream of audio uh that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous stream of audio uh that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a continuous stream of audio uh that can
+always be encoded at about 64 kilobits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be encoded at about 64 kilobits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be encoded at about 64 kilobits
+per second. The internet internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second. The internet internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second. The internet internet
+traffic just doesn't work like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic just doesn't work like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic just doesn't work like that
+right people who are communicating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people who are communicating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people who are communicating on
+the internet have very variable demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet have very variable demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet have very variable demands
+uh for the amount of traffic that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the amount of traffic that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the amount of traffic that they
+want to send. And even taken as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send. And even taken as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to send. And even taken as an
+aggregate taking all the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate taking all the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate taking all the people who are
+say for example of the com the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example of the com the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for example of the com the community
+of MIT over time um there still is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT over time um there still is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT over time um there still is a lot
+of variation in the network demand. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation in the network demand. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variation in the network demand. So
+this is just a plot over the course of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a plot over the course of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a plot over the course of a
+day uh with samples taken every five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh with samples taken every five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day uh with samples taken every five
+minutes of the amount of traffic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the amount of traffic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes of the amount of traffic that
+was being sent out of uh the L mi MIT's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being sent out of uh the L mi MIT's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being sent out of uh the L mi MIT's
+one of MIT's labs. Okay. Okay. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of MIT's labs. Okay. Okay. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of MIT's labs. Okay. Okay. And so
+you don't need to worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to worry too much about
+what these different lines here show,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these different lines here show,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these different lines here show,
+but the point is that there are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that there are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that there are these
+periodic spikes of and these spikes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic spikes of and these spikes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic spikes of and these spikes
+represent uh uh spikes in the traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh uh spikes in the traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent uh uh spikes in the traffic
+demand of different machines on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand of different machines on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand of different machines on the
+network. So you can see that at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. So you can see that at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. So you can see that at any
+given point in time, you know, there can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time, you know, there can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point in time, you know, there can
+be anywhere from you know at its lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere from you know at its lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anywhere from you know at its lowest
+uh these these numbers are 40 about 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these these numbers are 40 about 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these these numbers are 40 about 40
+megabits per second um to numbers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabits per second um to numbers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabits per second um to numbers as
+high as a hundred uh as high as 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as a hundred uh as high as 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high as a hundred uh as high as 100
+megabits a second. So there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabits a second. So there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabits a second. So there's a lot of
+variation in the demand of traffic on at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the demand of traffic on at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the demand of traffic on at
+MIT's network. Um here's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT's network. Um here's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT's network. Um here's another way of
+looking at the same traffic. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same traffic. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the same traffic. This is
+kind of an interesting graph. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting graph. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an interesting graph. This is
+showing the amount of traffic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the amount of traffic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the amount of traffic that
+different protocols use. Um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different protocols use. Um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different protocols use. Um this is a
+real graph, by the way. This is showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real graph, by the way. This is showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real graph, by the way. This is showing
+the amount of traffic that uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of traffic that uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of traffic that uh is
+transmitted over MIT's network um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted over MIT's network um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted over MIT's network um for
+different types of protocols. And what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of protocols. And what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of protocols. And what
+you see here is that it's really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is that it's really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see here is that it's really pretty
+amazing. you see right that this kazah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. you see right that this kazah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing. you see right that this kazah
+this file trading network is using up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file trading network is using up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this file trading network is using up
+you know a vast majority of the traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a vast majority of the traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a vast majority of the traffic
+that we send out of MIT um but besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we send out of MIT um but besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we send out of MIT um but besides
+that there's another interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's another interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's another interesting point
+which is that notice that during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that notice that during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that notice that during the
+months of October and November the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of October and November the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months of October and November the two
+leftmost lines here uh we were sending a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost lines here uh we were sending a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost lines here uh we were sending a
+lot more traffic than during the month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more traffic than during the month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more traffic than during the month
+of December so if you were MIT and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of December so if you were MIT and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of December so if you were MIT and you
+were trying to plan how much traffic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to plan how much traffic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to plan how much traffic you
+expected to be transmitted during a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be transmitted during a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to be transmitted during a
+month this makes it hard because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month this makes it hard because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month this makes it hard because there
+was a 50% drop in the amount of traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 50% drop in the amount of traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a 50% drop in the amount of traffic
+from one month on in this kazad network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one month on in this kazad network.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one month on in this kazad network.
+So we need to introduce this not notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to introduce this not notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we need to introduce this not notion
+of packet switching uh to deal with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packet switching uh to deal with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packet switching uh to deal with this
+problem of unpredictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rates. Okay. So uh in the internet it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates. Okay. So uh in the internet it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates. Okay. So uh in the internet it's
+or in the in in many kinds of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the in in many kinds of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the in in many kinds of data
+networks it's simply not possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks it's simply not possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks it's simply not possible to
+predict exactly how much traffic you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict exactly how much traffic you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict exactly how much traffic you're
+going to need to send at any point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to send at any point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to send at any point in
+time. And so the idea is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so the idea is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. And so the idea is to use
+something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called
+asynchronous multipplexing instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous multipplexing instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asynchronous multipplexing instead of
+time division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multipplexing. And the idea is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipplexing. And the idea is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipplexing. And the idea is as
+follows. Suppose we have our three nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. Suppose we have our three nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows. Suppose we have our three nodes
+A, B, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, B, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A, B, and
+C all transmitting data to some through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all transmitting data to some through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all transmitting data to some through
+some switch out over a wire just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some switch out over a wire just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some switch out over a wire just like we
+did before. If you look at the traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before. If you look at the traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did before. If you look at the traffic
+that's being transmitted on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being transmitted on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being transmitted on this
+wire, what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that it's not necessarily going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not necessarily going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not necessarily going to have
+the same regular pattern that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same regular pattern that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same regular pattern that we had
+before. The idea is that any node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. The idea is that any node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. The idea is that any node is
+allowed to try and talk start talking on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to try and talk start talking on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to try and talk start talking on
+this wire at any time that it wants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire at any time that it wants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wire at any time that it wants.
+That's why it's called asynchronous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why it's called asynchronous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why it's called asynchronous.
+It's not timed. There's no regular slots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not timed. There's no regular slots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not timed. There's no regular slots
+when nodes are required to transmit. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nodes are required to transmit. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nodes are required to transmit. So
+this might be traffic for A. This might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be traffic for A. This might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be traffic for A. This might
+be traffic for A. This might be traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traffic for A. This might be traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traffic for A. This might be traffic
+for B. A a you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C. Okay. So what this suggests is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Okay. So what this suggests is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C. Okay. So what this suggests is that
+uh and notice that these packets these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and notice that these packets these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and notice that these packets these
+these these uh packages of data that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh packages of data that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these uh packages of data that are
+being transmitted are of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transmitted are of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being transmitted are of different
+sizes. Um typically these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes. Um typically these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes. Um typically these are called
+packets and that's why this is packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets and that's why this is packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets and that's why this is packet
+switching because we're sending these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching because we're sending these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching because we're sending these
+little packages of information that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little packages of information that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little packages of information that are
+of a variable size as opposed to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a variable size as opposed to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a variable size as opposed to these
+fixed size frames that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed size frames that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed size frames that we were
+transmitting before. Um and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting before. Um and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting before. Um and notice that
+there's no requirement that a transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no requirement that a transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no requirement that a transmit
+at any specific time. A is allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any specific time. A is allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any specific time. A is allowed to
+try and transmit as much as it wants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and transmit as much as it wants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and transmit as much as it wants.
+But this does introduce a complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this does introduce a complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this does introduce a complexity
+because it makes it hard to plan for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes it hard to plan for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes it hard to plan for the
+capacity of the network. So suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of the network. So suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of the network. So suppose that
+each of A, B, and C have a 1 megabit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of A, B, and C have a 1 megabit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of A, B, and C have a 1 megabit per
+second link. And suppose that this link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second link. And suppose that this link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second link. And suppose that this link
+is also 1 megabit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second. Now clearly if A, B, and C are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Now clearly if A, B, and C are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Now clearly if A, B, and C are
+rarely sending any traffic, then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely sending any traffic, then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely sending any traffic, then they're
+going to be able to everybody may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to everybody may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to everybody may be
+able to get all of its data onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get all of its data onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get all of its data onto the
+network. But if A, B, and C all decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. But if A, B, and C all decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. But if A, B, and C all decide
+that they want to send at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to send at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to send at the same time
+at 1 megabit a second, then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1 megabit a second, then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1 megabit a second, then there's
+going to be a problem because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem because they're
+going to be trying to send more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be trying to send more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be trying to send more data
+over this link uh than the link has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this link uh than the link has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this link uh than the link has
+capacity for. And so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for. And so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity for. And so what that
+immediately suggests is that in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately suggests is that in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately suggests is that in these
+boxes, in these packet switch networks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes, in these packet switch networks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes, in these packet switch networks,
+there's some kind of a queue. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of a queue. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some kind of a queue. Okay, so
+we're doing queuing uh within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing queuing uh within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing queuing uh within the
+network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so you might ask the question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you might ask the question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you might ask the question well
+why don't network designers design these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't network designers design these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't network designers design these
+packet switch networks so that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch networks so that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch networks so that uh you
+never have a link a down sort of a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a link a down sort of a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have a link a down sort of a link
+that's connecting multiple endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connecting multiple endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's connecting multiple endpoints
+together that doesn't have sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that doesn't have sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that doesn't have sufficient
+capacity to transmit all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to transmit all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity to transmit all of the
+information from all the all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from all the all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from all the all of the
+endpoints that may be transmitting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints that may be transmitting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints that may be transmitting data
+over it. Um, but if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it. Um, but if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it. Um, but if you think about this
+for a second, that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second, that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second, that's going to be a
+really bad idea. So, suppose we're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad idea. So, suppose we're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad idea. So, suppose we're on
+the internet, okay? And suppose that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet, okay? And suppose that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet, okay? And suppose that I'm
+designing, you know, some little website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing, you know, some little website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing, you know, some little website
+to, uh, you know, I I want to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, uh, you know, I I want to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to, uh, you know, I I want to set up a
+website for students of 6033, right? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for students of 6033, right? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for students of 6033, right? If
+I needed to make sure that that website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed to make sure that that website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I needed to make sure that that website
+had sufficient bandwidth that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sufficient bandwidth that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had sufficient bandwidth that could
+could support connections from everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could support connections from everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could support connections from everybody
+who was on the internet just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was on the internet just in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was on the internet just in case
+everybody who was on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who was on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody who was on the internet
+decided to access that website at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to access that website at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to access that website at
+exactly the same time, I would be in big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same time, I would be in big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same time, I would be in big
+trouble, right? because I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble, right? because I would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble, right? because I would have to
+have hundreds of terabytes of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hundreds of terabytes of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hundreds of terabytes of you know
+of bandwidth available to me in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bandwidth available to me in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bandwidth available to me in order to
+be able to support that. So clearly I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to support that. So clearly I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to support that. So clearly I'm
+not going to do that. Instead what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that. Instead what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to do that. Instead what I'm
+going to do as a network designer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do as a network designer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do as a network designer is
+simply try and ensure that most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply try and ensure that most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply try and ensure that most of the
+time my network has enough bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time my network has enough bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time my network has enough bandwidth
+available for the users who are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the users who are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the users who are going to
+be accessing it. But some of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessing it. But some of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accessing it. But some of the time
+there may not be I may sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be I may sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be I may sort of
+underprovision the network may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underprovision the network may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underprovision the network may not
+provide enough resources. Um and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide enough resources. Um and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide enough resources. Um and so when
+during those times when the network is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during those times when the network is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during those times when the network is
+uh has more data that's being trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has more data that's being trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has more data that's being trying to
+be sent over it than it can possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent over it than it can possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent over it than it can possibly
+send, we call those congestion times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send, we call those congestion times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send, we call those congestion times.
+And when a network is subject to long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when a network is subject to long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when a network is subject to long
+periods of congestion, um these cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of congestion, um these cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods of congestion, um these cues
+that are sitting in the network may fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sitting in the network may fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sitting in the network may fill
+up, right? So these cues are some fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, right? So these cues are some fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up, right? So these cues are some fixed
+size. They're stored typically in RAM on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size. They're stored typically in RAM on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size. They're stored typically in RAM on
+a device and they can overfill. And when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a device and they can overfill. And when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a device and they can overfill. And when
+they overfill, uh we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overfill, uh we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they overfill, uh we have to do
+something about it. Okay? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it. Okay? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it. Okay? So this
+problem of congestion in networks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of congestion in networks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of congestion in networks um
+leads to all sorts of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to all sorts of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to all sorts of kind of
+interesting uh interesting tradeoffs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh interesting tradeoffs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh interesting tradeoffs in
+the design of these packet switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of these packet switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of these packet switch
+networks. And typically what it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. And typically what it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. And typically what it the
+bottom line is basically uh we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is basically uh we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is basically uh we'll talk
+about this in much more detail but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in much more detail but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in much more detail but the
+bottom line is typically uh these packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is typically uh these packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is typically uh these packet
+switch networks have to be able to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch networks have to be able to drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch networks have to be able to drop
+data some of the time. If a queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data some of the time. If a queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data some of the time. If a queue
+overfills the network has no choice but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfills the network has no choice but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfills the network has no choice but
+to refuse to transmit data for somebody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refuse to transmit data for somebody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refuse to transmit data for somebody.
+But because these packet switch networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because these packet switch networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because these packet switch networks
+are sort of composed of multiple routers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of composed of multiple routers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of composed of multiple routers
+along the way, it may be that the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way, it may be that the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the way, it may be that the data
+is actually dropped deep in the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually dropped deep in the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually dropped deep in the network
+by some router. Not you know not when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some router. Not you know not when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some router. Not you know not when I
+first try and send the data but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first try and send the data but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first try and send the data but you know
+five hops down the line the data may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hops down the line the data may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five hops down the line the data may be
+dropped. Um and so that makes the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped. Um and so that makes the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped. Um and so that makes the design
+of so so these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so so these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so so these kinds of things
+complicate the design of these systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate the design of these systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate the design of these systems.
+Queuing means there's variable delay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queuing means there's variable delay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queuing means there's variable delay.
+Okay. And congestion means there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And congestion means there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And congestion means there may be
+data that's lost. And to deal with loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's lost. And to deal with loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's lost. And to deal with loss
+we may have to retransmit packets. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to retransmit packets. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have to retransmit packets. And
+so this gets at the sort of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets at the sort of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this gets at the sort of fundamental
+uh issue the the fundamental notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue the the fundamental notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh issue the the fundamental notion of
+uh that's going to come up in the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's going to come up in the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's going to come up in the design
+of these packet switch networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these packet switch networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these packet switch networks and
+that's that the abstraction that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that the abstraction that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that the abstraction that these
+packet switch networks provides um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch networks provides um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch networks provides um is
+this is so-called best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+networking and that means at the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and that means at the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking and that means at the lowest
+level these networks don't guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level these networks don't guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level these networks don't guarantee
+that the data that you send over them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data that you send over them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data that you send over them
+will actually be delivered. All they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be delivered. All they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually be delivered. All they say
+is the network is sort of promising that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the network is sort of promising that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the network is sort of promising that
+it will try hard to get the data to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will try hard to get the data to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will try hard to get the data to be
+delivered. But you as a user, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered. But you as a user, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered. But you as a user, the the
+applications that are using this raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are using this raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that are using this raw
+network interface need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network interface need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network interface need to understand
+that there's variable delay. They need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's variable delay. They need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's variable delay. They need
+to understand that there's congestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that there's congestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that there's congestion
+that can happen which means that packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen which means that packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen which means that packets
+can be dropped. Um congestion also means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dropped. Um congestion also means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be dropped. Um congestion also means
+that typically packets may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically packets may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that typically packets may be
+retransmitted. Um and so that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitted. Um and so that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitted. Um and so that means that
+all of your data may not arrive at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your data may not arrive at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your data may not arrive at the
+other end. Um and so this is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end. Um and so this is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end. Um and so this is the best
+effort network uh abstraction. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort network uh abstraction. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort network uh abstraction. And we're
+going to talk about these kinds of best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about these kinds of best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about these kinds of best
+best effort networks mostly exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort networks mostly exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best effort networks mostly exclusively
+for the next couple of weeks as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next couple of weeks as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next couple of weeks as opposed
+to these circuit switch networks. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these circuit switch networks. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these circuit switch networks. And
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is we're going to
+see how we can build up a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can build up a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how we can build up a set of
+software that runs on top of these best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that runs on top of these best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that runs on top of these best
+effort networks that allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort networks that allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort networks that allows us to
+provide things like for example some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide things like for example some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide things like for example some
+reasonable guarantee uh of reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable guarantee uh of reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable guarantee uh of reliable
+delivery that data won't be lost uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery that data won't be lost uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery that data won't be lost uh on
+the c o over as as data is transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c o over as as data is transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the c o over as as data is transmitted
+over the network. So we'll see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the network. So we'll see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the network. So we'll see how we
+build up layers on top of this best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up layers on top of this best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up layers on top of this best
+effort network stack that allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort network stack that allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort network stack that allow us to
+provide certain guarantees to the user.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide certain guarantees to the user.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide certain guarantees to the user.
+So um that's it for today and tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um that's it for today and tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um that's it for today and tomorrow
+we'll talk about the starting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the starting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about the starting on
+Wednesday uh Monday we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday uh Monday we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday uh Monday we'll talk about the
+link layer interface for these things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer interface for these things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link layer interface for these things.
+Don't forget about the exam.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uo0EmonbUhU.txt b/uo0EmonbUhU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c7a3e3bfe41bce4b86b641d7a3a4d90c750bd98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uo0EmonbUhU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now as we start to think about building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we start to think about building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as we start to think about building
+regression models with this data set we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models with this data set we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression models with this data set we
+need to consider the possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider the possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to consider the possibility that
+there is multicollinearity within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is multicollinearity within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is multicollinearity within the
+independent variables and there's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and there's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables and there's a good
+reason to suspect that there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to suspect that there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to suspect that there would be
+multicollinearity amongst the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicollinearity amongst the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicollinearity amongst the variables
+because in some sense they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in some sense they're all
+measuring the same thing which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the same thing which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the same thing which is how
+strong the Republican candidate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong the Republican candidate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong the Republican candidate is
+performing in the particular state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing in the particular state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing in the particular state so
+while normally we would run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while normally we would run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while normally we would run the
+correlation function on the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function on the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function on the training set
+in this case it doesn't work it says X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it doesn't work it says X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it doesn't work it says X
+must be numeric and if we go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be numeric and if we go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be numeric and if we go back and
+look at the structure of the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the structure of the training
+set it jumps out why we're getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it jumps out why we're getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it jumps out why we're getting this
+issue it's because we're trying to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it's because we're trying to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue it's because we're trying to take
+the correlations of the names of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlations of the names of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlations of the names of states
+which doesn't make any sense so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't make any sense so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't make any sense so to
+compute the correlation we're gonna want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the correlation we're gonna want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the correlation we're gonna want
+to take the correlation amongst just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the correlation amongst just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the correlation amongst just the
+independent variables that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables that we're going
+to be using to predict and we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using to predict and we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be using to predict and we can also
+add in the dependent variable to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in the dependent variable to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add in the dependent variable to this
+correlation matrix so I'll take cor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix so I'll take cor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix so I'll take cor of
+the training set but just limited to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set but just limited to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set but just limited to the
+independent variables Rasmussen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables Rasmussen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variables Rasmussen
+survey u-s-a prop R and discount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey u-s-a prop R and discount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey u-s-a prop R and discount and
+then also we'll add in the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also we'll add in the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also we'll add in the dependent
+variable Republican so there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Republican so there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Republican so there we go
+we're seeing a lot of big values here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing a lot of big values here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing a lot of big values here
+for instance survey USA and Rasmussen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance survey USA and Rasmussen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance survey USA and Rasmussen
+our independent variables that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our independent variables that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our independent variables that have a
+correlation of 0.9 t4 which is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of 0.9 t4 which is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation of 0.9 t4 which is very very
+large and something that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and something that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and something that would be
+concerning it means that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning it means that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning it means that probably
+combining them together isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them together isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them together isn't going to
+do much to produce a working regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much to produce a working regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much to produce a working regression
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+so let's first consider the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first consider the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first consider the case where
+we want to build a logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to build a logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to build a logistic regression
+model with just one variable so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with just one variable so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model with just one variable so in this
+case it stands to reason that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it stands to reason that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it stands to reason that the
+variable we'd want to add would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we'd want to add would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable we'd want to add would be the
+one that is most highly correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is most highly correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that is most highly correlated with
+the outcome Republican so if we read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome Republican so if we read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome Republican so if we read the
+bottom row which is the correlation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom row which is the correlation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom row which is the correlation of
+each variable to Republican we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable to Republican we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable to Republican we see that
+prop R is probably the best candidate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop R is probably the best candidate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop R is probably the best candidate to
+include in our single variable model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in our single variable model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include in our single variable model
+because it's so high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's so high
+he correlated I mean it's going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he correlated I mean it's going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he correlated I mean it's going to do a
+good job of predicting the Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of predicting the Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job of predicting the Republican
+status so let's build a model we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status so let's build a model we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status so let's build a model we can
+call it mod one so we'll call the GLM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it mod one so we'll call the GLM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it mod one so we'll call the GLM
+function predicting republican using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function predicting republican using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function predicting republican using
+prop are alone as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop are alone as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop are alone as always
+we'll pass along the data to train with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pass along the data to train with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pass along the data to train with
+as our training set and because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our training set and because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as our training set and because we have
+logistic regression we need family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression we need family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression we need family
+equals binomial and we can take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals binomial and we can take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals binomial and we can take a look
+at this model using this summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this model using this summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this model using this summary
+function and we can see that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we can see that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we can see that it looks
+pretty nice in terms of its significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice in terms of its significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice in terms of its significance
+and the sign of the of the coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sign of the of the coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sign of the of the coefficients
+right we have a lot of stars over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a lot of stars over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we have a lot of stars over here
+prop r is the proportion of the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop r is the proportion of the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop r is the proportion of the poles
+that said the Republican one we saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said the Republican one we saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said the Republican one we saw that
+see that that has a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that has a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that that has a very high
+coefficient in terms of predicting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in terms of predicting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient in terms of predicting that
+the Republican will win in the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Republican will win in the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Republican will win in the state
+which makes a lot of sense and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes a lot of sense and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes a lot of sense and we'll
+note down that the AIC measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note down that the AIC measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note down that the AIC measuring the
+strength of the model is nineteen point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the model is nineteen point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the model is nineteen point
+eight so this seems like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so this seems like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight so this seems like a very
+reasonable model let's see how it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable model let's see how it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable model let's see how it does
+in terms of actually predicting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of actually predicting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of actually predicting the
+Republican outcome on the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican outcome on the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican outcome on the training set
+so first we want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we want to compute the
+predictions the predicted probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions the predicted probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions the predicted probabilities
+that the Republican is going to win on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Republican is going to win on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Republican is going to win on
+the training set so we'll create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set so we'll create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set so we'll create a
+vector called preed one prediction one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector called preed one prediction one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector called preed one prediction one
+and we'll call the predict function will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call the predict function will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll call the predict function will
+pass it our model one and we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it our model one and we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass it our model one and we're not
+going to pass it new data because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass it new data because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pass it new data because we're
+just making predictions on the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making predictions on the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making predictions on the training
+set right now we're not looking at test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set right now we're not looking at test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set right now we're not looking at test
+set predictions but we do need to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set predictions but we do need to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set predictions but we do need to pass
+it type equals response to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it type equals response to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it type equals response to get
+probabilities out as the predictions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities out as the predictions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities out as the predictions and
+now we want to see how well it's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to see how well it's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to see how well it's doing
+so if we used a threshold of 0.5 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we used a threshold of 0.5 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we used a threshold of 0.5 where
+we said if the probabilities at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said if the probabilities at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said if the probabilities at least
+one-half we're gonna predict Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half we're gonna predict Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half we're gonna predict Republican
+otherwise will predict Democrat let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise will predict Democrat let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise will predict Democrat let's
+see how that would do on the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that would do on the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that would do on the training
+set so we'll want to use the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we'll want to use the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we'll want to use the table
+function and look at the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and look at the training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and look at the training set
+republican value against the logical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republican value against the logical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+republican value against the logical of
+whether creed one is greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether creed one is greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether creed one is greater than or
+equal to 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0.5
+so here the rose as usual are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the rose as usual are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the rose as usual are the
+outcome one is Republican zeros Democrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome one is Republican zeros Democrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome one is Republican zeros Democrat
+and the columns true means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the columns true means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the columns true means that we
+predicted Republican false means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted Republican false means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted Republican false means we
+predict a Democrat so we see that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a Democrat so we see that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a Democrat so we see that on the
+training set this model with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set this model with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set this model with one
+variable as a prediction makes four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as a prediction makes four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable as a prediction makes four
+mistakes which is just about the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes which is just about the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes which is just about the same as
+our smart baseline model so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our smart baseline model so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our smart baseline model so now let's
+see if we can improve on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can improve on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can improve on this
+performance by adding in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by adding in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance by adding in another
+variable so if we go back up to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so if we go back up to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so if we go back up to our
+correlations here we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations here we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations here we're gonna be
+searching since there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching since there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searching since there's so much
+multicollinearity we might be searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicollinearity we might be searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicollinearity we might be searching
+for a pair of variables that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pair of variables that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pair of variables that has a
+relatively lower correlation with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively lower correlation with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively lower correlation with each
+other because they might kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they might kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they might kind of work
+together to improve the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to improve the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to improve the prediction
+overall of the Republican outcome if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall of the Republican outcome if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall of the Republican outcome if two
+variables are highly highly correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are highly highly correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are highly highly correlated
+they're less likely to to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less likely to to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less likely to to kind of
+improve predictions together since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve predictions together since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve predictions together since
+they're so similar in their correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so similar in their correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so similar in their correlation
+structure so it looks like just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so it looks like just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so it looks like just looking
+at this top left four by four matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this top left four by four matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this top left four by four matrix
+which is the correlations between all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the correlations between all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the correlations between all
+the independent variables basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the independent variables basically the
+least correlated pairs of variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least correlated pairs of variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least correlated pairs of variables
+either Rasmussen and discount or survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Rasmussen and discount or survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Rasmussen and discount or survey
+u-s-a and difficult so the idea would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-s-a and difficult so the idea would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-s-a and difficult so the idea would be
+to try out one of these pairs and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try out one of these pairs and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try out one of these pairs and our
+two variable models so we'll go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variable models so we'll go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two variable models so we'll go ahead
+and try out survey u-s-a and discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try out survey u-s-a and discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try out survey u-s-a and discount
+together in our second model so to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in our second model so to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in our second model so to save
+ourselves some typing we can hit up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves some typing we can hit up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves some typing we can hit up a
+few times until we get to the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times until we get to the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times until we get to the model
+definition for model one and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for model one and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for model one and then we can
+just change the variables in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change the variables in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change the variables in this case
+we're now using survey u-s-a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now using survey u-s-a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now using survey u-s-a plus
+discount and we'll also need to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount and we'll also need to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount and we'll also need to remember
+to change the name of our model from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the name of our model from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the name of our model from
+model one to mod two and now just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one to mod two and now just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model one to mod two and now just like
+before we're going to want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're going to want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're going to want to compute
+out our predictions so say pre two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our predictions so say pre two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out our predictions so say pre two is
+equal to the predict of our model soo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the predict of our model soo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the predict of our model soo
+again with type equals response because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with type equals response because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with type equals response because
+we need to get those probabilities again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get those probabilities again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to get those probabilities again
+we're not passing in new data this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not passing in new data this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not passing in new data this is a
+training set prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set prediction
+and finally we can use the up arrows to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we can use the up arrows to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we can use the up arrows to
+see how our second models predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how our second models predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how our second models predictions
+are doing at predicting the Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing at predicting the Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing at predicting the Republican
+outcome in the training set and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in the training set and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome in the training set and we can
+see that we made one less mistake we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we made one less mistake we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we made one less mistake we
+made three mistakes instead of four on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made three mistakes instead of four on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made three mistakes instead of four on
+the training set so a little better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set so a little better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training set so a little better than
+the smart baseline but nothing too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smart baseline but nothing too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smart baseline but nothing too
+impressive and the last thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive and the last thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive and the last thing we're
+gonna want to do is to actually look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to do is to actually look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to do is to actually look at
+the model and see if it makes sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and see if it makes sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model and see if it makes sense so
+we can run summary of our model - and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can run summary of our model - and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can run summary of our model - and we
+can say see that there are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say see that there are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say see that there are some things
+that are pluses for instance the AIC has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are pluses for instance the AIC has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are pluses for instance the AIC has
+a smaller value would suggest a stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller value would suggest a stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller value would suggest a stronger
+model and the estimates have again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the estimates have again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the estimates have again the
+sign we would expect so survey USA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we would expect so survey USA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign we would expect so survey USA and
+DIF can't both have positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DIF can't both have positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DIF can't both have positive
+coefficients in predicting if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in predicting if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in predicting if the
+Republican wins the state which makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican wins the state which makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican wins the state which makes
+sense but a weakness of this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but a weakness of this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but a weakness of this model is
+that neither of these variables has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither of these variables has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neither of these variables has
+significance of a star or better which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of a star or better which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of a star or better which
+means that there are less they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are less they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there are less they're less
+significant statistically so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant statistically so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant statistically so there are
+definitely some strengths and weaknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely some strengths and weaknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely some strengths and weaknesses
+between the two variable in the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two variable in the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two variable in the one
+variable model we'll go ahead and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable model we'll go ahead and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable model we'll go ahead and use
+the two variable model when we make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two variable model when we make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two variable model when we make our
+predictions on the testing set
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vFZeh8bMx58.txt b/vFZeh8bMx58.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa9661052ce7daff785a58a2b1290c6ce3a15277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vFZeh8bMx58.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1387 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So far so good. So here is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So far so good. So here is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So far so good. So here is the kind of
+very entertaining thing that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entertaining thing that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entertaining thing that happens
+when you try to do some physics with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to do some physics with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to do some physics with
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+And this was done by uh two physicists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was done by uh two physicists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was done by uh two physicists
+um Elitur and Vidman in Tel Aviv. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Elitur and Vidman in Tel Aviv. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Elitur and Vidman in Tel Aviv. Uh
+they invented or fantasized about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invented or fantasized about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they invented or fantasized about some
+sort of bombs uh things that explode. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bombs uh things that explode. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bombs uh things that explode. So
+they are called elitour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vidman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you could invent different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could invent different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could invent different things
+but here is what a survan bomb is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is what a survan bomb is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here is what a survan bomb is some
+sort of bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bomb
+and the way it works is with a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it works is with a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way it works is with a photon
+detector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's a little
+tube in the bomb and there's a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube in the bomb and there's a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube in the bomb and there's a photon
+detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+you have your bomb and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your bomb and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have your bomb and you want to
+detonate it. You send the photon in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonate it. You send the photon in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detonate it. You send the photon in.
+You send the photon in through the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You send the photon in through the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You send the photon in through the tube
+and the photon it's detected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photon it's detected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the photon it's detected by the
+detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector
+and the bomb explodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bomb explodes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bomb explodes.
+On the other hand, if the bomb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, if the bomb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, if the bomb is
+defective,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defective,
+the photon goes in and the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon goes in and the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon goes in and the detector
+doesn't work. The photon goes out, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. The photon goes out, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. The photon goes out, just
+goes through.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through.
+So that's an elit surviveman bomb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an elit surviveman bomb.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an elit surviveman bomb.
+And here is the puzzle for you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here is the puzzle for you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here is the puzzle for you.
+Suppose you have those bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you have those bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suppose you have those bombs
+and unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unfortunately
+uh those bombs after time they decay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those bombs after time they decay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh those bombs after time they decay and
+sometimes the detectors go wrong and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the detectors go wrong and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the detectors go wrong and
+they don't work anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't work anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't work anymore.
+So you have 10 bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have 10 bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have 10 bombs
+and uh no maybe five have gone wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh no maybe five have gone wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh no maybe five have gone wrong
+and now uh you have maybe a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh you have maybe a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now uh you have maybe a very
+important mission and you need a bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important mission and you need a bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important mission and you need a bomb
+that really works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really works.
+So what do you do? Uh let's assume you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do you do? Uh let's assume you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what do you do? Uh let's assume you
+cannot break apart the detector. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break apart the detector. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot break apart the detector. It's
+just too complicated. So you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too complicated. So you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too complicated. So you have the
+bombs and you want to test them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs and you want to test them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs and you want to test them.
+If you send in a photon and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you send in a photon and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you send in a photon and nothing
+happens, the bomb is not working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, the bomb is not working.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens, the bomb is not working.
+But if you send in a photon and the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you send in a photon and the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you send in a photon and the bomb
+is working explodes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working explodes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working explodes,
+so you cannot use it anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot use it anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you cannot use it anymore.
+So the question that Elitsur and Vineman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question that Elitsur and Vineman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question that Elitsur and Vineman
+pose, is there a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose, is there a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose, is there a way
+to certify that the bomb is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certify that the bomb is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to certify that the bomb is working
+without exploding it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exploding it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without exploding it?
+Can you do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you do that?
+The answer looks absolutely impossible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The answer looks absolutely impossible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The answer looks absolutely impossible.
+Uh in certain in classical physics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in certain in classical physics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in certain in classical physics is
+completely impossible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely impossible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely impossible.
+You either do the measurement to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You either do the measurement to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You either do the measurement to see if
+the detector works and if it works your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector works and if it works your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector works and if it works your
+lab goes off. Uh it's totally destroyed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab goes off. Uh it's totally destroyed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab goes off. Uh it's totally destroyed.
+And if it doesn't work, well, okay, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if it doesn't work, well, okay, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if it doesn't work, well, okay, it's
+not a good bomb anyway. So So there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good bomb anyway. So So there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good bomb anyway. So So there's no
+way out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way out.
+But there is a way out and it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there is a way out and it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there is a way out and it is to
+insert this bomb in the maxender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this bomb in the maxender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert this bomb in the maxender
+interferometer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer.
+So here we go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here we go.
+We put the mass sender interferometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we insert the bomb here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the detector along this place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D0 and D1 are still here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+put this and you send in a photon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this and you send in a photon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this and you send in a photon.
+So let's see what happens if you send in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see what happens if you send in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's see what happens if you send in
+a photon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon.
+Suppose the bomb is defective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bomb is defective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what are the possible outcomes?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what are the possible outcomes?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what are the possible outcomes?
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+and probability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+goes to D0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon
+to D1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D1.
+Bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bomb
+explodes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+well, we said the bomb is defective. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we said the bomb is defective. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, we said the bomb is defective. So,
+if the bomb is defective, we said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bomb is defective, we said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bomb is defective, we said it's
+like a detector that doesn't work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a detector that doesn't work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a detector that doesn't work and
+lets the photons go through. So, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets the photons go through. So, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets the photons go through. So, if the
+bomb is defective,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb is defective,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb is defective,
+this as if there's no bomb here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as if there's no bomb here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as if there's no bomb here and you
+have the situation where all is open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the situation where all is open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the situation where all is open.
+So, there will be a probability of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there will be a probability of one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there will be a probability of one.
+to get the photon to D0. A probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the photon to D0. A probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the photon to D0. A probability
+of zero to get the photon to D1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero to get the photon to D1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero to get the photon to D1 and the
+bomb of course doesn't explode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb of course doesn't explode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb of course doesn't explode.
+Probability of zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probability of zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Probability of zero.
+On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand,
+suppose the bomb is good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bond is good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's good.
+And then what are the outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what are the probabilities?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, you know more or less what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know more or less what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know more or less what's
+happening already.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening already.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening already.
+The bomb is good means there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bomb is good means there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bomb is good means there is a
+detector that never fails to detect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that never fails to detect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector that never fails to detect the
+photon. And if a photon comes in, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon. And if a photon comes in, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon. And if a photon comes in, it
+will capture it. It will block it. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will capture it. It will block it. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will capture it. It will block it. The
+bomb will explode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb will explode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb will explode.
+So you have your mass zender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have your mass zender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have your mass zender
+interferometer and you've really done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and you've really done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interferometer and you've really done
+the equivalent of this. If the bomb is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of this. If the bomb is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equivalent of this. If the bomb is
+really working,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really working,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really working,
+you've put a block of concrete, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put a block of concrete, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've put a block of concrete, it's
+going to absorb the photon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to absorb the photon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to absorb the photon.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+if the bomb is really working,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bomb is really working,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the bomb is really working,
+the outcome are the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+I'm sorry to say your lab will explode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry to say your lab will explode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry to say your lab will explode
+half of the times because the photon at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the times because the photon at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the times because the photon at
+the block happens and bomb explodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with probability 1/2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+On the other hand, in this situation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, in this situation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, in this situation,
+it is possible that the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+at V0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at V0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at V0
+and bomb doesn't explode,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bomb doesn't explode,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bomb doesn't explode,
+not explode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explode.
+And there's a probability one quarter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a probability one quarter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a probability one quarter.
+And there's a probability one quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a probability one quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a probability one quarter
+that the photon is at V1 and the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the photon is at V1 and the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the photon is at V1 and the bomb
+does not explode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But here is the catch now. Yes, half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But here is the catch now. Yes, half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But here is the catch now. Yes, half of
+the bombs exploded. We're sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bombs exploded. We're sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bombs exploded. We're sorry about
+that. But if the bomb doesn't work,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But if the bomb doesn't work,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But if the bomb doesn't work,
+there is no way a photon can reach D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way a photon can reach D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no way a photon can reach D1
+because if a bomb doesn't work, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a bomb doesn't work, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if a bomb doesn't work, all
+photons go to D0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons go to D0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons go to D0.
+So the fact that some photons a quarter%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the fact that some photons a quarter%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the fact that some photons a quarter%
+of the time, a quarter 25% of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time, a quarter 25% of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time, a quarter 25% of the time
+reach D1 implies that photon is at D1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach D1 implies that photon is at D1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach D1 implies that photon is at D1.
+the one and bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one and bomb
+did not explode but the bomb is good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not explode but the bomb is good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not explode but the bomb is good.
+So look what has happened. It's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So look what has happened. It's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So look what has happened. It's really
+strange.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange.
+The photon went the bomb was here. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The photon went the bomb was here. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The photon went the bomb was here. It
+was ready to explode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ready to explode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ready to explode.
+The photon skipped the bomb and ended in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The photon skipped the bomb and ended in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The photon skipped the bomb and ended in
+D1. And you still know that the bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1. And you still know that the bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1. And you still know that the bomb
+works now even though the photon never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now even though the photon never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now even though the photon never
+went through the detector. It never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the detector. It never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through the detector. It never
+touched here. It never went inside and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched here. It never went inside and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched here. It never went inside and
+get detected. Somehow it went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get detected. Somehow it went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get detected. Somehow it went through
+the other way. But you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way. But you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way. But you know that the
+bomb is working with a quarter%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb is working with a quarter%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb is working with a quarter%
+efficiency. We will do exercises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. We will do exercises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. We will do exercises and
+it's possible to raise the efficiency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to raise the efficiency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to raise the efficiency to
+50%. And if you put the bomb inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. And if you put the bomb inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%. And if you put the bomb inside a
+cavity, a resonant cavity with photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity, a resonant cavity with photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cavity, a resonant cavity with photons
+going around, you could reach 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around, you could reach 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going around, you could reach 99%
+efficiency. So the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. So the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency. So the probability of
+blowing up MIT goes down to 1%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up MIT goes down to 1%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing up MIT goes down to 1%.
+I don't know if we can live with that. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if we can live with that. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if we can live with that. I
+don't think so. But anyway, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so. But anyway, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so. But anyway, this is a
+true fact. Experiments without bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true fact. Experiments without bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true fact. Experiments without bombs
+have been done.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vIFKGFl1Cn8.txt b/vIFKGFl1Cn8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b951e6722e0829d7d28a263a6da1bc515b644580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vIFKGFl1Cn8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, welcome back or welcome depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, welcome back or welcome depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, welcome back or welcome depending
+on whether you've been away or not. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether you've been away or not. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether you've been away or not. I'm
+going to start with two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start with two simple
+announcements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcements.
+There is a reading assignment for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a reading assignment for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is a reading assignment for this
+lecture actually for the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture actually for the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture actually for the next two
+lectures which is chapter 18. And on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures which is chapter 18. And on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures which is chapter 18. And on a
+much happier note, there is no lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much happier note, there is no lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much happier note, there is no lecture
+Wednesday because we hope that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because we hope that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because we hope that you're
+going to be busy preparing to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be busy preparing to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be busy preparing to get that
+tryptophane poisoning as you eat way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophane poisoning as you eat way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophane poisoning as you eat way too
+much turkey and you fall asleep. More
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much turkey and you fall asleep. More
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much turkey and you fall asleep. More
+importantly, I hope you have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, I hope you have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly, I hope you have a great
+break over Thanksgiving whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break over Thanksgiving whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break over Thanksgiving whether you're
+here or you're back home or wherever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or you're back home or wherever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or you're back home or wherever you
+are. But no lecture Wednesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. But no lecture Wednesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. But no lecture Wednesday.
+All right, topic for today. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, topic for today. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, topic for today. I'm going to
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+seems like only sorry what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like only sorry what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like only sorry what's going to
+seem like a really obvious statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a really obvious statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a really obvious statement.
+We're living in a data inensive world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're living in a data inensive world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're living in a data inensive world.
+Whether you're a scientist, an engineer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whether you're a scientist, an engineer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whether you're a scientist, an engineer,
+social scientist,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social scientist,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social scientist,
+financial worker, u politic, manager of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial worker, u politic, manager of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial worker, u politic, manager of
+a sports team, you're spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sports team, you're spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sports team, you're spending
+increasingly larger amounts of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly larger amounts of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly larger amounts of time
+dealing with data. And if you're in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with data. And if you're in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with data. And if you're in one
+of those positions, that often means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those positions, that often means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those positions, that often means
+that you're either writing code or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're either writing code or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're either writing code or
+you're hiring somebody to write code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hiring somebody to write code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're hiring somebody to write code for
+you to figure out that data. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to figure out that data. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to figure out that data. And this
+section of the course is focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course is focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of the course is focusing on
+exactly that issue. We want to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that issue. We want to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that issue. We want to help you
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+what you can try to do with software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can try to do with software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can try to do with software
+that manipulates data. How you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manipulates data. How you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manipulates data. How you can write
+code that would do that manipulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that would do that manipulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that would do that manipulation of
+data for you and especially what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for you and especially what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for you and especially what you
+should believe about what that software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should believe about what that software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should believe about what that software
+tells you about data because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about data because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you about data because sometimes
+it tells you stuff that isn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you stuff that isn't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it tells you stuff that isn't exactly
+what you need to know. And today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know. And today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to know. And today we're
+going to start that by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start that by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start that by looking at
+particularly the case where we get data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the case where we get data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the case where we get data
+from experiments. So think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiments. So think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from experiments. So think of this
+lecture and the next one as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and the next one as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and the next one as sort of
+being statistics meets experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being statistics meets experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being statistics meets experimental
+science. So what do I mean by that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. So what do I mean by that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science. So what do I mean by that?
+Imagine you're doing a physics lab,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine you're doing a physics lab,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine you're doing a physics lab,
+biology lab, a chemistry lab, or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology lab, a chemistry lab, or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology lab, a chemistry lab, or even
+something in sociology or anthropology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in sociology or anthropology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in sociology or anthropology.
+You conduct an experiment to gather some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You conduct an experiment to gather some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You conduct an experiment to gather some
+data. Could be measurements in a lab. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Could be measurements in a lab. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Could be measurements in a lab. It
+could be answers on a questionnaire. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be answers on a questionnaire. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be answers on a questionnaire. You
+get a set of data. Once you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a set of data. Once you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a set of data. Once you've got the
+data, you want to think about what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, you want to think about what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data, you want to think about what can I
+do with it? And that usually will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it? And that usually will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it? And that usually will
+involve using some model, some theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve using some model, some theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve using some model, some theory
+about the underlying process to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the underlying process to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the underlying process to generate
+questions about the data. What does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the data. What does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the data. What does this
+data and the model associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the model associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the model associated with it
+tell me about future expectations? Help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about future expectations? Help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about future expectations? Help
+me predict other results that will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me predict other results that will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me predict other results that will come
+out of this data. The social case could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this data. The social case could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this data. The social case could
+be how do I think about how people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do I think about how people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be how do I think about how people are
+going to respond to a poll about who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to respond to a poll about who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to respond to a poll about who are
+you voting for in the next election, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you voting for in the next election, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you voting for in the next election, for
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example.
+Given the data, given the model, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given the data, given the model, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given the data, given the model, the
+third thing we're typically going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing we're typically going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing we're typically going to
+want to do is then design a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is then design a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is then design a computation
+to help us answer questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us answer questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us answer questions about the
+data. Run a computational experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Run a computational experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Run a computational experiment to
+complement the physical experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement the physical experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement the physical experiment or
+the social experiment we use to gather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social experiment we use to gather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social experiment we use to gather
+the data in the first place. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in the first place. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data in the first place. And that
+computation could be something deep. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation could be something deep. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation could be something deep. It
+could be something a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something a little more
+interesting depending on how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting depending on how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting depending on how you're
+thinking about it. But we want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it. But we want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it. But we want to think
+about how do we use computation to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we use computation to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how do we use computation to run
+additional experiments for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional experiments for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional experiments for us.
+So I'm going to start by using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to start by using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm going to start by using an
+example of gathering experimental data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of gathering experimental data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of gathering experimental data.
+And I'm going to start with the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to start with the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to start with the idea of
+a spring. How would I model a spring?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring. How would I model a spring?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spring. How would I model a spring?
+How would I gather data about a spring?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How would I gather data about a spring?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How would I gather data about a spring?
+And how would I write software to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how would I write software to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how would I write software to help
+me answer questions about a spring? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me answer questions about a spring? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me answer questions about a spring? So
+what's spring?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's spring?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's spring?
+Well, there's one kind of spring. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's one kind of spring. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's one kind of spring. A
+little hard to model, although it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to model, although it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to model, although it could
+be interesting. what's swimming around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting. what's swimming around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interesting. what's swimming around
+in there. And how do I think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. And how do I think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. And how do I think about the
+ecological implications of that spring?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological implications of that spring?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecological implications of that spring?
+Here's a second kind of spring. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a second kind of spring. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a second kind of spring. It's
+about four or five months away, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four or five months away, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four or five months away, but
+eventually we'll get through this winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get through this winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get through this winter
+and get to that spring. And that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to that spring. And that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to that spring. And that would
+be nice, but I'm not going to model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice, but I'm not going to model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice, but I'm not going to model that
+one either. And yes, my jokes are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one either. And yes, my jokes are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one either. And yes, my jokes are really
+bad. And yes, you can't do a darn thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. And yes, you can't do a darn thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. And yes, you can't do a darn thing
+about them because I am tenured because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them because I am tenured because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them because I am tenured because
+while I'd like to model these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'd like to model these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'd like to model these two
+springs, we're going to stick with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs, we're going to stick with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs, we're going to stick with the
+one that you see in physics labs. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you see in physics labs. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that you see in physics labs. These
+kinds of springs, so-called linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of springs, so-called linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of springs, so-called linear
+springs. And these are springs that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs. And these are springs that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs. And these are springs that have
+the property that you can stretch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that you can stretch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that you can stretch or
+compress them by applying a force to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them by applying a force to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress them by applying a force to it.
+And when you release them, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you release them, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you release them, they
+literally spring back to the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally spring back to the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally spring back to the position
+they were originally. So, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were originally. So, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were originally. So, we're going to
+deal with these kinds of springs. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with these kinds of springs. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with these kinds of springs. And
+the distinguishing characteristics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinguishing characteristics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinguishing characteristics of
+these two springs and others in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two springs and others in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two springs and others in this
+class is that that force you require to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that that force you require to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that that force you require to
+compress it or stretch it a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it or stretch it a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it or stretch it a certain
+amount, the amount of force you require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount, the amount of force you require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount, the amount of force you require
+varies linearly in the distance. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies linearly in the distance. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies linearly in the distance. So if
+it takes some amount of force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes some amount of force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes some amount of force to
+compress it, some amount of distance, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it, some amount of distance, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it, some amount of distance, it
+takes twice as much force to compress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes twice as much force to compress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes twice as much force to compress
+it, twice as much of a distance. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, twice as much of a distance. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, twice as much of a distance. It's
+linearly related.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly related.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly related.
+Okay? So each of one of these springs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So each of one of these springs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So each of one of these springs,
+these kinds of springs has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of springs has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of springs has that
+property. The amount of force needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. The amount of force needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property. The amount of force needed to
+stretch or compress, it's linear in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch or compress, it's linear in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch or compress, it's linear in that
+distance. Associated with these springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. Associated with these springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance. Associated with these springs
+there is something called a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something called a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something called a spring
+constant. Usually represented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Usually represented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Usually represented by the
+number K that determines how much force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number K that determines how much force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number K that determines how much force
+do you need to stretch or compress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to stretch or compress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need to stretch or compress the
+spring. Now turns out that that spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring. Now turns out that that spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring. Now turns out that that spring
+constant can vary a lot. The slinky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant can vary a lot. The slinky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant can vary a lot. The slinky
+actually has a very low spring constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a very low spring constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a very low spring constant.
+It's one newton per meter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one newton per meter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one newton per meter.
+That spring on the uh suspension of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That spring on the uh suspension of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That spring on the uh suspension of a
+motorcycle has a much bigger spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle has a much bigger spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motorcycle has a much bigger spring
+constant. It's a lot stiffer. 35,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. It's a lot stiffer. 35,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. It's a lot stiffer. 35,000
+newtons per meter. And just in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons per meter. And just in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtons per meter. And just in case you
+don't remember, a newton is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember, a newton is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember, a newton is the amount
+of force you need to accelerate a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force you need to accelerate a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of force you need to accelerate a 1
+kilogram mass 1 m/s squared. We'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram mass 1 m/s squared. We'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram mass 1 m/s squared. We'll come
+back to that in a second. But the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a second. But the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that in a second. But the idea
+is we'd like to think about how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'd like to think about how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we'd like to think about how do we
+model these kinds of springs. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these kinds of springs. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model these kinds of springs. Okay.
+Well, turns out fortunately for us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, turns out fortunately for us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, turns out fortunately for us that
+that was done about 300 plus years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done about 300 plus years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was done about 300 plus years ago
+by British physicist named Robert Hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by British physicist named Robert Hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by British physicist named Robert Hook
+back in 1676. He formulated Hook's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1676. He formulated Hook's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in 1676. He formulated Hook's law
+of elasticity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elasticity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elasticity.
+Simple expression. It says the force you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple expression. It says the force you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple expression. It says the force you
+need to compress or stretch a spring uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compress or stretch a spring uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compress or stretch a spring uh
+is linear linearly related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear linearly related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear linearly related to the
+distance d that you've actually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance d that you've actually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance d that you've actually done
+that compression in. Or another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compression in. Or another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that compression in. Or another way of
+saying it is if I compress a spring some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it is if I compress a spring some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it is if I compress a spring some
+amount, the force that's stored in it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount, the force that's stored in it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount, the force that's stored in it is
+linearly related to that distance. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly related to that distance. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly related to that distance. And
+the negative sign here basically says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign here basically says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative sign here basically says
+it's pointing in the opposite direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing in the opposite direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing in the opposite direction.
+So if I compress, the force is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I compress, the force is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I compress, the force is going to
+push it back out. If I stretch it, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it back out. If I stretch it, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push it back out. If I stretch it, the
+force is going to push it back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is going to push it back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is going to push it back into that
+resting position.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting position.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resting position.
+Okay. Now, this law holds for a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, this law holds for a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, this law holds for a wide
+range of springs, which is kind of nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of springs, which is kind of nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of springs, which is kind of nice.
+Uh it's going to hold uh both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's going to hold uh both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's going to hold uh both in
+biological systems as well as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems as well as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems as well as in
+physical systems. It doesn't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems. It doesn't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical systems. It doesn't hold
+perfectly. There's a limit to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly. There's a limit to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly. There's a limit to how much
+you can stretch in particular a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stretch in particular a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stretch in particular a spring
+before the law breaks down. And maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the law breaks down. And maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the law breaks down. And maybe
+you did this as a kid, right? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did this as a kid, right? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did this as a kid, right? If you
+take a slinky and pull it too far apart,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a slinky and pull it too far apart,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a slinky and pull it too far apart,
+it stops working because you've exceeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops working because you've exceeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stops working because you've exceeded
+what's called the elastic limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the elastic limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the elastic limit of the
+spring. Similarly, if you compress it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring. Similarly, if you compress it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring. Similarly, if you compress it
+too far, although I think you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far, although I think you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too far, although I think you have to
+compress it a long ways, it'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it a long ways, it'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress it a long ways, it'll stop
+working as well. Okay? So, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as well. Okay? So, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as well. Okay? So, it doesn't
+hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold
+completely. And it also doesn't hold for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely. And it also doesn't hold for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely. And it also doesn't hold for
+all springs. only those springs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all springs. only those springs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all springs. only those springs that
+satisfy this linear law, which are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this linear law, which are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this linear law, which are a lot
+of them. So, for example, it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. So, for example, it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them. So, for example, it doesn't
+apply to rubber bands, doesn't apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to rubber bands, doesn't apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply to rubber bands, doesn't apply to
+recurve bows. Those are two examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurve bows. Those are two examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurve bows. Those are two examples of
+springs that do not behave obey this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs that do not behave obey this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs that do not behave obey this
+linear relationship. But nonetheless,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship. But nonetheless,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship. But nonetheless,
+there's Hook's law. And one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Hook's law. And one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Hook's law. And one of the
+things we could do is say, well, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we could do is say, well, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we could do is say, well, let's
+use it to do a little bit of reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to do a little bit of reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it to do a little bit of reasoning
+about this spring. So, we can ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this spring. So, we can ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this spring. So, we can ask the
+question, how much does a rider have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, how much does a rider have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, how much does a rider have to
+weigh to compress this spring by 1 cm?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh to compress this spring by 1 cm?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weigh to compress this spring by 1 cm?
+And we've got Hook's law. And I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we've got Hook's law. And I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we've got Hook's law. And I also
+gave you a little bit of a hint here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a little bit of a hint here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a little bit of a hint here. So
+I told you that this spring has a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you that this spring has a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you that this spring has a spring
+constant of 35,000 newtons per meter. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of 35,000 newtons per meter. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of 35,000 newtons per meter. So
+I could just plug this in, right? 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just plug this in, right? 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just plug this in, right? 1
+centimeter, it's 100th of a meter times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter, it's 100th of a meter times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter, it's 100th of a meter times
+um so that's the the u there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the the u there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's the the u there's the
+spring constant. There's the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant. There's the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant. There's the amount
+we're going to compress it. And I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compress it. And I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compress it. And I'll do
+a little math. And that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little math. And that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little math. And that says that the
+force I need is 350 newtons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force I need is 350 newtons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force I need is 350 newtons.
+Okay. So what's a Newton? Small town in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what's a Newton? Small town in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what's a Newton? Small town in
+Massachusetts. an interesting cookie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts. an interesting cookie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts. an interesting cookie and
+a force that we want to think about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force that we want to think about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force that we want to think about.
+Keep telling you guys the jokes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep telling you guys the jokes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keep telling you guys the jokes are
+really bad. So, how do I get force?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad. So, how do I get force?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad. So, how do I get force?
+Well, you know that mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know that mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you know that mass times
+acceleration, right? F= ma. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, right? F= ma. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration, right? F= ma. For
+acceleration here, I'm going to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration here, I'm going to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration here, I'm going to make an
+assumption, which is that the spring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption, which is that the spring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption, which is that the spring is
+basically oriented perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oriented perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically oriented perpendicular to the
+Earth. So, that the acceleration is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. So, that the acceleration is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth. So, that the acceleration is just
+the acceleration of gravity, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of gravity, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of gravity, which is
+roughly 9.8 m/s squared. It's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 9.8 m/s squared. It's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 9.8 m/s squared. It's basically
+pulling it down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling it down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling it down.
+So I could plug that back in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I could plug that back in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I could plug that back in because
+remember what I want to do is figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I want to do is figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I want to do is figure out
+what's the mass I need. So for the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the mass I need. So for the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the mass I need. So for the force
+I'm substituting that in. I've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm substituting that in. I've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm substituting that in. I've got that
+expression. Mass * 9.8 m / second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Mass * 9.8 m / second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Mass * 9.8 m / second
+squared is 350 newtons.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is 350 newtons.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is 350 newtons.
+Divide through by 9.8 both sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide through by 9.8 both sides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divide through by 9.8 both sides.
+Do a little bit of math. And it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do a little bit of math. And it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do a little bit of math. And it says
+that the mass I need is 350 kg / 9.8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass I need is 350 kg / 9.8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass I need is 350 kg / 9.8.
+And that K refers to kilograms, not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that K refers to kilograms, not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that K refers to kilograms, not to
+the spring constant. Poor choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring constant. Poor choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring constant. Poor choice of
+example, but there I am. And if I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, but there I am. And if I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, but there I am. And if I do the
+math, it says I need a rider that weighs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, it says I need a rider that weighs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math, it says I need a rider that weighs
+35.68
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35.68
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35.68
+kilos. And if you're not big on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilos. And if you're not big on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilos. And if you're not big on the
+metric system, it's actually a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric system, it's actually a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric system, it's actually a fairly
+light rider. That's about 79 lb. So 79
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rider. That's about 79 lb. So 79
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rider. That's about 79 lb. So 79
+lb rider would compress that spring 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb rider would compress that spring 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lb rider would compress that spring 1
+centimeter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter.
+Okay. So we can figure out how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we can figure out how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we can figure out how to use
+Hook's law. We're thinking about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hook's law. We're thinking about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hook's law. We're thinking about what we
+want to do with springs. That's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with springs. That's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with springs. That's kind of
+nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice.
+How will we actually get the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How will we actually get the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How will we actually get the spring
+constant? It's really valuable to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant? It's really valuable to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant? It's really valuable to know
+what the spring constant is. And just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spring constant is. And just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spring constant is. And just to
+give you a sense of that, it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of that, it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of that, it's not just
+to deal with things like slinkies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with things like slinkies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with things like slinkies.
+Atomic force microscopes need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic force microscopes need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic force microscopes need to know
+the spring constants of the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring constants of the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring constants of the components
+in order to calibrate them properly. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to calibrate them properly. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to calibrate them properly. The
+force you need to deform a strand of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you need to deform a strand of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force you need to deform a strand of DNA
+is directly related to the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly related to the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is directly related to the spring
+constants of the biological structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants of the biological structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants of the biological structures
+themselves. So, I'd really like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So, I'd really like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves. So, I'd really like to
+figure out how do I get them?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do I get them?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how do I get them?
+How many of you have done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many of you have done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many of you have done this
+experiment in physics and hated it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in physics and hated it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in physics and hated it?
+Right? Well, I don't if you hated it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Well, I don't if you hated it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Well, I don't if you hated it or
+not, but you've done it, right? Standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, but you've done it, right? Standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, but you've done it, right? Standard
+way to do it is I take a spring, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is I take a spring, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is I take a spring, I
+suspend it from some point, let it come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend it from some point, let it come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspend it from some point, let it come
+to a resting position, and then I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a resting position, and then I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a resting position, and then I put a
+mass on the bottom of the spring. and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass on the bottom of the spring. and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass on the bottom of the spring. and it
+kind of bounces around and when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bounces around and when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of bounces around and when it
+settles I measure the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles I measure the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles I measure the distance from
+where it was before I put the mass on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was before I put the mass on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it was before I put the mass on to
+the distance of where it is after I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of where it is after I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance of where it is after I've
+added the mass. I measure that distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the mass. I measure that distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the mass. I measure that distance
+and then I just plug in right I plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just plug in right I plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I just plug in right I plug
+into that formula there. The force is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that formula there. The force is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that formula there. The force is is
+minus K * D. So K the spring constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K * D. So K the spring constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K * D. So K the spring constant is
+the force. Forget the minus sign divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force. Forget the minus sign divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force. Forget the minus sign divided
+by the distance. And the force here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the distance. And the force here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the distance. And the force here
+would be 9.8 8 m/s squared or kilogram/s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 9.8 8 m/s squared or kilogram/s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 9.8 8 m/s squared or kilogram/s
+squared times the mass divided by d. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the mass divided by d. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the mass divided by d. So
+I could just plug it in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just plug it in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just plug it in.
+In an ideal world, I plug it in. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In an ideal world, I plug it in. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In an ideal world, I plug it in. I'm
+done. One measurement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. One measurement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. One measurement.
+Eh, not so much, right? Masses aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eh, not so much, right? Masses aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eh, not so much, right? Masses aren't
+always perfectly calibrated. Maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always perfectly calibrated. Maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always perfectly calibrated. Maybe the
+spring is got some uh not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is got some uh not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is got some uh not perfect
+materials in it. So ideally, I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in it. So ideally, I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in it. So ideally, I'd
+actually do multiple trials. I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do multiple trials. I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do multiple trials. I would
+take different weights, put them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take different weights, put them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take different weights, put them on the
+spring, make the measurements, and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring, make the measurements, and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring, make the measurements, and just
+record those. So, that's what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record those. So, that's what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record those. So, that's what I'm going
+to do. And I've actually done that. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. And I've actually done that. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. And I've actually done that. I'm
+not going to make you do it, but I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to make you do it, but I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to make you do it, but I get
+out set of measurements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out set of measurements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out set of measurements.
+What have I done here? I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What have I done here? I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What have I done here? I've used
+different masses, all increasing by 0.05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different masses, all increasing by 0.05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different masses, all increasing by 0.05
+kilograms, and I've measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms, and I've measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms, and I've measured the
+distance that the spring has deformed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that the spring has deformed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance that the spring has deformed.
+And ideally, these would all have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And ideally, these would all have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And ideally, these would all have that
+nice linear relationship. So, I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice linear relationship. So, I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice linear relationship. So, I could
+just plug them in and I could figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug them in and I could figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug them in and I could figure out
+what the spring constant is. Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spring constant is. Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the spring constant is. Okay, so
+let's take this data and let's plot it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this data and let's plot it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take this data and let's plot it.
+And by the way, all the code you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by the way, all the code you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And by the way, all the code you'll be
+able to see when you download the file.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see when you download the file.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see when you download the file.
+I'm going to walk through some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to walk through some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to walk through some of it
+quickly. This is a simple way to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. This is a simple way to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. This is a simple way to deal
+with it. And I'm going to back up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. And I'm going to back up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it. And I'm going to back up for a
+second. There's my data. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. There's my data. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. There's my data. And I'm
+actually have done this in some ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have done this in some ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have done this in some ways the
+wrong order. These are my independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong order. These are my independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong order. These are my independent
+measures, different masses. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures, different masses. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures, different masses. I'm going to
+plot those along the x axis, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot those along the x axis, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot those along the x axis, the
+horizontal axis. These are the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis. These are the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis. These are the dependent
+things. These are the things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. These are the things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. These are the things I'm
+measuring. I'm going to plot those along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring. I'm going to plot those along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring. I'm going to plot those along
+the y- axis. So, I really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y- axis. So, I really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y- axis. So, I really should have
+put them in the other order. So, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the other order. So, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in the other order. So, just
+cross your eyes and make this column go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross your eyes and make this column go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross your eyes and make this column go
+over to that column and we'll be in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to that column and we'll be in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to that column and we'll be in good
+shape.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape.
+Let's plot this. So, here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's plot this. So, here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's plot this. So, here's a little
+file. Having stored those away in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file. Having stored those away in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file. Having stored those away in a
+file, I'm just going to read them in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, I'm just going to read them in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file, I'm just going to read them in.
+Get data is just going to do the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get data is just going to do the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get data is just going to do the obvious
+thing of read in these things and return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of read in these things and return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of read in these things and return
+two tupils or lists. One for the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tupils or lists. One for the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two tupils or lists. One for the x
+values or if you like again going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or if you like again going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values or if you like again going back
+to it this set of values and one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it this set of values and one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it this set of values and one for the
+y values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y values.
+Now I'm going to play a little trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to play a little trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I'm going to play a little trick
+that you may have seen before that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen before that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you may have seen before that's
+going to be handy to me. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be handy to me. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be handy to me. I'm going to
+actually call this function out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call this function out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually call this function out of the
+pyab library called array. I pass in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyab library called array. I pass in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyab library called array. I pass in
+that tupil and what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tupil and what it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tupil and what it does is it
+converts it into an array which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts it into an array which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts it into an array which is a
+data structure that has a fixed number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that has a fixed number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure that has a fixed number
+of slots in it but has a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slots in it but has a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slots in it but has a really nice
+property I want to take advantage of. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I want to take advantage of. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I want to take advantage of. I
+could do all of this with list but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all of this with list but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do all of this with list but by
+converting that into array and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that into array and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting that into array and then
+giving it the same name x val and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it the same name x val and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it the same name x val and
+similarly for the y vals. I can now do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the y vals. I can now do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the y vals. I can now do
+math on the array without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math on the array without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math on the array without having to
+write loops. And in particular right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write loops. And in particular right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write loops. And in particular right
+here notice what I'm doing. I'm taking x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice what I'm doing. I'm taking x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here notice what I'm doing. I'm taking x
+val which is an array multiplying it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+val which is an array multiplying it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+val which is an array multiplying it by
+a number and what that does is it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number and what that does is it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number and what that does is it takes
+every entry in the array multiplies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry in the array multiplies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry in the array multiplies that
+entry and puts it into basically a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and puts it into basically a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry and puts it into basically a new
+version of the array which I then store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the array which I then store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the array which I then store
+into x val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into x val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into x val
+you've programmed in mat lab this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've programmed in mat lab this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've programmed in mat lab this is the
+same kind of feeling right I can take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of feeling right I can take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of feeling right I can take an
+array do something to it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array do something to it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array do something to it and that's
+really nice so I just I'm going to scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice so I just I'm going to scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice so I just I'm going to scale
+all of my values and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my values and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my values and then I'm going to
+plot them out some appropriate things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot them out some appropriate things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot them out some appropriate things
+and if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I do
+I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get that
+H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+I thought we said Hook's law was linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought we said Hook's law was linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought we said Hook's law was linear
+relationship.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship.
+So in an ideal world, all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in an ideal world, all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in an ideal world, all of these
+points ought to line or lay along a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points ought to line or lay along a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points ought to line or lay along a line
+somewhere where the slope of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where the slope of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere where the slope of the line
+would tell me the spring constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell me the spring constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell me the spring constant.
+Not so good, right? And in fact, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not so good, right? And in fact, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not so good, right? And in fact, if you
+look at it, you can kind of see in here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it, you can kind of see in here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it, you can kind of see in here,
+you could kind of imagine there's a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could kind of imagine there's a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could kind of imagine there's a line
+there. Something funk is going on up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Something funk is going on up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Something funk is going on up
+here. And we're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And we're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And we're going to come back to
+that at the end of the lecture. But how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end of the lecture. But how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the end of the lecture. But how
+do we think about actually finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about actually finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we think about actually finding the
+line?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line?
+Well, we know there's noise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we know there's noise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, we know there's noise in the
+measurement. So, our best thing to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement. So, our best thing to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement. So, our best thing to do is
+to say, well, could we just fit a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, well, could we just fit a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say, well, could we just fit a line
+to this data? And how would we do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this data? And how would we do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this data? And how would we do that?
+And that's the first big thing we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the first big thing we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's the first big thing we want
+to do today. We want to try and figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today. We want to try and figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today. We want to try and figure
+out given that we got measurement noise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out given that we got measurement noise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out given that we got measurement noise,
+how do we fit a line to it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we fit a line to it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we fit a line to it?
+So, how do we fit a curve to data?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do we fit a curve to data?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do we fit a curve to data?
+Well, what we're basically going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what we're basically going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, what we're basically going to try
+and do is find a way to relate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do is find a way to relate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do is find a way to relate an
+independent variable, which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable, which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable, which are the
+masses, the y values, to the depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses, the y values, to the depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses, the y values, to the depend
+sorry, wrong way of saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, wrong way of saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, wrong way of saying the
+independent values, which are the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent values, which are the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent values, which are the x-axis
+to the dependent value. What is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dependent value. What is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dependent value. What is the
+actual displacement we're going to see?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual displacement we're going to see?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual displacement we're going to see?
+So another way of saying it is if I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way of saying it is if I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way of saying it is if I go
+back to here, I want to know for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here, I want to know for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to here, I want to know for every
+point along here, how do I fit something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point along here, how do I fit something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point along here, how do I fit something
+that predicts what the y value is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predicts what the y value is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that predicts what the y value is?
+So I need to figure out how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I need to figure out how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I need to figure out how to do that
+fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+to decide even if I had a curve, a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide even if I had a curve, a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide even if I had a curve, a line
+that I thought was a good fit to that, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought was a good fit to that, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought was a good fit to that, I
+need to decide how good it is. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide how good it is. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide how good it is. So
+imagine I was lucky and somebody said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I was lucky and somebody said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I was lucky and somebody said,
+"Here's a line that I think describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Here's a line that I think describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Here's a line that I think describes
+Hook's law in this case." Great. I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hook's law in this case." Great. I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hook's law in this case." Great. I could
+draw the line on that data. I could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the line on that data. I could draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the line on that data. I could draw
+it on this chunk of data here. I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this chunk of data here. I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on this chunk of data here. I still
+need to decide how do I know if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide how do I know if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to decide how do I know if it's a
+good fit. And for that, we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit. And for that, we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit. And for that, we need
+something we call an objective function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call an objective function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call an objective function.
+And it's going to measure how close is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's going to measure how close is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's going to measure how close is
+the line to the data to which I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line to the data to which I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line to the data to which I'm trying
+to fit it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fit it.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Once we've defined the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once we've defined the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once we've defined the objective
+function, then what we say is, okay, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, then what we say is, okay, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, then what we say is, okay, now
+let's find the line that minimizes it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the line that minimizes it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the line that minimizes it,
+the best possible line, the line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible line, the line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best possible line, the line that
+makes that objective function as small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that objective function as small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that objective function as small
+as possible because that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible because that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible because that's going to be
+the best fit to the data. And so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit to the data. And so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best fit to the data. And so that's
+what I'd like to do. We're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do. We're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do. We're going to see
+we're going to do it for general curves,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it for general curves,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it for general curves,
+but we're going to start just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to start just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to start just with
+lines, with linear functions. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines, with linear functions. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines, with linear functions. So in this
+case, we want to say what's the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, we want to say what's the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, we want to say what's the line
+such that some function of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that some function of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that some function of the sum of
+the distances from the line to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances from the line to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distances from the line to the
+measured points is minimized. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured points is minimized. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured points is minimized. And I'm
+going to come back in a second to how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back in a second to how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back in a second to how do
+we find the line. But first we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the line. But first we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the line. But first we got to
+think about what does it mean to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what does it mean to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what does it mean to measure
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+Okay, so I've got a point. Imagine I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I've got a point. Imagine I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I've got a point. Imagine I've
+got a line that I think is a good match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a line that I think is a good match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a line that I think is a good match
+for the the thing fitting the data. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the thing fitting the data. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the the thing fitting the data. How
+do I measure distance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I measure distance?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I measure distance?
+Well, there's one option. I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's one option. I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's one option. I could
+measure just the the displacement along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure just the the displacement along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure just the the displacement along
+the x- axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x- axis.
+There's a second option. I could measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a second option. I could measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a second option. I could measure
+the displacement vertically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement vertically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement vertically.
+Or a third option is I could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or a third option is I could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or a third option is I could actually
+measure the distance to the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the distance to the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the distance to the closest
+point on the line, which would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the line, which would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the line, which would be that
+perpendicular distance there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular distance there.
+All right, you're way too quiet, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, you're way too quiet, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, you're way too quiet, which
+is always dangerous. What do you think?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always dangerous. What do you think?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always dangerous. What do you think?
+I'm going to look for a show of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for a show of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look for a show of hands
+here. How many people think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. How many people think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. How many people think we should
+use X as the thing that we measure here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use X as the thing that we measure here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use X as the thing that we measure here?
+Hands up. Please don't use a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands up. Please don't use a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hands up. Please don't use a single
+finger when you put your hand up. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger when you put your hand up. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger when you put your hand up. All
+right, good. How many people think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, good. How many people think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, good. How many people think we
+should use P, the perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use P, the perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use P, the perpendicular
+distance?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance?
+Reasonable number of hands. And how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reasonable number of hands. And how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reasonable number of hands. And how
+about Y?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Y?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Y?
+And I see actually about split between P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I see actually about split between P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I see actually about split between P
+and Y. And that's actually really good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y. And that's actually really good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y. And that's actually really good.
+X doesn't make a lot of sense, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X doesn't make a lot of sense, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X doesn't make a lot of sense, right?
+Because I know that my values along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I know that my values along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I know that my values along the
+X- axis are independent measurements. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X- axis are independent measurements. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X- axis are independent measurements. So
+the displacement in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement in that direction
+doesn't make a lot of sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a lot of sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make a lot of sense.
+P makes a lot of sense but unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P makes a lot of sense but unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P makes a lot of sense but unfortunately
+isn't what I want. We're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what I want. We're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't what I want. We're going to see
+examples later on where in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples later on where in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples later on where in fact
+minimizing things where you minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing things where you minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing things where you minimize
+that distance is the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance is the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance is the right thing to do
+when we do machine learning. That is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do machine learning. That is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do machine learning. That is how
+you find what's called a classifier or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find what's called a classifier or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find what's called a classifier or a
+separator. But actually here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator. But actually here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separator. But actually here we're going
+to pick why. And the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick why. And the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick why. And the reason is
+important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+I'm trying to predict the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to predict the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to predict the dependent
+value which is the y value given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is the y value given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value which is the y value given an
+independent new x value. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent new x value. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent new x value. And so the
+displacement, the uncertainty is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement, the uncertainty is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement, the uncertainty is in fact
+the vertical displacement. And so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical displacement. And so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical displacement. And so I'm
+going to use y. That displacement is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use y. That displacement is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use y. That displacement is the
+thing I'm going to measure as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to measure as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to measure as the
+distance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+How do I find this? I need an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I find this? I need an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I find this? I need an objective
+function that's going to tell me what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to tell me what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to tell me what is
+the closeness of the fit. So here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closeness of the fit. So here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closeness of the fit. So here's how
+I'm going to do it. I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do it. I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do it. I'm going to have
+some set of observed values. Think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of observed values. Think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set of observed values. Think of it
+as an array. I've got some index into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an array. I've got some index into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an array. I've got some index into
+them. So the the indices are giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So the the indices are giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So the the indices are giving me
+the x values and the observed values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x values and the observed values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x values and the observed values are
+the things I've actually measured. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've actually measured. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've actually measured. If
+you want to think of it this way, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of it this way, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of it this way, I'm
+going to go back to this slide really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to this slide really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back to this slide really
+quickly. The observed values are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. The observed values are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. The observed values are the
+displacements or the values along the y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements or the values along the y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacements or the values along the y-
+axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis.
+Sorry about that. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry about that. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry about that. Okay.
+Let's assume that I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's assume that I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's assume that I have some
+hypothesized line that I think fits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized line that I think fits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized line that I think fits this
+data. Y= ax plus b. I know the a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Y= ax plus b. I know the a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Y= ax plus b. I know the a and the
+b. I've hypothesized it. Then predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. I've hypothesized it. Then predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. I've hypothesized it. Then predicted
+will basically say given the x value,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically say given the x value,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will basically say given the x value,
+the line predicts here's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line predicts here's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line predicts here's what the
+y-value should be. And so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-value should be. And so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-value should be. And so I'm going to
+take the difference between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the difference between those two
+and square them. So the difference makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and square them. So the difference makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and square them. So the difference makes
+sense. It tells me how far away is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. It tells me how far away is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. It tells me how far away is the
+observed value from what the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed value from what the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed value from what the line
+predicts it should be. Why am I squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts it should be. Why am I squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts it should be. Why am I squaring
+it? Well, there are two reasons. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Well, there are two reasons. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? Well, there are two reasons. The
+first one is that squaring is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is that squaring is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one is that squaring is going to
+get rid of the sign, right? It shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the sign, right? It shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the sign, right? It shouldn't
+matter if my my observed value is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if my my observed value is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if my my observed value is some
+amount above the predicted value or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount above the predicted value or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount above the predicted value or some
+amount below the same amount below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount below the same amount below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount below the same amount below the
+predicted value. The displacement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value. The displacement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted value. The displacement in
+direction shouldn't matter. It's how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction shouldn't matter. It's how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction shouldn't matter. It's how far
+away is it. Now, you could say, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away is it. Now, you could say, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away is it. Now, you could say, well,
+why not just use absolute value? And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just use absolute value? And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just use absolute value? And the
+answer is you could, but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is you could, but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is you could, but we're going to
+see in a couple of slides that by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a couple of slides that by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in a couple of slides that by using
+the square, we get a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square, we get a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square, we get a really nice
+property that helps us find the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that helps us find the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that helps us find the best
+fitting line. So my objective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting line. So my objective function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting line. So my objective function
+here is basically says given a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is basically says given a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is basically says given a bunch of
+observed values, use the hypothesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed values, use the hypothesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed values, use the hypothesized
+line to predict what the value should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to predict what the value should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to predict what the value should
+be. Measure the difference in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Measure the difference in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Measure the difference in the y
+direction, which is what I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, which is what I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, which is what I'm doing
+because I'm measuring predicted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm measuring predicted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm measuring predicted and
+observed y values. Square them, sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed y values. Square them, sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed y values. Square them, sum them
+all up. It's called le squares.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up. It's called le squares.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up. It's called le squares.
+That's going to give me a measure of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's going to give me a measure of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's going to give me a measure of how
+close that line is to a fit. In a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that line is to a fit. In a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that line is to a fit. In a
+second, I'll get to how do you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, I'll get to how do you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second, I'll get to how do you find the
+best line, but this hopefully looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best line, but this hopefully looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best line, but this hopefully looks
+familiar. Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. Anybody
+recognize this? You've seen it earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this? You've seen it earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize this? You've seen it earlier
+in this class. Boy, that's a terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class. Boy, that's a terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class. Boy, that's a terrible
+thing to ask because you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to ask because you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to ask because you don't even
+remember the last thing you did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last thing you did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the last thing you did in this
+class other than the problem set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class other than the problem set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class other than the problem set.
+Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry.
+Variance. Thank you. Absolutely. Sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Variance. Thank you. Absolutely. Sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Variance. Thank you. Absolutely. Sorry,
+I didn't bring any candy today. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't bring any candy today. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't bring any candy today. That's
+Professor Gutag. I got a better arm than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Gutag. I got a better arm than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Gutag. I got a better arm than
+he does, but I still didn't bring any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does, but I still didn't bring any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does, but I still didn't bring any
+candy today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy today.
+Yeah, it's variance. Not quite. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's variance. Not quite. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's variance. Not quite. It's
+almost variance. That's the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost variance. That's the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost variance. That's the variance
+times the number of observations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of observations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the number of observations.
+Another way of saying it is if I divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way of saying it is if I divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way of saying it is if I divided
+this by the number of observations, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the number of observations, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by the number of observations, that
+would be the variance. If I took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the variance. If I took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the variance. If I took the
+square root, it' be the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root, it' be the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root, it' be the standard
+deviation. Why is that valuable? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Why is that valuable? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation. Why is that valuable? Because
+that tells you something about how badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you something about how badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you something about how badly
+things are dispersed, how much variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are dispersed, how much variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are dispersed, how much variation
+there is in this measurement. And so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in this measurement. And so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in this measurement. And so if
+it says if I can minimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if I can minimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says if I can minimize this
+expression, that's great because it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression, that's great because it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression, that's great because it not
+only will find what I hope is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only will find what I hope is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only will find what I hope is the best
+fit, but it's going to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit, but it's going to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit, but it's going to minimize the
+variance between what I predict and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance between what I predict and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance between what I predict and what
+I measured, which makes intuitive sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measured, which makes intuitive sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I measured, which makes intuitive sense.
+That's exactly the thing I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly the thing I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's exactly the thing I would like to
+minimize.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize.
+Okay, this was built on the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this was built on the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this was built on the assumption
+that I had a line that I thought was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had a line that I thought was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had a line that I thought was a
+good fit. And this lets me measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit. And this lets me measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit. And this lets me measure how
+good a fit I have. But I still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a fit I have. But I still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good a fit I have. But I still have to
+do a little bit more. I have to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more. I have to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more. I have to now
+figure out okay how do I find the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay how do I find the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out okay how do I find the best
+fitting line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting line
+and for that we need to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we need to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we need to come up with a
+minimization technique. So to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization technique. So to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimization technique. So to minimize
+this objective function I want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this objective function I want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this objective function I want to find
+the curve for the predicted values. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve for the predicted values. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve for the predicted values. This
+thing here some way of representing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here some way of representing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here some way of representing that
+that leads to the best possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to the best possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to the best possible
+solution. And I'm going to make a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. And I'm going to make a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. And I'm going to make a simple
+assumption. I'm going to assume that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. I'm going to assume that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption. I'm going to assume that my
+model for this predicted curve. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this predicted curve. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this predicted curve. I've
+been using the example of line but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using the example of line but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using the example of line but we're
+going to say curve is a polomial. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say curve is a polomial. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say curve is a polomial. It's a
+polomial in one variable. The one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial in one variable. The one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial in one variable. The one
+variable is what are the x values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is what are the x values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is what are the x values of the
+samples and I'm going to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and I'm going to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and I'm going to assume that the
+curve is a polomial. In the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a polomial. In the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a polomial. In the simplest
+case it's a line case of order n2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a line case of order n2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a line case of order n2 it's
+going to be a parabola. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a parabola. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a parabola. And I'm going to
+use a technique called linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a technique called linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a technique called linear regression
+to find the polomial that best fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the polomial that best fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the polomial that best fits the
+data that minimizes that objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that minimizes that objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that minimizes that objective
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+All right, quick aside just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, quick aside just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, quick aside just to remind
+you I'm sure you remember. So a polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm sure you remember. So a polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm sure you remember. So a polomial
+polomial is either the value zero which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial is either the value zero which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial is either the value zero which
+is really boring or it is a finite sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really boring or it is a finite sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really boring or it is a finite sum
+of nonzero terms that all have the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonzero terms that all have the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonzero terms that all have the form
+C * X to the P. C is a constant, a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * X to the P. C is a constant, a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C * X to the P. C is a constant, a real
+number. P is a power a non-gative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. P is a power a non-gative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. P is a power a non-gative
+integer and this is basically X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and this is basically X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer and this is basically X is the
+free variable that's going to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable that's going to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free variable that's going to capture
+this. So easy way to say it is a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So easy way to say it is a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So easy way to say it is a line
+would be represented as a degree 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be represented as a degree 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be represented as a degree 1
+polomial ax plus b. A parabola is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial ax plus b. A parabola is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial ax plus b. A parabola is a
+second degree polinomial ax^2 plus bx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree polinomial ax^2 plus bx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second degree polinomial ax^2 plus bx
+plus c and we can go up to higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c and we can go up to higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c and we can go up to higher order
+um terms. We're going to refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um terms. We're going to refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um terms. We're going to refer to the
+degree of the polomial as the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the polomial as the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the polomial as the largest
+degree of any term in that polomial. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of any term in that polomial. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of any term in that polomial. So
+again degree 1 linear degree 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again degree 1 linear degree 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again degree 1 linear degree 2
+quadratic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic.
+Okay. Now how do I use that? Well here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now how do I use that? Well here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now how do I use that? Well here's
+the basic idea. Let's take a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea. Let's take a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea. Let's take a simple
+example. Let's assume I'm still just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Let's assume I'm still just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Let's assume I'm still just
+trying to fit a line. So my assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit a line. So my assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to fit a line. So my assumption
+is I want to find a degree 1 polomial y=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to find a degree 1 polomial y=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to find a degree 1 polomial y=
+ax plus b as our model of the day. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax plus b as our model of the day. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ax plus b as our model of the day. That
+means for every sample I'm going to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for every sample I'm going to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means for every sample I'm going to plug
+in x and if I know a and b it gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and if I know a and b it gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and if I know a and b it gives me
+the predicted value. We've already seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted value. We've already seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the predicted value. We've already seen
+that's going to give me a good measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me a good measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to give me a good measure
+of the closeness of the fit. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the closeness of the fit. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the closeness of the fit. And the
+question is how do I find a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do I find a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do I find a and b
+my goal is find a and b such that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal is find a and b such that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my goal is find a and b such that when
+we use this polomial to compute those y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this polomial to compute those y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this polomial to compute those y
+values that sum squared difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that sum squared difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that sum squared difference is
+minimized.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimized.
+Okay. So the sum square difference is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the sum square difference is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the sum square difference is my
+measure of fit. All I have to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of fit. All I have to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of fit. All I have to do is find
+a and b. And that's where linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b. And that's where linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and b. And that's where linear
+regression comes in. And I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression comes in. And I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression comes in. And I want to just
+give you a visualization of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a visualization of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a visualization of this.
+If a line is described by ax plus b,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If a line is described by ax plus b,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If a line is described by ax plus b,
+then I can represent every possible line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can represent every possible line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can represent every possible line
+in a two-dimensional space. One axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two-dimensional space. One axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two-dimensional space. One axis is
+possible values for a. The other axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values for a. The other axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values for a. The other axis is
+possible values for b. So if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values for b. So if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values for b. So if you think
+about it, I take any point in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, I take any point in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it, I take any point in that
+space, it gives me an a and a b value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, it gives me an a and a b value.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space, it gives me an a and a b value.
+That describes a line. Why should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That describes a line. Why should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That describes a line. Why should you
+care about that? because I can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that? because I can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about that? because I can put a
+two-dimensional surface over that space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional surface over that space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional surface over that space.
+In other words, for every A and B, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, for every A and B, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, for every A and B, that
+gives me a line. And I could therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a line. And I could therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a line. And I could therefore
+compute this function given the observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this function given the observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this function given the observed
+values and the predicted values, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the predicted values, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the predicted values, and it
+would give me a value, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me a value, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give me a value, which is the
+height of the surface in that space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the surface in that space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of the surface in that space.
+If you're with me in the visualization,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're with me in the visualization,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you're with me in the visualization,
+why is that nice? because linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that nice? because linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that nice? because linear
+regression gives me a very easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression gives me a very easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression gives me a very easy way to
+find the lowest point on that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the lowest point on that surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the lowest point on that surface
+which is exactly the solution I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly the solution I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly the solution I want
+because that's the best fitting line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the best fitting line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the best fitting line.
+And it's called linear regression not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's called linear regression not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's called linear regression not
+because we're solving for a line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're solving for a line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're solving for a line but
+because of how you do that solution. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of how you do that solution. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of how you do that solution. If
+you think of this as being take a marble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this as being take a marble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this as being take a marble
+on this two-dimensional surface you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this two-dimensional surface you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this two-dimensional surface you want
+to place the marble on it. You want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place the marble on it. You want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to place the marble on it. You want to
+let it run down to the lowest point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it run down to the lowest point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it run down to the lowest point in
+the surface. And oh yeah I promised you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface. And oh yeah I promised you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface. And oh yeah I promised you
+why do we use sum squares? Because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we use sum squares? Because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we use sum squares? Because if we
+use the sum of the squares, that surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the sum of the squares, that surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the sum of the squares, that surface
+always has only one minimum. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has only one minimum. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has only one minimum. So it's not
+a really funky convoluted surface. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really funky convoluted surface. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really funky convoluted surface. It
+has exactly one minimum. It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has exactly one minimum. It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has exactly one minimum. It's called
+linear regression because the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression because the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression because the way to
+find it is to start at some point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it is to start at some point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it is to start at some point and
+walk downhill. I linearly regress or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk downhill. I linearly regress or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk downhill. I linearly regress or
+walk downhill along the gradient some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk downhill along the gradient some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk downhill along the gradient some
+distance, measure the new gradient, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance, measure the new gradient, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance, measure the new gradient, and
+do that until until I get down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that until until I get down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that until until I get down to the
+lowest point in the uh in the surface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest point in the uh in the surface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest point in the uh in the surface.
+Could you write code to do it? Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you write code to do it? Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could you write code to do it? Sure.
+Are we going to ask you to do it? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we going to ask you to do it? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we going to ask you to do it? No.
+Because fortunately,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because fortunately,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because fortunately,
+I was hoping to get a cheer out of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was hoping to get a cheer out of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was hoping to get a cheer out of that.
+Too bad. Okay. Maybe we will ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Too bad. Okay. Maybe we will ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Too bad. Okay. Maybe we will ask you to
+do it on the exam. What the hell?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on the exam. What the hell?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it on the exam. What the hell?
+You could do it. In fact, you've seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could do it. In fact, you've seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could do it. In fact, you've seen a
+version of this. The the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this. The the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this. The the typical
+algorithm for doing it is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing it is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing it is very similar
+to Newton's method that we used way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Newton's method that we used way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Newton's method that we used way back
+in the beginning of 60001 when we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning of 60001 when we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning of 60001 when we found
+square roots. You could write that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots. You could write that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square roots. You could write that kind
+of a solution. But the good news is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solution. But the good news is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solution. But the good news is that
+the nice people who wrote Python or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice people who wrote Python or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nice people who wrote Python or
+particularly Pyab have given you code to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Pyab have given you code to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Pyab have given you code to
+do it and we're going to take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and we're going to take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and we're going to take advantage
+of it. So in Pyab there is a built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. So in Pyab there is a built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. So in Pyab there is a built-in
+function called Polyfitit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called Polyfitit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called Polyfitit.
+It takes a collection of X values, takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes a collection of X values, takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes a collection of X values, takes
+a collection of equal length of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of equal length of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of equal length of Y
+values. They need to be the same length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. They need to be the same length.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. They need to be the same length.
+I'm going to assume they're arrays. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume they're arrays. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to assume they're arrays. And
+it takes an integer n, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an integer n, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes an integer n, which is the
+degree of fit that I want to apply. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of fit that I want to apply. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of fit that I want to apply. And
+what poly fit will do is it will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what poly fit will do is it will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what poly fit will do is it will find
+the coefficients of a polomial of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of a polomial of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of a polomial of that
+degree that provides the best le squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that provides the best le squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that provides the best le squares
+fit. So think of it as poly fit walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. So think of it as poly fit walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. So think of it as poly fit walking
+along that surface to find the best a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that surface to find the best a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that surface to find the best a
+and b that will come back. So if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b that will come back. So if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b that will come back. So if I give
+it a value of n equals 1, it'll give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a value of n equals 1, it'll give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a value of n equals 1, it'll give me
+back the a and b that gives me the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the a and b that gives me the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the a and b that gives me the best
+line. If I get a value of n equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. If I get a value of n equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. If I get a value of n equal 2
+gives me back a, b and c that would fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me back a, b and c that would fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me back a, b and c that would fit
+an ax^2 plus bx plus c parabola to best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ax^2 plus bx plus c parabola to best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ax^2 plus bx plus c parabola to best
+fit the data. And I could pick n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the data. And I could pick n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the data. And I could pick n to be
+any non- negative integer and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any non- negative integer and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any non- negative integer and it would
+actually come up with a good fit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with a good fit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with a good fit.
+Okay, so let's use it. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's use it. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's use it. I'm going to
+write a little function called fit data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a little function called fit data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a little function called fit data.
+The first part up here just comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first part up here just comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first part up here just comes from
+plot data. It's exactly the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot data. It's exactly the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot data. It's exactly the same thing.
+I read in the data. I convert them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read in the data. I convert them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read in the data. I convert them into
+arrays. I convert this because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. I convert this because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. I convert this because I want to
+get out the force. I go ahead and plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out the force. I go ahead and plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out the force. I go ahead and plot
+it. And then notice what I do. So I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then notice what I do. So I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then notice what I do. So I use
+poly fit right here to take the inputed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly fit right here to take the inputed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly fit right here to take the inputed
+x values and y values and a degree one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x values and y values and a degree one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x values and y values and a degree one
+and it's going to give me back a tupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to give me back a tupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to give me back a tupil
+an a and a b that are the best fit line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a and a b that are the best fit line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a and a b that are the best fit line
+finds that point in the space that best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds that point in the space that best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds that point in the space that best
+fits it. Once I've got that I could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits it. Once I've got that I could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits it. Once I've got that I could go
+ahead and actually compute now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and actually compute now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and actually compute now what are
+the estimated or predicted values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimated or predicted values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the estimated or predicted values.
+Right? The line's going to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The line's going to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? The line's going to tell me what
+I should have seen as those values. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have seen as those values. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have seen as those values. And
+I'm going to do the same thing. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the same thing. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do the same thing. I'm
+going to take x values, convert it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take x values, convert it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take x values, convert it into
+array, multiply it by a, which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, multiply it by a, which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array, multiply it by a, which says
+every entry in the array is scaled by a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry in the array is scaled by a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every entry in the array is scaled by a.
+Add b to every entry. So I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add b to every entry. So I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Add b to every entry. So I'm just
+computing ax plus b for all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing ax plus b for all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing ax plus b for all possible
+x's. And that then gives me an estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's. And that then gives me an estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's. And that then gives me an estimated
+set of y values. And I could plot those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of y values. And I could plot those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of y values. And I could plot those
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+I'm cheating here. Sorry, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cheating here. Sorry, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm cheating here. Sorry, I'm
+misdirecting you. I never cheat. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misdirecting you. I never cheat. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misdirecting you. I never cheat. I
+actually don't need to do the conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to do the conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't need to do the conversion
+to an array there because I did it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an array there because I did it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an array there because I did it up
+here. But because I've borrowed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But because I've borrowed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But because I've borrowed this
+from plot lab, I wanted to show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plot lab, I wanted to show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from plot lab, I wanted to show you that
+I can redundantly do it here to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can redundantly do it here to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can redundantly do it here to remind
+you that I want to convert it into array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that I want to convert it into array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that I want to convert it into array
+to make sure I can do that kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I can do that kind of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure I can do that kind of of
+algebra on it. The last thing I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra on it. The last thing I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra on it. The last thing I could do
+is say even if I can not only once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say even if I can not only once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say even if I can not only once I
+show you the fit of this line, I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the fit of this line, I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the fit of this line, I also
+want to get out the spring constant. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get out the spring constant. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get out the spring constant. Now
+the slope of this line is difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of this line is difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of this line is difference in
+force over difference in distance. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force over difference in distance. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force over difference in distance. The
+spring constant is the opposite of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant is the opposite of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant is the opposite of it.
+So I could simply take the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I could simply take the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I could simply take the slope of the
+line which is a invert it and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is a invert it and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line which is a invert it and that gives
+me the spring constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the spring constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the spring constant.
+Okay. So let's see what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's see what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's see what happens if we
+actually run this. So I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run this. So I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run this. So I'm going to go
+over to my code hoping that it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to my code hoping that it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to my code hoping that it works
+properly. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly. And
+there's my Python. I've loaded this in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my Python. I've loaded this in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my Python. I've loaded this in.
+I'm going to run it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run it.
+There you go. Fits a line and it prints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There you go. Fits a line and it prints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There you go. Fits a line and it prints
+out the value of a which is about 0.46.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the value of a which is about 0.46.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the value of a which is about 0.46.
+and the value of B. And if I go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of B. And if I go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value of B. And if I go back and
+look at this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there we go. Spring constant is about 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go. Spring constant is about 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go. Spring constant is about 21
+and a half, which is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half, which is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half, which is about the
+reciprocal of 046. Are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of 046. Are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of 046. Are you going to
+figure that out? And you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out? And you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out? And you can see it's
+not a bad fit to a line through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad fit to a line through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad fit to a line through that
+data. Again, there's still something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Again, there's still something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data. Again, there's still something
+funky going on over here that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky going on over here that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funky going on over here that we're
+going to come back to, but it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to, but it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to, but it's a pretty
+good fit to the data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit to the data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit to the data.
+Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+So now I've got a fit. I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I've got a fit. I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I've got a fit. I'm going to show
+you a variation of this that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a variation of this that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a variation of this that we're going
+to use in a second. I could do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in a second. I could do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in a second. I could do the same
+thing, but after I've done poly fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but after I've done poly fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but after I've done poly fit
+here, I'm going to use another built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm going to use another built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, I'm going to use another built-in
+function called polyval.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called polyval.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function called polyval.
+It's going to take a polomial which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to take a polomial which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to take a polomial which is
+captured by that model, the thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by that model, the thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by that model, the thing that I
+returned. And I'm going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned. And I'm going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned. And I'm going to show you the
+difference again. Right back here, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference again. Right back here, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference again. Right back here, we
+return this as a tupole. Since it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this as a tupole. Since it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return this as a tupole. Since it's
+coming back as a tupil, I can give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back as a tupil, I can give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back as a tupil, I can give it a
+name model. Polyval will take that tupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name model. Polyval will take that tupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name model. Polyval will take that tupil
+plus the x values and do the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the x values and do the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the x values and do the same thing.
+It will give me back an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It will give me back an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It will give me back an array of
+predicted values. But the nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted values. But the nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted values. But the nice thing
+here is that this model could be a line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this model could be a line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that this model could be a line,
+it could be a parabola, it be could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a parabola, it be could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a parabola, it be could be a
+cortic, it could be a quintic, it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortic, it could be a quintic, it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortic, it could be a quintic, it could
+be any order polomial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any order polomial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any order polomial.
+And I buried if you like the abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I buried if you like the abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I buried if you like the abstraction
+in here which we're going to see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here which we're going to see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here which we're going to see in a
+little bit that it allows me to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that it allows me to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit that it allows me to use the
+same cord same code for different orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cord same code for different orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same cord same code for different orders
+of model. And if I ran this, it would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model. And if I ran this, it would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of model. And if I ran this, it would do
+exactly the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same thing.
+All right, I'm going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to come back to
+thinking about what's going on in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's going on in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what's going on in that
+spring in a second. But I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring in a second. But I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring in a second. But I want to show
+you another example. So here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example. So here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you another example. So here's another
+set of data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data.
+In a little bit, I'll show you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a little bit, I'll show you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In a little bit, I'll show you where
+that mystery data came from. But here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mystery data came from. But here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mystery data came from. But here's
+another set of data that I've I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of data that I've I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of data that I've I've
+plotted out. I could run the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted out. I could run the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted out. I could run the same thing.
+I could run exactly the same code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could run exactly the same code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could run exactly the same code and
+fit a line to it. And if I do it, look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a line to it. And if I do it, look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a line to it. And if I do it, look
+at that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that.
+All right. What do you think? Good fit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. What do you think? Good fit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. What do you think? Good fit.
+Show of hands. How many people like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show of hands. How many people like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show of hands. How many people like this
+fit to the data? Show of hands. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to the data? Show of hands. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to the data? Show of hands. How many
+people don't like this fit to the data?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like this fit to the data?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't like this fit to the data?
+Show of hands. How many hope that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show of hands. How many hope that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show of hands. How many hope that I'll
+stop asking you questions? Don't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop asking you questions? Don't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop asking you questions? Don't put
+your hands up. Yeah, thank you. I know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands up. Yeah, thank you. I know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands up. Yeah, thank you. I know.
+Too bad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Too bad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Too bad.
+It's a lousy fit. And you kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a lousy fit. And you kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a lousy fit. And you kind of know
+it, right? It's clear that this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? It's clear that this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, right? It's clear that this doesn't
+look like it's coming from a line or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it's coming from a line or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it's coming from a line or if
+it is, it's a really noisy line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, it's a really noisy line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is, it's a really noisy line.
+So, let's think about this. What if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's think about this. What if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's think about this. What if I
+were to try a higher order degree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to try a higher order degree?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to try a higher order degree?
+Let's change the one to a two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's change the one to a two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's change the one to a two.
+Sorry, I'm going to come back to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, I'm going to come back to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, I'm going to come back to that in
+a second. I change one to a two. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. I change one to a two. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second. I change one to a two. That
+says I'm still using the polomial fit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm still using the polomial fit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I'm still using the polomial fit,
+but now I'm going to ask what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to ask what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm going to ask what's the best
+fitting parabola ax^2 + bx + c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting parabola ax^2 + bx + c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting parabola ax^2 + bx + c.
+Simple change because I was using poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple change because I was using poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simple change because I was using poly
+val. Exactly the same code will work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+val. Exactly the same code will work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+val. Exactly the same code will work.
+It's going to do the fit to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to do the fit to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to do the fit to it.
+This is by the way still an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is by the way still an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is by the way still an example of
+linear regression. So think of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression. So think of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression. So think of what I'm
+doing now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now.
+I have a three-dimensional space. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a three-dimensional space. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a three-dimensional space. One
+axis is A values. Second axis is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is A values. Second axis is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is A values. Second axis is B
+values. Third axis is C values. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Third axis is C values. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values. Third axis is C values. Any
+point in that space describes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in that space describes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in that space describes a
+parabola. And every point in that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola. And every point in that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola. And every point in that space
+describes every possible parabola. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes every possible parabola. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes every possible parabola. And
+now you got to twist your head a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got to twist your head a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got to twist your head a little
+bit. put a four-dimensional surface on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. put a four-dimensional surface on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit. put a four-dimensional surface on
+that three-dimensional basis where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three-dimensional basis where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three-dimensional basis where the
+point in that surface is the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in that surface is the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in that surface is the value of
+that objective function, play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that objective function, play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that objective function, play the same
+game, and you can. It's just a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, and you can. It's just a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, and you can. It's just a higher
+dimensional thing. So, you're again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional thing. So, you're again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional thing. So, you're again
+going to walk down the gradient to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk down the gradient to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk down the gradient to find
+the solution and be glad you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and be glad you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution and be glad you don't have
+to write this code because Pyab will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this code because Pyab will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write this code because Pyab will do
+it for you freely. But it's still an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you freely. But it's still an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you freely. But it's still an
+example of regression, which is great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of regression, which is great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of regression, which is great.
+And if we do that, we get that fit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we do that, we get that fit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we do that, we get that fit.
+Actually, just to show you that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, just to show you that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, just to show you that I want
+to run it, but it will do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it, but it will do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run it, but it will do exactly the
+same thing. If I go over to Python,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. If I go over to Python,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing. If I go over to Python,
+wherever I have it here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to change that order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change that order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to change that order of the
+model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model.
+Oops, it went a little too far for me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops, it went a little too far for me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oops, it went a little too far for me.
+Sorry about that. Go back and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry about that. Go back and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry about that. Go back and do this
+again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again.
+There's the first one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's the second one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's the second one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's the second one.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so I could fit different models to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could fit different models to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I could fit different models to it.
+Quadratic clearly looks like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quadratic clearly looks like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quadratic clearly looks like it's a
+better fit. I hope you'll agree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fit. I hope you'll agree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fit. I hope you'll agree.
+So, how do I decide which one's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do I decide which one's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how do I decide which one's better
+other than eyeballing it? And then if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than eyeballing it? And then if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than eyeballing it? And then if I
+could fit a quadratic to it, what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fit a quadratic to it, what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fit a quadratic to it, what about
+other orders of polomials? Maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orders of polomials? Maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orders of polomials? Maybe there's
+an even better fit out there. So, how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even better fit out there. So, how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even better fit out there. So, how do
+I figure out what's the best way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure out what's the best way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure out what's the best way to do
+the fit? And that leads to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit? And that leads to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit? And that leads to the second
+big thing for this lecture. How good are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing for this lecture. How good are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing for this lecture. How good are
+these fits? What's the first big thing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fits? What's the first big thing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fits? What's the first big thing?
+The idea of linear regression, a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea of linear regression, a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea of linear regression, a way of
+finding fits of curves to data. But now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding fits of curves to data. But now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding fits of curves to data. But now
+I got to decide how good are these? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to decide how good are these? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to decide how good are these? And
+I could ask this question two ways. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could ask this question two ways. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could ask this question two ways. One
+is just relative to each other. How do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just relative to each other. How do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just relative to each other. How do I
+measure which one's better other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which one's better other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which one's better other than
+looking at it by eye? And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it by eye? And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it by eye? And then the
+second part of it is in an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of it is in an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part of it is in an absolute
+sense, how do I know where the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, how do I know where the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense, how do I know where the best
+solution is? Is quadratic the best I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is? Is quadratic the best I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is? Is quadratic the best I
+could do or should I be doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do or should I be doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do or should I be doing something
+else to try and figure out a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to try and figure out a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to try and figure out a better
+solution, a better fit to the data?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, a better fit to the data?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution, a better fit to the data?
+Okay, the relative fit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the relative fit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the relative fit.
+What are we doing here? We're fitting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are we doing here? We're fitting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are we doing here? We're fitting a
+curve which is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which is a function of the
+independent variable to the dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable to the dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable to the dependent
+variable. What does it mean by that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. What does it mean by that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. What does it mean by that?
+I've got a set of x values. I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a set of x values. I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a set of x values. I'm trying
+to predict what the y value should be,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what the y value should be,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict what the y value should be,
+the displacement should be. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement should be. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement should be. I want to
+get a good fit to that. The idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good fit to that. The idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a good fit to that. The idea is that
+given an independent value, it gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an independent value, it gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given an independent value, it gives me
+an estimate of what it should be. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of what it should be. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate of what it should be. And I
+really want to know which fit provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know which fit provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know which fit provides
+the better estimates. And since I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better estimates. And since I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better estimates. And since I was
+simply minimizing mean squared error,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply minimizing mean squared error,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply minimizing mean squared error,
+average square error, an obvious thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average square error, an obvious thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average square error, an obvious thing
+to do is just to use the goodness of fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just to use the goodness of fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just to use the goodness of fit
+by looking at that error. Why not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at that error. Why not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by looking at that error. Why not just
+measure where am I on that surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where am I on that surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure where am I on that surface and
+see which one does better? Or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which one does better? Or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see which one does better? Or actually
+be two surfaces, one for a linear fit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two surfaces, one for a linear fit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two surfaces, one for a linear fit,
+one for a quadratic one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for a quadratic one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for a quadratic one.
+All right, we'll do what we always do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we'll do what we always do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, we'll do what we always do.
+Let's write a little bit of code. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's write a little bit of code. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's write a little bit of code. I can
+write something that's going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something that's going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write something that's going to get the
+average mean squared error. Takes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average mean squared error. Takes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average mean squared error. Takes in a
+set of data points, a set of predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data points, a set of predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of data points, a set of predicted
+values, simply measures the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, simply measures the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values, simply measures the difference
+between them, squares them, adds them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them, squares them, adds them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them, squares them, adds them
+all up in a little loop here, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up in a little loop here, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up in a little loop here, and
+returns that divided by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns that divided by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns that divided by the number of
+samples I have. So, it gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples I have. So, it gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples I have. So, it gives me the
+average squared error. And I could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average squared error. And I could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average squared error. And I could do it
+for that first model I built, which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that first model I built, which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that first model I built, which was
+for a linear fit. And I could do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a linear fit. And I could do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a linear fit. And I could do it for
+the second model I built, which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second model I built, which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second model I built, which is a
+quadratic fit. And if I run it, I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic fit. And if I run it, I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic fit. And if I run it, I get
+those values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values.
+Looks pretty good, right? You knew by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looks pretty good, right? You knew by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looks pretty good, right? You knew by
+eye that the the quadratic was a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye that the the quadratic was a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye that the the quadratic was a better
+fit. And look, this says it's about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. And look, this says it's about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. And look, this says it's about six
+times better. That the residual error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times better. That the residual error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times better. That the residual error is
+six times smaller with the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times smaller with the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six times smaller with the quadratic
+model than it is the linear model.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model than it is the linear model.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model than it is the linear model.
+Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great.
+But with that, I still have a problem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But with that, I still have a problem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But with that, I still have a problem,
+which is okay, it's useful for comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay, it's useful for comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is okay, it's useful for comparing
+two models,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two models,
+but is 1524 a good number?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is 1524 a good number?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is 1524 a good number?
+certainly better than 9,000 something or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly better than 9,000 something or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly better than 9,000 something or
+other. But how do I know that 1524 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. But how do I know that 1524 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. But how do I know that 1524 is a
+good number? How do I know there isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good number? How do I know there isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good number? How do I know there isn't a
+better fit out there somewhere?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fit out there somewhere?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better fit out there somewhere?
+Well, good news is we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, good news is we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, good news is we're going to be
+able to measure that. It's hard to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure that. It's hard to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to measure that. It's hard to know
+because there's no bound on the values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no bound on the values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no bound on the values.
+And more importantly, this is not scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And more importantly, this is not scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And more importantly, this is not scale
+independent. What do I mean by that? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. What do I mean by that? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent. What do I mean by that? If
+I take all of the values and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all of the values and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take all of the values and multiply
+them by some factor, I would still fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by some factor, I would still fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by some factor, I would still fit
+the same models to them. they would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same models to them. they would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same models to them. they would just
+scale but that measure would increase by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but that measure would increase by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale but that measure would increase by
+that amount. So I could make the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount. So I could make the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that amount. So I could make the error
+as big or as small as I want by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big or as small as I want by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big or as small as I want by just
+changing the size of the values. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the size of the values. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the size of the values. That
+doesn't make any sense. I'd like a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense. I'd like a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense. I'd like a way
+to measure goodness of fit that is scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure goodness of fit that is scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure goodness of fit that is scale
+independent and that tells me for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and that tells me for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and that tells me for any
+fit how close it comes to being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit how close it comes to being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit how close it comes to being the
+perfect fit to the data. And so for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fit to the data. And so for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect fit to the data. And so for that
+we're going to use something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use something called the
+coefficient of determination written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of determination written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of determination written as
+R squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squ.
+So, let me show you what this does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me show you what this does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me show you what this does and
+then we're going to use it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to use it.
+The Y's are measured values. Those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Y's are measured values. Those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Y's are measured values. Those are
+my samples I got from my experiment. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my samples I got from my experiment. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my samples I got from my experiment. The
+P's are the predicted values. That is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's are the predicted values. That is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P's are the predicted values. That is
+for this curve. Here's what I predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this curve. Here's what I predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this curve. Here's what I predict
+those values should be. So, the top here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values should be. So, the top here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values should be. So, the top here
+is basically measuring, as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically measuring, as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically measuring, as we saw
+before, the sum squared error in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, the sum squared error in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, the sum squared error in those
+pieces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces.
+Mu down here is the average or mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu down here is the average or mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mu down here is the average or mean of
+the measured values. It's the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured values. It's the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured values. It's the average of
+the Y's. Okay. So what I've got here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's. Okay. So what I've got here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y's. Okay. So what I've got here is
+in the numerator this is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator this is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the numerator this is basically the
+error in the estimates from my curve fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the estimates from my curve fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in the estimates from my curve fit
+and in the denominator I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the denominator I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the denominator I've got the
+amount of variation in the data itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of variation in the data itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of variation in the data itself.
+Right? This is telling me how much does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? This is telling me how much does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? This is telling me how much does
+the data change from just being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data change from just being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data change from just being a
+constant value and this is telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value and this is telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value and this is telling me
+how much do my errors vary around it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do my errors vary around it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much do my errors vary around it.
+That ratio is scale independent because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That ratio is scale independent because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That ratio is scale independent because
+it's a ratio. So even if I increase all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ratio. So even if I increase all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a ratio. So even if I increase all
+of the values by some amount that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values by some amount that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the values by some amount that's
+going to divide out which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide out which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide out which is kind of
+nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice.
+So I could compute that and there it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I could compute that and there it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I could compute that and there it is.
+R squar is again that expression. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squar is again that expression. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squar is again that expression. I'll
+take in a set of observed values a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in a set of observed values a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in a set of observed values a set
+of predicted values and I'll measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predicted values and I'll measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of predicted values and I'll measure the
+error. Again these are arrays. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. Again these are arrays. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. Again these are arrays. So I'm
+going to take the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the difference between the
+arrays. That's going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. That's going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays. That's going to give me
+peacewise or pair-wise that difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peacewise or pair-wise that difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peacewise or pair-wise that difference.
+I'll square it. That's going to give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll square it. That's going to give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll square it. That's going to give me
+at every point in the array the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in the array the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every point in the array the square
+of that distance. And then because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that distance. And then because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that distance. And then because it's
+an array, I can just use the built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array, I can just use the built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array, I can just use the built-in
+sum function to add them all up. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum function to add them all up. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum function to add them all up. So this
+is going to give me the the the if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me the the the if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give me the the the if you
+like the values up there. And then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the values up there. And then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the values up there. And then I'm
+going to play a little trick. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play a little trick. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to play a little trick. I'm going
+to compute the mean error, which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the mean error, which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the mean error, which is that
+thing divided by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing divided by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing divided by the number of
+observations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations.
+Why would I do that? Well, because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why would I do that? Well, because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why would I do that? Well, because then
+I can compute this really simply. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute this really simply. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can compute this really simply. I
+could write a little loop to compute it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a little loop to compute it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write a little loop to compute it.
+But in fact, I've already said, what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact, I've already said, what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But in fact, I've already said, what is
+that? If I take that sum and divide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? If I take that sum and divide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? If I take that sum and divide it
+by the number of samples, that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of samples, that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the number of samples, that's the
+variance. So that's really nice right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance. So that's really nice right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance. So that's really nice right
+here. I can say get the variance using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I can say get the variance using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. I can say get the variance using
+the numpy uh version of that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numpy uh version of that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numpy uh version of that of the
+observed data. And because that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data. And because that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed data. And because that has
+associated with it, division by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it, division by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it, division by the
+number of samples, the ratio of the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of samples, the ratio of the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of samples, the ratio of the mean
+error to the variance is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error to the variance is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error to the variance is exactly the
+same as the ratio of that to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the ratio of that to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the ratio of that to that
+little trick. This lets me save doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick. This lets me save doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick. This lets me save doing a
+little bit of computation. So I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of computation. So I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of computation. So I can
+compute R squar values.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute R squar values.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute R squar values.
+Okay. So what does R squar actually tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does R squar actually tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does R squar actually tell
+us?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us?
+What we're doing is we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're doing is we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we're doing is we're trying to
+compare the estimation errors, the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the estimation errors, the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the estimation errors, the top
+part, with the variability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, with the variability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, with the variability in the
+original values, the bottom part. So R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original values, the bottom part. So R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original values, the bottom part. So R
+squar, as you can see there, is intended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar, as you can see there, is intended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar, as you can see there, is intended
+to capture what portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture what portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture what portion of the
+variability in the data is accounted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data is accounted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data is accounted for
+by my model. My model's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my model. My model's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by my model. My model's a really good
+fit. it should account for almost all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. it should account for almost all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit. it should account for almost all of
+that data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data.
+So what we see then is if we do a fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we see then is if we do a fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we see then is if we do a fit
+with a linear regression,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a linear regression,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a linear regression,
+R 2 is always going to be between 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 is always going to be between 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2 is always going to be between 0 and
+one. And I want to just show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I want to just show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And I want to just show you some
+examples. R2 if R2 is equal to 1. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. R2 if R2 is equal to 1. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. R2 if R2 is equal to 1. This
+is great. It says the model explains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great. It says the model explains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great. It says the model explains all
+of the variability in the data. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variability in the data. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variability in the data. And you
+can see it if we go back here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it if we go back here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it if we go back here.
+How do we make R2 equal to one? We need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we make R2 equal to one? We need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we make R2 equal to one? We need
+this to be zero which says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be zero which says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to be zero which says that the
+variability in the data is perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data is perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data is perfectly
+predicted by my model. Every point lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by my model. Every point lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted by my model. Every point lies
+exactly along the curve. That's great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly along the curve. That's great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly along the curve. That's great.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Second option at the other extreme is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second option at the other extreme is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second option at the other extreme is if
+r^ 2 is equal to zero, you basically got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r^ 2 is equal to zero, you basically got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r^ 2 is equal to zero, you basically got
+bupkas which is a well-known technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bupkas which is a well-known technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bupkas which is a well-known technical
+term meaning there's no relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term meaning there's no relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term meaning there's no relationship
+between the values predicted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the values predicted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the values predicted by the
+model and the actual data. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the actual data. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and the actual data. That
+basically says that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says that all of the
+variability here is exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here is exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability here is exactly the same as
+all the variability in the data. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the variability in the data. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the variability in the data. The
+model doesn't capture anything and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model doesn't capture anything and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model doesn't capture anything and it's
+making this one which is making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this one which is making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this one which is making the
+whole thing zero. And then in between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing zero. And then in between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing zero. And then in between an
+R squared of about a half says you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared of about a half says you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R squared of about a half says you're
+capturing about half the variability. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing about half the variability. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing about half the variability. So
+what you would like is a system in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like is a system in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like is a system in which
+your fit is as close to an R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fit is as close to an R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your fit is as close to an R squared
+value of one as possible because it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of one as possible because it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of one as possible because it says
+my model is capturing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my model is capturing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my model is capturing all the
+variability in the data really well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data really well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data really well.
+Okay, so two functions that will do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so two functions that will do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so two functions that will do this
+for us. We're going to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. We're going to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. We're going to come back to
+these in the next lecture. The first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the next lecture. The first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the next lecture. The first one
+called generate fits or genfits will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called generate fits or genfits will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called generate fits or genfits will
+take a set of x values, a set of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a set of x values, a set of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a set of x values, a set of y
+values and a list or a tupil of degrees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and a list or a tupil of degrees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and a list or a tupil of degrees.
+And these will be the different degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these will be the different degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And these will be the different degrees
+of models I'd like to fit. I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models I'd like to fit. I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of models I'd like to fit. I could just
+give it one. I could give it two. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it one. I could give it two. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it one. I could give it two. I
+could give a 1 2 4 8 16 whatever. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give a 1 2 4 8 16 whatever. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give a 1 2 4 8 16 whatever. And
+I'll just run through a little loop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just run through a little loop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just run through a little loop here
+where I'm going to build up a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to build up a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I'm going to build up a set of
+models for each degree or d in degrees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for each degree or d in degrees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for each degree or d in degrees.
+I'll do the fit exactly as I had before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the fit exactly as I had before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do the fit exactly as I had before.
+It's going to return a model which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to return a model which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to return a model which is a
+tupole of coefficients and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupole of coefficients and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tupole of coefficients and I'm going to
+store that in models and then return it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that in models and then return it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store that in models and then return it
+and then I'm going to use that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to use that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to use that because
+in test fits I will take the models that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in test fits I will take the models that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in test fits I will take the models that
+come from genfits. I'll take the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from genfits. I'll take the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from genfits. I'll take the set of
+degrees that I also passed in there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees that I also passed in there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees that I also passed in there as
+well as the values. I'll plot them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the values. I'll plot them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the values. I'll plot them out
+and then I'll simply run through each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll simply run through each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll simply run through each of
+the models and generate a fit, compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models and generate a fit, compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models and generate a fit, compute
+the R squar value, plot it, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R squar value, plot it, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the R squar value, plot it, and then
+print out some data.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out some data.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out some data.
+Okay, with that in mind, let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, with that in mind, let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, with that in mind, let's see what
+happens if we run this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we run this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we run this.
+So, I'm going to take again that example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to take again that example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to take again that example
+of that data that I started with. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that data that I started with. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that data that I started with. And
+assuming I picked the right one here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming I picked the right one here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming I picked the right one here,
+which I think is this one, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is this one, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is this one, I'm going to
+do a fit with a degree one and a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a fit with a degree one and a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a fit with a degree one and a degree
+2 curve. So, I'm going to fit the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 curve. So, I'm going to fit the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 curve. So, I'm going to fit the best
+line. I'm going to fit the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. I'm going to fit the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. I'm going to fit the best
+quadratic, the best parabola, and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic, the best parabola, and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic, the best parabola, and I want
+to see how well that comes out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how well that comes out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how well that comes out.
+So, I do that. Ah, I got some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I do that. Ah, I got some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I do that. Ah, I got some data
+there. Looks good. What does the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Looks good. What does the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Looks good. What does the data
+tell me?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me?
+data says, "Oh, cool. I know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data says, "Oh, cool. I know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data says, "Oh, cool. I know you don't
+believe it, but it is because notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it, but it is because notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it, but it is because notice
+what it says. It says the R squar value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says. It says the R squar value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says. It says the R squar value
+for the line is horrible. It accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the line is horrible. It accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the line is horrible. It accounts
+for less than .005%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for less than .005%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for less than .005%
+of the data." You could say, "Okay, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data." You could say, "Okay, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data." You could say, "Okay, I
+can see that. I can look at it. It does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that. I can look at it. It does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that. I can look at it. It does
+a lousy job." On the other hand, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lousy job." On the other hand, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lousy job." On the other hand, the
+quadratic is really pretty good. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic is really pretty good. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic is really pretty good. It's
+accounting for about 84% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for about 84% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for about 84% of the
+variability in the data. This is a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data. This is a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in the data. This is a nice
+high value. It's not one, but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value. It's not one, but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high value. It's not one, but it's a
+nice high value. So, this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice high value. So, this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice high value. So, this is now
+reinforcing what I already knew, but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing what I already knew, but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing what I already knew, but in
+a nice way. It's telling me that that R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way. It's telling me that that R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice way. It's telling me that that R2
+value tells me that the quadratic is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tells me that the quadratic is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value tells me that the quadratic is a
+much better fit than the linear fit was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better fit than the linear fit was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better fit than the linear fit was.
+Okay. But then you say, "Maybe, wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But then you say, "Maybe, wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But then you say, "Maybe, wait a
+minute. I could have done that by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. I could have done that by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. I could have done that by just
+comparing the fits themselves. I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the fits themselves. I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the fits themselves. I already
+saw that." Part of my goal is how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that." Part of my goal is how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that." Part of my goal is how do I
+know if I've got the best fit possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I've got the best fit possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I've got the best fit possible
+or not? So, I'm going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not? So, I'm going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not? So, I'm going to do the same
+thing, but now I'm going to run it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but now I'm going to run it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but now I'm going to run it with
+another set of uh of degrees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of uh of degrees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of uh of degrees.
+I'm going to go over here. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go over here. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go over here. I'm going to
+take exactly the same code but let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take exactly the same code but let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take exactly the same code but let's try
+it with a quadratic with a cortic an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a quadratic with a cortic an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a quadratic with a cortic an
+order eight and an order 16 fit. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order eight and an order 16 fit. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order eight and an order 16 fit. So I'm
+going to take different size polomials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take different size polomials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take different size polomials.
+As a quick aside this is why I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As a quick aside this is why I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As a quick aside this is why I want to
+use the pyab kind of code because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pyab kind of code because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the pyab kind of code because now
+I'm simply optimizing over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm simply optimizing over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm simply optimizing over a
+16-dimensional space. every point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16-dimensional space. every point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16-dimensional space. every point in
+that 16th dimensional space defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 16th dimensional space defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 16th dimensional space defines a
+16th degree polomial and I could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th degree polomial and I could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th degree polomial and I could still
+use linear regression meaning walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear regression meaning walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear regression meaning walking
+down the gradient to find the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the gradient to find the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the gradient to find the best
+solution. All right, I'm going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. All right, I'm going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. All right, I'm going to run
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I get out a set of values. Looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get out a set of values. Looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get out a set of values. Looks
+good. And let's go look at them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Huh?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huh?
+There's the R squared value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the R squared value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's the R squared value for
+quadratic about 84%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic about 84%.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic about 84%.
+Degree 4 does a little bit degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Degree 4 does a little bit degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Degree 4 does a little bit degree
+better. A degree 8 does a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. A degree 8 does a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. A degree 8 does a little bit
+better. But wow, look at that. Degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. But wow, look at that. Degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. But wow, look at that. Degree
+16, a 16th order polomial does a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16, a 16th order polomial does a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16, a 16th order polomial does a really
+good job. Accounts for almost 97%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job. Accounts for almost 97%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job. Accounts for almost 97%
+of the variability in the data. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variability in the data. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the variability in the data. That
+sounds great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds great.
+Now to quote something that your parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to quote something that your parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now to quote something that your parents
+probably said to you when you were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably said to you when you were much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably said to you when you were much
+younger, just because something looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger, just because something looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger, just because something looks
+good doesn't mean we should do it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good doesn't mean we should do it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good doesn't mean we should do it. And
+in fact, just because this has a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, just because this has a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, just because this has a really
+high R2 value doesn't mean that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high R2 value doesn't mean that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high R2 value doesn't mean that we want
+to use the order 16th polomial. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the order 16th polomial. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the order 16th polomial. And I
+will wonderfully leave you waiting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wonderfully leave you waiting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will wonderfully leave you waiting in
+suspense because we're going to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense because we're going to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense because we're going to answer
+that question next Monday. And with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question next Monday. And with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question next Monday. And with
+that, I'll let you out a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I'll let you out a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, I'll let you out a few minutes
+early. Have a great Thanksgiving break.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vPJ8oQ99r9c.txt b/vPJ8oQ99r9c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..776fe13f864b6a28f49338fc3ab613207d68f1a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vPJ8oQ99r9c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back I know we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back I know we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back I know we're sort of
+getting into the middle of the week some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the middle of the week some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into the middle of the week some
+of you maybe want to keep your laptops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you maybe want to keep your laptops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you maybe want to keep your laptops
+open to work on other courses midterms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to work on other courses midterms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to work on other courses midterms
+but I will ask you to try to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will ask you to try to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will ask you to try to focus on
+blockchain and money today today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money today today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and money today today we're
+going to chat about permissioned versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to chat about permissioned versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to chat about permissioned versus
+permissionless systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless systems
+I want to thank I I have a guest here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to thank I I have a guest here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to thank I I have a guest here I
+call out guests when they're here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call out guests when they're here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call out guests when they're here and I
+know Mark Snyder men who runs a fund at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Mark Snyder men who runs a fund at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Mark Snyder men who runs a fund at
+fidelity mark runs is six about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity mark runs is six about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fidelity mark runs is six about six
+billion dollars called the real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars called the real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars called the real estate
+Income Fund at fidelity and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Income Fund at fidelity and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Income Fund at fidelity and you might
+say well why does he want to come to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why does he want to come to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well why does he want to come to a
+blockchain in money course it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain in money course it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain in money course it's because
+we went to high school together so and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to high school together so and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went to high school together so and I
+was in his wedding and he's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in his wedding and he's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in his wedding and he's getting
+married again next week but you can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married again next week but you can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married again next week but you can all
+inundate mark later about fidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inundate mark later about fidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inundate mark later about fidelity
+because he's been there for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's been there for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's been there for a lot of
+years I'm shamelessly for MIT and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I'm shamelessly for MIT and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I'm shamelessly for MIT and MIT
+students so let's let's get going I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so let's let's get going I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students so let's let's get going I was
+I was letting a little bit of time for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was letting a little bit of time for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was letting a little bit of time for a
+few more people to wander in today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more people to wander in today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more people to wander in today we're
+going to talk of course we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk of course we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk of course we're going to
+chat a little bit about the reading and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat a little bit about the reading and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat a little bit about the reading and
+study questions gonna go back again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions gonna go back again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study questions gonna go back again to
+what are the technical and commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the technical and commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the technical and commercial
+challenges and this is relative this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and this is relative this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges and this is relative this is
+relevant for all of our lectures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for all of our lectures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant for all of our lectures but
+it's particularly relevant today because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly relevant today because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's particularly relevant today because
+we're gonna be talking about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be talking about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna be talking about two
+different database structures one's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different database structures one's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different database structures one's the
+permissionless blockchain a Bitcoin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless blockchain a Bitcoin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless blockchain a Bitcoin but
+now today we're gonna introduce and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today we're gonna introduce and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now today we're gonna introduce and go
+deeper into the permissioned or private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into the permissioned or private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper into the permissioned or private
+set of block chains like the IBM hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of block chains like the IBM hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of block chains like the IBM hyper
+ledger and corta but the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and corta but the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger and corta but the technical
+issues relate to all of that and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues relate to all of that and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues relate to all of that and then of
+course we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we're going to talk about that
+against a third type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a third type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a third type of
+database traditional databases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database traditional databases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database traditional databases so
+aligning permissionless like Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning permissionless like Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning permissionless like Bitcoin
+permissioned IBM hyper ledger type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned IBM hyper ledger type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned IBM hyper ledger type of
+and then traditional databases and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then traditional databases and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then traditional databases and why
+in a business setting you might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a business setting you might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a business setting you might think of
+one versus another versus another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus another versus another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one versus another versus another and
+I'm sure if I run off the rails anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure if I run off the rails anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure if I run off the rails anywhere
+on traditional databases which I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on traditional databases which I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on traditional databases which I have
+not personally studied alene will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not personally studied alene will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not personally studied alene will help
+bail me out somewhere that ik is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bail me out somewhere that ik is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bail me out somewhere that ik is that a
+deal mamie yeah I asked for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal mamie yeah I asked for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal mamie yeah I asked for it
+mark a lien is a as a computer scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark a lien is a as a computer scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark a lien is a as a computer scientist
+from other parts of MIT so he helps me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other parts of MIT so he helps me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other parts of MIT so he helps me
+out in subjects I don't know and even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in subjects I don't know and even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in subjects I don't know and even in
+subjects I think I know so so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects I think I know so so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects I think I know so so let's just
+start a little bit with what did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a little bit with what did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start a little bit with what did you
+take from the readings there were four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from the readings there were four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take from the readings there were four
+or five readings of course but what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five readings of course but what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five readings of course but what is a
+permission or private distributed ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission or private distributed ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission or private distributed ledger
+now I can do this I can light them up as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can do this I can light them up as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can do this I can light them up as
+some people set because tallit is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people set because tallit is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people set because tallit is giving
+me my buy list but but again class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me my buy list but but again class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me my buy list but but again class
+participation anybody who hasn't spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation anybody who hasn't spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation anybody who hasn't spoken
+yet sort of chime in and give it a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet sort of chime in and give it a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet sort of chime in and give it a shot
+I'm not seeing any volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not seeing any volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not seeing any volunteers
+oh yes in addition to that they are said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes in addition to that they are said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes in addition to that they are said
+to be stakeholders and since they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stakeholders and since they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be stakeholders and since they're the
+only ones involved in verifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ones involved in verifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only ones involved in verifying the
+transaction instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away from decentralization and so J eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from decentralization and so J eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from decentralization and so J eat
+data went through a whole lot it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data went through a whole lot it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data went through a whole lot it's about
+the number of nodes and permissioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes and permissioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of nodes and permissioned
+into it and that it addresses some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and that it addresses some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it and that it addresses some of
+the that booter ins trilemma so in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that booter ins trilemma so in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that booter ins trilemma so in its
+core it sort of addresses some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core it sort of addresses some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core it sort of addresses some of the
+scalability issues but it does that at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability issues but it does that at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability issues but it does that at a
+trade-off that it's not truly open it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off that it's not truly open it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off that it's not truly open it's
+not anyone can write to the ledger I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anyone can write to the ledger I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not anyone can write to the ledger I
+mean that's sort of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's sort of the fundamental
+things anything else that folks took out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things anything else that folks took out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things anything else that folks took out
+of the core readings as to how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core readings as to how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the core readings as to how it
+separates and how it's different I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates and how it's different I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates and how it's different I mean
+all right okay get a chance to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay get a chance to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay get a chance to add a
+little bit and then we're gonna dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and then we're gonna dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and then we're gonna dive
+into hyper ledger and kurta a bit we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hyper ledger and kurta a bit we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into hyper ledger and kurta a bit we'll
+talk about digital asset Holdings what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about digital asset Holdings what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about digital asset Holdings what's
+did Joe asset Holdings anybody know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Joe asset Holdings anybody know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Joe asset Holdings anybody know this
+company laun knows it bro - knows it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other than Eileen Oh can tell me who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Eileen Oh can tell me who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than Eileen Oh can tell me who
+runs digital asset holding just it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs digital asset holding just it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs digital asset holding just it shows
+that you did the reading like whoo-hoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did the reading like whoo-hoo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you did the reading like whoo-hoo
+Blythe masters is and what she's famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blythe masters is and what she's famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blythe masters is and what she's famous
+for beyond digital I said holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JPMorgan and she's known around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JPMorgan and she's known around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JPMorgan and she's known around the
+world of credit default swaps Gillian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of credit default swaps Gillian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of credit default swaps Gillian
+Tett who some of you the Sloan fellows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tett who some of you the Sloan fellows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tett who some of you the Sloan fellows
+will get a chance to chat with Gillian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a chance to chat with Gillian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get a chance to chat with Gillian
+Tett in New York in a few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tett in New York in a few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tett in New York in a few weeks
+Gillian Tett wrote a whole book about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillian Tett wrote a whole book about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gillian Tett wrote a whole book about
+credit default swaps in JP Morgan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit default swaps in JP Morgan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit default swaps in JP Morgan and
+Blythe Master is a central character in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blythe Master is a central character in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blythe Master is a central character in
+that whole narrative art and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole narrative art and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whole narrative art and this is
+what she's doing now she's brilliant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she's doing now she's brilliant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she's doing now she's brilliant and
+she's a very good businesswoman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a very good businesswoman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's a very good businesswoman
+I ran the Commodity Futures Trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran the Commodity Futures Trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ran the Commodity Futures Trading
+Commission and had an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission and had an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission and had an opportunity to
+meet with her a lot because she ran the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with her a lot because she ran the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with her a lot because she ran the
+the swap dealer association is done at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swap dealer association is done at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the swap dealer association is done at
+the time or was the outside chair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time or was the outside chair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time or was the outside chair of
+Vista if I recall and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vista if I recall and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vista if I recall and then we're going
+to talk about the business trade-offs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the business trade-offs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the business trade-offs as
+well but what what do you think some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but what what do you think some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but what what do you think some of
+the central business trade-offs if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central business trade-offs if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central business trade-offs if I
+could get two or three of you to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get two or three of you to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get two or three of you to help me
+out on what are the central business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on what are the central business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on what are the central business
+trade-offs between permission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs between permission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs between permission and
+permissionless blockchains let me see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless blockchains let me see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless blockchains let me see if
+I get some of the other than Priya yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get some of the other than Priya yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get some of the other than Priya yes
+you remind me your first name better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remind me your first name better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remind me your first name better
+privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy
+and and the third point you're saying no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the third point you're saying no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the third point you're saying no
+mining or mining is associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining or mining is associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining or mining is associated with this
+proof-of-work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof-of-work
+any other business trade off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other business trade off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other business trade off
+so for permission you have some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for permission you have some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for permission you have some more
+flexibility with governance you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility with governance you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility with governance you need to
+make changes you don't need to rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make changes you don't need to rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make changes you don't need to rely
+ability of governance in essence because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of governance in essence because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of governance in essence because
+if you have a club deal or a group deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a club deal or a group deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a club deal or a group deal
+maybe you can do that governance changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can do that governance changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can do that governance changes
+amongst the group instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the group instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the group instead of having
+thousands of people participating hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people participating hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people participating hyper
+latch or at least promotes themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch or at least promotes themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch or at least promotes themselves in
+their own right ups because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right ups because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right ups because the the
+reading was really from them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading was really from them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading was really from them that
+they're their embedded language much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're their embedded language much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're their embedded language much
+more flexible and then you can use Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible and then you can use Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible and then you can use Java
+you can just go and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just go and so forth
+at least they say they can I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they say they can I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least they say they can I I don't
+know if it's really as limited in Ethier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's really as limited in Ethier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's really as limited in Ethier
+iam but they think and they promote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iam but they think and they promote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iam but they think and they promote that
+they're more flexible than etherium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more flexible than etherium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more flexible than etherium so
+Kelly's right in that too so these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly's right in that too so these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelly's right in that too so these were
+the readings and now so we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings and now so we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings and now so we're back to
+basics again what is a blockchain I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics again what is a blockchain I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics again what is a blockchain I know
+we've spent four or five lectures on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've spent four or five lectures on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've spent four or five lectures on it
+but these key components would start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these key components would start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these key components would start
+append-only timestamp logs are they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only timestamp logs are they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only timestamp logs are they both
+by show hands are they in permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by show hands are they in permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by show hands are they in permissionless
+blockchains I hope every single hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains I hope every single hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains I hope every single hand
+goes up are they in permissioned or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up are they in permissioned or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up are they in permissioned or
+closed blockchains I'm watching I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed blockchains I'm watching I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed blockchains I'm watching I'm not
+putting I'm just gonna watch alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting I'm just gonna watch alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting I'm just gonna watch alright
+every hand should go up so both sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hand should go up so both sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hand should go up so both sets of
+blockchains have this concept that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains have this concept that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains have this concept that goes
+back nearly 30 years to our friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back nearly 30 years to our friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back nearly 30 years to our friend
+Hebert you know who started the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hebert you know who started the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hebert you know who started the whole
+blockchain that's in the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that's in the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that's in the New York Times
+this whole concept is in both sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole concept is in both sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole concept is in both sets of
+block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block
+British append-only to yoke ability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British append-only to yoke ability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British append-only to yoke ability of
+the major feature where you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major feature where you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the major feature where you can make
+some changes to that history which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes to that history which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some changes to that history which is
+not equivalent to a hard fork so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equivalent to a hard fork so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equivalent to a hard fork so that
+will probably be one example where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably be one example where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will probably be one example where if
+it's purely raising that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's purely raising that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's purely raising that there are
+certain features that are promoted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain features that are promoted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain features that are promoted in
+one of the private blockchains Corte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the private blockchains Corte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the private blockchains Corte
+that may allow you not to append only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may allow you not to append only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may allow you not to append only
+but in essence delete data or or replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in essence delete data or or replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in essence delete data or or replace
+data possibly and I'm not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data possibly and I'm not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data possibly and I'm not because
+there's also in private blockchains an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also in private blockchains an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also in private blockchains an
+ability to partition and in essence it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to partition and in essence it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to partition and in essence it's
+a kind of a form of shorting but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a form of shorting but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a form of shorting but to
+partition the data I don't know enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the data I don't know enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partition the data I don't know enough
+about court or whether there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about court or whether there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about court or whether there you
+literally allow you to the delete or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally allow you to the delete or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally allow you to the delete or is
+it is it something in this partitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it something in this partitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is it something in this partitioning
+but maybe Hugo if I mean to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe Hugo if I mean to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe Hugo if I mean to my
+understanding if you have a permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding if you have a permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding if you have a permission
+system and there are only a like a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there are only a like a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and there are only a like a small
+number of will still call them nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of will still call them nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of will still call them nodes
+then can't like if you realize to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can't like if you realize to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can't like if you realize to do
+something wrong or something needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong or something needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong or something needs to be
+changed can't they all go in and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed can't they all go in and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed can't they all go in and change
+that the point if you're down to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the point if you're down to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the point if you're down to like
+three nodes as I've shared with you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nodes as I've shared with you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nodes as I've shared with you all
+the Australian Stock Exchange is putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Australian Stock Exchange is putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Australian Stock Exchange is putting
+a permission block chain up using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permission block chain up using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a permission block chain up using
+digital asset holding which i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital asset holding which i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital asset holding which i think is
+backed by also the hyper ledger fabric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by also the hyper ledger fabric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backed by also the hyper ledger fabric
+technology but if it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but if it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but if it's just the
+Australian Stock Exchange in its one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange in its one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange in its one
+node or three nodes couldn't they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node or three nodes couldn't they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node or three nodes couldn't they just
+change it in all three and I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it in all three and I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it in all three and I think in
+essence yes I mean that's may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence yes I mean that's may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence yes I mean that's may not be
+what the database structure is but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the database structure is but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the database structure is but I
+still think it's it's potentially yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think it's it's potentially yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think it's it's potentially yes so
+as you get more concentration you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more concentration you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get more concentration you have
+more chance but British I will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chance but British I will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more chance but British I will try to
+research the court a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the court a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research the court a thing
+more specifically other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more specifically other
+so then you create an auditable database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you create an auditable database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you create an auditable database
+some database with cryptography hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some database with cryptography hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some database with cryptography hash
+functions which half the class said they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which half the class said they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which half the class said they
+understood and the other half was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and the other half was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood and the other half was sort
+of you know a little rough line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a little rough line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know a little rough line
+all is in permission systems using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is in permission systems using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is in permission systems using
+cryptographic schemes to ensure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic schemes to ensure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic schemes to ensure for the
+validity of the data and so to speak the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity of the data and so to speak the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity of the data and so to speak the
+immutable nature of the data what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable nature of the data what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable nature of the data what's
+different is consensus protocols in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is consensus protocols in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different is consensus protocols in
+essence it all goes down except for bro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence it all goes down except for bro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence it all goes down except for bro
+dashes point maybe about kurta as to who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashes point maybe about kurta as to who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashes point maybe about kurta as to who
+gets the chance to add the additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the chance to add the additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the chance to add the additional
+data is it a small club deal or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is it a small club deal or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is it a small club deal or is it
+broad wide open everybody together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad wide open everybody together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad wide open everybody together
+roughly so back to the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so back to the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly so back to the technical
+features remember it's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features remember it's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features remember it's a bunch of
+cryptography love it or hate it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography love it or hate it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography love it or hate it it's
+actually allows us all to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allows us all to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allows us all to use the
+Internet well past obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet well past obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet well past obviously the
+blockchain that we're discussing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that we're discussing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that we're discussing in this
+class network consensus and then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class network consensus and then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class network consensus and then all the
+Ledger's so both permission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's so both permission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's so both permission and
+permission lists have Ledger's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission lists have Ledger's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission lists have Ledger's have
+cryptography it's that middle bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography it's that middle bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography it's that middle bucket
+that's different between the two so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different between the two so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's different between the two so what
+were some of the challenges that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the challenges that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some of the challenges that we
+talked about in blockchain we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in blockchain we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in blockchain we just
+talked about them ten minutes ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them ten minutes ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them ten minutes ago but
+just what's the list again see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's the list again see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what's the list again see this is
+the easy part if you haven't spoken yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy part if you haven't spoken yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy part if you haven't spoken yet
+this is like the easy questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the easy questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the easy questions
+oh I'm hopelessly shameless yes do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm hopelessly shameless yes do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm hopelessly shameless yes do you
+want to say your first name so till Lida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say your first name so till Lida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say your first name so till Lida
+takes you off the list no you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you off the list no you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes you off the list no you want to
+say it louder because talita can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it louder because talita can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it louder because talita can take
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so scalability and some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so scalability and some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so scalability and some time
+so efficiency and scalability anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so efficiency and scalability anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so efficiency and scalability anything
+else privacy so it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else privacy so it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else privacy so it's basically the
+scalability of the privacy are two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability of the privacy are two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability of the privacy are two big
+things that permissioned systems address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that permissioned systems address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that permissioned systems address
+interoperability basically how does how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability basically how does how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interoperability basically how does how
+does this blockchain talk to other block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this blockchain talk to other block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this blockchain talk to other block
+chains or how does this blockchain talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains or how does this blockchain talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains or how does this blockchain talk
+to other legacy systems permissioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other legacy systems permissioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other legacy systems permissioned and
+permissionless systems both have issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless systems both have issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless systems both have issues
+of interoperability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interoperability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interoperability
+however the smaller the club deal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the smaller the club deal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however the smaller the club deal the
+more likely that a bank or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that a bank or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely that a bank or the
+Australian Stock Exchange might address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange might address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Australian Stock Exchange might address
+its interoperability right within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its interoperability right within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its interoperability right within the
+system whereas if it's a big open source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whereas if it's a big open source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whereas if it's a big open source
+open project so IBM would say we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open project so IBM would say we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open project so IBM would say we can
+even help you with interoperability IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even help you with interoperability IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even help you with interoperability IBM
+would say we can help you with all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say we can help you with all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say we can help you with all four
+lines we can help you with scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines we can help you with scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines we can help you with scalability
+efficiency we can help you with privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency we can help you with privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency we can help you with privacy
+we can help you with interoperability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can help you with interoperability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can help you with interoperability
+and governance I think it's less clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and governance I think it's less clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and governance I think it's less clear
+that they can help with all four but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can help with all four but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can help with all four but
+they can certainly help with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can certainly help with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can certainly help with the first
+two the LAN you've switched from using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the LAN you've switched from using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two the LAN you've switched from using a
+permission list to a permission system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission list to a permission system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission list to a permission system
+in your startup right which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your startup right which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your startup right which of these
+four is the reason why your switch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the reason why your switch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the reason why your switch or
+something else so what was the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so what was the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else so what was the reason
+that you're switched so I was building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're switched so I was building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're switched so I was building
+on a theory of public and I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a theory of public and I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a theory of public and I thought that
+it's unlikely that in the near future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that in the near future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that in the near future
+banks are going to adopt a theorem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are going to adopt a theorem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks are going to adopt a theorem as
+their underlying technology and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their underlying technology and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their underlying technology and then I
+learned about our three importa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about our three importa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about our three importa and
+learned that banks actually funded that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that banks actually funded that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that banks actually funded that
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+so I switched where the banks put their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I switched where the banks put their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I switched where the banks put their
+money so I would contend that it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so I would contend that it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so I would contend that it's a bit
+about interoperability you felt your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interoperability you felt your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about interoperability you felt your
+users would be more likely to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users would be more likely to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users would be more likely to be able to
+work with your system if you were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with your system if you were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with your system if you were using
+Korda which they were which which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korda which they were which which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Korda which they were which which they
+were familiar and then of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were familiar and then of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were familiar and then of course there's
+the public policy reasons and IBM would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public policy reasons and IBM would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public policy reasons and IBM would
+even say that they're gonna score higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say that they're gonna score higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even say that they're gonna score higher
+points on the public policy if for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the public policy if for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the public policy if for no
+other reason that there's better privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason that there's better privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reason that there's better privacy
+and security now I'm not trying to shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and security now I'm not trying to shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and security now I'm not trying to shell
+for IBM I'm just saying these would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for IBM I'm just saying these would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for IBM I'm just saying these would be
+their selling points or Corte or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their selling points or Corte or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their selling points or Corte or
+elsewhere we talked about booter ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere we talked about booter ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere we talked about booter ends
+trilemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilemma
+but in another way many people would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in another way many people would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in another way many people would say
+decentralization competes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization competes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization competes with
+scalability and security if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability and security if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability and security if you want
+scalability and security you can't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability and security you can't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability and security you can't have
+decentralization I'm not a big believer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization I'm not a big believer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization I'm not a big believer
+in this trilemma even though I've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this trilemma even though I've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this trilemma even though I've now
+raised it twice but it's often talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised it twice but it's often talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised it twice but it's often talked
+about in at blockchain conferences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in at blockchain conferences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in at blockchain conferences and
+blockchain papers and business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain papers and business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain papers and business
+discussions so I've always told you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions so I've always told you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions so I've always told you I
+want to be a fair representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a fair representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a fair representation of the
+debate that's going on I think it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate that's going on I think it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate that's going on I think it's more
+possible to solve these three over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to solve these three over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to solve these three over time
+together than some others but maybe I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together than some others but maybe I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together than some others but maybe I'm
+just a cockeyed optimist about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a cockeyed optimist about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a cockeyed optimist about
+technology so public policy framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so public policy framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so public policy framework
+what were the big three slipstream so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the big three slipstream so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were the big three slipstream so I
+went fast last time the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went fast last time the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went fast last time the last class
+Leonardo what what are you going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonardo what what are you going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonardo what what are you going to tell
+me about that it's because you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about that it's because you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about that it's because you were
+adjusting your glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more about for adoptions or security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protect people so it's sort of a privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect people so it's sort of a privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect people so it's sort of a privacy
+thing I think I have a hand hand up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think I have a hand hand up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think I have a hand hand up here
+from Catalina all right so you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Catalina all right so you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Catalina all right so you know my
+style I try to drop things into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style I try to drop things into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style I try to drop things into three
+buckets but it's the only way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets but it's the only way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buckets but it's the only way I can
+remember anything but it is the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything but it is the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember anything but it is the three
+big buckets of course and since I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big buckets of course and since I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big buckets of course and since I went
+fast last time and we're gonna be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast last time and we're gonna be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast last time and we're gonna be coming
+back to a lot of it but we're there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a lot of it but we're there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a lot of it but we're there any
+questions that you have and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you have and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you have and this is just
+an opportunity for ODIs value of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for ODIs value of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity for ODIs value of finance
+of crypto finance is about two hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crypto finance is about two hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of crypto finance is about two hundred
+and twenty billion dollars right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twenty billion dollars right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twenty billion dollars right now
+compared to worldwide capital markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to worldwide capital markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to worldwide capital markets
+that in aggregate over three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in aggregate over three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in aggregate over three hundred
+trillion of debt bonds and and yes any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion of debt bonds and and yes any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion of debt bonds and and yes any
+question that even though it's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that even though it's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that even though it's only two
+hundred billion versus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion versus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred billion versus three
+hundred-plus trillion dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-plus trillion dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred-plus trillion dollars of
+worldwide financial assets couldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide financial assets couldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide financial assets couldn't it
+still be relevant to financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be relevant to financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be relevant to financial stability
+and the answer is yes but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes but it's still
+relatively it's less than one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively it's less than one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively it's less than one one
+thousandth of the broad size yes please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousandth of the broad size yes please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousandth of the broad size yes please
+better you than the public when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you than the public when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you than the public when the
+Bitcoin markets down within the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin markets down within the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin markets down within the past
+year into the system and once that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year into the system and once that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year into the system and once that the
+supposedly kissing a lot of you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly kissing a lot of you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly kissing a lot of you're
+saying there's correlation and there may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's correlation and there may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying there's correlation and there may
+be feedback loops Tom it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be feedback loops Tom it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be feedback loops Tom it's sort of a
+related question so Mervyn King was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related question so Mervyn King was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related question so Mervyn King was in
+this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room
+couple hours ago and he was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hours ago and he was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hours ago and he was talking
+about in the OE crisis two issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the OE crisis two issues of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the OE crisis two issues of
+trust one where there was a counterparty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust one where there was a counterparty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust one where there was a counterparty
+trust issue banks even though the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust issue banks even though the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust issue banks even though the
+overall derivatives market was even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall derivatives market was even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall derivatives market was even
+banks didn't individually know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks didn't individually know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks didn't individually know which
+other bank was most at risk and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bank was most at risk and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other bank was most at risk and so they
+wouldn't trade with each other or lend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't trade with each other or lend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't trade with each other or lend
+to one another and then on the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another and then on the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one another and then on the opposite
+side that the solution the Salvation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that the solution the Salvation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that the solution the Salvation was
+two people in a room trusting each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people in a room trusting each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people in a room trusting each other
+that the central bank that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the central bank that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the central bank that the
+government would fund billion tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would fund billion tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government would fund billion tens of
+billions of dollars inject capital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars inject capital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of dollars inject capital and
+so I wonder your thoughts on role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wonder your thoughts on role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I wonder your thoughts on role in
+addressing that first problem of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing that first problem of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing that first problem of knowing
+your counterparty or at least being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counterparty or at least being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counterparty or at least being able
+to trust their position and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust their position and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trust their position and then the
+risk of eliminating the second chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of eliminating the second chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of eliminating the second chance of
+injection of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection of capital
+I had a question is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's tricky but you only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tricky but you only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tricky but you only have a
+financial stability problem if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability problem if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability problem if people
+are relying on the value of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason you have the problem during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you have the problem during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason you have the problem during
+the crisis is give all these bangs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis is give all these bangs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis is give all these bangs
+they're carrying these assets on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're carrying these assets on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're carrying these assets on their
+balance sheet and all the sudden people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet and all the sudden people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet and all the sudden people
+think they don't know what they're worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they don't know what they're worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they don't know what they're worth
+right who if anyone is actually carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who if anyone is actually carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who if anyone is actually carrying
+a Bitcoin assets on a balance sheet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bitcoin assets on a balance sheet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Bitcoin assets on a balance sheet that
+someone else is relying on or put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is relying on or put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else is relying on or put it
+differently who's extending the leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me wrap these together I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wrap these together I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me wrap these together I think that
+what the what many central bankers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what many central bankers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what many central bankers and
+the Financial Stability Board would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Financial Stability Board would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Financial Stability Board would say
+a 200 billion versus 300 trillion it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 200 billion versus 300 trillion it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 200 billion versus 300 trillion it's
+probably not that financially relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that financially relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that financially relevant
+at this point where it could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point where it could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point where it could get
+relevant is as Rossa sort of suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant is as Rossa sort of suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant is as Rossa sort of suggested
+is this if there's leverage behind it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this if there's leverage behind it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this if there's leverage behind it if
+it's in a balance sheet it's an asset on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a balance sheet it's an asset on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in a balance sheet it's an asset on
+a balance sheet and there's a liability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance sheet and there's a liability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a balance sheet and there's a liability
+on the other side and thus it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and thus it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side and thus it could
+bring down that that entity whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down that that entity whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring down that that entity whether it's
+a hedge fund whether it's a bank but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hedge fund whether it's a bank but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hedge fund whether it's a bank but
+something that's relying has has to tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's relying has has to tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's relying has has to tie
+it back to the questions that Tom raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to the questions that Tom raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back to the questions that Tom raised
+is could blockchain lower systemic risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could blockchain lower systemic risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is could blockchain lower systemic risk
+possibly if it's a better database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly if it's a better database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly if it's a better database
+solution if it if it answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if it if it answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution if it if it answers
+what Mervyn King was speaking about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mervyn King was speaking about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mervyn King was speaking about we
+also addressed in the late 90s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also addressed in the late 90s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also addressed in the late 90s I
+remember quite well when secretary Rubin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember quite well when secretary Rubin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember quite well when secretary Rubin
+caught a number of us into his office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught a number of us into his office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught a number of us into his office
+and said I don't understand the bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said I don't understand the bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said I don't understand the bank's
+can't tell us their exposure to Korea a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell us their exposure to Korea a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell us their exposure to Korea a
+number of countries South Korea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of countries South Korea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of countries South Korea was
+about to they they didn't default on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to they they didn't default on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to they they didn't default on
+their debt but they were coming close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their debt but they were coming close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their debt but they were coming close to
+the defaulting on their debt and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defaulting on their debt and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defaulting on their debt and of
+course it was only a short while before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was only a short while before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it was only a short while before
+other countries like Indonesia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries like Indonesia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries like Indonesia and
+Thailand we're getting into that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand we're getting into that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thailand we're getting into that same
+debt challenge but why couldn't banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt challenge but why couldn't banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt challenge but why couldn't banks
+tell the US Department of Treasury their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the US Department of Treasury their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the US Department of Treasury their
+exposure is usually through derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure is usually through derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure is usually through derivatives
+and derivatives both in the late 90s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derivatives both in the late 90s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and derivatives both in the late 90s and
+and and the financial crisis were often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the financial crisis were often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the financial crisis were often
+something that propagated risk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that propagated risk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that propagated risk through
+the system now the numbers were larger I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system now the numbers were larger I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system now the numbers were larger I
+mean depending upon the time the 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean depending upon the time the 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean depending upon the time the 90s
+were less than this but it was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less than this but it was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were less than this but it was three
+four hundred trillion dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hundred trillion dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four hundred trillion dollars of
+notional amount of derivatives so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional amount of derivatives so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notional amount of derivatives so just
+the the sheer notional size even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sheer notional size even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sheer notional size even though
+the capital at risk and derivatives was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital at risk and derivatives was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital at risk and derivatives was
+much smaller it was because the leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller it was because the leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller it was because the leverage
+of this notional big notional size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this notional big notional size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this notional big notional size and
+the transparency was pretty low it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transparency was pretty low it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transparency was pretty low it
+wasn't zero actually wasn't zero but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't zero actually wasn't zero but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't zero actually wasn't zero but it
+was really low and so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really low and so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really low and so I think that's
+what Mervyn King would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mervyn King would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mervyn King would have been
+mentioning and I do think blockchain can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning and I do think blockchain can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning and I do think blockchain can
+help in that transparency but it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in that transparency but it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in that transparency but it takes a
+big collective action and so Europe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big collective action and so Europe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big collective action and so Europe the
+US and Asia a lot of laws were passed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and Asia a lot of laws were passed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and Asia a lot of laws were passed to
+get more transparency in the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more transparency in the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more transparency in the derivatives
+space British I would say that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space British I would say that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space British I would say that there
+could be problems and I've had I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be problems and I've had I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be problems and I've had I've had
+conversations with elected leaders that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with elected leaders that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with elected leaders that
+say don't get lulled into the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't get lulled into the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say don't get lulled into the sense that
+it won't have financial stability issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't have financial stability issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't have financial stability issues
+because that was what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that was what happened in the
+1980s and 90s when people said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and 90s when people said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s and 90s when people said well
+derivatives will not create instability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives will not create instability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives will not create instability
+because it's only it's only the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only it's only the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's only it's only the the
+institutional investors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional investors the
+sophisticated investors this there so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors this there so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated investors this there so to
+speak big boys or big girls you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak big boys or big girls you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak big boys or big girls you know and
+and I was part of that those debates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was part of that those debates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was part of that those debates
+that consensus that formed that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consensus that formed that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that consensus that formed that it was
+only institutional and it wouldn't but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only institutional and it wouldn't but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only institutional and it wouldn't but
+there was a lot of leverage and a lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of leverage and a lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a lot of leverage and a lack
+of transparency when big leveraged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transparency when big leveraged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transparency when big leveraged
+multiple hundreds of trillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hundreds of trillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hundreds of trillions of
+dollars associated with it of course was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars associated with it of course was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars associated with it of course was
+part of the crisis not the only part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the crisis not the only part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the crisis not the only part of
+the crisis but any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis but any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crisis but any other questions
+before Hugo run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Hugo run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Hugo run
+I'm just wondering like a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering like a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just wondering like a lot of people
+are now using Robin Hood and Xero feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now using Robin Hood and Xero feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now using Robin Hood and Xero feed
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+to invest in stock market and companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in stock market and companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in stock market and companies
+like Robin Vanguard often sell or give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Robin Vanguard often sell or give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Robin Vanguard often sell or give
+up data to high frequency traders so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up data to high frequency traders so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up data to high frequency traders so
+that they can kind of know what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can kind of know what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can kind of know what's going
+on and maybe front-run so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and maybe front-run so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and maybe front-run so I was
+wondering how that fits in to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how that fits in to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering how that fits in to the to
+what we're talking about last time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about last time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about last time where
+there's no transparency on many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no transparency on many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no transparency on many of the
+block crypto currency exchanges and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block crypto currency exchanges and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block crypto currency exchanges and then
+in addition to that big institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that big institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to that big institutional
+investors can I think I like upwards of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors can I think I like upwards of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors can I think I like upwards of
+5% of any stock and then wait a few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% of any stock and then wait a few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% of any stock and then wait a few days
+before they have to before they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they have to before they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they have to before they have to
+report on that so that can also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on that so that can also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report on that so that can also have a
+huge effect on like stock price and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge effect on like stock price and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge effect on like stock price and then
+they can afterwards dump on people so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can afterwards dump on people so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can afterwards dump on people so
+how is that different from what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that different from what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that different from what's going
+on in crypto currency exchange rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in crypto currency exchange rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in crypto currency exchange rates
+faster protection one was there another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster protection one was there another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster protection one was there another
+one in the is this investor prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the is this investor prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the is this investor prediction
+or different all right any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different all right any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or different all right any other
+investor protection because I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection because I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection because I'm going to
+collect them and then just enjoy active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect them and then just enjoy active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect them and then just enjoy active
+financial stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability
+all right can I hold it let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can I hold it let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right can I hold it let me just
+answer hugo's it's investor prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer hugo's it's investor prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer hugo's it's investor prediction
+one so all markets not just crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so all markets not just crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so all markets not just crypto
+markets all markets are susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets all markets are susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets all markets are susceptible to
+some forms of front-running in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of front-running in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some forms of front-running in essence
+if you have a client relationship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a client relationship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a client relationship and
+you get information from your client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get information from your client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get information from your client
+that might affect the the market pricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might affect the the market pricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might affect the the market pricing
+you might jump ahead of that client with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might jump ahead of that client with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might jump ahead of that client with
+their information their information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their information their information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their information their information
+might be a buy order a sell order or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a buy order a sell order or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a buy order a sell order or
+frankly it might be some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly it might be some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly it might be some other
+information but traditionally if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but traditionally if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but traditionally if they
+have a buy order or sell order you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a buy order or sell order you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a buy order or sell order you have
+information and then you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then you're sort of
+jumping ahead and you know saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping ahead and you know saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping ahead and you know saying
+alright I'll buy or sell in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'll buy or sell in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'll buy or sell in front of
+them that's the classic sort of front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's the classic sort of front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's the classic sort of front
+running even though there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running even though there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running even though there's other
+methods it's not supposed to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods it's not supposed to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods it's not supposed to happen
+on regulated exchanges you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on regulated exchanges you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on regulated exchanges you have some
+policing of it even before government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policing of it even before government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policing of it even before government
+stood in you could have some policing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood in you could have some policing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood in you could have some policing of
+it in self-regulatory organizations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in self-regulatory organizations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in self-regulatory organizations in
+the crypto world there is you know Katie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypto world there is you know Katie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crypto world there is you know Katie
+bar the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the door
+anything can really happen and it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can really happen and it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything can really happen and it's my
+belief and understanding that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief and understanding that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belief and understanding that many
+crypto exchanges not all of them not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges not all of them not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto exchanges not all of them not all
+of them but many crypto exchanges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but many crypto exchanges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but many crypto exchanges are
+basically trading in front of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trading in front of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trading in front of their
+customers and in fact most crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and in fact most crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and in fact most crypto
+exchanges make markets as they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges make markets as they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges make markets as they're both
+market makers meaning they are buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market makers meaning they are buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market makers meaning they are buying
+when you're selling and selling when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're selling and selling when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're selling and selling when
+you're buying that's the nature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying that's the nature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're buying that's the nature of a
+market maker it's a very typical very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market maker it's a very typical very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market maker it's a very typical very
+legal very important function of market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal very important function of market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal very important function of market
+but the exchanges are both market makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exchanges are both market makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the exchanges are both market makers
+and then they show order books and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they show order books and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they show order books and so it
+sort of helps them do front-running not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of helps them do front-running not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of helps them do front-running not
+that a lot of people would necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people would necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people would necessarily
+agree with me I think these markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with me I think these markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with me I think these markets
+would be better off if there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better off if there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be better off if there were some
+forms of rules about front-running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of rules about front-running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of rules about front-running and
+manipulation and markets and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and markets and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation and markets and the like
+when you're five percent question can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're five percent question can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're five percent question can we
+take it up at office hours or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it up at office hours or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it up at office hours or something
+because it's served outside of crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's served outside of crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's served outside of crypto
+but I'll be glad to talk about the SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll be glad to talk about the SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll be glad to talk about the SEC
+rules about the five percent is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules about the five percent is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules about the five percent is this
+investor protection to all blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection to all blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection to all blockchain
+technology whether it's permission like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology whether it's permission like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology whether it's permission like
+fabric or parishioners Ken if it was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric or parishioners Ken if it was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric or parishioners Ken if it was if
+it was efficient and scalable could help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was efficient and scalable could help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was efficient and scalable could help
+out because you could actually time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because you could actually time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because you could actually time
+stamp when did the order come in when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp when did the order come in when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp when did the order come in when
+did the clients information get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the clients information get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the clients information get to the
+exchange and as somebody standing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and as somebody standing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange and as somebody standing in
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cause right so if you look at the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause right so if you look at the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause right so if you look at the the
+the algorithms at the New York Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms at the New York Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms at the New York Stock
+Exchange right now which are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange right now which are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange right now which are not
+blockchain they're not permissioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain they're not permissioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain they're not permissioned and
+they're not permissionless blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not permissionless blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not permissionless blockchain
+but if you look at the both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at the both the
+algorithms and the data flows they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and the data flows they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and the data flows they have
+very good time stamping I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good time stamping I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good time stamping I'm not gonna
+say it's perfect but they have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's perfect but they have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's perfect but they have very good
+time stamping to it sure when or orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamping to it sure when or orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamping to it sure when or orders
+basically message time stamping every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically message time stamping every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically message time stamping every
+message that comes in and some order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that comes in and some order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that comes in and some order
+books like the New York Stock Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books like the New York Stock Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books like the New York Stock Exchange
+some order books are price and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some order books are price and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some order books are price and time
+priority price priority meaning high bid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority price priority meaning high bid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority price priority meaning high bid
+gets hit before the next bid or lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hit before the next bid or lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hit before the next bid or lowest
+offer gets lifted first that's price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer gets lifted first that's price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer gets lifted first that's price
+priority but they might also have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority but they might also have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority but they might also have time
+priority for any bid that has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority for any bid that has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority for any bid that has the same
+price and any offer that's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and any offer that's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and any offer that's the same
+price so they have to have very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so they have to have very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price so they have to have very good
+time stamping it's not it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamping it's not it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time stamping it's not it's it's not
+permanent you could not use I truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent you could not use I truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent you could not use I truly
+believe you could not use a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you could not use a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe you could not use a blockchain
+solution for the New York Stock Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the New York Stock Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the New York Stock Exchange
+order book right now whether you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order book right now whether you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order book right now whether you can in
+ten years I'm not sure but the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years I'm not sure but the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten years I'm not sure but the time
+latency is so relevant in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency is so relevant in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency is so relevant in the middle of
+those order books you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those order books you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those order books you know the
+nanoseconds that matter I want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds that matter I want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoseconds that matter I want to take
+this stability question there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stability question there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stability question there were two
+stability and then we're going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and then we're going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and then we're going to move
+on to the rest of today's lecture you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the rest of today's lecture you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the rest of today's lecture you're
+having fun now so how blockchain could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun now so how blockchain could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fun now so how blockchain could
+possibly help stabilizer a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly help stabilizer a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly help stabilizer a lot of
+financial instability or beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial instability or beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial instability or beyond the
+financial markets instability is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets instability is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets instability is a
+question of resilience and when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of resilience and when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of resilience and when when
+things are centralized you you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are centralized you you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are centralized you you create
+single points of failure in any system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single points of failure in any system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single points of failure in any system
+it really in a military or financial you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really in a military or financial you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really in a military or financial you
+you centralize something you then thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you centralize something you then thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you centralize something you then thus
+you know what to attack you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what to attack you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what to attack you can also
+maybe have higher walls or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe have higher walls or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe have higher walls or
+better moats but you still know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better moats but you still know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better moats but you still know
+something to attack so blockchain in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to attack so blockchain in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to attack so blockchain in its
+decentralized nature might be a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized nature might be a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized nature might be a more
+resilient database because even if half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient database because even if half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient database because even if half
+or two-thirds of it goes down you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two-thirds of it goes down you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two-thirds of it goes down you still
+have the other third I'm gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other third I'm gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the other third I'm gonna say
+something that the New York Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the New York Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that the New York Stock
+Exchange got whether it's a New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange got whether it's a New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange got whether it's a New York
+Stock Exchange the London Stock Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange the London Stock Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange the London Stock Exchange
+the Chicago Mercantile Exchange they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chicago Mercantile Exchange they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chicago Mercantile Exchange they all
+are required by their various local laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required by their various local laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are required by their various local laws
+to have backup data centers and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have backup data centers and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have backup data centers and there's
+backup data centers even have to be lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup data centers even have to be lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backup data centers even have to be lots
+of miles away if God forbid a bomb comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of miles away if God forbid a bomb comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of miles away if God forbid a bomb comes
+and takes out the center what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes out the center what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes out the center what's that
+it's caught it's basically disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's caught it's basically disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's caught it's basically disaster
+recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery
+so maybe blockchain will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe blockchain will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe blockchain will be more
+resilient I know I'm gonna take two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient I know I'm gonna take two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilient I know I'm gonna take two more
+questions and then get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then get back to
+permission versus permissionless wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission versus permissionless wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission versus permissionless wait
+back in the corner or your first name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the corner or your first name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in the corner or your first name
+Venus Matt thank you Matt I should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venus Matt thank you Matt I should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venus Matt thank you Matt I should know
+that so I'm new and this market is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm new and this market is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I'm new and this market is how
+that affects policy because when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects policy because when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that affects policy because when you're
+shaping policy and you don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping policy and you don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping policy and you don't necessarily
+have a bunch of years of knowing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of years of knowing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of years of knowing how
+people are gonna react to that policy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are gonna react to that policy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are gonna react to that policy I
+feel like it could almost be a chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it could almost be a chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it could almost be a chicken
+and egg okay I understand anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg okay I understand anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and egg okay I understand anybody else
+with the same theme know so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same theme know so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same theme know so the question
+is how does it affect policymakers when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how does it affect policymakers when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how does it affect policymakers when
+a whole technology is no and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole technology is no and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole technology is no and I would say
+we have a lot of history with this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of history with this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of history with this we
+have whether it was railroads or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whether it was railroads or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whether it was railroads or the
+Telegraph or the telephone or television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph or the telephone or television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telegraph or the telephone or television
+we have a lot of history technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of history technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a lot of history technology and
+commercial applications move ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial applications move ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial applications move ahead of
+the public sector I mean just it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector I mean just it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sector I mean just it's just
+inevitable the official sector the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable the official sector the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable the official sector the
+public sector unless it just basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector unless it just basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public sector unless it just basically
+does what Mark Carney says and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what Mark Carney says and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what Mark Carney says and the
+choice is to isolate something to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is to isolate something to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is to isolate something to sort
+of put up the moats of a society and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put up the moats of a society and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put up the moats of a society and
+says we can't use that technology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can't use that technology here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can't use that technology here
+unless you have that technology usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have that technology usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have that technology usually
+supersedes the the markets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersedes the the markets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supersedes the the markets and the
+markets and technology come before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and technology come before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and technology come before
+official sector depending upon the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector depending upon the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector depending upon the area
+can take single-digit years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take single-digit years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take single-digit years and
+sometimes decades for public sector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes decades for public sector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes decades for public sector to
+catch up literally but let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up literally but let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up literally but let's take the
+internet the internet was being worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet the internet was being worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet the internet was being worked
+on for 15 ish years but the the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for 15 ish years but the the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for 15 ish years but the the protocol
+layer that helped take off was the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that helped take off was the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that helped take off was the World
+Wide Web in 1991 or 92 and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wide Web in 1991 or 92 and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wide Web in 1991 or 92 and then the
+security protocols in 96 just taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security protocols in 96 just taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security protocols in 96 just taking
+financial regulation the SEC was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial regulation the SEC was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial regulation the SEC was asked
+in 1995 could bulletin boards they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1995 could bulletin boards they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1995 could bulletin boards they were
+there were electronic bulletin boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were electronic bulletin boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were electronic bulletin boards
+listing stocks and bonds be exempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing stocks and bonds be exempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing stocks and bonds be exempted
+from being considered stock exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being considered stock exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being considered stock exchanges
+well the people that were asking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the people that were asking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the people that were asking that
+were the people putting up the bulletin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the people putting up the bulletin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the people putting up the bulletin
+boards they didn't want to be regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards they didn't want to be regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards they didn't want to be regulated
+the New York Stock Exchange it was fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Stock Exchange it was fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Stock Exchange it was fully
+regulated and Nasdaq that was fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and Nasdaq that was fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and Nasdaq that was fully
+regulated was coming at the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated was coming at the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated was coming at the other side
+and asking the SEC to shut them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking the SEC to shut them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking the SEC to shut them down
+they didn't want the competition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want the competition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want the competition from
+the disruptors it took three years for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disruptors it took three years for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disruptors it took three years for
+the SEC to answer that question I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SEC to answer that question I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the SEC to answer that question I don't
+mean answer it like with a letter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean answer it like with a letter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean answer it like with a letter that
+had to propose a role and they had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to propose a role and they had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to propose a role and they had to do
+a final role and it was three years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final role and it was three years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a final role and it was three years to
+to do that in blockchain I think we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in blockchain I think we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in blockchain I think we are
+through some of the big questions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of the big questions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of the big questions we
+know how most jurisdictions tax t IX tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how most jurisdictions tax t IX tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how most jurisdictions tax t IX tax
+it as property and not as currency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as property and not as currency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as property and not as currency and
+some of the tax issues we know in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tax issues we know in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the tax issues we know in most
+jurisdictions how it fits into broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions how it fits into broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions how it fits into broadly
+Bank Secrecy Act and illicit activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank Secrecy Act and illicit activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank Secrecy Act and illicit activity
+there's very choppy implementation very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very choppy implementation very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's very choppy implementation very
+spotty implementation I would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotty implementation I would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotty implementation I would say the
+investor protection side we're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection side we're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor protection side we're at the
+early stages and it's going to take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stages and it's going to take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stages and it's going to take in
+most jurisdictions another three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most jurisdictions another three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most jurisdictions another three years
+maybe to sort through some of how to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to sort through some of how to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to sort through some of how to and
+this is just crypto finance I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just crypto finance I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just crypto finance I don't know
+Matt is that it's just I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt is that it's just I'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt is that it's just I'm giving you
+some predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some predictions
+some of it could be multiple decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it could be multiple decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it could be multiple decades
+we're still today trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still today trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're still today trying to figure out
+the public sectors figuring out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sectors figuring out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public sectors figuring out how to
+regulate Facebook and Google I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate Facebook and Google I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate Facebook and Google I'm going
+to take one last question thank cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one last question thank cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one last question thank cuz I
+got to do permission I was kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do permission I was kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do permission I was kind of like
+it kind of answers the side of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of answers the side of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of answers the side of like
+following the technology but I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the technology but I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the technology but I think for
+me what I was kind of wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what I was kind of wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what I was kind of wondering about
+was this the way we're like as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this the way we're like as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this the way we're like as soon as
+you apply regulations to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply regulations to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply regulations to something that
+at least a good portion of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a good portion of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least a good portion of the market
+seems to value being deregulated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to value being deregulated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to value being deregulated it
+seems like a lot of the activity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a lot of the activity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a lot of the activity will
+change either in scope so Matt's raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change either in scope so Matt's raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change either in scope so Matt's raising
+there's a there's a trade-off about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a trade-off about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a trade-off about
+bringing something under regulation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing something under regulation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing something under regulation or
+into the public policy sphere I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the public policy sphere I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the public policy sphere I'm
+probably just one voice of this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just one voice of this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably just one voice of this but I
+think it's probably true there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably true there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably true there's very
+few economic activities that grow large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few economic activities that grow large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few economic activities that grow large
+that stay fully outside of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stay fully outside of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stay fully outside of the public
+policy framework of a society it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy framework of a society it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy framework of a society it doesn't
+mean that public policy frameworks don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that public policy frameworks don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that public policy frameworks don't
+change get adopted get adapted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change get adopted get adapted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change get adopted get adapted the
+internet comes along and at first it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet comes along and at first it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet comes along and at first it's a
+question of the you know with Amazon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the you know with Amazon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the you know with Amazon is
+it going to be taxed or not is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be taxed or not is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be taxed or not is there
+sales tax and then later you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax and then later you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales tax and then later you know it's
+at first it's not later it is and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first it's not later it is and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first it's not later it is and in
+some jurisdictions questions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some jurisdictions questions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some jurisdictions questions on the
+internet was liability and this a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was liability and this a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet was liability and this a very
+critical question of early internet was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical question of early internet was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical question of early internet was
+was there liability for any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there liability for any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there liability for any of the
+information of the flow of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the flow of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the flow of information
+I'm talking about libel laws and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about libel laws and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about libel laws and all the
+liability issues and so forth and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability issues and so forth and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability issues and so forth and so in
+the u.s. there's a section of the law in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. there's a section of the law in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s. there's a section of the law in
+1996 was passed and now we're coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 was passed and now we're coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 was passed and now we're coming
+back and saying wait a minute that gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and saying wait a minute that gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and saying wait a minute that gave
+two brought it was basically exempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two brought it was basically exempted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two brought it was basically exempted
+the internet from liability his carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet from liability his carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet from liability his carriers
+but now that was modified in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that was modified in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that was modified in two
+thousand eighteen twenty two years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eighteen twenty two years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand eighteen twenty two years later
+to say well if it has to do I think with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well if it has to do I think with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well if it has to do I think with
+basically child's trafficking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically child's trafficking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically child's trafficking and
+slavery and everything maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery and everything maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slavery and everything maybe maybe
+that's we should tighten that up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we should tighten that up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's we should tighten that up a
+little bit so I don't believe any broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so I don't believe any broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so I don't believe any broad
+economic activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic activity
+is going to remain outside fully outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to remain outside fully outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to remain outside fully outside
+public policy frameworks and and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy frameworks and and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy frameworks and and I'm
+glad to be challenged on that but I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad to be challenged on that but I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glad to be challenged on that but I and
+and I think blockchain and particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think blockchain and particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think blockchain and particularly
+crypto finance is it that's grappling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto finance is it that's grappling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto finance is it that's grappling
+stage to get in so let me move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage to get in so let me move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage to get in so let me move forward
+because this is more about permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more about permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is more about permission to
+permissionless i just wanted to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless i just wanted to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless i just wanted to cover
+some of these we will cover initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these we will cover initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these we will cover initial coin
+offerings and the public policy issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings and the public policy issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings and the public policy issues
+around initial coin offering so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around initial coin offering so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around initial coin offering so the
+Howey test we will cover crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howey test we will cover crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howey test we will cover crypto
+exchanges and we will cover central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and we will cover central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and we will cover central bank
+digital currencies a lot in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currencies a lot in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital currencies a lot in the second
+half of this semester and so back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this semester and so back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this semester and so back to the
+trade-offs that we talked about already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that we talked about already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs that we talked about already
+the trade-offs of centralization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs of centralization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-offs of centralization of
+decentralization and kosis work from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization and kosis work from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralization and kosis work from the
+1930s about the firm this is the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s about the firm this is the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s about the firm this is the cost
+remember this is the cost as we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the cost as we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the cost as we get
+centralized there's more cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized there's more cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized there's more cost of
+economic rents single points of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents single points of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents single points of failure
+and capture some fragility in a sense in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capture some fragility in a sense in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capture some fragility in a sense in
+the system but decentralization has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but decentralization has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system but decentralization has its
+cost as well you'll notice that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost as well you'll notice that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost as well you'll notice that these
+two lines are crossing somewhere it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines are crossing somewhere it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines are crossing somewhere it was
+my failed attempt to say you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my failed attempt to say you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my failed attempt to say you know maybe
+there's a balance maybe overall while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a balance maybe overall while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a balance maybe overall while
+some organizations will find all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organizations will find all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organizations will find all the way
+to decentralization and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decentralization and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decentralization and some
+decentralisation I think economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralisation I think economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralisation I think economic
+systems tend more towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems tend more towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems tend more towards the
+centralized side of things but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized side of things but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized side of things but you can
+change the slope of these two lines if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the slope of these two lines if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the slope of these two lines if
+you want I'm just trying to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I'm just trying to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want I'm just trying to give you a
+framework of thinking about so as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of thinking about so as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of thinking about so as as
+we've talked about the financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the financial sector
+pretty much favors permission systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much favors permission systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much favors permission systems
+the financial sector is saying going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector is saying going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector is saying going
+back no too many costs of coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back no too many costs of coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back no too many costs of coordination
+governance security privacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance security privacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance security privacy and
+scalability we're we're over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability we're we're over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability we're we're over on the
+other side and and so that's where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and and so that's where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and and so that's where they
+are today I'm not sure that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are today I'm not sure that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are today I'm not sure that's where
+they'll be in five or ten years but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be in five or ten years but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be in five or ten years but it
+is definitely where they are today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's go back down our our list in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back down our our list in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back down our our list in a
+sense where do you think I'm gonna I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense where do you think I'm gonna I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense where do you think I'm gonna I'm
+gonna have a bunch of check marks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a bunch of check marks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a bunch of check marks and
+X's on the right where do you think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's on the right where do you think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's on the right where do you think I'm
+gonna have check marks and XS this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have check marks and XS this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have check marks and XS this is
+the same three big buckets because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same three big buckets because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same three big buckets because I
+can't think of anything Emily do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of anything Emily do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't think of anything Emily do you
+have a point of view I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+features one of them is obviously that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features one of them is obviously that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features one of them is obviously that
+it's not using that group of work not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not using that group of work not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not using that group of work not
+using proof of work so I had to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using proof of work so I had to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using proof of work so I had to give
+away that you know reveal occurred all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that you know reveal occurred all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that you know reveal occurred all
+the cryptography that's used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cryptography that's used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cryptography that's used in
+permission systems the permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission systems the permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission systems the permissionless
+systems is used in the permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is used in the permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is used in the permission
+systems it might be used a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it might be used a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems it might be used a little
+differently I'm not going to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'm not going to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently I'm not going to say the
+Merkel trees are exactly the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel trees are exactly the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merkel trees are exactly the same but
+all that broccoli we were eating a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that broccoli we were eating a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that broccoli we were eating a few
+lectures ago are relevant on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago are relevant on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago are relevant on both sides
+sorry Elaine what's that you you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Elaine what's that you you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Elaine what's that you you like
+broccoli a computer scientist speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli a computer scientist speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broccoli a computer scientist speaking
+everything though about digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything though about digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything though about digital
+signatures and hash functions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and hash functions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signatures and hash functions and so
+forth they're relevant to both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they're relevant to both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth they're relevant to both of these
+but they're not necessarily relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not necessarily relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not necessarily relevant to
+every traditional database which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every traditional database which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every traditional database which we'll
+talk about in 10 minutes or so but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in 10 minutes or so but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in 10 minutes or so but as
+Emily said there's really not I said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily said there's really not I said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emily said there's really not I said no
+there's not decentralized network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not decentralized network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not decentralized network
+consensus I'm stretching it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus I'm stretching it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus I'm stretching it a little bit
+because permission systems can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because permission systems can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because permission systems can be
+decentralized there could be five or ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized there could be five or ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized there could be five or ten
+or twenty you know nodes and so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or twenty you know nodes and so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or twenty you know nodes and so that is
+decentralized so I I shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized so I I shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized so I I shouldn't have
+really said no I should have said maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really said no I should have said maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really said no I should have said maybe
+or hi-bred and instead of proof-of-work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hi-bred and instead of proof-of-work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hi-bred and instead of proof-of-work
+the permission systems use a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permission systems use a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permission systems use a bunch of
+consensus mechanisms and I just listed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus mechanisms and I just listed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus mechanisms and I just listed a
+couple notary nodes or PB ft for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple notary nodes or PB ft for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple notary nodes or PB ft for
+Byzantine fault tolerance again but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine fault tolerance again but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Byzantine fault tolerance again but they
+don't have native currencies so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have native currencies so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have native currencies so that's
+the big that is a very big difference no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big that is a very big difference no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big that is a very big difference no
+native currency if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native currency if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native currency if you have a
+solution for your final projects or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for your final projects or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for your final projects or you
+have a solution for some entrepreneurial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution for some entrepreneurial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution for some entrepreneurial
+business that you're gonna do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that you're gonna do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business that you're gonna do in the
+future that you want a native currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that you want a native currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future that you want a native currency
+you're probably more over into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably more over into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably more over into the
+permissionless world you want to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless world you want to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless world you want to have an
+incentive structure something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive structure something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive structure something to
+motivate customers or users or create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate customers or users or create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivate customers or users or create
+token economics token economics is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics token economics is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token economics token economics is more
+in the permissionless I say more because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the permissionless I say more because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the permissionless I say more because
+you can create a token even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a token even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a token even in the
+permissioned space we'll talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned space we'll talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned space we'll talk about it
+in a moment and then transaction scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment and then transaction scripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment and then transaction scripts
+or utx zeroes they're not technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or utx zeroes they're not technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or utx zeroes they're not technically
+UTX zeros and a bunch of permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTX zeros and a bunch of permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UTX zeros and a bunch of permission
+systems but you need some ledger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but you need some ledger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but you need some ledger this
+last box if I just caught it Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last box if I just caught it Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last box if I just caught it Ledger's
+you'd still have Ledger's in so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd still have Ledger's in so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd still have Ledger's in so it's
+really the consensus mechanism in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the consensus mechanism in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the consensus mechanism in the
+middle as Emily said a couple key design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle as Emily said a couple key design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle as Emily said a couple key design
+features first memberships limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features first memberships limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features first memberships limited to
+basically an authorized set of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an authorized set of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an authorized set of nodes
+does anybody want to say if if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to say if if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody want to say if if you were
+a bank who you might you know what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bank who you might you know what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bank who you might you know what's a
+what what might you do if you were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what might you do if you were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what might you do if you were a
+bank and who might you authorized if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and who might you authorized if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and who might you authorized if if
+you're doing a bank let's say that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a bank let's say that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing a bank let's say that it
+was loans or if it's marks and ironmans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was loans or if it's marks and ironmans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was loans or if it's marks and ironmans
+real estate it's real estate loans could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate it's real estate loans could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate it's real estate loans could
+you ever see real estate loans going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever see real estate loans going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ever see real estate loans going on
+a blockchain mark loans may be so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blockchain mark loans may be so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blockchain mark loans may be so if
+real estate loans were on a permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate loans were on a permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate loans were on a permission
+blockchain who might be that membership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain who might be that membership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain who might be that membership
+limited who would I'm it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited who would I'm it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited who would I'm it's not just a
+rhetorical question who would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical question who would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical question who would actually
+care about the database of the loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the database of the loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the database of the loans
+broker dealers that are active in loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker dealers that are active in loans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broker dealers that are active in loans
+invest institutional investors that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest institutional investors that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest institutional investors that are
+active in loans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the broker-dealers who are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the broker-dealers who are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the broker-dealers who are actually
+trading the loans and maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading the loans and maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading the loans and maybe the
+investors yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe loan servicers maybe the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe loan servicers maybe the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe loan servicers maybe the right
+Angelis so it's basically who has who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angelis so it's basically who has who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angelis so it's basically who has who
+has a need and needs that data I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a need and needs that data I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a need and needs that data I'm not
+sure that that this is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that this is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that this is the right
+community but it's the discussion I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community but it's the discussion I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community but it's the discussion I'm
+thinking about and again as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and again as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and again as you're
+thinking about I'm jumping against it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about I'm jumping against it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about I'm jumping against it a
+little bit final projects but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit final projects but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit final projects but when
+you're thinking about you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about you know who
+actually needs data and who has a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs data and who has a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually needs data and who has a reason
+to amend the data or write to the ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amend the data or write to the ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amend the data or write to the ledger
+because if you don't have a desire and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't have a desire and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't have a desire and a
+need to actually amend or change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually amend or change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to actually amend or change the
+data move value in the system you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data move value in the system you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data move value in the system you might
+not need an open database I'm not sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need an open database I'm not sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not need an open database I'm not sure I
+follow you a question when you say an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you a question when you say an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you a question when you say an
+additional layer of blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm sorry layer two so so what kelly is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry layer two so so what kelly is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry layer two so so what kelly is
+asking is is we've talked about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is is we've talked about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is is we've talked about how to
+make blockchain permissionless block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make blockchain permissionless block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make blockchain permissionless block
+change more scalable by having a layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change more scalable by having a layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change more scalable by having a layer
+two like the Lightning Network that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two like the Lightning Network that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two like the Lightning Network that's
+what you're referencing so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're referencing so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're referencing so in
+permissionless systems it's open to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless systems it's open to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless systems it's open to
+everyone even now if you're opening up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone even now if you're opening up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone even now if you're opening up
+an individual payment channel and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual payment channel and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual payment channel and the
+Lightning network it's really just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lightning network it's really just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lightning network it's really just two
+counterparties opening up a channel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties opening up a channel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties opening up a channel so
+in a sense you've already narrowed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you've already narrowed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you've already narrowed the
+scope because you might just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope because you might just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope because you might just have a
+payment channel between two parties some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment channel between two parties some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment channel between two parties some
+side chains or multiple parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains or multiple parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains or multiple parties
+lightning Network and payment channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning Network and payment channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning Network and payment channels
+tend to be two parties so I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be two parties so I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be two parties so I don't know
+if it was that what you're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was that what you're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was that what you're asking
+in itself is like mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself is like mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in itself is like mechanism of
+membership the layer two can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership the layer two can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership the layer two can be a
+membership that is correct but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership that is correct but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership that is correct but it's a
+technology that's available to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that's available to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that's available to everybody
+so it has attributes where you can open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has attributes where you can open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has attributes where you can open
+up bilateral channels James Michener's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up bilateral channels James Michener's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up bilateral channels James Michener's
+blockchains couldn't imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains couldn't imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains couldn't imagine that the
+layer one would be say the Fed would all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one would be say the Fed would all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer one would be say the Fed would all
+be big commercial banks so where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big commercial banks so where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be big commercial banks so where we're
+headed is due permission systems have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed is due permission systems have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed is due permission systems have
+the same need to have a second layer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same need to have a second layer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same need to have a second layer as
+permissionless and even if they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless and even if they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissionless and even if they don't
+have the same needs might it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same needs might it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same needs might it actually
+provide something so i would say i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide something so i would say i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide something so i would say i don't
+think they have the same need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they have the same need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they have the same need to have a
+second layer because they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second layer because they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second layer because they're they're
+more scalable they're more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scalable they're more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scalable they're more efficient
+right now and they're already closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and they're already closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and they're already closed
+clubs but even if they don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs but even if they don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clubs but even if they don't have the
+same need they might actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same need they might actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same need they might actually want to
+put a second layer on top and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a second layer on top and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a second layer on top and some of
+them actually do this right in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually do this right in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them actually do this right in their
+technology and and and it's what i put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and and and it's what i put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and and and it's what i put
+up here is the second and third bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is the second and third bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is the second and third bullet
+point the transactions can be limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the transactions can be limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the transactions can be limited to
+only authorized known participants so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only authorized known participants so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only authorized known participants so in
+many permission systems it's a one broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many permission systems it's a one broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many permission systems it's a one broad
+technology might only be twenty people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology might only be twenty people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology might only be twenty people
+that can authorize transactions but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can authorize transactions but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can authorize transactions but now
+in some transactions it will only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some transactions it will only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some transactions it will only be
+anton and may and in other transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anton and may and in other transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anton and may and in other transactions
+it will be alpha and amanda i mean so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be alpha and amanda i mean so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be alpha and amanda i mean so i
+might not be able to you by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to you by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be able to you by the way
+alpha might be goldman sachs and amanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha might be goldman sachs and amanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha might be goldman sachs and amanda
+might be Barclays and then it might make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be Barclays and then it might make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be Barclays and then it might make
+more sense and Mark might be fidelity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense and Mark might be fidelity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense and Mark might be fidelity
+and I don't know I am I the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I am I the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I am I the US
+Department of Treasury in this one mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Treasury in this one mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Treasury in this one mark
+and I both started out in finance I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I both started out in finance I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I both started out in finance I just
+went off to public service later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off to public service later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off to public service later
+but so-so corta and hyper ledger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so-so corta and hyper ledger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so-so corta and hyper ledger and
+many of the private blockchains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the private blockchains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the private blockchains
+literally allow for partitioning right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally allow for partitioning right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally allow for partitioning right
+in the blockchain I don't know if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockchain I don't know if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blockchain I don't know if you'd
+need to put a layer or two on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put a layer or two on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put a layer or two on top
+because they allow for partitioning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they allow for partitioning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they allow for partitioning and
+segregated pools of authority inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated pools of authority inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated pools of authority inside of
+the blockchain I'm sorry there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain I'm sorry there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blockchain I'm sorry there is a
+question I thought so your point is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I thought so your point is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I thought so your point is is
+that titling of of real estate could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that titling of of real estate could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that titling of of real estate could be
+an important part of block chains but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important part of block chains but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important part of block chains but
+every little town has its own system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little town has its own system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little town has its own system for
+keeping property records and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping property records and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping property records and getting
+them all to cooperate and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all to cooperate and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all to cooperate and blockchain
+kind of solution seems like Oh seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solution seems like Oh seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of solution seems like Oh seems
+remote they don't think they have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote they don't think they have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remote they don't think they have a real
+problem that needs solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that needs solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that needs solving
+so yeah maybe someday but I doubt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah maybe someday but I doubt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah maybe someday but I doubt it
+will happen anytime soon but it it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen anytime soon but it it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen anytime soon but it it makes
+some logical sense and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some logical sense and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some logical sense and that would
+probably be a permissionless system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be a permissionless system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be a permissionless system
+because there's not a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not a huge amount of
+times a piece of property transaxle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a piece of property transaxle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a piece of property transaxle it's
+not like moving money around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like moving money around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like moving money around the world
+it's much it's a much simpler less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much it's a much simpler less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much it's a much simpler less
+frequent and land records are public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent and land records are public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent and land records are public
+people often have to go to the town town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often have to go to the town town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often have to go to the town town
+offices to look at them or anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices to look at them or anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offices to look at them or anything that
+involves real estate you in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves real estate you in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves real estate you in the system
+but you're paying money because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're paying money because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're paying money because you're
+asking them lawyers to clear that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them lawyers to clear that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking them lawyers to clear that to
+make sure the titles free and clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the titles free and clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure the titles free and clear and
+there's all sorts of claims on a title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of claims on a title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of claims on a title
+to property somebody that fixed the roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to property somebody that fixed the roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to property somebody that fixed the roof
+or the utility company and has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the utility company and has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the utility company and has an
+easement through the middle but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easement through the middle but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easement through the middle but you know
+lines and so forth and so there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so forth and so there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and so forth and so there are some
+complications that are different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications that are different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications that are different than
+just transferring these so to bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just transferring these so to bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just transferring these so to bring it
+back to broaden it out look it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to broaden it out look it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to broaden it out look it's right
+rahem rehabs question is is well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rahem rehabs question is is well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rahem rehabs question is is well what
+about real estate and title might that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real estate and title might that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about real estate and title might that
+be appropriate and as Mark has given us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate and as Mark has given us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be appropriate and as Mark has given us
+a sense of yes it might be but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of yes it might be but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of yes it might be but we're
+back to that sort of thing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that sort of thing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that sort of thing of the
+collective-action issues that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective-action issues that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective-action issues that we've
+talked about in previous classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in previous classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in previous classes
+the collective action of many municipal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collective action of many municipal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the collective action of many municipal
+authorities to keep the land record to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities to keep the land record to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities to keep the land record to
+keep the real estate records yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the real estate records yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the real estate records yeah it
+might help why do I need to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help why do I need to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might help why do I need to do this and
+it's also a second thing it's a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a second thing it's a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a second thing it's a low
+volume low transaction and yet it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume low transaction and yet it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume low transaction and yet it could
+be an enormous benefit because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an enormous benefit because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an enormous benefit because there's
+something called title insurance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called title insurance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called title insurance and
+title insurance time to clean up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title insurance time to clean up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title insurance time to clean up the
+title and making sure that something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title and making sure that something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title and making sure that something is
+free and clear could be recorded in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and clear could be recorded in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and clear could be recorded in the
+future so I'll be a long-term optimist I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'll be a long-term optimist I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so I'll be a long-term optimist I
+don't see this one being solved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this one being solved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see this one being solved in the
+next handful of years single-digit years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next handful of years single-digit years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next handful of years single-digit years
+particularly because of the door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because of the door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly because of the door and
+collective action issues I'm sorry we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action issues I'm sorry we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective action issues I'm sorry we
+have somebody here is going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody here is going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have somebody here is going to take the
+other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side
+before I give my conclusionary you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I give my conclusionary you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I give my conclusionary you know
+estimate yes yes they will not probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate yes yes they will not probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate yes yes they will not probably
+a quarter note and order stuff but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter note and order stuff but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter note and order stuff but you
+can publicly pool that information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can publicly pool that information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can publicly pool that information and
+then use that information and record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that information and record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use that information and record
+that information on the blockchain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information on the blockchain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information on the blockchain and
+then once I become stronger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once I become stronger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once I become stronger and bigger
+than they will probably so maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they will probably so maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they will probably so maybe I'll
+move up my estimate from double-digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up my estimate from double-digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up my estimate from double-digit
+years to single digit years but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to single digit years but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to single digit years but I think
+it's gonna be with all respect some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be with all respect some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be with all respect some time
+some time Priya then I'm gonna move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so access to proper land rights rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so access to proper land rights rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so access to proper land rights rule and
+title that was a big issue for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that was a big issue for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title that was a big issue for us
+overseas not so much in the US and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas not so much in the US and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overseas not so much in the US and so I
+could see a real application there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see a real application there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see a real application there where
+in several countries where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several countries where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several countries where there is no
+land record or there are no tidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land record or there are no tidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land record or there are no tidal
+systems are there buried in layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are there buried in layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems are there buried in layers of
+application and this is a great solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and this is a great solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application and this is a great solution
+to get something like that started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something like that started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get something like that started in
+those contexts where you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contexts where you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those contexts where you know there's
+you establishing the property right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you establishing the property right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you establishing the property right of
+record is could be of immeasurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record is could be of immeasurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record is could be of immeasurable
+social value no I agree and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social value no I agree and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social value no I agree and I think
+there's a there's been a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's been a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's been a tremendous
+amount of literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of literature
+in the last 24 months around whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 24 months around whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 24 months around whether
+blockchain can help free up a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain can help free up a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain can help free up a lot of
+illiquid capital in essence I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiquid capital in essence I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illiquid capital in essence I'm just
+saying I'm probably closer to Marx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm probably closer to Marx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I'm probably closer to Marx
+thinking that last thing I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that last thing I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that last thing I think it's
+gonna take some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contacts the country the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts the country the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacts the country the system the
+legal system how decentralized and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system how decentralized and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal system how decentralized and how
+tough the collective action issues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough the collective action issues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough the collective action issues are
+so just going back to private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just going back to private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just going back to private
+blockchains technical features let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains technical features let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchains technical features let's go
+back membership limited to authorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back membership limited to authorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back membership limited to authorized
+nodes transactions can be partitioned as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes transactions can be partitioned as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes transactions can be partitioned as
+well 2k it's kind of Kelly's point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 2k it's kind of Kelly's point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 2k it's kind of Kelly's point right
+in the technology you can partition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the technology you can partition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the technology you can partition and
+segregate information so data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate information so data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregate information so data and
+Ledger's can be partitioned because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's can be partitioned because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's can be partitioned because
+transactions can be partitioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions can be partitioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions can be partitioned that
+doesn't mean you can't have a layer two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you can't have a layer two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean you can't have a layer two
+I'm just saying there's a lot less need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying there's a lot less need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just saying there's a lot less need
+for a layer two because they do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a layer two because they do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a layer two because they do it in
+the data structures itself the consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structures itself the consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data structures itself the consensus
+is permission private protocols they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is permission private protocols they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is permission private protocols they do
+have a consensus somebody has to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a consensus somebody has to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a consensus somebody has to agree
+on the next block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's it's it's a tight limited group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's it's a tight limited group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's it's it's a tight limited group
+it does use cryptography but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does use cryptography but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does use cryptography but often
+there's some but something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some but something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some but something called a
+registration Authority the registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration Authority the registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration Authority the registration
+authority is helping mask data so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is helping mask data so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is helping mask data so they
+address privacy two ways they address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address privacy two ways they address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address privacy two ways they address
+privacy because it's a smaller group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy because it's a smaller group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy because it's a smaller group
+that can actually see the whole network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually see the whole network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually see the whole network
+but even within the network even on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even within the network even on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even within the network even on the
+network there further addressing privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network there further addressing privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network there further addressing privacy
+that alphas in my transaction Amanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alphas in my transaction Amanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alphas in my transaction Amanda
+maybe can't even see even though she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can't even see even though she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe can't even see even though she's
+on the network because it's encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the network because it's encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the network because it's encrypted
+and then there's sort of what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's sort of what's called a
+registration authority or authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration authority or authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registration authority or authority
+within the system that can unmask it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's um a subgroup of two different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um a subgroup of two different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um a subgroup of two different from
+if they choose already doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they choose already doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they choose already doing some
+netting off of calculations or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netting off of calculations or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netting off of calculations or whatever
+it may be transactions and then the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be transactions and then the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be transactions and then the net
+all right so I've got another question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've got another question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so I've got another question I
+have to follow up when I have to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to follow up when I have to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to follow up when I have to follow
+up when bro dishes court a question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when bro dishes court a question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when bro dishes court a question and
+now James's question about wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now James's question about wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now James's question about wait a minute
+how is this partitioning different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this partitioning different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this partitioning different than
+a lei or two and it's beyond my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lei or two and it's beyond my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lei or two and it's beyond my
+knowledge but I'm gonna see if I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but I'm gonna see if I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge but I'm gonna see if I can get
+it for you there's a good they're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you there's a good they're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you there's a good they're good
+questions and then smart contracts yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then smart contracts yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then smart contracts yes
+smart contracts can happen when these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts can happen when these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts can happen when these
+systems as well as permissionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as well as permissionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems as well as permissionless
+systems ibm's they say they use chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems ibm's they say they use chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems ibm's they say they use chain
+code but they say chain code really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but they say chain code really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code but they say chain code really
+could be any language at least they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any language at least they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any language at least they
+advertise and no native currency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise and no native currency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertise and no native currency so
+that's kind of a technical not deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a technical not deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a technical not deeply
+technical it's not like learning hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical it's not like learning hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical it's not like learning hash
+functions but yes to cryptography well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but yes to cryptography well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but yes to cryptography well
+they'd partition the ledgers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd partition the ledgers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd partition the ledgers the
+consensus is closed loop yes they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus is closed loop yes they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus is closed loop yes they have
+smart contracts but they can even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts but they can even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart contracts but they can even have
+additional privacy but it comes at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional privacy but it comes at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional privacy but it comes at a
+cost there's there's an authority that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost there's there's an authority that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost there's there's an authority that
+has to protect something a registration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to protect something a registration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to protect something a registration
+authority inside of it oh I forgot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority inside of it oh I forgot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority inside of it oh I forgot the
+code is generally open-source it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is generally open-source it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code is generally open-source it does
+not have to be open source hyper ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be open source hyper ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to be open source hyper ledger
+is open source but it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open source but it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is open source but it doesn't have to be
+open source so this was the this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source so this was the this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open source so this was the this was
+from one of the readings I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the readings I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one of the readings I'm just
+putting up that short that was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up that short that was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting up that short that was in the
+reading and I just found it helpful it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I just found it helpful it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and I just found it helpful it's
+a different way it's not Gensler zwey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way it's not Gensler zwey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different way it's not Gensler zwey
+it's somebody else's way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somebody else's way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somebody else's way of thinking
+about aetherium hyper ledger in kurta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about aetherium hyper ledger in kurta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about aetherium hyper ledger in kurta
+I'm only using hyper legend quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only using hyper legend quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only using hyper legend quarter
+because they're two of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're two of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're two of the biggest
+private platforms there are many others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different programming languages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different programming languages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different programming languages you
+might say from a business point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say from a business point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say from a business point of view
+who cares and to some level you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares and to some level you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares and to some level you're
+probably right but you're not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right but you're not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably right but you're not completely
+right I mean there's probably more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there's probably more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there's probably more that
+people can write on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can write on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can write on
+top of hyper ledger fabric they say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of hyper ledger fabric they say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of hyper ledger fabric they say more
+developers could work on that than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers could work on that than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers could work on that than
+solidity governance that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidity governance that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidity governance that's the
+governance of the system itself they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance of the system itself they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance of the system itself they all
+can do smart contracts we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do smart contracts we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do smart contracts we've talked
+about consensus and and the scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consensus and and the scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about consensus and and the scalability
+is much harder aetherium remember almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much harder aetherium remember almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much harder aetherium remember almost
+crashed on crypto kitties last December
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed on crypto kitties last December
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed on crypto kitties last December
+and I shared that story about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I shared that story about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I shared that story about one
+initial coin offering was 30% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coin offering was 30% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coin offering was 30% of the
+etherium network when the one day it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium network when the one day it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etherium network when the one day it was
+closing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing
+so DTCC in a given day can do as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DTCC in a given day can do as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so DTCC in a given day can do as much as
+a hundred million transactions in a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million transactions in a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million transactions in a day
+that's the Depository Trust Corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aetherium does about a million and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium does about a million and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium does about a million and a
+half transactions a day and Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transactions a day and Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transactions a day and Bitcoin
+about four to five hundred thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four to five hundred thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four to five hundred thousand
+transactions a day so you know we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions a day so you know we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions a day so you know we've
+still got a ways to go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got a ways to go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still got a ways to go on the
+scalability so what about traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability so what about traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability so what about traditional
+databases I think that to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases I think that to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases I think that to talk about
+permission versus permission lists a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission versus permission lists a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission versus permission lists a lot
+of people even some of my colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people even some of my colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people even some of my colleagues
+here at MIT says well if you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT says well if you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT says well if you're talking
+about hyper ledger Corte and and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hyper ledger Corte and and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hyper ledger Corte and and a
+fabric in court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric in court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fabric in court
+it's just a that's that's like Oracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a that's that's like Oracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a that's that's like Oracle
+that's just a traditional database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a traditional database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a traditional database
+that's not really blockchain the Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really blockchain the Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really blockchain the Bitcoin
+and blockchain purist would say if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain purist would say if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain purist would say if it
+doesn't have Nakamoto consensus forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have Nakamoto consensus forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have Nakamoto consensus forget
+it it's not poor it's not a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not poor it's not a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's not poor it's not a member of
+the club that's not how I've chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the club that's not how I've chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the club that's not how I've chosen to
+teach that this class as you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach that this class as you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach that this class as you know I
+think both are relevant possibly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both are relevant possibly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both are relevant possibly to
+business solutions and it's worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business solutions and it's worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business solutions and it's worthwhile
+to think of them but so what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of them but so what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of them but so what what what
+separates and this is not in the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates and this is not in the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates and this is not in the reading
+so I'm just gonna you know but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna you know but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just gonna you know but what
+separates it versus a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates it versus a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separates it versus a traditional
+database well back to the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database well back to the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database well back to the basics
+permissioned private blockchains have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned private blockchains have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned private blockchains have
+append-only looks you're adding I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only looks you're adding I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only looks you're adding I know
+cause I know Thank You Brodus will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause I know Thank You Brodus will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause I know Thank You Brodus will
+figure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure but
+basically they have append-only logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have append-only logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they have append-only logs
+traditional databases and I'm at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases and I'm at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases and I'm at the
+edge of my knowledge you can create you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of my knowledge you can create you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of my knowledge you can create you
+can read you can update you can delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read you can update you can delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read you can update you can delete
+again I'm taking the mainstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm taking the mainstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm taking the mainstream
+traditional databases or what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases or what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases or what's called
+crud if you wish see your you do whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crud if you wish see your you do whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crud if you wish see your you do whereas
+these you always are adding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you always are adding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you always are adding to the
+database to these databases use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to these databases use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database to these databases use
+cryptography to have commitment schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to have commitment schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography to have commitment schemes
+remember what is a hash function it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what is a hash function it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what is a hash function it not
+only compresses data but it means you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only compresses data but it means you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only compresses data but it means you're
+committing to the data and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing to the data and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committing to the data and when you
+finish the New York Times crossword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the New York Times crossword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the New York Times crossword
+puzzle you can actually send it in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle you can actually send it in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle you can actually send it in and
+if it's identical to it and hash it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's identical to it and hash it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's identical to it and hash it and
+if you remember our discussion about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember our discussion about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember our discussion about the
+New York Times crossword puzzle if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times crossword puzzle if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times crossword puzzle if it's
+hashed and the hashes match voila you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed and the hashes match voila you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashed and the hashes match voila you
+solve the New York Times crossword pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the New York Times crossword pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the New York Times crossword pose
+so you could have commitment schemes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have commitment schemes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have commitment schemes for
+the data and it can be distributed yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and it can be distributed yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and it can be distributed yes
+Joe clean so even if it's append only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe clean so even if it's append only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe clean so even if it's append only if
+you take away the proof-of-work you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take away the proof-of-work you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take away the proof-of-work you can
+rewrite it in a very quickly manner so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in a very quickly manner so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it in a very quickly manner so
+Joe Quinn's raising a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe Quinn's raising a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe Quinn's raising a very important
+point so even if it's append only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so even if it's append only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so even if it's append only you
+get rid of proof-of-work can't somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of proof-of-work can't somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of proof-of-work can't somebody
+go in and rewrite it permission block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and rewrite it permission block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in and rewrite it permission block
+chains make a different trade-off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains make a different trade-off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains make a different trade-off on
+trust permissionless systems say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust permissionless systems say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust permissionless systems say we're
+gonna address trust through this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna address trust through this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna address trust through this proof
+of work and at least 51% of all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work and at least 51% of all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work and at least 51% of all of the
+network has to in essence agree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network has to in essence agree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network has to in essence agree and
+validate and would like permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate and would like permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate and would like permission
+basically are saying I'm going to trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are saying I'm going to trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically are saying I'm going to trust
+the 10 or 15 or 20 nodes that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 or 15 or 20 nodes that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 10 or 15 or 20 nodes that are in the
+system can validate against each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can validate against each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can validate against each other
+and and the so there's there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the so there's there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the so there's there's something
+about the club that's authorized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the club that's authorized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the club that's authorized in the
+network but they're still using append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but they're still using append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network but they're still using append
+only your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only your
+right that it's within those 20 somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it's within those 20 somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that it's within those 20 somebody
+could try to rush through and do a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to rush through and do a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to rush through and do a whole
+entire new append-only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire new append-only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire new append-only
+but then within the club it's exposed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then within the club it's exposed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then within the club it's exposed we
+the club agrees that the last two days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the club agrees that the last two days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the club agrees that the last two days
+have to be rewritten they can do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be rewritten they can do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be rewritten they can do it in a
+very easy way correct but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy way correct but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy way correct but I would
+contend that even in Bitcoin if 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend that even in Bitcoin if 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend that even in Bitcoin if 10,000
+nodes decided to rewrite the last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes decided to rewrite the last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes decided to rewrite the last two
+days they could it's a very good a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days they could it's a very good a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days they could it's a very good a
+little time that's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time that's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time that's correct
+so what Joe Quinn saying is in Bitcoin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Joe Quinn saying is in Bitcoin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what Joe Quinn saying is in Bitcoin
+what protects against that is partly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what protects against that is partly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what protects against that is partly the
+proof of work and partly that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work and partly that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of work and partly that it takes
+10,000 or at least 51% of them probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 or at least 51% of them probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 or at least 51% of them probably
+to rewrite the last two days the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite the last two days the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rewrite the last two days the
+economic incentives in Bitcoin is is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic incentives in Bitcoin is is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic incentives in Bitcoin is is why
+waste all your computer power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste all your computer power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste all your computer power and
+electricity and so forth doing that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and so forth doing that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and so forth doing that when
+you may as well just go forward I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may as well just go forward I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may as well just go forward I think
+Bitcoin could be susceptible to state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin could be susceptible to state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin could be susceptible to state
+actors I think you know if North Korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors I think you know if North Korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors I think you know if North Korea
+wanted or Russia wanted to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted or Russia wanted to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted or Russia wanted to spend
+probably single-digit billions but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably single-digit billions but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably single-digit billions but at
+most maybe 10 billion they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most maybe 10 billion they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most maybe 10 billion they could
+overwhelm the whole system and and bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm the whole system and and bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelm the whole system and and bring
+they could do a 51% attack by buying up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do a 51% attack by buying up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could do a 51% attack by buying up
+enough mining equipment the a6 and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough mining equipment the a6 and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough mining equipment the a6 and just
+bigfooting the whole system but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigfooting the whole system but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigfooting the whole system but it's
+multiple billion and there's act there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple billion and there's act there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple billion and there's act there's
+academic papers on this now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic papers on this now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic papers on this now it's
+single-digit billions a state actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-digit billions a state actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single-digit billions a state actor
+could an individual wouldn't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could an individual wouldn't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could an individual wouldn't want to do
+it because you'd crush a hundred and ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you'd crush a hundred and ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you'd crush a hundred and ten
+billion dollars market cap down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars market cap down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollars market cap down to
+varrock so that would be kind of unwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a very critical part of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very critical part of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very critical part of what a
+private blockchain to me economically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private blockchain to me economically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private blockchain to me economically
+what a private blockchain can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a private blockchain can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a private blockchain can do and
+facilitate better than a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate better than a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate better than a traditional
+database I'm not saying this list is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database I'm not saying this list is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database I'm not saying this list is the
+only list I'm not even saying this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only list I'm not even saying this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only list I'm not even saying this list
+is completely the right list this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely the right list this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely the right list this is
+listen Gary Gensler slist trying to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen Gary Gensler slist trying to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen Gary Gensler slist trying to say
+what's the business that separates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the business that separates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the business that separates
+traditional blockchains append-only time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional blockchains append-only time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional blockchains append-only time
+stamping some cryptography and schemes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamping some cryptography and schemes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamping some cryptography and schemes
+that makes the data immutable so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the data immutable so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the data immutable so you can
+put it in a ledger so it's back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a ledger so it's back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in a ledger so it's back to
+Ledger's and so forth and thus finality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and so forth and thus finality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and so forth and thus finality
+of settlement does anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of settlement does anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of settlement does anybody want to
+remind the class what settlement means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody take a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody take a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody take a shot
+there's my accountant Aviv is not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my accountant Aviv is not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my accountant Aviv is not here
+oh please forget about you TX oh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh please forget about you TX oh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh please forget about you TX oh just
+tell me what settlement means debits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what settlement means debits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what settlement means debits and
+credits settlement means changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits settlement means changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits settlement means changing the
+data and a ledger and and doing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and a ledger and and doing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and a ledger and and doing it with
+finality in essence do I have $10 or $11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finality in essence do I have $10 or $11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finality in essence do I have $10 or $11
+a payment settlement system is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a payment settlement system is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a payment settlement system is when you
+finally say I've got $11 no longer ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally say I've got $11 no longer ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally say I've got $11 no longer ten
+and Amanda's got nine dollars instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Amanda's got nine dollars instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Amanda's got nine dollars instead of
+ten you went down I went up all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten you went down I went up all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten you went down I went up all right
+thank you you'll hear a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you you'll hear a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you you'll hear a lot about
+clearing and settlement the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settlement the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearing and settlement the word
+settlement means to finally change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement means to finally change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement means to finally change the
+data and a ledger and that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and a ledger and that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and a ledger and that we're not
+going to come back to it it's done it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to it it's done it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to it it's done it's
+final if we're moving something of value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final if we're moving something of value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final if we're moving something of value
+and the value could be grapes the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value could be grapes the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the value could be grapes the value
+could be diamonds the value can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be diamonds the value can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be diamonds the value can be
+real-estate the value can be money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-estate the value can be money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-estate the value can be money but
+if we're moving something of value in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're moving something of value in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're moving something of value in it
+and and storing it on a ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's more adaptable to block J if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more adaptable to block J if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more adaptable to block J if you're
+doing some database that has nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some database that has nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing some database that has nothing to
+do with things of value and ledger you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with things of value and ledger you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with things of value and ledger you
+don't need final final immutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need final final immutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need final final immutable
+settlement I would contend you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement I would contend you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement I would contend you probably
+have less reason to use any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less reason to use any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less reason to use any of this
+blockchain stuff maybe talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain stuff maybe talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain stuff maybe talk a little bit
+about a real-world implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a real-world implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a real-world implementation of
+this I saw recently that Walmart is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I saw recently that Walmart is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I saw recently that Walmart is
+forcing their suppliers to basically add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing their suppliers to basically add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing their suppliers to basically add
+themselves into this private blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves into this private blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves into this private blockchain
+to true to basically track your supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true to basically track your supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to true to basically track your supply
+chain I'm having a really hard time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I'm having a really hard time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain I'm having a really hard time
+understanding why that needs to be on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why that needs to be on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding why that needs to be on a
+blockchain whether permissioned or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain whether permissioned or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain whether permissioned or
+non-commissioned needs to be so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commissioned needs to be so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commissioned needs to be so the
+question is why is Walmart putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is Walmart putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is why is Walmart putting
+supply chain with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply chain with a bunch of
+agricultural products on a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural products on a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural products on a blockchain
+agricultural products are something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural products are something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural products are something of
+value but what well it's corn wheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but what well it's corn wheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but what well it's corn wheat
+grapes it's something of value and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapes it's something of value and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapes it's something of value and when
+it moves from one owner to another owner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from one owner to another owner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves from one owner to another owner
+if you keep that on a ledger you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep that on a ledger you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep that on a ledger you can
+record that amanda has the grapes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record that amanda has the grapes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record that amanda has the grapes and
+Gary no longer has the grapes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing that blockchains helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that blockchains helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that blockchains helped
+with is they lower the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is they lower the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is they lower the cost of
+reconciling multiple databases we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling multiple databases we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconciling multiple databases we could
+keep as in agriculture we can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep as in agriculture we can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep as in agriculture we can keep
+separate Ledger's separate databases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Ledger's separate databases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate Ledger's separate databases the
+farmer is keeping their database the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer is keeping their database the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farmer is keeping their database the
+wholesaler with the grain elevators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesaler with the grain elevators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesaler with the grain elevators are
+keeping their database and up the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping their database and up the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping their database and up the supply
+chain from the form to the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain from the form to the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain from the form to the grain
+elevator to the the Millers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator to the the Millers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator to the the Millers and
+merchants all the way to General Mills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants all the way to General Mills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merchants all the way to General Mills
+all the way to Kroger and this store you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to Kroger and this store you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to Kroger and this store you
+right now there's are multiple databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's are multiple databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now there's are multiple databases
+that buy and Lord don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buy and Lord don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that buy and Lord don't have to
+communicate so the question is will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate so the question is will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate so the question is will will
+Walmart get to the place where that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart get to the place where that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart get to the place where that's a
+good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea
+but I'm just pointing out if you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just pointing out if you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just pointing out if you have if
+you're moving things of value where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving things of value where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're moving things of value where you
+want to keep final settlement that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep final settlement that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep final settlement that you
+you you know who owns that thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know who owns that thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know who owns that thing of
+value in Ledger's and lastly if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in Ledger's and lastly if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in Ledger's and lastly if you want
+to lower any reconciliation if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower any reconciliation if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lower any reconciliation if there are
+multiple Ledger's if you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Ledger's if you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Ledger's if you have multiple
+Ledger's and things of value blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and things of value blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and things of value blockchain
+I think is more valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is more valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is more valuable
+Zhaan's asking was that Walmart I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zhaan's asking was that Walmart I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zhaan's asking was that Walmart I don't
+know we're gonna find out Tom and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're gonna find out Tom and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're gonna find out Tom and I've
+got about seven minutes to finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about seven minutes to finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got about seven minutes to finish this
+program but the example they used was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but the example they used was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program but the example they used was in
+a coli outbreak and their spinach supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coli outbreak and their spinach supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coli outbreak and their spinach supply
+rather than taking a whole supplier an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than taking a whole supplier an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than taking a whole supplier an
+entire wholesaler offline and recalling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire wholesaler offline and recalling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire wholesaler offline and recalling
+all that product through the blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that product through the blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that product through the blockchain
+they could trace it to a particular farm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could trace it to a particular farm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could trace it to a particular farm
+and a single point of origin almost let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a single point of origin almost let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a single point of origin almost let
+me do this they just thought I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do this they just thought I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do this they just thought I know
+we've got two questions here I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two questions here I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got two questions here I mean we
+just hope that all right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hope that all right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just hope that all right all right
+they've got permission so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got permission so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got permission so we talked
+about this was what we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was what we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this was what we talked about
+earlier kosis trade offs of costs let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier kosis trade offs of costs let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier kosis trade offs of costs let me
+try another one which which is good yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another one which which is good yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another one which which is good yeah
+my shot at blocked chains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shot at blocked chains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my shot at blocked chains and
+traditional databases so one is access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases so one is access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases so one is access
+control who has access to the ledger who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control who has access to the ledger who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control who has access to the ledger who
+acts access if I might to the data three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts access if I might to the data three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts access if I might to the data three
+different types of approaches we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of approaches we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of approaches we talked
+about open permissionless multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open permissionless multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about open permissionless multiple
+permissioned and client-server I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned and client-server I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned and client-server I'm using
+the word client-server just to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word client-server just to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word client-server just to say
+traditional database you can use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional database you can use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional database you can use another
+words but I just try to say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but I just try to say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words but I just try to say three
+different types of data structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of data structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of data structures and
+to Zhaan's question why would you be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zhaan's question why would you be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Zhaan's question why would you be in
+one bucket versus another and I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bucket versus another and I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one bucket versus another and I'm saying
+this if you're a venture capitalist one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're a venture capitalist one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if you're a venture capitalist one
+day and somebody comes into you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and somebody comes into you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and somebody comes into you with the
+blockchain you know solution this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain you know solution this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain you know solution this is the
+same thing hopefully you'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing hopefully you'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing hopefully you'll make it
+better this is just my approach to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this is just my approach to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better this is just my approach to it
+public bought chain do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public bought chain do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public bought chain do you need
+basically public write capability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically public write capability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically public write capability that
+lots of people can write to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people can write to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people can write to these
+Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's
+do you need that somewhere secondly do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need that somewhere secondly do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need that somewhere secondly do
+you want some peer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some peer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some peer to
+here transaction capability across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here transaction capability across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here transaction capability across the
+distributed ledger do you kind of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledger do you kind of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed ledger do you kind of not
+want any central intermediary maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any central intermediary maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want any central intermediary maybe you
+don't want the center under meteor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the center under meteor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the center under meteor
+because they're slow and sluggish maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're slow and sluggish maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're slow and sluggish maybe
+you don't want the center intermediary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want the center intermediary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want the center intermediary
+because they have a lot of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a lot of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have a lot of economic
+rents it doesn't matter to me why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents it doesn't matter to me why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents it doesn't matter to me why you
+want to get rid of the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of the central
+intermediary but if you want to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary but if you want to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary but if you want to get rid
+of a central intermediary or less in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a central intermediary or less in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a central intermediary or less in
+their control or lower their control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their control or lower their control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their control or lower their control
+raised peer-to-peer transactions have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised peer-to-peer transactions have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised peer-to-peer transactions have a
+lot of public writing oh and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of public writing oh and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of public writing oh and by the way
+if you want some token economics you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want some token economics you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want some token economics you're
+probably somewhere over here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably somewhere over here I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably somewhere over here I'm not
+saying you have to have all four but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you have to have all four but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you have to have all four but to
+me those are the kind of three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me those are the kind of three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me those are the kind of three or four
+things that are floating around why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are floating around why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are floating around why you
+might be over there private blockchains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be over there private blockchains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be over there private blockchains
+well maybe you actually don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe you actually don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe you actually don't want
+public right capability you need private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public right capability you need private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public right capability you need private
+whether it's just the Australian stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's just the Australian stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's just the Australian stock
+exchange or fifteen to twenty Club deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange or fifteen to twenty Club deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange or fifteen to twenty Club deal
+you still want kind of multiple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still want kind of multiple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still want kind of multiple people
+to write but you want it to be private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write but you want it to be private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write but you want it to be private
+but if you still need finality of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you still need finality of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you still need finality of data
+in an append-only log that you need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an append-only log that you need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an append-only log that you need this
+appending the log and you need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending the log and you need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appending the log and you need some
+public verify ability that you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public verify ability that you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public verify ability that you still
+need that data to be verified amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that data to be verified amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that data to be verified amongst
+and this public means fifteen or twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this public means fifteen or twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this public means fifteen or twenty
+players but you need it to be able to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players but you need it to be able to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players but you need it to be able to be
+verified so the trust mechanisms not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified so the trust mechanisms not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified so the trust mechanisms not
+thousands and open the trust mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and open the trust mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and open the trust mechanism
+is fifteen or twenty or five parties but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fifteen or twenty or five parties but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fifteen or twenty or five parties but
+you still need it you might be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still need it you might be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still need it you might be there
+where I come out is there's some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I come out is there's some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I come out is there's some cases
+that you just don't need any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just don't need any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you just don't need any of this
+there's a trusted party that hosts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trusted party that hosts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a trusted party that hosts the
+data your trust mechanism is one party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data your trust mechanism is one party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data your trust mechanism is one party
+the trusted party can do that I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trusted party can do that I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trusted party can do that I use the
+letter crud that's the create and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter crud that's the create and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter crud that's the create and and
+and update and delete and and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and update and delete and and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and update and delete and and so forth
+and that's based on client service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's based on client service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's based on client service
+architecture this client-server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture this client-server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture this client-server
+architecture there's always in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture there's always in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture there's always in that
+circumstance somebody right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance somebody right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance somebody right in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+that basically owns updates governs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically owns updates governs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically owns updates governs that
+whole architecture my business judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole architecture my business judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole architecture my business judgment
+on this is if you've if you're moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is if you've if you're moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this is if you've if you're moving
+things of value you want those things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of value you want those things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of value you want those things to
+value to have some final settlement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to have some final settlement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to have some final settlement and
+an immutability an immutability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immutability an immutability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an immutability an immutability
+append-only logs give you some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only logs give you some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+append-only logs give you some of that
+final settlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final settlement
+we talked very briefly about a lawsuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked very briefly about a lawsuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked very briefly about a lawsuit
+that was three hundred plus years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was three hundred plus years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was three hundred plus years ago
+the Crawford case in Scotland that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crawford case in Scotland that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crawford case in Scotland that that
+you won't have to remember it but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have to remember it but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't have to remember it but this
+watch this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch this
+so steal this from me just do me a favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so steal this from me just do me a favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so steal this from me just do me a favor
+just steal it okay right now I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just steal it okay right now I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just steal it okay right now I have a
+right of action but if you give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of action but if you give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of action but if you give it to
+who are you gonna give it to I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you gonna give it to I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you gonna give it to I don't
+have any rights against you no well wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any rights against you no well wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any rights against you no well wait
+it depends whether he knew you stole it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends whether he knew you stole it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends whether he knew you stole it
+from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from me
+but it's gone it's part of its finet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's gone it's part of its finet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's gone it's part of its finet
+that's final settlement those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's final settlement those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's final settlement those two
+dollars are gone that's that's final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars are gone that's that's final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars are gone that's that's final
+settlement it's immutable I can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement it's immutable I can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement it's immutable I can't get
+them back what Christopher you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+their money I just use that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money I just use that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money I just use that as a
+visualization money is a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization money is a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization money is a social
+consensus and a social construct but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and a social construct but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus and a social construct but if
+you think of it in terms of Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it in terms of Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of it in terms of Ledger's
+look the money's gone I can't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the money's gone I can't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look the money's gone I can't get it
+it's that's it you know that's good you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's it you know that's good you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that's it you know that's good you
+all go to Sloane I can tell ya but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to Sloane I can tell ya but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go to Sloane I can tell ya but it's
+an important concept I think I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important concept I think I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important concept I think I think of
+this whole that way so there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole that way so there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole that way so there were two
+questions and then we'll and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then we'll and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and then we'll and then and
+then this is the decentralized end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the decentralized end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is the decentralized end
+Bitcoin any theory amor kind of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin any theory amor kind of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin any theory amor kind of it the
+decentralized end I would contend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized end I would contend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized end I would contend
+bitcoins more decentralized ethereal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins more decentralized ethereal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitcoins more decentralized ethereal and
+centralized databases initial coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized databases initial coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralized databases initial coin
+offerings that we'll talk about later I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings that we'll talk about later I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings that we'll talk about later I
+think are actually maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are actually maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think are actually maybe a little bit
+more central heist even than permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more central heist even than permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more central heist even than permission
+block James but well we'll get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments more about the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments more about the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments more about the supply chain
+like when you think about the millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you think about the millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you think about the millions
+and millions of dollars element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of dollars element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and millions of dollars element of
+transparency that washing kind of brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency that washing kind of brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency that washing kind of brings
+him to all the parties probably saves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to all the parties probably saves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him to all the parties probably saves
+money to what you're talking about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to what you're talking about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to what you're talking about kind
+of regularly so I sort of we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regularly so I sort of we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of regularly so I sort of we're we're
+gonna talk about finance next Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about finance next Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about finance next Thursday
+and some of the strengths and weaknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the strengths and weaknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the strengths and weaknesses
+in finance and some of the attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and some of the attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and some of the attributes
+and you know one of the readings sheila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know one of the readings sheila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know one of the readings sheila
+bair and there's a bunch of optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bair and there's a bunch of optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bair and there's a bunch of optional
+readings about what's happened after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings about what's happened after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings about what's happened after the
+financial crisis and so forth and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and so forth and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis and so forth and then
+we're gonna talk about the economics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about the economics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about the economics but
+I've had a few I've had three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had a few I've had three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had a few I've had three or four
+groups come in already talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups come in already talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups come in already talking about the
+final project so I'll just say think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final project so I'll just say think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final project so I'll just say think
+about whatever you're working on is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whatever you're working on is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whatever you're working on is this
+new technology blockchain whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology blockchain whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology blockchain whether it's
+permissioned or permissionless either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned or permissionless either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissioned or permissionless either
+one is this new technology really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this new technology really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this new technology really
+address some pain point that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some pain point that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address some pain point that you're
+trying to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve
+whether it's about payment systems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's about payment systems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's about payment systems or
+actually there's a group that's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a group that's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually there's a group that's talking
+about doing supply chain on wine and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing supply chain on wine and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing supply chain on wine and I
+figured why not I'll probably approve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's what is the pain point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's what is the pain point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's what is the pain point that
+you're actually trying to solve or will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually trying to solve or will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually trying to solve or will
+decentralize peer-to-peer networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralize peer-to-peer networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralize peer-to-peer networking
+somehow create a business opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow create a business opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow create a business opportunity
+and a new model it might not be a pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new model it might not be a pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a new model it might not be a pain
+point it might be a business opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it might be a business opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it might be a business opportunity
+that decentralized systems solve or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decentralized systems solve or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decentralized systems solve or it
+might be an opportunity that token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an opportunity that token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an opportunity that token
+economics can help solve but if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics can help solve but if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics can help solve but if there's
+no pain point you're solving no token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pain point you're solving no token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pain point you're solving no token
+economics no decentralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics no decentralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics no decentralization
+peer-to-peer I ask you to use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer I ask you to use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer-to-peer I ask you to use your
+critical reasoning and move to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning and move to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning and move to the next
+use case because this is really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case because this is really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use case because this is really about
+this is a business class this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a business class this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a business class this is about
+finding places for this incredible set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding places for this incredible set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding places for this incredible set
+of new technologies in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new technologies in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new technologies in the context of
+markets and and to have a really healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and and to have a really healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and and to have a really healthy
+sense of ground truth about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of ground truth about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of ground truth about what's
+possible if not traditional databases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if not traditional databases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if not traditional databases
+move one I'm not looking for projects at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one I'm not looking for projects at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one I'm not looking for projects at
+the end of the semester that are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester that are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the semester that are using
+traditional databases it's got it lacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases it's got it lacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional databases it's got it lacked
+it's got to really use blockchain so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to really use blockchain so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to really use blockchain so I
+thank you I'll see you next Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vRhpH8siTNk.txt b/vRhpH8siTNk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0400f8b6cc6c4db428867c015ca917770e7c06be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vRhpH8siTNk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right hi everyone my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right hi everyone my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right hi everyone my
+name is Matt Smith and um I'm part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Matt Smith and um I'm part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is Matt Smith and um I'm part of a
+group along with Juan Jun Ryan and chin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group along with Juan Jun Ryan and chin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group along with Juan Jun Ryan and chin
+and we um did a project where we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we um did a project where we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we um did a project where we were
+using zMAX to design a cook triplet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zMAX to design a cook triplet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zMAX to design a cook triplet uh
+the cook triplet was actually first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cook triplet was actually first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cook triplet was actually first
+designed in um the end of the 1800s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed in um the end of the 1800s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed in um the end of the 1800s and
+here's a picture on the right there from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture on the right there from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture on the right there from
+the original patent um that was designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original patent um that was designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original patent um that was designed
+yeah back in the day but first we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah back in the day but first we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah back in the day but first we'll
+talk about what a cook triplet is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what a cook triplet is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what a cook triplet is a
+little bit about zMAX um a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about zMAX um a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about zMAX um a bit about the
+aberration that it corrects then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration that it corrects then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration that it corrects then we'll
+present some of our results from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present some of our results from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present some of our results from the
+optimizations that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that we
+ran the C Tripper is composed of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran the C Tripper is composed of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran the C Tripper is composed of a
+negative Flint between two positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Flint between two positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Flint between two positive
+crowns crowns have higher um V values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowns crowns have higher um V values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowns crowns have higher um V values
+also known as the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as the reciprocal
+dispersion uh compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion uh compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion uh compared to the
+flints the the C troper is famous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flints the the C troper is famous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flints the the C troper is famous for
+being for containing the smallest number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being for containing the smallest number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being for containing the smallest number
+of elements that can correct all seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements that can correct all seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements that can correct all seven
+cider aberations and the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cider aberations and the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cider aberations and the design
+principles use include choice of lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles use include choice of lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles use include choice of lens
+power such that their sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power such that their sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power such that their sum is
+approximately zero the use of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero the use of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately zero the use of space
+positive and negative lenses and the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative lenses and the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative lenses and the use
+of approximate front to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approximate front to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approximate front to back
+symmetry so now we give a quick review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so now we give a quick review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so now we give a quick review
+on the monochromatic CER aberration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the monochromatic CER aberration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the monochromatic CER aberration that
+we aim to to minimize in our design the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aim to to minimize in our design the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aim to to minimize in our design the
+spherical aberation occurs due to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical aberation occurs due to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical aberation occurs due to um
+increased refraction of race further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased refraction of race further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased refraction of race further
+away from the optical axis aism occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the optical axis aism occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the optical axis aism occurs
+when the tangential andal images do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the tangential andal images do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the tangential andal images do not
+coincide coma is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide coma is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide coma is defined as the
+variation of magnification with aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of magnification with aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of magnification with aperture
+field curvature um occurs when the um c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field curvature um occurs when the um c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field curvature um occurs when the um c
+um sorry field curvature is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry field curvature is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry field curvature is the
+longitudinal departure of focal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal departure of focal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitudinal departure of focal um
+surfaces from the ideal image surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces from the ideal image surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces from the ideal image surface
+and Distortion occurs when um the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Distortion occurs when um the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Distortion occurs when um the image
+of an off-axis Point forms um further or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an off-axis Point forms um further or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an off-axis Point forms um further or
+closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the
+optical axis compared to the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis compared to the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optical axis compared to the image
+height given by approx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximation um so basically for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um so basically for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um so basically for for
+our design we chose to use three simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our design we chose to use three simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our design we chose to use three simple
+lenses um since it was uh basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses um since it was uh basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses um since it was uh basically
+trying to um what does it make it uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to um what does it make it uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to um what does it make it uh the
+least expensive thing to manufacture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least expensive thing to manufacture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least expensive thing to manufacture and
+also cuts down a lot of the difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cuts down a lot of the difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also cuts down a lot of the difficulty
+with alignment the original patent used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alignment the original patent used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alignment the original patent used
+um what is it compound lenses which gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it compound lenses which gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it compound lenses which gave
+them much more adjustability but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them much more adjustability but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them much more adjustability but it also
+made it so that the system was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it so that the system was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it so that the system was very
+difficult to assemble and align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to assemble and align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to assemble and align
+correctly so we had a total had a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so we had a total had a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly so we had a total had a total
+of 14 variables essentially um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 14 variables essentially um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 14 variables essentially um there's
+the six there's the six curvatures two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six there's the six curvatures two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six there's the six curvatures two
+for each lenses uh three Lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each lenses uh three Lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each lenses uh three Lens
+thicknesses two air gaps and three glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses two air gaps and three glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses two air gaps and three glass
+choices which we could all vary to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices which we could all vary to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices which we could all vary to try
+and control control the um what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control control the um what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control control the um what is it
+aberration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration in the
+system and uh so our F what is our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh so our F what is our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and uh so our F what is our first
+design is uh this one uh what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is uh this one uh what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design is uh this one uh what is it
+right here uh it was optimized to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh it was optimized to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here uh it was optimized to focus
+um what is it objects at Infinity to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it objects at Infinity to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it objects at Infinity to um
+an image plane 60 millimeters behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image plane 60 millimeters behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image plane 60 millimeters behind the
+rear of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rear of the
+lens and um for comparison we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and um for comparison we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens and um for comparison we also
+designed a a similar the same system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a a similar the same system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed a a similar the same system for
+with using a single lens um which not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with using a single lens um which not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with using a single lens um which not
+surprisingly has a much harder time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly has a much harder time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly has a much harder time uh
+focusing the light because it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the light because it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing the light because it has
+there's much it has much less control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much it has much less control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much it has much less control
+over the aberration um these spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the aberration um these spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the aberration um these spot
+diagrams basically give an idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams basically give an idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams basically give an idea of what
+a uh rays of light coming in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh rays of light coming in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh rays of light coming in from
+different angles from Infinity are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles from Infinity are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles from Infinity are
+focused by the system and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused by the system and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused by the system and you can see
+for the um both these are on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um both these are on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the um both these are on the same
+scale about the bar represents 1 mm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale about the bar represents 1 mm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale about the bar represents 1 mm so
+you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here
+that the um what is it single lens shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um what is it single lens shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um what is it single lens shows
+significantly poor focusing and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly poor focusing and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly poor focusing and also
+higher angles of high degree of coma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher angles of high degree of coma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher angles of high degree of coma
+coming in which is very detrimental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in which is very detrimental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in which is very detrimental to
+the image to um the ability to focus any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image to um the ability to focus any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image to um the ability to focus any
+light but and compared to the Cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but and compared to the Cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light but and compared to the Cook
+triplet the what is it instead of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet the what is it instead of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet the what is it instead of the uh
+spots being about 1 millimeter in radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots being about 1 millimeter in radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots being about 1 millimeter in radius
+they're usually they vary between about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually they vary between about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're usually they vary between about
+40 to 100 microns so significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 to 100 microns so significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 to 100 microns so significantly
+better focusing and also much less coma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better focusing and also much less coma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better focusing and also much less coma
+um at higher angles there is some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at higher angles there is some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at higher angles there is some a
+stigmatism coming in which is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigmatism coming in which is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stigmatism coming in which is hard to
+see on this diagram but we can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on this diagram but we can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on this diagram but we can show you
+a more detailed one later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more detailed one later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more detailed one later
+and uh to give you an overview of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to give you an overview of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh to give you an overview of the
+chromatic aberration we compared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic aberration we compared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatic aberration we compared the
+focal shift um for different wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal shift um for different wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal shift um for different wavelengths
+on for on axis light um these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for on axis light um these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on for on axis light um these ones
+basically they're zeroed around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're zeroed around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they're zeroed around the
+green uh around green axis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green uh around green axis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green uh around green axis and the
+primary difference between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary difference between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary difference between the two
+graphs here is the scale this one varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs here is the scale this one varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs here is the scale this one varies
+from 0 to about 100 microns um while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to about 100 microns um while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to about 100 microns um while the
+single lens actually varies from about 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lens actually varies from about 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single lens actually varies from about 0
+to 1 1,500 microns so overall the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 1,500 microns so overall the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 1,500 microns so overall the the
+cook triplet reduces the ma reduces most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook triplet reduces the ma reduces most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook triplet reduces the ma reduces most
+of the the aberration here by about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the aberration here by about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the aberration here by about an
+order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magnitude and we also compare and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and we also compare and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and we also compare and to
+next we compared the field curvature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we compared the field curvature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next we compared the field curvature and
+Distortion uh these graphs both have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion uh these graphs both have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion uh these graphs both have the
+cook triplet and the single lens plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook triplet and the single lens plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook triplet and the single lens plotted
+on the same same graphs to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same same graphs to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same same graphs to give you an
+idea of their relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of their relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of their relative
+magnitudes um and essentially compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes um and essentially compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes um and essentially compared
+to the compared to a single lens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the compared to a single lens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the compared to a single lens the
+cook triplet image looks essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook triplet image looks essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook triplet image looks essentially
+flat with basically the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat with basically the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat with basically the maximum
+variation in the field curv temp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the field curv temp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the field curv temp is
+about 50 microns meanwhile this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 microns meanwhile this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 microns meanwhile this one
+absolute variation is largely dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute variation is largely dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute variation is largely dependent
+on the what is it height of the Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the what is it height of the Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the what is it height of the Rays
+entering the the angle of the Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the the angle of the Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering the the angle of the Rays
+entering the lens and varies by several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+millimeters and here we can and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters and here we can and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters and here we can and the
+Distortion also is much uh much worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion also is much uh much worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion also is much uh much worse
+for a single lens the cook triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single lens the cook triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single lens the cook triplet
+actually is able to minimize Distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is able to minimize Distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is able to minimize Distortion
+until about 15° the ra is becomeing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about 15° the ra is becomeing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about 15° the ra is becomeing more
+than 15° off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15° off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 15° off
+axis and essentially the original design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and essentially the original design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and essentially the original design
+parameters that Taylor came up with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that Taylor came up with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that Taylor came up with um
+was to try and have the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to try and have the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to try and have the some of the
+powers of the lenses be about equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of the lenses be about equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of the lenses be about equal to
+zero which effectively minimizes field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which effectively minimizes field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which effectively minimizes field
+curvature and Distortion and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and Distortion and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and Distortion and then the
+other um we use the lens lens curvatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um we use the lens lens curvatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um we use the lens lens curvatures
+of materials to try and basically take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials to try and basically take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials to try and basically take
+care of the other side out operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the other side out operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the other side out operations
+coma chromatic aberration spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coma chromatic aberration spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coma chromatic aberration spherical
+aberration and the modu and last graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration and the modu and last graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration and the modu and last graphs
+we have for these this set of lenses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for these this set of lenses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for these this set of lenses is
+the modulation transfer function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation transfer function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modulation transfer function which
+gives you an idea of how well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of how well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you an idea of how well they
+perform relative to defra the defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform relative to defra the defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform relative to defra the defraction
+limit so in this case um aberration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so in this case um aberration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit so in this case um aberration
+essentially serve as a phase modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially serve as a phase modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially serve as a phase modulation
+on the or uh what does it modulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the or uh what does it modulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the or uh what does it modulate the
+phase of the transfer function so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the transfer function so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of the transfer function so there
+always be less than or equal to one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be less than or equal to one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be less than or equal to one so
+they can never increase it they can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can never increase it they can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can never increase it they can only
+um decrease the lens performance below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decrease the lens performance below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um decrease the lens performance below
+the defraction limit as you can see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction limit as you can see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the defraction limit as you can see for
+the single lens basically it drops down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single lens basically it drops down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single lens basically it drops down
+ve very rapidly to zero here um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ve very rapidly to zero here um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ve very rapidly to zero here um which
+greatly limits the amount of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly limits the amount of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly limits the amount of spatial
+frequency the lens uh can focus but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the lens uh can focus but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the lens uh can focus but the
+C triplet while it does operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C triplet while it does operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C triplet while it does operate
+significantly below the defraction limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly below the defraction limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly below the defraction limit
+still can capture much higher spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can capture much higher spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can capture much higher spatial
+frequencies and focus them which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and focus them which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and focus them which
+resulted in the much sharper spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the much sharper spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in the much sharper spot
+diagrams we saw in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slide next I'll we explor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next we explored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next we explored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next we explored
+the optimization with different image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization with different image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimization with different image
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+between the Des lens system and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Des lens system and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Des lens system and some
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+plane first of all the system was had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane first of all the system was had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane first of all the system was had
+been optimized with the 100 mm image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been optimized with the 100 mm image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been optimized with the 100 mm image
+distance and next the thickness of lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and next the thickness of lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and next the thickness of lens
+and curvage of lens and space between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curvage of lens and space between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and curvage of lens and space between
+each lens were optimized with the 50 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lens were optimized with the 50 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lens were optimized with the 50 mm
+and 30 mm image distances in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30 mm image distances in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30 mm image distances in this case
+we fixed the types of glasses and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fixed the types of glasses and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we fixed the types of glasses and we
+only used this 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used this 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used this 11
+variables although the short image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables although the short image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables although the short image
+distance make requires some s gles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance make requires some s gles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance make requires some s gles for
+both of positive lens of the this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of positive lens of the this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of positive lens of the this first
+positive lens was very very sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive lens was very very sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive lens was very very sensitive
+was very sensitive for uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very sensitive for uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very sensitive for uh for this
+optimization process on the contrary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization process on the contrary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization process on the contrary the
+space between the uh this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between the uh this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between the uh this negative
+length and second positive lens was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and second positive lens was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and second positive lens was
+changed to from 6.6 mm to 8.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed to from 6.6 mm to 8.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed to from 6.6 mm to 8.1
+mm about the operation we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm about the operation we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm about the operation we can see the
+increase of the most operation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the most operation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of the most operation with the
+decrease of the image distances if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of the image distances if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease of the image distances if we
+compare with with some single lens cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with with some single lens cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with with some single lens cases
+uh we can see the most operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can see the most operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can see the most operation
+decreased most operation decreased one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased most operation decreased one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased most operation decreased one
+or two order of magnitude or it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two order of magnitude or it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two order of magnitude or it means
+that the cook tri plate is very robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cook tri plate is very robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cook tri plate is very robust
+system and this point is very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this point is very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and this point is very positive
+for camera or some projection system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for camera or some projection system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for camera or some projection system
+that I used in some various image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance also we made more constraint to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance also we made more constraint to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance also we made more constraint to
+control the design parameters or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the design parameters or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the design parameters or three
+GL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GL
+sness constraints were added as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sness constraints were added as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sness constraints were added as the
+initial condition uh in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition uh in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition uh in this case the
+initial glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial glass
+thickness was fixed as some optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness was fixed as some optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness was fixed as some optimized
+value for 100 mm image distance and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for 100 mm image distance and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for 100 mm image distance and and
+we can evaluate the lowess in this cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system first of all the space between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system first of all the space between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system first of all the space between
+the negative L and second positive L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative L and second positive L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative L and second positive L
+expended from 1 mm to 15.5 mm and next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expended from 1 mm to 15.5 mm and next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expended from 1 mm to 15.5 mm and next
+the space between first positive R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space between first positive R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space between first positive R and
+negative Rens was decreased from 5.2 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Rens was decreased from 5.2 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Rens was decreased from 5.2 mm
+to 2.5 mm or this means that in spite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 mm or this means that in spite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2.5 mm or this means that in spite of
+the decrease of image distance the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrease of image distance the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decrease of image distance the this
+C Tri FL requires the a similar lar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Tri FL requires the a similar lar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C Tri FL requires the a similar lar
+space to optimize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to optimize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to optimize this
+system U also the most operations were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system U also the most operations were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system U also the most operations were
+magnified in comparison with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnified in comparison with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnified in comparison with this
+previous uh three glass cases but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh three glass cases but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh three glass cases but it is
+but it is still better than some single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is still better than some single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is still better than some single
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+um next we optimize the glasses used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next we optimize the glasses used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um next we optimize the glasses used in
+a c triplet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c triplet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c triplet uh
+pattern and in here um when you CH for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and in here um when you CH for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and in here um when you CH for
+glass optimization we only U vary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass optimization we only U vary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass optimization we only U vary the
+glass and we keep the spaces between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and we keep the spaces between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass and we keep the spaces between the
+lenses and the object and image distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses and the object and image distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses and the object and image distance
+constant with minimum changes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with minimum changes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with minimum changes to the
+curvatures after optimization in zMAX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvatures after optimization in zMAX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvatures after optimization in zMAX
+the glasses change such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glasses change such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glasses change such that the
+negative element has the same refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative element has the same refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative element has the same refractive
+index and higher dispersion while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and higher dispersion while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and higher dispersion while the
+positive element has a higher refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive element has a higher refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive element has a higher refractive
+index and higher dispersion compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and higher dispersion compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and higher dispersion compared to
+the original glasses we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original glasses we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original glasses we can see that
+there's a significant increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant increase in the
+reflective index um difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective index um difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective index um difference between
+the crown and the Flint in the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crown and the Flint in the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crown and the Flint in the optimal
+in the optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the optimized
+design so here the um the outputs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so here the um the outputs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so here the um the outputs for
+comparing the pattern and the optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the pattern and the optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the pattern and the optimized
+design you can see that the optimized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design you can see that the optimized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design you can see that the optimized
+designs give um a uh gives um better um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs give um a uh gives um better um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs give um a uh gives um better um
+im images and from the field curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+im images and from the field curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+im images and from the field curvature
+and the dis Distortion plots we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dis Distortion plots we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dis Distortion plots we can see
+there's reduction in field curvature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's reduction in field curvature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's reduction in field curvature and
+tortion from the sorry from the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tortion from the sorry from the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tortion from the sorry from the spot
+diagram you can see that um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you can see that um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram you can see that um there's
+reduction in aism and chroma and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in aism and chroma and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in aism and chroma and then
+from um the plot below we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um the plot below we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um the plot below we can see that
+um the optimized design gives a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the optimized design gives a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the optimized design gives a shorter
+range of focal shift which uh imply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of focal shift which uh imply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of focal shift which uh imply a
+reduction in chromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aberation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberation
+try that um so when you have once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that um so when you have once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try that um so when you have once you
+have your um your optimal design it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your um your optimal design it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your um your optimal design it's
+important to understand like how kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand like how kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand like how kind of
+what the previous group did understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the previous group did understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the previous group did understand
+how much you can vary your alignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can vary your alignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can vary your alignments
+and your thicknesses uh from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your thicknesses uh from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your thicknesses uh from a
+manufacturing sense um and see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sense um and see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing sense um and see how that
+influences where you are in the optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences where you are in the optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influences where you are in the optimum
+so what we did here was took the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did here was took the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we did here was took the the
+first plot that Ryan showed the um full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plot that Ryan showed the um full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first plot that Ryan showed the um full
+optimization we had 14 design variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we had 14 design variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we had 14 design variables
+and what we did is went through and CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did is went through and CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did is went through and CH
+and changed perturbed each surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changed perturbed each surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changed perturbed each surface
+slightly so it went uh perturbed each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so it went uh perturbed each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so it went uh perturbed each
+surface between plusus 1 mm so on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface between plusus 1 mm so on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface between plusus 1 mm so on these
+plots this plot is for the first surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots this plot is for the first surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots this plot is for the first surface
+here this plot is for the the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this plot is for the the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this plot is for the the six
+surface here and the um horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here and the um horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface here and the um horizontal axis
+is the change from the optimal um design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change from the optimal um design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the change from the optimal um design
+point so zero means you're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so zero means you're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so zero means you're at the
+optimal Rus of curvature for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Rus of curvature for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal Rus of curvature for that
+surface and then as as you subtract off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then as as you subtract off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and then as as you subtract off
+millimeters you add millimeters that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters you add millimeters that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters you add millimeters that's
+perturbing around that optimal point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing around that optimal point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbing around that optimal point the
+vertical axis is the side Del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is the side Del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis is the side Del
+coefficient for a given cidal aberration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for a given cidal aberration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for a given cidal aberration
+and the cidal coefficient is measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cidal coefficient is measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cidal coefficient is measured in
+waves and it's um an indication of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and it's um an indication of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and it's um an indication of how
+much um aberration how how much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um aberration how how much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um aberration how how much of a
+particular aberration you have present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aberration you have present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aberration you have present
+um yeah in in your wfront and one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in in your wfront and one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah in in your wfront and one thing
+to notice comparing the first um surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice comparing the first um surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice comparing the first um surface
+and the last surface is that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last surface is that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the last surface is that the first
+lens is is highly curved compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is is highly curved compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens is is highly curved compared to the
+last surface so the um optimal value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last surface so the um optimal value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last surface so the um optimal value for
+the first surface is about 26 mm for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface is about 26 mm for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first surface is about 26 mm for the
+last surface it's um -43 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last surface it's um -43 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last surface it's um -43 uh
+millimeters so the first lens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so the first lens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters so the first lens is
+relatively highly curved which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively highly curved which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively highly curved which means
+that its contribution to Distortion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its contribution to Distortion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its contribution to Distortion is
+much more pronounced so this uh Pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more pronounced so this uh Pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more pronounced so this uh Pink
+line is Distortion and you can see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is Distortion and you can see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is Distortion and you can see it's
+um the slope is much greater here uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the slope is much greater here uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the slope is much greater here uh as
+compared to the last surface so and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the last surface so and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the last surface so and that
+actually applies to the other aberration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applies to the other aberration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applies to the other aberration
+too that changing the curvature in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that changing the curvature in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too that changing the curvature in the
+first surface uh their first surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surface uh their first surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first surface uh their first surface is
+like really sensitive uh to changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really sensitive uh to changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really sensitive uh to changes in
+curvature um so what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature um so what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature um so what's happening
+basically is the first surface is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the first surface is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is the first surface is doing
+most of the work bending light and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the work bending light and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the work bending light and doing
+the Imaging so the downstream lenses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imaging so the downstream lenses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Imaging so the downstream lenses are
+essentially correcting for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially correcting for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially correcting for the
+aberration introduced by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration introduced by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration introduced by the first
+Imaging lens if you look at the the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging lens if you look at the the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging lens if you look at the the root
+mean square of these aberration which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square of these aberration which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean square of these aberration which is
+what zMAX is trying to minimize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what zMAX is trying to minimize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what zMAX is trying to minimize you
+notice that for the first surface there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for the first surface there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that for the first surface there
+is kind of a little local minimum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a little local minimum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of a little local minimum here
+whereas for the last surface there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the last surface there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas for the last surface there
+actually is no local minimum on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is no local minimum on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is no local minimum on this
+plot and that's actually true for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and that's actually true for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and that's actually true for all
+the surfaces besides the first and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfaces besides the first and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surfaces besides the first and the
+reason for that is because the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is because the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is because the first
+surface uh is most sensitive to changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh is most sensitive to changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh is most sensitive to changes
+and it bends light the most so zMAX is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bends light the most so zMAX is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bends light the most so zMAX is
+going to try to get that first surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get that first surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to get that first surface
+to a minimum if if that first surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a minimum if if that first surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a minimum if if that first surface
+wasn't at a minimum then it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at a minimum then it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at a minimum then it wouldn't
+matter what you did Downstream from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you did Downstream from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you did Downstream from
+there um because this dominates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um because this dominates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um because this dominates the
+aberration that you're introducing um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration that you're introducing um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration that you're introducing um we
+did the same thing tolerancing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same thing tolerancing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the same thing tolerancing the
+spaces between the lenses so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces between the lenses so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces between the lenses so what you
+see is that the second space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that the second space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that the second space the
+distance between the second lens and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the second lens and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the second lens and the
+third lens is much more sensitive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lens is much more sensitive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lens is much more sensitive uh
+than than the first space particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the first space particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than than the first space particularly
+when it comes to um Distortion also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to um Distortion also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes to um Distortion also
+notice that field curvature is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that field curvature is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that field curvature is constant
+um for the spaces for tolerancing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the spaces for tolerancing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the spaces for tolerancing the
+spaces and that's because field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and that's because field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and that's because field
+curvature isn't dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature isn't dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature isn't dependent on the
+position of the lens only on the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the lens only on the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the lens only on the power
+of the lens because that's what um field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens because that's what um field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens because that's what um field
+curvature is a change in the uh Focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is a change in the uh Focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature is a change in the uh Focus
+focusing Point as you go off axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing Point as you go off axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing Point as you go off axis and
+that's not going to be uh Changed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be uh Changed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be uh Changed by the
+space the relative spacing of the lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the relative spacing of the lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space the relative spacing of the lenses
+um so just a few conclusions here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just a few conclusions here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so just a few conclusions here uh
+basically what I said before is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I said before is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I said before is that the
+first lens of the triplet is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lens of the triplet is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lens of the triplet is what
+dominates the aberration because it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates the aberration because it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates the aberration because it does
+MO most of the work for Imaging um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MO most of the work for Imaging um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MO most of the work for Imaging um so if
+you were to make the first lens some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to make the first lens some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to make the first lens some
+sort of more complicated aspheric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more complicated aspheric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more complicated aspheric
+element uh that had um fewer sidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh that had um fewer sidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh that had um fewer sidel
+operations to begin with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to begin with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations to begin with your
+performance would greatly increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance would greatly increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance would greatly increase
+because the downstream lenses wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the downstream lenses wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the downstream lenses wouldn't
+have to correct As Much from the get-go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to correct As Much from the get-go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to correct As Much from the get-go
+um all these all the design variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all these all the design variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all these all the design variables
+those 14 design variables are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 14 design variables are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 14 design variables are highly
+interdependent so it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependent so it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interdependent so it makes the
+optimization a CH a challenge so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization a CH a challenge so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization a CH a challenge so when
+you when you change one if you change um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you change one if you change um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you change one if you change um
+one radius of curvature you don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one radius of curvature you don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one radius of curvature you don't just
+get one sidal operation Chang changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one sidal operation Chang changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one sidal operation Chang changing
+you get all of them changing in kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all of them changing in kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get all of them changing in kind of
+coupled ways so it's a highly coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled ways so it's a highly coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled ways so it's a highly coupled
+problem and we had to run on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we had to run on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we had to run on the order
+of a billion um iterations for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a billion um iterations for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a billion um iterations for sort of
+our our big optimization in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our big optimization in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our big optimization in order to
+converge on a solution um but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on a solution um but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge on a solution um but in general
+the cook triplet does do a good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cook triplet does do a good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cook triplet does do a good job of
+uh reducing the Cal aberration uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reducing the Cal aberration uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reducing the Cal aberration uh for
+maintaining a relatively uh large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a relatively uh large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining a relatively uh large
+aperture relative to its focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture relative to its focal length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture relative to its focal length
+and I guess for its time it was um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess for its time it was um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess for its time it was um I
+guess the fastest lens um that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the fastest lens um that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the fastest lens um that was that
+was available and so even though it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was available and so even though it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was available and so even though it was
+designed over 100 years ago Still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed over 100 years ago Still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed over 100 years ago Still
+Remains a relatively um optimal design I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains a relatively um optimal design I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remains a relatively um optimal design I
+guess so um here are references and we'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so um here are references and we'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess so um here are references and we'
+be happy to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions maybe I'll start yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions maybe I'll start yeah go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions maybe I'll start yeah go ahead
+um what what optimization algorithm did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what optimization algorithm did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what optimization algorithm did
+you use that so two questions what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that so two questions what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that so two questions what what
+optimization did you use and uh how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization did you use and uh how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization did you use and uh how did
+you decide to uh to Define your Merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to uh to Define your Merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to uh to Define your Merit
+function um for the optimization we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um for the optimization we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function um for the optimization we
+essentially asked it to um it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially asked it to um it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially asked it to um it was
+primarily minimizing the sidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily minimizing the sidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily minimizing the sidel
+operations on the image plane and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the image plane and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations on the image plane and then
+we also said it to get set basically set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also said it to get set basically set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also said it to get set basically set
+reasonable constraints on the um lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable constraints on the um lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable constraints on the um lens
+lens parameters to make sure like keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens parameters to make sure like keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens parameters to make sure like keep
+the thickness below 20 mm um what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness below 20 mm um what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness below 20 mm um what is it
+set set a range on the acceptable radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set set a range on the acceptable radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set set a range on the acceptable radius
+and so on that Bas um which B and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that Bas um which B and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on that Bas um which B and then
+uh what is it and then essentially we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it and then essentially we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what is it and then essentially we uh
+the rest of the things we made variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the things we made variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the things we made variables
+uh this image shows basically the zMAX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this image shows basically the zMAX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this image shows basically the zMAX
+user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user
+interface and um so here's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and um so here's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and um so here's where we
+Define the Merit function which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the Merit function which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the Merit function which uh
+solves for the coma uh the um what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves for the coma uh the um what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves for the coma uh the um what is it
+primary aberration and sets constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary aberration and sets constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary aberration and sets constraints
+in the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lens
+parameters and um here's where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and um here's where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and um here's where we
+defined the initial values and also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the initial values and also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the initial values and also what
+we wanted to use for as a variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to use for as a variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to use for as a variable in
+each simulation so this one set to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each simulation so this one set to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each simulation so this one set to vary
+all the curvatures all the distances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the curvatures all the distances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the curvatures all the distances and
+the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass
+types um which results in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types um which results in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types um which results in like
+theoretically if you want to test 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically if you want to test 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically if you want to test 10
+things for each one that's 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for each one that's 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for each one that's 10 to the
+14th variables but zMAX is good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th variables but zMAX is good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th variables but zMAX is good at
+sifting through that to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sifting through that to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sifting through that to reduce the
+number of tests you have to do to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tests you have to do to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tests you have to do to find
+the optimum in this case it ran about 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum in this case it ran about 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimum in this case it ran about 10
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 um any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 um any other
+questions um you mentioned that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um you mentioned that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um you mentioned that the the
+higher the Flint the better the uh chrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the Flint the better the uh chrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the Flint the better the uh chrom
+IC aberation capability is it the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC aberation capability is it the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC aberation capability is it the same
+inition for example you mentioned I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inition for example you mentioned I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inition for example you mentioned I
+think you explained very well why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you explained very well why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you explained very well why the
+curvature of the first lens is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the first lens is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature of the first lens is very
+important for the correction right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the correction right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for the correction right is
+there a similar explanation for why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a similar explanation for why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a similar explanation for why the
+Flint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flint is
+important um we're not uh the essential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um we're not uh the essential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important um we're not uh the essential
+idea is that since the two positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that since the two positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that since the two positive
+lenses are doing most the primary amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses are doing most the primary amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses are doing most the primary amount
+of the um Imaging we wanted to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um Imaging we wanted to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the um Imaging we wanted to keep the
+dispersion low there and then the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion low there and then the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion low there and then the third
+um what is it the negative lens was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it the negative lens was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what is it the negative lens was um
+like less critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like less critical
+um I don't know CH did you find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason um I only vary the reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um I only vary the reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason um I only vary the reflective
+index and the dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and the dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and the dispersion
+so referring to the height of the Flint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so referring to the height of the Flint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so referring to the height of the Flint
+yeah oh we can actually kept the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh we can actually kept the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh we can actually kept the sort of
+like the shape basically the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shape basically the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the shape basically the same it's
+only the um reflective index and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the um reflective index and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the um reflective index and the
+dispersion that changes so um I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion that changes so um I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion that changes so um I'm not
+sure about how um the height of the FL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about how um the height of the FL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about how um the height of the FL
+actually affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually affect the
+design well in this case the um what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design well in this case the um what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design well in this case the um what is
+it size of the negative lens actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it size of the negative lens actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it size of the negative lens actually
+sets the aperture for the system instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the aperture for the system instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the aperture for the system instead
+of actually using diaphragm stops which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually using diaphragm stops which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually using diaphragm stops which
+is what C cameras at the time had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what C cameras at the time had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what C cameras at the time had to
+rely on to minimize aberration which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on to minimize aberration which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on to minimize aberration which
+sely limited the amount of light they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sely limited the amount of light they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sely limited the amount of light they
+could collect so in this case um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could collect so in this case um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could collect so in this case um the uh
+what is it the size of the uh the Flint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it the size of the uh the Flint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it the size of the uh the Flint
+negative Flint element essentially sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Flint element essentially sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Flint element essentially sets
+how much light the rest of system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much light the rest of system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much light the rest of system can
+collect and the other two lens the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and the other two lens the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect and the other two lens the two
+positive lenses were scaled relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive lenses were scaled relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive lenses were scaled relative to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it any questions from Singapore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any questions from Singapore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any questions from Singapore
+Singapore is very quiet is because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore is very quiet is because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore is very quiet is because you
+guys had to be temperature tested before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys had to be temperature tested before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys had to be temperature tested before
+you came to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you guys here don't know but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you guys here don't know but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you guys here don't know but in
+Singapore they're very worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore they're very worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singapore they're very worried about
+swine flu so there is a military guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swine flu so there is a military guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swine flu so there is a military guard
+in front of each building and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of each building and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of each building and they
+actually take the temperature with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the temperature with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the temperature with you
+guys have IR viewers thing or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have IR viewers thing or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have IR viewers thing or something
+right yeah he has he has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah he has he has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah he has he has a
+thermometer yeah he has a thermometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer yeah he has a thermometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermometer yeah he has a thermometer
+here and every day they have to Ema at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and every day they have to Ema at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and every day they have to Ema at
+least the staff in the research center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the staff in the research center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the staff in the research center
+where I work we have to email our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I work we have to email our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I work we have to email our
+temperature every day to and fill out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature every day to and fill out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature every day to and fill out a
+form yeah it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form yeah it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form yeah it's very
+interesting yeah I I had a question uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yeah I I had a question uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting yeah I I had a question uh
+you mentioned that the the S liberations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned that the the S liberations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned that the the S liberations
+are uh coupled so if you defined a pupil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh coupled so if you defined a pupil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh coupled so if you defined a pupil
+for your system and use Z pols would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your system and use Z pols would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your system and use Z pols would you
+be able to uncouple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to uncouple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to uncouple
+uh the aberations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the aberations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the aberations
+and uh I mean the zerica polinomial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I mean the zerica polinomial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I mean the zerica polinomial uh
+are orthogonal basis for uh uh wavefront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal basis for uh uh wavefront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are orthogonal basis for uh uh wavefront
+in the pupil plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pupil plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pupil plane
+so so does zMAX do that yeah so zMAX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so does zMAX do that yeah so zMAX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so does zMAX do that yeah so zMAX
+does tell you what um the xer polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does tell you what um the xer polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does tell you what um the xer polinomial
+are um it'll decompose your uh wfront
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um it'll decompose your uh wfront
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um it'll decompose your uh wfront
+into zeri polinomial for you what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zeri polinomial for you what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into zeri polinomial for you what I was
+referring to was the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to was the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to was the fact that
+um the sidel coefficients are coupled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sidel coefficients are coupled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the sidel coefficients are coupled in
+in the sense that if you change one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that if you change one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that if you change one
+variable um more than one sidel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um more than one sidel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um more than one sidel
+aberration is affected and because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration is affected and because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aberration is affected and because the
+cal um aberration can be mapped on zerys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cal um aberration can be mapped on zerys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cal um aberration can be mapped on zerys
+the same thing would apply so changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing would apply so changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing would apply so changing
+one variable would also change some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable would also change some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one variable would also change some
+linear combination of xer keys rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of xer keys rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of xer keys rather
+than just one one xer key so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one one xer key so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just one one xer key so it would
+still be coupled even though you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be coupled even though you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be coupled even though you're
+representing vibrations in an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wOR8XgKnWZA.txt b/wOR8XgKnWZA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a95ea7c8b6cc3e9cbfc8ec868426327a0175410d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wOR8XgKnWZA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11976 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We focus on the third and fourth case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We focus on the third and fourth case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We focus on the third and fourth case
+study.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study.
+These case studies which will conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These case studies which will conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These case studies which will conclude
+on Thursday with Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday with Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Thursday with Chicago
+are all examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all examples of what
+19th century urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century urbanism
+or preodern urbanism contended with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or preodern urbanism contended with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or preodern urbanism contended with.
+They all contended more or less with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They all contended more or less with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They all contended more or less with
+similar circumstances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar circumstances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar circumstances.
+The rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The rise of
+industrial poverty,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the weakening of the aristocracy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakening of the aristocracy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weakening of the aristocracy and the
+royal presence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal presence.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royal presence.
+In some cases the existence of walls for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In some cases the existence of walls for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In some cases the existence of walls for
+fortification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortification
+which had been redundant became becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been redundant became becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had been redundant became becoming
+redundant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant.
+Chicago is very different. Chicago has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago is very different. Chicago has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chicago is very different. Chicago has
+no royalty, no aristocracy, no walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So Thursday we will look at Chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Thursday we will look at Chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So Thursday we will look at Chicago
+comparatively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparatively.
+Today I want to look at two case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today I want to look at two case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today I want to look at two case
+studies. one of Vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. one of Vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies. one of Vienna
+which has a great deal to do with walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a great deal to do with walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a great deal to do with walls
+and the second is Barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is Barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second is Barcelona
+which we're going to focus on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to focus on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to focus on the the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+emancipation in the 19th century from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emancipation in the 19th century from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emancipation in the 19th century from
+some of these problems that is to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these problems that is to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these problems that is to leave
+the central city alone and build on new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central city alone and build on new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central city alone and build on new
+land outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land outside
+Sarta's plan for Barcelona A is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarta's plan for Barcelona A is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarta's plan for Barcelona A is the
+largest housing project planned housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest housing project planned housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest housing project planned housing
+project in the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in the world.
+Certainly the largest housing project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly the largest housing project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly the largest housing project in
+Europe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's start with Vienna.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vienna was the major bastion. Well, let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna was the major bastion. Well, let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna was the major bastion. Well, let
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+try to explain what I gave you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The first diagram is the replacement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first diagram is the replacement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first diagram is the replacement of
+the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls
+and the various sectors of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the various sectors of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the various sectors of the
+continuous road 2 and a half mile road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous road 2 and a half mile road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous road 2 and a half mile road
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+became the urban symbol of the post rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the urban symbol of the post rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became the urban symbol of the post rel
+post feudal city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The second is a elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second is a elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second is a elevation
+of K Marshoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Marshoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K Marshoff
+which is this an element in the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this an element in the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this an element in the third
+stage of the city from the feudal city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the city from the feudal city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage of the city from the feudal city
+to the liberal city to the socialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the liberal city to the socialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the liberal city to the socialist
+city for relatively short time from 1919
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city for relatively short time from 1919
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city for relatively short time from 1919
+onwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The next page is the answ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next page is the answ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The next page is the answ of
+that part of Barcelona which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of Barcelona which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part of Barcelona which is
+is based on the 1859 plan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on the 1859 plan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on the 1859 plan of
+defa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defa
+is called the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the an
+you can see the extend extended pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the extend extended pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the extend extended pattern
+of the similar block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next page of the two competi winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next page of the two competi winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next page of the two competi winning
+two finalists in the competition. SA's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two finalists in the competition. SA's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two finalists in the competition. SA's
+plan on the north the print is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on the north the print is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan on the north the print is a little
+obscured and the the alternative plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscured and the the alternative plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscured and the the alternative plan
+Antonio rea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the same square block 113 m by 113 13 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same square block 113 m by 113 13 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same square block 113 m by 113 13 m
+with options for development to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with options for development to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with options for development to create a
+flexible environment in which only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible environment in which only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible environment in which only a
+portion of the block is built.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And lastly is a town in Pulya in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And lastly is a town in Pulya in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And lastly is a town in Pulya in
+southern Italy, southern Italy showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern Italy, southern Italy showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southern Italy, southern Italy showing
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+the conventional plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conventional plan
+which exists in smaller towns,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exists in smaller towns,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which exists in smaller towns,
+maintaining the central area,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the central area,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining the central area,
+developing a grid system outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a grid system outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a grid system outside the
+central area connected to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central area connected to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central area connected to the central
+area by the gates of the walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vienna.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Who threatened Vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who threatened Vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who threatened Vienna
+from the 16th century to the 18th to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 16th century to the 18th to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the 16th century to the 18th to the
+17th century?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Islam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam
+focused its threat on the west.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused its threat on the west.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused its threat on the west.
+I'm forgetting about Islam in North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm forgetting about Islam in North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm forgetting about Islam in North
+Africa and Spain. But in central Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and Spain. But in central Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa and Spain. But in central Europe
+from Islam made two major attacks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Islam made two major attacks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Islam made two major attacks on
+Vienna. 1529
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna. 1529
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna. 1529
+they were repelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were repelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were repelled
+causing the building of walls, enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the building of walls, enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing the building of walls, enormous
+wall system 20 years later in Vienna. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall system 20 years later in Vienna. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall system 20 years later in Vienna. A
+wall system which had 11 bastions, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall system which had 11 bastions, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall system which had 11 bastions, a
+moat and an area called the glassy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moat and an area called the glassy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moat and an area called the glassy
+glacis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glacis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glacis.
+It refers to the open space around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It refers to the open space around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It refers to the open space around the
+walls for to create an an arena for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls for to create an an arena for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls for to create an an arena for
+military firepower, gun firepower.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Do you understand the concept? So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you understand the concept? So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you understand the concept? So you
+have not only the walls, but you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not only the walls, but you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not only the walls, but you have a
+span of free space like a green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of free space like a green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of free space like a green belt
+around the walls, which enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the walls, which enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the walls, which enables
+improved fortification.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These walls was subjected to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These walls was subjected to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These walls was subjected to another
+major larger attack by Islam in 1683
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major larger attack by Islam in 1683
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major larger attack by Islam in 1683
+in which case for two months Vienna was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case for two months Vienna was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case for two months Vienna was
+on its last legs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its last legs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on its last legs.
+They managed to subvert the by tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They managed to subvert the by tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They managed to subvert the by tunneling
+under the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the walls
+uh breaking through from the south.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh breaking through from the south.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh breaking through from the south.
+Um and uh Vienna was within a morning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and uh Vienna was within a morning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and uh Vienna was within a morning of
+collapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing
+when all of the forces galvanized by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the forces galvanized by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the forces galvanized by the
+pope in Rome to the to the extent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pope in Rome to the to the extent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pope in Rome to the to the extent that
+he still had support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he still had support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he still had support
+uh couldn't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couldn't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh couldn't uh
+deflect the energy of the Islam attack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+An extraordinary event in history. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An extraordinary event in history. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+An extraordinary event in history. The
+king of the Polish Catholic king of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king of the Polish Catholic king of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king of the Polish Catholic king of
+Poland,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland,
+John Silvies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Silvies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Silvies,
+had refused to take part in the defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had refused to take part in the defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had refused to take part in the defense
+of Vienna for reasons I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Vienna for reasons I don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Vienna for reasons I don't know.
+The last morning, Vienna had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last morning, Vienna had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The last morning, Vienna had already
+been penetrated. The old city had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been penetrated. The old city had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been penetrated. The old city had been
+virtually either people all the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually either people all the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually either people all the people
+had been killed or left. Soi decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been killed or left. Soi decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been killed or left. Soi decided to
+send his cavalry south to Vienna. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send his cavalry south to Vienna. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send his cavalry south to Vienna. They
+arrived on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived on the
+Islam had concentrated his attack on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam had concentrated his attack on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islam had concentrated his attack on the
+south of the city. He didn't expect any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of the city. He didn't expect any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+south of the city. He didn't expect any
+attack from the north. So it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from the north. So it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from the north. So it was
+completely vulnerable in the north. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely vulnerable in the north. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely vulnerable in the north. So
+Vieties saved Vienna in one morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's a wonderful book on the story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a wonderful book on the story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a wonderful book on the story of
+this whole EP episode. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole EP episode. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole EP episode. If you're
+interested in the book,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the book,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the book,
+tell me and I'll give you the title.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me and I'll give you the title.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me and I'll give you the title.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+it's an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea of the scale of an Islamic attack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the scale of an Islamic attack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the scale of an Islamic attack.
+the organization in Istanbul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization in Istanbul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization in Istanbul
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+army and all the food and all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army and all the food and all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army and all the food and all of the
+prostitutes that accompanied the army as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitutes that accompanied the army as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prostitutes that accompanied the army as
+they moved through Hungary to Vienna.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That is one of the signal events in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is one of the signal events in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That is one of the signal events in the
+history urban history of Europe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history urban history of Europe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history urban history of Europe.
+Had Islam succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Had Islam succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Had Islam succeeded
+there there might have be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know certainly probably no Freud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know certainly probably no Freud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know certainly probably no Freud
+there perhaps no Beethoven and Mozart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there perhaps no Beethoven and Mozart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there perhaps no Beethoven and Mozart
+and Hayen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hayen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hayen
+um etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um etc etc
+I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know how to
+claim Islam's contribution had it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim Islam's contribution had it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim Islam's contribution had it
+captured Vienna. I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured Vienna. I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured Vienna. I don't know what the
+what would have happened to Europe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened to Europe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would have happened to Europe.
+But Vienna was the fourth largest city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But Vienna was the fourth largest city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But Vienna was the fourth largest city
+in Europe behind London, Paris, Berlin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe behind London, Paris, Berlin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe behind London, Paris, Berlin.
+uh and uh in many respects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh in many respects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh in many respects
+certainly in its last the last years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in its last the last years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in its last the last years of
+the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+one of the major artistic centers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major artistic centers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the major artistic centers of
+European culture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What year do you think Brahms died?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What year do you think Brahms died?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What year do you think Brahms died?
+Take a guess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Brahms was born in about 1830.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He died in 1897.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He died in 1897.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He died in 1897.
+As late as that he was the tutor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As late as that he was the tutor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As late as that he was the tutor of the
+philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher
+Vitkinstein's sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitkinstein's sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitkinstein's sister
+taught him the piano. Gustaf Marlor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught him the piano. Gustaf Marlor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught him the piano. Gustaf Marlor
+played music in the Vkinstein's houses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played music in the Vkinstein's houses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played music in the Vkinstein's houses.
+The Vitkinstein family owned 12 houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vitkinstein family owned 12 houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vitkinstein family owned 12 houses
+in Vienna itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vienna itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Vienna itself.
+Vitkinstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitkinstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitkinstein
+do you know anything about the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know anything about the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know anything about the history
+of modern philosophy?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern philosophy?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern philosophy?
+Vitkinstein is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitkinstein is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vitkinstein is one of the
+vet Russell the British philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vet Russell the British philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vet Russell the British philosopher
+called him the greatest philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called him the greatest philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called him the greatest philosophical
+genius who ever lived.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius who ever lived.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius who ever lived.
+He's part of he was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's part of he was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's part of he was interested in
+architecture and he had his uh forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and he had his uh forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture and he had his uh forget
+about that. It's often a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. It's often a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that. It's often a tangent
+but vinstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vinstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but vinstein
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+an arch product of the culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arch product of the culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arch product of the culture of
+Vienna.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we have a setting in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a setting in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a setting in which
+Vienna survives in 1683.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The royal
+presence maintains itself until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence maintains itself until about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence maintains itself until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the liberals win in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the liberals win in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the liberals win in the
+government, take over the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government, take over the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government, take over the government
+and start a process of modernizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start a process of modernizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start a process of modernizing the
+city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I didn't mention in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I didn't mention in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I didn't mention in the case of
+Houseman and Paris was the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houseman and Paris was the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houseman and Paris was the number of
+things that Houseman did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Houseman did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that Houseman did in the
+provision of parks, open space, unifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision of parks, open space, unifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision of parks, open space, unifying
+the bus system,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus system,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus system,
+improving the infrastructure of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the infrastructure of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the infrastructure of the city
+as a whole. Other than the building of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole. Other than the building of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole. Other than the building of
+these roads, he's known only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these roads, he's known only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these roads, he's known only for the
+avenues that he built and the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenues that he built and the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenues that he built and the housing
+that he built on either side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he built on either side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he built on either side of the
+avenues and for the major monuments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenues and for the major monuments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenues and for the major monuments.
+U but at the same time he built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but at the same time he built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but at the same time he built a
+repertoire of in infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of in infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repertoire of in infrastructure
+improvements. The same year the Danube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements. The same year the Danube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements. The same year the Danube
+constantly flooded the city. The city's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly flooded the city. The city's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly flooded the city. The city's
+always been on the southern part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been on the southern part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been on the southern part of the
+Danube. The walls were on the as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danube. The walls were on the as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danube. The walls were on the as you can
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today. The Danube is fringes the nor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. The Danube is fringes the nor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. The Danube is fringes the nor the
+northern boundary of of the southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern boundary of of the southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern boundary of of the southern
+city by a canal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city by a canal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city by a canal.
+the water flooding problem was bypassed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water flooding problem was bypassed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water flooding problem was bypassed.
+And uh in the same sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh in the same sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh in the same sense
+at the same time there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there were improvements in the health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were improvements in the health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were improvements in the health
+system. in the first house public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. in the first house public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. in the first house public
+hospitals. An old set of improvements,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals. An old set of improvements,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals. An old set of improvements,
+but nothing as major as the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing as major as the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nothing as major as the decision
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+isolate the center of the city and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the center of the city and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolate the center of the city and to
+build a new environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new environment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new environment.
+Instead of the new environment being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of the new environment being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of the new environment being
+similar to the plan of Sardas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the plan of Sardas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the plan of Sardas for
+Barcelona,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona,
+he took the extraordinary s opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took the extraordinary s opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took the extraordinary s opportunity
+for using the glass and the walls, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using the glass and the walls, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using the glass and the walls, the
+remnants of the walls to build a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of the walls to build a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remnants of the walls to build a single
+con container around the outskirts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con container around the outskirts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con container around the outskirts of
+the old city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city.
+This was a container which in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was a container which in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was a container which in which
+almost all the sectors of a new middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the sectors of a new middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all the sectors of a new middle
+class economy could be satisfied. Number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class economy could be satisfied. Number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class economy could be satisfied. Number
+one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one,
+on your diagram,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your diagram,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your diagram,
+textile warehouses and offices on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile warehouses and offices on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textile warehouses and offices on the
+Danube Canal. Number two, financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danube Canal. Number two, financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Danube Canal. Number two, financial
+center around the stock exchange. Number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center around the stock exchange. Number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center around the stock exchange. Number
+three, university. Number four, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, university. Number four, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three, university. Number four, the
+famous connection of the parliament, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous connection of the parliament, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous connection of the parliament, the
+town hall or the president's palace.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town hall or the president's palace.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town hall or the president's palace.
+Number five, museums. Number six, music.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number five, museums. Number six, music.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number five, museums. Number six, music.
+Number seven, private apartments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Nowhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected structure of urbanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected structure of urbanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected structure of urbanism
+has there ever been an attempt to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there ever been an attempt to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has there ever been an attempt to build
+one continuous movement system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one continuous movement system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one continuous movement system
+accompanied by surroundings as diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by surroundings as diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by surroundings as diverse
+as making up virtually the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as making up virtually the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as making up virtually the components of
+a whole city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole city.
+It's a dramatic idea, an incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a dramatic idea, an incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a dramatic idea, an incredible
+idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea.
+It had many of its manifestations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It had many of its manifestations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It had many of its manifestations.
+First of all, the buildings are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, the buildings are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, the buildings are not
+oriented to each other,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented to each other,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented to each other,
+but oriented to the street. The street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oriented to the street. The street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but oriented to the street. The street
+is everything that animates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything that animates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everything that animates the
+performance of the buildings on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the buildings on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of the buildings on its
+side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Secondly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of as in England.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+every effort was made to connect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every effort was made to connect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every effort was made to connect the
+space beyond the old city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space beyond the old city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space beyond the old city
+with this center city. In this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the old city was where workers lived.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city was where workers lived.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city was where workers lived.
+It's sorry, not the old city. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's sorry, not the old city. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's sorry, not the old city. This is a
+old city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old city
+where people were poor, where there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were poor, where there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were poor, where there were
+factories, where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories, where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories, where
+hygiene was unclean and untaken care of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hygiene was unclean and untaken care of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hygiene was unclean and untaken care of.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is zone from year to year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zone from year to year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is zone from year to year is
+equivalent in size to the whole city. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in size to the whole city. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in size to the whole city. To
+the old city. Sorry, I'm talking badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city. Sorry, I'm talking badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city. Sorry, I'm talking badly
+this morning. To the old city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning. To the old city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning. To the old city.
+So you've constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you've constructed
+a new city along one line 2 and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new city along one line 2 and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new city along one line 2 and a half
+miles long.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It should come therefore as no surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should come therefore as no surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It should come therefore as no surprise
+that in 1919 when socialists one took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 1919 when socialists one took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in 1919 when socialists one took
+over the city that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the city that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the city that they would
+concentrate their efforts in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate their efforts in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate their efforts in the area
+beyond the ring stress. Carl Marshoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the ring stress. Carl Marshoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the ring stress. Carl Marshoff
+which we will look at in little detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will look at in little detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will look at in little detail
+exists outside of the ring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists outside of the ring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists outside of the ring.
+The ring didn't contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ring didn't contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ring didn't contain
+the elements of the feudal city since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the feudal city since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elements of the feudal city since
+Steven's church was not replaced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven's church was not replaced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven's church was not replaced in the
+ring. The vote of church in the ring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring. The vote of church in the ring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring. The vote of church in the ring is
+simply a thanksgiving for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a thanksgiving for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a thanksgiving for
+Vienna's victories.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The royal palace ensemble which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The royal palace ensemble which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The royal palace ensemble which is a
+large part of the old city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part of the old city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part of the old city
+attempted to penetrate onto the ring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to penetrate onto the ring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempted to penetrate onto the ring.
+Godfried simple did a plan for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfried simple did a plan for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Godfried simple did a plan for the
+extension of the royal palace pro site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the royal palace pro site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension of the royal palace pro site
+to the ring which has sort of softly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ring which has sort of softly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ring which has sort of softly
+connected but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected but not
+the presence on the ring is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence on the ring is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence on the ring is everything
+to do with the middle class economy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's the classic example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the classic example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the classic example of a
+road space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road space
+dominating everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating everything that
+surrounds it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You know in a few minutes time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know in a few minutes time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know in a few minutes time when
+towards the end of our story V and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of our story V and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of our story V and I
+will concentrate on the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will concentrate on the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will concentrate on the difference
+between proponents of archaism like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between proponents of archaism like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between proponents of archaism like
+Camila Camila site and Ottovagna the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camila Camila site and Ottovagna the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camila Camila site and Ottovagna the
+great modernist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great modernist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great modernist.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+it's interesting though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vagnner the modernist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagnner the modernist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagnner the modernist
+believe was fascinated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was fascinated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was fascinated by the
+possibility that one could move along a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that one could move along a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that one could move along a
+street and a street could be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and a street could be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street and a street could be there
+primarily because it supports the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because it supports the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because it supports the
+significant phenomenon of movement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant phenomenon of movement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant phenomenon of movement.
+The buildings on the side of the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The buildings on the side of the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The buildings on the side of the street
+had no unifying architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no unifying architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had no unifying architecture
+in the complex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll quote you from somebody who liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll quote you from somebody who liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll quote you from somebody who liked
+the complex which is the city hall, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex which is the city hall, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex which is the city hall, the
+theater, the university and parliament.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater, the university and parliament.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater, the university and parliament.
+I quote, "I ran from one object of in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I quote, "I ran from one object of in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I quote, "I ran from one object of in of
+interest to another. For hours I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to another. For hours I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to another. For hours I would
+gaze at the parliament. The whole thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaze at the parliament. The whole thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaze at the parliament. The whole thing,
+the whole ring boulevard seemed to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole ring boulevard seemed to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole ring boulevard seemed to me
+like an enchantment from the thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an enchantment from the thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an enchantment from the thousand
+and one night. Who was this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He became a significant figure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He became a significant figure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He became a significant figure in
+history. Even you might know who he is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Adolf Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adolf Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adolf Hitler
+who wanted to study architecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to study architecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wanted to study architecture in
+Vienna and they wouldn't let him. pity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There was something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was something about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complex
+which exemplifies the interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not the interest in but the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the interest in but the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the interest in but the fact that
+there was no consuming architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no consuming architectural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no consuming architectural
+style which could unify a street. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style which could unify a street. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style which could unify a street. For
+instance, in this complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, in this complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance, in this complex
+expression is used. The town hall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is used. The town hall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is used. The town hall is
+compared to a free medieval com commune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a free medieval com commune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to a free medieval com commune
+and is built in Gothic style. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is built in Gothic style. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is built in Gothic style. The
+theater is exemplifies the aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater is exemplifies the aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater is exemplifies the aesthetic
+enthusiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm
+and is therefore given a barack style.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is therefore given a barack style.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is therefore given a barack style.
+The university is the symbol of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The university is the symbol of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The university is the symbol of
+enlightened culture is given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened culture is given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlightened culture is given the
+renaissance style. Parliament is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance style. Parliament is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renaissance style. Parliament is
+democracy is given a Greek style.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy is given a Greek style.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy is given a Greek style.
+We did a some work in Bratislava
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We did a some work in Bratislava
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We did a some work in Bratislava
+in Slovakia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Slovakia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Slovakia.
+Bratislava and Slo and Vienna are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bratislava and Slo and Vienna are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bratislava and Slo and Vienna are the
+two closest capitals in the world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two closest capitals in the world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two closest capitals in the world of
+neighboring countries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring countries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring countries.
+We tried to we had meetings with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We tried to we had meetings with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We tried to we had meetings with the
+deputy mayor of Vienna who was the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deputy mayor of Vienna who was the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deputy mayor of Vienna who was the chief
+of Vienna's planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Vienna's planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Vienna's planning
+who they to find his office in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they to find his office in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they to find his office in this
+Gothic construction this large Gothic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gothic construction this large Gothic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gothic construction this large Gothic
+construction takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction takes
+almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost a
+supporting dog.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting dog.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting dog.
+It is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is still
+u an amazing construction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u an amazing construction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u an amazing construction.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Camille
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camille
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camille
+arism was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arism was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arism was
+to counter the flow of continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counter the flow of continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counter the flow of continuous
+movement in cities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in cities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement in cities.
+for him. He would break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him. He would break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him. He would break up
+the continuity by creating plazas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuity by creating plazas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuity by creating plazas
+at significant intervals along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at significant intervals along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at significant intervals along the
+street. You will I'll show you a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. You will I'll show you a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street. You will I'll show you a slide
+his proposal for one of the plazas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There was no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was no such
+enthusiasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiasm
+for curtailing the emphasis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for curtailing the emphasis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for curtailing the emphasis of this
+middle class continuity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing
+to build buildings according to an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build buildings according to an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build buildings according to an image
+of the essential performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essential performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essential performance
+and therefore to choose a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to choose a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore to choose a historical
+style which uh supports that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style which uh supports that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style which uh supports that.
+I can't think of it being done anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't think of it being done anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't think of it being done anywhere
+else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+By concentrating on the power of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By concentrating on the power of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By concentrating on the power of a
+street, perhaps it frees you from any it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street, perhaps it frees you from any it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street, perhaps it frees you from any it
+allows you to accept any device to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to accept any device to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to accept any device to
+create the architecture along it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the architecture along it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the architecture along it.
+There's something about a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something about a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's something about a system
+of streets, a simple system of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of streets, a simple system of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of streets, a simple system of public
+ways which may enable the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways which may enable the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways which may enable the environment
+which supports it to be freer of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supports it to be freer of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which supports it to be freer of having
+to perform those functions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform those functions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform those functions,
+the continuous facade functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous facade functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous facade functions.
+It's an it's an exa it's a thought which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an it's an exa it's a thought which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's an it's an exa it's a thought which
+just strikes me from Vienna.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If you allowed Zaha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you allowed Zaha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you allowed Zaha
+to build in Vienna in the old city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build in Vienna in the old city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build in Vienna in the old city of
+Vienna at least you'd have the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna at least you'd have the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna at least you'd have the ring
+stresser to hold you into some public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresser to hold you into some public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresser to hold you into some public
+format.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The trouble with the new Vienna on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trouble with the new Vienna on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The trouble with the new Vienna on the
+north side of the river is that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north side of the river is that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+north side of the river is that it has
+no armature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no armature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no armature
+either of the old city or of the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the old city or of the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of the old city or of the ring
+structure to hold it together. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to hold it together. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to hold it together. You have
+buildings which are un which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings which are un which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings which are un which the
+entrances to the buildings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrances to the buildings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrances to the buildings are
+unidentifiable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidentifiable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unidentifiable.
+It is the biggest lot of garbage I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is the biggest lot of garbage I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is the biggest lot of garbage I've
+ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen
+done by some of Europe's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by some of Europe's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by some of Europe's great
+architects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architects.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's organization in the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's organization in the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's organization in the ring
+structure of buildings knowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of buildings knowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of buildings knowing and
+showing where you enter them. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing where you enter them. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing where you enter them. This is
+true of all of the buildings of the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of all of the buildings of the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of all of the buildings of the old
+city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city.
+There's a logic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a logic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a logic to
+where a street is that the street is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a street is that the street is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a street is that the street is
+public that once you leave the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that once you leave the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that once you leave the street
+you are directed by a building as to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are directed by a building as to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are directed by a building as to its
+performance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+it's a powerful con conjunction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powerful con conjunction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a powerful con conjunction.
+The ring stress is about 200 feet wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ring stress is about 200 feet wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The ring stress is about 200 feet wide
+which is about the width of Commonworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about the width of Commonworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about the width of Commonworth
+Avenue. If I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing
+on built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on built
+on the ring straasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ring straasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the ring straasa
+was private housing. Again the tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was private housing. Again the tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was private housing. Again the tradition
+of the middle class emulating formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the middle class emulating formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the middle class emulating formally
+the idea facade idea of the royalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs.
+I will show you slides of the facades of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will show you slides of the facades of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will show you slides of the facades of
+something called a groupson's house.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a groupson's house.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a groupson's house.
+This is a condominium building. The lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a condominium building. The lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a condominium building. The lots
+were large and the accumulated building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were large and the accumulated building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were large and the accumulated building
+of a a kind which we now accept as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a kind which we now accept as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a kind which we now accept as
+common was uh was accepted as the mode.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common was uh was accepted as the mode.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common was uh was accepted as the mode.
+Uh the financing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the financing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the financing of the
+uh ring straasa and was largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ring straasa and was largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ring straasa and was largely
+state but also the land was free.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but also the land was free.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but also the land was free.
+So when it because of the glass sea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when it because of the glass sea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when it because of the glass sea and
+the walls belong to nobody but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls belong to nobody but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls belong to nobody but the
+state. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. So the
+money made in privatizing the parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money made in privatizing the parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money made in privatizing the parts of
+the ring stress for housing or offices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring stress for housing or offices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ring stress for housing or offices
+meant a return of income to the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant a return of income to the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant a return of income to the city
+which they could use for parks and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they could use for parks and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they could use for parks and other
+public facilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public facilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public facilities.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's interesting that throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting that throughout the
+formal agenda of buildings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal agenda of buildings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal agenda of buildings in the
+various cities from the feudal city to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cities from the feudal city to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various cities from the feudal city to
+the ringstrasa city to the socialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ringstrasa city to the socialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ringstrasa city to the socialist
+city certain archetypal ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city certain archetypal ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city certain archetypal ideas for
+instance carl marxoff has sculpture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance carl marxoff has sculpture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance carl marxoff has sculpture on
+the facade it has flags on the facade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facade it has flags on the facade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facade it has flags on the facade
+this is a Marxist socialist environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which still pays tribute to the royal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which still pays tribute to the royal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which still pays tribute to the royal
+pertinances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertinances.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pertinances.
+There's a strong sense of the need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a strong sense of the need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a strong sense of the need to
+maintain continuity throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain continuity throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain continuity throughout the
+history of this modern city or certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this modern city or certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this modern city or certainly
+from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its
+1860 onwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A few words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A few words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A few words about
+archaism versus modernism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaism versus modernism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaism versus modernism.
+Camilo Site was a architect and critic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camilo Site was a architect and critic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camilo Site was a architect and critic
+who wrote a book which had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote a book which had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote a book which had a lot of
+influence.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He was against the evident preoccupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was against the evident preoccupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was against the evident preoccupation
+of modernism with economic progress with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernism with economic progress with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernism with economic progress with
+speed, with fluid fluidity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, with fluid fluidity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed, with fluid fluidity,
+with movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+against the rationalization of traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the rationalization of traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the rationalization of traffic
+and hygiene and the technology which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hygiene and the technology which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hygiene and the technology which is
+appropriate for that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for that kind of
+performance. He was much more interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. He was much more interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. He was much more interested
+in the world of the artisan, the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of the artisan, the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world of the artisan, the world
+of the guild. Much like Rascin perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the guild. Much like Rascin perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the guild. Much like Rascin perhaps
+in London, he was attracted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London, he was attracted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London, he was attracted by
+the labor quality of the guild,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor quality of the guild,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor quality of the guild,
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+disappearance of the guild and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance of the guild and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearance of the guild and the
+artisan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisan.
+He was of great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was of great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was of great
+admirer of Richard Vagnner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirer of Richard Vagnner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admirer of Richard Vagnner.
+He was fascinated by gazam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was fascinated by gazam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He was fascinated by gazam
+the idea of bringing a genuine folk art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of bringing a genuine folk art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of bringing a genuine folk art
+to gear on the city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gear on the city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gear on the city.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for him
+the ringstrasa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ringstrasa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ringstrasa
+which was a continuous open space was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a form of enclosure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of enclosure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of enclosure which
+was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was
+antithetical to his view of uh of what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antithetical to his view of uh of what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antithetical to his view of uh of what a
+city needed. A city needed places,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city needed. A city needed places,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city needed. A city needed places,
+public enclosure,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public enclosure,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public enclosure,
+continuity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity,
+understanding,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding,
+a ko psychometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ko psychometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ko psychometric
+condition in which everything which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which everything which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition in which everything which was
+close to you would fit your emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to you would fit your emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to you would fit your emotional
+setting. that if you saw a big building,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. that if you saw a big building,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting. that if you saw a big building,
+you would appreciate its bigness because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would appreciate its bigness because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would appreciate its bigness because
+it had a purpose and you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a purpose and you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it had a purpose and you had a
+continuous space, a public space from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous space, a public space from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous space, a public space from
+which you could appreciate its emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could appreciate its emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could appreciate its emotional
+circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance
+rather than being disrupted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being disrupted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being disrupted by the
+continuous flow of an open-ended system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous flow of an open-ended system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous flow of an open-ended system.
+Richard Ottovagna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Ottovagna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richard Ottovagna
+on the other hand um I might point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand um I might point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand um I might point out
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+Camila sitt was not the only person. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camila sitt was not the only person. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camila sitt was not the only person. He
+was an advocate of the picturesque, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an advocate of the picturesque, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an advocate of the picturesque, of
+the effective, of the emotional. But he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective, of the emotional. But he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effective, of the emotional. But he
+was one of the people who were started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the people who were started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the people who were started
+worrying about the fact that city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about the fact that city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrying about the fact that city
+planning in Europe was vision shaft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in Europe was vision shaft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning in Europe was vision shaft
+was moving in the rep in in the in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving in the rep in in the in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was moving in the rep in in the in in in
+its representation only of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its representation only of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its representation only of the
+two-dimensional surface of the city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional surface of the city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional surface of the city.
+for CIT the third dimension was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CIT the third dimension was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CIT the third dimension was being
+excluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded
+referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to
+BM the German books on traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BM the German books on traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BM the German books on traffic
+engineering bers's book of 1876
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering bers's book of 1876
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering bers's book of 1876
+and Hinrich Stuben's book of 197
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hinrich Stuben's book of 197
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Hinrich Stuben's book of 197
+quote the traffic systems and direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the traffic systems and direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote the traffic systems and direction
+of their flow form the basis of the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their flow form the basis of the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their flow form the basis of the plan
+of construction cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of construction cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of construction cities
+so city Growth, city enlargement, city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so city Growth, city enlargement, city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so city Growth, city enlargement, city
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+seen as a two-dimensional exercise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as a two-dimensional exercise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen as a two-dimensional exercise of
+the organization of movement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of movement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organization of movement.
+Vagner was too sensitive an architect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagner was too sensitive an architect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagner was too sensitive an architect.
+In fact, he was a kind of hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, he was a kind of hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, he was a kind of hybrid
+personality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality.
+The demands of efficiency, economy, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The demands of efficiency, economy, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The demands of efficiency, economy, and
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+were attractive to him. He was a modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attractive to him. He was a modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were attractive to him. He was a modern
+man. He believed the city could expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man. He believed the city could expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man. He believed the city could expand
+in in his projects for the expansion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in his projects for the expansion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in his projects for the expansion of
+Vienna.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Reproductions of the old city of Vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reproductions of the old city of Vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reproductions of the old city of Vienna
+about 100,000 to 150,000 units all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100,000 to 150,000 units all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 100,000 to 150,000 units all
+linked by movement systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked by movement systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linked by movement systems.
+He spent his time building buildings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He spent his time building buildings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He spent his time building buildings for
+the new Danube Canal Slooh Gates. He did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Danube Canal Slooh Gates. He did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new Danube Canal Slooh Gates. He did
+the wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful
+uh subway stop the car plats and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subway stop the car plats and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh subway stop the car plats and a
+number of the subway stops in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the subway stops in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the subway stops in the new
+Vienna subway system. the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna subway system. the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna subway system. the same time
+he was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he designed neocclassical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he designed neocclassical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he designed neocclassical
+monuments. Uh he's great. Those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments. Uh he's great. Those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monuments. Uh he's great. Those of you
+Vienna should go to the to see his small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna should go to the to see his small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna should go to the to see his small
+church in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+medical facility, housing facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical facility, housing facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical facility, housing facility
+uh in the city. Uh it's been restored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the city. Uh it's been restored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the city. Uh it's been restored
+with a golden dome and doesn't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a golden dome and doesn't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a golden dome and doesn't look like
+anything that a modernist would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that a modernist would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that a modernist would have
+anything to do with. Perhaps his most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with. Perhaps his most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with. Perhaps his most
+significant building is the postal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant building is the postal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant building is the postal
+savings bank on the ringstraser. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings bank on the ringstraser. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings bank on the ringstraser. The
+only building that he built on the ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only building that he built on the ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only building that he built on the ring
+stresser which has a rectangular grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresser which has a rectangular grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresser which has a rectangular grid
+set of windows but between the grid set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of windows but between the grid set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of windows but between the grid set
+of windows there are phone styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of windows there are phone styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of windows there are phone styles
+decorated with floral decorations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorated with floral decorations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorated with floral decorations.
+Sineous floral decorations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I've said most of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I've said most of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I've said most of the things that
+I want to say.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amongst Otto's Vagner's fascination was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst Otto's Vagner's fascination was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst Otto's Vagner's fascination was
+what he called the painless uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he called the painless uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he called the painless uncertainty
+of modernism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modernism
+which is an extraordinary kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an extraordinary kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is an extraordinary kind of
+comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment
+that if you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you pay
+Vagnner in my mind was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagnner in my mind was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vagnner in my mind was
+a brilliantly confused man at a time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliantly confused man at a time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brilliantly confused man at a time of
+the intersection of traditionalism with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of traditionalism with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection of traditionalism with
+modernism,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernism,
+his architecture. If to those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his architecture. If to those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his architecture. If to those of you who
+want to study his architecture, look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study his architecture, look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to study his architecture, look at
+the work of a great architect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of a great architect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of a great architect.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+he had an enormous influence where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an enormous influence where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had an enormous influence where a
+number of his students were involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of his students were involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of his students were involved in
+the building of the Hoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of the Hoffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building of the Hoffs
+uh after 1919.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after 1919.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after 1919.
+But the idea of painless uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the idea of painless uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the idea of painless uncertainty
+that one is not going to be sure about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is not going to be sure about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is not going to be sure about
+what is going to happen over time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen over time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen over time.
+In fact, it is impossible to know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, it is impossible to know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, it is impossible to know what's
+going to happen over time. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen over time. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen over time. And
+therefore, you have to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, you have to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, you have to try to understand
+how to deal with uncertainty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with uncertainty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with uncertainty.
+This is the first time that I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the first time that I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the first time that I think a
+19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century
+architect or city person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect or city person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architect or city person
+makes an important statement about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an important statement about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes an important statement about what
+preoccup preoccupies a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccup preoccupies a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccup preoccupies a lot of the
+thinking in the 20th century and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in the 20th century and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in the 20th century and still
+does today. that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does today. that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does today. that is
+open-endedness, diversity, change and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-endedness, diversity, change and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open-endedness, diversity, change and a
+number of the associated phenomena. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the associated phenomena. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the associated phenomena. We
+will see in Sarda's plan for Barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in Sarda's plan for Barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in Sarda's plan for Barcelona
+an attempt to allow for that to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to allow for that to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to allow for that to take
+place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two other
+stories. The post 1919 story.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The real estate speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The real estate speculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The real estate speculation
+after the rebuilding of the ring stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the rebuilding of the ring stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the rebuilding of the ring stars
+they had resulted in enormous increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had resulted in enormous increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had resulted in enormous increases
+in rent pooring housing conditions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rent pooring housing conditions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in rent pooring housing conditions for
+working class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the 1917
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1917
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1917
+censure showed that 73% of Vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censure showed that 73% of Vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censure showed that 73% of Vienna
+housing was quote in unspeakable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing was quote in unspeakable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing was quote in unspeakable
+conditions of overcrowding and IG.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+workers were paying 25% of the income to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers were paying 25% of the income to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers were paying 25% of the income to
+housing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing.
+In 1919, the Vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1919, the Vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1919, the Vienna
+became Red Vienna with a socialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became Red Vienna with a socialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became Red Vienna with a socialist
+majority.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority.
+And red Vienna is remained there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And red Vienna is remained there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And red Vienna is remained there's a
+book by Eve Blav at Harvard on red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Eve Blav at Harvard on red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book by Eve Blav at Harvard on red
+Vienna which is worth looking at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna which is worth looking at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna which is worth looking at.
+But there was a this was a time when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there was a this was a time when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there was a this was a time when the
+London County Council in London was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London County Council in London was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London County Council in London was
+established. A similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established. A similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established. A similar
+uh planning operation in Berlin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planning operation in Berlin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh planning operation in Berlin
+from 1919 to 1925.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1919 to 1925.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1919 to 1925.
+They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They
+invested in a radical policy of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in a radical policy of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in a radical policy of land
+acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition
+uh law controlling rent and the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh law controlling rent and the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh law controlling rent and the building
+of new apartments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new apartments.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new apartments.
+By 1934 they had built 63,700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By 1934 they had built 63,700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By 1934 they had built 63,700
+dwellings equivalent to 70% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellings equivalent to 70% of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwellings equivalent to 70% of the
+entire production between the wars.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire production between the wars.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire production between the wars.
+housing something like a tenth of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing something like a tenth of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing something like a tenth of the
+city's population.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city's population.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city's population.
+There was a controversy about what form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a controversy about what form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was a controversy about what form
+these new socialist housing should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new socialist housing should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new socialist housing should take
+place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place.
+Adolf Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adolf Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adolf Lewis
+and a number of other architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of other architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a number of other architects
+proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed
+following the German example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the German example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the German example of the
+seedlungan. Sedling and the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seedlungan. Sedling and the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seedlungan. Sedling and the famous
+Sedling and in Stoutgart and so on were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sedling and in Stoutgart and so on were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sedling and in Stoutgart and so on were
+examples of housing the poor in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of housing the poor in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of housing the poor in green
+circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+sing with houses which was single family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing with houses which was single family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sing with houses which was single family
+with gardens and self-sufficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gardens and self-sufficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with gardens and self-sufficiency
+but deprived from the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deprived from the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but deprived from the center of the
+city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city.
+Dearult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dearult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dearult
+Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another
+group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people
+felt that it was about time that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that it was about time that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that it was about time that the
+workers made their presence felt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers made their presence felt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers made their presence felt.
+And the way to they could make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way to they could make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the way to they could make this
+their presence felt was to develop pug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their presence felt was to develop pug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their presence felt was to develop pug
+pugnacious housing response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pugnacious housing response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pugnacious housing response to the
+market housing. This took the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market housing. This took the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market housing. This took the form of
+the hof hoof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hof hoof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hof hoof.
+Hoff is the same word in Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoff is the same word in Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hoff is the same word in Dutch
+in German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in German
+as court.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as court.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as court.
+So in the by calling their housing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the by calling their housing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the by calling their housing a
+court they have another reflection back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court they have another reflection back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court they have another reflection back
+to the feudal city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the feudal city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the feudal city.
+It seems to me that revolutionists never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It seems to me that revolutionists never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It seems to me that revolutionists never
+abandon everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon everything.
+they abandon the key variable or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they abandon the key variable or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they abandon the key variable or they
+destroy the key variable the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the key variable the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy the key variable the market and
+maintain everything else of a secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain everything else of a secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain everything else of a secondary
+order. We look at this in the when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. We look at this in the when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. We look at this in the when we
+discuss the post-revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the post-revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the post-revolutionary
+work in Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in Russia
+from 1917
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1917
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1917
+particularly till 1932
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the work of the disurbanists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the work of the disurbanists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the work of the disurbanists and
+urbanists and others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists and others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists and others.
+Carl Mro is the largest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl Mro is the largest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl Mro is the largest of the
+uh enterprises. There were a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enterprises. There were a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh enterprises. There were a number of
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Narskihoff, Riceman Hoff, Robinhoff,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narskihoff, Riceman Hoff, Robinhoff,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Narskihoff, Riceman Hoff, Robinhoff,
+Matiotti Hoff, Samoji Hoff, built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matiotti Hoff, Samoji Hoff, built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matiotti Hoff, Samoji Hoff, built
+between 1924 and 1927.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Carl N, the architect for Carl Mark's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl N, the architect for Carl Mark's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl N, the architect for Carl Mark's
+office and rather undistinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and rather undistinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and rather undistinguished
+figure. He worked in the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure. He worked in the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure. He worked in the city
+government. Uh he had done some housing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. Uh he had done some housing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. Uh he had done some housing.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+uh unfortunately he stayed on and worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately he stayed on and worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately he stayed on and worked
+for the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Nazis
+as well. So maybe his vocabulary was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. So maybe his vocabulary was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. So maybe his vocabulary was
+very widespread.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Caroxhoff was a pugnacious island which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caroxhoff was a pugnacious island which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caroxhoff was a pugnacious island which
+built apartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built apartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built apartments
+1380 apartments plus a large interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1380 apartments plus a large interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1380 apartments plus a large interior
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+containing nurseries, collective,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing nurseries, collective,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing nurseries, collective,
+library, offices, shops,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library, offices, shops,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library, offices, shops,
+clinic and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This period didn't last very long and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cars off and read Vienna remained as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars off and read Vienna remained as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars off and read Vienna remained as a
+kind of intellectual fascination for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intellectual fascination for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of intellectual fascination for our
+urbanists afterwards. Uh Carox is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists afterwards. Uh Carox is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanists afterwards. Uh Carox is still
+worth visiting today. It's located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth visiting today. It's located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth visiting today. It's located
+connected to the center of the city by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the center of the city by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the center of the city by
+light rail, by heavy rail, by bus. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail, by heavy rail, by bus. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail, by heavy rail, by bus. Uh
+it's easy to get to. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get to. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to get to. It's
+extraordinarily large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily large.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+has anybody been to Vienna?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What did you see in Vienna? Museum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you see in Vienna? Museum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did you see in Vienna? Museum.
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+I don't blame you. wonderful museums.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't blame you. wonderful museums.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't blame you. wonderful museums.
+You couldn't go to a concert, I suppose.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You couldn't go to a concert, I suppose.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You couldn't go to a concert, I suppose.
+No, I just there's no democracy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I just there's no democracy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I just there's no democracy of
+tickets in Vienna. Vienna, I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets in Vienna. Vienna, I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets in Vienna. Vienna, I had to
+listen to the Vienna Fommonic play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the Vienna Fommonic play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to the Vienna Fommonic play in
+Cleveland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleveland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cleveland
+because I've always wanted to hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've always wanted to hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've always wanted to hear the
+Vienna Fommonic play. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna Fommonic play. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna Fommonic play. Uh
+Vienna Fommonic didn't include women in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna Fommonic didn't include women in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna Fommonic didn't include women in
+the Augusta until relatively recently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Augusta until relatively recently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Augusta until relatively recently.
+So there are a lot of throwbacks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The attitude towards Jews is signingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The attitude towards Jews is signingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The attitude towards Jews is signingly
+despicable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despicable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despicable.
+Gustaf Mer who was born a Jew and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gustaf Mer who was born a Jew and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gustaf Mer who was born a Jew and a
+Bohemian in order to become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohemian in order to become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bohemian in order to become the
+conductor of the Vienna Filament. He had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor of the Vienna Filament. He had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor of the Vienna Filament. He had
+to become Catholic temporary so that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become Catholic temporary so that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become Catholic temporary so that he
+could play music. Extraordinary stories.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play music. Extraordinary stories.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play music. Extraordinary stories.
+You should go to the Uden Plats in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should go to the Uden Plats in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should go to the Uden Plats in in in
+the old city where the Jews were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city where the Jews were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old city where the Jews were
+massacred. There's a wonderful sculpture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massacred. There's a wonderful sculpture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massacred. There's a wonderful sculpture
+by the British sculptor woman, I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the British sculptor woman, I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the British sculptor woman, I forget
+her name,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her name,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her name,
+built a concrete sculpture made of books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a concrete sculpture made of books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a concrete sculpture made of books
+um as a remnant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's one last thing about Vienna. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one last thing about Vienna. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one last thing about Vienna. Uh
+the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10
+10 20 years of the end of that century,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 20 years of the end of that century,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 20 years of the end of that century,
+Vienna underwent one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna underwent one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna underwent one of the great
+cultural performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural performance
+spans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans
+which we associate with great cities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we associate with great cities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we associate with great cities.
+we associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for 15th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 15th century
+Florence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florence
+the great painters the great sculptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great painters the great sculptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great painters the great sculptors
+the Medici family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Medici family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Medici family
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is a similar period in the west in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a similar period in the west in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a similar period in the west in
+the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the west
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+we have the transference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the transference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the transference from
+19th century romantic music to modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century romantic music to modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century romantic music to modern
+music. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. Uh,
+Brahms died in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brahms died in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brahms died in
+1897.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1897.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1897.
+Shernburgg lived from 1874 to 1951.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shernburgg lived from 1874 to 1951.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shernburgg lived from 1874 to 1951.
+Alenberg from 1885 to 1935.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alenberg from 1885 to 1935.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alenberg from 1885 to 1935.
+Anton Vben 1882 to 1945.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton Vben 1882 to 1945.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anton Vben 1882 to 1945.
+Gustav Mar from 1860 to 1911.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gustav Mar from 1860 to 1911.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gustav Mar from 1860 to 1911.
+These were the people who invented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were the people who invented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These were the people who invented the
+post-romantic music of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-romantic music of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-romantic music of
+for us. You may not like the music.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. You may not like the music.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us. You may not like the music.
+Amongst them only Shern Marows in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amongst them only Shern Marows in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amongst them only Shern Marows in our
+convention. He played by the Boston Phil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention. He played by the Boston Phil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention. He played by the Boston Phil
+and August. Nobody very few people play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and August. Nobody very few people play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and August. Nobody very few people play
+Shernburgg except in their living rooms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shernburgg except in their living rooms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shernburgg except in their living rooms.
+uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um
+Watk the opera is performed now and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watk the opera is performed now and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watk the opera is performed now and then
+uh Alvin Berg's music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is the significance of a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the significance of a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is the significance of a city
+that it can transform culture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can transform culture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can transform culture in
+significant ways why it happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ways why it happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant ways why it happens in
+cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities
+Austria Vienna was not its economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austria Vienna was not its economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Austria Vienna was not its economic
+after the separation of the no that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the separation of the no that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the separation of the no that took
+place was later. There are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place was later. There are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place was later. There are a number of
+theories as to why this happens. Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories as to why this happens. Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories as to why this happens. Peter
+Hall the British urbanist has written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall the British urbanist has written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall the British urbanist has written
+about this in one of his books. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in one of his books. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this in one of his books. Um
+there's a sort of culmination or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of culmination or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sort of culmination or the
+coming together of all of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together of all of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together of all of the elements
+of good culture in a place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good culture in a place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of good culture in a place.
+this despite anti-semitism,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this despite anti-semitism,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this despite anti-semitism,
+violent anti-semitism which was taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent anti-semitism which was taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent anti-semitism which was taken
+over by the Nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by the Nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by the Nazis
+when they took over Austria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they took over Austria.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they took over Austria.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it happened in New York with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened in New York with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened in New York with the
+from 1940 to 19 well 1945 to 1970
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1940 to 19 well 1945 to 1970
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1940 to 19 well 1945 to 1970
+with the invention of a number of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the invention of a number of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the invention of a number of new
+forms of modern art. the great painters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of modern art. the great painters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of modern art. the great painters
+Jackson Pollock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson Pollock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jackson Pollock
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just mention it because it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just mention it because it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just mention it because it's something
+that is not indulged in not many cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not indulged in not many cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not indulged in not many cities
+in the world grab the world by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world grab the world by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world grab the world by its
+and it's very difficult to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very difficult to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very difficult to explain the
+what in the history of Vienna predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in the history of Vienna predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in the history of Vienna predicted
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+It's certainly true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's certainly true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's certainly true that
+the great romantic composers Mozart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great romantic composers Mozart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great romantic composers Mozart
+Hayen and Beethoven spent time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayen and Beethoven spent time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hayen and Beethoven spent time in
+Vienna. The music was constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna. The music was constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna. The music was constantly
+performed. People learned to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed. People learned to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed. People learned to play the
+music. Vitkinstein sister for as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. Vitkinstein sister for as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. Vitkinstein sister for as an
+example. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Um
+there were small groups of philosophy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were small groups of philosophy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were small groups of philosophy.
+The Vienna circle the philosophers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vienna circle the philosophers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Vienna circle the philosophers in
+the 1920s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1920s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1920s
+was significant. There was music played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was significant. There was music played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was significant. There was music played
+in houses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in houses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in houses.
+Uh people were familiar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This Vkinstein had a large Vitkinstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Vkinstein had a large Vitkinstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This Vkinstein had a large Vitkinstein's
+father had a large set of children.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father had a large set of children.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father had a large set of children.
+Three of them committed suicide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three of them committed suicide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Three of them committed suicide.
+Uh one of they were all musically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh one of they were all musically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh one of they were all musically
+attuned. One of them as a child could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attuned. One of them as a child could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attuned. One of them as a child could
+apparently according to a biography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently according to a biography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently according to a biography
+distinguish between a when a band played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between a when a band played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between a when a band played
+outside their house. He could tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside their house. He could tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside their house. He could tell what
+was wrong with the band's playing, could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong with the band's playing, could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wrong with the band's playing, could
+tell which instruments were playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which instruments were playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell which instruments were playing the
+wrong music. Um, so there was a culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong music. Um, so there was a culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong music. Um, so there was a culture
+of music built into the society. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music built into the society. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of music built into the society. I don't
+know if Freud had anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if Freud had anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if Freud had anything to do with
+music. He probably was too busy. uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. He probably was too busy. uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. He probably was too busy. uh with
+his trying to understand the psychic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his trying to understand the psychic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his trying to understand the psychic
+mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the Vienna story is an art story of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Vienna story is an art story of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the Vienna story is an art story of a
+number of things. The move from a feudal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things. The move from a feudal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things. The move from a feudal
+to a liberal to a socialist city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a liberal to a socialist city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a liberal to a socialist city and
+then back back to a modern city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A number of things that I've touched on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A number of things that I've touched on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A number of things that I've touched on.
+It's one of the great cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one of the great cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one of the great cities
+uh in history.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in history.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in history.
+It's the only city which built a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the only city which built a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the only city which built a single
+road to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+dedicate itself to a new environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate itself to a new environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicate itself to a new environment
+economically and socially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and socially.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and socially.
+And what else can one say about Vienna?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what else can one say about Vienna?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what else can one say about Vienna?
+It's still a city which is remarkably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's still a city which is remarkably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's still a city which is remarkably
+well cared for planning wise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cared for planning wise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cared for planning wise.
+The deputy mayor had a staff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The deputy mayor had a staff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The deputy mayor had a staff of
+something like 1,500 people in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1,500 people in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 1,500 people in his
+planning transportation section. It has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning transportation section. It has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning transportation section. It has
+uh a journey to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a journey to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a journey to work
+which is 60% I think in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 60% I think in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 60% I think in public
+transportation, 40% in private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation, 40% in private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation, 40% in private
+transportation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation.
+It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's
+it's done very well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done very well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's done very well.
+Barcelona is a smaller city out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona is a smaller city out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona is a smaller city out on the
+fringes. All of these cities, of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes. All of these cities, of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fringes. All of these cities, of course,
+were Roman cities. London, Paris,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Roman cities. London, Paris,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Roman cities. London, Paris,
+Vienna, and Barcelona.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The story of Barcelona and Sarda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The story of Barcelona and Sarda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The story of Barcelona and Sarda
+is a complicated story and requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complicated story and requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a complicated story and requires a
+lot of time. So I'll jump very quickly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time. So I'll jump very quickly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time. So I'll jump very quickly.
+The old city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The old city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The old city of
+Barcelona with its Roman walls and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona with its Roman walls and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona with its Roman walls and then
+it enlarged walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enlarged walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it enlarged walls
+was the densest in Europe. in 1830.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the densest in Europe. in 1830.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the densest in Europe. in 1830.
+It had 300 habitants per hectare which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It had 300 habitants per hectare which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It had 300 habitants per hectare which
+was twice the density of the very dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was twice the density of the very dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was twice the density of the very dense
+Paris.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It suffered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from epidemics in 1834, 1854, 1864 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from epidemics in 1834, 1854, 1864 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from epidemics in 1834, 1854, 1864 and
+1870.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between 1837 and 18447
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1837 and 18447
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1837 and 18447
+average average life expectancy amongst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average average life expectancy amongst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average average life expectancy amongst
+men was 38.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men was 38.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men was 38.9
+for the rich and 19.7 for the poor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rich and 19.7 for the poor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rich and 19.7 for the poor.
+It's difficult to believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's difficult to believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's difficult to believe that the
+average life expectancy could be under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average life expectancy could be under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average life expectancy could be under
+20 years of age. But if you include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years of age. But if you include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 years of age. But if you include
+infant mortality in that, infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality in that, infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant mortality in that, infant
+mortality takes a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality takes a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality takes a large number of
+deaths.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaths.
+And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have a condition of an old city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a condition of an old city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a condition of an old city.
+Uh no apparent market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's for for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for for for
+the wealthy occupying the old city. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealthy occupying the old city. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealthy occupying the old city. No
+program is in Paris or London for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is in Paris or London for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program is in Paris or London for the
+transformation of the old city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the old city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation of the old city.
+There was no royalty in Barcelona.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was no royalty in Barcelona.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was no royalty in Barcelona.
+Royalty was in Madrid. There was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royalty was in Madrid. There was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Royalty was in Madrid. There was a
+constant tension between Barcelona and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant tension between Barcelona and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant tension between Barcelona and
+Madrid. In fact, Barcelona claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid. In fact, Barcelona claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid. In fact, Barcelona claimed
+a certain independence for Catalonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain independence for Catalonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain independence for Catalonia
+and Catalonia has always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Catalonia has always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Catalonia has always
+been stuck between Spain and France.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stuck between Spain and France.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been stuck between Spain and France.
+Perhaps that's why Picasso comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perhaps that's why Picasso comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perhaps that's why Picasso comes from
+Catalonia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalonia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalonia.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to jump
+into the story of the extension.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The extension is the mark of one man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The extension is the mark of one man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The extension is the mark of one man's
+thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It was a man named France Sarda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a man named France Sarda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a man named France Sarda
+born in 1845
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 1845
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in 1845
+sorry 1815
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 1815
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 1815
+decided to study engineering in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to study engineering in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to study engineering in at the
+age of 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of 19
+went to Madrid to he comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Madrid to he comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Madrid to he comes from
+Barcelona went to Madrid to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona went to Madrid to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona went to Madrid to study
+graduated in 1847
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enlisted in the national militia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlisted in the national militia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enlisted in the national militia
+from 1841 to 1848
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1841 to 1848
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1841 to 1848
+did projects in cities in Spain,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did projects in cities in Spain,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did projects in cities in Spain,
+highways, infrastructure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways, infrastructure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways, infrastructure for the
+Ministry of Engineering. He developed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Engineering. He developed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ministry of Engineering. He developed a
+powerful political base in Madrid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful political base in Madrid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful political base in Madrid.
+He returned to Barcelona in 1849.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In 1854, the walls began to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1854, the walls began to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In 1854, the walls began to be taken
+down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Savva
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savva
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savva
+did something extraordinary. He first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something extraordinary. He first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did something extraordinary. He first of
+all decided to do research in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all decided to do research in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all decided to do research in the old
+city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Volume in volume three of his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volume in volume three of his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Volume in volume three of his book
+general themes of urbanization written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general themes of urbanization written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general themes of urbanization written
+in 1858.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1858.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1858.
+He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He
+details patterns of food consumption,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details patterns of food consumption,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details patterns of food consumption,
+compares the old city with other cities,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares the old city with other cities,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares the old city with other cities,
+detailed maps, mortality rates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed maps, mortality rates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed maps, mortality rates.
+He found that the bourgeoa had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He found that the bourgeoa had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He found that the bourgeoa had an
+average of 3.6 cubic meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of space whereas the working class had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space whereas the working class had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space whereas the working class had
+he only only had 0.9.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he only only had 0.9.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he only only had 0.9.
+That's four times less.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Imagine this man going into the old city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine this man going into the old city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine this man going into the old city
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+doing all of this work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of this work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all of this work.
+I don't know what his ambitions were,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what his ambitions were,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what his ambitions were,
+but this example of research before plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this example of research before plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this example of research before plan
+stands as the first time somebody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands as the first time somebody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands as the first time somebody has
+taken the obligation to study existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the obligation to study existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the obligation to study existing
+facts, especially of poverty. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts, especially of poverty. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts, especially of poverty. Remember
+that Booth's map in London was 1789
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Booth's map in London was 1789
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Booth's map in London was 1789
+and 1879.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1879.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1879.
+This was before Booth's map of London.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was before Booth's map of London.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was before Booth's map of London.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is not Engles studying Manchester.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Engle studied Manchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engle studied Manchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engle studied Manchester
+partly together the facts on which to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly together the facts on which to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly together the facts on which to
+base a large universal theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a large universal theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base a large universal theory of
+society.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society.
+It's unclear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's unclear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's unclear what
+SA was doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SA was doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SA was doing.
+He just wanted to know facts. He wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He just wanted to know facts. He wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He just wanted to know facts. He wanted
+to know reality. He had no large theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know reality. He had no large theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know reality. He had no large theory.
+Apparently, he didn't have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In 1859
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was an competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an competition
+for building of a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for building of a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for building of a plan
+for designing a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for designing a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for designing a plan
+outside the old city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the old city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the old city.
+Sera and a man called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Trius Tiraas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trius Tiraas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trius Tiraas
+competed for the final.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competed for the final.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competed for the final.
+Architects in general and the most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects in general and the most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects in general and the most of
+the people of Barcelona preferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people of Barcelona preferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people of Barcelona preferred
+Rieras's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rieras's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rieras's
+plan. Verrias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. Verrias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan. Verrias
+took the old city as the center, created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the old city as the center, created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the old city as the center, created
+the pilata republica north of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilata republica north of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilata republica north of it and
+from that point radiated out five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point radiated out five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point radiated out five
+avenues out to the perimeter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenues out to the perimeter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenues out to the perimeter.
+This is a neocclassical plan which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was relatively common in city expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Savas plan was a series of 113 m by 113
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savas plan was a series of 113 m by 113
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Savas plan was a series of 113 m by 113
+m blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m blocks
+all identical except for the disposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all identical except for the disposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all identical except for the disposition
+of the buildings on them. So there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the buildings on them. So there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the buildings on them. So there was a
+grid system laid out over an extensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid system laid out over an extensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid system laid out over an extensive
+area. It could continue without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. It could continue without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area. It could continue without
+disruption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruption.
+Roads were 20 m,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roads were 20 m,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roads were 20 m,
+35 m or 50 m wide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 m or 50 m wide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 m or 50 m wide.
+It was 6 cubic meters of space per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was 6 cubic meters of space per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was 6 cubic meters of space per
+person. It was double the middle income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. It was double the middle income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. It was double the middle income
+level at the time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at the time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at the time.
+There was part of Sarda that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was part of Sarda that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There was part of Sarda that was
+extremely rational. That formula on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rational. That formula on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely rational. That formula on the
+that is on the left is his formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the width of the road.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the road.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of the road.
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh x being the side of the block, 2 b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x being the side of the block, 2 b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x being the side of the block, 2 b
+being with the width of the street, f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with the width of the street, f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being with the width of the street, f
+being the depth of the building site, v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the depth of the building site, v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the depth of the building site, v
+being the number of inhabitants per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the number of inhabitants per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the number of inhabitants per
+house, p equals the me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house, p equals the me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house, p equals the me
+square meters size per person, d equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meters size per person, d equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meters size per person, d equals
+the height of the facade. all rationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the facade. all rationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of the facade. all rationally
+calculated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in
+to produce a the formula. The detail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a the formula. The detail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce a the formula. The detail of
+the formula is not important. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is not important. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula is not important. It's
+nonsense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense.
+But it shows something about the mind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it shows something about the mind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it shows something about the mind of
+a person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person who
+what's going on in his mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in his mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in his mind.
+He's trained as an engineer. He's worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's trained as an engineer. He's worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He's trained as an engineer. He's worked
+in cities all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cities all over
+Spain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He returns to Barcelona, spends his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He returns to Barcelona, spends his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He returns to Barcelona, spends his
+efforts documenting poverty,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts documenting poverty,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efforts documenting poverty,
+then emerges with a plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's an interesting side story to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an interesting side story to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an interesting side story to
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The critics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The critics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The critics
+and writers about the ans in Barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writers about the ans in Barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and writers about the ans in Barcelona
+are extraordinary loyal to the Barcelona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extraordinary loyal to the Barcelona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are extraordinary loyal to the Barcelona
+and toons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and toons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and toons
+Sarda who is considered a national hero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda who is considered a national hero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda who is considered a national hero.
+By the way, the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By the way, the reason
+the city chose Sarda's plan over Trias's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city chose Sarda's plan over Trias's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city chose Sarda's plan over Trias's
+plan was because of pressure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan was because of pressure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan was because of pressure from
+Madrid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sarda in his years in Madrid working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda in his years in Madrid working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda in his years in Madrid working for
+the national militia. I had made friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national militia. I had made friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the national militia. I had made friends
+and uh this radical plan was forced on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this radical plan was forced on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this radical plan was forced on
+Barcelona.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona.
+Now Barcelona cannot be happier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now Barcelona cannot be happier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now Barcelona cannot be happier about
+the plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan.
+Sarda is a great hero. There's an aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda is a great hero. There's an aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda is a great hero. There's an aspect
+of Sarda which comes through not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sarda which comes through not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Sarda which comes through not from
+Barcelonians.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelonians.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelonians.
+I don't know the Barcelona literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the Barcelona literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the Barcelona literature
+extensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively
+but a man has recently written a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a man has recently written a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a man has recently written a book
+pointing out that Sarda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that Sarda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out that Sarda
+belonged to a small group of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to a small group of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to a small group of people in
+intellectuals in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectuals in uh
+Barcelona who were attracted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona who were attracted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona who were attracted to
+socialism.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialism.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialism.
+Uh amongst the members was a man called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh amongst the members was a man called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh amongst the members was a man called
+Monturiel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monturiel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monturiel
+who was one of the designers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was one of the designers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was one of the designers of the
+modern submarine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern submarine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern submarine.
+Strange people, poets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Apparently they were very influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently they were very influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently they were very influenced by
+a French intellectual utopianist called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a French intellectual utopianist called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a French intellectual utopianist called
+Etian cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etian cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etian cab
+who wrote a book called a voyage toria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cab
+proposed in his ideal city a center with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in his ideal city a center with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed in his ideal city a center with
+a capital and then an equal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital and then an equal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital and then an equal distribution
+of space every 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space every 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space every 360
+degrees around the center.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cab worked in the British Museum reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cab worked in the British Museum reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cab worked in the British Museum reading
+room just like Markx did. I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room just like Markx did. I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room just like Markx did. I don't think
+they knew each other. They were years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew each other. They were years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew each other. They were years
+apart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart.
+Cababe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insisted that the United States was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insisted that the United States was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insisted that the United States was the
+place to build his utopia as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to build his utopia as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to build his utopia as many
+Europeans did. Uh Fier for instance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans did. Uh Fier for instance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europeans did. Uh Fier for instance.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+there's a paradox about fura and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paradox about fura and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a paradox about fura and the
+furist community in the United States,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furist community in the United States,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furist community in the United States,
+but that's for another class when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's for another class when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's for another class when we
+talk about utopianism next week.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about utopianism next week.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about utopianism next week.
+Cabab bought land in New Orleans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabab bought land in New Orleans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cabab bought land in New Orleans and
+took 79 kabishians with him to New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 79 kabishians with him to New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took 79 kabishians with him to New
+Orleans.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Orleans.
+They hated New Orleans. The climate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They hated New Orleans. The climate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They hated New Orleans. The climate was
+awful. They didn't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful. They didn't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful. They didn't know anything about
+the land they bought. They were sold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land they bought. They were sold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land they bought. They were sold a
+piece of land which was very bad. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of land which was very bad. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of land which was very bad. They
+moved north to Nouv n auvo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved north to Nouv n auvo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved north to Nouv n auvo
+Illinois which was one of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois which was one of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illinois which was one of the sequence
+of places that the Mormons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places that the Mormons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of places that the Mormons
+capitalized on on their trek from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalized on on their trek from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalized on on their trek from the
+east coast to Salt Lake City. They took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast to Salt Lake City. They took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east coast to Salt Lake City. They took
+over Norvu Illinois which didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Norvu Illinois which didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Norvu Illinois which didn't
+succeed. Monturiel for instance wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed. Monturiel for instance wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed. Monturiel for instance wanted
+to join them. He wrote to Kitty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to join them. He wrote to Kitty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to join them. He wrote to Kitty and
+Cababe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cababe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cababe
+but Cabay had died in the meantime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Cabay had died in the meantime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Cabay had died in the meantime and
+the whole enterprise suffered terribly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much of this
+Sarah knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah knew
+or how much of this Sarda was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how much of this Sarda was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or how much of this Sarda was interested
+in is difficult to know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is difficult to know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is difficult to know.
+He remains an enigmatic figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He remains an enigmatic figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He remains an enigmatic figure
+but a man who achieved enormous amounts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a man who achieved enormous amounts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a man who achieved enormous amounts.
+His plan was built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+built to a certain degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The grid system was maintained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount
+and disposition of the site was changed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disposition of the site was changed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disposition of the site was changed.
+in in the diagram on one of the pages I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the diagram on one of the pages I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the diagram on one of the pages I
+gave you, you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you, you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you, you'll see
+Sarda's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda's
+wish to have a fluctuating system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to have a fluctuating system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to have a fluctuating system where
+the site was either occupied by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site was either occupied by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site was either occupied by two
+buildings, three buildings or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, three buildings or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings, three buildings or four
+completely enclosed by four buildings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely enclosed by four buildings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely enclosed by four buildings.
+For Sarda, the height of the facade was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For Sarda, the height of the facade was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For Sarda, the height of the facade was
+to be limited to three floors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be limited to three floors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be limited to three floors.
+There were no elevators in existence yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no elevators in existence yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There were no elevators in existence yet
+anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Height of the blocks was 16 m maximum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Height of the blocks was 16 m maximum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Height of the blocks was 16 m maximum.
+That's a ground floor and three floors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a ground floor and three floors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a ground floor and three floors.
+And the maximum coverage was 50%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had very little to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very little to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very little to do with the
+application of the plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. There was no accompanying policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There was no accompanying policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. There was no accompanying policy
+to make sure who lived in this space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There are number of devices which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are number of devices which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are number of devices which we've
+invented since that last time to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented since that last time to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented since that last time to make
+sure that we have a mixed population in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we have a mixed population in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that we have a mixed population in
+space. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Sometimes
+as simply as putting a percentage such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply as putting a percentage such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply as putting a percentage such
+as 15% on new development in Cambridge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 15% on new development in Cambridge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 15% on new development in Cambridge,
+Massachusetts to be allocated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts to be allocated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts to be allocated to
+affordable housing as a part of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable housing as a part of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable housing as a part of any
+building of new housing. There was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of new housing. There was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building of new housing. There was
+nothing like that. Sad envisioned an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that. Sad envisioned an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that. Sad envisioned an
+equal spatial plan, an isotropic plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal spatial plan, an isotropic plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal spatial plan, an isotropic plan
+spatially, but he didn't understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially, but he didn't understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially, but he didn't understand how
+to get an isotropic distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an isotropic distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an isotropic distribution of
+population.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population.
+He envisioned bakers living next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He envisioned bakers living next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He envisioned bakers living next to
+bankers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankers,
+uh, communities within this grid, each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, communities within this grid, each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, communities within this grid, each
+with their own school and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own school and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their own school and so on and so
+on and so on. But he played little role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on. But he played little role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so on. But he played little role
+that I know of in the execution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of in the execution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of in the execution of the
+plan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan.
+There's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a great
+got to rush. There's a great paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to rush. There's a great paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to rush. There's a great paradox
+here. Over time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Over time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Over time,
+our science has become developed at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our science has become developed at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our science has become developed at a
+much greater density.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Coverage was increased from 50% to 70%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coverage was increased from 50% to 70%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coverage was increased from 50% to 70%
+even more than 70%. Height was increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than 70%. Height was increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than 70%. Height was increased
+to 24 m.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 24 m.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 24 m.
+The volume of Sarda's plan was supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The volume of Sarda's plan was supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The volume of Sarda's plan was supposed
+to be 67,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 67,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 67,000
+m squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m squared.
+The 1958 volume of what has been built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The 1958 volume of what has been built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The 1958 volume of what has been built
+on his plan is over three times as much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his plan is over three times as much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on his plan is over three times as much.
+290 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+290 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+290 million
+290,000 square meters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The paradox is that if you go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The paradox is that if you go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The paradox is that if you go down the
+PG de Gracia, which is a great road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG de Gracia, which is a great road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG de Gracia, which is a great road
+built through the Assange, this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built through the Assange, this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built through the Assange, this great
+avenue, which I'll show you an image of,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue, which I'll show you an image of,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avenue, which I'll show you an image of,
+you can feel the pedestrian volume. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel the pedestrian volume. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel the pedestrian volume. He
+allowed 5 mters of pedestrian width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed 5 mters of pedestrian width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed 5 mters of pedestrian width
+throughout the scheme.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's an intensity of urban intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an intensity of urban intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's an intensity of urban intensity
+in this area which is part of its charm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was Sarda. Sed's plan was so pro-former
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Sarda. Sed's plan was so pro-former
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Sarda. Sed's plan was so pro-former
+in a sense that it allowed so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that it allowed so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense that it allowed so many
+things to happen after his time such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen after his time such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen after his time such as
+the increase of density and still except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase of density and still except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase of density and still except
+for automobile traffic able to cope with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for automobile traffic able to cope with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for automobile traffic able to cope with
+a build. The fact that he made sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a build. The fact that he made sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a build. The fact that he made sideways
+sidewalks that were that wide was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks that were that wide was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewalks that were that wide was an
+indication of a of of of some thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of a of of of some thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of a of of of some thinking
+about the advent of density. He didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the advent of density. He didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the advent of density. He didn't
+pref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pref
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pref
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+techniques which could frustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which could frustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which could frustrate
+subsequent development.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent development.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent development.
+What happened is that as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happened is that as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happened is that as you'll see
+let's look at the pictures and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the pictures and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the pictures and I
+d the Danube in Vienna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the Danube in Vienna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d the Danube in Vienna
+below on the southern border of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below on the southern border of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below on the southern border of the
+Danube. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the walls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls
+as walkways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as walkways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as walkways and
+pedestrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestrian
+parambulation zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parambulation zones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parambulation zones
+prior to them being removed. The glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to them being removed. The glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to them being removed. The glass
+sea on the right. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the clear space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clear space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clear space
+after the walls have been taken down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the walls have been taken down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the walls have been taken down and
+the filling in of this space with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filling in of this space with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filling in of this space with a
+single spine. Next, the parliament
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single spine. Next, the parliament
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single spine. Next, the parliament
+town hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university
+theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater
+uh combination.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combination.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh combination.
+That's Hitler's drawing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Hitler's drawing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Hitler's drawing of the
+parliament, by the way. Not bad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament, by the way. Not bad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parliament, by the way. Not bad.
+Should have got into architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Should have got into architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Should have got into architecture
+school. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the medieval town hall which still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval town hall which still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval town hall which still
+exists.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a group in house, an apartment building,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group in house, an apartment building,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group in house, an apartment building,
+large blocks, large volume.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large blocks, large volume.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large blocks, large volume.
+uh uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and the
+phenomenon again on the facade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon again on the facade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon again on the facade of
+decorating the facade with sculpture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorating the facade with sculpture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decorating the facade with sculpture.
+Uh this is not a flat facade. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the entrance to the apartment building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrance to the apartment building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entrance to the apartment building
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+this zone of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regal or royal uh pertinance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regal or royal uh pertinance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regal or royal uh pertinance.
+Uh there's again there's a decorative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's again there's a decorative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh there's again there's a decorative
+system which is open and free giving uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is open and free giving uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is open and free giving uh
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+spatial quality to the entrance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial quality to the entrance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial quality to the entrance
+experience. Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Camo Ce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Camo Ce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Camo Ce
+the critique of the turba what he calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critique of the turba what he calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the critique of the turba what he calls
+a turbine plaza. A plaza in which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turbine plaza. A plaza in which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turbine plaza. A plaza in which you
+enter and move a plaza which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and move a plaza which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter and move a plaza which is
+correctly organized where you enter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly organized where you enter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly organized where you enter and
+leave only in special places in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave only in special places in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave only in special places in the
+center of the plaza is a space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the plaza is a space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the plaza is a space for
+emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional
+contemplation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his proposal in the shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his proposal in the shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his proposal in the shaded
+zones for recreating a proper appearance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones for recreating a proper appearance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones for recreating a proper appearance
+in front of the vote of church. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the vote of church. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the vote of church. Um
+breaking down the openness which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down the openness which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking down the openness which was
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+which his detractors called platangst he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his detractors called platangst he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which his detractors called platangst he
+was afraid of open space demarcating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was afraid of open space demarcating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was afraid of open space demarcating
+space in relation to particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in relation to particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in relation to particular
+buildings. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings. Next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings. Next,
+Ottovagna's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ottovagna's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ottovagna's
+impression for the expansion of a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression for the expansion of a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impression for the expansion of a city
+is a series of zones but articulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a series of zones but articulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a series of zones but articulated by
+a kind of expansionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of expansionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of expansionist
+line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line.
+Here is his uh design for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is his uh design for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here is his uh design for one of the
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+for one of the proposed extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of the proposed extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of the proposed extension
+expansion areas. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion areas. Next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion areas. Next,
+his preoccupation with designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his preoccupation with designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his preoccupation with designing
+industrial buildings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial buildings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial buildings.
+This is a slle building on the Danube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a slle building on the Danube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a slle building on the Danube
+Canal. You can see is a Can you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal. You can see is a Can you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canal. You can see is a Can you see the
+wavelike decoration up on the right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike decoration up on the right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelike decoration up on the right?
+This is a man who's carrying a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a man who's carrying a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a man who's carrying a kind of
+amber, a hybrid system in his head. on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amber, a hybrid system in his head. on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amber, a hybrid system in his head. on
+the one hand wanting to make something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand wanting to make something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one hand wanting to make something
+as decidedly modern as possible on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as decidedly modern as possible on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as decidedly modern as possible on the
+other hand decorating it with a freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand decorating it with a freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand decorating it with a freeze
+facade decoration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade decoration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facade decoration.
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subway stop the car plat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway stop the car plat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subway stop the car plat
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his buildings for in the railway sub new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his buildings for in the railway sub new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his buildings for in the railway sub new
+railway system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railway system
+at the same time this is a competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time this is a competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time this is a competition
+entry of his I can't remember what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of his I can't remember what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry of his I can't remember what the
+building was I think academy of kirk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was I think academy of kirk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building was I think academy of kirk
+fine arts and this is the postal savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine arts and this is the postal savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine arts and this is the postal savings
+bank building where the decorative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank building where the decorative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank building where the decorative
+system is on the facade in between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is on the facade in between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is on the facade in between the
+regular machine-like windows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular machine-like windows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular machine-like windows.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I didn't have time to go into this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't have time to go into this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't have time to go into this in
+greater detail, but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail, but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater detail, but this is
+Joseph Hoffman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph Hoffman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph Hoffman's
+work in the industrial design sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the industrial design sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the industrial design sector
+with great advances in modern design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great advances in modern design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with great advances in modern design.
+uh using new materials. Um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using new materials. Um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh using new materials. Um this is a
+a list of the theater performances for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of the theater performances for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of the theater performances for a
+week in uh in Vienna.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in uh in Vienna.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week in uh in Vienna.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next,
+Mara's great symphony number six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mara's great symphony number six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mara's great symphony number six and
+to my mind greatest book of Freud's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mind greatest book of Freud's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my mind greatest book of Freud's the
+interpretation of dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of dreams
+1911.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1911.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1911.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Carl Marxhoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl Marxhoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carl Marxhoff
+and some of the other half blocks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gox off on the left. I think it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gox off on the left. I think it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gox off on the left. I think it's one
+and a half kilometers long. Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half kilometers long. Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half kilometers long. Next
+again the abiding preoccupation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the abiding preoccupation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the abiding preoccupation with
+sculpture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sculpture
+and a flag.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a flag.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a flag.
+Uh the entrances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the entrances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the entrances are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+these arches are not entrances. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arches are not entrances. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arches are not entrances. They
+zones of penetration. These are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones of penetration. These are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones of penetration. These are the
+entrance zones. Again, they decorated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance zones. Again, they decorated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance zones. Again, they decorated.
+Uh apartments are very small. Uh once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh apartments are very small. Uh once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh apartments are very small. Uh once
+when I was visiting this building, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was visiting this building, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was visiting this building, the
+taxi driver had lived in this car marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi driver had lived in this car marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxi driver had lived in this car marks
+off and he said he left because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and he said he left because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and he said he left because he
+couldn't swing a cat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't swing a cat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't swing a cat
+in his apartment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his apartment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his apartment.
+Those were his words.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+an enormously powerful manifestation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormously powerful manifestation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enormously powerful manifestation.
+Michael Graves must have looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Graves must have looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Graves must have looked at this
+architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture
+to gain some inspiration for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gain some inspiration for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gain some inspiration for his
+buildings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Barcelona.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona.
+Look at the size of the compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at the size of the compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Look at the size of the compared to the
+old city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And you can imagine what Sa would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can imagine what Sa would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you can imagine what Sa would have
+done to Paris, the Balier of Paris.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's worth spending 10 minutes to f to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's worth spending 10 minutes to f to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's worth spending 10 minutes to f to
+talk about that as a alternative model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that as a alternative model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that as a alternative model
+for what the Paris post modern Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the Paris post modern Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what the Paris post modern Paris
+competitions entries did. Next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions entries did. Next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions entries did. Next.
+So it does vision a three floor set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it does vision a three floor set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it does vision a three floor set of
+blocks differentiating between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks differentiating between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks differentiating between two
+blocks which only had one arm on them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which only had one arm on them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks which only had one arm on them,
+others which had two buildings, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others which had two buildings, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others which had two buildings, some
+which had three buildings, some which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had three buildings, some which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had three buildings, some which
+had with a square was enclosed. The what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with a square was enclosed. The what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had with a square was enclosed. The what
+was actually built is represented on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually built is represented on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually built is represented on the
+right. enclosed space in the center. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. enclosed space in the center. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. enclosed space in the center. Not
+public space but ambiguous space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space but ambiguous space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public space but ambiguous space.
+Sometimes place space which was taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes place space which was taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes place space which was taken
+over by residents. Sometimes space which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by residents. Sometimes space which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over by residents. Sometimes space which
+was made into parking lots. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made into parking lots. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made into parking lots. Sometimes
+space which is just dilapidated but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is just dilapidated but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space which is just dilapidated but no
+resolution of the internal space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the internal space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of the internal space of
+consolidated foursided block. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can see some of the interior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a difference between making car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between making car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a difference between making car
+marks off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks off
+interior space as a space for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior space as a space for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interior space as a space for the
+community with clinics, shops,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community with clinics, shops,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community with clinics, shops,
+medical facilities, schools and so on as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical facilities, schools and so on as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical facilities, schools and so on as
+a concept versus a concept which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept versus a concept which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept versus a concept which
+enclosed the block in in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed the block in in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enclosed the block in in order to
+galvanize the quality of the streets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanize the quality of the streets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanize the quality of the streets to
+increase density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase density
+um but left the whole completely un un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but left the whole completely un un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but left the whole completely un un
+unavailable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so plan calls for the blocks to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plan calls for the blocks to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so plan calls for the blocks to be
+truncated on the corners. Here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated on the corners. Here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncated on the corners. Here you can
+see an intersection of the four corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an intersection of the four corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an intersection of the four corners
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh leaving a messy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leaving a messy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh leaving a messy uh
+transportation intersection problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation intersection problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation intersection problem
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there.
+One of the arguments made by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the arguments made by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the arguments made by the
+Barcelonians today is that this creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelonians today is that this creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelonians today is that this creates
+another facade and each of these small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another facade and each of these small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another facade and each of these small
+square intersections have facade unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square intersections have facade unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square intersections have facade unique
+facades facing onto them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facades facing onto them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facades facing onto them.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Ramblas, the medieval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ramblas, the medieval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Ramblas, the medieval
+public walk, and the P de Gracia, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public walk, and the P de Gracia, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public walk, and the P de Gracia, this
+great avenue which links links to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great avenue which links links to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great avenue which links links to the
+town of Gracia in the hills.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town of Gracia in the hills.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town of Gracia in the hills.
+Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Kaza Batlau of Gaudi and the sorry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kaza Batlau of Gaudi and the sorry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kaza Batlau of Gaudi and the sorry,
+Kazama on the left and the Kaza Blo on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazama on the left and the Kaza Blo on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kazama on the left and the Kaza Blo on
+the right. fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the great unfinished cathedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great unfinished cathedral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great unfinished cathedral
+and attempts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attempts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and attempts
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modernize the Assange. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Barcelona games is the only games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Barcelona games is the only games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Barcelona games is the only games
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+positioned the center of the city as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned the center of the city as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned the center of the city as
+central to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to the
+four sites. The Monuik site on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sites. The Monuik site on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four sites. The Monuik site on the top
+left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left.
+uh the carrier site for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the athletes housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the athletes housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the athletes housing
+of all the Olympic sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the Olympic sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the Olympic sites
+from Munich to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Munich to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Munich to
+Tokyo to Sydney to Melbourne and London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo to Sydney to Melbourne and London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tokyo to Sydney to Melbourne and London
+and so on. None of incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. None of incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. None of incorporated
+the proposition within the central city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposition within the central city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposition within the central city
+system. Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two post sa propositions. Could you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two post sa propositions. Could you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two post sa propositions. Could you just
+focus this one please? Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus this one please? Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus this one please? Thank you.
+This is Kuzi is and a group called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is Kuzi is and a group called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is Kuzi is and a group called
+Gutpak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gutpak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gutpak
+modern version of the extension of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern version of the extension of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern version of the extension of the
+Sarda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarda
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+The streets are gone or they ignored the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The streets are gone or they ignored the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The streets are gone or they ignored the
+toothlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothlike
+system of Kuzia is engaged in housing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Kuzia is engaged in housing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of Kuzia is engaged in housing.
+There's a huge amount of open space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a huge amount of open space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a huge amount of open space
+which is not allocated to anybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not allocated to anybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not allocated to anybody in
+particular. One prefers the scheme on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular. One prefers the scheme on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular. One prefers the scheme on
+the left infinitely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left infinitely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left infinitely.
+A crazy man Leon Kreer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying that the problem with her plan is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the problem with her plan is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that the problem with her plan is
+that the 113 meter size is too large.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 113 meter size is too large.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the 113 meter size is too large.
+clear as a dislike of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as a dislike of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear as a dislike of anything
+continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous.
+So he suggests that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he suggests that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So he suggests that the
+block be broken up into four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block be broken up into four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block be broken up into four
+modules of about 25 m each.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules of about 25 m each.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules of about 25 m each.
+Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh
+what he where he believes the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he where he believes the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he where he believes the market is
+for all of the shopping on these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the shopping on these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of the shopping on these little
+corners.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners.
+uh and the confusion caused by creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the confusion caused by creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the confusion caused by creating
+as many confers as you like. He should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many confers as you like. He should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many confers as you like. He should
+go Leon Cree should visit Tel Aviv and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Leon Cree should visit Tel Aviv and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Leon Cree should visit Tel Aviv and
+see what happens when you subdivide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you subdivide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when you subdivide
+blocks into two smaller distance. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks into two smaller distance. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks into two smaller distance. Uh
+it's a silly diagram but it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a silly diagram but it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a silly diagram but it's two
+examples of post SA thinking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's the lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's the lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's the lot.
+Oh, sorry. They just the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. They just the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, sorry. They just the idea of
+expanding from the by leaving the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding from the by leaving the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding from the by leaving the center
+alone and expanding outwards. I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and expanding outwards. I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone and expanding outwards. I'm just
+giving this is Antonelli's plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving this is Antonelli's plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving this is Antonelli's plan for
+Torino. That is Castra's plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torino. That is Castra's plan for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Torino. That is Castra's plan for
+Madrid. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid. Next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madrid. Next,
+this is Troty's plan for Bari. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Troty's plan for Bari. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Troty's plan for Bari. And this
+is Cleanths's plan. Counter Schubert's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Cleanths's plan. Counter Schubert's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Cleanths's plan. Counter Schubert's
+plan for Athens. All suggest in the dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for Athens. All suggest in the dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for Athens. All suggest in the dark
+gray that you maintain the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray that you maintain the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray that you maintain the core of the
+city, take away the walls if necessary,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city, take away the walls if necessary,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city, take away the walls if necessary,
+and produce a free zone outside. Next,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a free zone outside. Next,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produce a free zone outside. Next,
+here in the small town of Altamura in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the small town of Altamura in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the small town of Altamura in
+Pulia, you see the system operating in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulia, you see the system operating in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pulia, you see the system operating in a
+small town. Radiating outwards are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small town. Radiating outwards are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small town. Radiating outwards are
+gates to the old city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates to the old city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates to the old city.
+U uh I haven't got time to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh I haven't got time to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U uh I haven't got time to go into the
+detail. Here you see a grid system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. Here you see a grid system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail. Here you see a grid system
+employed almost throughout ex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed almost throughout ex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed almost throughout ex the
+surroundings of the existing wall city.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings of the existing wall city.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings of the existing wall city.
+the wall city if the walls are taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall city if the walls are taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall city if the walls are taken
+away or replaced by a boulevard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or replaced by a boulevard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away or replaced by a boulevard
+surrounding the city. Nothing like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the city. Nothing like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding the city. Nothing like the
+boulevard of the ringstrasa.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulevard of the ringstrasa.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boulevard of the ringstrasa.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+sorry it's so rushed, but the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's so rushed, but the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's so rushed, but the world is
+full of information.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w_Bl6xbvl3g.txt b/w_Bl6xbvl3g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94b8f193273b12b7cfec6474b660af72e11f6b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w_Bl6xbvl3g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi everyone. Uh welcome to this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone. Uh welcome to this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi everyone. Uh welcome to this series
+of uh videos for the topic of vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh videos for the topic of vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh videos for the topic of vectors.
+Uh this chapter is important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this chapter is important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this chapter is important for
+mathematics. Uh and it also forms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Uh and it also forms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics. Uh and it also forms the
+basis for the next chapter that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the next chapter that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for the next chapter that is
+threedimensional geometry. Uh there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional geometry. Uh there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional geometry. Uh there will
+be series of videos for this topic. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be series of videos for this topic. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be series of videos for this topic. Uh
+in this first video I will just like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first video I will just like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this first video I will just like to
+talk about very basic stuff uh and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about very basic stuff uh and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about very basic stuff uh and I'll
+try to define vectors. I believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to define vectors. I believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to define vectors. I believe that
+there's a lot of confusion among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of confusion among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of confusion among
+students about even basic things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students about even basic things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students about even basic things of
+definition of vectors like position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of vectors like position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of vectors like position
+vector, line vector, unit vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, line vector, unit vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector, line vector, unit vector and
+magnitude. Uh I think if you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. Uh I think if you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. Uh I think if you can really
+focus on this video uh and really try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this video uh and really try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this video uh and really try to
+understand the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the difference between
+position vector and line vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector and line vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector and line vector that
+will very very clarify a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will very very clarify a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will very very clarify a lot of things
+for you. Uh so let me start uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. Uh so let me start uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. Uh so let me start uh by
+defining what a position vector is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what a position vector is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what a position vector is.
+So uh first before I going into position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh first before I going into position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh first before I going into position
+vector let me just briefly summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let me just briefly summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector let me just briefly summarize
+vectors for you in case you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for you in case you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors for you in case you're not
+familiar. I believe you have already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. I believe you have already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar. I believe you have already
+learned about vectors uh in uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about vectors uh in uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about vectors uh in uh uh
+chapters of physics like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of physics like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapters of physics like uh
+chynatics and forces and all that. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chynatics and forces and all that. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chynatics and forces and all that. Uh
+you should know that vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know that vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should know that vectors are
+quantities where which has which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities where which has which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities where which has which have
+both magnitude as well as direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both magnitude as well as direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both magnitude as well as direction and
+they're very very important for uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very important for uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very very important for uh in
+general for scientific development. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for scientific development. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for scientific development. So
+let's just me start let me start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just me start let me start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just me start let me start by
+defining what are position vectors. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what are position vectors. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining what are position vectors. So a
+position vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+to a point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point.
+Okay. uh and as the name suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh and as the name suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. uh and as the name suggests
+basically this position vector is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this position vector is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this position vector is about
+the position of one point and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of one point and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of one point and I think
+this is where a lot of students get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where a lot of students get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where a lot of students get
+confused even the most basic definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused even the most basic definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused even the most basic definition
+of position vector. So let us say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position vector. So let us say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of position vector. So let us say we
+have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh
+so a good thing about vectors is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good thing about vectors is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a good thing about vectors is that it
+will always be in three dimensions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be in three dimensions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always be in three dimensions uh
+and that will be really helpful for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be really helpful for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will be really helpful for you
+in the next chapter of threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next chapter of threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next chapter of threedimensional
+geometry. So that is why it is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. So that is why it is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry. So that is why it is important
+for you to understand position vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to understand position vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to understand position vectors
+and things things like line vector unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things things like line vector unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things things like line vector unit
+vector. So let us just initially focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So let us just initially focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So let us just initially focus
+on position vectors. So what what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on position vectors. So what what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on position vectors. So what what is the
+definition? A position vector is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition? A position vector is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition? A position vector is a
+vector connecting origin to a point. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector connecting origin to a point. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector connecting origin to a point. So
+let us say we have a point P with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us say we have a point P with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us say we have a point P with
+coordinates PX,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates PX,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates PX,
+P Y and P Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Y and P Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P Y and P Z
+and position vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and position vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and position vector
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+let us call this as X- axis, Yaxis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us call this as X- axis, Yaxis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us call this as X- axis, Yaxis and
+Z-axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z-axis.
+position vector is a vector connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector is a vector connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector is a vector connecting
+origin which is O to the point P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin which is O to the point P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin which is O to the point P
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+pointing in direction of P. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in direction of P. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing in direction of P. This
+direction pointing is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction pointing is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction pointing is very important
+because if it is in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it is in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it is in the opposite
+direction then the vector will not will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the vector will not will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction then the vector will not will
+not will be something else. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not will be something else. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not will be something else. Uh so
+whenever we write a vector OP vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we write a vector OP vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we write a vector OP vector
+this is called OP vector. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called OP vector. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called OP vector. The first
+vector is from where the arrow uh line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is from where the arrow uh line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is from where the arrow uh line
+connects to the second point and P the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to the second point and P the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects to the second point and P the
+second the second uh alphabet which is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the second uh alphabet which is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the second uh alphabet which is P
+in this case OP vector is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case OP vector is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case OP vector is the uh
+signifies signifies the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies signifies the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signifies signifies the direction of the
+vector for instance what I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for instance what I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector for instance what I'm trying to
+say is that if you have OP vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that if you have OP vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that if you have OP vector
+OP vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OP vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OP vector
+then the vector will start from O and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vector will start from O and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the vector will start from O and
+end at P okay and in this case OP vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at P okay and in this case OP vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at P okay and in this case OP vector
+actually means PX ICAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means PX ICAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually means PX ICAP
+I hope you are familiar with Icap. Icap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you are familiar with Icap. Icap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you are familiar with Icap. Icap
+means the direction in the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the direction in the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the direction in the x-axis
+plus py jcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus pz kcap. Okay. So x-axis, y axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pz kcap. Okay. So x-axis, y axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pz kcap. Okay. So x-axis, y axis
+and z ais.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z ais.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z ais.
+Okay. Uh another point that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh another point that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh another point that you can
+probably might want to know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably might want to know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably might want to know is that
+magnitude of OP vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of OP vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of OP vector
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+square root of px²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of px²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of px²
++ p y²
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ p y²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ p y²
++ pz². Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ pz². Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ pz². Okay.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+So let us just take a very quick example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let us just take a very quick example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let us just take a very quick example
+for this. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we have a point A, let us say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a point A, let us say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a point A, let us say we have
+a point A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point A with coordinates 3A 2A 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point A with coordinates 3A 2A 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point A with coordinates 3A 2A 1.
+What is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and its magnitude?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And the answer is very we can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is very we can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the answer is very we can very
+quickly write the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we will write O A vector. O A vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will write O A vector. O A vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we will write O A vector. O A vector
+is 3 ICAP + 2 JCAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 ICAP + 2 JCAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 ICAP + 2 JCAP
++ KCAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ KCAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ KCAP
+and O A vector magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O A vector magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and O A vector magnitude
+is square root of 3² + 2 + 1 is square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is square root of 3² + 2 + 1 is square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is square root of 3² + 2 + 1 is square
+root of 14. Okay, this is just to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 14. Okay, this is just to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 14. Okay, this is just to give
+you a very quick example that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very quick example that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a very quick example that position
+vector is always and always for a point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is always and always for a point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is always and always for a point.
+Position vector is always for a point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Position vector is always for a point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Position vector is always for a point.
+Okay, please do not forget this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, please do not forget this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, please do not forget this very
+very basic definition of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic definition of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic definition of position
+vector. Trust me, it will happen it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. Trust me, it will happen it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. Trust me, it will happen it will
+sometime happen during the chapter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime happen during the chapter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime happen during the chapter of
+vectors that you will get confused if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that you will get confused if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that you will get confused if
+you do not I if you forget this point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not I if you forget this point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not I if you forget this point.
+So please try to remember that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So please try to remember that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So please try to remember that position
+vector is always and always for a point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is always and always for a point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is always and always for a point.
+Okay. Now let us try to move to a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let us try to move to a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now let us try to move to a new
+type of vector which is called the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of vector which is called the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of vector which is called the line
+vector. So position vector is for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So position vector is for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So position vector is for a
+point and line vector is for a line. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and line vector is for a line. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and line vector is for a line. So
+as simple as that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple as that.
+So if you have a line let us say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a line let us say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a line let us say
+connecting two points a and b. So if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting two points a and b. So if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting two points a and b. So if I
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+small a vector here and small b vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small a vector here and small b vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small a vector here and small b vector
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+So what does this mean? A vector is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does this mean? A vector is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does this mean? A vector is for
+point A and small B vector is for point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A and small B vector is for point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A and small B vector is for point
+B. Whenever you see something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. Whenever you see something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. Whenever you see something like this
+in brackets, it just means because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brackets, it just means because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in brackets, it just means because it is
+for a point, it refers to the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a point, it refers to the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a point, it refers to the position
+vector. In other words, A vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. In other words, A vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. In other words, A vector
+is nothing but O A vector and B vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but O A vector and B vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but O A vector and B vector
+is nothing but OB vector. And what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but OB vector. And what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but OB vector. And what are
+OA vectors and OB vectors? They are OP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OA vectors and OB vectors? They are OP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OA vectors and OB vectors? They are OP
+vector like position vectors of point A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector like position vectors of point A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector like position vectors of point A
+and B. So even this basic thing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B. So even this basic thing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B. So even this basic thing people
+get really confused. So whenever you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really confused. So whenever you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get really confused. So whenever you see
+points a point A and something written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a point A and something written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points a point A and something written
+in the bracket of that that always means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bracket of that that always means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bracket of that that always means
+it is a position vector. Okay. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a position vector. Okay. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a position vector. Okay. So what
+does line vector mean? So line vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does line vector mean? So line vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does line vector mean? So line vector
+means connecting two points. And if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means connecting two points. And if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means connecting two points. And if we
+have something like AB vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A vector again starting from A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A vector again starting from A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A vector again starting from A and
+ending at B. So direction arrow goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at B. So direction arrow goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at B. So direction arrow goes
+from A to B. Then this vector is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B. Then this vector is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B. Then this vector is defined
+as B vector minus A vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B vector minus A vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as B vector minus A vector.
+Or in other words, AB vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or in other words, AB vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or in other words, AB vector is
+OB vector minus OA vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OB vector minus OA vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OB vector minus OA vector.
+Okay. So let us try to take one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let us try to take one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let us try to take one example
+and quickly hopefully you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quickly hopefully you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and quickly hopefully you'll be able to
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I'm trying to say. What is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say. What is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say. What is the
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+joining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sin theta icap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta icap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin theta icap
+plus cos theta jcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos theta jcap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos theta jcap
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0A 0A 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0A 0A 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0A 0A 1.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What is its magnitude?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let us try to find the answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let us try to find the answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let us try to find the answer for
+this very quickly. So we have been given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very quickly. So we have been given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very quickly. So we have been given
+I mean it might be a little confusing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it might be a little confusing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it might be a little confusing of
+how it has been written here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it has been written here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it has been written here.
+So sin theta icap plus cos theta jcap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sin theta icap plus cos theta jcap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sin theta icap plus cos theta jcap is
+basically a point for which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a point for which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a point for which you have
+been given a position vector. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been given a position vector. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been given a position vector. So uh
+joining this and this. So we'll assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining this and this. So we'll assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining this and this. So we'll assume
+that a vector is sin theta icap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a vector is sin theta icap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a vector is sin theta icap
+plus cos theta jcap and theta can be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos theta jcap and theta can be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cos theta jcap and theta can be any
+parameter. Basically theta is an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. Basically theta is an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter. Basically theta is an angle
+and a parameter here. It has not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a parameter here. It has not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a parameter here. It has not been
+given to us what is this value of theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us what is this value of theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us what is this value of theta.
+So it's fine but we can still calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's fine but we can still calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's fine but we can still calculate
+the answer. And B vector is nothing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer. And B vector is nothing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer. And B vector is nothing but
+KCAP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KCAP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KCAP.
+Right? So what will be B vector minus A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So what will be B vector minus A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So what will be B vector minus A
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will be KCAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be KCAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be KCAP
+minus sin theta ICAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sin theta ICAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sin theta ICAP
+minus cos theta JCAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cos theta JCAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cos theta JCAP
+and magnitude of AB vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnitude of AB vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and magnitude of AB vector
+would be similar to write like we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be similar to write like we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be similar to write like we define
+OP vector magnitude basically squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OP vector magnitude basically squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OP vector magnitude basically squaring
+all the components. So - sin theta whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components. So - sin theta whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the components. So - sin theta whole
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
++ - cos theta square
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ - cos theta square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ - cos theta square
++ 1 square and sin square theta + cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 square and sin square theta + cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 square and sin square theta + cos
+square theta is 1. So a vector magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square theta is 1. So a vector magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square theta is 1. So a vector magnitude
+is <unk>2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is <unk>2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is <unk>2.
+Okay. So in this part I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this part I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So in this part I just wanted to
+emphasize that line vector is for a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that line vector is for a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that line vector is for a line
+and position vector is for a point. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and position vector is for a point. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and position vector is for a point. Now
+uh there are also some vectors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are also some vectors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are also some vectors which
+people get always confused about. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get always confused about. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get always confused about. So
+here both the vectors are fixed because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here both the vectors are fixed because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here both the vectors are fixed because
+it always started from A and going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always started from A and going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always started from A and going and
+it went to B and this started from O and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to B and this started from O and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to B and this started from O and
+went to P. However, you should realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to P. However, you should realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to P. However, you should realize
+that sometimes vectors are also freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes vectors are also freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes vectors are also freely
+used in terms of that the vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in terms of that the vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in terms of that the vectors are
+not fixed. It they only fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fixed. It they only fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fixed. It they only fix the
+magnitude and the direction but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the direction but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and the direction but they
+don't fix the position. For instance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fix the position. For instance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fix the position. For instance,
+uh if I have a vector, if I define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I have a vector, if I define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I have a vector, if I define a
+vector,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector,
+let me create another space here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me create another space here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me create another space here and
+just call that as a free vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. If I have been given a vector A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I have been given a vector A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. If I have been given a vector A
+and I've been told that it is ICAP plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've been told that it is ICAP plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've been told that it is ICAP plus
+JCAP plus KCAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JCAP plus KCAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JCAP plus KCAP
+and I have not been given anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have not been given anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have not been given anything
+information any other information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information any other information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information any other information about
+this. So what would this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So what would this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So what would this vector
+represent? This vector represents a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent? This vector represents a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent? This vector represents a lot
+of things. For instance, it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. For instance, it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. For instance, it can
+represent a point such that OA vector,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a point such that OA vector,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a point such that OA vector,
+let us say this is a point 1 comma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us say this is a point 1 comma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us say this is a point 1 comma 1
+comma 1. Then OA vector could be ICAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1. Then OA vector could be ICAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma 1. Then OA vector could be ICAP
+plus ECAP plus KCAP. Similarly, this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ECAP plus KCAP. Similarly, this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ECAP plus KCAP. Similarly, this can
+also represent a line vector which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also represent a line vector which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also represent a line vector which means
+that it can the B vector minus A vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can the B vector minus A vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can the B vector minus A vector
+for instance it can join two points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance it can join two points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance it can join two points and
+can the difference can come out as ICAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the difference can come out as ICAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the difference can come out as ICAP
+plus KCAP. Okay. However, free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KCAP. Okay. However, free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus KCAP. Okay. However, free
+vector by free vector I means that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by free vector I means that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by free vector I means that I
+just know the direction and magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know the direction and magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know the direction and magnitude
+but it is free to rotate in this 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is free to rotate in this 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is free to rotate in this 3D
+space. For instance, let us say there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. For instance, let us say there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. For instance, let us say there is
+this vector which I'm holding here. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector which I'm holding here. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector which I'm holding here. If
+there's if this vector it can freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if this vector it can freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if this vector it can freely
+rotate, it is not changing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate, it is not changing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate, it is not changing its
+direction. It is not changing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. It is not changing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. It is not changing its
+magnitude. So that is a free vector. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. So that is a free vector. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. So that is a free vector. So
+if you have not been specified a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have not been specified a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have not been specified a
+position specific position from where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position specific position from where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position specific position from where it
+starts from origin and ends at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from origin and ends at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts from origin and ends at a
+position or it joins two points, it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or it joins two points, it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position or it joins two points, it can
+also be a free vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a free vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be a free vector.
+And I wanted want to emphasize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I wanted want to emphasize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I wanted want to emphasize this
+because you will see later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will see later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will see later in this
+chapter that many many times it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that many many times it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter that many many times it happens
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh people really get confused about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people really get confused about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people really get confused about uh
+free vectors that they are not able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vectors that they are not able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free vectors that they are not able to
+understand it. Similarly they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. Similarly they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. Similarly they get
+confused between oh what is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused between oh what is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused between oh what is a vector
+connecting two line two points and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting two line two points and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting two line two points and they
+get confused whenever you they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused whenever you they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get confused whenever you they see
+notation with a vector in the brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation with a vector in the brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation with a vector in the brackets
+or small vector in the brackets. So just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small vector in the brackets. So just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small vector in the brackets. So just
+to summarize whenever you whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize whenever you whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize whenever you whenever you
+see a point it always means a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a point it always means a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a point it always means a position
+vector. Whenever you see a point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. Whenever you see a point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. Whenever you see a point it
+always means a position vector. Whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means a position vector. Whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always means a position vector. Whenever
+you see a vector joining two points it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a vector joining two points it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a vector joining two points it
+means a line vector which can be which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a line vector which can be which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a line vector which can be which
+can be calculated like this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated like this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated like this. And
+whenever you see something just written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see something just written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see something just written
+like this and not specified whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and not specified whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and not specified whether it
+is a point or whether it is a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a point or whether it is a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a point or whether it is a line
+vector then it means it is a free vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then it means it is a free vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then it means it is a free vector
+which only has a fixed magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only has a fixed magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only has a fixed magnitude and
+direction and can move freely around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and can move freely around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and can move freely around the
+space. Okay. Now till now I have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay. Now till now I have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Okay. Now till now I have only
+only talked about the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talked about the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only talked about the magnitude of the
+vector here A vector OP vector that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here A vector OP vector that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector here A vector OP vector that you
+can just take the X component square Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the X component square Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just take the X component square Y
+component square and Z component square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component square and Z component square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component square and Z component square
+and take a square root of that. However
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a square root of that. However
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a square root of that. However
+there is something also very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something also very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is something also very important
+for a vector and that is its direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector and that is its direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector and that is its direction.
+So let me start by defining unit vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me start by defining unit vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me start by defining unit vector.
+So whenever I write a vector A which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whenever I write a vector A which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whenever I write a vector A which is
+for instance written here I can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance written here I can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance written here I can also
+write vector A as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write vector A as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write vector A as
+magnitude of vector A into unit vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of vector A into unit vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of vector A into unit vector.
+Okay. So what what does this mean? This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what what does this mean? This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what what does this mean? This
+means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that
+a vector has some magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector has some magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector has some magnitude
+which you can again calculate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can again calculate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can again calculate by
+squaring uh X component, Y component, z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring uh X component, Y component, z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring uh X component, Y component, z
+component and adding them and taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and adding them and taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and adding them and taking a
+square root. And this this a cap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root. And this this a cap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root. And this this a cap is
+nothing but the unit vector or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but the unit vector or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but the unit vector or something
+which I really really prefer to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I really really prefer to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I really really prefer to use the
+direction of the vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the vector.
+So unit vector and direction are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unit vector and direction are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So unit vector and direction are
+synonymous. Many people get confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous. Many people get confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous. Many people get confused
+about this unit vector and direction are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this unit vector and direction are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this unit vector and direction are
+synonymous. So whenever you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous. So whenever you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonymous. So whenever you have a
+vector it is a multiplication of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it is a multiplication of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector it is a multiplication of its
+magnitude into its direction or its unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude into its direction or its unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude into its direction or its unit
+vector. So for instance if I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So for instance if I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. So for instance if I have to
+calculate a unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate a unit vector
+calculate unit vector of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector A. If you want to do that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector A. If you want to do that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector A. If you want to do that then
+you can write a cap as vector A by mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write a cap as vector A by mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write a cap as vector A by mod
+of A. Vector A in this case is ICAP +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A. Vector A in this case is ICAP +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A. Vector A in this case is ICAP +
+JCAP + KCAP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JCAP + KCAP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JCAP + KCAP.
+And mod of a is square root of 1 square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And mod of a is square root of 1 square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And mod of a is square root of 1 square
++ 1 square + 1 square. And this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 square + 1 square. And this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 square + 1 square. And this means
+icap + jcap by square root of root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icap + jcap by square root of root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icap + jcap by square root of root
+square root of 3. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 3. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 3. Okay.
+In other words, I can also write that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, I can also write that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, I can also write that a
+vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector
+is <unk>3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is <unk>3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is <unk>3 *
+icap + jcap + kcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icap + jcap + kcap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icap + jcap + kcap
+by square root of roo<unk>3 square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by square root of roo<unk>3 square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by square root of roo<unk>3 square root
+of 3. And this is the direction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3. And this is the direction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 3. And this is the direction which is
+the unit vector and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vector and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vector and this is the
+magnitude. Okay. So if if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. Okay. So if if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude. Okay. So if if you want to
+calculate the let us say another let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the let us say another let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the let us say another let us
+just write another question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write another question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write another question.
+What is the direction of x-axis?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x-axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if you have a direction of x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a direction of x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you have a direction of x-axis
+direction means a unit vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction means a unit vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction means a unit vector.
+So in that case a cap would be direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in that case a cap would be direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in that case a cap would be direction
+is have something with a magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have something with a magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is have something with a magnitude of
+one and we know the direction of xaxis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we know the direction of xaxis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we know the direction of xaxis
+is icap and it also has a magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is icap and it also has a magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is icap and it also has a magnitude of
+one. So it is just icap. Icap is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it is just icap. Icap is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So it is just icap. Icap is nothing
+but a direction. So whenever I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a direction. So whenever I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a direction. So whenever I write
+something like px icap plus py jcap plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like px icap plus py jcap plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like px icap plus py jcap plus
+px pz kcap it means that I've moved px
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px pz kcap it means that I've moved px
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+px pz kcap it means that I've moved px
+in the x direction right icap and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x direction right icap and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x direction right icap and then I
+added something with and I have moved py
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added something with and I have moved py
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added something with and I have moved py
+in the z direction and then I have moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the z direction and then I have moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the z direction and then I have moved
+pk in the pz in the k direction. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk in the pz in the k direction. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pk in the pz in the k direction. So that
+is how you define direction by unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you define direction by unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how you define direction by unit
+vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors.
+So till now in this video we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So till now in this video we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So till now in this video we just
+covered very basic stuff. Position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered very basic stuff. Position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered very basic stuff. Position
+vectors refers to a point. Line vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors refers to a point. Line vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors refers to a point. Line vectors
+refers to joining two points. Free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to joining two points. Free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to joining two points. Free
+vector refers to a vector which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector refers to a vector which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector refers to a vector which is not
+neither a point nor a line just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither a point nor a line just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither a point nor a line just
+something that can move freely around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can move freely around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can move freely around
+the space has a fixed magnitude and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space has a fixed magnitude and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space has a fixed magnitude and a
+fixed direction and at last unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed direction and at last unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed direction and at last unit vector
+means just the direction where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just the direction where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means just the direction where you
+divide the vector by its magnitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the vector by its magnitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide the vector by its magnitude and
+we did a very quick calculation to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a very quick calculation to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a very quick calculation to see
+that. So I hope this was clear uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So I hope this was clear uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So I hope this was clear uh just
+take some time and digest these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some time and digest these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some time and digest these things
+and in the next video we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next video we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the next video we will talk about
+things like addition of vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like addition of vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like addition of vectors and
+section formula. Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xApFTcsFPcQ.txt b/xApFTcsFPcQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffc960e005a34163bcaf28e9a4aef9f07137a48e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xApFTcsFPcQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,979 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+In the last video, we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the last video, we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the last video, we talked about
+freelancing work. In this video, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancing work. In this video, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freelancing work. In this video, we're
+going to take a closer look at Uber as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a closer look at Uber as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a closer look at Uber as a
+case study. Now, you've probably heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study. Now, you've probably heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case study. Now, you've probably heard
+of Uber by now. Uber was recently valued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Uber by now. Uber was recently valued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Uber by now. Uber was recently valued
+at over $50 billion, and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at over $50 billion, and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at over $50 billion, and they have
+operations in over 50 countries. Their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in over 50 countries. Their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations in over 50 countries. Their
+business model is simple. They connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model is simple. They connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business model is simple. They connect
+people who need a ride with drivers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who need a ride with drivers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who need a ride with drivers who
+are willing to drive them using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to drive them using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are willing to drive them using their
+own personal vehicle. Now, if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal vehicle. Now, if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal vehicle. Now, if this
+sounds an awful lot like a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds an awful lot like a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds an awful lot like a traditional
+cab company, you're right. Uber competes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab company, you're right. Uber competes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cab company, you're right. Uber competes
+directly with traditional cab companies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with traditional cab companies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly with traditional cab companies.
+But unlike cab drivers, Uber drivers use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But unlike cab drivers, Uber drivers use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But unlike cab drivers, Uber drivers use
+their own car. And this means they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own car. And this means they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own car. And this means they're
+responsible for all the costs associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for all the costs associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for all the costs associated
+with using their vehicle. Maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with using their vehicle. Maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with using their vehicle. Maintenance
+and repair costs, for example. The main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repair costs, for example. The main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repair costs, for example. The main
+service provided by Uber is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service provided by Uber is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service provided by Uber is this
+technology, this mobile application that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, this mobile application that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology, this mobile application that
+connects people and facilitates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects people and facilitates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects people and facilitates
+automatic payment. To many, Uber is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic payment. To many, Uber is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic payment. To many, Uber is
+symbolic of a technology mediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic of a technology mediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolic of a technology mediated
+ondemand or gig economy. Early on, Uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand or gig economy. Early on, Uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand or gig economy. Early on, Uber
+and companies like it were seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies like it were seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and companies like it were seen as
+offering a new and very exciting way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering a new and very exciting way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering a new and very exciting way to
+work. You could drive whenever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. You could drive whenever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. You could drive whenever and
+wherever you wanted. And Uber claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you wanted. And Uber claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you wanted. And Uber claimed
+early on that the median salary for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on that the median salary for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on that the median salary for a
+driver working at least 40 hours a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver working at least 40 hours a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver working at least 40 hours a week
+in New York City was $50,000 a year.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City was $50,000 a year.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York City was $50,000 a year.
+Since then, people have challenged these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since then, people have challenged these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Since then, people have challenged these
+earning estimates, and some people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning estimates, and some people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning estimates, and some people have
+raised questions about some aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised questions about some aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised questions about some aspects of
+Uber's employment model. The critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber's employment model. The critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber's employment model. The critical
+issue is how these drivers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is how these drivers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is how these drivers are
+classified. Whether they're employees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified. Whether they're employees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classified. Whether they're employees or
+independent contractors, the legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors, the legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors, the legal
+distinction has important implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction has important implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction has important implications
+for drivers experiences and protections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drivers experiences and protections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for drivers experiences and protections.
+Uber refers to its drivers as partners,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber refers to its drivers as partners,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber refers to its drivers as partners,
+but Uber does not consider its drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Uber does not consider its drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Uber does not consider its drivers
+employees, and many feel that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees, and many feel that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees, and many feel that they have
+virtually no input into company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually no input into company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually no input into company
+decisions, including pricing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions, including pricing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions, including pricing and
+passenger related policies. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger related policies. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passenger related policies. For example,
+Uber retains full control over the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber retains full control over the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber retains full control over the base
+rates that drivers can charge. Uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that drivers can charge. Uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that drivers can charge. Uber
+started off with higher fairs, but has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with higher fairs, but has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with higher fairs, but has
+cut them on multiple occasions in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut them on multiple occasions in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut them on multiple occasions in order
+to try to boost ridership. In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to boost ridership. In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to boost ridership. In fact,
+there are reports that Uber X drivers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reports that Uber X drivers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are reports that Uber X drivers,
+UberX being the most commonly used,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UberX being the most commonly used,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UberX being the most commonly used,
+lowest cost service, make only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest cost service, make only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest cost service, make only a little
+bit more than traditional cab drivers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than traditional cab drivers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more than traditional cab drivers.
+And that's before factoring in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's before factoring in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's before factoring in all the
+cost that cab drivers don't have. Also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that cab drivers don't have. Also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that cab drivers don't have. Also,
+Uber drivers can be fired automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber drivers can be fired automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber drivers can be fired automatically
+by a computer if their passenger rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a computer if their passenger rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a computer if their passenger rating
+falls below a 4.6 on a scale from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls below a 4.6 on a scale from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls below a 4.6 on a scale from 1 to
+five. Drivers have no way of contesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five. Drivers have no way of contesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five. Drivers have no way of contesting
+ratings that they perceive as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings that they perceive as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings that they perceive as being
+unfair. And Uber doesn't tell its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair. And Uber doesn't tell its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair. And Uber doesn't tell its
+passengers how their ratings might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers how their ratings might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers how their ratings might
+affect drivers employment. A passenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect drivers employment. A passenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect drivers employment. A passenger
+might reasonably assume therefore that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reasonably assume therefore that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reasonably assume therefore that a
+four-star rating is pretty good, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-star rating is pretty good, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-star rating is pretty good, but
+actually four stars could nudge a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four stars could nudge a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four stars could nudge a driver
+below a 4.6 and therefore out of a job.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a 4.6 and therefore out of a job.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a 4.6 and therefore out of a job.
+Uber also collects, analyzes, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber also collects, analyzes, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber also collects, analyzes, and
+profits from a wealth of driver data,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from a wealth of driver data,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits from a wealth of driver data,
+but is guarded about which data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is guarded about which data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is guarded about which data are
+shared back with drivers. In some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared back with drivers. In some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared back with drivers. In some
+states, drivers are trying to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states, drivers are trying to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states, drivers are trying to organize
+and collectively bargain. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collectively bargain. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collectively bargain. So in
+California, for example, drivers formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California, for example, drivers formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California, for example, drivers formed
+CADA, which stands for the California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CADA, which stands for the California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CADA, which stands for the California
+App-based drivers association. But these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+App-based drivers association. But these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+App-based drivers association. But these
+drivers face a difficult road ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers face a difficult road ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers face a difficult road ahead
+because US law does not require Uber to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because US law does not require Uber to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because US law does not require Uber to
+negotiate because Uber considers these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate because Uber considers these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiate because Uber considers these
+drivers independent contractors, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers independent contractors, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers independent contractors, not
+employees. In other words, they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees. In other words, they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees. In other words, they're not
+management's problem. The city of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management's problem. The city of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management's problem. The city of
+Seattle acted on its own recently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle acted on its own recently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seattle acted on its own recently and
+passed a law that enabled Uber drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed a law that enabled Uber drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed a law that enabled Uber drivers
+to organize and negotiate for better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize and negotiate for better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize and negotiate for better
+conditions. Next summer, a federal court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Next summer, a federal court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. Next summer, a federal court
+in California will hear arguments in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California will hear arguments in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in California will hear arguments in a
+lawsuit that challenges the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit that challenges the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawsuit that challenges the way that
+Uber classifies their drivers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber classifies their drivers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber classifies their drivers as
+independent contractors rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors rather than
+employees. So, as it stands, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees. So, as it stands, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees. So, as it stands, the
+California app-based drivers association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California app-based drivers association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California app-based drivers association
+is trying to bring publicity to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to bring publicity to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trying to bring publicity to some of
+these issues, but it doesn't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues, but it doesn't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues, but it doesn't have very
+much leverage beyond that. So, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much leverage beyond that. So, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much leverage beyond that. So, as
+Hillary Clinton points out, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hillary Clinton points out, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hillary Clinton points out, this
+ondemand or so-called gig economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand or so-called gig economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ondemand or so-called gig economy is
+creating exciting opportunities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating exciting opportunities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating exciting opportunities and
+unleashing innovation, but it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unleashing innovation, but it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unleashing innovation, but it's also
+raising hard questions about workplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising hard questions about workplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising hard questions about workplace
+protection and what a good job will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and what a good job will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection and what a good job will look
+like in the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the future.
+Beyond policy solutions, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond policy solutions, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond policy solutions, some
+entrepreneurs are stepping forward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs are stepping forward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurs are stepping forward with
+ideas for improving ondemand workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for improving ondemand workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas for improving ondemand workers
+experiences. Sherpa share for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences. Sherpa share for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences. Sherpa share for example
+helps Uber drivers manage their earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps Uber drivers manage their earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps Uber drivers manage their earnings
+and jobreated expenses and also connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jobreated expenses and also connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jobreated expenses and also connects
+them with similar workers in their area.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with similar workers in their area.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with similar workers in their area.
+So the question that I would pose to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question that I would pose to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the question that I would pose to you
+as a class is what do you recommend that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a class is what do you recommend that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a class is what do you recommend that
+Uber drivers do to improve their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber drivers do to improve their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uber drivers do to improve their
+employment circumstances?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment circumstances?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment circumstances?
+For one thing, do you think our current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For one thing, do you think our current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For one thing, do you think our current
+policies are sufficient for ondemand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies are sufficient for ondemand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies are sufficient for ondemand
+workers? If not, how might they be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers? If not, how might they be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers? If not, how might they be
+improved? How might workers sited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved? How might workers sited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved? How might workers sited
+technologies such as Sherpasare also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies such as Sherpasare also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies such as Sherpasare also
+improve the experiences for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the experiences for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the experiences for these
+workers?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yA203Lrd39E.txt b/yA203Lrd39E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eab2e2aeec1d5e087ba19aa6b774559060a4bc63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yA203Lrd39E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now would like to apply our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now would like to apply our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now would like to apply our
+energy-momentum rule and momentum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy-momentum rule and momentum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy-momentum rule and momentum to
+analyze a one-dimensional elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a one-dimensional elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a one-dimensional elastic
+collision with no external forces let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision with no external forces let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision with no external forces let's
+remind ourselves we'll call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves we'll call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves we'll call it the
+energy momentum equation said that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy momentum equation said that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy momentum equation said that the
+relative initial was equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative initial was equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative initial was equal to the
+relative final so we have V 1 X initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative final so we have V 1 X initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative final so we have V 1 X initial
+minus V 2 X initial that's the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V 2 X initial that's the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus V 2 X initial that's the initial
+relative the X component of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative the X component of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative the X component of initial
+relative velocity is equal to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity is equal to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity is equal to the final
+X component of the relative velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component of the relative velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X component of the relative velocity and
+that was our energy momentum law now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our energy momentum law now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our energy momentum law now the
+momentum condition that its constant was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum condition that its constant was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum condition that its constant was
+our equation V 1 X mishel plus m2v2 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation V 1 X mishel plus m2v2 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equation V 1 X mishel plus m2v2 X
+initial equals M 1 V 1 X final plus M 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals M 1 V 1 X final plus M 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals M 1 V 1 X final plus M 2
+V 2 X final now let's see how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 X final now let's see how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 X final now let's see how this
+linear system is much much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system is much much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system is much much easier to
+solve let's look at it the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve let's look at it the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve let's look at it the same problem
+that we solved before where M 2 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we solved before where M 2 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we solved before where M 2 was
+equal to 2 m 1 and also we were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 m 1 and also we were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 m 1 and also we were in the
+laboratory frame so V 2 X initial is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory frame so V 2 X initial is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory frame so V 2 X initial is 0
+and that tells us that the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells us that the initial
+velocity relative velocity is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity relative velocity is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity relative velocity is simply the
+velocity of object 1 so let's just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of object 1 so let's just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of object 1 so let's just write
+our two equations down again and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two equations down again and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our two equations down again and see how
+much simpler our system is V 1 X initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler our system is V 1 X initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler our system is V 1 X initial
+is minus V 1 X final plus V 2 X final so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus V 1 X final plus V 2 X final so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus V 1 X final plus V 2 X final so
+we have minus plus and our momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have minus plus and our momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have minus plus and our momentum
+condition remember V 2 X initial is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition remember V 2 X initial is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition remember V 2 X initial is 0
+the M 1 and 1 M 2 will be 2 m 1 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M 1 and 1 M 2 will be 2 m 1 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M 1 and 1 M 2 will be 2 m 1 so we
+can cancel our M ones and we get V 1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cancel our M ones and we get V 1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cancel our M ones and we get V 1 X
+initial equals V 1 X final and M 2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals V 1 X final and M 2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals V 1 X final and M 2 is
+twice M 1 so there's a factor plus 2 B 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice M 1 so there's a factor plus 2 B 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice M 1 so there's a factor plus 2 B 2
+X final now I want to solve for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X final now I want to solve for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X final now I want to solve for our
+target variable I look at these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target variable I look at these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target variable I look at these two
+equations it's I can see almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's I can see almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's I can see almost
+immediately that if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately that if I add
+these two equations v1x initial will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations v1x initial will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations v1x initial will
+cancel and I get very simply by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get to be 1x initial and this is 3b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to be 1x initial and this is 3b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to be 1x initial and this is 3b
+2x final or V 2x final is two-thirds V 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x final or V 2x final is two-thirds V 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x final or V 2x final is two-thirds V 1
+X initial and let's just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X initial and let's just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X initial and let's just call this
+equation 1 and 2 so we added and now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 and 2 so we added and now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation 1 and 2 so we added and now to
+find the 1x final we let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the 1x final we let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the 1x final we let's see what
+we'll do there so we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do there so we can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do there so we can do this
+a variety of different ways I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of different ways I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of different ways I think the
+simplest thing here to do we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing here to do we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest thing here to do we could
+eliminate the 2x final by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the 2x final by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the 2x final by multiplying
+through by minus 2 or we can simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by minus 2 or we can simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by minus 2 or we can simply
+substitute in B 2x final right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we get so let's do that let's substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get so let's do that let's substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get so let's do that let's substitute
+that in right there and we get the 1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in right there and we get the 1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in right there and we get the 1 X
+initial equals V 1 X final plus 2 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals V 1 X final plus 2 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial equals V 1 X final plus 2 times
+2/3 V 1 X initial when we bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 V 1 X initial when we bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 V 1 X initial when we bring that
+over to the other side 1 minus 4/3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the other side 1 minus 4/3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the other side 1 minus 4/3 is
+minus 1/3 B 1 X initial equals V 1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/3 B 1 X initial equals V 1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/3 B 1 X initial equals V 1 X
+final and at the cost of introducing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and at the cost of introducing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final and at the cost of introducing a
+new concept we found the algebra much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concept we found the algebra much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new concept we found the algebra much
+much simpler to solve in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler to solve in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much simpler to solve in this problem
+and we can just double check our result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just double check our result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can just double check our result
+that the initial velocity relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial velocity relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial velocity relative
+velocity was simply the X 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity was simply the X 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity was simply the X 1 and the
+final relative velocity the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final relative velocity the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final relative velocity the relative
+final is minus V 1 X final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is minus V 1 X final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final is minus V 1 X final
+- lets see the v-final relative velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- lets see the v-final relative velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- lets see the v-final relative velocity
+is V 1x final B 2x final I hat and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V 1x final B 2x final I hat and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V 1x final B 2x final I hat and when
+we put that in we have minus one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put that in we have minus one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put that in we have minus one-third
+the 1x initial minus two-thirds v1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1x initial minus two-thirds v1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1x initial minus two-thirds v1 X
+initial I hat and we have minus v1 X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial I hat and we have minus v1 X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial I hat and we have minus v1 X
+initial I hat which is minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial I hat which is minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial I hat which is minus the
+relative initial and so we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative initial and so we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative initial and so we see that the
+relative velocity simply changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity simply changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity simply changed
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+this approach is much much easier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach is much much easier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach is much much easier and
+keep in mind that the energy momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the energy momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the energy momentum
+and the momentum laws are thus just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum laws are thus just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the momentum laws are thus just
+rewriting our two fundamental constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting our two fundamental constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewriting our two fundamental constants
+of motion kinetic energy and momentum
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yWQYXEjxAnk.txt b/yWQYXEjxAnk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..260ab30eb7df1ec1f227de46d7d4455a8bd363f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yWQYXEjxAnk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
+KENDRA PUGH: Hi.
+
+Today, I'd like to talk
+to you about search.
+
+Previously, we've talked about
+ways to model uncertainty and
+
+also how to make estimations
+about a particular system when
+
+we're observing it from the
+outside or when we don't have
+
+perfect information.
+
+At this point, we've almost
+got enough components to
+
+attempt to make an autonomous
+system.
+
+But at this point, we also
+haven't enabled our autonomous
+
+systems to make complex
+decisions for itself.
+
+This is why we want to be
+able to encode search.
+
+Or we want to be able to enable
+a system to make an
+
+evaluation of a succession of
+decisions, or a succession of
+
+actions, when there are multiple
+choices and possibly
+
+multiple choices
+at every level.
+
+So as a consequence of being
+able to do search, our
+
+autonomous system should be able
+to complete a successive
+
+grouping of actions.
+
+In 6.01, we're going to be
+searching state spaces.
+
+And searching state spaces
+borrows a lot of ideas from
+
+state transition diagrams, or
+what we already know about
+
+state machines.
+
+When we're searching a state
+space, we want to know what
+
+states we're searching, what the
+transitions between them
+
+are going to look like, or how
+the access to the transitions
+
+from a given state to all the
+states that are its neighbors.
+
+We're going to want the start
+state to be specified so we
+
+know where to begin.
+
+We want a goal test, which
+actually specifies what we're
+
+looking for as a consequence
+of the search.
+
+Or if we get to a state and we
+want to know whether or not
+
+we're done, we use
+our goal test.
+
+And it could look at the
+output of the state, or
+
+actually just the state name,
+that sort of thing.
+
+The other thing that we're
+going to have while we're
+
+searching is a legal
+action list.
+
+The searches that we're going
+to do today, you and I are
+
+going to be able to see the
+entire state transition
+
+diagram at once.
+
+But if we're encoding how to
+search on our robot, our robot
+
+can't see the entire state
+transition diagram at once
+
+because if it could, then it
+wouldn't have to do search.
+
+It would know how to get
+there from here.
+
+Therefore, we give our system
+a legal action list, or all
+
+the actions that it
+should attempt to
+
+do at a given state.
+
+It's entirely possible that
+there aren't legal transitions
+
+at every state for every
+legal action.
+
+But it's good to have an
+exhaustive list of things to
+
+try and see if they succeed or
+fail and, as a consequence,
+
+what state you end up visiting
+every time you try
+
+to do one of these.
+
+Being able to do search
+is great.
+
+But we also want to be able
+to keep track of where we
+
+searched and how so that once
+we're done searching, we can
+
+actually execute
+the best thing.
+
+We're going to use a search tree
+to keep track of where
+
+we've been and how
+we got there.
+
+Search tree is going to
+be comprised of nodes.
+
+It's otherwise going
+to look like a
+
+directed, acyclic graph.
+
+And it's going to have a lot
+of similarity to any
+
+particular state transition
+diagram
+
+that we end up searching.
+
+But it's going to have nodes
+instead of states.
+
+Nodes are different.
+
+Nodes represent both the state
+that you've visited as a
+
+consequence of expanding its
+parent node, the parent node,
+
+or the place that you came
+from as a consequence of
+
+getting to that node, and the
+transition that you made in
+
+order to get there, or the
+action that happened that got
+
+you from the parent
+node to the child.
+
+Keeping track of a list of nodes
+is known as a path, or
+
+it specifies where you've been
+and how you got there.
+
+And if you're at a given node,
+you can actually use the
+
+reference to the parent node and
+the action to trace back
+
+from whatever node you're at
+currently to its parent node,
+
+to its parent node, to its
+parent node, and then finally
+
+get back to the start state.
+
+At that point, you'll know
+what path to take.
+
+So the only thing left to do
+is, how do you figure out
+
+which paths to follow first?
+
+That's where the agenda
+comes in.
+
+The agenda is going to be the
+collection of all partial
+
+paths you've ever created as a
+consequence of expanding nodes
+
+and then putting its child nodes
+on a partial path meant
+
+for future expansion.
+
+The order in which you add and
+remove things to the agenda is
+
+going to determine what your
+search tree looks like.
+
+That's a lot of information.
+
+At this point, I'm going
+to go over an example.
+
+We're going to search the state
+transition diagram.
+
+We're going to start at A. And
+our goal test would be whether
+
+or not our state
+was equal to E.
+
+Today, we're going to
+try two different
+
+kinds of basic search.
+
+One is referred to as
+breadth-first search, or BFS.
+
+And one is referred to as
+depth-first search, or DFS.
+
+Breadth-first search refers to
+the idea that as you build
+
+your search tree, you're going
+to exhaustively expand all the
+
+nodes at a given level before
+advancing to the next level,
+
+or all the given nodes at a
+given depth before expanding
+
+to the next depth.
+
+This means you're being
+very thorough.
+
+It also means that you're
+guaranteed to find the
+
+shortest path from your start
+node to the goal if it exists.
+
+Depth-first search
+is the opposite.
+
+As a consequence of depth-first
+search, you're
+
+going to expand all the nodes in
+a given branch as far down
+
+the tree as you possibly
+can before
+
+advancing to the next branch.
+
+It takes up a lot less space
+than the breadth-first search,
+
+but it's not guaranteed to
+find the optimal path.
+
+Another way to think about these
+two types of search is
+
+that if you're doing
+breadth-first search, then
+
+your agenda acts as a cue.
+
+First items in, or first
+partial paths that you
+
+discover, are the first items
+out or the first partial paths
+
+that you end up expanding.
+
+Depth-first search is when the
+agenda is used as a stack, or
+
+the first partial paths that
+you visit are the first
+
+partial paths--
+
+or, the most recent partial
+paths that you visited are
+
+going to be the partial paths
+that you first extend.
+
+First in, last out.
+
+Or, last in, first out.
+
+Let me walk through a couple
+iterations on this state
+
+transition diagram.
+
+And hopefully, it'll be clearer
+what's going on.
+
+The first thing that happens
+is that you end up visiting
+
+and expanding the start node.
+
+That's pretty straightforward.
+
+So the path A is going to be
+added to both agendas.
+
+And the node A is going
+to be visited first
+
+on both search trees.
+
+If, in the general sense, I say
+that I'm going to make a
+
+transition to states in
+alphabetical order, and that's
+
+the order in which I'm going
+to add them to my agenda,
+
+that's going to be reflected
+in what I write up here.
+
+Let's say that I'm going
+to visit new nodes in
+
+alphabetical order.
+
+So nodes I would visit are B and
+C, and I'm going to add AB
+
+and AC to my agenda.
+
+Here's where the difference
+between breadth-first search
+
+and depth-first search
+comes in.
+
+In breadth-first search, because
+I'm following the
+
+convention first in, first out,
+if I place the partial
+
+path AB in my agenda first, then
+I'm going to expand B as
+
+a consequence of the partial
+path AB first.
+
+So when I go to B, I'm actually
+
+going to expand B now.
+
+I'm going to look at the nodes
+that I can visit as a
+
+consequence of expanding B. The
+ones that I can visit are
+
+C and D. And I'm going to add
+the partial paths ABC and ABD
+
+to my agenda.
+
+So AC, I'm just going to move to
+the front of the queue, or
+
+the agenda, and I'm going
+to add ABC and ABD.
+
+And I got there through B. So
+I'm going to add C and D here.
+
+Depth-first search
+grabs from the
+
+opposite end of the agenda.
+
+So the first thing I'm going
+to look at is AC.
+
+I'm going to expand to C, look
+at the nodes that I can reach
+
+as a consequence of expanding
+C, and visit B and D.
+
+AB is still hanging out here.
+
+I popped off AC to use it in
+order to expand C's children.
+
+And I'm going to add ACB
+first and ACD second.
+
+Note that our search trees
+already look different.
+
+And we'll actually end up
+reaching the goal using one of
+
+these search strategies first
+than the other, or as opposed
+
+to the other.
+
+If I go back to breadth-first
+search, I'm going to pop the
+
+partial path AC off the
+front of my agenda.
+
+I'm going to expand C. Expanding
+C gets me B and D.
+
+I'm going to move over my
+existing partial paths.
+
+And add ACB and ACD.
+
+I've staggered these in order
+to indicate that they're a
+
+consequence of a third
+iteration of
+
+breadth-first search.
+
+But they're actually considered
+to be at the same
+
+depth, since their parents are
+considered to be at the same
+
+depth, since their parents are
+parents of the start node.
+
+That's the defining feature of
+breadth-first research is the
+
+fact that we're going to
+exhaustively search a given
+
+depth in our search tree before
+advancing to the next
+
+depth level.
+
+If I run one more iteration of
+depth-first search, again, I'm
+
+popping partial paths off
+this end of the agenda.
+
+I'm going to expand D.
+D one transition
+
+available to a node.
+
+And in plain old fashioned
+breadth-first search and
+
+depth-first search, I run my
+goal test when I visit a node.
+
+So at this point, I would
+test whether or not
+
+E was my goal test.
+
+I would discover it's
+my goal test.
+
+My search would return
+successfully and return the
+
+path found.
+
+So AB and ACB remain
+on the agenda.
+
+I popped off ACD in order
+to expand D. And
+
+I found this path.
+
+At this point, I've concluded
+depth-first search.
+
+I'm going to do one more around
+of breadth-first search
+
+to demonstrate an
+important rule.
+
+If I pop ABC off the agenda and
+move all these over, if
+
+I'm looking at ABC, and I look
+at the children of C, the two
+
+children of C are B and D. So
+the first partial path that I
+
+would end up adding to the
+agenda as a consequence of
+
+expanding C in this case
+would be ABCD.
+
+And it would look like this.
+
+You'll notice that we're going
+to create an infinite loop.
+
+And there are two basic rules of
+basic search that I need to
+
+emphasize now to prevent you
+from doing things like
+
+creating an infinite loop.
+
+If you look in the textbook,
+they're called "How to Not be
+
+Completely Stupid."
+
+If at any point you're visiting
+a node in your
+
+partial path that already exists
+in your partial path,
+
+don't add it to that
+partial path.
+
+You'll prevent yourself
+from creating a cycle.
+
+Because if you visit the same
+node more than once, you've
+
+actually done more work
+than you need to.
+
+The second rule--
+
+and it's not demonstrated
+well on this
+
+state transition diagram.
+
+But, for instance, if I had
+two arrows from B to D,
+
+there's no particular
+reason to consider
+
+both of these actions.
+
+And if you have a state
+transition diagram that allows
+
+multiple transitions from one
+state to another based on
+
+different actions, then you need
+to come up with some sort
+
+of rule to decide between
+the two actions.
+
+That's the second rule of how to
+not be completely stupid is
+
+-- if you have more than one
+transition from one state to
+
+another as a consequence of
+doing search, pick one and
+
+come up with a rule
+to pick one.
+
+This covers basic search.
+
+Next week, I'm going to talk
+about dynamic programming,
+
+costs, and heuristics.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zNesxH6wiAg.txt b/zNesxH6wiAg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56c87dc49dc3341084fc1f3a845bfb74977bd97c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zNesxH6wiAg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okey-dokey so anybody else with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okey-dokey so anybody else with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okey-dokey so anybody else with a
+specific idea awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right is that sufficient to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right is that sufficient to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right is that sufficient to remember
+all right we don't think we need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we don't think we need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we don't think we need any
+more details on that one that seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details on that one that seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more details on that one that seemed to
+be sufficiently exciting for folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sufficiently exciting for folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sufficiently exciting for folks
+there's another hand yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these are really well scoped for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are really well scoped for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are really well scoped for two
+days I'm quite impressed all right paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I'm quite impressed all right paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I'm quite impressed all right paint
+with body and it would be so the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with body and it would be so the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with body and it would be so the right
+hand is a different color or a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is a different color or a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand is a different color or a different
+brush and the left hand is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and the left hand is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brush and the left hand is a different
+color or a different brush or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or a different brush or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color or a different brush or something
+like that okay all right yeah oh wait so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay all right yeah oh wait so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that okay all right yeah oh wait so
+well start back there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh funky like a Rubik's Cube type thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh funky like a Rubik's Cube type thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh funky like a Rubik's Cube type thing
+we have alright alright do they add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have alright alright do they add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have alright alright do they add this
+solid interaction right there alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid interaction right there alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid interaction right there alright
+ninja
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninja
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninja
+so to stage one is dodge throwing stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second is throw throwing stairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now all right oh yeah what about a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right oh yeah what about a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right oh yeah what about a game
+where you have to indirectly guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to indirectly guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to indirectly guide
+little aspect characters in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aspect characters in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aspect characters in two
+different places like a square root I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places like a square root I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places like a square root I
+returned to the square plays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to the square plays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned to the square plays the
+triangle characters are triangles old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle characters are triangles old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle characters are triangles old
+lady do it indirectly play which have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady do it indirectly play which have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lady do it indirectly play which have to
+find a mean over the other okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a mean over the other okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a mean over the other okay so you
+so if some indirect control it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if some indirect control it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if some indirect control it's it's
+like a visual and you blow into the into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a visual and you blow into the into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a visual and you blow into the into
+the genetic or something like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic or something like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic or something like I think
+the microphone can detect noise levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone can detect noise levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microphone can detect noise levels
+but I don't know if you could detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know if you could detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't know if you could detect
+blowing versus just ambient noise right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing versus just ambient noise right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blowing versus just ambient noise right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the end kind of mechanic would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the end kind of mechanic would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the end kind of mechanic would
+be to guide them home or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to guide them home or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to guide them home or something like
+to guide them into someplace okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as base disparity it's so sweet really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as base disparity it's so sweet really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as base disparity it's so sweet really I
+felt that one that is good all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right any other fun specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mhmmm place that's gonna be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhmmm place that's gonna be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhmmm place that's gonna be a really
+good educational game to put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good educational game to put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good educational game to put together
+like in order to learn all the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in order to learn all the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in order to learn all the mechanics
+of what's happening inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's happening inside of the
+connects that's a really nice kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects that's a really nice kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects that's a really nice kind of
+learning project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right no yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right no yes
+oh yeah for this sorry beautiful like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah for this sorry beautiful like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah for this sorry beautiful like
+that virtual aquarium so like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that virtual aquarium so like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that virtual aquarium so like if you're
+like the screwdriver you're anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the screwdriver you're anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the screwdriver you're anyway
+you're honestly the fish kids get scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're honestly the fish kids get scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're honestly the fish kids get scared
+and they walk away from you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they walk away from you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they walk away from you and then
+they slowly kind of back hmm basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they slowly kind of back hmm basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they slowly kind of back hmm basically
+like roller ball bit cues are the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like roller ball bit cues are the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like roller ball bit cues are the force
+rounded player right they like want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded player right they like want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded player right they like want to
+be in a certain configuration but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a certain configuration but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a certain configuration but say
+you scared yeah right all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scared yeah right all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you scared yeah right all right okay
+cool yeah so move your tool I like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yeah so move your tool I like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool yeah so move your tool I like what
+you called a virtual aquarium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also a good one you're gonna learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a good one you're gonna learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a good one you're gonna learn
+about area effectors and triggers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about area effectors and triggers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about area effectors and triggers but
+doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and any other I thought I hit saw hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other I thought I hit saw hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other I thought I hit saw hand
+but it was being known as just a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was being known as just a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was being known as just a person
+doing something Oh Glenn do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something Oh Glenn do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something Oh Glenn do you want to
+make a pitch for your puzzle 2d puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pitch for your puzzle 2d puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a pitch for your puzzle 2d puzzle
+this is oh that's right I'm sorry to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is oh that's right I'm sorry to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is oh that's right I'm sorry to get
+you mid mid adjustment on No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mid mid adjustment on No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mid mid adjustment on No
+so yeah I'm thinking about trying what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I'm thinking about trying what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I'm thinking about trying what I
+wanted to do for a long time is to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do for a long time is to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do for a long time is to be
+grid cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway so there's a hole where you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's a hole where you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so there's a hole where you do
+the puzzle that tries to design a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle that tries to design a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle that tries to design a bunch
+of new puzzles and I would wait to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new puzzles and I would wait to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new puzzles and I would wait to you
+know learn and infrastructure software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know learn and infrastructure software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know learn and infrastructure software
+infrastructure that will let me quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that will let me quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure that will let me quickly
+build their versions of these puzzles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their versions of these puzzles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build their versions of these puzzles
+and deploy them across platform and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deploy them across platform and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deploy them across platform and so
+I'm hoping to be many projects yeah many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping to be many projects yeah many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm hoping to be many projects yeah many
+projects that utilize the Kinect in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that utilize the Kinect in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that utilize the Kinect in some
+small way that way when you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small way that way when you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small way that way when you do your
+larger project yeah once you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger project yeah once you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger project yeah once you do your
+larger project it doesn't have to so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger project it doesn't have to so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger project it doesn't have to so it
+could be a grid puzzle game that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a grid puzzle game that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a grid puzzle game that you
+just moved the object around Thanks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moved the object around Thanks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just moved the object around Thanks so
+when I think he has a first any project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think he has a first any project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think he has a first any project
+is just to try to learn how to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to try to learn how to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to try to learn how to put a
+grid on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid on the screen
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all except that it would move discreetly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except that it would move discreetly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all except that it would move discreetly
+for once over the next and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for once over the next and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for once over the next and by
+dynamically Wednesday a fancy eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically Wednesday a fancy eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically Wednesday a fancy eventually
+ready try to do animation the booth he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready try to do animation the booth he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready try to do animation the booth he
+has already a woman for oneself of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already a woman for oneself of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already a woman for oneself of the
+backs play and this way is reposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs play and this way is reposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs play and this way is reposition
+and he jumps to apply each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he jumps to apply each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he jumps to apply each other
+so the first passes just to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first passes just to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first passes just to be able to
+control you have a grid or if you let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you have a grid or if you let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control you have a grid or if you let
+the grid pull the ball move it around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid pull the ball move it around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid pull the ball move it around so
+that's simple but simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple but simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's simple but simple things
+sometimes take a lot of time female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take a lot of time female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes take a lot of time female
+operator if we get the first danger that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator if we get the first danger that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator if we get the first danger that
+there's a tremendous over the past is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tremendous over the past is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tremendous over the past is
+percent of exercise we do what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of exercise we do what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of exercise we do what I call
+target not very blue the ball would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target not very blue the ball would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target not very blue the ball would
+target self as soon as he hit the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target self as soon as he hit the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target self as soon as he hit the target
+the target the target will talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target the target will talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the target the target will talk
+somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm in a website that did that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a website that did that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in a website that did that had a
+button and every time you clicked it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and every time you clicked it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button and every time you clicked it it
+didn't do the thing it said it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the thing it said it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do the thing it said it just
+moved the button it just moved itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the button it just moved itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved the button it just moved itself so
+I was like submit some submit you put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like submit some submit you put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like submit some submit you put an
+obstacles on the visitor itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles on the visitor itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obstacles on the visitor itself
+they have a certificate amazing is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a certificate amazing is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a certificate amazing is on
+the continent I do all of the version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continent I do all of the version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continent I do all of the version of
+the Pacific all all teetering it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific all all teetering it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pacific all all teetering it where
+you have two things the pool but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two things the pool but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two things the pool but then
+when you fall them they all move try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fall them they all move try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fall them they all move try to
+move at the same direction and less one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at the same direction and less one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move at the same direction and less one
+of them sitting an optical or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them sitting an optical or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them sitting an optical or something
+any that their optical for the movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that their optical for the movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that their optical for the movement
+so so you can use the opticals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can use the opticals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you can use the opticals
+cleverly than sort of change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly than sort of change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleverly than sort of change the
+relative positions of the moving object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative positions of the moving object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative positions of the moving object
+and the object the game objective is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the object the game objective is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the object the game objective is to
+get all the moving objects like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the moving objects like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the moving objects like that
+target simultaneous might be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target simultaneous might be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target simultaneous might be part of
+itself would be movable so if you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be movable so if you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself would be movable so if you try to
+get all three simultaneously you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call any other specific mini projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call any other specific mini projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call any other specific mini projects
+just your base things oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your base things oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just your base things oh yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+oops a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just like leave me alone yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like leave me alone yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like leave me alone yeah a
+little gesture right there like hug you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gesture right there like hug you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little gesture right there like hug you
+I know I want to make a comedic joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I want to make a comedic joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know I want to make a comedic joke
+about it but I I'm too uncomfortable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but I I'm too uncomfortable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it but I I'm too uncomfortable so
+I'm like no I think it's very funny and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like no I think it's very funny and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like no I think it's very funny and
+I think a lot of people will identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a lot of people will identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think a lot of people will identify
+brave very much with it and I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave very much with it and I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brave very much with it and I don't know
+how to describe that the get away game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to describe that the get away game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to describe that the get away game
+the the loners dilemma shoo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+push away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right I'm gonna call it push away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm gonna call it push away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I'm gonna call it push away
+affection although that may be too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection although that may be too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection although that may be too too
+strong of a title for it but right it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong of a title for it but right it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong of a title for it but right it is
+it is good so there is there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is good so there is there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is good so there is there's some
+implicit stuff that has happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit stuff that has happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit stuff that has happened here
+which is some of you are starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some of you are starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some of you are starting to
+think about the mechanic the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the mechanic the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the mechanic the interaction
+mechanic so you're thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic so you're thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic so you're thinking about the
+connect in a kind of a nice way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect in a kind of a nice way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect in a kind of a nice way which is
+you can map some type of movement onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can map some type of movement onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can map some type of movement onto
+an interaction with the game so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction with the game so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interaction with the game so you can
+think a really simple mechanic which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a really simple mechanic which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a really simple mechanic which is
+like grab move it's exactly like a mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grab move it's exactly like a mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like grab move it's exactly like a mouse
+and everything is perfectly fine in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is perfectly fine in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is perfectly fine in my
+mind those how to do that because I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind those how to do that because I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind those how to do that because I use
+mice all day but with the Kinect you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice all day but with the Kinect you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice all day but with the Kinect you can
+do these things like this means like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things like this means like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things like this means like get
+away from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from me
+whereas this means like alright come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this means like alright come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas this means like alright come in
+for a hug and you can start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hug and you can start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a hug and you can start thinking
+about very different interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very different interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very different interaction
+mechanics and there was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and there was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and there was something
+similar here where just any type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar here where just any type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar here where just any type of
+wiggle is like you know scare the fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle is like you know scare the fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiggle is like you know scare the fish
+which is not something you normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not something you normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not something you normally
+think about when you're thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you're thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when you're thinking of
+building a video game but when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a video game but when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a video game but when you have
+the Kinect you can actually think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kinect you can actually think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kinect you can actually think about
+these new interaction models it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new interaction models it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new interaction models it does
+with 70% accuracy most of the time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so there was are you guys saving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so there was are you guys saving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so there was are you guys saving the
+there was like I'm making a tree grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like I'm making a tree grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was like I'm making a tree grow
+game is that you saving that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is that you saving that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is that you saving that for the
+large projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large projects
+yeah all right sorry never mind you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right sorry never mind you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right sorry never mind you're
+right forget that I said that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right forget that I said that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right forget that I said that all right
+any other fun things that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other fun things that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other fun things that's different
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+falling off but instead of controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off but instead of controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling off but instead of controlling
+the ball you are going to push the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball you are going to push the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball you are going to push the ball
+mm-hmm not using force yeah yes platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm not using force yeah yes platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm not using force yeah yes platform
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're like the god of wind and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like the god of wind and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're like the god of wind and you
+can like push a gust and it rolls a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like push a gust and it rolls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like push a gust and it rolls a
+little bit in that direction you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in that direction you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in that direction you have to
+redirect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+awesome this was pretty good we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome this was pretty good we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome this was pretty good we have
+space for one two three four five more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for one two three four five more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for one two three four five more
+and they don't have to happen so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have to happen so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they don't have to happen so if you
+have ideas and they don't happen no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ideas and they don't happen no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ideas and they don't happen no
+problem like roses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe this papacy as you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this papacy as you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this papacy as you're doing
+place what you reference with with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place what you reference with with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place what you reference with with your
+aquarium to it when you're making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquarium to it when you're making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquarium to it when you're making a
+little Chester mm-hmm so anytime you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Chester mm-hmm so anytime you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Chester mm-hmm so anytime you're
+like hands are together and near and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hands are together and near and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hands are together and near and
+near your head or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near your head or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near your head or something like that
+nice like to throw a nice add a spell oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice like to throw a nice add a spell oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice like to throw a nice add a spell oh
+right I just I'm guessing by okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just I'm guessing by okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I just I'm guessing by okay right
+yeah so this is a really good gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a really good gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is a really good gesture
+that can be easily defined which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be easily defined which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be easily defined which is
+hands come near each other they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands come near each other they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands come near each other they come
+near the head a certain distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the head a certain distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the head a certain distance and
+then all three drop down so you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all three drop down so you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all three drop down so you're gonna
+have to have somebody on your team you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have somebody on your team you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have somebody on your team you
+can like program to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like program to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like program to recognize the
+gesture but you have to support we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture but you have to support we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture but you have to support we can
+help you get that but yeah I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get that but yeah I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get that but yeah I like this
+tree growing one and you could to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree growing one and you could to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree growing one and you could to start
+in the next two days you could just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next two days you could just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next two days you could just have
+gesture recognized and then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture recognized and then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture recognized and then have
+something grow and that's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something grow and that's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something grow and that's kind of like
+the extent of what you do in two days it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of what you do in two days it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extent of what you do in two days it
+just keeps growing or as long as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keeps growing or as long as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keeps growing or as long as you're
+holding it it grows or and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it it grows or and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it it grows or and that's a
+really well scoped kind of for our thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well scoped kind of for our thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well scoped kind of for our thing
+to try to do with the team yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then you can see how nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can see how nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can see how nice and
+terraforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool no no full use that space they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool no no full use that space they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool no no full use that space they've
+left today I'm gonna throw an out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left today I'm gonna throw an out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left today I'm gonna throw an out which
+would no no that would be nevermind I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would no no that would be nevermind I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would no no that would be nevermind I'm
+not gonna say that it would be way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna say that it would be way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna say that it would be way too
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+no forget that my brain is usually too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forget that my brain is usually too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no forget that my brain is usually too
+confused to like that we just I see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused to like that we just I see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused to like that we just I see so
+it's kind of like scrolling at to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like scrolling at to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of like scrolling at to you
+and you have to like jump across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to like jump across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to like jump across the
+bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very doable all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know why I wrote the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I wrote the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know why I wrote the word
+adventure but I did how I'm gonna draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure but I did how I'm gonna draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure but I did how I'm gonna draw a
+little foot in a little person's foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a person and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't know if that's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know if that's something like
+that okay alright - two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay alright - two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay alright - two more
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it's for my OCD I don't want to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for my OCD I don't want to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's for my OCD I don't want to leave
+part of the board uncover it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the board uncover it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the board uncover it's not
+necessary but it would make me so happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but it would make me so happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but it would make me so happy
+inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's other cool things that people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's other cool things that people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's other cool things that people do
+food or this is the actual bullying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or this is the actual bullying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food or this is the actual bullying that
+we do we're like yeah come on that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're like yeah come on that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do we're like yeah come on that's
+that's really good that's you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good that's you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really good that's you're
+capturing a very intuitive interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing a very intuitive interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing a very intuitive interaction
+there which is you roll it you go come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is you roll it you go come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which is you roll it you go come
+on okay so we're gonna call it real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so we're gonna call it real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on okay so we're gonna call it real
+bullying should I bully nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you're gonna have like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're gonna have like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're gonna have like little
+mice run out across cuz your head leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice run out across cuz your head leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice run out across cuz your head leg
+attorney and you're like no no don't hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney and you're like no no don't hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attorney and you're like no no don't hit
+the mound of snow all right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mound of snow all right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mound of snow all right and then
+there was another hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah man if you for the I wouldn't love if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah man if you for the I wouldn't love if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah man if you for the I wouldn't love if
+somebody tried that for the mini-project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tried that for the mini-project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tried that for the mini-project
+and then if it went fairly well did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it went fairly well did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it went fairly well did that
+for the main projects and then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the main projects and then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the main projects and then I could
+tell a really good story about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a really good story about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell a really good story about how this
+class led to the thing that we built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class led to the thing that we built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class led to the thing that we built
+this class for which was to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for which was to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class for which was to do something
+that's kind of an interactive science-y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an interactive science-y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of an interactive science-y
+demo and yeah and would also feed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and yeah and would also feed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo and yeah and would also feed into
+our pitch to make a VR cave inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pitch to make a VR cave inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pitch to make a VR cave inside of
+the university so there's you you nailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university so there's you you nailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university so there's you you nailed
+it you were holding that one for last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you were holding that one for last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you were holding that one for last
+and I appreciate it so it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I appreciate it so it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I appreciate it so it'll be
+something so it doesn't do so well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it doesn't do so well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it doesn't do so well on
+like fingers but it'll be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fingers but it'll be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like fingers but it'll be something
+where you can like move like it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can like move like it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can like move like it'd be
+like as if you're in a ball pit but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as if you're in a ball pit but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as if you're in a ball pit but the
+balls are all kind of like magnetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are all kind of like magnetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls are all kind of like magnetic and
+you can like move them with your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like move them with your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can like move them with your body
+but and and maybe somewhat very related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and maybe somewhat very related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and and maybe somewhat very related
+to the fish thing so just a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fish thing so just a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the fish thing so just a different
+physics that's generally that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that's generally that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that's generally that's
+governing the kind of flocking of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the kind of flocking of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing the kind of flocking of these
+objects that are around your body okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are around your body okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that are around your body okay
+cool anybody feel like they had one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool anybody feel like they had one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool anybody feel like they had one in
+and they were too shy to say it but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were too shy to say it but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were too shy to say it but now
+they feel like they should because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel like they should because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel like they should because you
+can all right thinking of like 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right thinking of like 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can all right thinking of like 3d
+rotations of multi solve easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations of multi solve easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations of multi solve easily
+really Tetris paint pieces that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Tetris paint pieces that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Tetris paint pieces that could be
+I assume you kidding this is immunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume you kidding this is immunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I assume you kidding this is immunity
+that way together they all work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way together they all work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way together they all work together
+and so the idea would be to just so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea would be to just so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea would be to just so the
+gate yeah the mini-game could be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate yeah the mini-game could be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate yeah the mini-game could be if
+you've got a piece that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a piece that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a piece that you have to
+target orientations play shows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target orientations play shows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target orientations play shows the
+orientation hey that is good and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation hey that is good and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation hey that is good and there
+was another one over here which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another one over here which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was another one over here which would
+have a similar bottom left puzzle box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar bottom left puzzle box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar bottom left puzzle box
+puzzle box yes right so this one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle box yes right so this one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle box yes right so this one was
+something like you have a box and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you have a box and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you have a box and you
+move it and you can rotate it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it and you can rotate it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it and you can rotate it in some
+meaningful way and then this one allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful way and then this one allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful way and then this one allows
+you to do some interaction so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do some interaction so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do some interaction so maybe
+you're like painting the sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like painting the sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like painting the sides of a
+ceramic balls or something but yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic balls or something but yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic balls or something but yeah so
+these two would have very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two would have very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two would have very similar
+mechanics all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics all right
+so the next thing is you're all going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing is you're all going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing is you're all going to
+stand up and how do we is this gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and how do we is this gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand up and how do we is this gonna
+work with this many people yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this many people yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with this many people yeah we're
+gonna explore so you're gonna stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna explore so you're gonna stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna explore so you're gonna stand up
+and you're gonna come up here and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna come up here and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're gonna come up here and make a
+vote for the ones I do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for the ones I do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for the ones I do you want to
+picture that yeah let me get out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that yeah let me get out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture that yeah let me get out of the
+way I think there's about 10,000 sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think there's about 10,000 sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I think there's about 10,000 sales
+there okay yeah so come up and do a vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay yeah so come up and do a vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay yeah so come up and do a vote
+so if you are interested in doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are interested in doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are interested in doing it
+come oh sorry you won that was a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come oh sorry you won that was a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come oh sorry you won that was a new
+Reagan I'm come up and just put a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reagan I'm come up and just put a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reagan I'm come up and just put a check
+bark a little check mark which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bark a little check mark which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bark a little check mark which is like
+I'm interested in this thing and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in this thing and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in this thing and this is
+gonna help us self organize in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna help us self organize in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna help us self organize in some way
+and we can narrow this down to how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can narrow this down to how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can narrow this down to how many
+people are in this room three six nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this room three six nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in this room three six nine
+twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve
+maybe 35 and yeah so getting this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 35 and yeah so getting this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 35 and yeah so getting this down
+to like eight to nine project so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like eight to nine project so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like eight to nine project so you're
+gonna want to be in a team of three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to be in a team of three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to be in a team of three but
+I don't want you instantly to go like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you instantly to go like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want you instantly to go like I
+already kind of know somebody so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already kind of know somebody so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already kind of know somebody so I'm
+gonna be in their team no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be in their team no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be in their team no matter what
+try on the mini project and then I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try on the mini project and then I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try on the mini project and then I won't
+make you do it on the big project to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you do it on the big project to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make you do it on the big project to go
+based on your interest and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your interest and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your interest and maybe
+collaborate with people that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with people that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborate with people that you have
+never talked to and and it'll only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked to and and it'll only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never talked to and and it'll only be
+two days so it's at worst gonna be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days so it's at worst gonna be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two days so it's at worst gonna be two
+days where you get to sit and play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where you get to sit and play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days where you get to sit and play with
+unity and not talk to people that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and not talk to people that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and not talk to people that you
+don't want to talk to and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to talk to and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to talk to and so this is the
+time to do that experiment and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that experiment and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do that experiment and you might
+make a new friend who knows yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new friend who knows yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a new friend who knows yeah so
+either okay you can either come up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay you can either come up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either okay you can either come up and
+do the checkbox thing or like find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the checkbox thing or like find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the checkbox thing or like find some
+way to self-organize around which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to self-organize around which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to self-organize around which
+project you want to do and I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you want to do and I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project you want to do and I know that
+this will be chaos for like 15 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be chaos for like 15 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be chaos for like 15 to 20
+minutes and then once you organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then once you organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and then once you organize
+around a project that you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a project that you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a project that you want to do
+start well know know for 15 or 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well know know for 15 or 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start well know know for 15 or 20
+minutes try to figure out who you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes try to figure out who you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes try to figure out who you want
+to work with on which projects and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with on which projects and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with on which projects and then
+we'll come together and you'll start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come together and you'll start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come together and you'll start to
+refine it it doesn't have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine it it doesn't have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine it it doesn't have to be the
+exact vision of the person who wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact vision of the person who wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact vision of the person who wrote it
+on the board but there's something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board but there's something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board but there's something about
+one of these projects that interest you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these projects that interest you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these projects that interest you
+maybe it's you want to know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's you want to know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's you want to know how to do
+the you know hand hand rotation or arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know hand hand rotation or arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know hand hand rotation or arm
+rotation type thing maybe it's that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation type thing maybe it's that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation type thing maybe it's that you
+want to understand how just to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand how just to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand how just to detect
+this thing and do flocking algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and do flocking algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and do flocking algorithm so
+objects will move in a certain way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects will move in a certain way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects will move in a certain way so
+figure out something about one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out something about one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out something about one of these
+that interests you go finally other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interests you go finally other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interests you go finally other
+people who are interested in it by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are interested in it by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are interested in it by some
+method and talk to them and see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and talk to them and see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method and talk to them and see if it
+seems like a good fits or if they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good fits or if they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a good fits or if they have
+because you may come up and somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may come up and somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you may come up and somebody's
+like I love fish and somebody else like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I love fish and somebody else like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I love fish and somebody else like
+I want to detect motion like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to detect motion like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to detect motion like this and
+you decide not to work together because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide not to work together because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide not to work together because
+one of you really just wants to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you really just wants to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you really just wants to build
+fish than the other one just wants to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish than the other one just wants to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish than the other one just wants to do
+body motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body motion and
+yeah so let's try to do something I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's try to do something I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let's try to do something I like
+this chaos should we do the name game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chaos should we do the name game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chaos should we do the name game
+again or like do something to make us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or like do something to make us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again or like do something to make us
+more extroverted or are we feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extroverted or are we feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extroverted or are we feeling
+confident okay on the count of three you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident okay on the count of three you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident okay on the count of three you
+say a number between zero and ten which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a number between zero and ten which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a number between zero and ten which
+represents how introverted and shy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents how introverted and shy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents how introverted and shy you
+feel right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel right now
+so inside what 10 being like I am so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside what 10 being like I am so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inside what 10 being like I am so
+ready - oh yeah right you're right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready - oh yeah right you're right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready - oh yeah right you're right that
+would be an inverse all right so 10 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an inverse all right so 10 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an inverse all right so 10 10
+means I'm I'm just gonna stand up and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm I'm just gonna stand up and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm I'm just gonna stand up and go
+hug a stranger right now and zero being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hug a stranger right now and zero being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hug a stranger right now and zero being
+I am I am just so terrified to stand up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I am just so terrified to stand up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I am just so terrified to stand up
+and talk to somebody right now not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to somebody right now not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to somebody right now not even
+the people I know do I want to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people I know do I want to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people I know do I want to talk to
+so yes so 10 being super extroverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so 10 being super extroverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so 10 being super extroverted
+zero being super introverted 1 2 3 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero being super introverted 1 2 3 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero being super introverted 1 2 3 7
+sorry so 5 to 4 all right we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so 5 to 4 all right we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so 5 to 4 all right we're gonna
+try to get that to a 7 and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get that to a 7 and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get that to a 7 and then we're
+going to have you get up and talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have you get up and talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have you get up and talk to
+strangers so how about we close our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers so how about we close our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangers so how about we close our
+computers now and I'm going to do a I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers now and I'm going to do a I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers now and I'm going to do a I'm
+gonna walk you guys through and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna walk you guys through and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna walk you guys through and then do
+a big circle around the room and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big circle around the room and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big circle around the room and we're
+gonna do an improv game to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do an improv game to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do an improv game to make
+ourselves feel a little more extroverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves feel a little more extroverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves feel a little more extroverted
+and it'll be super fun I promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be super fun I promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be super fun I promise
+so close your computers move the tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so close your computers move the tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so close your computers move the tables
+to the center of the room make a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center of the room make a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the center of the room make a big
+circle around the room
\ No newline at end of file